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| Boilerpipe Text | Steve Jobs
Jobs introducing the
iPhone 4
in 2010
Born
February 24, 1955
San Francisco, California, U.S.
Died
October 5, 2011
(aged 56)
Palo Alto, California
, U.S.
Resting place
Alta Mesa Memorial Park
Education
Reed College
(dropped out)
Years active
1971â2011
Known for
Pioneer of the
personal computer revolution
with
Steve Wozniak
Co-creator of the
Apple II
,
Macintosh
,
iPod
,
iPhone
,
iPad
, and first
Apple Stores
Title
Co-founder,
chairman
, and
CEO
of
Apple Inc.
Primary investor and chairman of
Pixar
Founder, chairman, and CEO of
NeXT
Board member of
The Walt Disney Company
[
1
]
Apple Inc.
Spouse
Laurene Powell
â
(
m.
Â
)
â
Partner
Chrisann Brennan
(1972â1977)
Children
4, including
Lisa
,
Reed
, and
Eve
Relatives
Mona Simpson
(sister)
Bassma Al Jandaly
(cousin)
Malek Jandali
(cousin)
Awards
Presidential Medal of Freedom
(
posthumous
, 2022)
Signature
Steven Paul Jobs
(February 24, 1955 â October 5, 2011) was an American businessman, inventor,
[
2
]
and investor. A pioneer of the
personal computer revolution
of the 1970s and 1980s, Jobs co-founded
Apple Inc.
with his early business partner
Steve Wozniak
as Apple Computer Company in 1976. After the company's board of directors fired him in 1985, he founded
NeXT
the same year and purchased
Pixar
in 1986, becoming its chairman and majority shareholder until 2007. Jobs returned to Apple in 1997 as CEO, where he was closely involved with the creation and promotion of many of the company's most influential products until his resignation in 2011.
Jobs was born in San Francisco in 1955 and adopted shortly afterward. He attended
Reed College
in 1972 before withdrawing that same year. In 1974, he traveled through India,
seeking enlightenment
before later studying
Zen Buddhism
. He and Wozniak co-founded Apple in 1976 to further develop and sell Wozniak's
Apple I
personal computer. Together, the duo gained fame and wealth a year later with the production and sale of the
Apple II
, one of the first highly successful mass-produced
microcomputers
.
Jobs saw the commercial potential of the
Xerox Alto
in 1979, which was
mouse
-driven and had a
graphical user interface
(GUI). This led to the development of the largely unsuccessful
Apple Lisa
in 1983, followed by the breakthrough
Macintosh 128K
in 1984, the first mass-produced computer with a GUI. The Macintosh launched the
desktop publishing
industry in 1985 (for example, the
Aldus PageMaker
) with the addition of the Apple
LaserWriter
, the first
laser printer
to feature
vector graphics
and
PostScript
.
In 1985, Jobs departed Apple after a long power struggle with the company's board and its then-CEO,
John Sculley
. That same year, Jobs took some Apple employees with him to found NeXT, a
computer platform
development company that specialized in computers for higher-education and business markets, serving as its CEO. In 1986, he bought the computer graphics division of
Lucasfilm
, which was spun off independently as
Pixar
.
[
3
]
Pixar produced the first
computer-animated
feature film,
Toy Story
(1995), and became a leading
animation studio
, producing
dozens of commercially successful and critically acclaimed films
.
In 1997, Jobs returned to Apple as CEO after the company acquired NeXT. He was largely responsible for reviving Apple, which was on the verge of bankruptcy. He worked closely with British designer
Jony Ive
to develop a line of products and services that had larger cultural ramifications, beginning with the "
Think different
" advertising campaign, and leading to the
iMac
,
iTunes
,
Mac OS X
,
Apple Store
,
iPod
,
iTunes Store
,
iPhone
,
App Store
, and
iPad
. Jobs was also a member of the board of directors at
Gap Inc.
from 1999 to 2002.
[
4
]
In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with a
pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor
. He died of tumor-related
respiratory arrest
in 2011; in 2022, he was posthumously awarded the
Presidential Medal of Freedom
. Since his death, he has won 141 patents; Jobs holds over 450 patents in total.
[
5
]
Early life
Family
Steven Paul Jobs
[
6
]
was born in
San Francisco
, California, on February 24, 1955, to Joanne Carole Schieble and Abdulfattah "John" Jandali (
Arabic
:
ؚبد اŮŮŘŞŘ§Ř Ř§ŮŘŹŮŘŻŮŮ
). Abdulfattah Jandali was born in a Muslim household to wealthy Syrian parents, the youngest of nine siblings. After obtaining his undergraduate degree at the
American University of Beirut
, Jandali pursued a PhD in
political science
at the
University of Wisconsin
. There, he met Joanne Schieble, an American Catholic of
Swiss-German descent
whose parents owned a
mink farm
and real estate in
Green Bay
. The two fell in love but faced opposition from Schieble's father due to Jandali's Muslim faith. When Schieble became pregnant, she arranged for a
closed adoption
, and travelled to San Francisco to give birth.
[
7
]
Schieble requested that her son be adopted by college graduates. A lawyer and his wife were selected, but they withdrew after discovering that the baby was a boy, so Jobs was instead adopted by Paul Reinhold Jobs and his wife, Clara. Paul Jobs, an American of German descent, was the son of a dairy farmer from
Washington County, Wisconsin
. After dropping out of high school, Paul Jobs worked as a mechanic, then joined the
US Coast Guard
. After he was discharged in San Francisco, Paul married Clara Hagopian, of
Armenian
descent, in February 1946, and they moved to Wisconsin, then to Indiana, where Paul worked as a
machinist
and later as a car salesman. Since Clara missed San Francisco, she convinced Paul to move back. There, Paul worked as a
repossession
agent, and Clara became a
bookkeeper
. In 1955, after having an
ectopic pregnancy
, the couple looked to adopt a child.
[
7
]
Since they lacked a college education, Schieble initially refused to sign the adoption papers, and went to court to request that her son be removed from the Jobs household and placed with a different family, but changed her mind after Paul and Clara promised to pay for their son's college tuition.
[
7
]
[
8
]
Infancy
In his youth, Jobs's parents took him to a
Lutheran
church.
[
9
]
When Steve was in high school, Clara admitted to Steve's girlfriend,
Chrisann Brennan
, that she "was too frightened to love [Steve] for the first six months of his life ... I was scared they were going to take him away from me. Even after we won the case, Steve was so difficult a child that by the time he was two I felt we had made a mistake. I wanted to return him." When Chrisann shared this comment with Steve, he stated that he was already aware,
[
10
]
and later said that he had been deeply loved and indulged by Paul and Clara. Jobs would "bristle" when Paul and Clara were referred to as his "adoptive parents", and he regarded them as his parents "1,000%". Jobs referred to his biological parents as "my sperm and egg bank. That's not harsh, it's just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more."
[
11
]
Childhood
I always thought of myself as a humanities person as a kid, but I liked electronics... then I read something that one of my heroes,
Edwin Land
of
Polaroid
, said about the importance of people who could stand at the intersection of humanities and sciences, and I decided that's what I wanted to do.
ââSteve Jobs
[
12
]
Paul Jobs worked in several jobs that included a try as a machinist,
[
13
]
several other jobs,
[
14
]
and then "back to work as a machinist". Paul and Clara adopted Jobs's sister Patricia in 1957,
[
15
]
and by 1959 the family had moved to the
Monta Loma
neighborhood in
Mountain View, California
.
[
16
]
Paul built a workbench in his garage for his son in order to "pass along his love of mechanics". Jobs, meanwhile, admired his father's craftsmanship "because he knew how to build anything. If we needed a cabinet, he would build it. When he built our fence, he gave me a hammer so I could work with him ... I wasn't that into fixing cars ... but I was eager to hang out with my dad."
[
17
]
The childhood family home of Steve Jobs on Crist Drive in
Los Altos, California
, is the original site of
Apple Computer
. The home was added to a list of historic Los Altos sites in 2013.
[
18
]
Jobs had difficulty functioning in a traditional classroom, tended to resist authority figures, frequently misbehaved, and was suspended a few times. He frequently played pranks on others at Monta Loma Elementary School in Mountain View. His father Paul (who was abused as a child) never reprimanded him, however, and instead blamed the school for not challenging his brilliant son.
[
19
]
Jobs skipped the 5th grade and transferred to the 6th grade at Crittenden Middle School in
Mountain View
, where he became a "socially awkward loner".
[
20
]
Jobs was often "bullied" at Crittenden Middle, and in the middle of 7th grade, he gave his parents an ultimatum: either they would take him out of Crittenden or he would drop out of school.
[
21
]
The Jobs family was not affluent, and only by expending all their savings were they able to buy a new home in 1967, allowing Steve to change schools. The new house (a three-bedroom home on Crist Drive in
Los Altos, California
) was in the better
Cupertino School District
, in
Cupertino, California
.
[
22
]
The house was declared a historic site in 2013, as the first site of Apple Computer.
[
18
]
As of 2013
, it was owned by Jobs's sister, Patty, and occupied by his stepmother, Marilyn.
[
23
]
When he was 13, in 1968,
[
24
]
Jobs was given a summer job by
Bill Hewlett
(of
Hewlett-Packard
) after Jobs cold-called him to ask for parts for an electronics project.
[
25
]
Homestead High
Jobs'
Homestead High School
yearbook photo, 1972
The location of the Los Altos home meant that Jobs would be able to attend nearby
Homestead High School
, which had strong ties to
Silicon Valley
.
[
12
]
He began his first year there in late 1968 along with
Bill Fernandez
,
[
26
]
who introduced Jobs to Steve Wozniak, and would become Apple's first employee. Neither Jobs nor Fernandez (whose father was a lawyer) came from engineering households and thus decided to enroll in John McCollum's Electronics I class.
[
26
]
Jobs had grown his hair long and become involved in the growing counterculture, and the rebellious youth eventually clashed with McCollum and lost interest in the class.
[
26
]
Jobs underwent a change during mid-1970. He later noted to his official biographer that "I started to listen to music a whole lot, and I started to read more outside of just science and technology â
Shakespeare
,
Plato
. I loved
King Lear
... when I was a senior I had this phenomenal
AP English class
. The teacher was this guy who looked like
Ernest Hemingway
. He took a bunch of us snowshoeing in Yosemite." During his last two years at Homestead High, Jobs developed two different interests: electronics and literature.
[
27
]
These dual interests were particularly reflected during Jobs's senior year, as his best friends were Wozniak and his first girlfriend, the artistic Homestead junior
Chrisann Brennan
.
[
28
]
In 1971, after Wozniak began attending
University of California, Berkeley
, Jobs would visit him there a few times a week. This experience led him to study in nearby
Stanford University
's student union. Instead of joining the electronics club, Jobs put on light shows with a friend for Homestead's
avant-garde
jazz
program. He was described by a Homestead classmate as "kind of brain and kind of hippie ... but he never fit into either group. He was smart enough to be a nerd, but wasn't nerdy. And he was too intellectual for the hippies, who just wanted to get wasted all the time. He was kind of an outsider. In high school everything revolved around what group you were in, and if you weren't in a carefully defined group, you weren't anybody. He was an individual, in a world where individuality was suspect." By his senior year in late 1971, he was taking a freshman English class at Stanford and working on a Homestead underground film project with Chrisann Brennan.
[
29
]
[
30
]
Around that time, Wozniak designed a low-cost digital "
blue box
" to generate the necessary tones to manipulate the telephone network, allowing free long-distance calls. He was inspired by an article titled "Secrets of the Little Blue Box" from the October 1971 issue of
Esquire
.
[
31
]
Jobs decided then to sell them and split the profit with Wozniak. The clandestine sales of the illegal blue boxes went well and perhaps planted the seed in Jobs's mind that electronics could be both fun and profitable.
[
32
]
In a 1994 interview, he recalled that it took six months for him and Wozniak to design the blue boxes.
[
33
]
Jobs later reflected that had it not been for Wozniak's blue boxes, "there wouldn't have been an Apple".
[
34
]
He states it showed them that they could take on large companies and beat them.
[
35
]
[
36
]
By his senior year of high school, Jobs began using
LSD
.
[
27
]
He later recalled that on one occasion he consumed it in a wheat field outside Sunnyvale, and experienced "the most wonderful feeling of my life up to that point".
[
37
]
In mid-1972, after graduation and before leaving for
Reed College
, Jobs and Brennan rented a house from their other roommate, Al.
[
38
]
Reed College
In September 1972, Jobs enrolled at
Reed College
in
Portland, Oregon
.
[
39
]
He insisted on applying only to Reed, although it was an expensive school that Paul and Clara could ill afford.
[
40
]
Jobs soon befriended
Robert Friedland
,
[
41
]
who was Reed's
student body president
at that time.
[
42
]
Brennan remained involved with Jobs while he was at Reed.
After just one semester, Jobs dropped out of Reed College without telling his parents.
[
44
]
Jobs later explained this was because he did not want to spend his parents' money on an education that seemed meaningless to him. He continued to attend by auditing his classes,
[
45
]
including a course on
calligraphy
that was taught by
Robert Palladino
. In a 2005 commencement speech at
Stanford University
, Jobs stated that during this period, he slept on the floor in friends' dorm rooms,
returned Coke bottles
for food money, and got weekly free meals at the local
Hare Krishna
temple. In that same speech, Jobs said: "If I had never dropped in on that single
calligraphy
course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple
typefaces
or proportionally spaced fonts".
[
46
]
1974â1985
I was lucky to get into computers when it was a very young and idealistic industry. There weren't many degrees offered in computer science, so people in computers were brilliant people from mathematics, physics, music, zoology, whatever. They loved it, and no one was really in it for the money [...] There are people around here who start companies just to make money, but the great companies, well, that's not what they're about.
ââSteve Jobs
[
47
]
Pre-Apple
In February 1974, Jobs returned to his parents' home in Los Altos and began looking for a job.
[
48
]
He was soon hired by
Atari, Inc.
in
Los Gatos, California
, as a
computer technician
.
[
48
]
[
49
]
Back in 1973,
Steve Wozniak
designed his own version of the classic video game
Pong
and gave its electronics board to Jobs. According to Wozniak, Atari only hired Jobs because he brought the board to the company, and they thought he had built it himself.
[
50
]
Atari's cofounder
Nolan Bushnell
later described him as "difficult but valuable", pointing out that "he was very often the smartest guy in the room, and he would let people know that".
[
51
]
Jobs traveled to India in mid-1974
[
52
]
to visit
Neem Karoli Baba
[
53
]
at his Kainchi
ashram
with his Reed College friend and eventual Apple employee
Daniel Kottke
, searching for spiritual teachings. When they got to the Neem Karoli ashram, it was almost deserted because Neem Karoli Baba had died in September 1973. Then, they made a long trek up a dry riverbed to an ashram of
Haidakhan Babaji
.
[
49
]
After seven months, Jobs left
India
[
54
]
and returned to the US ahead of Daniel Kottke.
[
49
]
Jobs had changed his appearance; his head was shaved, and he wore traditional
Indian clothing
.
[
55
]
[
56
]
During this time, Jobs experimented with
psychedelics
, later calling his
LSD
experiences "one of the two or three most important things [he had] done in [his] life".
[
57
]
[
58
]
He spent a period at the
All One Farm
, a
commune
in
Oregon
that was owned by
Robert Friedland
.
During this period, Jobs and Brennan both became practitioners of
Zen
Buddhism
under the guidance of the Zen master
KĹbun Chino Otogawa
. Jobs engaged in lengthy
meditation retreats
at the
Tassajara Zen Mountain Center
, the oldest
SĹtĹ Zen
monastery in the US.
[
59
]
He considered taking up monastic residence at
Eihei-ji
in
Japan
, and maintained a lifelong appreciation for Zen,
[
60
]
Japanese cuisine, and artists such as
Hasui Kawase
.
[
61
]
Jobs returned to Atari in early 1975, and that summer, Bushnell assigned him to create a
circuit board
for the
arcade
video game
Breakout
in as few chips as possible, knowing that Jobs would recruit Wozniak for help. During his day job at HP, Wozniak drew sketches of the circuit design; at night, he joined Jobs at Atari and continued refining it, which Jobs implemented on a
breadboard
.
[
62
]
According to Bushnell, Atari offered
$100
(equivalent to about $600 in 2025) for each
TTL
chip that was eliminated in the machine. Jobs made a deal with Wozniak to split the fee evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari engineers, within four days, Wozniak reduced the TTL count to 45, far below the usual 100, though Atari later re-engineered it to make it easier to test and add a few missing features.
[
63
]
According to Wozniak, Jobs told him that Atari paid them only $750 (instead of the actual $5,000), and that Wozniak's share was thus $375.
[
64
]
Wozniak did not learn about the actual bonus until ten years later but said that if Jobs had told him about it and explained that he needed the money, Wozniak would have given it to him.
[
65
]
Jobs and Wozniak attended meetings of the
Homebrew Computer Club
in 1975, which was a stepping stone to the development and marketing of the first Apple computer.
[
66
]
According to a document released by the
United States Department of Defense
, Jobs claimed that in 1975, he was arrested in
Eugene, Oregon
, after being questioned for being a minor in possession of alcohol. Jobs alleged that he "didn't have any alcohol", but police questioned him and subsequently determined that he had an outstanding arrest warrant for an unpaid speeding ticket. Jobs claimed he then paid the $50 fine. The arrest allegedly occurred "behind a store".
[
67
]
[
68
]
Apple (1976â1985)
Basically
Steve Wozniak
and I invented the Apple because we wanted a personal computer. Not only couldn't we afford the computers that were on the market, those computers were impractical for us to use. We needed a
Volkswagen
. The Volkswagen isn't as fast or comfortable as other ways of traveling, but the VW owners can go where they want, when they want and with whom they want. The VW owners have personal control of their car.
ââSteve Jobs
[
69
]
By March 1976, Wozniak completed the basic design of the
Apple I
computer and showed it to Jobs, who suggested that they sell it; Wozniak was at first skeptical of the idea but later agreed.
[
70
]
In April of that same year, Jobs, Wozniak, and administrative overseer
Ronald Wayne
founded Apple Computer Company (now called "Apple Inc.") as a
business partnership
in Jobs's parents' Crist Drive home on April 1, 1976. The operation originally started in Jobs's bedroom and later moved to the garage.
[
71
]
[
72
]
Wayne stayed briefly, leaving Jobs and Wozniak as the active primary cofounders of the company.
[
73
]
The two decided on the name "Apple" after Jobs returned from the All One Farm commune in Oregon and told Wozniak about his time in the farm's
apple orchard
.
[
74
]
Jobs originally planned to produce bare
printed circuit boards
of the Apple I and sell them to computer hobbyists for
$50
(equivalent to about $280 in 2025) each. To fund the first batch, Wozniak sold his
HP scientific calculator
and Jobs sold his
Volkswagen van
.
[
75
]
[
76
]
Later that year, computer retailer
Paul Terrell
purchased 50 fully assembled Apple I units for $500 each.
[
77
]
[
78
]
Eventually, about 200 Apple I computers were produced in total.
[
79
]
External image
Jobs and Steve Wozniak with an Apple I circuit board, c. 1976.
A neighbor on Crist Drive recalled Jobs as an odd individual who would greet his clients "with his underwear hanging out, barefoot and hippie-like". Another neighbor, Larry Waterland, who had just earned his PhD in chemical engineering at Stanford, recalled dismissing Jobs's budding business compared to the established industry of giant mainframe computers with big decks of punch cards: "Steve took me over to the garage. He had a circuit board with a chip on it, a DuMont TV set, a Panasonic cassette tape deck and a keyboard. He said, 'This is an Apple computer.' I said, 'You've got to be joking.' I dismissed the whole idea." Jobs's friend from Reed College and India,
Daniel Kottke
, recalled that as an early Apple employee, he "was the only person who worked in the garage ... Woz would show up once a week with his latest code. Steve Jobs didn't get his hands dirty in that sense." Kottke also stated that much of the early work took place in Jobs's kitchen, where he spent hours on the phone trying to find investors for the company.
[
23
]
They received funding from semi-retired
Intel
product marketing manager and engineer
Mike Markkula
.
[
80
]
Scott McNealy
, one of the cofounders of
Sun Microsystems
, said that Jobs broke a "
glass age ceiling
" in Silicon Valley because he'd created a very successful company at a young age.
[
36
]
Markkula brought Apple to the attention of
Arthur Rock
, who, after looking at the crowded Apple booth at the Home Brew Computer Show, started with a $60,000 investment and went on the Apple board.
[
81
]
Jobs was not pleased when Markkula recruited
Mike Scott
from
National Semiconductor
in February 1977 to serve as the first president and CEO of Apple.
[
82
]
[
83
]
For what characterizes Apple is that its scientific staff always acted and performed like artists â in a field filled with dry personalities limited by the rational and binary worlds they inhabit, Apple's engineering teams had passion. They always believed that what they were doing was important and, most of all, fun. Working at Apple was never just a job; it was also a crusade, a mission, to bring better computer power to people. At its roots, that attitude came from Steve Jobs. It was "
Power to the People
", the slogan of the sixties, rewritten in technology for the eighties and called
Macintosh
.
ââJeffrey S. Young, 1987
[
84
]
After Brennan returned from her own journey to India, she and Jobs fell in love again, as Brennan noted changes in him that she attributes to
Kobun
(whom she was also still following). It was also at this time that Jobs displayed a prototype Apple II computer to Brennan and his parents in their living room. Brennan notes a shift in this time period, where the two main influences on Jobs were Apple Inc. and
Kobun
.
In April 1977, Jobs and Wozniak introduced the
Apple II
at the
West Coast Computer Faire
.
[
85
]
It is the first consumer product to have been sold by Apple Computer. Primarily designed by Wozniak, Jobs oversaw the development of its unusual case and
Rod Holt
developed the unique power supply.
[
86
]
During the design stage, Jobs argued that the Apple II should have two
expansion slots
, while Wozniak wanted eight. After a heated argument, Wozniak threatened that Jobs should "go get himself another computer". They later agreed on eight slots.
[
87
]
The Apple II became one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products in the world.
[
88
]
As Jobs became more successful with his new company, his relationship with Brennan grew more complex. In 1977, the success of Apple was now a part of their relationship, and Brennan,
Daniel Kottke
, and Jobs moved into a house near the Apple office in
Cupertino
.
[
89
]
Brennan eventually took a position in the shipping department at Apple.
[
90
]
Brennan's relationship with Jobs deteriorated as his position with Apple grew, and she began to consider ending the relationship. In October 1977, Brennan was approached by
Rod Holt
, who asked her to take "a paid apprenticeship designing blueprints for the Apples".
[
91
]
Both Holt and Jobs believed that it would be a good position for her, given her artistic abilities. Holt was particularly eager that she take the position and puzzled by her ambivalence toward it. Brennan's decision, however, was overshadowed by the fact that she realized she was pregnant, and that Jobs was the father. It took her a few days to tell Jobs, whose face, according to Brennan, "turned ugly" at the news. At the same time, according to Brennan, at the beginning of her third trimester, Jobs said to her: "I never wanted to ask that you get an abortion. I just didn't want to do that."
[
92
]
He also refused to discuss the pregnancy with her.
[
92
]
Brennan turned down the internship and decided to leave Apple. A few weeks before she was due to give birth, Brennan was invited to deliver her baby at the All One Farm. She accepted the offer.
[
91
]
When Jobs was 23 (the same age as his biological parents when they had him)
[
92
]
Brennan gave birth to her baby,
Lisa Brennan
, on May 17, 1978.
[
91
]
Jobs went there for the birth after he was contacted by
Robert Friedland
, their mutual friend and the farm owner. While distant, Jobs worked with her on a name for the baby, which they discussed while sitting in the fields on a blanket. Brennan suggested the name "Lisa" which Jobs also liked and notes that Jobs was very attached to the name "Lisa" while he "was also publicly denying paternity". She would discover later that during this time, Jobs was preparing to unveil a new kind of computer that he wanted to give a female name (his first choice was "Claire" after
St. Clare
). She stated that she never gave him permission to use the baby's name for a computer and he hid the plans from her. Jobs worked with his team to come up with the phrase, "Local Integrated Software Architecture" as an
alternative explanation
for the
Apple Lisa
.
[
93
]
Decades later, however, Jobs admitted to his biographer
Walter Isaacson
that "obviously, it was named for my daughter".
[
94
]
When Jobs denied paternity, a
DNA test
established him as Lisa's father.
[
95
]
It required him to pay Brennan
$385
(equivalent to about $1,200 in 2025) monthly in addition to returning the welfare money she had received. Jobs paid her
$500
(equivalent to about $1,600 in 2025) monthly at the time when Apple went public and made him a millionaire. Later, Brennan agreed to an interview with
Michael Moritz
for
Time
magazine for its
Time Person of the Year
special, released on January 3, 1983, in which she discussed her relationship with Jobs. Rather than name Jobs the Person of the Year, the magazine named the generic
personal computer
the "Machine of the Year".
[
96
]
In the issue, Jobs questioned the reliability of the paternity test, which stated that the "probability of paternity for Jobs, Steven... is 94.1%".
[
95
]
He responded by arguing that "28% of the male population of the United States could be the father".
Time
also noted that "the baby girl and the machine on which Apple has placed so much hope for the future share the same name: Lisa".
[
95
]
In 1978, at age 23, Jobs was worth over
$1 million
(equivalent to $4.94Â million in 2025). By age 25, his net worth grew to an estimated
$250 million
(equivalent to $885Â million in 2025). He was also one of the youngest "people ever to make the Forbes list of the nation's richest peopleâand one of only a handful to have done it themselves, without inherited wealth".
[
97
]
In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment on the top two floors of
The San Remo
, a Manhattan building with a politically progressive reputation. Although he never lived there,
[
98
]
he spent years renovating it thanks to
I. M. Pei
. In 1983, Jobs lured
John Sculley
away from
Pepsi-Cola
to serve as Apple's CEO, asking, "Do you want to spend the rest of your life selling sugared water, or do you want a chance to change the world?".
[
99
]
In 1984, Jobs bought the
Jackling House
and estate and resided there for a decade. Thereafter, he leased it out for several years until 2000 when he stopped maintaining the house, allowing weathering to degrade it. In 2004, Jobs received permission from the town of Woodside to demolish the house to build a smaller, contemporary styled one. After a few years in court, the house was finally demolished in 2011, a few months before he died.
[
100
]
A Macintosh prototype,
c.
â1981
Jobs and the Macintosh, 1984
Jobs took over development of the
Macintosh
in 1981, from early Apple employee
Jef Raskin
, who had conceived the project. Wozniak and Raskin had heavily influenced the early program, and Wozniak was on leave during this time due to an airplane crash earlier that year, making it easier for Jobs to take over the project.
[
101
]
[
102
]
[
103
]
On January 22, 1984, Apple aired a
Super Bowl
television commercial titled "
1984
", which ended with the words: "On January 24th, Apple Computer will introduce Macintosh. And you'll see why 1984 won't be like
1984
."
[
104
]
On January 24, 1984, an emotional Jobs introduced the Macintosh to a wildly enthusiastic audience at Apple's annual shareholders meeting held in the
Flint Auditorium
at De Anza College.
[
105
]
[
106
]
Macintosh engineer
Andy Hertzfeld
described the scene as "pandemonium".
[
107
]
The Macintosh was inspired by the
Lisa
(in turn inspired by
Xerox PARC's
mouse
-driven
graphical user interface
),
[
108
]
[
109
]
and it was widely acclaimed by the media with strong initial sales.
[
110
]
[
111
]
However, its low performance and limited range of available software led to a rapid sales decline in the second half of 1984.
[
110
]
[
111
]
[
112
]
Sculley's and Jobs's respective visions for the company greatly differed. Sculley favored
open architecture
computers like the Apple II, targeting education, small business, and home markets less vulnerable to IBM. Jobs wanted the company to focus on the
closed architecture
Macintosh as a business alternative to the IBM PC. President and CEO Sculley had little control over chairman of the board Jobs's Macintosh division; it and the Apple II division operated like separate companies, duplicating services.
[
113
]
Although its products provided 85% of Apple's sales in early 1985, the company's January 1985
annual meeting
did not mention the Apple II division or employees. Many left, including Wozniak, who stated that the company had "been going in the wrong direction for the last five years" and sold most of his stock.
[
114
]
Though frustrated with the company's and Jobs's dismissal of the Apple II in favor of the Macintosh, Wozniak left amicably and remained an honorary employee of Apple, maintaining a lifelong friendship with Jobs.
[
115
]
[
116
]
[
117
]
By early 1985, the Macintosh's failure to defeat the IBM PC became clear,
[
110
]
[
111
]
and it strengthened Sculley's position in the company. In May 1985, Sculleyâencouraged by Arthur Rockâdecided to reorganize Apple, and proposed a plan to the board that would remove Jobs from the Macintosh group and put him in charge of "New Product Development". This move would effectively render Jobs powerless within Apple.
[
118
]
In response, Jobs then developed a plan to get rid of Sculley and take over Apple. However, Jobs was confronted after the plan was leaked, and he said that he would leave Apple. The Board declined his resignation and asked him to reconsider. Sculley also told Jobs that he had all of the votes needed to go ahead with the reorganization. A few months later, on September 17, 1985, Jobs submitted a letter of resignation to the Apple Board. Five additional senior Apple employees also resigned and joined Jobs in his new venture, NeXT.
[
119
]
The Macintosh's struggle continued after Jobs left Apple. Though marketed and received in fanfare, the expensive Macintosh was hard to sell.
[
120
]
:â308â309â
In 1985,
Bill Gates
's then-developing company,
Microsoft
, threatened to stop developing Mac applications unless it was granted "a license for the Mac operating system software. Microsoft was developing its graphical user interface ... for DOS, which it was calling
Windows
and didn't want Apple to sue over the similarities between the Windows GUI and the Mac interface."
[
120
]
:â321â
Sculley granted Microsoft the license which later led to problems for Apple.
[
120
]
:â321â
In addition, cheap
IBM PC clones
that ran Microsoft software and had a graphical user interface began to appear. Although the Macintosh preceded the clones, it was far more expensive, so "through the late 1980s, the Windows user interface was getting better and better and was thus taking increasingly more share from Apple".
[
120
]
:â322â
Windows-based IBM-PC clones also led to the development of additional GUIs such as IBM's TopView or Digital Research's GEM,
[
120
]
:â322â
and thus "the graphical user interface was beginning to be taken for granted, undermining the most apparent advantage of the Mac...it seemed clear as the 1980s wound down that Apple couldn't go it alone indefinitely against the whole IBM-clone market".
[
120
]
:â322â
1985â1997
NeXT computer
Following his resignation from Apple in 1985, Jobs founded NeXT Inc.
[
121
]
with $7Â million. A year later he was running out of money, and he sought venture capital with no product on the horizon. Eventually, Jobs attracted the attention of billionaire
Ross Perot
, who invested heavily in the company.
[
122
]
The NeXT computer was shown to the world in what was considered Jobs's comeback event,
[
123
]
a lavish invitation-only gala
launch event
[
124
]
that was described as a multimedia extravaganza.
[
125
]
The celebration was held at the
Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall
, San Francisco, California, on Wednesday, October 12, 1988.
Steve Wozniak
said in a 2013 interview that while Jobs was at NeXT he was "really getting his head together".
[
101
]
NeXT workstations were first released in 1990 and priced at
$9,999
(equivalent to about $25,000 in 2025). Like the
Apple Lisa
, the NeXT workstation was technologically advanced and designed for the education sector but was largely dismissed as cost prohibitive.
[
126
]
The NeXT workstation was known for its technical strengths, chief among them its
object-oriented
software development system. Jobs marketed NeXT products to the financial, scientific, and academic community, highlighting its innovative, experimental new technologies, such as the
Mach kernel
, the
digital signal processor
chip, and the built-in
Ethernet
port. Making use of a NeXT computer, English computer scientist
Tim Berners-Lee
invented the
World Wide Web
in 1990 at
CERN
in Switzerland.
[
127
]
The revised, second generation
NeXTcube
was released in 1990. Jobs touted it as the first "interpersonal" computer that would replace the personal computer. With its innovative
NeXTMail
multimedia email system, NeXTcube could share voice, image, graphics, and video in email for the first time. "Interpersonal computing is going to revolutionize human communications and groupwork", Jobs told reporters.
[
128
]
Jobs ran NeXT with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by the development of and attention to NeXTcube's magnesium case.
[
129
]
This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development with the release of
NeXTSTEP
/
Intel
.
[
130
]
The company reported its first yearly profit of $1.03Â million in 1994.
[
131
]
In 1996, NeXT Software, Inc. released
WebObjects
, a framework for Web application development. After NeXT was acquired by Apple Inc. in 1997, WebObjects was used to build and run the Apple Store,
[
130
]
MobileMe
services, and the iTunes Store.
[
132
]
Pixar and Disney
In 1986, Jobs funded the spinout of The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from
Lucasfilm
's computer graphics division for the price of $10Â million, $5Â million of which was given to the company as capital and $5Â million of which was paid to Lucasfilm for technology rights.
[
133
]
Jobs and his
Pixar
team visited the
Oval Office
in 1998.
The first film produced by Pixar with its
Disney
partnership,
Toy Story
(1995), with Jobs credited as executive producer,
[
134
]
brought financial success and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released. Over the course of Jobs's life, under Pixar's creative chief
John Lasseter
, the company produced box-office hits
A Bug's Life
(1998),
Toy Story 2
(1999),
Monsters, Inc.
(2001),
Finding Nemo
(2003),
The Incredibles
(2004),
Cars
(2006),
Ratatouille
(2007),
WALL-E
(2008),
Up
(2009),
Toy Story 3
(2010), and
Cars 2
(2011).
Brave
(2012), Pixar's first film to be produced since Jobs's death, honored him with a tribute for his contributions to the studio.
[
135
]
Finding Nemo
,
The Incredibles
,
Ratatouille
,
WALL-E
,
Up
,
Toy Story 3
, and
Brave
each received the
Academy Award for Best Animated Feature
, an award introduced in 2001.
[
136
]
[
137
]
In 2003 and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief executive
Michael Eisner
tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership,
[
138
]
and in January 2004, Jobs announced that he would never deal with Disney again.
[
139
]
In October 2005,
Bob Iger
replaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to mend relations with Jobs and Pixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth $7.4Â billion. When the deal closed, Jobs became The Walt Disney Company's largest single shareholder with approximately seven percent of the company's stock.
[
140
]
Jobs's holdings in Disney far exceeded those of Eisner, who holds 1.7%, and of Disney family member
Roy E. Disney
, who until his 2009 death held about 1% of the company's stock and whose criticisms of Eisnerâespecially that he soured Disney's relationship with Pixarâaccelerated Eisner's ousting. Upon completion of the merger, Jobs received 7% of Disney shares, and joined the board of directors as the largest individual shareholder.
[
140
]
[
141
]
[
142
]
Upon Jobs's death his shares in Disney were transferred to the Steven P. Jobs Trust led by
Laurene Jobs
.
[
143
]
After Jobs's death, Iger recalled in 2019 that many warned him about Jobs, "that he would bully me and everyone else". Iger wrote, "Who wouldn't want Steve Jobs to have influence over how a company is run?", and that as an active Disney board member "he rarely created trouble for me. Not never but rarely." He speculated that they would have seriously considered merging Disney and Apple had Jobs lived.
[
139
]
Floyd Norman
, of Pixar, described Jobs as a "mature, mellow individual" who never interfered with the creative process of the filmmakers.
[
144
]
In early June 2014, Pixar cofounder and
Walt Disney Animation Studios
President
Edwin Catmull
revealed that Jobs once advised him to "just explain it to them until they understand" in disagreements. Catmull released the book
Creativity, Inc.
in 2014, in which he recounts numerous experiences of working with Jobs. Regarding his own manner of dealing with Jobs, Catmull writes:
[
145
]
In all the 26 years with Steve, Steve and I never had one of these loud verbal arguments, and it's not my nature to do that. ... but we did disagree fairly frequently about things. ... I would say something to him and he would immediately shoot it down because he could think faster than I could. ... I would then wait a week ... I'd call him up, and I give my counterargument to what he had said, and he'd immediately shoot it down. So I had to wait another week, and occasionally this went on for months. But ultimately one of three things happened. About a third of the time he said, "Oh, I get it, you're right", and that was the end of it. And it was another third of the time in which [I'd] say, "Actually I think he is right". The other third of the time, where we didn't reach consensus, he just let me do it my way, never said anything more about it.
[
145
]
1997â2011
Return to Apple
Jobs presented at
Macworld Conference & Expo
in 2005.
In 1996, Jobs's former company, Apple, was struggling, and its survival depended on completing its next operating system. After failed negotiations to purchase
Be Inc.
,
[
146
]
[
147
]
Apple eventually came to a deal with NeXT in December
[
148
]
for $400 million; the deal was finalized in February 1997, bringing Jobs back to the company he had cofounded.
[
149
]
Jobs became
de facto
chief after then-CEO
Gil Amelio
was ousted in July 1997. He was formally named interim chief executive on September 16.
[
150
]
In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs terminated several projects, such as
Newton
,
Cyberdog
, and
OpenDoc
. In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened. The reality was that Jobs's summary executions were rare, but a handful of victims was enough to terrorize a whole company."
[
151
]
Jobs changed the licensing program for
Macintosh clones
, making it too costly for the manufacturers to continue making machines.
With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology was incorporated into Apple products, most notably
NeXTSTEP
, which evolved into Mac OS X. Under Jobs's guidance, the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the iMac and other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the "interim" modifier from his title at Apple and became permanent CEO.
[
152
]
Jobs quipped at the time that he would be using the title "iCEO".
[
153
]
The company subsequently branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances. With the introduction of the iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music software, and the iTunes Store, the company made forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. On June 29, 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone business with the introduction of the iPhone, a
multi-touch
display cell phone, which also included the features of an iPod and, with its own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. While nurturing open-ended innovation, Jobs also reminded his employees that "real artists ship".
[
154
]
Jobs had a public war of words with
Dell Computer
CEO
Michael Dell
, starting in 1987, when Jobs first criticized Dell for making "un-innovative
beige boxes
".
[
155
]
On October 6, 1997, at a
Gartner
Symposium, when Dell was asked what he would do if he ran the then-troubled Apple Computer company, he said: "I'd shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders".
[
156
]
Then, in 2006, Jobs emailed all employees when Apple's
market capitalization
rose above Dell's. It read:
Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasn't perfect at predicting the future. Based on today's stock market close, Apple is worth more than Dell. Stocks go up and down, and things may be different tomorrow, but I thought it was worth a moment of reflection today. Steve.
[
157
]
Jobs was both admired and criticized for his consummate skill at persuasion and salesmanship, which has been dubbed the "
reality distortion field
" and was particularly evident during his keynote speeches (colloquially known as "
Stevenotes
") at
Macworld Expos
and at
Apple Worldwide Developers Conferences
.
[
158
]
Jobs usually went to work wearing a black long-sleeved
mock turtleneck
made by
Issey Miyake
,
Levi's
501 blue jeans, and
New Balance
991 sneakers.
[
159
]
[
160
]
Jobs told his biographer Walter Isaacson "...he came to like the idea of having a uniform for himself, both because of its daily convenience (the rationale he claimed) and its ability to convey a signature style".
[
159
]
Jobs and
Bill Gates
were on a panel at the fifth
D: All Things Digital
conference in 2007.
In 2001, Jobs was granted stock options in the amount of 7.5Â million shares of
Apple
with an exercise price of $18.30. It was alleged that the options had been
backdated
, and that the exercise price should have been $21.10. It was further alleged that Jobs had thereby incurred taxable income of $20,000,000 that he did not report, and that Apple overstated its earnings by that same amount. As a result, Jobs potentially faced several criminal charges and civil penalties. The case was the subject of active criminal and civil government investigations,
[
161
]
though an independent internal Apple investigation completed on December 29, 2006, found that Jobs was unaware of these issues and that the options granted to him were returned without being exercised in 2003.
[
162
]
In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for
e-waste
in the US by lashing out at environmental and other advocates at Apple's annual meeting in Cupertino in April. A few weeks later, Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. The
Computer TakeBack Campaign
responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the commencement speaker. The banner read "Steve, don't be a mini-playerârecycle all e-waste".
[
163
]
Jobs speaking at the
Apple Worldwide Developers Conference
in 2007
In 2006, he further expanded Apple's recycling programs to every US customer who buys a new Mac. This program includes shipping and "environmentally friendly disposal" of their old systems.
[
164
]
The success of Apple's unique products and services provided several years of stable financial returns, propelling Apple to become the world's most valuable publicly traded company in 2011.
[
165
]
Jobs was perceived as a demanding perfectionist
[
166
]
[
167
]
who always aspired to position his businesses and their products at the forefront of the information technology industry by foreseeing and setting innovation and style trends. He summed up this self-concept at the end of his keynote speech at the
Macworld Conference and Expo
in January 2007, by quoting ice hockey player
Wayne Gretzky
:
There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. "I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been". And we've always tried to do that at Apple. Since the very, very beginning. And we always will.
[
168
]
On July 1, 2008, a
$7 billion
class-action suit was filed against several members of Apple's board of directors for losses resulting from alleged securities fraud.
[
169
]
[
170
]
In a 2011 interview with biographer Walter Isaacson, Jobs revealed that he had met with US president
Barack Obama
, complained about the nation's shortage of software engineers, and told Obama that he was "headed for a one-term presidency".
[
171
]
Jobs proposed that any foreign student who got an engineering degree at a US university should automatically be offered a
Green card
. After the meeting, Jobs commented, "The president is very smart, but he kept explaining to us reasons why things can't get done
Â
... It infuriates me".
[
171
]
Health problems
In October 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with
cancer
. In mid 2004, he announced to his employees that he had a cancerous tumor in his
pancreas
.
[
172
]
The prognosis for
pancreatic cancer
is very poor;
[
173
]
however, Jobs stated that he had a rare, less aggressive type, known as
islet cell neuroendocrine tumor
.
[
172
]
Jobs resisted his doctors' recommendations for medical intervention for nine months,
[
174
]
in favor of
alternative medicine
. However, cancer researcher and alternative medicine critic
David Gorski
wrote that "it's impossible to know whether and by how much he might have decreased his chances of surviving his cancer through his flirtation with woo. My best guess was that Jobs probably only modestly decreased his chances of survival, if that."
[
175
]
[
176
]
Barrie R. Cassileth
, the chief of
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
's
integrative medicine
department,
[
177
]
on the other hand, said, "Jobs's faith in alternative medicine likely cost him his life ... He had the only kind of pancreatic cancer that is treatable and curable ... He essentially committed suicide."
[
178
]
Biographer Walter Isaacson reported on Jobs's opposition to surgery, quoting Jobs as saying, "I didn't want my body to be opened, I didn't want to be violated in that way."
[
179
]
According to Isaacson, "for nine months he refused to undergo surgery for his pancreatic cancer â a decision he later regretted as his health declined."
[
180
]
"Instead, he tried a vegan diet, acupuncture, herbal remedies, and other treatments he found online, and even consulted a psychic. He was also influenced by a doctor who ran a clinic that advised juice fasts, bowel cleansings and other unproven approaches, before finally having surgery in July 2004."
[
181
]
[
182
]
He underwent a
pancreaticoduodenectomy
(or "Whipple procedure") that appeared to remove the tumor successfully.
[
183
]
[
184
]
Jobs did not receive
chemotherapy
or
radiation therapy
.
[
172
]
[
185
]
During Jobs's absence,
Tim Cook
, head of worldwide sales and operations at Apple, ran the company.
[
172
]
In January 2006, only Jobs's wife, his doctors, and
Iger
knew that his cancer had returned. Jobs told Iger privately that he hoped to live to see his own son Reed's high school graduation in 2010.
[
139
]
In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual Worldwide Developers Conference. His "thin, almost gaunt" appearance and unusually "listless" delivery,
[
186
]
[
187
]
together with his choice to delegate significant portions of his keynote to other presenters, inspired a flurry of media and internet speculation about the state of his health.
[
188
]
In contrast, according to an
Ars Technica
journal report, Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) attendees who saw Jobs in person said he "looked fine."
[
189
]
Following the keynote, an Apple spokesperson said that "Steve's health is robust."
[
190
]
Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs's 2008 WWDC keynote address.
[
191
]
Apple officials stated that Jobs was victim to a "common bug" and was taking antibiotics,
[
192
]
while others surmised his
cachectic appearance
was due to the Whipple procedure.
[
185
]
During a July conference call discussing Apple earnings, participants responded to repeated questions about Jobs's health by insisting that it was a "private matter." Others said that shareholders had a right to know more, given Jobs's hands-on approach to running his company.
[
193
]
[
194
]
Based on an off-the-record phone conversation with Jobs,
The New York Times
reported, "While his health problems amounted to a good deal more than 'a common bug', they weren't life-threatening and he doesn't have a recurrence of cancer."
[
195
]
On August 28, 2008,
Bloomberg
mistakenly published a 2500-word
obituary
of Jobs in its corporate news service, containing blank spaces for his age and cause of death. News carriers customarily stockpile up-to-date obituaries to facilitate news delivery in the event of a well-known figure's death. Although the error was promptly rectified, many news carriers and blogs reported on it,
[
196
]
intensifying rumors concerning Jobs's health.
[
197
]
Jobs responded at Apple's September 2008
Let's Rock
keynote by paraphrasing
Mark Twain
: "The reports of my death are greatly exaggerated."
[
198
]
[
199
]
At a subsequent media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide reading "110/70", referring to his
blood pressure
, stating he would not address further questions about his health.
[
200
]
On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president
Phil Schiller
would deliver the company's final keynote address at the
Macworld Conference and Expo
2009, again reviving questions about Jobs's health.
[
201
]
[
202
]
In a statement given on January 5, 2009, on
Apple.com
, Jobs said that he had been suffering from a "
hormone imbalance
" for several months.
[
203
]
[
204
]
On January 14, 2009, Jobs wrote in an internal Apple memo that in the previous week he had "learned that my health-related issues are more complex than I originally thought."
[
205
]
He announced a six-month leave of absence until the end of June 2009, to allow him to better focus on his health. Tim Cook, who previously acted as CEO in Jobs's 2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple, with Jobs still involved with "major strategic decisions."
[
205
]
In 2009,
Tim Cook
offered a portion of his
liver
to Jobs, since both share a rare blood type, and the donor liver can regenerate tissue after such an operation. Jobs yelled, "I'll never let you do that. I'll never do that."
[
206
]
In April 2009, Jobs underwent a
liver transplantation
at
Methodist University Hospital
Transplant Institute in
Memphis, Tennessee
.
[
207
]
[
208
]
[
209
]
Jobs's prognosis was described as "excellent."
[
207
]
Resignation
On January 17, 2011, a year and a half after Jobs returned to work following the liver transplant, Apple announced that he had been granted another leave of absence. Jobs announced his leave in a letter to employees, stating his decision was made "so he could focus on his health". As it did at the time of his 2009 medical leave, Apple announced that Tim Cook would run day-to-day operations and that Jobs would continue to be involved in major strategic decisions at the company.
[
210
]
[
211
]
While on leave, Jobs appeared at the
iPad 2
launch event on March 2, the
WWDC
keynote introducing
iCloud
on June 6, and before the Cupertino City Council on June 7.
[
212
]
On August 24, 2011, Jobs announced his resignation as Apple's CEO, writing to the board, "I have always said if there ever came a day when I could no longer meet my duties and expectations as Apple's CEO, I would be the first to let you know. Unfortunately, that day has come."
[
213
]
Jobs became chairman of the board and named Tim Cook as his successor as CEO.
[
214
]
[
215
]
Jobs continued to work for Apple until the day before his death six weeks later.
[
216
]
[
217
]
[
218
]
Death
Flags flew at
half-staff
outside the
Apple Infinite Loop campus
on the evening of Jobs's death.
Jobs died at his home in
Palo Alto, California
on October 5, 2011, due to complications from a
relapse
of his previously treated islet-cell
pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor
,
[
66
]
[
219
]
[
220
]
which resulted in
respiratory arrest
.
[
221
]
He had lost consciousness the day before and died with his wife, children, and sisters at his side.
[
222
]
His sister,
Mona Simpson
, described his death thus: "Steve's final words, hours earlier, were monosyllables, repeated three times. Before embarking, he'd looked at his sister Patty, then for a long time at his children, then at his life's partner, Laurene, and then over their shoulders past them. Steve's final words were: 'Oh wow. Oh wow. Oh wow.' " He then lost consciousness and died several hours later.
[
222
]
A small private funeral was held on October 7, 2011, the details of which, out of respect for Jobs's family, were not made public.
[
223
]
Both
Apple
[
224
]
and
Pixar
issued announcements of his death.
[
225
]
Apple announced on the same day that they had no plans for a public service, but were encouraging "well-wishers" to send their remembrance messages to an email address created to receive such messages.
[
226
]
Apple and
Microsoft
both flew their flags at
half-staff
throughout their respective headquarters and campuses.
[
227
]
[
228
]
Bob Iger
ordered all
Disney
properties, including
Walt Disney World
and
Disneyland
, to fly their flags at half-staff from October 6 to 12, 2011.
[
229
]
For two weeks following his death, Apple displayed on its corporate website a simple page that showed Jobs's name and lifespan next to his portrait in grayscale.
[
230
]
[
231
]
[
232
]
On October 19, 2011, Apple employees held a private memorial service for Jobs on the Apple campus in Cupertino. It was attended by Jobs's widow, Laurene, and by Tim Cook,
Bill Campbell
,
Norah Jones
,
Al Gore
, and
Coldplay
. Some of Apple's retail stores closed briefly so employees could attend the memorial. A video of the service was uploaded to Apple's website.
[
233
]
California Governor
Jerry Brown
declared Sunday, October 16, 2011, to be "Steve Jobs Day".
[
234
]
On that day, an invitation-only memorial was held at
Stanford University
. Those in attendance included Apple and other tech company executives, members of the media, celebrities, politicians, and family and close friends of Jobs.
Bono
,
Yo-Yo Ma
, and
Joan Baez
performed at the service, which lasted longer than an hour. There was high security with guards at all of the university's gates, and a helicopter overhead from an area news station.
[
235
]
[
236
]
Each attendee was given a small brown box as a "farewell gift" from Jobs, containing a copy of the
Autobiography of a Yogi
(1946) by
Paramahansa Yogananda
.
[
237
]
Childhood friend and fellow Apple co-founder
Steve Wozniak
,
[
238
]
former owner of what would become Pixar,
George Lucas
,
[
239
]
his competitor Microsoft co-founder
Bill Gates
,
[
240
]
and President
Barack Obama
[
241
]
all made statements in response to his death. At his request, Jobs was buried in an
unmarked grave
at
Alta Mesa Memorial Park
, the only
nonsectarian
cemetery in Palo Alto.
[
242
]
[
243
]
Innovations and designs
Jobs's design aesthetic was influenced by philosophies of Zen and Buddhism. In India, he experienced Buddhism while on his seven-month spiritual journey,
[
244
]
and his sense of intuition was influenced by the spiritual people with whom he studied.
[
244
]
Jobs gained insights regarding
industrial designs
from
Richard Sapper
.
[
245
]
According to Apple co-founder Wozniak, "Steve didn't ever code. He wasn't an engineer and he didn't do any original design...".
[
246
]
[
247
]
Daniel Kottke
, one of Apple's earliest employees and a college friend of Jobs, stated: "Between Woz and Jobs, Woz was the innovator, the inventor. Steve Jobs was the marketing person."
[
248
]
He is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 346 United States patents or patent applications related to a range of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves,
lanyards
, and packages. His contributions to most of his patents were to "the look and feel of the product". He and his industrial design chief
Jonathan Ive
are named for 200 of the patents.
[
249
]
Most of these are design patents as opposed to utility patents or inventions; they are specific product designs such as both original and lamp-style
iMacs
, and
PowerBook G4 Titanium
.
[
250
]
[
251
]
He holds 43 issued US patents on inventions.
[
250
]
The patent on the Mac OS X
Dock
user interface with "magnification" feature was issued the day before he died.
[
252
]
Although Jobs had little involvement in the engineering and technical side of the original Apple computers,
[
247
]
Jobs later used his CEO position to directly involve himself with product design.
[
253
]
Involved in many projects throughout his career was his long-time marketing executive and confidant
Joanna Hoffman
, known as one of the few employees at Apple and NeXT who could successfully stand up to Jobs while also engaging with him.
[
254
]
Even while terminally ill in the hospital, Jobs sketched new devices that would hold the iPad in a hospital bed.
[
222
]
He despised the oxygen monitor on his finger, and suggested ways to revise the design for simplicity.
[
255
]
Apple I
The
Apple I
was designed entirely by Wozniak, but Jobs had the idea of selling the computer, which led to the founding of
Apple Computer
in 1976. Jobs and Wozniak constructed several of the Apple I prototype by hand, funded by selling some of their belongings. Eventually, 200 units were produced.
[
79
]
One of the main innovations of the Apple I was that it included
video display terminal
circuitry on its circuit board, allowing it to connect to a low-cost
composite video
monitor or television, instead of an expensive computer terminal, compared to most existing computers at the time.
Apple II
The
Apple II
, here with an external
modem
, was designed primarily by
Steve Wozniak
.
The Apple II is an
8-bit
home computer
, one of the world's first highly successful mass-produced
microcomputer
products,
[
88
]
designed primarily by Wozniak. Jobs oversaw the development of the Apple II's unusual case
[
256
]
and
Rod Holt
developed the unique power supply.
[
86
]
It was introduced in 1977 at the
West Coast Computer Faire
by Jobs and Wozniak as the first consumer product sold by Apple. The Apple II was first sold on June 10, 1977.
[
257
]
[
258
]
Lisa
The Lisa is a personal computer developed by Apple from 1978 and sold in the early 1980s to business users. It is the first personal computer with a
graphical user interface
.
[
259
]
The Lisa sold poorly at 100,000 units,
[
260
]
but despite being considered a commercial failure, it received technical acclaim, introducing several advanced features that reappeared on the Macintosh and eventually
IBM PC compatibles
. In 1982, after Jobs was forced out of the Lisa project,
[
261
]
he took over the
Macintosh
project, adding inspiration from Lisa. The final Lisa 2/10 was modified and sold as the
Macintosh XL
.
[
262
]
Macintosh
Jobs holds up a
MacBook Air
at the 2008
MacWorld Conference & Expo
.
Once he joined the
Macintosh
team, Jobs took over the project after Wozniak had experienced a traumatic airplane accident and temporarily left the company.
[
101
]
Jobs launched the Macintosh on January 24, 1984, as the first mass-market personal computer featuring an integral
graphical user interface
and
mouse
.
[
263
]
This first model was later renamed to Macintosh 128k among the prolific series. Since 1998, Apple has phased out the Macintosh name in favor of "Mac", though the product family has been nicknamed "Mac" or "the Mac" since inception. The Macintosh was introduced by a
US$1.5 million
Ridley Scott
television commercial, "
1984
".
[
264
]
It aired during the third quarter of
Super Bowl XVIII
on January 22, 1984, received as a "watershed event"
[
265
]
and a "masterpiece".
[
266
]
Regis McKenna
called the ad "more successful than the Mac itself".
[
267
]
It uses an unnamed heroine to represent the coming of the Macintosh (indicated by a
Picasso
-style picture of the computer on her white
tank top
) to save humanity from the conformity of IBM's domination of the computer industry. The ad
alludes
to
George Orwell
's novel
Nineteen Eighty-Four
, which describes a
dystopian future
ruled by a televised "
Big Brother
".
[
268
]
[
269
]
The Macintosh, however, was expensive, which hindered its ability to be competitive in a market already dominated by the
Commodore 64
for consumers, and the
IBM Personal Computer
and its accompanying
clone
market for businesses.
[
270
]
Macintosh systems still found success in education and desktop publishing and kept Apple as the second-largest PC manufacturer for the next decade.
NeXT Computer
After Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, he started
NeXT
, a
workstation
computer company. The NeXT Computer was introduced in 1988 at a
lavish launch event
. Using the NeXT Computer,
Tim Berners-Lee
created the world's first
web browser
, the
WorldWideWeb
. The NeXT Computer's operating system, named
NeXTSTEP
, begat
Darwin
, which is now the foundation of most of Apple's
operating systems
such as Macintosh's
macOS
and iPhone's
iOS
.
[
271
]
[
272
]
iMac
Main article:
iMac
The original
iMac
was introduced in 1998 as the first consumer-facing Apple product to have debuted after Jobs's return.
Apple's
iMac G3
was introduced in 1998 and its innovative design is directly the result of Jobs's return to Apple. Apple boasted "the back of our computer looks better than the front of anyone else's".
[
273
]
Described as "cartoonlike", the first iMac, clad in Bondi Blue plastic, was unlike any personal computer that came before. In 1999, Apple introduced the Graphite gray Apple iMac and since has varied the shape, color and size considerably while maintaining the
all-in-one
design. Design ideas were intended to create a connection with the user such as the handle and a "breathing" light effect when the computer went to sleep.
[
274
]
The Apple iMac sold for $1,299 at that time. The iMac's forward-thinking changes include eschewing the
floppy disk drive
and moving exclusively to
USB
for connecting peripherals. Through the iMac's success, USB was popularized among third-party peripheral makersâas evidenced by the fact that many early USB peripherals were made of translucent plastic to match the iMac design.
[
275
]
iTunes
iTunes is a
media player
, media library, online radio broadcaster, and mobile device management application developed by Apple. It is used to play, download, and organize digital
audio
and video on personal computers running the
macOS
and
Microsoft Windows
operating systems. The
iTunes Store
is also available on the
iPod Touch
, iPhone, and iPad.
[
276
]
Through the iTunes Store, users can purchase and download music, music videos, television shows,
audiobooks
,
podcasts
, movies, and movie rentals in some countries, and
ringtones
, available on the iPhone and iPod Touch (fourth generation onward).
Application software
for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch can be downloaded from the
App Store
.
[
276
]
iPod
Main article:
iPod
The
first generation of iPod
was released October 23, 2001. The major innovation of the iPod was its small size achieved by using a 1.8" hard drive compared to the 2.5" drives common to players at that time. The capacity of the first-generation iPod ranged from 5Â GB to 10Â GB.
[
277
]
The iPod sold for US$399 and more than 100,000 iPods were sold before the end of 2001. The introduction of the iPod resulted in Apple becoming a major player in the music industry.
[
278
]
Also, the iPod's success prepared the way for the iTunes music store and the iPhone.
[
279
]
After the first few generations of iPod, Apple released the touchscreen
iPod Touch
, the reduced-size
iPod Mini
and
iPod Nano
, and the screenless
iPod Shuffle
in the following years.
[
278
]
iPhone
Apple began work on the
first iPhone
in 2005 and the first iPhone was released on June 29, 2007. The iPhone created such a sensation that a survey indicated six out of ten Americans were aware of its release.
Time
declared it "Invention of the Year" for 2007 and included it in the All-TIME 100 Gadgets list in 2010, in the category of Communication.
[
280
]
The completed iPhone had multimedia capabilities and functioned as a quad-band touch screen smartphone. A year later, the
iPhone 3G
was released in July 2008 with three key features: support for GPS, 3G data and tri-band UMTS/HSDPA. In June 2009, the
iPhone 3GS
, whose improvements included voice control, a better camera, and a faster processor, was introduced by Phil Schiller.
[
281
]
The iPhone 4 was thinner than previous models, had a five megapixel camera capable of recording video in 720p HD, and added a secondary front-facing camera for video calls.
[
282
]
A major feature of the
iPhone 4s
, introduced in October 2011, was
Siri
, a virtual assistant capable of voice recognition.
[
283
]
iPad
Main article:
iPad
Jobs introduced the
iPad
in 2010.
The iPad is an iOS-based line of
tablet computers
designed and marketed by Apple. The
first iPad
was released on April 3, 2010. The
user interface
is built around the device's
multi-touch
screen, including a
virtual keyboard
. The iPad includes built-in
Wi-Fi
and cellular connectivity on select models. As of April 2015
, more than 250 million iPads have been sold.
[
284
]
Personal life
Jobs's house in Palo Alto
Habits and public image
Jobs was known to frequently appear
barefoot
in public, a habit that stemmed from his countercultural background, and was depicted in the movies
Pirates of Silicon Valley
[
285
]
and
Jobs
.
[
286
]
It also had an impact on American corporate culture,
[
287
]
and was adopted by some other entrepreneurs, most notably
Adam Neumann
.
[
288
]
Marriage
In 1989, Jobs first met his future wife,
Laurene Powell
, when he gave a lecture at the
Stanford Graduate School of Business
, where she was a student. Soon after the event, he stated that Laurene "was right there in the front row in the lecture hall, and I couldn't take my eyes off of her ... kept losing my train of thought, and started feeling a little giddy".
[
289
]
After the lecture, he met her in the parking lot and invited her out to dinner. From that point forward, they were together, with a few minor exceptions, for the rest of his life.
[
290
]
Jobs proposed on New Year's Day 1990; they married on March 18, 1991, in a Buddhist ceremony at the
Ahwahnee Hotel
in
Yosemite National Park
.
[
291
]
Fifty people, including Jobs's father, Paul, and his sister Mona, attended. The ceremony was conducted by Jobs's
guru
,
Kobun Chino Otogawa
.
[
291
]
The vegan wedding cake was in the shape of Yosemite's
Half Dome
, and the wedding ended with a hike and Laurene's brothers' snowball fight. Jobs reportedly said to Mona: "You see, Mona [...], Laurene is descended from
Joe Namath
, and we're descended from
John Muir
".
[
292
]
Jobs's and Powell's first child, a son named
Reed
, was born in 1991.
[
293
]
Jobs's father, Paul, died a year and a half later, on March 5, 1993. Jobs's childhood home remains a tourist attraction and is currently owned by his stepmother (Paul's second wife), Marilyn Jobs.
[
294
]
Jobs and Powell had two more children, daughters Erin (b. 1995) and
Eve Jobs
(b. 1998), who is a fashion model.
[
293
]
The family lived in
Palo Alto, California
.
[
295
]
Although a billionaire, Jobs made it known that, like Gates, he had stipulated that most of his monetary fortune would not be left to his children.
[
296
]
[
297
]
Family
Chrisann Brennan
notes that after Jobs was forced out of Apple, "he apologized many times over for his behavior" towards her and Lisa. She said Jobs "said that he never took responsibility when he should have, and that he was sorry".
[
298
]
By this time, Jobs had developed a strong relationship with Lisa and when she was nine, Jobs had her name on her birth certificate changed from "Lisa Brennan" to "Lisa Brennan-Jobs".
[
10
]
Jobs and Brennan developed a working relationship to
co-parent
Lisa, a change which Brennan credits to the influence of his newly found biological sister,
Mona Simpson
, who worked to repair the relationship between Lisa and Jobs.
[
10
]
Jobs had found Mona after first finding his birth mother, Joanne Schieble Simpson, shortly after he left Apple.
[
299
]
Jobs did not contact his birth family during his adoptive mother Clara's lifetime, however. He later told his official biographer
Walter Isaacson
: "I never wanted [Paul and Clara] to feel like I didn't consider them my parents, because they were totally my parents [...] I loved them so much that I never wanted them to know of my search, and I even had reporters keep it quiet when any of them found out".
[
299
]
However, in 1986, when Jobs was 31, Clara was diagnosed with lung cancer. He began to spend a great deal of time with her and learned more details about her background and his adoption, information that motivated him to find his biological mother. Jobs found on his birth certificate the name of the San Francisco doctor to whom Schieble had turned when she was pregnant. Although the doctor did not help Jobs while he was alive, he left a letter for Jobs to be opened upon his death. As he died soon afterwards, Jobs was given the letter which stated that "his mother had been an unmarried graduate student from Wisconsin named Joanne Schieble".
[
299
]
Jobs only contacted Schieble after Clara died in early 1986 and after he received permission from his father, Paul. In addition, out of respect for Paul, he asked the media not to report on his search.
[
299
]
Jobs stated that he was motivated to find his birth mother out of both curiosity and a need "to see if she was okay and to thank her, because I'm glad I didn't end up as an abortion. She was twenty-three and she went through a lot to have me."
[
300
]
Schieble was emotional during their first meeting (though she was not familiar with the history of Apple or Jobs's role in it) and told him that she had been pressured into signing the adoption papers. She said that she regretted giving him up and repeatedly apologized to him for it. Jobs and Schieble developed a friendly relationship throughout the rest of his life and spent Christmas together.
[
301
]
During this first visit, Schieble told Jobs that he had a sister, Mona, who was not aware that she had a brother.
[
300
]
Schieble then arranged for them to meet in New York where Mona worked. Her first impression of Jobs was that "he was totally straightforward and lovely, just a normal and sweet guy".
[
302
]
Simpson and Jobs then went for a long walk to get to know each other.
[
302
]
Jobs later told his biographer that "Mona was not completely thrilled at first to have me in her life and have her mother so emotionally affectionate toward me
Â
... As we got to know each other, we became really good friends, and she is my family. I don't know what I'd do without her. I can't imagine a better sister. My adopted sister, Patty, and I were never close."
[
302
]
I grew up as an only child, with a single mother. Because we were poor and because I knew my father had emigrated from Syria, I imagined he looked like
Omar Sharif
. I hoped he would be rich and kind and would come into our lives (and our not-yet-furnished apartment) and help us. Later, after I'd met my father, I tried to believe he'd changed his number and left no forwarding address because he was an idealistic revolutionary, plotting a new world for the Arab people. Even as a feminist, my whole life I'd been waiting for a man to love, who could love me. For decades, I'd thought that man would be my father. When I was 25, I met that man, and he was my brother.
Jobs then learned his family history. Six months after he was given up for adoption, Schieble's father died, she wed Jandali, and they had a daughter, Mona.
[
303
]
[
304
]
Jandali states that after finishing his PhD he returned to Syria to work, and then Schieble left him.
[
303
]
They divorced in 1962
[
12
]
and he said then he lost contact with Mona for a time:
I also bear the responsibility for being away from my daughter when she was four years old, as her mother divorced me when I went to Syria, but we got back in touch after 10 years. We lost touch again when her mother moved and I didn't know where she was, but since 10 years ago we've been in constant contact, and I see her three times a year. I organized a trip for her last year to visit Syria and Lebanon and she went with a relative from Florida.
[
303
]
A few years later, Schieble married an ice-skating teacher, George Simpson. Mona Jandali took her stepfather's last name, as Mona Simpson. In 1970, after divorcing her second husband, Schieble took Mona to Los Angeles and raised her alone.
[
304
]
When Simpson found that their father, Abdulfattah Jandali, was living in
Sacramento, California
, Jobs had no interest in meeting him as he believed Jandali did not treat his children well
[
305
]
and according to the
San Francisco Chronicle
, this was because of finding a
Seattle Times
article about Jandali's abandonment of his students on a trip to Egypt in 1974.
[
306
]
Simpson went to Sacramento alone and met Jandali, who worked in a small restaurant. They spoke for several hours, and he told her that he had left teaching for the restaurant business. He said he and Schieble had given another child away for adoption but that "we'll never see that baby again. That baby's gone." He said he once managed a Mediterranean restaurant near
San Jose
and that "all of the successful technology people used to come there. Even Steve Jobs ... oh yeah, he used to come in, and he was a sweet guy and a big tipper". At the request of Jobs, Simpson did not reveal to Jandali that his own story meant that he had actually already met his son.
[
307
]
After hearing about the visit, Jobs recalled that "it was amazing ... I had been to that restaurant a few times, and I remember meeting the owner. He was Syrian. Balding. We shook hands." However, Jobs still did not want to meet Jandali because "I was a wealthy man by then, and I didn't trust him not to try to blackmail me or go to the press about it ... I asked Mona not to tell him about me".
[
307
]
Jandali later discovered his relationship to Jobs through an online blog. He then contacted Simpson and asked, "what is this thing about Steve Jobs?". Simpson told him that it was true and later commented, "My father is thoughtful and a beautiful storyteller, but he is very, very passive ... He never contacted Steve". Because Simpson herself researched her Syrian roots and began to meet the family, she assumed that Jobs would eventually want to meet their father, but he never did. Jobs also never showed an interest in his Syrian heritage or the Middle East. Simpson fictionalized the search for their father in her 1992 novel
The Lost Father
.
[
301
]
Malek Jandali
is their cousin.
[
308
]
Philanthropy
Jobs's views and actions on philanthropy and charity are a public mystery.
[
309
]
He maintained privacy even over what few of these actions were publicly known. He has been a key figure in public discussions about societal obligations of the wealthy and powerful. Through his career, the media investigated and criticized him and Apple as unusually and inexplicably mysterious or absent among powerful leaders and especially billionaires. His name is absent from the Million Dollar List of all large global philanthropy.
[
310
]
Some have speculated about his possible secret role in large anonymous donations.
[
309
]
Mark Vermilion, former charitable leader for
Joan Baez
, Apple, and Jobs, attributed Jobs's lifelong minimization of direct charity to his perfectionism and limited time. Jobs, Vermilion, and supporters said over the years that corporate products were Jobs's superior contributions to culture and society instead of direct charity.
[
310
]
In 1985, Jobs said, "You know, my main reaction to this money thing is that it's humorous, all the attention to it, because it's hardly the most insightful or valuable thing that's happened to me."
[
309
]
Shortly after leaving Apple, he formed the charitable Steven P. Jobs Foundation, led by Mark Vermilion, hired away from Apple's community leadership. Jobs wanted a focus on nutrition and vegetarianism, but Vermilion wanted social entrepreneurship. That year, Jobs soon launched NeXT and closed the foundation with no results. Upon his 1997 return to Apple, Jobs optimized the failing company to the core, such as eliminating all philanthropic programs, never to be restored. In 2007,
Stanford Social Innovation Review
magazine listed Apple among "America's least philanthropic companies". A few months after another unflattering news report, Apple started a program to match employees' charitable gifts.
[
310
]
Jobs declined to sign
The Giving Pledge
, launched in 2010 by
Warren Buffett
and
Bill Gates
for fellow billionaires.
[
310
]
[
309
]
He donated $50 million to Stanford hospital and contributed to efforts to cure AIDS.
Bono
reported "tens of millions of dollars" given by Apple while Jobs was CEO, to AIDS and HIV relief programs in Africa, which inspired other companies to join.
[
310
]
Honors and awards
Jobs received the
National Medal of Technology
from President
Ronald Reagan
in 1985, awarded jointly with
Steve Wozniak
.
A statue of Jobs at Graphisoft Park in
Budapest
[
311
]
1985
: awarded
National Medal of Technology
(with
Steve Wozniak
) by US president
Ronald Reagan
, the country's highest honor for technological achievements
[
312
]
1987
:
Jefferson Award for Public Service
[
313
]
1989
:
Entrepreneur of the Decade
by
Inc.
[
314
]
1991
:
Howard Vollum Award
from
Reed College
[
315
]
2004â2010
: listed among the
Time
100 Most Influential People in the World
on five separate occasions
[
316
]
2007
: named the most powerful person in business by
Fortune
magazine
[
317
]
2007
: inducted into the
California Hall of Fame
, located at
The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts
[
318
]
2012
:
Grammy Trustees Award
, an award for those who have influenced the music industry in areas unrelated to performance
[
319
]
2012
: posthumously honored with an
Edison Achievement Award
for his commitment to innovation throughout his career
[
320
]
2013
: posthumously inducted as a
Disney Legend
[
321
]
2017
:
Steve Jobs Theater
opens at
Apple Park
[
322
]
2022
: posthumously awarded the
Presidential Medal of Freedom
by US president
Joe Biden
, the country's highest civilian honor
[
323
]
In popular culture
See also
Seva Foundation
 â American non-profit international health organization
Timeline of Steve Jobs media
List of barefooters
References
^
"The Walt Disney Company and Affiliated CompaniesâBoard of Directors"
. October 14, 2009. Archived from
the original
on October 14, 2009
. Retrieved
September 18,
2018
.
^
"Steve Jobs"
.
Invent.org
.
^
Paik, Karen (November 3, 2015).
To Infinity and Beyond!: The Story of Pixar Animation Studios
. Chronicle Books. p. 52.
ISBN
Â
978-1-4521-4765-9
.
^
Liedtke, Michael (October 5, 2002).
"Steve Jobs resigns from Gap's board"
.
The Berkeley Daily Planet
.
Archived
from the original on November 14, 2012
. Retrieved
December 23,
2011
.
^
"Steve Jobs Still Wins Plenty of Patents â MIT Technology Review"
.
MIT Technology Review
.
Archived
from the original on January 20, 2022
. Retrieved
June 20,
2022
.
^
Isaacson 2011
, p. 4: "Paul and Clara named their new baby Steven Paul Jobs."
^
a
b
c
Isaacson 2011
, pp. 1â4.
^
Brennan 2013
, p. 15.
^
Isaacson 2011
, p.Â
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Bibliography
Brennan, Chrisann
(2013).
The Bite in the Apple: A Memoir of My Life with Steve Jobs
. New York:
St. Martin's Press
.
ISBN
Â
978-1-250-03876-0
.
Isaacson, Walter
(2011).
Steve Jobs
(1st ed.). New York:
Simon & Schuster
.
ISBN
Â
978-1-4516-4853-9
.
Linzmayer, Owen W. (2004).
Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World's Most Colorful Company
.
No Starch Press
.
ISBN
Â
978-1-59327-010-0
.
Schlender, Brent; Tetzeli, Rick (2015).
Becoming Steve Jobs: The Evolution of a Reckless Upstart into a Visionary Leader
.
Crown Business
.
ISBN
Â
978-0-7710-7914-6
.
Smith, Alexander (2020).
They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Volume 1: 1971â1982
. Boca Raton, FL:
CRC Press
.
ISBN
Â
978-1-138-38992-2
.
External links
Steve Jobs
official memorial page at
Apple
Steve Jobs
at
IMDb
Steve Jobs
profile at
Forbes
Steven Paul Jobs
The Vault
at
FBI
Records
Steve Jobs
at
Andy Hertzfeld
's
The Original Macintosh
(folklore.org)
Steve Jobs
at
Steve Wozniak
's woz.org
2011: "
Steve Jobs: From Garage to World's Most Valuable Company
."
Computer History Museum
2005:
Steve Jobs commencement speech at Stanford University
on
YouTube
1995:
Steve Jobs
, Founder, NeXT Computer, excerpts from an Oral History Interview at
Smithsonian Institution
, April 20, 1995
1994:
Steve Jobs
in 1994: The Rolling Stone Interview in
Rolling Stone
1990:
Steve Jobs
Archived
December 16, 2014, at the
Wayback Machine
â memory and imagination "What a computer is to me is it's the most remarkable tool that we've ever come up with, and it's the equivalent of a bicycle for our minds"
1983:
The "Lost" Steve Jobs Speech from 1983; Foreshadowing Wireless Networking, the iPad, and the App Store
on
YouTube
History of Steve Jobs (Full Documentary)
on
YouTube |
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## Contents
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- [1 Early life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Early_life)
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- [1\.1 Family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Family)
- [1\.2 Infancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Infancy)
- [1\.3 Childhood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Childhood)
- [1\.4 Homestead High](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Homestead_High)
- [1\.5 Reed College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Reed_College)
- [2 1974â1985](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#1974%E2%80%931985)
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- [2\.1 Pre-Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Pre-Apple)
- [2\.2 Apple (1976â1985)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Apple_\(1976%E2%80%931985\))
- [3 1985â1997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#1985%E2%80%931997)
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- [3\.1 NeXT computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#NeXT_computer)
- [3\.2 Pixar and Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Pixar_and_Disney)
- [4 1997â2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#1997%E2%80%932011)
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- [4\.1 Return to Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Return_to_Apple)
- [5 Health problems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Health_problems)
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- [5\.1 Resignation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Resignation)
- [6 Death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Death)
- [7 Innovations and designs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Innovations_and_designs)
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- [7\.1 Apple I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Apple_I)
- [7\.2 Apple II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Apple_II)
- [7\.3 Lisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Lisa)
- [7\.4 Macintosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Macintosh)
- [7\.5 NeXT Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#NeXT_Computer_2)
- [7\.6 iMac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#iMac)
- [7\.7 iTunes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#iTunes)
- [7\.8 iPod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#iPod)
- [7\.9 iPhone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#iPhone)
- [7\.10 iPad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#iPad)
- [8 Personal life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Personal_life)
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- [8\.1 Habits and public image](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Habits_and_public_image)
- [8\.2 Marriage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Marriage)
- [8\.3 Family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Family_2)
- [8\.4 Philanthropy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Philanthropy)
- [9 Honors and awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Honors_and_awards)
- [10 In popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#In_popular_culture)
- [11 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#See_also)
- [12 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#References)
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- [13 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#External_links)
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# Steve Jobs
171 languages
- [ĐÔĽŃŃÓĐ°](https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2 "ĐŃОйŃ, ĐĄŃив â Abkhazian")
- [Acèh](https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Acehnese")
- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Afrikaans")
- [Alemannisch](https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Alemannic")
- [á ááá](https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B2%E1%89%AD_%E1%8C%86%E1%89%A5%E1%88%B5 "áľá˛á ááĽáľ â Amharic")
- [AragonĂŠs](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Aragonese")
- [Ănglisc](https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Old English")
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ŕ¤ŕ¤ŕ¤żŕ¤ŕ¤ž](https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8 "सŕĽŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤ľ ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤ŹŕĽŕ¤¸ â Angika")
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ؾعŮ](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B2 "ستŮŮ ŘŹŮبز â Egyptian Arabic")
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সমŕ§ŕŚŻŕŚźŕŚž](https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AD_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%9B "ষŕ§ŕŚŕ§ŕŚ ŕŚŕŚŹŕ§âঠâ Assamese")
- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Asturian")
- [AzÉrbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiv_Cobs "Stiv Cobs â Azerbaijani")
- [ŘŞŰŘąÚŠŘŹŮ](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2 "استŰ٠؏ابز â South Azerbaijani")
- [ĐĐ°ŃŇĄĐžŃŃŃĐ°](https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81 "ĐĄŃив ĐĐśĐžĐąŃ â Bashkir")
- [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Balinese")
- [Ĺ˝emaitÄĹĄka](https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C4%ABvs_D%C5%BEiuobsos "StÄŤvs DĹžiuobsos â Samogitian")
- [Bikol Central](https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Central Bikol")
- [ĐоНаŃŃŃĐşĐ°Ń (ŃĐ°ŃĐ°ŃковŃŃĐ°)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81 "ĐĄŃŃŃ ĐĐśĐžĐąŃ â Belarusian (TaraĹĄkievica orthography)")
- [ĐоНаŃŃŃкаŃ](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81 "ĐĄŃŃŃ ĐĐśĐžĐąŃ â Belarusian")
- [ĐŃНгаŃŃки](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81 "ĐĄŃив ĐĐśĐžĐąŃ â Bulgarian")
- [Bislama](https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Bislama")
- [বাŕŚŕŚ˛ŕŚž](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8 "সŕ§ŕŚŕŚżŕŚ ŕŚŕŚŹŕŚ¸ â Bangla")
- [ŕ˝ŕ˝źŕ˝ŕźŕ˝Ąŕ˝˛ŕ˝](https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D "ཌེŕźŕ˝ŕ˝şŕ˝ ིŕźŕ˝§ŕžĽŕ˝´ŕźŕ˝ ཟŕźŕ˝ŕ˝źŕźŕ˝Śŕ˝şŕź â Tibetan")
- [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Breton")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Bosnian")
- [CatalĂ ](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Catalan")
- [ÚŠŮعدŰ](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A4_%D8%AC%DB%86%D8%A8%D8%B2 "ستŰÚ¤ ŘŹŰبز â Central Kurdish")
- [Corsu](https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Corsican")
- [ÄeĹĄtina](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Czech")
- [ЧÓваŃНа](https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2 "ĐĐśĐžĐąŃ ĐĄŃив â Chuvash")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â German")
- [Zazaki](https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Dimli")
- [Dolnoserbski](https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Lower Sorbian")
- [ÎΝΝΡνΚκΏ](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%B2_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%82 "ÎŁĎΡβ ΤΜοΟĎĎ â Greek")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Esperanto")
- [EspaĂąol](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Basque")
- [EstremeĂąu](https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Extremaduran")
- [ŮاعسŰ](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2 "استŰ٠؏ابز â Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Finnish")
- [VĂľro](https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobsi_Steve "Jobsi Steve â VĂľro")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â French")
- [Arpetan](https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Arpitan")
- [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Western Frisian")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Irish")
- [GĂ idhlig](https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Scottish Gaelic")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Galician")
- [AvaĂąe'áş˝](https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Guarani")
- [ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤ŕ¤Żŕ¤ŕĽ ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤ŕ¤ŕ¤ŁŕĽ / GĂľychi Konknni](https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Goan Konkani")
- [Gaelg](https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Manx")
- [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Hausa")
- [ĺŽ˘ĺŽśčŞ / Hak-kâ-ngĂŽ](https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Hakka Chinese")
- [HawaiĘťi](https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Hawaiian")
- [ע×ר×ת](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91_%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1 "ץ××× ×'××ץ â Hebrew")
- [चिनŕĽŕ¤ŚŕĽ](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8 "सŕĽŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤ľ ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤ŹŕĽŕ¤¸ â Hindi")
- [Fiji Hindi](https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Fiji Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Croatian")
- [Hornjoserbsce](https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Upper Sorbian")
- [Kreyòl ayisyen](https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Haitian Creole")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Hungarian")
- [ŐŐĄŐľŐĽÖŐĽŐś](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%BE_%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%BD "ŐŐŠŐŤŐž ŐŐ¸Ő˘Ő˝ â Armenian")
- [ÔąÖŐĽÖŐ´ŐżŐĄŐ°ŐĄŐľŐĽÖŐ§Őś](https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82_%D5%83%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A6 "ŐŐŠŐŤÖ ŐŐ¸ŐşŐŚ â Western Armenian")
- [Interlingua](https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Interlingua")
- [Jaku Iban](https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Iban")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Indonesian")
- [Ilokano](https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Iloko")
- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Ido")
- [Ăslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Italian")
- [ćĽćŹčŞ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%96%E3%82%BA "ăšăăŁăźăăťă¸ă§ăăş â Japanese")
- [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Javanese")
- [áĽáá ááŁáá](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%95_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98 "áĄá˘áá áŻáááĄá â Georgian")
- [Qaraqalpaqsha](https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiv_Djobs "Stiv Djobs â Kara-Kalpak")
- [ŇаСаŇŃĐ°](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81 "ĐĄŃив ĐĐśĐžĐąŃ â Kazakh")
- [ááśááśááááá](https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C_%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8D "áááá¸á á
ááá â Khmer")
- [ŕ˛ŕ˛¨ŕłŕ˛¨ŕ˛Ą](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D "ಸŕłŕ˛ŕłŕ˛ľŕł ŕ˛ŕ˛žŕ˛Źŕłŕ˛¸ŕł â Kannada")
- [íęľě´](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%B8%8C_%EC%9E%A1%EC%8A%A4 "ě¤í°ë¸ ěĄě¤ â Korean")
- [ڊٲشŮŘą](https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2 "سٚŰŮ٠؏ابز â Kashmiri")
- [KurdĂŽ](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Kurdish")
- [Kernowek](https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Cornish")
- [ĐŃŃĐłŃСŃĐ°](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81 "ĐĄŃив ĐĐžĐąŃ â Kyrgyz")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus_Jobs "Stephanus Jobs â Latin")
- [Ladino](https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Ladino")
- [LĂŤtzebuergesch](https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Luxembourgish")
- [Limburgs](https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Limburgish")
- [Lombard](https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Lombard")
- [LingĂĄla](https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Lingala")
- [ຼາວ](https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%9F_%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%AA%E0%BB%8C "ສະŕşŕşľŕş ŕşŕşŕşŕşŞŕť â Lao")
- [LietuviĹł](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Lithuanian")
- [LatvieĹĄu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C4%ABvs_D%C5%BEobss "StÄŤvs DĹžobss â Latvian")
- [Madhurâ](https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Madurese")
- [ऎŕĽŕ¤Ľŕ¤żŕ¤˛ŕĽ](https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8 "सŕĽŕ¤ŕ¤żŕ¤ ŕ¤ŕ¤ŹŕĽŕ¤¸ â Maithili")
- [Basa Banyumasan](https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Banyumasan")
- [Malagasy](https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Malagasy")
- [ĐакодОнŃки](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81 "ĐĄŃив ĐĐžĐąŃ â Macedonian")
- [എലയഞളŕ´](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D "ŕ´¸ŕľŕ´ąŕľŕ´ąŕľŕ´ľŕľ ŕ´ŕľŕ´Źŕľŕ´¸ŕľ â Malayalam")
- [ĐОнгОН](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81 "ĐĄŃив ĐĐžĐąŃ â Mongolian")
- [ऎरञठŕĽ](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8 "सŕĽŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤ľ ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤ŹŕĽŕ¤¸ â Marathi")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Malay")
- [Malti](https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Maltese")
- [ááźááşááŹááŹááŹ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%97%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA "á
ááááş ááťáąáŹáˇá
áş â Burmese")
- [Ů
ازŮŘąŮŮŰ](https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2 "استŰ٠؏ابز â Mazanderani")
- [Plattdßßtsch](https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Low German")
- [नŕĽŕ¤Şŕ¤žŕ¤˛ŕĽ](https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8 "सŕĽŕ¤ŕ¤żŕ¤ ŕ¤ŕ¤ŹŕĽŕ¤¸ â Nepali")
- [नŕĽŕ¤Şŕ¤žŕ¤˛ ŕ¤ŕ¤žŕ¤ˇŕ¤ž](https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8 "सŕĽŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤ ŕ¤ŕ¤ŹŕĽŕ¤¸ â Newari")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Dutch")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Norsk bokmĂĽl](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Norwegian BokmĂĽl")
- [Nouormand](https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Norman")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Occitan")
- [ŕŹŕŹĄŕŹźŕŹżŕŹ](https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8 "ଷŕŕŹŕŹżŕŹŕ ŕŹŕŹŹŕସ â Odia")
- [ਪੰŕ¨ŕ¨žŕ¨ŹŕŠ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC "ਸŕ¨ŕŠŕ¨ľ ŕ¨ŕŠŕ¨Źŕ¨ŕ¨ź â Punjabi")
- [Pangasinan](https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Pangasinan")
- [Kapampangan](https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Pampanga")
- [Papiamentu](https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Papiamento")
- [Deitsch](https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Pennsylvania German")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Polish")
- [ŮžŮ؏ابŰ](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2 "سٚŰ٠؏ابز â Western Punjabi")
- [ŮžÚŘŞŮ](https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B2 "سٟŮŮ ŘŹŮبز â Pashto")
- [PortuguĂŞs](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Portuguese")
- [Runa Simi](https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Quechua")
- [RomânÄ](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Romanian")
- [Đ ŃŃŃкиК](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2 "ĐМОйŃ, ĐĄŃив â Russian")
- [सŕ¤ŕ¤¸ŕĽŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤¤ŕ¤ŽŕĽ](https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8 "सŕĽŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤ľ ŕ¤ŕ¤žŕ¤ŹŕĽŕ¤¸ â Sanskrit")
- [ĐĄĐ°Ń
Đ° ŃŃНа](https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81 "ĐĄŃив ĐŃĐžĐąŃ â Yakut")
- [Ṽáąáąąáąáąáą˛áą¤](https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A5 "ṼṴṤṾṡ ṥáąáąľáą˝áąĽ â Santali")
- [Sardu](https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Sardinian")
- [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Sicilian")
- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Scots")
- [DavvisĂĄmegiella](https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Northern Sami")
- [Srpskohrvatski / ŃŃĐżŃкОŃ
ŃваŃŃки](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Serbo-Croatian")
- [ááá¸](https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%91%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89 "áááááşááľáťá˝ááşá â Shan")
- [ŕˇŕˇŕśŕˇŕś˝](https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A "ŕˇŕˇŕś§ŕˇŕˇŕˇ ජŕˇŕśśŕˇŕˇŕˇ â Sinhala")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Simple English")
- [SlovenÄina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Slovak")
- [SlovenĹĄÄina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Slovenian")
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Albanian")
- [ĐĄŃĐżŃки / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81 "ĐĄŃив ĐĐžĐąŃ â Serbian")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Swedish")
- [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Swahili")
- [ĹlĹŻnski](https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Silesian")
- [தமிழŕŻ](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D "ஸŕŻŕŽŕŻŕŽľŕŻ ŕŽŕŻŕŽŞŕŻŕŽ¸ŕŻ â Tamil")
- [ŕ°¤ŕąŕ°˛ŕąŕ°ŕą](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D "ŕ°¸ŕąŕ°ŕąŕ°ľŕą ŕ°ŕ°žŕ°Źŕąŕ°¸ŕą â Telugu")
- [ТОҡикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81 "ĐĄŃив ŇśĐžĐąŃ â Tajik")
- [ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C "สŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕš â Thai")
- [TĂźrkmençe](https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiw_Jobs "Stiw Jobs â Turkmen")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Tagalog")
- [TĂźrkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Turkish")
- [ТаŃĐ°ŃŃĐ° / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81 "ĐĄŃив ĐĐśĐžĐąŃ â Tatar")
- [ТŃва Đ´ŃĐť](https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2 "ĐМОйŃ, ĐĄŃив â Tuvinian")
- [ŘŚŰŮŘşŰŘąÚŰ / Uyghurche](https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%90%DB%8B_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%89%D8%B3 "ستŰŰ ŘŹŮبŮŘł â Uyghur")
- [ĐŁĐşŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃŃка](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81 "ĐĄŃŃв ĐĐśĐžĐąŃ â Ukrainian")
- [اعدŮ](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2 "اسٚŰ٠؏ابز â Urdu")
- [OĘťzbekcha / ŃСйокŃĐ°](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Uzbek")
- [Vèneto](https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Venetian")
- [Tiáşżng Viáťt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Vietnamese")
- [VolapĂźk](https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â VolapĂźk")
- [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Waray")
- [ĺ´čŻ](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF "ĺ˛č复¡äšĺ¸ćŻ â Wu")
- [ááá ááááŁá á](https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%95_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98 "áĄá˘áá áŻáááĄá â Mingrelian")
- [××Ö´××׊](https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95_%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A1 "ץ×××× ××׊××ץ â Yiddish")
- [YorĂšbĂĄ](https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs â Yoruba")
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
American businessman and inventor (1955â2011)
For other uses, see [Steve Jobs (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs_\(disambiguation\) "Steve Jobs (disambiguation)").
| Steve Jobs | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_Headshot_2010-CROP_\(cropped_2\).jpg)Jobs introducing the [iPhone 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_4 "IPhone 4") in 2010 | |
| Born | (1955-02-24)February 24, 1955 San Francisco, California, U.S. |
| Died | October 5, 2011(2011-10-05) (aged 56) [Palo Alto, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California "Palo Alto, California"), U.S. |
| Resting place | [Alta Mesa Memorial Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Mesa_Memorial_Park "Alta Mesa Memorial Park") |
| Education | [Reed College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_College "Reed College") (dropped out) |
| Years active | 1971â2011 |
| Known for | Pioneer of the [personal computer revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer_revolution "Personal computer revolution") with [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak") Co-creator of the [Apple II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II "Apple II"), [Macintosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh "Macintosh"), [iPod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod "IPod"), [iPhone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone "IPhone"), [iPad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad "IPad"), and first [Apple Stores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Store "Apple Store") |
| Title | Co-founder, [chairman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman "Chairman"), and [CEO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO "CEO") of [Apple Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") Primary investor and chairman of [Pixar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar "Pixar") Founder, chairman, and CEO of [NeXT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT "NeXT") |
| Board member of | [The Walt Disney Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company "The Walt Disney Company")[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-1) Apple Inc. |
| Spouse | [Laurene Powell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurene_Powell "Laurene Powell") â ( m. 1991) â |
| Partner | [Chrisann Brennan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrisann_Brennan "Chrisann Brennan") (1972â1977) |
| Children | 4, including [Lisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Brennan-Jobs "Lisa Brennan-Jobs"), [Reed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Jobs "Reed Jobs"), and [Eve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Jobs "Eve Jobs") |
| Relatives | [Mona Simpson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Simpson "Mona Simpson") (sister) [Bassma Al Jandaly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassma_Al_Jandaly "Bassma Al Jandaly") (cousin) [Malek Jandali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malek_Jandali "Malek Jandali") (cousin) |
| Awards | [Presidential Medal of Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom "Presidential Medal of Freedom") ([posthumous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_award "Posthumous award"), 2022) |
| Signature | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_signature.svg) | |
**Steven Paul Jobs** (February 24, 1955 â October 5, 2011) was an American businessman, inventor,[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-2) and investor. A pioneer of the [personal computer revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer_revolution "Personal computer revolution") of the 1970s and 1980s, Jobs co-founded [Apple Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") with his early business partner [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak") as Apple Computer Company in 1976. After the company's board of directors fired him in 1985, he founded [NeXT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT "NeXT") the same year and purchased [Pixar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar "Pixar") in 1986, becoming its chairman and majority shareholder until 2007. Jobs returned to Apple in 1997 as CEO, where he was closely involved with the creation and promotion of many of the company's most influential products until his resignation in 2011.
Jobs was born in San Francisco in 1955 and adopted shortly afterward. He attended [Reed College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_College "Reed College") in 1972 before withdrawing that same year. In 1974, he traveled through India, [seeking enlightenment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippie_trail "Hippie trail") before later studying [Zen Buddhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West#Emerging_mainstream_western_Buddhism "Buddhism in the West"). He and Wozniak co-founded Apple in 1976 to further develop and sell Wozniak's [Apple I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I "Apple I") personal computer. Together, the duo gained fame and wealth a year later with the production and sale of the [Apple II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II "Apple II"), one of the first highly successful mass-produced [microcomputers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcomputer "Microcomputer").
Jobs saw the commercial potential of the [Xerox Alto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_Alto "Xerox Alto") in 1979, which was [mouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_mouse "Computer mouse")\-driven and had a [graphical user interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface "Graphical user interface") (GUI). This led to the development of the largely unsuccessful [Apple Lisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Lisa "Apple Lisa") in 1983, followed by the breakthrough [Macintosh 128K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_128K "Macintosh 128K") in 1984, the first mass-produced computer with a GUI. The Macintosh launched the [desktop publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_publishing "Desktop publishing") industry in 1985 (for example, the [Aldus PageMaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldus_PageMaker "Aldus PageMaker")) with the addition of the Apple [LaserWriter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaserWriter "LaserWriter"), the first [laser printer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_printer "Laser printer") to feature [vector graphics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics "Vector graphics") and [PostScript](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript "PostScript").
In 1985, Jobs departed Apple after a long power struggle with the company's board and its then-CEO, [John Sculley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sculley "John Sculley"). That same year, Jobs took some Apple employees with him to found NeXT, a [computer platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_platform "Computer platform") development company that specialized in computers for higher-education and business markets, serving as its CEO. In 1986, he bought the computer graphics division of [Lucasfilm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucasfilm "Lucasfilm"), which was spun off independently as [Pixar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar "Pixar").[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-3) Pixar produced the first [computer-animated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-animated "Computer-animated") feature film, *[Toy Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story "Toy Story")* (1995), and became a leading [animation studio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_studio "Animation studio"), producing [dozens of commercially successful and critically acclaimed films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pixar_films "List of Pixar films").
In 1997, Jobs returned to Apple as CEO after the company acquired NeXT. He was largely responsible for reviving Apple, which was on the verge of bankruptcy. He worked closely with British designer [Jony Ive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jony_Ive "Jony Ive") to develop a line of products and services that had larger cultural ramifications, beginning with the "[Think different](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_different "Think different")" advertising campaign, and leading to the [iMac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac "IMac"), [iTunes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes "ITunes"), [Mac OS X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X "Mac OS X"), [Apple Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Store "Apple Store"), [iPod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod "IPod"), [iTunes Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store "ITunes Store"), [iPhone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone "IPhone"), [App Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App_Store_\(iOS\) "App Store (iOS)"), and [iPad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad "IPad"). Jobs was also a member of the board of directors at [Gap Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_Inc. "Gap Inc.") from 1999 to 2002.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-4) In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with a [pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_neuroendocrine_tumor "Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor"). He died of tumor-related [respiratory arrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_arrest "Respiratory arrest") in 2011; in 2022, he was posthumously awarded the [Presidential Medal of Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom "Presidential Medal of Freedom"). Since his death, he has won 141 patents; Jobs holds over 450 patents in total.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-5)
## Early life
### Family
Steven Paul Jobs[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-6) was born in [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"), California, on February 24, 1955, to Joanne Carole Schieble and Abdulfattah "John" Jandali ([Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language "Arabic language"): ؚبد اŮŮŘŞŘ§Ř Ř§ŮŘŹŮŘŻŮŮ). Abdulfattah Jandali was born in a Muslim household to wealthy Syrian parents, the youngest of nine siblings. After obtaining his undergraduate degree at the [American University of Beirut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut "American University of Beirut"), Jandali pursued a PhD in [political science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science "Political science") at the [University of Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin "University of Wisconsin"). There, he met Joanne Schieble, an American Catholic of [Swiss-German descent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_people#Ethno-linguistic_composition "Swiss people") whose parents owned a [mink farm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mink_farm "Mink farm") and real estate in [Green Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin "Green Bay, Wisconsin"). The two fell in love but faced opposition from Schieble's father due to Jandali's Muslim faith. When Schieble became pregnant, she arranged for a [closed adoption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_adoption "Closed adoption"), and travelled to San Francisco to give birth.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson20111%E2%80%934-7)
Schieble requested that her son be adopted by college graduates. A lawyer and his wife were selected, but they withdrew after discovering that the baby was a boy, so Jobs was instead adopted by Paul Reinhold Jobs and his wife, Clara. Paul Jobs, an American of German descent, was the son of a dairy farmer from [Washington County, Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Wisconsin "Washington County, Wisconsin"). After dropping out of high school, Paul Jobs worked as a mechanic, then joined the [US Coast Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Coast_Guard "US Coast Guard"). After he was discharged in San Francisco, Paul married Clara Hagopian, of [Armenian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians "Armenians") descent, in February 1946, and they moved to Wisconsin, then to Indiana, where Paul worked as a [machinist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinist "Machinist") and later as a car salesman. Since Clara missed San Francisco, she convinced Paul to move back. There, Paul worked as a [repossession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repossession "Repossession") agent, and Clara became a [bookkeeper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookkeeper "Bookkeeper"). In 1955, after having an [ectopic pregnancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy "Ectopic pregnancy"), the couple looked to adopt a child.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson20111%E2%80%934-7) Since they lacked a college education, Schieble initially refused to sign the adoption papers, and went to court to request that her son be removed from the Jobs household and placed with a different family, but changed her mind after Paul and Clara promised to pay for their son's college tuition.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson20111%E2%80%934-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan201315-8)
### Infancy
In his youth, Jobs's parents took him to a [Lutheran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran "Lutheran") church.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8U2oAAAAQBAJdqstevejobs22lutheran22pgPA14_14]-9) When Steve was in high school, Clara admitted to Steve's girlfriend, [Chrisann Brennan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrisann_Brennan "Chrisann Brennan"), that she "was too frightened to love \[Steve\] for the first six months of his life ... I was scared they were going to take him away from me. Even after we won the case, Steve was so difficult a child that by the time he was two I felt we had made a mistake. I wanted to return him." When Chrisann shared this comment with Steve, he stated that he was already aware,[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2013-10) and later said that he had been deeply loved and indulged by Paul and Clara. Jobs would "bristle" when Paul and Clara were referred to as his "adoptive parents", and he regarded them as his parents "1,000%". Jobs referred to his biological parents as "my sperm and egg bank. That's not harsh, it's just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more."[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-11)
### Childhood
> I always thought of myself as a humanities person as a kid, but I liked electronics... then I read something that one of my heroes, [Edwin Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Land "Edwin Land") of [Polaroid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaroid_Corporation "Polaroid Corporation"), said about the importance of people who could stand at the intersection of humanities and sciences, and I decided that's what I wanted to do.
â Steve Jobs[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201116-12)
Paul Jobs worked in several jobs that included a try as a machinist,[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-13) several other jobs,[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-14) and then "back to work as a machinist". Paul and Clara adopted Jobs's sister Patricia in 1957,[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson20115-15) and by 1959 the family had moved to the [Monta Loma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monta_Loma,_Mountain_View "Monta Loma, Mountain View") neighborhood in [Mountain View, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California "Mountain View, California").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-16) Paul built a workbench in his garage for his son in order to "pass along his love of mechanics". Jobs, meanwhile, admired his father's craftsmanship "because he knew how to build anything. If we needed a cabinet, he would build it. When he built our fence, he gave me a hammer so I could work with him ... I wasn't that into fixing cars ... but I was eager to hang out with my dad."[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson20115%E2%80%936-17)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_Garage.jpg)
The childhood family home of Steve Jobs on Crist Drive in [Los Altos, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Altos,_California "Los Altos, California"), is the original site of [Apple Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Computer "Apple Computer"). The home was added to a list of historic Los Altos sites in 2013.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-hissite-18)
Jobs had difficulty functioning in a traditional classroom, tended to resist authority figures, frequently misbehaved, and was suspended a few times. He frequently played pranks on others at Monta Loma Elementary School in Mountain View. His father Paul (who was abused as a child) never reprimanded him, however, and instead blamed the school for not challenging his brilliant son.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201112%E2%80%9313-19) Jobs skipped the 5th grade and transferred to the 6th grade at Crittenden Middle School in [Mountain View](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California "Mountain View, California"), where he became a "socially awkward loner".[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201113-20) Jobs was often "bullied" at Crittenden Middle, and in the middle of 7th grade, he gave his parents an ultimatum: either they would take him out of Crittenden or he would drop out of school.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201113%E2%80%9314-21)
The Jobs family was not affluent, and only by expending all their savings were they able to buy a new home in 1967, allowing Steve to change schools. The new house (a three-bedroom home on Crist Drive in [Los Altos, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Altos,_California "Los Altos, California")) was in the better [Cupertino School District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupertino_Union_School_District "Cupertino Union School District"), in [Cupertino, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupertino,_California "Cupertino, California").[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201114-22) The house was declared a historic site in 2013, as the first site of Apple Computer.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-hissite-18) As of 2013[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Jobs&action=edit), it was owned by Jobs's sister, Patty, and occupied by his stepmother, Marilyn.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-piece-23) When he was 13, in 1968,[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-24) Jobs was given a summer job by [Bill Hewlett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Hewlett "Bill Hewlett") (of [Hewlett-Packard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard "Hewlett-Packard")) after Jobs cold-called him to ask for parts for an electronics project.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011xix,_534-25)
### Homestead High
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_in_1972_Pegasus_\(retouched\).jpg)
Jobs' [Homestead High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_High_School_\(Cupertino,_California\) "Homestead High School (Cupertino, California)") yearbook photo, 1972
The location of the Los Altos home meant that Jobs would be able to attend nearby [Homestead High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_High_School_\(Cupertino,_California\) "Homestead High School (Cupertino, California)"), which had strong ties to [Silicon Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley "Silicon Valley").[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201116-12) He began his first year there in late 1968 along with [Bill Fernandez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Fernandez "Bill Fernandez"),[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Hiner-26) who introduced Jobs to Steve Wozniak, and would become Apple's first employee. Neither Jobs nor Fernandez (whose father was a lawyer) came from engineering households and thus decided to enroll in John McCollum's Electronics I class.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Hiner-26) Jobs had grown his hair long and become involved in the growing counterculture, and the rebellious youth eventually clashed with McCollum and lost interest in the class.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Hiner-26)
Jobs underwent a change during mid-1970. He later noted to his official biographer that "I started to listen to music a whole lot, and I started to read more outside of just science and technology â [Shakespeare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare "Shakespeare"), [Plato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato "Plato"). I loved *[King Lear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lear "King Lear")* ... when I was a senior I had this phenomenal [AP English class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_English_Literature_and_Composition "AP English Literature and Composition"). The teacher was this guy who looked like [Ernest Hemingway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway "Ernest Hemingway"). He took a bunch of us snowshoeing in Yosemite." During his last two years at Homestead High, Jobs developed two different interests: electronics and literature.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201119-27) These dual interests were particularly reflected during Jobs's senior year, as his best friends were Wozniak and his first girlfriend, the artistic Homestead junior [Chrisann Brennan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrisann_Brennan "Chrisann Brennan").[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201121%E2%80%9332-28)
In 1971, after Wozniak began attending [University of California, Berkeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley"), Jobs would visit him there a few times a week. This experience led him to study in nearby [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University")'s student union. Instead of joining the electronics club, Jobs put on light shows with a friend for Homestead's [avant-garde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde "Avant-garde") [jazz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz "Jazz") program. He was described by a Homestead classmate as "kind of brain and kind of hippie ... but he never fit into either group. He was smart enough to be a nerd, but wasn't nerdy. And he was too intellectual for the hippies, who just wanted to get wasted all the time. He was kind of an outsider. In high school everything revolved around what group you were in, and if you weren't in a carefully defined group, you weren't anybody. He was an individual, in a world where individuality was suspect." By his senior year in late 1971, he was taking a freshman English class at Stanford and working on a Homestead underground film project with Chrisann Brennan.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201131-29)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan20131%E2%80%9311-30)
Around that time, Wozniak designed a low-cost digital "[blue box](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_box "Blue box")" to generate the necessary tones to manipulate the telephone network, allowing free long-distance calls. He was inspired by an article titled "Secrets of the Little Blue Box" from the October 1971 issue of *[Esquire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_\(magazine\) "Esquire (magazine)")*.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-31) Jobs decided then to sell them and split the profit with Wozniak. The clandestine sales of the illegal blue boxes went well and perhaps planted the seed in Jobs's mind that electronics could be both fun and profitable.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-32) In a 1994 interview, he recalled that it took six months for him and Wozniak to design the blue boxes.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-33) Jobs later reflected that had it not been for Wozniak's blue boxes, "there wouldn't have been an Apple".[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201130-34) He states it showed them that they could take on large companies and beat them.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-35)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Steve_Jobs:_Visionary_Entrepreneur-36)
By his senior year of high school, Jobs began using [LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD "LSD").[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201119-27) He later recalled that on one occasion he consumed it in a wheat field outside Sunnyvale, and experienced "the most wonderful feeling of my life up to that point".[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201131%E2%80%9332-37) In mid-1972, after graduation and before leaving for [Reed College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_College "Reed College"), Jobs and Brennan rented a house from their other roommate, Al.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-38)
### Reed College
In September 1972, Jobs enrolled at [Reed College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_College "Reed College") in [Portland, Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon "Portland, Oregon").[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-39) He insisted on applying only to Reed, although it was an expensive school that Paul and Clara could ill afford.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201133-40) Jobs soon befriended [Robert Friedland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Friedland "Robert Friedland"),[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201137-41) who was Reed's [student body president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_body_president "Student body president") at that time.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Reedmagazine-42) Brennan remained involved with Jobs while he was at Reed.
> I was interested in [Eastern mysticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s#Religion,_spirituality_and_the_occult "Counterculture of the 1960s") which hit the shores about then. At [Reed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_College "Reed College") there was a constant flow of people stopping by â from [Timothy Leary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary "Timothy Leary") and [Richard Alpert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Alpert "Richard Alpert"), to [Gary Snyder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Snyder "Gary Snyder"). There was a constant flow of intellectual questioning about the truth of life. That was the time when every college student in the country read *[Be Here Now](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_Here_Now_\(book\) "Be Here Now (book)")* and *[Diet for a Small Planet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_for_a_Small_Planet "Diet for a Small Planet")*.
â Steve Jobs[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-43)
After just one semester, Jobs dropped out of Reed College without telling his parents.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlender201630-44) Jobs later explained this was because he did not want to spend his parents' money on an education that seemed meaningless to him. He continued to attend by auditing his classes,[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201140%E2%80%9341-45) including a course on [calligraphy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy "Calligraphy") that was taught by [Robert Palladino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Palladino "Robert Palladino"). In a 2005 commencement speech at [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University"), Jobs stated that during this period, he slept on the floor in friends' dorm rooms, [returned Coke bottles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_bottle_recycling_in_the_United_States "History of bottle recycling in the United States") for food money, and got weekly free meals at the local [Hare Krishna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness "International Society for Krishna Consciousness") temple. In that same speech, Jobs said: "If I had never dropped in on that single [calligraphy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy "Calligraphy") course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple [typefaces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeface "Typeface") or proportionally spaced fonts".[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-46)
## 1974â1985
See also: [History of Apple § 1971â1985: Jobs and Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Apple#1971%E2%80%931985:_Jobs_and_Wozniak "History of Apple")
> I was lucky to get into computers when it was a very young and idealistic industry. There weren't many degrees offered in computer science, so people in computers were brilliant people from mathematics, physics, music, zoology, whatever. They loved it, and no one was really in it for the money \[...\] There are people around here who start companies just to make money, but the great companies, well, that's not what they're about.
â Steve Jobs[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-47)
### Pre-Apple
In February 1974, Jobs returned to his parents' home in Los Altos and began looking for a job.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201142%E2%80%9343-48) He was soon hired by [Atari, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari,_Inc. "Atari, Inc.") in [Los Gatos, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Gatos,_California "Los Gatos, California"), as a [computer technician](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_technician "Computer technician").[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201142%E2%80%9343-48)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-intoday1-49) Back in 1973, [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak") designed his own version of the classic video game *[Pong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pong "Pong")* and gave its electronics board to Jobs. According to Wozniak, Atari only hired Jobs because he brought the board to the company, and they thought he had built it himself.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-50) Atari's cofounder [Nolan Bushnell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell "Nolan Bushnell") later described him as "difficult but valuable", pointing out that "he was very often the smartest guy in the room, and he would let people know that".[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-51)
Jobs traveled to India in mid-1974[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-52) to visit [Neem Karoli Baba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem_Karoli_Baba "Neem Karoli Baba")[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-53) at his Kainchi [ashram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashram "Ashram") with his Reed College friend and eventual Apple employee [Daniel Kottke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kottke "Daniel Kottke"), searching for spiritual teachings. When they got to the Neem Karoli ashram, it was almost deserted because Neem Karoli Baba had died in September 1973. Then, they made a long trek up a dry riverbed to an ashram of [Haidakhan Babaji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haidakhan_Babaji "Haidakhan Babaji").[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-intoday1-49)
After seven months, Jobs left [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India")[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-54) and returned to the US ahead of Daniel Kottke.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-intoday1-49) Jobs had changed his appearance; his head was shaved, and he wore traditional [Indian clothing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_clothing "Indian clothing").[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-55)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-56) During this time, Jobs experimented with [psychedelics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelics "Psychedelics"), later calling his [LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD "LSD") experiences "one of the two or three most important things \[he had\] done in \[his\] life".[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-57)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-58) He spent a period at the [All One Farm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_One_Farm "All One Farm"), a [commune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_hippie_movement#New_Communalism "History of the hippie movement") in [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon "Oregon") that was owned by [Robert Friedland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Friedland#Early_life "Robert Friedland").
During this period, Jobs and Brennan both became practitioners of [Zen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen "Zen") [Buddhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism") under the guidance of the Zen master [KĹbun Chino Otogawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dbun_Chino_Otogawa "KĹbun Chino Otogawa"). Jobs engaged in lengthy [meditation retreats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_\(spiritual\)#Buddhism "Retreat (spiritual)") at the [Tassajara Zen Mountain Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassajara_Zen_Mountain_Center "Tassajara Zen Mountain Center"), the oldest [SĹtĹ Zen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Zen "SĹtĹ Zen") monastery in the US.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-59) He considered taking up monastic residence at [Eihei-ji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eihei-ji "Eihei-ji") in [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan "Japan"), and maintained a lifelong appreciation for Zen,[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-60) Japanese cuisine, and artists such as [Hasui Kawase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasui_Kawase "Hasui Kawase").[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-61)
Jobs returned to Atari in early 1975, and that summer, Bushnell assigned him to create a [circuit board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_board "Circuit board") for the [arcade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_game "Arcade game") video game *[Breakout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakout_\(video_game\) "Breakout (video game)")* in as few chips as possible, knowing that Jobs would recruit Wozniak for help. During his day job at HP, Wozniak drew sketches of the circuit design; at night, he joined Jobs at Atari and continued refining it, which Jobs implemented on a [breadboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadboard "Breadboard").[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201152%E2%80%9354-62) According to Bushnell, Atari offered \$100 (equivalent to about \$600 in 2025) for each [TTL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic "Transistorâtransistor logic") chip that was eliminated in the machine. Jobs made a deal with Wozniak to split the fee evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari engineers, within four days, Wozniak reduced the TTL count to 45, far below the usual 100, though Atari later re-engineered it to make it easier to test and add a few missing features.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2020286%E2%80%93287-63) According to Wozniak, Jobs told him that Atari paid them only \$750 (instead of the actual \$5,000), and that Wozniak's share was thus \$375.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-64) Wozniak did not learn about the actual bonus until ten years later but said that if Jobs had told him about it and explained that he needed the money, Wozniak would have given it to him.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011104%E2%80%93107-65)
Jobs and Wozniak attended meetings of the [Homebrew Computer Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebrew_Computer_Club "Homebrew Computer Club") in 1975, which was a stepping stone to the development and marketing of the first Apple computer.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-NYT_obit-66) According to a document released by the [United States Department of Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense "United States Department of Defense"), Jobs claimed that in 1975, he was arrested in [Eugene, Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon "Eugene, Oregon"), after being questioned for being a minor in possession of alcohol. Jobs alleged that he "didn't have any alcohol", but police questioned him and subsequently determined that he had an outstanding arrest warrant for an unpaid speeding ticket. Jobs claimed he then paid the \$50 fine. The arrest allegedly occurred "behind a store".[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-67)[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-68)
### Apple (1976â1985)
> Basically [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak") and I invented the Apple because we wanted a personal computer. Not only couldn't we afford the computers that were on the market, those computers were impractical for us to use. We needed a [Volkswagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_2 "Volkswagen Type 2"). The Volkswagen isn't as fast or comfortable as other ways of traveling, but the VW owners can go where they want, when they want and with whom they want. The VW owners have personal control of their car.
â Steve Jobs[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-69)
By March 1976, Wozniak completed the basic design of the [Apple I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I "Apple I") computer and showed it to Jobs, who suggested that they sell it; Wozniak was at first skeptical of the idea but later agreed.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer20045%E2%80%936-70) In April of that same year, Jobs, Wozniak, and administrative overseer [Ronald Wayne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Wayne "Ronald Wayne") founded Apple Computer Company (now called "Apple Inc.") as a [business partnership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_partnership "Business partnership") in Jobs's parents' Crist Drive home on April 1, 1976. The operation originally started in Jobs's bedroom and later moved to the garage.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer20046%E2%80%938-71)[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-72) Wayne stayed briefly, leaving Jobs and Wozniak as the active primary cofounders of the company.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-73)
The two decided on the name "Apple" after Jobs returned from the All One Farm commune in Oregon and told Wozniak about his time in the farm's [apple orchard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_orchard "Apple orchard").[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-74) Jobs originally planned to produce bare [printed circuit boards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board "Printed circuit board") of the Apple I and sell them to computer hobbyists for \$50 (equivalent to about \$280 in 2025) each. To fund the first batch, Wozniak sold his [HP scientific calculator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-65 "HP-65") and Jobs sold his [Volkswagen van](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_2 "Volkswagen Type 2").[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer5%E2%80%937-75)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlender201639%E2%80%9340-76) Later that year, computer retailer [Paul Terrell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Terrell "Paul Terrell") purchased 50 fully assembled Apple I units for \$500 each.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201166%E2%80%9368-77)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer7%E2%80%939-78) Eventually, about 200 Apple I computers were produced in total.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-AppleStoryPart1-79)
| External image |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Searchtool.svg) [Jobs and Steve Wozniak with an Apple I circuit board, c. 1976.](https://img.gazeta.ru/files3/725/13190725/upload-upload-04-pic4_zoom-1000x1000-18187-pic4_zoom-1500x1500-65192.jpg) |
A neighbor on Crist Drive recalled Jobs as an odd individual who would greet his clients "with his underwear hanging out, barefoot and hippie-like". Another neighbor, Larry Waterland, who had just earned his PhD in chemical engineering at Stanford, recalled dismissing Jobs's budding business compared to the established industry of giant mainframe computers with big decks of punch cards: "Steve took me over to the garage. He had a circuit board with a chip on it, a DuMont TV set, a Panasonic cassette tape deck and a keyboard. He said, 'This is an Apple computer.' I said, 'You've got to be joking.' I dismissed the whole idea." Jobs's friend from Reed College and India, [Daniel Kottke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kottke "Daniel Kottke"), recalled that as an early Apple employee, he "was the only person who worked in the garage ... Woz would show up once a week with his latest code. Steve Jobs didn't get his hands dirty in that sense." Kottke also stated that much of the early work took place in Jobs's kitchen, where he spent hours on the phone trying to find investors for the company.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-piece-23)
They received funding from semi-retired [Intel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel "Intel") product marketing manager and engineer [Mike Markkula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Markkula "Mike Markkula").[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-80) [Scott McNealy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_McNealy "Scott McNealy"), one of the cofounders of [Sun Microsystems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems "Sun Microsystems"), said that Jobs broke a "[glass age ceiling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_ceiling "Glass ceiling")" in Silicon Valley because he'd created a very successful company at a young age.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Steve_Jobs:_Visionary_Entrepreneur-36) Markkula brought Apple to the attention of [Arthur Rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rock "Arthur Rock"), who, after looking at the crowded Apple booth at the Home Brew Computer Show, started with a \$60,000 investment and went on the Apple board.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-81) Jobs was not pleased when Markkula recruited [Mike Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scott_\(Apple\) "Michael Scott (Apple)") from [National Semiconductor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Semiconductor "National Semiconductor") in February 1977 to serve as the first president and CEO of Apple.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201181%E2%80%9383-82)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer200411-83)
> For what characterizes Apple is that its scientific staff always acted and performed like artists â in a field filled with dry personalities limited by the rational and binary worlds they inhabit, Apple's engineering teams had passion. They always believed that what they were doing was important and, most of all, fun. Working at Apple was never just a job; it was also a crusade, a mission, to bring better computer power to people. At its roots, that attitude came from Steve Jobs. It was "[Power to the People](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_to_the_people_\(slogan\) "Power to the people (slogan)")", the slogan of the sixties, rewritten in technology for the eighties and called [Macintosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh "Macintosh").
â Jeffrey S. Young, 1987[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-84)
After Brennan returned from her own journey to India, she and Jobs fell in love again, as Brennan noted changes in him that she attributes to [Kobun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dbun_Chino_Otogawa "KĹbun Chino Otogawa") (whom she was also still following). It was also at this time that Jobs displayed a prototype Apple II computer to Brennan and his parents in their living room. Brennan notes a shift in this time period, where the two main influences on Jobs were Apple Inc. and [Kobun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobun_Chino_Otogawa "Kobun Chino Otogawa").
In April 1977, Jobs and Wozniak introduced the [Apple II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II "Apple II") at the [West Coast Computer Faire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Computer_Faire "West Coast Computer Faire").[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer200412-85) It is the first consumer product to have been sold by Apple Computer. Primarily designed by Wozniak, Jobs oversaw the development of its unusual case and [Rod Holt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Holt "Rod Holt") developed the unique power supply.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-wozorg-86) During the design stage, Jobs argued that the Apple II should have two [expansion slots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_slot "Expansion slot"), while Wozniak wanted eight. After a heated argument, Wozniak threatened that Jobs should "go get himself another computer". They later agreed on eight slots.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-87) The Apple II became one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products in the world.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Ars_Technica_2005-12-15-88)
As Jobs became more successful with his new company, his relationship with Brennan grew more complex. In 1977, the success of Apple was now a part of their relationship, and Brennan, [Daniel Kottke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kottke "Daniel Kottke"), and Jobs moved into a house near the Apple office in [Cupertino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupertino "Cupertino").[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-kqed-89) Brennan eventually took a position in the shipping department at Apple.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-90) Brennan's relationship with Jobs deteriorated as his position with Apple grew, and she began to consider ending the relationship. In October 1977, Brennan was approached by [Rod Holt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Holt "Rod Holt"), who asked her to take "a paid apprenticeship designing blueprints for the Apples".[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-vicious-91) Both Holt and Jobs believed that it would be a good position for her, given her artistic abilities. Holt was particularly eager that she take the position and puzzled by her ambivalence toward it. Brennan's decision, however, was overshadowed by the fact that she realized she was pregnant, and that Jobs was the father. It took her a few days to tell Jobs, whose face, according to Brennan, "turned ugly" at the news. At the same time, according to Brennan, at the beginning of her third trimester, Jobs said to her: "I never wanted to ask that you get an abortion. I just didn't want to do that."[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201188%E2%80%9389-92) He also refused to discuss the pregnancy with her.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201188%E2%80%9389-92)
Brennan turned down the internship and decided to leave Apple. A few weeks before she was due to give birth, Brennan was invited to deliver her baby at the All One Farm. She accepted the offer.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-vicious-91) When Jobs was 23 (the same age as his biological parents when they had him)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201188%E2%80%9389-92) Brennan gave birth to her baby, [Lisa Brennan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Brennan "Lisa Brennan"), on May 17, 1978.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-vicious-91) Jobs went there for the birth after he was contacted by [Robert Friedland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Friedland "Robert Friedland"), their mutual friend and the farm owner. While distant, Jobs worked with her on a name for the baby, which they discussed while sitting in the fields on a blanket. Brennan suggested the name "Lisa" which Jobs also liked and notes that Jobs was very attached to the name "Lisa" while he "was also publicly denying paternity". She would discover later that during this time, Jobs was preparing to unveil a new kind of computer that he wanted to give a female name (his first choice was "Claire" after [St. Clare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi "Clare of Assisi")). She stated that she never gave him permission to use the baby's name for a computer and he hid the plans from her. Jobs worked with his team to come up with the phrase, "Local Integrated Software Architecture" as an [alternative explanation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backronym "Backronym") for the [Apple Lisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Lisa "Apple Lisa").[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-93) Decades later, however, Jobs admitted to his biographer [Walter Isaacson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Isaacson "Walter Isaacson") that "obviously, it was named for my daughter".[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201193-94)
When Jobs denied paternity, a [DNA test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_paternity_testing "DNA paternity testing") established him as Lisa's father.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-machineofthe_year1-95) It required him to pay Brennan \$385 (equivalent to about \$1,200 in 2025) monthly in addition to returning the welfare money she had received. Jobs paid her \$500 (equivalent to about \$1,600 in 2025) monthly at the time when Apple went public and made him a millionaire. Later, Brennan agreed to an interview with [Michael Moritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Moritz "Michael Moritz") for *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")* magazine for its [Time Person of the Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year "Time Person of the Year") special, released on January 3, 1983, in which she discussed her relationship with Jobs. Rather than name Jobs the Person of the Year, the magazine named the generic [personal computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer "Personal computer") the "Machine of the Year".[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-96) In the issue, Jobs questioned the reliability of the paternity test, which stated that the "probability of paternity for Jobs, Steven... is 94.1%".[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-machineofthe_year1-95) He responded by arguing that "28% of the male population of the United States could be the father". *Time* also noted that "the baby girl and the machine on which Apple has placed so much hope for the future share the same name: Lisa".[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-machineofthe_year1-95)
In 1978, at age 23, Jobs was worth over \$1 million (equivalent to \$4.94 million in 2025). By age 25, his net worth grew to an estimated \$250 million (equivalent to \$885 million in 2025). He was also one of the youngest "people ever to make the Forbes list of the nation's richest peopleâand one of only a handful to have done it themselves, without inherited wealth".[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-97) In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment on the top two floors of [The San Remo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Remo "The San Remo"), a Manhattan building with a politically progressive reputation. Although he never lived there,[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-98) he spent years renovating it thanks to [I. M. Pei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._M._Pei "I. M. Pei"). In 1983, Jobs lured [John Sculley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sculley "John Sculley") away from [Pepsi-Cola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsi-Cola "Pepsi-Cola") to serve as Apple's CEO, asking, "Do you want to spend the rest of your life selling sugared water, or do you want a chance to change the world?".[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011386%E2%80%93387-99)
In 1984, Jobs bought the [Jackling House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackling_House "Jackling House") and estate and resided there for a decade. Thereafter, he leased it out for several years until 2000 when he stopped maintaining the house, allowing weathering to degrade it. In 2004, Jobs received permission from the town of Woodside to demolish the house to build a smaller, contemporary styled one. After a few years in court, the house was finally demolished in 2011, a few months before he died.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-100)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Early_Macintosh_Prototype_Computer_History_Museum_Mountain_View_California_2013-04-11_23-45.jpg)
A Macintosh prototype,
c.
1981
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_and_Macintosh_computer,_January_1984,_by_Bernard_Gotfryd_-_edited.jpg)
Jobs and the Macintosh, 1984
Jobs took over development of the [Macintosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh "Macintosh") in 1981, from early Apple employee [Jef Raskin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jef_Raskin "Jef Raskin"), who had conceived the project. Wozniak and Raskin had heavily influenced the early program, and Wozniak was on leave during this time due to an airplane crash earlier that year, making it easier for Jobs to take over the project.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-TheVerge-101)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-102)[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011109%E2%80%93112-103) On January 22, 1984, Apple aired a [Super Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl "Super Bowl") television commercial titled "[1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_\(television_commercial\) "1984 (television commercial)")", which ended with the words: "On January 24th, Apple Computer will introduce Macintosh. And you'll see why 1984 won't be like *[1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four "Nineteen Eighty-Four")*."[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer2004110%E2%80%93113-104) On January 24, 1984, an emotional Jobs introduced the Macintosh to a wildly enthusiastic audience at Apple's annual shareholders meeting held in the [Flint Auditorium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Anza_College#The_Flint_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts "De Anza College") at De Anza College.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011167%E2%80%93170-105)[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-106) Macintosh engineer [Andy Hertzfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Hertzfeld "Andy Hertzfeld") described the scene as "pandemonium".[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-107) The Macintosh was inspired by the [Lisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Lisa "Apple Lisa") (in turn inspired by [Xerox PARC's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARC_user_interface "PARC user interface") [mouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_mouse "Computer mouse")\-driven [graphical user interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface "Graphical user interface")),[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-108)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-109) and it was widely acclaimed by the media with strong initial sales.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011185%E2%80%93187-110)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlender201684%E2%80%9388-111) However, its low performance and limited range of available software led to a rapid sales decline in the second half of 1984.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011185%E2%80%93187-110)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlender201684%E2%80%9388-111)[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer200498-112)
Sculley's and Jobs's respective visions for the company greatly differed. Sculley favored [open architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_architecture "Open architecture") computers like the Apple II, targeting education, small business, and home markets less vulnerable to IBM. Jobs wanted the company to focus on the [closed architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_architecture "Closed architecture") Macintosh as a business alternative to the IBM PC. President and CEO Sculley had little control over chairman of the board Jobs's Macintosh division; it and the Apple II division operated like separate companies, duplicating services.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-113) Although its products provided 85% of Apple's sales in early 1985, the company's January 1985 [annual meeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_meeting "Annual meeting") did not mention the Apple II division or employees. Many left, including Wozniak, who stated that the company had "been going in the wrong direction for the last five years" and sold most of his stock.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-114) Though frustrated with the company's and Jobs's dismissal of the Apple II in favor of the Macintosh, Wozniak left amicably and remained an honorary employee of Apple, maintaining a lifelong friendship with Jobs.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-115)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-116)[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-117)
By early 1985, the Macintosh's failure to defeat the IBM PC became clear,[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011185%E2%80%93187-110)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlender201684%E2%80%9388-111) and it strengthened Sculley's position in the company. In May 1985, Sculleyâencouraged by Arthur Rockâdecided to reorganize Apple, and proposed a plan to the board that would remove Jobs from the Macintosh group and put him in charge of "New Product Development". This move would effectively render Jobs powerless within Apple.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-118) In response, Jobs then developed a plan to get rid of Sculley and take over Apple. However, Jobs was confronted after the plan was leaked, and he said that he would leave Apple. The Board declined his resignation and asked him to reconsider. Sculley also told Jobs that he had all of the votes needed to go ahead with the reorganization. A few months later, on September 17, 1985, Jobs submitted a letter of resignation to the Apple Board. Five additional senior Apple employees also resigned and joined Jobs in his new venture, NeXT.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-:0-119)
The Macintosh's struggle continued after Jobs left Apple. Though marketed and received in fanfare, the expensive Macintosh was hard to sell.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Swaine-120): 308â309 In 1985, [Bill Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates "Bill Gates")'s then-developing company, [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft"), threatened to stop developing Mac applications unless it was granted "a license for the Mac operating system software. Microsoft was developing its graphical user interface ... for DOS, which it was calling [Windows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows "Windows") and didn't want Apple to sue over the similarities between the Windows GUI and the Mac interface."[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Swaine-120): 321 Sculley granted Microsoft the license which later led to problems for Apple.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Swaine-120): 321 In addition, cheap [IBM PC clones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_clones "IBM PC clones") that ran Microsoft software and had a graphical user interface began to appear. Although the Macintosh preceded the clones, it was far more expensive, so "through the late 1980s, the Windows user interface was getting better and better and was thus taking increasingly more share from Apple".[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Swaine-120): 322 Windows-based IBM-PC clones also led to the development of additional GUIs such as IBM's TopView or Digital Research's GEM,[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Swaine-120): 322 and thus "the graphical user interface was beginning to be taken for granted, undermining the most apparent advantage of the Mac...it seemed clear as the 1980s wound down that Apple couldn't go it alone indefinitely against the whole IBM-clone market".[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Swaine-120): 322
## 1985â1997
### NeXT computer
See also: [NeXT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT "NeXT")
Following his resignation from Apple in 1985, Jobs founded NeXT Inc.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-121) with \$7 million. A year later he was running out of money, and he sought venture capital with no product on the horizon. Eventually, Jobs attracted the attention of billionaire [Ross Perot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot "Ross Perot"), who invested heavily in the company.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer2004208-122) The NeXT computer was shown to the world in what was considered Jobs's comeback event,[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-123) a lavish invitation-only gala [launch event](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT_Introduction "NeXT Introduction")[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-124) that was described as a multimedia extravaganza.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-125) The celebration was held at the [Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_M._Davies_Symphony_Hall "Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall"), San Francisco, California, on Wednesday, October 12, 1988. [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak") said in a 2013 interview that while Jobs was at NeXT he was "really getting his head together".[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-TheVerge-101)
NeXT workstations were first released in 1990 and priced at \$9,999 (equivalent to about \$25,000 in 2025). Like the [Apple Lisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Lisa "Apple Lisa"), the NeXT workstation was technologically advanced and designed for the education sector but was largely dismissed as cost prohibitive.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-126) The NeXT workstation was known for its technical strengths, chief among them its [object-oriented](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming "Object-oriented programming") software development system. Jobs marketed NeXT products to the financial, scientific, and academic community, highlighting its innovative, experimental new technologies, such as the [Mach kernel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_kernel "Mach kernel"), the [digital signal processor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor "Digital signal processor") chip, and the built-in [Ethernet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet "Ethernet") port. Making use of a NeXT computer, English computer scientist [Tim Berners-Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee "Tim Berners-Lee") invented the [World Wide Web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web "World Wide Web") in 1990 at [CERN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN "CERN") in Switzerland.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-127)
The revised, second generation [NeXTcube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTcube "NeXTcube") was released in 1990. Jobs touted it as the first "interpersonal" computer that would replace the personal computer. With its innovative [NeXTMail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTMail "NeXTMail") multimedia email system, NeXTcube could share voice, image, graphics, and video in email for the first time. "Interpersonal computing is going to revolutionize human communications and groupwork", Jobs told reporters.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-128) Jobs ran NeXT with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by the development of and attention to NeXTcube's magnesium case.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-129) This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development with the release of [NeXTSTEP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTSTEP "NeXTSTEP")/[Intel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel "Intel").[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-OGrady-130) The company reported its first yearly profit of \$1.03 million in 1994.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer2004213-131) In 1996, NeXT Software, Inc. released [WebObjects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebObjects "WebObjects"), a framework for Web application development. After NeXT was acquired by Apple Inc. in 1997, WebObjects was used to build and run the Apple Store,[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-OGrady-130) [MobileMe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MobileMe "MobileMe") services, and the iTunes Store.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-132)
### Pixar and Disney
In 1986, Jobs funded the spinout of The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from [Lucasfilm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucasfilm "Lucasfilm")'s computer graphics division for the price of \$10 million, \$5 million of which was given to the company as capital and \$5 million of which was paid to Lucasfilm for technology rights.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-133)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Bug%27s_Life_crew_in_Oval_Office_1998.jpg)
Jobs and his [Pixar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar "Pixar") team visited the [Oval Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office "Oval Office") in 1998.
The first film produced by Pixar with its [Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney "Disney") partnership, *[Toy Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story "Toy Story")* (1995), with Jobs credited as executive producer,[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-134) brought financial success and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released. Over the course of Jobs's life, under Pixar's creative chief [John Lasseter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lasseter "John Lasseter"), the company produced box-office hits *[A Bug's Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bug%27s_Life "A Bug's Life")* (1998), *[Toy Story 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story_2 "Toy Story 2")* (1999), *[Monsters, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsters,_Inc. "Monsters, Inc.")* (2001), *[Finding Nemo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_Nemo "Finding Nemo")* (2003), *[The Incredibles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incredibles "The Incredibles")* (2004), *[Cars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_\(film\) "Cars (film)")* (2006), *[Ratatouille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratatouille_\(film\) "Ratatouille (film)")* (2007), *[WALL-E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WALL-E "WALL-E")* (2008), *[Up](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_\(2009_film\) "Up (2009 film)")* (2009), *[Toy Story 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story_3 "Toy Story 3")* (2010), and *[Cars 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_2 "Cars 2")* (2011). *[Brave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_\(2012_film\) "Brave (2012 film)")* (2012), Pixar's first film to be produced since Jobs's death, honored him with a tribute for his contributions to the studio.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-135) *Finding Nemo*, *The Incredibles*, *Ratatouille*, *WALL-E*, *Up*, *Toy Story 3*, and *Brave* each received the [Academy Award for Best Animated Feature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Feature "Academy Award for Best Animated Feature"), an award introduced in 2001.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-136)[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-137)
In 2003 and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief executive [Michael Eisner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Eisner "Michael Eisner") tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership,[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-138) and in January 2004, Jobs announced that he would never deal with Disney again.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-iger20190918-139)
In October 2005, [Bob Iger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Iger "Bob Iger") replaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to mend relations with Jobs and Pixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth \$7.4 billion. When the deal closed, Jobs became The Walt Disney Company's largest single shareholder with approximately seven percent of the company's stock.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-DisneyBuysPixar-140) Jobs's holdings in Disney far exceeded those of Eisner, who holds 1.7%, and of Disney family member [Roy E. Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_E._Disney "Roy E. Disney"), who until his 2009 death held about 1% of the company's stock and whose criticisms of Eisnerâespecially that he soured Disney's relationship with Pixarâaccelerated Eisner's ousting. Upon completion of the merger, Jobs received 7% of Disney shares, and joined the board of directors as the largest individual shareholder.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-DisneyBuysPixar-140)[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-141)[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-142) Upon Jobs's death his shares in Disney were transferred to the Steven P. Jobs Trust led by [Laurene Jobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurene_Jobs "Laurene Jobs").[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-143)
After Jobs's death, Iger recalled in 2019 that many warned him about Jobs, "that he would bully me and everyone else". Iger wrote, "Who wouldn't want Steve Jobs to have influence over how a company is run?", and that as an active Disney board member "he rarely created trouble for me. Not never but rarely." He speculated that they would have seriously considered merging Disney and Apple had Jobs lived.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-iger20190918-139) [Floyd Norman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Norman "Floyd Norman"), of Pixar, described Jobs as a "mature, mellow individual" who never interfered with the creative process of the filmmakers.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-144) In early June 2014, Pixar cofounder and [Walt Disney Animation Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios "Walt Disney Animation Studios") President [Edwin Catmull](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Catmull "Edwin Catmull") revealed that Jobs once advised him to "just explain it to them until they understand" in disagreements. Catmull released the book *[Creativity, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativity,_Inc. "Creativity, Inc.")* in 2014, in which he recounts numerous experiences of working with Jobs. Regarding his own manner of dealing with Jobs, Catmull writes:[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-ventures-145)
> In all the 26 years with Steve, Steve and I never had one of these loud verbal arguments, and it's not my nature to do that. ... but we did disagree fairly frequently about things. ... I would say something to him and he would immediately shoot it down because he could think faster than I could. ... I would then wait a week ... I'd call him up, and I give my counterargument to what he had said, and he'd immediately shoot it down. So I had to wait another week, and occasionally this went on for months. But ultimately one of three things happened. About a third of the time he said, "Oh, I get it, you're right", and that was the end of it. And it was another third of the time in which \[I'd\] say, "Actually I think he is right". The other third of the time, where we didn't reach consensus, he just let me do it my way, never said anything more about it.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-ventures-145)
## 1997â2011
### Return to Apple
See also: [Apple Inc. § 1997â2007: Return to profitability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.#1997%E2%80%932007:_Return_to_profitability "Apple Inc.")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stevejobs_Macworld2005.jpg)
Jobs presented at [Macworld Conference & Expo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macworld_Conference_%26_Expo "Macworld Conference & Expo") in 2005.
In 1996, Jobs's former company, Apple, was struggling, and its survival depended on completing its next operating system. After failed negotiations to purchase [Be Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_Inc. "Be Inc."),[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-146)[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-147) Apple eventually came to a deal with NeXT in December[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-148) for \$400 million; the deal was finalized in February 1997, bringing Jobs back to the company he had cofounded.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-149) Jobs became *de facto* chief after then-CEO [Gil Amelio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Amelio "Gil Amelio") was ousted in July 1997. He was formally named interim chief executive on September 16.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-150) In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs terminated several projects, such as [Newton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Newton "Apple Newton"), [Cyberdog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberdog "Cyberdog"), and [OpenDoc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDoc "OpenDoc"). In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened. The reality was that Jobs's summary executions were rare, but a handful of victims was enough to terrorize a whole company."[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-151) Jobs changed the licensing program for [Macintosh clones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_clones "Macintosh clones"), making it too costly for the manufacturers to continue making machines.
With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology was incorporated into Apple products, most notably [NeXTSTEP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTSTEP "NeXTSTEP"), which evolved into Mac OS X. Under Jobs's guidance, the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the iMac and other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the "interim" modifier from his title at Apple and became permanent CEO.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-152) Jobs quipped at the time that he would be using the title "iCEO".[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-153)
The company subsequently branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances. With the introduction of the iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music software, and the iTunes Store, the company made forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. On June 29, 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone business with the introduction of the iPhone, a [multi-touch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-touch "Multi-touch") display cell phone, which also included the features of an iPod and, with its own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. While nurturing open-ended innovation, Jobs also reminded his employees that "real artists ship".[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-154)
Jobs had a public war of words with [Dell Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Computer "Dell Computer") CEO [Michael Dell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dell "Michael Dell"), starting in 1987, when Jobs first criticized Dell for making "un-innovative [beige boxes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beige_box "Beige box")".[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-155) On October 6, 1997, at a [Gartner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartner "Gartner") Symposium, when Dell was asked what he would do if he ran the then-troubled Apple Computer company, he said: "I'd shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders".[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-156) Then, in 2006, Jobs emailed all employees when Apple's [market capitalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization "Market capitalization") rose above Dell's. It read:
> Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasn't perfect at predicting the future. Based on today's stock market close, Apple is worth more than Dell. Stocks go up and down, and things may be different tomorrow, but I thought it was worth a moment of reflection today. Steve.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-157)
Jobs was both admired and criticized for his consummate skill at persuasion and salesmanship, which has been dubbed the "[reality distortion field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_distortion_field "Reality distortion field")" and was particularly evident during his keynote speeches (colloquially known as "[Stevenotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenote "Stevenote")") at [Macworld Expos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macworld_Conference_%26_Expo "Macworld Conference & Expo") and at [Apple Worldwide Developers Conferences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Worldwide_Developers_Conference "Apple Worldwide Developers Conference").[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-158)
Jobs usually went to work wearing a black long-sleeved [mock turtleneck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_turtleneck "Mock turtleneck") made by [Issey Miyake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issey_Miyake "Issey Miyake"), [Levi's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi%27s "Levi's") 501 blue jeans, and [New Balance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Balance "New Balance") 991 sneakers.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-latimes_turtleneck-159)[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-160) Jobs told his biographer Walter Isaacson "...he came to like the idea of having a uniform for himself, both because of its daily convenience (the rationale he claimed) and its ability to convey a signature style".[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-latimes_turtleneck-159)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_and_Bill_Gates_\(522695099\).jpg)
Jobs and [Bill Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates "Bill Gates") were on a panel at the fifth *D: All Things Digital* conference in 2007.
In 2001, Jobs was granted stock options in the amount of 7.5 million shares of [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") with an exercise price of \$18.30. It was alleged that the options had been [backdated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backdating "Backdating"), and that the exercise price should have been \$21.10. It was further alleged that Jobs had thereby incurred taxable income of \$20,000,000 that he did not report, and that Apple overstated its earnings by that same amount. As a result, Jobs potentially faced several criminal charges and civil penalties. The case was the subject of active criminal and civil government investigations,[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-161) though an independent internal Apple investigation completed on December 29, 2006, found that Jobs was unaware of these issues and that the options granted to him were returned without being exercised in 2003.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-162)
In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for [e-waste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-waste "E-waste") in the US by lashing out at environmental and other advocates at Apple's annual meeting in Cupertino in April. A few weeks later, Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. The [Computer TakeBack Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_recycling#Takeback "Computer recycling") responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the commencement speaker. The banner read "Steve, don't be a mini-playerârecycle all e-waste".[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-163)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_WWDC07.jpg)
Jobs speaking at the [Apple Worldwide Developers Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Worldwide_Developers_Conference "Apple Worldwide Developers Conference") in 2007
In 2006, he further expanded Apple's recycling programs to every US customer who buys a new Mac. This program includes shipping and "environmentally friendly disposal" of their old systems.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-164) The success of Apple's unique products and services provided several years of stable financial returns, propelling Apple to become the world's most valuable publicly traded company in 2011.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-165)
Jobs was perceived as a demanding perfectionist[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-166)[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-167) who always aspired to position his businesses and their products at the forefront of the information technology industry by foreseeing and setting innovation and style trends. He summed up this self-concept at the end of his keynote speech at the [Macworld Conference and Expo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macworld_Conference_%26_Expo#2007 "Macworld Conference & Expo") in January 2007, by quoting ice hockey player [Wayne Gretzky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky "Wayne Gretzky"):
> There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. "I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been". And we've always tried to do that at Apple. Since the very, very beginning. And we always will.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-168)
On July 1, 2008, a \$7 billion class-action suit was filed against several members of Apple's board of directors for losses resulting from alleged securities fraud.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-169)[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-170) In a 2011 interview with biographer Walter Isaacson, Jobs revealed that he had met with US president [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama"), complained about the nation's shortage of software engineers, and told Obama that he was "headed for a one-term presidency".[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-obama-171) Jobs proposed that any foreign student who got an engineering degree at a US university should automatically be offered a [Green card](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_card "Green card"). After the meeting, Jobs commented, "The president is very smart, but he kept explaining to us reasons why things can't get done ... It infuriates me".[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-obama-171)
## Health problems
In October 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with [cancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer "Cancer"). In mid 2004, he announced to his employees that he had a cancerous tumor in his [pancreas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas "Pancreas").[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Evangelista-2004-172) The prognosis for [pancreatic cancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer "Pancreatic cancer") is very poor;[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-173) however, Jobs stated that he had a rare, less aggressive type, known as [islet cell neuroendocrine tumor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_neuroendocrine_tumor "Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor").[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Evangelista-2004-172)
Jobs resisted his doctors' recommendations for medical intervention for nine months,[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-174) in favor of [alternative medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine "Alternative medicine"). However, cancer researcher and alternative medicine critic [David Gorski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gorski "David Gorski") wrote that "it's impossible to know whether and by how much he might have decreased his chances of surviving his cancer through his flirtation with woo. My best guess was that Jobs probably only modestly decreased his chances of survival, if that."[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-175)[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-176) [Barrie R. Cassileth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie_R._Cassileth "Barrie R. Cassileth"), the chief of [Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Sloan_Kettering_Cancer_Center "Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center")'s [integrative medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrative_medicine "Integrative medicine") department,[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-177) on the other hand, said, "Jobs's faith in alternative medicine likely cost him his life ... He had the only kind of pancreatic cancer that is treatable and curable ... He essentially committed suicide."[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-178)
Biographer Walter Isaacson reported on Jobs's opposition to surgery, quoting Jobs as saying, "I didn't want my body to be opened, I didn't want to be violated in that way."[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-179) According to Isaacson, "for nine months he refused to undergo surgery for his pancreatic cancer â a decision he later regretted as his health declined."[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-180) "Instead, he tried a vegan diet, acupuncture, herbal remedies, and other treatments he found online, and even consulted a psychic. He was also influenced by a doctor who ran a clinic that advised juice fasts, bowel cleansings and other unproven approaches, before finally having surgery in July 2004."[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-181)[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-182) He underwent a [pancreaticoduodenectomy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreaticoduodenectomy "Pancreaticoduodenectomy") (or "Whipple procedure") that appeared to remove the tumor successfully.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-183)[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-184) Jobs did not receive [chemotherapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy "Chemotherapy") or [radiation therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy "Radiation therapy").[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Evangelista-2004-172)[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Elmer-185) During Jobs's absence, [Tim Cook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Cook "Tim Cook"), head of worldwide sales and operations at Apple, ran the company.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Evangelista-2004-172)
In January 2006, only Jobs's wife, his doctors, and [Iger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Iger "Bob Iger") knew that his cancer had returned. Jobs told Iger privately that he hoped to live to see his own son Reed's high school graduation in 2010.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-iger20190918-139) In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual Worldwide Developers Conference. His "thin, almost gaunt" appearance and unusually "listless" delivery,[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-186)[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-187) together with his choice to delegate significant portions of his keynote to other presenters, inspired a flurry of media and internet speculation about the state of his health.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-188) In contrast, according to an *[Ars Technica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica "Ars Technica")* journal report, Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) attendees who saw Jobs in person said he "looked fine."[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-189) Following the keynote, an Apple spokesperson said that "Steve's health is robust."[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-190)
Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs's 2008 WWDC keynote address.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-191) Apple officials stated that Jobs was victim to a "common bug" and was taking antibiotics,[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-192) while others surmised his [cachectic appearance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachexia "Cachexia") was due to the Whipple procedure.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Elmer-185) During a July conference call discussing Apple earnings, participants responded to repeated questions about Jobs's health by insisting that it was a "private matter." Others said that shareholders had a right to know more, given Jobs's hands-on approach to running his company.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-193)[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-194) Based on an off-the-record phone conversation with Jobs, *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* reported, "While his health problems amounted to a good deal more than 'a common bug', they weren't life-threatening and he doesn't have a recurrence of cancer."[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-195)
On August 28, 2008, [Bloomberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News "Bloomberg News") mistakenly published a 2500-word [obituary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obituary "Obituary") of Jobs in its corporate news service, containing blank spaces for his age and cause of death. News carriers customarily stockpile up-to-date obituaries to facilitate news delivery in the event of a well-known figure's death. Although the error was promptly rectified, many news carriers and blogs reported on it,[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-196) intensifying rumors concerning Jobs's health.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-197) Jobs responded at Apple's September 2008 *Let's Rock* keynote by paraphrasing [Mark Twain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain "Mark Twain"): "The reports of my death are greatly exaggerated."[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-198)[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-199) At a subsequent media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide reading "110/70", referring to his [blood pressure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure "Blood pressure"), stating he would not address further questions about his health.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-200)
On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president [Phil Schiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Schiller "Phil Schiller") would deliver the company's final keynote address at the [Macworld Conference and Expo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macworld_Conference_and_Expo "Macworld Conference and Expo") 2009, again reviving questions about Jobs's health.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-201)[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-202) In a statement given on January 5, 2009, on [Apple.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple.com "Apple.com"), Jobs said that he had been suffering from a "[hormone imbalance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_imbalance "Hormone imbalance")" for several months.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-203)[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-204)
On January 14, 2009, Jobs wrote in an internal Apple memo that in the previous week he had "learned that my health-related issues are more complex than I originally thought."[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-absence-205) He announced a six-month leave of absence until the end of June 2009, to allow him to better focus on his health. Tim Cook, who previously acted as CEO in Jobs's 2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple, with Jobs still involved with "major strategic decisions."[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-absence-205)
In 2009, [Tim Cook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Cook "Tim Cook") offered a portion of his [liver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver "Liver") to Jobs, since both share a rare blood type, and the donor liver can regenerate tissue after such an operation. Jobs yelled, "I'll never let you do that. I'll never do that."[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-206) In April 2009, Jobs underwent a [liver transplantation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_transplantation "Liver transplantation") at [Methodist University Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_University_Hospital "Methodist University Hospital") Transplant Institute in [Memphis, Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee "Memphis, Tennessee").[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-cnntrans-207)[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-208)[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-209) Jobs's prognosis was described as "excellent."[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-cnntrans-207)
### Resignation
On January 17, 2011, a year and a half after Jobs returned to work following the liver transplant, Apple announced that he had been granted another leave of absence. Jobs announced his leave in a letter to employees, stating his decision was made "so he could focus on his health". As it did at the time of his 2009 medical leave, Apple announced that Tim Cook would run day-to-day operations and that Jobs would continue to be involved in major strategic decisions at the company.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-210)[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-211) While on leave, Jobs appeared at the [iPad 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad_2 "IPad 2") launch event on March 2, the [WWDC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWDC "WWDC") keynote introducing [iCloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICloud "ICloud") on June 6, and before the Cupertino City Council on June 7.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-212)
On August 24, 2011, Jobs announced his resignation as Apple's CEO, writing to the board, "I have always said if there ever came a day when I could no longer meet my duties and expectations as Apple's CEO, I would be the first to let you know. Unfortunately, that day has come."[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-213) Jobs became chairman of the board and named Tim Cook as his successor as CEO.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-214)[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-215) Jobs continued to work for Apple until the day before his death six weeks later.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-216)[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-217)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-218)
## Death
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_flags_half-mast.jpg)
Flags flew at [half-staff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-staff "Half-staff") outside the [Apple Infinite Loop campus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Infinite_Loop_campus "Apple Infinite Loop campus") on the evening of Jobs's death.
Jobs died at his home in [Palo Alto, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California "Palo Alto, California") on October 5, 2011, due to complications from a [relapse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relapse "Relapse") of his previously treated islet-cell [pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_neuroendocrine_tumor "Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor"),[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-NYT_obit-66)[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-219)[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-220) which resulted in [respiratory arrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_arrest "Respiratory arrest").[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-221) He had lost consciousness the day before and died with his wife, children, and sisters at his side.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-eulogy-222) His sister, [Mona Simpson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Simpson "Mona Simpson"), described his death thus: "Steve's final words, hours earlier, were monosyllables, repeated three times. Before embarking, he'd looked at his sister Patty, then for a long time at his children, then at his life's partner, Laurene, and then over their shoulders past them. Steve's final words were: 'Oh wow. Oh wow. Oh wow.' " He then lost consciousness and died several hours later.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-eulogy-222) A small private funeral was held on October 7, 2011, the details of which, out of respect for Jobs's family, were not made public.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-223)
Both [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.")[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-224) and [Pixar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar "Pixar") issued announcements of his death.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-225) Apple announced on the same day that they had no plans for a public service, but were encouraging "well-wishers" to send their remembrance messages to an email address created to receive such messages.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-226) Apple and [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") both flew their flags at [half-staff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-staff "Half-staff") throughout their respective headquarters and campuses.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-227)[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-228)
[Bob Iger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Iger "Bob Iger") ordered all [Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney "Disney") properties, including [Walt Disney World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World "Walt Disney World") and [Disneyland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland "Disneyland"), to fly their flags at half-staff from October 6 to 12, 2011.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-229) For two weeks following his death, Apple displayed on its corporate website a simple page that showed Jobs's name and lifespan next to his portrait in grayscale.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-230)[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-231)[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-232) On October 19, 2011, Apple employees held a private memorial service for Jobs on the Apple campus in Cupertino. It was attended by Jobs's widow, Laurene, and by Tim Cook, [Bill Campbell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Campbell_\(business_executive\) "William Campbell (business executive)"), [Norah Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norah_Jones "Norah Jones"), [Al Gore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore"), and [Coldplay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldplay "Coldplay"). Some of Apple's retail stores closed briefly so employees could attend the memorial. A video of the service was uploaded to Apple's website.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-233)
California Governor [Jerry Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Brown "Jerry Brown") declared Sunday, October 16, 2011, to be "Steve Jobs Day".[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-234) On that day, an invitation-only memorial was held at [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University"). Those in attendance included Apple and other tech company executives, members of the media, celebrities, politicians, and family and close friends of Jobs. [Bono](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono "Bono"), [Yo-Yo Ma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma "Yo-Yo Ma"), and [Joan Baez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Baez "Joan Baez") performed at the service, which lasted longer than an hour. There was high security with guards at all of the university's gates, and a helicopter overhead from an area news station.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-235)[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-236) Each attendee was given a small brown box as a "farewell gift" from Jobs, containing a copy of the *[Autobiography of a Yogi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiography_of_a_Yogi "Autobiography of a Yogi")* (1946) by [Paramahansa Yogananda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda "Paramahansa Yogananda").[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-237)
Childhood friend and fellow Apple co-founder [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak"),[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-238) former owner of what would become Pixar, [George Lucas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas "George Lucas"),[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-239) his competitor Microsoft co-founder [Bill Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates "Bill Gates"),[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-240) and President [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama")[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-241) all made statements in response to his death. At his request, Jobs was buried in an [unmarked grave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmarked_grave "Unmarked grave") at [Alta Mesa Memorial Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Mesa_Memorial_Park "Alta Mesa Memorial Park"), the only [nonsectarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsectarian "Nonsectarian") cemetery in Palo Alto.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-242)[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-243)
## Innovations and designs
Jobs's design aesthetic was influenced by philosophies of Zen and Buddhism. In India, he experienced Buddhism while on his seven-month spiritual journey,[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-The_Hindu-2011-244) and his sense of intuition was influenced by the spiritual people with whom he studied.[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-The_Hindu-2011-244) Jobs gained insights regarding [industrial designs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design "Industrial design") from [Richard Sapper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sapper "Richard Sapper").[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-245) According to Apple co-founder Wozniak, "Steve didn't ever code. He wasn't an engineer and he didn't do any original design...".[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-246)[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Does_Steve_Jobs_know_how_to_code-247) [Daniel Kottke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kottke "Daniel Kottke"), one of Apple's earliest employees and a college friend of Jobs, stated: "Between Woz and Jobs, Woz was the innovator, the inventor. Steve Jobs was the marketing person."[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-248)
He is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 346 United States patents or patent applications related to a range of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, [lanyards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanyard "Lanyard"), and packages. His contributions to most of his patents were to "the look and feel of the product". He and his industrial design chief [Jonathan Ive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Ive "Jonathan Ive") are named for 200 of the patents.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-249) Most of these are design patents as opposed to utility patents or inventions; they are specific product designs such as both original and lamp-style [iMacs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac "IMac"), and [PowerBook G4 Titanium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerBook_G4 "PowerBook G4").[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Patents_registry_database_1-250)[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-251) He holds 43 issued US patents on inventions.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Patents_registry_database_1-250) The patent on the Mac OS X [Dock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock_\(macOS\) "Dock (macOS)") user interface with "magnification" feature was issued the day before he died.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-252) Although Jobs had little involvement in the engineering and technical side of the original Apple computers,[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Does_Steve_Jobs_know_how_to_code-247) Jobs later used his CEO position to directly involve himself with product design.[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-253)
Involved in many projects throughout his career was his long-time marketing executive and confidant [Joanna Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Hoffman "Joanna Hoffman"), known as one of the few employees at Apple and NeXT who could successfully stand up to Jobs while also engaging with him.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-254) Even while terminally ill in the hospital, Jobs sketched new devices that would hold the iPad in a hospital bed.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-eulogy-222) He despised the oxygen monitor on his finger, and suggested ways to revise the design for simplicity.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-255)
### Apple I
Main article: [Apple I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I "Apple I")
The [Apple I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I "Apple I") was designed entirely by Wozniak, but Jobs had the idea of selling the computer, which led to the founding of [Apple Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Computer "Apple Computer") in 1976. Jobs and Wozniak constructed several of the Apple I prototype by hand, funded by selling some of their belongings. Eventually, 200 units were produced.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-AppleStoryPart1-79) One of the main innovations of the Apple I was that it included [video display terminal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_display_terminal "Video display terminal") circuitry on its circuit board, allowing it to connect to a low-cost [composite video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_video "Composite video") monitor or television, instead of an expensive computer terminal, compared to most existing computers at the time.
### Apple II
Main article: [Apple II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II "Apple II")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Micromodem_II_in_Apple_II.jpg)
The [Apple II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II "Apple II"), here with an external [modem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem "Modem"), was designed primarily by [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak").
The Apple II is an [8-bit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-bit "8-bit") [home computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_computer "Home computer"), one of the world's first highly successful mass-produced [microcomputer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcomputer "Microcomputer") products,[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Ars_Technica_2005-12-15-88) designed primarily by Wozniak. Jobs oversaw the development of the Apple II's unusual case[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201173%E2%80%9383-256) and [Rod Holt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Holt "Rod Holt") developed the unique power supply.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-wozorg-86) It was introduced in 1977 at the [West Coast Computer Faire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Computer_Faire "West Coast Computer Faire") by Jobs and Wozniak as the first consumer product sold by Apple. The Apple II was first sold on June 10, 1977.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Apple_II_intro_date-257)[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Apple_II_History-258)
### Lisa
Main article: [Apple Lisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Lisa "Apple Lisa")
The Lisa is a personal computer developed by Apple from 1978 and sold in the early 1980s to business users. It is the first personal computer with a [graphical user interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface "Graphical user interface").[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-259) The Lisa sold poorly at 100,000 units,[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-260) but despite being considered a commercial failure, it received technical acclaim, introducing several advanced features that reappeared on the Macintosh and eventually [IBM PC compatibles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible "IBM PC compatible"). In 1982, after Jobs was forced out of the Lisa project,[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-261) he took over the [Macintosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh "Macintosh") project, adding inspiration from Lisa. The final Lisa 2/10 was modified and sold as the [Macintosh XL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_XL "Macintosh XL").[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer200479-262)
### Macintosh
Main article: [Mac (computer)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_\(computer\) "Mac (computer)")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs.jpg)
Jobs holds up a [MacBook Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacBook_Air "MacBook Air") at the 2008 [MacWorld Conference & Expo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacWorld_Conference_%26_Expo "MacWorld Conference & Expo").
Once he joined the [Macintosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_128K "Macintosh 128K") team, Jobs took over the project after Wozniak had experienced a traumatic airplane accident and temporarily left the company.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-TheVerge-101) Jobs launched the Macintosh on January 24, 1984, as the first mass-market personal computer featuring an integral [graphical user interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface "Graphical user interface") and [mouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_mouse "Computer mouse").[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-263) This first model was later renamed to Macintosh 128k among the prolific series. Since 1998, Apple has phased out the Macintosh name in favor of "Mac", though the product family has been nicknamed "Mac" or "the Mac" since inception. The Macintosh was introduced by a US\$1.5 million [Ridley Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridley_Scott "Ridley Scott") television commercial, "[1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_\(advertisement\) "1984 (advertisement)")".[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer2004113-264) It aired during the third quarter of [Super Bowl XVIII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XVIII "Super Bowl XVIII") on January 22, 1984, received as a "watershed event"[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-265) and a "masterpiece".[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-266) [Regis McKenna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_McKenna "Regis McKenna") called the ad "more successful than the Mac itself".[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-267) It uses an unnamed heroine to represent the coming of the Macintosh (indicated by a [Picasso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasso "Picasso")\-style picture of the computer on her white [tank top](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt "Sleeveless shirt")) to save humanity from the conformity of IBM's domination of the computer industry. The ad [alludes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alludes "Alludes") to [George Orwell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell "George Orwell")'s novel *[Nineteen Eighty-Four](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four "Nineteen Eighty-Four")*, which describes a [dystopian future](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopian_future "Dystopian future") ruled by a televised "[Big Brother](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_\(1984\) "Big Brother (1984)")".[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-268)[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-269)
The Macintosh, however, was expensive, which hindered its ability to be competitive in a market already dominated by the [Commodore 64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64 "Commodore 64") for consumers, and the [IBM Personal Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer "IBM Personal Computer") and its accompanying [clone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible "IBM PC compatible") market for businesses.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-270) Macintosh systems still found success in education and desktop publishing and kept Apple as the second-largest PC manufacturer for the next decade.
### NeXT Computer
Main article: [NeXT Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT_Computer "NeXT Computer")
After Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, he started [NeXT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT "NeXT"), a [workstation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstation "Workstation") computer company. The NeXT Computer was introduced in 1988 at a [lavish launch event](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT_Introduction "NeXT Introduction"). Using the NeXT Computer, [Tim Berners-Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee "Tim Berners-Lee") created the world's first [web browser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser "Web browser"), the [WorldWideWeb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldWideWeb "WorldWideWeb"). The NeXT Computer's operating system, named [NeXTSTEP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTSTEP "NeXTSTEP"), begat [Darwin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_\(operating_system\) "Darwin (operating system)"), which is now the foundation of most of Apple's [operating systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system "Operating system") such as Macintosh's [macOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS "MacOS") and iPhone's [iOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS "IOS").[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-271)[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-272)
### iMac
Main article: [iMac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac "IMac")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IMac_Bondi_Blue.jpg)
The original [iMac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac_G3 "IMac G3") was introduced in 1998 as the first consumer-facing Apple product to have debuted after Jobs's return.
Apple's [iMac G3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac_G3 "IMac G3") was introduced in 1998 and its innovative design is directly the result of Jobs's return to Apple. Apple boasted "the back of our computer looks better than the front of anyone else's".[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-273) Described as "cartoonlike", the first iMac, clad in Bondi Blue plastic, was unlike any personal computer that came before. In 1999, Apple introduced the Graphite gray Apple iMac and since has varied the shape, color and size considerably while maintaining the [all-in-one](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-in-one_PC "All-in-one PC") design. Design ideas were intended to create a connection with the user such as the handle and a "breathing" light effect when the computer went to sleep.[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-274) The Apple iMac sold for \$1,299 at that time. The iMac's forward-thinking changes include eschewing the [floppy disk drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk_drive "Floppy disk drive") and moving exclusively to [USB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB "USB") for connecting peripherals. Through the iMac's success, USB was popularized among third-party peripheral makersâas evidenced by the fact that many early USB peripherals were made of translucent plastic to match the iMac design.[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-275)
### iTunes
Main article: [iTunes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes "ITunes")
iTunes is a [media player](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_player_software "Media player software"), media library, online radio broadcaster, and mobile device management application developed by Apple. It is used to play, download, and organize digital [audio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction "Sound recording and reproduction") and video on personal computers running the [macOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS "MacOS") and [Microsoft Windows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows "Microsoft Windows") operating systems. The [iTunes Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store "ITunes Store") is also available on the [iPod Touch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touch "IPod Touch"), iPhone, and iPad.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-History-276)
Through the iTunes Store, users can purchase and download music, music videos, television shows, [audiobooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiobook "Audiobook"), [podcasts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast "Podcast"), movies, and movie rentals in some countries, and [ringtones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringtone "Ringtone"), available on the iPhone and iPod Touch (fourth generation onward). [Application software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software "Application software") for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch can be downloaded from the [App Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App_Store_\(iOS\) "App Store (iOS)").[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-History-276)
### iPod
Main article: [iPod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod "IPod")
The [first generation of iPod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Classic#1st_generation "IPod Classic") was released October 23, 2001. The major innovation of the iPod was its small size achieved by using a 1.8" hard drive compared to the 2.5" drives common to players at that time. The capacity of the first-generation iPod ranged from 5 GB to 10 GB.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-277) The iPod sold for US\$399 and more than 100,000 iPods were sold before the end of 2001. The introduction of the iPod resulted in Apple becoming a major player in the music industry.[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Block-278) Also, the iPod's success prepared the way for the iTunes music store and the iPhone.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-279) After the first few generations of iPod, Apple released the touchscreen [iPod Touch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touch "IPod Touch"), the reduced-size [iPod Mini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Mini "IPod Mini") and [iPod Nano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Nano "IPod Nano"), and the screenless [iPod Shuffle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Shuffle "IPod Shuffle") in the following years.[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Block-278)
### iPhone
Main article: [iPhone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone "IPhone")
Apple began work on the [first iPhone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_\(1st_generation\) "IPhone (1st generation)") in 2005 and the first iPhone was released on June 29, 2007. The iPhone created such a sensation that a survey indicated six out of ten Americans were aware of its release. *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")* declared it "Invention of the Year" for 2007 and included it in the All-TIME 100 Gadgets list in 2010, in the category of Communication.[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-280) The completed iPhone had multimedia capabilities and functioned as a quad-band touch screen smartphone. A year later, the [iPhone 3G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_3G "IPhone 3G") was released in July 2008 with three key features: support for GPS, 3G data and tri-band UMTS/HSDPA. In June 2009, the [iPhone 3GS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_3GS "IPhone 3GS"), whose improvements included voice control, a better camera, and a faster processor, was introduced by Phil Schiller.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-281) The iPhone 4 was thinner than previous models, had a five megapixel camera capable of recording video in 720p HD, and added a secondary front-facing camera for video calls.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-282) A major feature of the [iPhone 4s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_4s "IPhone 4s"), introduced in October 2011, was [Siri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri "Siri"), a virtual assistant capable of voice recognition.[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-283)
### iPad
Main article: [iPad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad "IPad")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_with_the_Apple_iPad_no_logo.jpg)
Jobs introduced the [iPad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad "IPad") in 2010.
The iPad is an iOS-based line of [tablet computers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer "Tablet computer") designed and marketed by Apple. The [first iPad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_iPad "First iPad") was released on April 3, 2010. The [user interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface "User interface") is built around the device's [multi-touch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-touch "Multi-touch") screen, including a [virtual keyboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_keyboard "Virtual keyboard"). The iPad includes built-in [Wi-Fi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi "Wi-Fi") and cellular connectivity on select models. As of April 2015[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Jobs&action=edit), more than 250 million iPads have been sold.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-284)
## Personal life
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SteveJobs_house_in_PaloAlto_with_fruit_trees.jpg)
Jobs's house in Palo Alto
### Habits and public image
Jobs was known to frequently appear [barefoot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barefoot "Barefoot") in public, a habit that stemmed from his countercultural background, and was depicted in the movies *[Pirates of Silicon Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_Silicon_Valley "Pirates of Silicon Valley")*[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-285) and *[Jobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobs_\(film\) "Jobs (film)")*.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-286) It also had an impact on American corporate culture,[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-287) and was adopted by some other entrepreneurs, most notably [Adam Neumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Neumann "Adam Neumann").[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-288)
### Marriage
In 1989, Jobs first met his future wife, [Laurene Powell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurene_Powell "Laurene Powell"), when he gave a lecture at the [Stanford Graduate School of Business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Graduate_School_of_Business "Stanford Graduate School of Business"), where she was a student. Soon after the event, he stated that Laurene "was right there in the front row in the lecture hall, and I couldn't take my eyes off of her ... kept losing my train of thought, and started feeling a little giddy".[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-289) After the lecture, he met her in the parking lot and invited her out to dinner. From that point forward, they were together, with a few minor exceptions, for the rest of his life.[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-290)
Jobs proposed on New Year's Day 1990; they married on March 18, 1991, in a Buddhist ceremony at the [Ahwahnee Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahwahnee_Hotel "Ahwahnee Hotel") in [Yosemite National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park "Yosemite National Park").[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-CNN_Money-291) Fifty people, including Jobs's father, Paul, and his sister Mona, attended. The ceremony was conducted by Jobs's [guru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru "Guru"), [Kobun Chino Otogawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobun_Chino_Otogawa "Kobun Chino Otogawa").[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-CNN_Money-291) The vegan wedding cake was in the shape of Yosemite's [Half Dome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Dome "Half Dome"), and the wedding ended with a hike and Laurene's brothers' snowball fight. Jobs reportedly said to Mona: "You see, Mona \[...\], Laurene is descended from [Joe Namath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Namath "Joe Namath"), and we're descended from [John Muir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muir "John Muir")".[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011274-292)
Jobs's and Powell's first child, a son named [Reed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Jobs "Reed Jobs"), was born in 1991.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer200481-293) Jobs's father, Paul, died a year and a half later, on March 5, 1993. Jobs's childhood home remains a tourist attraction and is currently owned by his stepmother (Paul's second wife), Marilyn Jobs.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-294) Jobs and Powell had two more children, daughters Erin (b. 1995) and [Eve Jobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Jobs "Eve Jobs") (b. 1998), who is a fashion model.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer200481-293) The family lived in [Palo Alto, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California "Palo Alto, California").[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-295) Although a billionaire, Jobs made it known that, like Gates, he had stipulated that most of his monetary fortune would not be left to his children.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-296)[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-297)
### Family
[Chrisann Brennan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrisann_Brennan "Chrisann Brennan") notes that after Jobs was forced out of Apple, "he apologized many times over for his behavior" towards her and Lisa. She said Jobs "said that he never took responsibility when he should have, and that he was sorry".[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2013220-298) By this time, Jobs had developed a strong relationship with Lisa and when she was nine, Jobs had her name on her birth certificate changed from "Lisa Brennan" to "Lisa Brennan-Jobs".[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2013-10) Jobs and Brennan developed a working relationship to [co-parent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-parent "Co-parent") Lisa, a change which Brennan credits to the influence of his newly found biological sister, [Mona Simpson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Simpson "Mona Simpson"), who worked to repair the relationship between Lisa and Jobs.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2013-10) Jobs had found Mona after first finding his birth mother, Joanne Schieble Simpson, shortly after he left Apple.[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011253%E2%80%93255-299)
Jobs did not contact his birth family during his adoptive mother Clara's lifetime, however. He later told his official biographer [Walter Isaacson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Isaacson "Walter Isaacson"): "I never wanted \[Paul and Clara\] to feel like I didn't consider them my parents, because they were totally my parents \[...\] I loved them so much that I never wanted them to know of my search, and I even had reporters keep it quiet when any of them found out".[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011253%E2%80%93255-299) However, in 1986, when Jobs was 31, Clara was diagnosed with lung cancer. He began to spend a great deal of time with her and learned more details about her background and his adoption, information that motivated him to find his biological mother. Jobs found on his birth certificate the name of the San Francisco doctor to whom Schieble had turned when she was pregnant. Although the doctor did not help Jobs while he was alive, he left a letter for Jobs to be opened upon his death. As he died soon afterwards, Jobs was given the letter which stated that "his mother had been an unmarried graduate student from Wisconsin named Joanne Schieble".[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011253%E2%80%93255-299)
Jobs only contacted Schieble after Clara died in early 1986 and after he received permission from his father, Paul. In addition, out of respect for Paul, he asked the media not to report on his search.[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011253%E2%80%93255-299) Jobs stated that he was motivated to find his birth mother out of both curiosity and a need "to see if she was okay and to thank her, because I'm glad I didn't end up as an abortion. She was twenty-three and she went through a lot to have me."[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011254-300) Schieble was emotional during their first meeting (though she was not familiar with the history of Apple or Jobs's role in it) and told him that she had been pressured into signing the adoption papers. She said that she regretted giving him up and repeatedly apologized to him for it. Jobs and Schieble developed a friendly relationship throughout the rest of his life and spent Christmas together.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011258-301)
During this first visit, Schieble told Jobs that he had a sister, Mona, who was not aware that she had a brother.[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011254-300) Schieble then arranged for them to meet in New York where Mona worked. Her first impression of Jobs was that "he was totally straightforward and lovely, just a normal and sweet guy".[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011255-302) Simpson and Jobs then went for a long walk to get to know each other.[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011255-302) Jobs later told his biographer that "Mona was not completely thrilled at first to have me in her life and have her mother so emotionally affectionate toward me ... As we got to know each other, we became really good friends, and she is my family. I don't know what I'd do without her. I can't imagine a better sister. My adopted sister, Patty, and I were never close."[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011255-302)
> I grew up as an only child, with a single mother. Because we were poor and because I knew my father had emigrated from Syria, I imagined he looked like [Omar Sharif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Sharif "Omar Sharif"). I hoped he would be rich and kind and would come into our lives (and our not-yet-furnished apartment) and help us. Later, after I'd met my father, I tried to believe he'd changed his number and left no forwarding address because he was an idealistic revolutionary, plotting a new world for the Arab people. Even as a feminist, my whole life I'd been waiting for a man to love, who could love me. For decades, I'd thought that man would be my father. When I was 25, I met that man, and he was my brother.
â [Mona Simpson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Simpson "Mona Simpson")[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-eulogy-222)
Jobs then learned his family history. Six months after he was given up for adoption, Schieble's father died, she wed Jandali, and they had a daughter, Mona.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-sg-303)[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011253-304) Jandali states that after finishing his PhD he returned to Syria to work, and then Schieble left him.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-sg-303) They divorced in 1962[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201116-12) and he said then he lost contact with Mona for a time:
> I also bear the responsibility for being away from my daughter when she was four years old, as her mother divorced me when I went to Syria, but we got back in touch after 10 years. We lost touch again when her mother moved and I didn't know where she was, but since 10 years ago we've been in constant contact, and I see her three times a year. I organized a trip for her last year to visit Syria and Lebanon and she went with a relative from Florida.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-sg-303)
A few years later, Schieble married an ice-skating teacher, George Simpson. Mona Jandali took her stepfather's last name, as Mona Simpson. In 1970, after divorcing her second husband, Schieble took Mona to Los Angeles and raised her alone.[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011253-304)
When Simpson found that their father, Abdulfattah Jandali, was living in [Sacramento, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California "Sacramento, California"), Jobs had no interest in meeting him as he believed Jandali did not treat his children well[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011256-305) and according to the *[San Francisco Chronicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle "San Francisco Chronicle")*, this was because of finding a *Seattle Times* article about Jandali's abandonment of his students on a trip to Egypt in 1974.[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-306) Simpson went to Sacramento alone and met Jandali, who worked in a small restaurant. They spoke for several hours, and he told her that he had left teaching for the restaurant business. He said he and Schieble had given another child away for adoption but that "we'll never see that baby again. That baby's gone." He said he once managed a Mediterranean restaurant near [San Jose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California "San Jose, California") and that "all of the successful technology people used to come there. Even Steve Jobs ... oh yeah, he used to come in, and he was a sweet guy and a big tipper". At the request of Jobs, Simpson did not reveal to Jandali that his own story meant that he had actually already met his son.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011257-307)
After hearing about the visit, Jobs recalled that "it was amazing ... I had been to that restaurant a few times, and I remember meeting the owner. He was Syrian. Balding. We shook hands." However, Jobs still did not want to meet Jandali because "I was a wealthy man by then, and I didn't trust him not to try to blackmail me or go to the press about it ... I asked Mona not to tell him about me".[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011257-307) Jandali later discovered his relationship to Jobs through an online blog. He then contacted Simpson and asked, "what is this thing about Steve Jobs?". Simpson told him that it was true and later commented, "My father is thoughtful and a beautiful storyteller, but he is very, very passive ... He never contacted Steve". Because Simpson herself researched her Syrian roots and began to meet the family, she assumed that Jobs would eventually want to meet their father, but he never did. Jobs also never showed an interest in his Syrian heritage or the Middle East. Simpson fictionalized the search for their father in her 1992 novel *[The Lost Father](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Father "The Lost Father")*.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011258-301) [Malek Jandali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malek_Jandali "Malek Jandali") is their cousin.[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-308)
### Philanthropy
Jobs's views and actions on philanthropy and charity are a public mystery.[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-mystery-309) He maintained privacy even over what few of these actions were publicly known. He has been a key figure in public discussions about societal obligations of the wealthy and powerful. Through his career, the media investigated and criticized him and Apple as unusually and inexplicably mysterious or absent among powerful leaders and especially billionaires. His name is absent from the Million Dollar List of all large global philanthropy.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-record_thin-310) Some have speculated about his possible secret role in large anonymous donations.[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-mystery-309)
Mark Vermilion, former charitable leader for [Joan Baez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Baez "Joan Baez"), Apple, and Jobs, attributed Jobs's lifelong minimization of direct charity to his perfectionism and limited time. Jobs, Vermilion, and supporters said over the years that corporate products were Jobs's superior contributions to culture and society instead of direct charity.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-record_thin-310) In 1985, Jobs said, "You know, my main reaction to this money thing is that it's humorous, all the attention to it, because it's hardly the most insightful or valuable thing that's happened to me."[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-mystery-309)
Shortly after leaving Apple, he formed the charitable Steven P. Jobs Foundation, led by Mark Vermilion, hired away from Apple's community leadership. Jobs wanted a focus on nutrition and vegetarianism, but Vermilion wanted social entrepreneurship. That year, Jobs soon launched NeXT and closed the foundation with no results. Upon his 1997 return to Apple, Jobs optimized the failing company to the core, such as eliminating all philanthropic programs, never to be restored. In 2007, *Stanford Social Innovation Review* magazine listed Apple among "America's least philanthropic companies". A few months after another unflattering news report, Apple started a program to match employees' charitable gifts.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-record_thin-310) Jobs declined to sign [The Giving Pledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Giving_Pledge "The Giving Pledge"), launched in 2010 by [Warren Buffett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Buffett "Warren Buffett") and [Bill Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates "Bill Gates") for fellow billionaires.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-record_thin-310)[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-mystery-309) He donated \$50 million to Stanford hospital and contributed to efforts to cure AIDS. [Bono](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono "Bono") reported "tens of millions of dollars" given by Apple while Jobs was CEO, to AIDS and HIV relief programs in Africa, which inspired other companies to join.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-record_thin-310)
## Honors and awards
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_presents_the_1985_National_Technology_Awards_to_Steven_Jobs.jpg)
Jobs received the [National Medal of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology "National Medal of Technology") from President [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") in 1985, awarded jointly with [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_\(1\).JPG)
A statue of Jobs at Graphisoft Park in [Budapest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest "Budapest")[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-311)
- **1985**: awarded [National Medal of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology "National Medal of Technology") (with [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak")) by US president [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan"), the country's highest honor for technological achievements[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-312)
- **1987**: [Jefferson Award for Public Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Award_for_Public_Service "Jefferson Award for Public Service")[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-313)
- **1989**: *Entrepreneur of the Decade* by *[Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inc._\(magazine\) "Inc. (magazine)")*[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-314)
- **1991**: [Howard Vollum Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Vollum_Award "Howard Vollum Award") from [Reed College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_College "Reed College")[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-315)
- **2004â2010**: listed among the [*Time* 100 Most Influential People in the World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_100 "Time 100") on five separate occasions[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-316)
- **2007**: named the most powerful person in business by *[Fortune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_\(magazine\) "Fortune (magazine)")* magazine[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-317)
- **2007**: inducted into the [California Hall of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Hall_of_Fame "California Hall of Fame"), located at [The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_California_Museum_for_History,_Women_and_the_Arts "The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts")[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-318)
- **2012**: [Grammy Trustees Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Trustees_Award "Grammy Trustees Award"), an award for those who have influenced the music industry in areas unrelated to performance[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-319)
- **2012**: posthumously honored with an [Edison Achievement Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Achievement_Award "Edison Achievement Award") for his commitment to innovation throughout his career[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-320)
- **2013**: posthumously inducted as a [Disney Legend](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Legend "Disney Legend")[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-321)
- **2017**: [Steve Jobs Theater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs_Theater "Steve Jobs Theater") opens at [Apple Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Park "Apple Park")[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-322)
- **2022**: posthumously awarded the [Presidential Medal of Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom "Presidential Medal of Freedom") by US president [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden"), the country's highest civilian honor[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-323)
## In popular culture
Main article: [List of depictions of Steve Jobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_depictions_of_Steve_Jobs "List of depictions of Steve Jobs")
## See also
- [San Francisco Bay Area portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area "Portal:San Francisco Bay Area")
- [Seva Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seva_Foundation "Seva Foundation") â American non-profit international health organization
- [Timeline of Steve Jobs media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Steve_Jobs_media "Timeline of Steve Jobs media")
- [List of barefooters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_barefooters "List of barefooters")
## References
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-1)**
["The Walt Disney Company and Affiliated CompaniesâBoard of Directors"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091014095744/http://corporate.disney.go.com/corporate/board_of_directors.html). October 14, 2009. Archived from [the original](http://corporate.disney.go.com/corporate/board_of_directors.html) on October 14, 2009. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-2)**
["Steve Jobs"](https://www.invent.org/inductees/steve-jobs). *Invent.org*.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-3)**
Paik, Karen (November 3, 2015). [*To Infinity and Beyond!: The Story of Pixar Animation Studios*](https://books.google.com/books?id=-UHNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52). Chronicle Books. p. 52. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4521-4765-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-4765-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-4765-9")
.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-4)**
Liedtke, Michael (October 5, 2002). ["Steve Jobs resigns from Gap's board"](http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2002-10-05/article/15120). *The Berkeley Daily Planet*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121114034440/http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2002-10-05/article/15120) from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-5)**
["Steve Jobs Still Wins Plenty of Patents â MIT Technology Review"](https://www.technologyreview.com/2014/11/27/170289/steve-jobs-lives-on-at-the-patent-office/). *MIT Technology Review*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220120034224/https://www.technologyreview.com/2014/11/27/170289/steve-jobs-lives-on-at-the-patent-office/) from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-6)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), p. 4: "Paul and Clara named their new baby Steven Paul Jobs."
7. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson20111%E2%80%934_7-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson20111%E2%80%934_7-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson20111%E2%80%934_7-2) [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), pp. 1â4.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan201315_8-0)** [Brennan 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFBrennan2013), p. 15.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8U2oAAAAQBAJdqstevejobs22lutheran22pgPA14_14]_9-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), p. [14](https://books.google.com/books?id=8U2oAAAAQBAJ&dq=steve+jobs+%22lutheran%22&pg=PA14).
10. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2013_10-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2013_10-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2013_10-2) [Brennan 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFBrennan2013).
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-11)**
Shankland, Stephen (October 23, 2011). ["'Steve Jobs' biography: A wealth of detail"](https://www.cnet.com/news/steve-jobs-biography-a-wealth-of-detail/). *CNET*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190819014546/https://www.cnet.com/news/steve-jobs-biography-a-wealth-of-detail/) from the original on August 19, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
12. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201116_12-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201116_12-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201116_12-2) [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), p. 16.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-13)**
Brashares, Ann (2001). *Steve Jobs: Thinks Different*. Lerner Publishing. p. 8. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0761-31393-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761-31393-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0761-31393-9")
. "worked as a machinist"
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-14)**
Malone, Michael S. (1999). [*Infinite Loop: How the World's Most Insanely Great Computer Company Went Insane*](https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/m/malone-loop.html). Currency/Doubleday. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-385-48684-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-48684-7 "Special:BookSources/0-385-48684-7")
. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200807182330/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/m/malone-loop.html) from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020. "struggling as a machinist and then a used-car salesman .. finance company .. earned his realtor's license. \[but\] downward spiral"
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson20115_15-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), p. 5.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-16)**
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74. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-74)**
["How Did Apple Computer Get Its Brand Name?"](https://www.brandingstrategyinsider.com/2011/11/how-did-apple-computer-get-its-brand-name.html#.WgCTJhNSyt8). Branding Strategy Insider. November 17, 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170704125732/https://www.brandingstrategyinsider.com/2011/11/how-did-apple-computer-get-its-brand-name.html#.WgCTJhNSyt8) from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
75. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinzmayer5%E2%80%937_75-0)** [Linzmayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFLinzmayer), pp. 5â7.
76. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlender201639%E2%80%9340_76-0)** [Schlender 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFSchlender2016), pp. 39â40.
77. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201166%E2%80%9368_77-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), pp. 66â68.
78. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinzmayer7%E2%80%939_78-0)** [Linzmayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFLinzmayer), pp. 7â9.
79. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-AppleStoryPart1_79-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-AppleStoryPart1_79-1)
Williams, Gregg; Moore, Rob (December 1984). ["The Apple Story / Part 1: Early History"](https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-12/1984_12_BYTE_09-13_Communications#page/n461/mode/2up). *BYTE* (interview). p. A67. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
80. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-80)**
Markoff, John (September 1, 1997). ["An 'Unknown' Co-Founder Leaves After 20 Years of Glory and Turmoil"](https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/01/business/an-unknown-co-founder-leaves-after-20-years-of-glory-and-turmoil.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180102015839/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/01/business/an-unknown-co-founder-leaves-after-20-years-of-glory-and-turmoil.html) from the original on January 2, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
81. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-81)**
["Done Deals: Venture Capitalists Tell Their Story: Featured HBS Arthur Rock"](https://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/done-deals-venture-capitalists-tell-their-story-featured-hbs-arthur-rock). *HBS Working Knowledge*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190816000405/https://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/done-deals-venture-capitalists-tell-their-story-featured-hbs-arthur-rock) from the original on August 16, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
82. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201181%E2%80%9383_82-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), pp. 81â83.
83. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinzmayer200411_83-0)** [Linzmayer 2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFLinzmayer2004), p. 11.
84. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-84)**
Young, Jefferey S. (December 1988). *Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward*. Lynx Books. p. 8. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[155802378X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/155802378X "Special:BookSources/155802378X")
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85. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinzmayer200412_85-0)** [Linzmayer 2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFLinzmayer2004), p. 12.
86. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-wozorg_86-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-wozorg_86-1)
Wozniak, Steve. ["woz.org: Comment From e-mail: Why didn't the early Apple II's use Fans?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151226203330/http://archive.woz.org/letters/general/35.html). woz.org. Archived from [the original](http://archive.woz.org/letters/general/35.html) on December 26, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
87. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-87)**
Wozniak, Steve; [Smith, Gina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Smith_\(author\) "Gina Smith (author)") (2006). [*iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the Personal Computer, Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWoz:_Computer_Geek_to_Cult_Icon:_How_I_Invented_the_Personal_Computer,_Co-Founded_Apple,_and_Had_Fun_Doing_It "IWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the Personal Computer, Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It"). [W. W. Norton & Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company "W. W. Norton & Company"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-393-06143-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-06143-4 "Special:BookSources/0-393-06143-4")
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88. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-Ars_Technica_2005-12-15_88-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-Ars_Technica_2005-12-15_88-1)
Reimer, Jeremy (December 15, 2005). ["Total share: 30 years of personal computer market share figures"](https://arstechnica.com/features/2005/12/total-share/3/). *[Ars Technica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica "Ars Technica")*. [CondĂŠ Nast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast "CondĂŠ Nast"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120702222414/http://arstechnica.com/features/2005/12/total-share/3/) from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
89. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-kqed_89-0)** ["Interview: Apple Employee No. 12 Dan Kottke on Company's Earliest Days and the College Steve Jobs"](http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2011/11/25/interview-apple-employee-no-12-dan-kottke-on-companys-earliest-days-and-steve-jobs-in-college). [KQED](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQED_Inc. "KQED Inc."), November 25, 2011.
90. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-90)**
Edwards, Jim (December 26, 2013). ["These Pictures of Apple's First Employees Are Absolutely Wonderful"](http://www.businessinsider.com/pictures-of-apples-first-employees-2013-12). *Business Insider*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200731193835/http://www.businessinsider.com/pictures-of-apples-first-employees-2013-12) from the original on July 31, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
91. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-vicious_91-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-vicious_91-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-vicious_91-2)
Metz, Rachel (October 15, 2013). ["Steve Jobs' ex-girlfriend pens memoir on life with 'vicious' Apple founder"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/15/steve-jobs-chrisann-brennan-memoir-apple). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
92. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201188%E2%80%9389_92-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201188%E2%80%9389_92-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201188%E2%80%9389_92-2) [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), pp. 88â89.
93. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-93)**
Bullock, Diane (August 31, 2010). ["The Kids of Business Icons: Lisa Brennan-Jobs"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120904121526/http://www.minyanville.com/special-features/articles/lisa-brennan-jobs-business-icons-rich/8/31/2010/id/29768). *[Minyanville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyanville "Minyanville")*. Archived from [the original](http://www.minyanville.com/special-features/articles/lisa-brennan-jobs-business-icons-rich/8/31/2010/id/29768) on September 4, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
94. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201193_94-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), p. 93.
95. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-machineofthe_year1_95-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-machineofthe_year1_95-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-machineofthe_year1_95-2) Cocks, Jay. Reported by Michael Moritz. "[The Updated Book of Jobs](http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,953633,00.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150209201759/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,953633,00.html) February 9, 2015, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")" in "Machine of the Year: The Computer Moves in". *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")*, January 3, 1983:27.
96. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-96)** "Machine of the Year: The Computer Moves in". *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")*, January 3, 1983
97. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-97)**
Young, Jefferey S. (December 1988). *Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward*. Lynx Books. p. 7. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[155802378X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/155802378X "Special:BookSources/155802378X")
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98. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-98)**
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99. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011386%E2%80%93387_99-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), pp. 386â387.
100. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-100)**
Lee, Henry K. (February 15, 2011). ["Steve Jobs' historic Woodside mansion is torn down"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111225152428/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2011%2F02%2F14%2FBAUK1HN0JR.DTL). *The San Francisco Chronicle*. Archived from [the original](http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/02/14/BAUK1HN0JR.DTL) on December 25, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
101. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-TheVerge_101-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-TheVerge_101-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-TheVerge_101-2)
["Steve Wozniak on Newton, Tesla, and why the original Macintosh was a 'lousy' product"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160312014832/http://www.theverge.com/2013/6/27/4468314/steve-wozniak-on-how-the-newton-changed-his-life). June 27, 2013. Archived from [the original](https://www.theverge.com/2013/6/27/4468314/steve-wozniak-on-how-the-newton-changed-his-life) on March 12, 2016. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
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O'Grady, Jason D. (2009). *Apple Inc*. ABC-CLIO. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780313362446](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313362446 "Special:BookSources/9780313362446")
.
pp. 8â10
103. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011109%E2%80%93112_103-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), pp. 109â112.
104. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinzmayer2004110%E2%80%93113_104-0)** [Linzmayer 2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFLinzmayer2004), pp. 110â113.
105. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011167%E2%80%93170_105-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), pp. 167â170.
106. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-106)**
Schlender, Brent; Tetzeli, Rick (2016). *Becoming Steve Jobs: The Evolution of a Reckless Upstart into a Visionary Leader*. Crown Business; Reprint edition. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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pp.82â83
107. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-107)**
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Jobs and a team of engineers visit Xerox PARC, where they see a demo of mouse and graphical user interface
110. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011185%E2%80%93187_110-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011185%E2%80%93187_110-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011185%E2%80%93187_110-2) [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), pp. 185â187.
111. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlender201684%E2%80%9388_111-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlender201684%E2%80%9388_111-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlender201684%E2%80%9388_111-2) [Schlender 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFSchlender2016), pp. 84â88.
112. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinzmayer200498_112-0)** [Linzmayer 2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFLinzmayer2004), p. 98.
113. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-113)**
Robbeloth, DeWitt (OctoberâNovember 1985). ["Whither Apple?"](https://archive.org/stream/II_Computing_Vol_1_No_1_Oct_Nov_85_Premiere#page/n7/mode/2up). *II Computing*. p. 8. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
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Krishnamoorthy, Anand; Li, Susan (October 6, 2011). ["Jobs's Death Was Like Lennon, JFK Getting Shot, Wozniak Says"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-10-06/steve-jobs-s-death-struck-like-john-lennon-jfk-getting-shot-wozniak-says). *[Bloomberg Businessweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek "Bloomberg Businessweek")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191112175804/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-10-06/steve-jobs-s-death-struck-like-john-lennon-jfk-getting-shot-wozniak-says) from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
118. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-118)**
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119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-:0_119-0)**
Gallagher, William (September 12, 2019). ["Looking back at Steve Jobs's NeXT, Inc â the most successful failure ever"](https://appleinsider.com/articles/18/09/12/looking-back-at-steve-jobss-next-inc----the-most-successful-failure-ever). *AppleInsider*. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
120. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-Swaine_120-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-Swaine_120-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-Swaine_120-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-Swaine_120-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-Swaine_120-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-Swaine_120-5) Swaine, Michael and Paul Freiberger. *Fire in the Valley: The Birth and Death of the Personal Computer*, 3rd Edition, Dallas: Pragmatic Bookshelf, 2014
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122. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinzmayer2004208_122-0)** [Linzmayer 2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFLinzmayer2004), p. 208.
123. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-123)**
Schwartz, John (October 24, 1988). ["Steve Jobs Comes Back"](http://www.newsweek.com/steve-jobs-comes-back-207006). *Newsweek*. Palo Alto, California. p. Business. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141014213058/http://www.newsweek.com/steve-jobs-comes-back-207006) from the original on October 14, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
124. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-124)**
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125. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-125)**
Schlender, Brenton R. (October 13, 1988). ["Next Project: Apple Era Behind Him, Steve Jobs Tries Again, Using a New System"](http://tech-insider.org/unix/research/1988/1013.html). *The Wall Street Journal* (Western ed.). Palo Alto, California: [Dow Jones & Company Inc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_%26_Company "Dow Jones & Company"). p. Front Page Leader. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141020150953/http://tech-insider.org/unix/research/1988/1013.html) from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
126. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-126)**
Rose, F. (April 23, 2009).
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127. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-127)**
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*Computimes*. (May 31, 1990). [Interpersonal computing â the third revolution?](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YK5UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cZADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4008%2C4314860) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160429021747/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YK5UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cZADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4008,4314860) April 29, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). *New Straits Times*. (230), 20; Schlender, B. R., Alpert, M. (February 12, 1990).
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Stross, R. E. (1993). *Steve Jobs and the NeXT Big Thing*. Atheneum.
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-689-12135-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-689-12135-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-689-12135-7")
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130. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-OGrady_130-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-OGrady_130-1)
O'Grady, J. (2008). *Apple Inc.* Greenwood Press.
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-313-36244-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36244-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36244-6")
.\[*[pages needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\]
131. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinzmayer2004213_131-0)** [Linzmayer 2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFLinzmayer2004), p. 213.
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Langer, Andy (September 10, 2014). ["Is Steve Jobs the God of Music?"](http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a11177/steve-jobs-esquire-interview-0703/). *[Esquire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_\(magazine\) "Esquire (magazine)")*. [Hearst Communications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Communications "Hearst Communications"). Retrieved July 10, 2017.
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McClintock, Pamela (February 24, 2013). ["Oscars 2013: Brenda Chapman's 'Brave' Win a Vindication After Being Fired From the Project"](https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-2013-brave-win-a-423951). *The Hollywood Reporter*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210420000831/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-2013-brave-win-a-423951) from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
138. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-138)**
Wolff, Michael,
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["Jobs's 7.7% Disney Stake Transfers to Trust Led by Widow Laurene"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023716/http://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2011-11-23/steven-jobs-trust-reports-holding-7-7-stake-in-walt-disney-1-.html). *Bloomberg*. Archived from [the original](http://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2011-11-23/steven-jobs-trust-reports-holding-7-7-stake-in-walt-disney-1-.html) on April 10, 2014.
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159. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-latimes_turtleneck_159-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-latimes_turtleneck_159-1)
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163. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-163)**
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["United States Patent 8,032,843, Ording, et al., October 4, 2011, "User interface for providing consolidation and access""](http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=jobs.INNM.&s2=apple.ASNM.&OS=IN/jobs+AND+AN/apple&RS=IN/jobs+AND+AN/apple). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130812215357/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=jobs.INNM.&s2=apple.ASNM.&OS=IN/jobs+AND+AN/apple&RS=IN/jobs+AND+AN/apple) from the original on August 12, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
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Simon, Jeffrey S.; Young, William L. (April 14, 2006). [*iCon: Steve Jobs, the greatest second act in the history of business*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICon:_Steve_Jobs "ICon: Steve Jobs") (Newly updated ed.). Hoboken, NJ: [Wiley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons "John Wiley & Sons"). p. [70](https://archive.org/details/iconstevejobsgre00jeff/page/70). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0471787846](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471787846 "Special:BookSources/978-0471787846")
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Burlingham, Bo; Gendron, George (April 1, 1989). ["The Entrepreneur of the Decade"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120609071143/http://www.inc.com/magazine/19890401/5602.html). *[Inc. magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inc._magazine "Inc. magazine")*. Archived from [the original](http://www.inc.com/magazine/19890401/5602.html) on June 9, 2012. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
315. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-315)**
["Reed College Convocation"](https://itunes.apple.com/us/itunes-u/convocation-audio/id391853261?mt=10). *Apple iTunes*. Portland, Oregon: Reed College. August 27, 1991. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161211060339/https://itunes.apple.com/us/itunes-u/convocation-audio/id391853261?mt=10) from the original on December 11, 2016. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
316. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-316)**
Caldwell, Serenity (April 29, 2010). ["Steve Jobs makes Time 100 for fifth time"](https://www.macworld.com/article/205138/steve_jobs_makes_time_100_yet_again.html). *Macworld*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173223/https://www.macworld.com/article/205138/steve_jobs_makes_time_100_yet_again.html) from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
317. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-317)**
["25 most powerful people in business â \#1: Steve Jobs"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140410022342/http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0711/gallery.power_25.fortune/). *[Fortune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_\(magazine\) "Fortune (magazine)")*. Archived from [the original](https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0711/gallery.power_25.fortune) on April 10, 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
318. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-318)**
["Jobs inducted into California Hall of Fame"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080110182937/http://www.californiamuseum.org/Exhibits/Hall-of-Fame/inductees.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.californiamuseum.org/Exhibits/Hall-of-Fame/inductees.html) on January 10, 2008.
, [California Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Museum "California Museum"). Retrieved 2007.
319. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-319)**
Arico, Joe (December 22, 2011). ["Steve Jobs Wins Special Grammy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120714185818/http://www.mobiledia.com/news/121854.html). *Mobiledia.com*. Archived from [the original](http://www.mobiledia.com/news/121854.html) on July 14, 2012. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
320. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-320)**
["2012 Edison Awards Winners Announced"](http://www.edisonawards.com/PressRelease/2012_WinnersRelease.pdf) (PDF). p. 1. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211021153157/http://www.edisonawards.com/PressRelease/2012_WinnersRelease.pdf) (PDF) from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
321. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-321)**
Ford, Rebecca (July 10, 2013). ["Steve Jobs, Billy Crystal to Receive Disney Legends Awards"](https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/steve-jobs-billy-crystal-receive-583134). *The Hollywood Reporter*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203939/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/steve-jobs-billy-crystal-receive-583134) from the original on April 4, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
322. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-322)**
["Apple Park's Steve Jobs Theater opens to host 2017 keynote"](https://www.dezeen.com/2017/09/12/apple-park-steve-jobs-theater-keynote-foster-partners/). *Dezeen*. September 12, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180105011418/https://www.dezeen.com/2017/09/12/apple-park-steve-jobs-theater-keynote-foster-partners/) from the original on January 5, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
323. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-323)**
["Steve Jobs awarded posthumous Medal of Freedom by President Biden"](https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/steve-jobs-awarded-posthumous-medal-of-freedom-by-president-biden/ar-AAZ58mS). *[MSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN "MSN")*. p. 1. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220701172945/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/steve-jobs-awarded-posthumous-medal-of-freedom-by-president-biden/ar-AAZ58mS) from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
### Bibliography
- [Brennan, Chrisann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrisann_Brennan "Chrisann Brennan") (2013). [*The Bite in the Apple: A Memoir of My Life with Steve Jobs*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bite_in_the_Apple "The Bite in the Apple"). New York: [St. Martin's Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press "St. Martin's Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-250-03876-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-03876-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-250-03876-0")
.
- [Isaacson, Walter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Isaacson "Walter Isaacson") (2011). [*Steve Jobs*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs_\(book\) "Steve Jobs (book)") (1st ed.). New York: [Simon & Schuster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster "Simon & Schuster"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4516-4853-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4853-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4853-9")
.
- Linzmayer, Owen W. (2004). [*Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World's Most Colorful Company*](https://archive.org/details/appleconfidentia0000linz). [No Starch Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Starch_Press "No Starch Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-59327-010-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-010-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-010-0")
.
- Schlender, Brent; Tetzeli, Rick (2015). [*Becoming Steve Jobs: The Evolution of a Reckless Upstart into a Visionary Leader*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becoming_Steve_Jobs "Becoming Steve Jobs"). [Crown Business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Business "Crown Business"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7710-7914-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-7914-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-7914-6")
.
- Smith, Alexander (2020). *They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Volume 1: 1971â1982*. Boca Raton, FL: [CRC Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press "CRC Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-138-38992-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-38992-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-138-38992-2")
.
## External links
**Steve Jobs** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects "Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)[Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "c:Steve Jobs") from Commons
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg)[News](https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Steve_Jobs "n:Category:Steve Jobs") from Wikinews
- [Quotations](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs "q:Steve Jobs") from Wikiquote
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg)[Resources](https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Steve_jobs_the_end_of_an_era "v:Steve jobs the end of an era") from Wikiversity
- [Steve Jobs](https://apple.com/stevejobs) official memorial page at [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.")
- [Steve Jobs](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0423418/) at [IMDb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb_\(identifier\) "IMDb (identifier)")
- [Steve Jobs](https://www.forbes.com/profile/steve-jobs) profile at [Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")
- [Steven Paul Jobs](https://vault.fbi.gov/steve-jobs) *The Vault* at [FBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI "FBI") Records
- [Steve Jobs](https://www.folklore.org/ProjectView.py?characters=Steve%20Jobs) at [Andy Hertzfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Hertzfeld "Andy Hertzfeld")'s *The Original Macintosh* (folklore.org)
- [Steve Jobs](https://web.archive.org/web/20150527041838/http://www.woz.org/taxonomy/term/11) at [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak")'s woz.org
- 2011: "[Steve Jobs: From Garage to World's Most Valuable Company](https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/steve-jobs)." [Computer History Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_History_Museum "Computer History Museum")
- 2005: [Steve Jobs commencement speech at Stanford University](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UF8uR6Z6KLc) on [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_\(identifier\) "YouTube video (identifier)")
- 1995: [Steve Jobs](http://americanhistory.si.edu/comphist/sj1.html), Founder, NeXT Computer, excerpts from an Oral History Interview at [Smithsonian Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution "Smithsonian Institution"), April 20, 1995
- 1994: [Steve Jobs](https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/steve-jobs-in-1994-the-rolling-stone-interview-20110117) in 1994: The Rolling Stone Interview in *[Rolling Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")*
- 1990: [Steve Jobs](http://www.mlfilms.com/productions/m_and_i) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141216230720/http://www.mlfilms.com/productions/m_and_i) December 16, 2014, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") â memory and imagination "What a computer is to me is it's the most remarkable tool that we've ever come up with, and it's the equivalent of a bicycle for our minds"
- 1983: [The "Lost" Steve Jobs Speech from 1983; Foreshadowing Wireless Networking, the iPad, and the App Store](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9HmOz8H0qI) on [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_\(identifier\) "YouTube video (identifier)")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access "open access publication â free to read") [History of Steve Jobs (Full Documentary)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4pVFLUlx8g) on [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_\(identifier\) "YouTube video (identifier)")
| Business positions | | |
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by[Gil Amelio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Amelio "Gil Amelio") | **[CEO of Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apple_Computer_CEOs "List of Apple Computer CEOs")** 1997â2011 | Succeeded by[Tim Cook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Cook "Tim Cook") |
| Preceded by[Mike Markkula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Markkula "Mike Markkula") | **[Apple Chairman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.")** 1981â1985 | Succeeded by[Mike Markkula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Markkula "Mike Markkula") |
| Preceded by | **[Apple Chairman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.")** 2011 | Succeeded by[Arthur D. Levinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_D._Levinson "Arthur D. Levinson") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Steve_Jobs "Template:Steve Jobs") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Steve_Jobs "Template talk:Steve Jobs") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Steve_Jobs "Special:EditPage/Template:Steve Jobs")[Steve Jobs]() | | |
|---|---|---|
| Career | [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Steve_Jobs_media "Timeline of Steve Jobs media") [Apple Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") [history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Apple_Inc.#1975%E2%80%931985:_Jobs_and_Wozniak "History of Apple Inc.") [Macintosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh#History "Macintosh") [NeXT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT "NeXT") [Pixar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar "Pixar") [Return to Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Return_to_Apple) "[Thoughts on Flash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoughts_on_Flash "Thoughts on Flash")" | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_Headshot_2010-CROP.jpg) |
| Legacy | [Depictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_depictions_of_Steve_Jobs "List of depictions of Steve Jobs") [Honors and public recognition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Honors_and_awards) | |
| Books about | *[The Little Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Kingdom "The Little Kingdom")* (1984) *[The Second Coming of Steve Jobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Coming_of_Steve_Jobs "The Second Coming of Steve Jobs")* (2000) *[iCon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICon "ICon")* (2005) *[Steve Jobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs_\(book\) "Steve Jobs (book)")* (2011) *[The Bite in the Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bite_in_the_Apple "The Bite in the Apple")* (2013) *[Becoming Steve Jobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becoming_Steve_Jobs "Becoming Steve Jobs")* (2015) *[Designed by Apple in California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designed_by_Apple_in_California "Designed by Apple in California")* (2016) *[Small Fry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Fry_\(memoir\) "Small Fry (memoir)")* (2018) *[Make Something Wonderful](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_Something_Wonderful "Make Something Wonderful")* (2023) | |
| Films about | *[Triumph of the Nerds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Nerds "Triumph of the Nerds")* (1996) *[Pirates of Silicon Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_Silicon_Valley "Pirates of Silicon Valley")* (1999) *[Steve Jobs: The Lost Interview](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs:_The_Lost_Interview "Steve Jobs: The Lost Interview")* (2012) *[ISteve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISteve "ISteve")* (2013) *[Jobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobs_\(film\) "Jobs (film)")* (2013) *[Steve Jobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs_\(film\) "Steve Jobs (film)")* (2015) *[Steve Jobs: The Man in the Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs:_The_Man_in_the_Machine "Steve Jobs: The Man in the Machine")* (2015) | |
| Family | [Laurene Powell Jobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurene_Powell_Jobs "Laurene Powell Jobs") (wife) [Mona Simpson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Simpson "Mona Simpson") (sister) [Chrisann Brennan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrisann_Brennan "Chrisann Brennan") (mother of his first child) [Lisa Brennan-Jobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Brennan-Jobs "Lisa Brennan-Jobs") (daughter) [Eve Jobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Jobs "Eve Jobs") (daughter) [Reed Jobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Jobs "Reed Jobs") (son) | |
| Related | [Stevenote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenote "Stevenote") [Reality distortion field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_distortion_field "Reality distortion field") [Jackling House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackling_House "Jackling House") *[The (R)evolution of Steve Jobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_\(R\)evolution_of_Steve_Jobs "The (R)evolution of Steve Jobs")* [Seva Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seva_Foundation "Seva Foundation") *[The Son of a Migrant from Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Son_of_a_Migrant_from_Syria "The Son of a Migrant from Syria")* (2015 mural) [*Venus* yacht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_\(yacht\) "Venus (yacht)") [*1984* commercial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_\(advertisement\) "1984 (advertisement)") [Think different](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_different "Think different") [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Apple_Inc. "Template:Apple Inc.") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Apple_Inc. "Template talk:Apple Inc.") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apple_Inc. "Special:EditPage/Template:Apple Inc.")[Apple Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") | |
|---|---|
| [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Apple_Inc. "History of Apple Inc.") [Outline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Apple_Inc. "Outline of Apple Inc.") [Environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_practices_of_Apple "Environmental practices of Apple") [Marketing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_of_Apple_Inc. "Marketing of Apple Inc.") [Supply chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_supply_chain "Apple supply chain") [Trade unions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_and_unions "Apple and unions") | |
| [Products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apple_products "List of Apple products") | |
| | |
| [Hardware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._hardware "Category:Apple Inc. hardware") | |
| | |
| [Mac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_\(computer\) "Mac (computer)") | [iMac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac "IMac") *[Pro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac_Pro "IMac Pro")* [MacBook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacBook "MacBook") [Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacBook_Air "MacBook Air") [Neo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacBook_Neo "MacBook Neo") [Pro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacBook_Pro "MacBook Pro") [Mini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Mini "Mac Mini") [Studio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Studio "Mac Studio") *[Pro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Pro "Mac Pro")* [Mac models](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mac_models "List of Mac models") [by CPU type](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mac_models_grouped_by_CPU_type "List of Mac models grouped by CPU type") |
| [iPod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod "IPod") | *[Classic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Classic "IPod Classic")* *[Mini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Mini "IPod Mini")* *[Nano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Nano "IPod Nano")* *[Shuffle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Shuffle "IPod Shuffle")* *[Touch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touch "IPod Touch")* |
| [iPhone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone "IPhone") | [Hardware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_hardware "IPhone hardware") [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_iPhone "History of the iPhone") [iPhone models](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_iPhone_models "List of iPhone models") |
| [iPad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad "IPad") | [Mini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad_Mini "IPad Mini") [Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad_Air "IPad Air") [Pro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad_Pro "IPad Pro") [Accessories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_iPad_accessories "List of iPad accessories") [iPad models](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_iPad_models "List of iPad models") |
| Other | [Apple SIM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_SIM "Apple SIM") [AirPods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirPods "AirPods") [Pro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirPods_Pro "AirPods Pro") [Max](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirPods_Max "AirPods Max") [AirTag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirTag "AirTag") [Beats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_Electronics "Beats Electronics") [Pill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_Pill "Beats Pill") [HomePod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomePod "HomePod") [Mini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomePod_Mini "HomePod Mini") [Silicon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_silicon "Apple silicon") [TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV_\(device\) "Apple TV (device)") [Vision Pro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Vision_Pro "Apple Vision Pro") [Watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Watch "Apple Watch") [Force Touch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_Touch "Force Touch") |
| [Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_by_Apple "List of software by Apple") | |
| | |
| [Operating systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apple_operating_systems "List of Apple operating systems") | [iOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS "IOS") / [iPadOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPadOS "IPadOS") [iOS history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_version_history "IOS version history") [iPadOS history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPadOS_version_history "IPadOS version history") [Apps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_built-in_iOS_apps "List of built-in iOS apps") [macOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS "MacOS") [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_version_history "MacOS version history") [Server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_Server "MacOS Server") [Apps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps "List of built-in macOS apps") [tvOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TvOS "TvOS") [watchOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WatchOS "WatchOS") [visionOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VisionOS "VisionOS") [bridgeOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BridgeOS "BridgeOS") [Darwin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_\(operating_system\) "Darwin (operating system)") *[Classic Mac OS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS "Classic Mac OS")* |
| [CarPlay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CarPlay "CarPlay") [Classroom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classroom_\(Apple\) "Classroom (Apple)") [HomeKit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomeKit "HomeKit") [Core Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_Foundation "Core Foundation") [Developer Tools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools "Apple Developer Tools") [FileMaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileMaker "FileMaker") [Final Cut Pro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro "Final Cut Pro") [Compressor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressor_\(software\) "Compressor (software)") [Motion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_\(software\) "Motion (software)") [Logic Pro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_Pro "Logic Pro") [MainStage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MainStage_\(software\) "MainStage (software)") *[iLife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILife "ILife")* [GarageBand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GarageBand "GarageBand") [iMovie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMovie "IMovie") *[iPhoto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhoto "IPhoto")* [Intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Intelligence "Apple Intelligence") [iTunes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes "ITunes") [iWork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWork "IWork") [Keynote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynote_\(presentation_software\) "Keynote (presentation software)") [Numbers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers_\(spreadsheet\) "Numbers (spreadsheet)") [Pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pages_\(word_processor\) "Pages (word processor)") [Mail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Mail "Apple Mail") [Pixelmator Pro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelmator_Pro "Pixelmator Pro") [Photomator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomator "Photomator") [QuickTime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickTime "QuickTime") [Safari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_\(web_browser\) "Safari (web browser)") [SceneKit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SceneKit "SceneKit") [Shazam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shazam_\(music_app\) "Shazam (music app)") [Siri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri "Siri") [Swift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_\(programming_language\) "Swift (programming language)") [Xcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcode "Xcode") | |
| [Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._services "Category:Apple Inc. services") | |
| | |
| Financial | [Card](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Card "Apple Card") [Pay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Pay "Apple Pay") [Wallet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Wallet "Apple Wallet") |
| Media | [Arcade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Arcade "Apple Arcade") [Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Books "Apple Books") [Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music "Apple Music") [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music_1 "Apple Music 1") *[Beats Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_Music "Beats Music")* [Up Next](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music_Up_Next "Apple Music Up Next") *[Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music_Festival "Apple Music Festival")* *[iTunes Radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Radio "ITunes Radio")* [App](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_\(app\) "Music (app)") [News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_News "Apple News") *[Newsstand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsstand_\(software\) "Newsstand (software)")* [Podcasts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Podcasts "Apple Podcasts") [TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV_app "Apple TV app") [streaming service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV_\(streaming_service\) "Apple TV (streaming service)") [originals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apple_TV_original_programming "List of Apple TV original programming") [MLS on Apple TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS_on_Apple_TV "MLS on Apple TV") |
| Communication | [FaceTime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FaceTime "FaceTime") [Walkie-Talkie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkie-Talkie_\(Apple\) "Walkie-Talkie (Apple)") [iMessage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMessage "IMessage") *[iChat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IChat "IChat")* [App](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messages_\(Apple\) "Messages (Apple)") [Invites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Invites "Apple Invites") [Game Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Center "Game Center") |
| Retail | [App Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App_Store_\(Apple\) "App Store (Apple)") [macOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_App_Store "Mac App Store") [iTunes Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store "ITunes Store") [Connect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Connect "ITunes Connect") [Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Store "Apple Store") [Fifth Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Fifth_Avenue "Apple Fifth Avenue") [Michigan Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Michigan_Avenue "Apple Michigan Avenue") [Pioneer Place](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Pioneer_Place "Apple Pioneer Place") [Tower Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Theatre_\(Los_Angeles\) "Tower Theatre (Los Angeles)") |
| Support | [AppleCare+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleCare%2B "AppleCare+") [AASP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Authorized_Service_Provider "Apple Authorized Service Provider") [Certifications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_certification_programs "Apple certification programs") [Genius Bar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_Bar "Genius Bar") *[ProCare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProCare "ProCare")* *[One to One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_to_One_\(Apple\) "One to One (Apple)")* |
| Other | [Apple Account](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Account "Apple Account") (formerly *Apple ID*) [Sign in with Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_in_with_Apple "Sign in with Apple") [One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_One "Apple One") [Developer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Developer "Apple Developer") *[iAd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAd "IAd")* [TestFlight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TestFlight "TestFlight") [WWDC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldwide_Developers_Conference "Worldwide Developers Conference") [iCloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICloud "ICloud") *[MobileMe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MobileMe "MobileMe")* [Find My](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find_My "Find My") [Fitness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_\(Apple\) "Fitness (Apple)") [Photos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photos_\(Apple\) "Photos (Apple)") [Maps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Maps "Apple Maps") |
| Companies | |
| | |
| [Subsidiaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._subsidiaries "Category:Apple Inc. subsidiaries") | [Anobit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anobit "Anobit") [Apple IMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_IMC "Apple IMC") [Apple Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Studios "Apple Studios") [Beats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_Electronics "Beats Electronics") [Beddit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beddit "Beddit") [Braeburn Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braeburn_Capital "Braeburn Capital") [Claris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claris "Claris") |
| [Acquisitions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple "List of mergers and acquisitions by Apple") | [Anobit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anobit "Anobit") [AuthenTec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AuthenTec "AuthenTec") [Beats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_Electronics "Beats Electronics") [Beddit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beddit "Beddit") [BIS Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIS_Records "BIS Records") [Cue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cue_\(search_engine\) "Cue (search engine)") [EditGrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EditGrid "EditGrid") [Emagic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emagic "Emagic") [FingerWorks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FingerWorks "FingerWorks") [Intrinsity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsity "Intrinsity") [InVisage Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InVisage_Technologies "InVisage Technologies") [The Keyboard Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Keyboard_Company "The Keyboard Company") [Lala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lala_\(website\) "Lala (website)") [Metaio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaio "Metaio") [NeXT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT "NeXT") [Nothing Real](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_Real "Nothing Real") [P.A. Semi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.A._Semi "P.A. Semi") [Power Computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Computing_Corporation "Power Computing Corporation") [PrimeSense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PrimeSense "PrimeSense") [Shazam Entertainment Limited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shazam_\(music_app\) "Shazam (music app)") [Siri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri "Siri") [Texture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_\(app\) "Texture (app)") [Topsy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsy_Labs "Topsy Labs") |
| [Partnerships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._partnerships "Category:Apple Inc. partnerships") | *[AIM alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM_alliance "AIM alliance")* *[Kaleida Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleida_Labs "Kaleida Labs")* *[Taligent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taligent "Taligent")* [Akamai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akamai_Technologies "Akamai Technologies") [Arm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_Holdings "Arm Holdings") [DiDi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DiDi "DiDi") *[Digital Ocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Ocean "Digital Ocean")* [Eldim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldim "Eldim") [iFund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFund "IFund") [Imagination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination_Technologies "Imagination Technologies") [Rockstar Consortium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockstar_Consortium "Rockstar Consortium") |
| [Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc._design_motifs "Apple Inc. design motifs") and [marketing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_of_Apple_Inc. "Marketing of Apple Inc.") | [Advertising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc._advertising "Apple Inc. advertising") "[1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_\(advertisement\) "1984 (advertisement)")" "[Think different](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_different "Think different")" "[Get a Mac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_a_Mac "Get a Mac")" [iPod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_advertising "IPod advertising") [Product Red](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_Red "Product Red") [Events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apple_Inc._media_events "List of Apple Inc. media events") [IDg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Industrial_Design_Group "Apple Industrial Design Group") [Typography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typography_of_Apple_Inc. "Typography of Apple Inc.") |
| Legal issues and labour relations | [\#AppleToo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleToo "AppleToo") [EU tax dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%27s_EU_tax_dispute "Apple's EU tax dispute") [Litigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litigation_involving_Apple_Inc. "Litigation involving Apple Inc.") [2024 US antitrust case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Apple_\(2024\) "United States v. Apple (2024)") [App Store antitrust case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc._v._Pepper "Apple Inc. v. Pepper") [Non-recruiting agreements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Tech_Employee_Antitrust_Litigation "High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation") [Price-fixing ebooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Apple_\(2012\) "United States v. Apple (2012)") [FBI encryption dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI%E2%80%93Apple_encryption_dispute "FBIâApple encryption dispute") [Epic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Games_v._Apple "Epic Games v. Apple") [Right to repair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_repair "Right to repair") [Unions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_and_unions "Apple and unions") |
| Related | [Car project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_car_project "Apple car project") [Criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Apple_Inc. "Criticism of Apple Inc.") [Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_community "Apple community") [AppleMasters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleMasters "AppleMasters") [Ecosystem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_ecosystem "Apple ecosystem") [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Apple_Inc. "History of Apple Inc.") [Codenames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apple_codenames "List of Apple codenames") [Apple FileWare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_FileWare "Apple FileWare") [iOS app approvals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_app_approvals "IOS app approvals") Offices [Infinite Loop campus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Infinite_Loop_campus "Apple Infinite Loop campus") [Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Park "Apple Park") [University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_University "Apple University") |
| [People](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._people "Category:Apple Inc. people") | |
| | |
| CEOs | [Michael Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scott_\(Apple\) "Michael Scott (Apple)") [Mike Markkula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Markkula "Mike Markkula") [John Sculley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sculley "John Sculley") [Michael Spindler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spindler "Michael Spindler") [Gil Amelio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Amelio "Gil Amelio") [Steve Jobs]() [Tim Cook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Cook "Tim Cook") |
| Board chairs | [Mike Markkula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Markkula "Mike Markkula") [Steve Jobs]() [John Sculley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sculley "John Sculley") [Arthur D. Levinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_D._Levinson "Arthur D. Levinson") |
| Other executives | |
| | |
| Current | [Katherine Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_L._Adams "Katherine L. Adams") [Eddy Cue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_Cue "Eddy Cue") [Craig Federighi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Federighi "Craig Federighi") [Isabel Ge Mahe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Ge_Mahe "Isabel Ge Mahe") [Greg Joswiak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Joswiak "Greg Joswiak") [Sabih Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabih_Khan "Sabih Khan") [Steve Lemay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Lemay "Stephen Lemay") [Jennifer Newstead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Newstead_\(politician\) "Jennifer Newstead (politician)") [Luca Maestri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Maestri "Luca Maestri") [Deirdre O'Brien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deirdre_O%27Brien "Deirdre O'Brien") [Kevan Parekh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevan_Parekh "Kevan Parekh") [Phil Schiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Schiller "Phil Schiller") [Johny Srouji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johny_Srouji "Johny Srouji") [John Ternus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ternus "John Ternus") |
| Former | [Alan Dye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Dye "Alan Dye") [Angela Ahrendts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Ahrendts "Angela Ahrendts") [Fred D. Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_D._Anderson "Fred D. Anderson") [John Browett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Browett "John Browett") [Guerrino De Luca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrino_De_Luca "Guerrino De Luca") [Paul Deneve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Deneve "Paul Deneve") [Al Eisenstat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Eisenstat "Al Eisenstat") [Tony Fadell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Fadell "Tony Fadell") [Scott Forstall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Forstall "Scott Forstall") [John Giannandrea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Giannandrea "John Giannandrea") [Ellen Hancock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Hancock "Ellen Hancock") [Nancy R. Heinen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_R._Heinen "Nancy R. Heinen") [Jony Ive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jony_Ive "Jony Ive") [Lisa Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_P._Jackson "Lisa P. Jackson") [Ron Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Johnson_\(businessman\) "Ron Johnson (businessman)") [David Nagel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nagel "David Nagel") [Peter Oppenheimer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Oppenheimer "Peter Oppenheimer") [Mark Papermaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Papermaster "Mark Papermaster") [Dan Riccio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Riccio "Dan Riccio") [Jon Rubinstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Rubinstein "Jon Rubinstein") [Bertrand Serlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Serlet "Bertrand Serlet") [Bruce Sewell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Sewell "Bruce Sewell") [Sina Tamaddon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina_Tamaddon "Sina Tamaddon") [Avie Tevanian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avie_Tevanian "Avie Tevanian") [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak") |
| Founders | [Steve Jobs]() [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak") [Ronald Wayne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Wayne "Ronald Wayne") |
| *Italics* indicate discontinued products, services, or defunct companies.  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc. "Category:Apple Inc.") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Apple_celeb "Template:Apple celeb") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Apple_celeb "Template talk:Apple celeb") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apple_celeb "Special:EditPage/Template:Apple celeb")Key figures in the [history of Apple Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Apple_Inc. "History of Apple Inc.") | |
|---|---|
| Founders | [Steve Jobs]() [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak") [Ronald Wayne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Wayne "Ronald Wayne") |
| CEOs | [Michael Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scott_\(Apple\) "Michael Scott (Apple)") (1977â1981) [Mike Markkula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Markkula "Mike Markkula") (1981â1983) [John Sculley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sculley "John Sculley") (1983â1993) [Michael Spindler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spindler "Michael Spindler") (1993â1996) [Gil Amelio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Amelio "Gil Amelio") (1996â1997) [Steve Jobs]() (1997â2011) [Tim Cook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Cook "Tim Cook") (2011âpresent) |
| Current employees | [Katherine L. Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_L._Adams "Katherine L. Adams") [Tim Cook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Cook "Tim Cook") [Eddy Cue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_Cue "Eddy Cue") [Chris Espinosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Espinosa "Chris Espinosa") [Craig Federighi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Federighi "Craig Federighi") [Dominic Giampaolo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Giampaolo "Dominic Giampaolo") [Greg Joswiak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Joswiak "Greg Joswiak") [Luca Maestri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Maestri "Luca Maestri") [Bob Mansfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Mansfield "Bob Mansfield") [Phil Schiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Schiller "Phil Schiller") [Johny Srouji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johny_Srouji "Johny Srouji") [John Ternus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ternus "John Ternus") [Bud Tribble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Tribble "Bud Tribble") [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak") |
| Former employees | [Gil Amelio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Amelio "Gil Amelio") [Angela Ahrendts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Ahrendts "Angela Ahrendts") [Fred D. Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_D._Anderson "Fred D. Anderson") [Bill Atkinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Atkinson "Bill Atkinson") [Susan Barnes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Barnes_\(computing\) "Susan Barnes (computing)") [Chrisann Brennan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrisann_Brennan "Chrisann Brennan") [Steve Capps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Capps "Steve Capps") [Satjiv S. Chahil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satjiv_S._Chahil "Satjiv S. Chahil") [George Crow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Crow "George Crow") [Tony Fadell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Fadell "Tony Fadell") [Bill Fernandez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Fernandez "Bill Fernandez") [Scott Forstall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Forstall "Scott Forstall") [Jean-Louis GassĂŠe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Gass%C3%A9e "Jean-Louis GassĂŠe") [Ellen Hancock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Hancock "Ellen Hancock") [Nancy R. Heinen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_R._Heinen "Nancy R. Heinen") [Andy Hertzfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Hertzfeld "Andy Hertzfeld") [Joanna Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Hoffman "Joanna Hoffman") [Rod Holt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Holt "Rod Holt") [Bruce Horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Horn "Bruce Horn") [Jony Ive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jony_Ive "Jony Ive") [Steve Jobs]() [Ron Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Johnson_\(businessman\) "Ron Johnson (businessman)") [Susan Kare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Kare "Susan Kare") [Guy Kawasaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Kawasaki "Guy Kawasaki") [Alan Kay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Kay "Alan Kay") [Daniel Kottke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kottke "Daniel Kottke") [Chris Lattner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Lattner "Chris Lattner") [Guerrino De Luca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrino_De_Luca "Guerrino De Luca") [Mike Markkula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Markkula "Mike Markkula") [David Nagel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nagel "David Nagel") [Ike Nassi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ike_Nassi "Ike Nassi") [Don Norman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Norman "Don Norman") [Peter Oppenheimer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Oppenheimer "Peter Oppenheimer") [Rich Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Page "Rich Page") [Mark Papermaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Papermaster "Mark Papermaster") [Jef Raskin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jef_Raskin "Jef Raskin") [Jon Rubinstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Rubinstein "Jon Rubinstein") [Michael Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scott_\(Apple\) "Michael Scott (Apple)") [John Sculley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sculley "John Sculley") [Bertrand Serlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Serlet "Bertrand Serlet") [Bruce Sewell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Sewell "Bruce Sewell") [Burrell Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrell_Smith "Burrell Smith") [Michael Spindler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spindler "Michael Spindler") [Sina Tamaddon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina_Tamaddon "Sina Tamaddon") [Larry Tesler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Tesler "Larry Tesler") [Avie Tevanian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avie_Tevanian "Avie Tevanian") [Ronald Wayne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Wayne "Ronald Wayne") [Del Yocam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Yocam "Del Yocam") [John Giannandrea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Giannandrea "John Giannandrea") [Lisa P. Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_P._Jackson "Lisa P. Jackson") [Dan Riccio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Riccio "Dan Riccio") [Jeff Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Williams_\(Apple\) "Jeff Williams (Apple)") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Original_Macintosh_developer_team "Template:Original Macintosh developer team") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Original_Macintosh_developer_team "Template talk:Original Macintosh developer team") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Original_Macintosh_developer_team "Special:EditPage/Template:Original Macintosh developer team")[Original Macintosh developer team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_\(computer\)#1979%E2%80%931996:_"Macintosh"_era "Mac (computer)") |
|---|
| [Bill Atkinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Atkinson "Bill Atkinson") [Steve Capps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Capps "Steve Capps") [George Crow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Crow "George Crow") [Chris Espinosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Espinosa "Chris Espinosa") [Andy Hertzfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Hertzfeld "Andy Hertzfeld") [Joanna Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Hoffman "Joanna Hoffman") [Bruce Horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Horn "Bruce Horn") [Steve Jobs]() [Susan Kare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Kare "Susan Kare") [Jef Raskin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jef_Raskin "Jef Raskin") [Burrell Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrell_Smith "Burrell Smith") [Bud Tribble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Tribble "Bud Tribble") [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak") [Randy Wigginton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Wigginton "Randy Wigginton") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:NeXT_Computer "Template:NeXT Computer") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:NeXT_Computer "Template talk:NeXT Computer") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NeXT_Computer "Special:EditPage/Template:NeXT Computer")[NeXT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT "NeXT") | | |
|---|---|---|
| Corporate directors | [Steve Jobs]() [Ross Perot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot "Ross Perot") [John Patrick Crecine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Patrick_Crecine "John Patrick Crecine") |  |
| Team members | [Susan Barnes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Barnes_\(computing\) "Susan Barnes (computing)") [George Crow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Crow "George Crow") [Joanna Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Hoffman "Joanna Hoffman") [Steve Jobs]() [Susan Kare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Kare "Susan Kare") [Rich Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Page "Rich Page") [Avie Tevanian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avie_Tevanian "Avie Tevanian") [Bud Tribble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Tribble "Bud Tribble") | |
| Hardware products | [NeXT Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT_Computer "NeXT Computer") [NeXTcube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTcube "NeXTcube") [NeXTcube Turbo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTcube_Turbo "NeXTcube Turbo") [NeXTstation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTstation "NeXTstation") [NeXTdimension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTdimension "NeXTdimension") [NeXT MegaPixel Display](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT_MegaPixel_Display "NeXT MegaPixel Display") [NeXT Laser Printer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT_Laser_Printer "NeXT Laser Printer") | |
| Software products | [NeXTSTEP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTSTEP "NeXTSTEP") [OpenStep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStep "OpenStep") [EOF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Objects_Framework "Enterprise Objects Framework") [WebObjects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebObjects "WebObjects") [Interface Builder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_Builder "Interface Builder") | |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:NeXT "Category:NeXT") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg "Commons page") [Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NeXT "commons:Category:NeXT") | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pixar "Template:Pixar") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pixar "Template talk:Pixar") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pixar "Special:EditPage/Template:Pixar")[Pixar Animation Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar "Pixar") | |
|---|---|
| A subsidiary of [Walt Disney Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_\(division\) "Walt Disney Studios (division)"), a division of [The Walt Disney Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company "The Walt Disney Company"). | |
| [Feature films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pixar_films "List of Pixar films") | |
| | |
| Upcoming | *[Toy Story 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story_5 "Toy Story 5")* (2026) |
| [Short films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pixar_shorts "List of Pixar shorts") | |
| | |
| Original | *[The Adventures of AndrĂŠ & Wally B.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Andr%C3%A9_%26_Wally_B. "The Adventures of AndrĂŠ & Wally B.")* (1984) *[Luxo Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxo_Jr. "Luxo Jr.")* (1986) *[Red's Dream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%27s_Dream "Red's Dream")* (1987) *[Tin Toy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Toy "Tin Toy")* (1988) *[Knick Knack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knick_Knack "Knick Knack")* (1989) *[Geri's Game](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geri%27s_Game "Geri's Game")* (1997) *[For the Birds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_Birds_\(film\) "For the Birds (film)")* (2000) *[Boundin'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundin%27 "Boundin'")* (2003) *[One Man Band](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Man_Band_\(film\) "One Man Band (film)")* (2005) *[Lifted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifted_\(2006_film\) "Lifted (2006 film)")* (2006) *[Presto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presto_\(film\) "Presto (film)")* (2008) *[Partly Cloudy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partly_Cloudy "Partly Cloudy")* (2009) *[Day & Night](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_%26_Night_\(2010_film\) "Day & Night (2010 film)")* (2010) *[La Luna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Luna_\(2011_film\) "La Luna (2011 film)")* (2011) *[The Blue Umbrella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Umbrella_\(2013_film\) "The Blue Umbrella (2013 film)")* (2013) *[Lava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_\(2014_film\) "Lava (2014 film)")* (2014) *[Sanjay's Super Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay%27s_Super_Team "Sanjay's Super Team")* (2015) *[Piper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_\(film\) "Piper (film)")* (2016) *[Lou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_\(2017_film\) "Lou (2017 film)")* (2017) *[Bao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bao_\(film\) "Bao (film)")* (2018) |
| *[SparkShorts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SparkShorts "SparkShorts")* | *[Purl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purl_\(film\) "Purl (film)")* (2019) *[Smash and Grab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_and_Grab_\(2019_film\) "Smash and Grab (2019 film)")* (2019) *[Kitbull](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitbull "Kitbull")* (2019) *[Float](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float_\(2019_film\) "Float (2019 film)")* (2019) *[Wind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_\(2019_film\) "Wind (2019 film)")* (2019) *[Loop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_\(2020_film\) "Loop (2020 film)")* (2020) *[Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_\(2020_film\) "Out (2020 film)")* (2020) *[Burrow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrow_\(film\) "Burrow (film)")* (2020) *[Twenty Something](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty_Something_\(2021_film\) "Twenty Something (2021 film)")* (2021) *[Nona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nona_\(2021_film\) "Nona (2021 film)")* (2021) *[Self](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_\(film\) "Self (film)")* (2024) |
| Feature-related | *[Mike's New Car](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%27s_New_Car "Mike's New Car")* (2002) *[Jack-Jack Attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack-Jack_Attack "Jack-Jack Attack")* (2005) *[Mr. Incredible and Pals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Incredible_and_Pals "Mr. Incredible and Pals")* (2005) *[Mater and the Ghostlight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mater_and_the_Ghostlight "Mater and the Ghostlight")* (2006) *[Your Friend the Rat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Friend_the_Rat "Your Friend the Rat")* (2007) *[BURN-E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BURN-E "BURN-E")* (2008) *[Dug's Special Mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dug%27s_Special_Mission "Dug's Special Mission")* (2009) *[George and A.J.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_and_A.J. "George and A.J.")* (2009) *[The Legend of Mor'du](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Mor%27du "The Legend of Mor'du")* (2012) *[Party Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Central "Party Central")* (2013) *[Riley's First Date?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley%27s_First_Date%3F "Riley's First Date?")* (2015) *[22 vs. Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_vs._Earth "22 vs. Earth")* (2021) *[Ciao Alberto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciao_Alberto "Ciao Alberto")* (2021) *[Carl's Date](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%27s_Date "Carl's Date")* (2023) |
| Series | *[Cars Toons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_Toons "Cars Toons")* (2008â14) *[Toy Story Toons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story_Toons "Toy Story Toons")* (2011â12) *[Forky Asks a Question](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forky_Asks_a_Question "Forky Asks a Question")* (2019â20) *[Dug Days](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dug_Days "Dug Days")* (2021â23) *[Cars on the Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_on_the_Road "Cars on the Road")* (2022) |
| Compilations | *[Tiny Toy Stories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_Toy_Stories "Tiny Toy Stories")* (1996) *Pixar Short Films Collection* [Volume 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar_Short_Films_Collection,_Volume_1 "Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 1") (2007) [Volume 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar_Short_Films_Collection,_Volume_2 "Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 2") (2012) [Volume 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar_Short_Films_Collection,_Volume_3 "Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 3") (2018) |
| Other works | *[Beach Chair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Chair_\(film_test\) "Beach Chair (film test)")* (1986) *[Flags and Waves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_and_Waves "Flags and Waves")* (1986) |
| Television specials | *[Toy Story of Terror\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story_of_Terror! "Toy Story of Terror!")* (2013) *[Toy Story That Time Forgot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story_That_Time_Forgot "Toy Story That Time Forgot")* (2014) |
| [Limited streaming series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pixar_television_series "List of Pixar television series") | *[Dream Productions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Productions "Dream Productions")* (2024) *[Win or Lose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win_or_Lose_\(miniseries\) "Win or Lose (miniseries)")* (2025) |
| Franchises | *[Toy Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story_\(franchise\) "Toy Story (franchise)")* (1995âpresent) *[Monsters, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsters,_Inc._\(franchise\) "Monsters, Inc. (franchise)")* (2001âpresent) *[Finding Nemo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_Nemo_\(franchise\) "Finding Nemo (franchise)")* (2003âpresent) *[The Incredibles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incredibles_\(franchise\) "The Incredibles (franchise)")* (2004âpresent) *[Cars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_\(franchise\) "Cars (franchise)")* (2006âpresent) *[Up](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_\(2009_film\) "Up (2009 film)")* (2009â2023) *[Inside Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Out_\(franchise\) "Inside Out (franchise)")* (2015âpresent) *[Coco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_\(franchise\) "Coco (franchise)")* (2017âpresent) |
| Associated productions | *[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Lightyear_of_Star_Command:_The_Adventure_Begins "Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins")* (2000) *[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Lightyear_of_Star_Command "Buzz Lightyear of Star Command")* (2000â01; television series) *[Exploring the Reef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploring_the_Reef_with_Jean-Michel_Cousteau "Exploring the Reef with Jean-Michel Cousteau")* (2003; short film) *[Planes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planes_\(film\) "Planes (film)")* (2013) *[The Dam Keeper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dam_Keeper "The Dam Keeper")* (2014; short film) *[Planes: Fire & Rescue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planes:_Fire_%26_Rescue "Planes: Fire & Rescue")* (2014) *[Borrowed Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrowed_Time_\(film\) "Borrowed Time (film)")* (2016; short film) *[Weekends](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekends_\(2017_film\) "Weekends (2017 film)")* (2017; short film) *[Monsters at Work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsters_at_Work "Monsters at Work")* (2021â2024; television series) *[Starling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starling_\(film\) "Starling (film)")* (2023; short film) |
| Characters | [Luxo Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxo_Jr._\(character\) "Luxo Jr. (character)") *[Toy Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Toy_Story_characters "List of Toy Story characters")* [Woody](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_\(Toy_Story\) "Woody (Toy Story)") [Buzz Lightyear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Lightyear "Buzz Lightyear") [Jessie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_\(Toy_Story\) "Jessie (Toy Story)") [Bo Peep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Peep_\(Toy_Story\) "Bo Peep (Toy Story)") *[Monsters, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Monsters,_Inc._characters "List of Monsters, Inc. characters")* [Mike Wazowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Wazowski "Mike Wazowski") [Dory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dory_\(Finding_Nemo\) "Dory (Finding Nemo)") *[The Incredibles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Incredibles_characters "List of The Incredibles characters")* [Bob Parr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Incredible "Mr. Incredible") [Helen Parr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastigirl "Elastigirl") [Dash Parr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash_Parr "Dash Parr") [Violet Parr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Parr "Violet Parr") [Edna Mode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna_Mode "Edna Mode") *[Cars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cars_characters "List of Cars characters")* [Lightning McQueen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_McQueen "Lightning McQueen") [Tow Mater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tow_Mater "Tow Mater") [Sally Carrera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Carrera "Sally Carrera") [WALL-E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WALL-E_\(character\) "WALL-E (character)") [Carl Fredricksen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Fredricksen "Carl Fredricksen") [Merida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merida_\(Brave\) "Merida (Brave)") *[Inside Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Inside_Out_characters "List of Inside Out characters")* [Joy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_\(Inside_Out\) "Joy (Inside Out)") [Anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_\(Inside_Out\) "Anxiety (Inside Out)") |
| Documentaries | *[The Pixar Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pixar_Story "The Pixar Story")* (2007) *[A Spark Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Spark_Story "A Spark Story")* (2021) |
| Disney attractions and experiences | *[It's Tough to Be a Bug\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Tough_to_Be_a_Bug! "It's Tough to Be a Bug!")* (1998) *[Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Lightyear%27s_Space_Ranger_Spin "Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin")* (1998) *[A Bug's Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bug%27s_Land "A Bug's Land")* (2002) *[Turtle Talk with Crush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_Talk_with_Crush "Turtle Talk with Crush")* (2004) *[The Seas with Nemo & Friends](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seas_with_Nemo_%26_Friends "The Seas with Nemo & Friends")* (2007) *[Cars Quatre Roues Rallye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_Quatre_Roues_Rallye "Cars Quatre Roues Rallye")* (2007) *[Crush's Coaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crush%27s_Coaster "Crush's Coaster")* (2007) *[Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_Nemo_Submarine_Voyage "Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage")* (2007) *[Toy Story Mania\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story_Mania! "Toy Story Mania!")* (2008) *[Monsters, Inc. Ride & Go Seek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsters,_Inc._Ride_%26_Go_Seek "Monsters, Inc. Ride & Go Seek")* (2009) *[Toy Story Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story_Land "Toy Story Land")* (2010) *[RC Racer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC_Racer "RC Racer")* (2010) *[Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slinky_Dog_Zigzag_Spin "Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin")* (2010) *[Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Soldiers_Parachute_Drop "Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop")* (2010) *[Alien Swirling Saucers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_Swirling_Saucers "Alien Swirling Saucers")* (2018) *[Slinky Dog Dash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slinky_Dog_Dash "Slinky Dog Dash")* (2018) *[Cars Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_Land "Cars Land")* (2012) *[Luigi's Flying Tires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi%27s_Flying_Tires "Luigi's Flying Tires")* (2012) *[Radiator Springs Racers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiator_Springs_Racers "Radiator Springs Racers")* (2012) *[Luigi's Rollickin' Roadsters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi%27s_Rollickin%27_Roadsters "Luigi's Rollickin' Roadsters")* (2016) *[Remy's Ratatouille Adventure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remy%27s_Ratatouille_Adventure "Remy's Ratatouille Adventure")* (2014) *[Nemo & Friends SeaRider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemo_%26_Friends_SeaRider "Nemo & Friends SeaRider")* (2017) *[Pixar Pier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar_Pier "Pixar Pier")* (2018) *[Games of Pixar Pier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_of_Pixar_Pier "Games of Pixar Pier")* (2018) *[Incredicoaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incredicoaster "Incredicoaster")* (2018) *[Pixar Pal-A-Round](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar_Pal-A-Round "Pixar Pal-A-Round")* (2018) *[Jessie's Critter Carousel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie%27s_Critter_Carousel "Jessie's Critter Carousel")* (2019) *[Lightning McQueen's Racing Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_McQueen%27s_Racing_Academy "Lightning McQueen's Racing Academy")* (2019) *[Cars: Road Trip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars:_Road_Trip "Cars: Road Trip")* (2021) *[Worlds of Pixar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worlds_of_Pixar "Worlds of Pixar")* (2021) |
| Products | [Pixar Image Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar_Image_Computer "Pixar Image Computer") |
| Software | [Pixar RenderMan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar_RenderMan "Pixar RenderMan") [Presto Animation System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presto_\(animation_software\) "Presto (animation software)") |
| [People](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pixar_staff "List of Pixar staff") | [John Lasseter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lasseter "John Lasseter") [Edwin Catmull](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Catmull "Edwin Catmull") [Steve Jobs]() [Alvy Ray Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvy_Ray_Smith "Alvy Ray Smith") [Jim Morris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Morris_\(film_producer\) "Jim Morris (film producer)") [Pete Docter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Docter "Pete Docter") |
| See also | [Awards and nominations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pixar_awards_and_nominations "List of Pixar awards and nominations") [feature films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pixar_awards_and_nominations_\(feature_films\) "List of Pixar awards and nominations (feature films)") [short films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pixar_awards_and_nominations_\(short_films\) "List of Pixar awards and nominations (short films)") [Film references](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pixar_film_references "List of Pixar film references") [A113](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A113 "A113") [Computer Graphics Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Institute_of_Technology_Computer_Graphics_Lab "New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Lab") [Industrial Light & Magic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic "Industrial Light & Magic") [Lucasfilm Animation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucasfilm_Animation "Lucasfilm Animation") [Circle Seven Animation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Seven_Animation "Circle Seven Animation") [Pixar Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar_Canada "Pixar Canada") [Pixar Photoscience Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar_Photoscience_Team "Pixar Photoscience Team") [Computer Animation Production System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Animation_Production_System "Computer Animation Production System") *[A Computer Animated Hand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Computer_Animated_Hand "A Computer Animated Hand")* *[The Works](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Works_\(film\) "The Works (film)")* *[The Shadow King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_King_\(film\) "The Shadow King (film)")* *[Rush: A DisneyâPixar Adventure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush:_A_Disney%E2%80%93Pixar_Adventure "Rush: A DisneyâPixar Adventure")* *[Disney Infinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Infinity "Disney Infinity")* *[Fortnite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortnite "Fortnite")* *[Kingdom Hearts III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_III "Kingdom Hearts III")* [Walt Disney Animation Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios "Walt Disney Animation Studios") [Disneytoon Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneytoon_Studios "Disneytoon Studios") [20th Century Animation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Animation "20th Century Animation") [Blue Sky Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Sky_Studios "Blue Sky Studios") |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pixar "Category:Pixar")  [Work group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Animation/Pixar_work_group "Wikipedia:WikiProject Animation/Pixar work group") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Disney_Legends_Awards_2010s "Template:Disney Legends Awards 2010s") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Disney_Legends_Awards_2010s "Template talk:Disney Legends Awards 2010s") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disney_Legends_Awards_2010s "Special:EditPage/Template:Disney Legends Awards 2010s")[Disney Legends Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Legends "Disney Legends") (2010s) | |
|---|---|
| 2011 | [Jodi Benson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodi_Benson "Jodi Benson") Barton "Bo" Boyd\* [Jim Henson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Henson "Jim Henson")\* [Linda Larkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Larkin "Linda Larkin") [Paige O'Hara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paige_O%27Hara "Paige O'Hara") [Regis Philbin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_Philbin "Regis Philbin") [Anika Noni Rose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anika_Noni_Rose "Anika Noni Rose") [Lea Salonga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Salonga "Lea Salonga") [Raymond Watson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Watson "Raymond Watson") [Guy Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Williams_\(actor\) "Guy Williams (actor)")\* [Bonita Granville Wrather](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonita_Granville "Bonita Granville")\* [Jack Wrather](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Wrather "Jack Wrather")\* |
| 2013 | [Tony Baxter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Baxter "Tony Baxter") Collin Campbell [Dick Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Clark "Dick Clark")\* [Billy Crystal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Crystal "Billy Crystal") [John Goodman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Goodman "John Goodman") [Steve Jobs]()\* [Glen Keane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Keane "Glen Keane") [Ed Wynn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Wynn "Ed Wynn")\* |
| 2015 | [George Bodenheimer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bodenheimer "George Bodenheimer") Julie Reihm Casaletto [Andreas Deja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Deja "Andreas Deja") [Johnny Depp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Depp "Johnny Depp") [Eyvind Earle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyvind_Earle "Eyvind Earle")\* [Danny Elfman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Elfman "Danny Elfman") [Susan Lucci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Lucci "Susan Lucci") [George Lucas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas "George Lucas") [Carson Van Osten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_Van_Osten "Carson Van Osten") |
| 2017 | [Clyde Geronimi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Geronimi "Clyde Geronimi")\* [Whoopi Goldberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg "Whoopi Goldberg") [Manuel Gonzales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Gonzales "Manuel Gonzales")\* [Carrie Fisher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Fisher "Carrie Fisher")\* [Mark Hamill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hamill "Mark Hamill") [Jack Kirby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kirby "Jack Kirby")\* Wayne Jackson [Stan Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lee "Stan Lee") [Garry Marshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Marshall "Garry Marshall")\* [Julie Taymor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Taymor "Julie Taymor") [Oprah Winfrey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey "Oprah Winfrey") |
| 2019 | [Christina Aguilera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Aguilera "Christina Aguilera") [Wing T. Chao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_T._Chao "Wing T. Chao") [Robert Downey Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Downey_Jr. "Robert Downey Jr.") [Jon Favreau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Favreau "Jon Favreau") [James Earl Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Earl_Jones "James Earl Jones") [Bette Midler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Midler "Bette Midler") [Kenny Ortega](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Ortega "Kenny Ortega") Barnette Ricci [Robin Roberts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Roberts_\(newscaster\) "Robin Roberts (newscaster)") [Diane Sawyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Sawyer "Diane Sawyer") [Ming-Na Wen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Na_Wen "Ming-Na Wen") [Hans Zimmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Zimmer "Hans Zimmer") |
| \* Awarded posthumously [Complete list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Legends "Disney Legends") [1980s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Disney_Legends_Awards_1980s "Template:Disney Legends Awards 1980s") [1990s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Disney_Legends_Awards_1990s "Template:Disney Legends Awards 1990s") [2000s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Disney_Legends_Awards_2000s "Template:Disney Legends Awards 2000s") [2010s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Disney_Legends_Awards_2010s "Template:Disney Legends Awards 2010s") [2020s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Disney_Legends_Awards_2020s "Template:Disney Legends Awards 2020s") | |
| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19837#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | |
|---|---|
| International | [ISNI](https://isni.org/isni/0000000078613326) [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/84237107) [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/118868284) [FAST](https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1774553) [WorldCat](https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcc8fqDQvQtdRFgbRw6Kd) |
| National | [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87883336) [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12154091r) [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12154091r) [Japan](https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620888) [Italy](https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V653584) [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20050718011&CON_LNG=ENG) [Spain](https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX5098457) [Portugal](http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1326358) [Netherlands](http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071962301) [Norway](https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/5081107) [Latvia](https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000168898&P_CON_LNG=ENG) [Croatia](http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000550006&local_base=nsk10) [Chile](http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000762235) [Greece](https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=261112) [Argentina](https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000025943) [Korea](https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200806627) [Sweden](https://libris.kb.se/pm14926743ggmjm) [Poland](https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810625612005606) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007463142405171) [Catalonia](https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058510027506706) |
| Academics | [CiNii](https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA17359034?l=en) |
| Artists | [ULAN](https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500333099) [MusicBrainz](https://musicbrainz.org/artist/85fe4494-c134-44dd-ba92-7e7cd6eff3e4) [Museum of Modern Art](https://www.moma.org/artists/7401) |
| People | [Trove](https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1480304) [Deutsche Biographie](https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118868284.html?language=en) [DDB](https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118868284) |
| Other | [IdRef](https://www.idref.fr/03004460X) [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL7015512A?mode=all) [SNAC](https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64t785j) [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/82eec33b-e7fd-4fe4-966b-38f6f4f74780) |
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Steve Jobs
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| Readable Markdown | | Steve Jobs | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_Headshot_2010-CROP_\(cropped_2\).jpg)Jobs introducing the [iPhone 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_4 "IPhone 4") in 2010 | |
| Born | February 24, 1955San Francisco, California, U.S. |
| Died | October 5, 2011 (aged 56) [Palo Alto, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California "Palo Alto, California"), U.S. |
| Resting place | [Alta Mesa Memorial Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Mesa_Memorial_Park "Alta Mesa Memorial Park") |
| Education | [Reed College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_College "Reed College") (dropped out) |
| Years active | 1971â2011 |
| Known for | Pioneer of the [personal computer revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer_revolution "Personal computer revolution") with [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak") Co-creator of the [Apple II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II "Apple II"), [Macintosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh "Macintosh"), [iPod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod "IPod"), [iPhone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone "IPhone"), [iPad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad "IPad"), and first [Apple Stores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Store "Apple Store") |
| Title | Co-founder, [chairman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman "Chairman"), and [CEO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO "CEO") of [Apple Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") Primary investor and chairman of [Pixar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar "Pixar") Founder, chairman, and CEO of [NeXT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT "NeXT") |
| Board member of | [The Walt Disney Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company "The Walt Disney Company")[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-1) Apple Inc. |
| Spouse | [Laurene Powell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurene_Powell "Laurene Powell") â (m. )â |
| Partner | [Chrisann Brennan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrisann_Brennan "Chrisann Brennan") (1972â1977) |
| Children | 4, including [Lisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Brennan-Jobs "Lisa Brennan-Jobs"), [Reed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Jobs "Reed Jobs"), and [Eve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Jobs "Eve Jobs") |
| Relatives | [Mona Simpson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Simpson "Mona Simpson") (sister) [Bassma Al Jandaly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassma_Al_Jandaly "Bassma Al Jandaly") (cousin) [Malek Jandali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malek_Jandali "Malek Jandali") (cousin) |
| Awards | [Presidential Medal of Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom "Presidential Medal of Freedom") ([posthumous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_award "Posthumous award"), 2022) |
| Signature | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_signature.svg) | |
**Steven Paul Jobs** (February 24, 1955 â October 5, 2011) was an American businessman, inventor,[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-2) and investor. A pioneer of the [personal computer revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer_revolution "Personal computer revolution") of the 1970s and 1980s, Jobs co-founded [Apple Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") with his early business partner [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak") as Apple Computer Company in 1976. After the company's board of directors fired him in 1985, he founded [NeXT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT "NeXT") the same year and purchased [Pixar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar "Pixar") in 1986, becoming its chairman and majority shareholder until 2007. Jobs returned to Apple in 1997 as CEO, where he was closely involved with the creation and promotion of many of the company's most influential products until his resignation in 2011.
Jobs was born in San Francisco in 1955 and adopted shortly afterward. He attended [Reed College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_College "Reed College") in 1972 before withdrawing that same year. In 1974, he traveled through India, [seeking enlightenment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippie_trail "Hippie trail") before later studying [Zen Buddhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West#Emerging_mainstream_western_Buddhism "Buddhism in the West"). He and Wozniak co-founded Apple in 1976 to further develop and sell Wozniak's [Apple I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I "Apple I") personal computer. Together, the duo gained fame and wealth a year later with the production and sale of the [Apple II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II "Apple II"), one of the first highly successful mass-produced [microcomputers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcomputer "Microcomputer").
Jobs saw the commercial potential of the [Xerox Alto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_Alto "Xerox Alto") in 1979, which was [mouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_mouse "Computer mouse")\-driven and had a [graphical user interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface "Graphical user interface") (GUI). This led to the development of the largely unsuccessful [Apple Lisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Lisa "Apple Lisa") in 1983, followed by the breakthrough [Macintosh 128K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_128K "Macintosh 128K") in 1984, the first mass-produced computer with a GUI. The Macintosh launched the [desktop publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_publishing "Desktop publishing") industry in 1985 (for example, the [Aldus PageMaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldus_PageMaker "Aldus PageMaker")) with the addition of the Apple [LaserWriter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaserWriter "LaserWriter"), the first [laser printer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_printer "Laser printer") to feature [vector graphics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics "Vector graphics") and [PostScript](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript "PostScript").
In 1985, Jobs departed Apple after a long power struggle with the company's board and its then-CEO, [John Sculley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sculley "John Sculley"). That same year, Jobs took some Apple employees with him to found NeXT, a [computer platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_platform "Computer platform") development company that specialized in computers for higher-education and business markets, serving as its CEO. In 1986, he bought the computer graphics division of [Lucasfilm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucasfilm "Lucasfilm"), which was spun off independently as [Pixar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar "Pixar").[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-3) Pixar produced the first [computer-animated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-animated "Computer-animated") feature film, *[Toy Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story "Toy Story")* (1995), and became a leading [animation studio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_studio "Animation studio"), producing [dozens of commercially successful and critically acclaimed films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pixar_films "List of Pixar films").
In 1997, Jobs returned to Apple as CEO after the company acquired NeXT. He was largely responsible for reviving Apple, which was on the verge of bankruptcy. He worked closely with British designer [Jony Ive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jony_Ive "Jony Ive") to develop a line of products and services that had larger cultural ramifications, beginning with the "[Think different](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_different "Think different")" advertising campaign, and leading to the [iMac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac "IMac"), [iTunes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes "ITunes"), [Mac OS X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X "Mac OS X"), [Apple Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Store "Apple Store"), [iPod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod "IPod"), [iTunes Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store "ITunes Store"), [iPhone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone "IPhone"), [App Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App_Store_\(iOS\) "App Store (iOS)"), and [iPad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad "IPad"). Jobs was also a member of the board of directors at [Gap Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_Inc. "Gap Inc.") from 1999 to 2002.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-4) In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with a [pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_neuroendocrine_tumor "Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor"). He died of tumor-related [respiratory arrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_arrest "Respiratory arrest") in 2011; in 2022, he was posthumously awarded the [Presidential Medal of Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom "Presidential Medal of Freedom"). Since his death, he has won 141 patents; Jobs holds over 450 patents in total.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-5)
Early life
Family
Steven Paul Jobs[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-6) was born in [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"), California, on February 24, 1955, to Joanne Carole Schieble and Abdulfattah "John" Jandali ([Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language "Arabic language"): ؚبد اŮŮŘŞŘ§Ř Ř§ŮŘŹŮŘŻŮŮ). Abdulfattah Jandali was born in a Muslim household to wealthy Syrian parents, the youngest of nine siblings. After obtaining his undergraduate degree at the [American University of Beirut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut "American University of Beirut"), Jandali pursued a PhD in [political science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science "Political science") at the [University of Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin "University of Wisconsin"). There, he met Joanne Schieble, an American Catholic of [Swiss-German descent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_people#Ethno-linguistic_composition "Swiss people") whose parents owned a [mink farm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mink_farm "Mink farm") and real estate in [Green Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin "Green Bay, Wisconsin"). The two fell in love but faced opposition from Schieble's father due to Jandali's Muslim faith. When Schieble became pregnant, she arranged for a [closed adoption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_adoption "Closed adoption"), and travelled to San Francisco to give birth.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson20111%E2%80%934-7)
Schieble requested that her son be adopted by college graduates. A lawyer and his wife were selected, but they withdrew after discovering that the baby was a boy, so Jobs was instead adopted by Paul Reinhold Jobs and his wife, Clara. Paul Jobs, an American of German descent, was the son of a dairy farmer from [Washington County, Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Wisconsin "Washington County, Wisconsin"). After dropping out of high school, Paul Jobs worked as a mechanic, then joined the [US Coast Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Coast_Guard "US Coast Guard"). After he was discharged in San Francisco, Paul married Clara Hagopian, of [Armenian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians "Armenians") descent, in February 1946, and they moved to Wisconsin, then to Indiana, where Paul worked as a [machinist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinist "Machinist") and later as a car salesman. Since Clara missed San Francisco, she convinced Paul to move back. There, Paul worked as a [repossession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repossession "Repossession") agent, and Clara became a [bookkeeper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookkeeper "Bookkeeper"). In 1955, after having an [ectopic pregnancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy "Ectopic pregnancy"), the couple looked to adopt a child.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson20111%E2%80%934-7) Since they lacked a college education, Schieble initially refused to sign the adoption papers, and went to court to request that her son be removed from the Jobs household and placed with a different family, but changed her mind after Paul and Clara promised to pay for their son's college tuition.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson20111%E2%80%934-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan201315-8)
Infancy
In his youth, Jobs's parents took him to a [Lutheran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran "Lutheran") church.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8U2oAAAAQBAJdqstevejobs22lutheran22pgPA14_14]-9) When Steve was in high school, Clara admitted to Steve's girlfriend, [Chrisann Brennan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrisann_Brennan "Chrisann Brennan"), that she "was too frightened to love \[Steve\] for the first six months of his life ... I was scared they were going to take him away from me. Even after we won the case, Steve was so difficult a child that by the time he was two I felt we had made a mistake. I wanted to return him." When Chrisann shared this comment with Steve, he stated that he was already aware,[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2013-10) and later said that he had been deeply loved and indulged by Paul and Clara. Jobs would "bristle" when Paul and Clara were referred to as his "adoptive parents", and he regarded them as his parents "1,000%". Jobs referred to his biological parents as "my sperm and egg bank. That's not harsh, it's just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more."[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-11)
Childhood
> I always thought of myself as a humanities person as a kid, but I liked electronics... then I read something that one of my heroes, [Edwin Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Land "Edwin Land") of [Polaroid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaroid_Corporation "Polaroid Corporation"), said about the importance of people who could stand at the intersection of humanities and sciences, and I decided that's what I wanted to do.
â Steve Jobs[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201116-12)
Paul Jobs worked in several jobs that included a try as a machinist,[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-13) several other jobs,[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-14) and then "back to work as a machinist". Paul and Clara adopted Jobs's sister Patricia in 1957,[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson20115-15) and by 1959 the family had moved to the [Monta Loma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monta_Loma,_Mountain_View "Monta Loma, Mountain View") neighborhood in [Mountain View, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California "Mountain View, California").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-16) Paul built a workbench in his garage for his son in order to "pass along his love of mechanics". Jobs, meanwhile, admired his father's craftsmanship "because he knew how to build anything. If we needed a cabinet, he would build it. When he built our fence, he gave me a hammer so I could work with him ... I wasn't that into fixing cars ... but I was eager to hang out with my dad."[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson20115%E2%80%936-17)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_Garage.jpg)
The childhood family home of Steve Jobs on Crist Drive in [Los Altos, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Altos,_California "Los Altos, California"), is the original site of [Apple Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Computer "Apple Computer"). The home was added to a list of historic Los Altos sites in 2013.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-hissite-18)
Jobs had difficulty functioning in a traditional classroom, tended to resist authority figures, frequently misbehaved, and was suspended a few times. He frequently played pranks on others at Monta Loma Elementary School in Mountain View. His father Paul (who was abused as a child) never reprimanded him, however, and instead blamed the school for not challenging his brilliant son.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201112%E2%80%9313-19) Jobs skipped the 5th grade and transferred to the 6th grade at Crittenden Middle School in [Mountain View](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California "Mountain View, California"), where he became a "socially awkward loner".[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201113-20) Jobs was often "bullied" at Crittenden Middle, and in the middle of 7th grade, he gave his parents an ultimatum: either they would take him out of Crittenden or he would drop out of school.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201113%E2%80%9314-21)
The Jobs family was not affluent, and only by expending all their savings were they able to buy a new home in 1967, allowing Steve to change schools. The new house (a three-bedroom home on Crist Drive in [Los Altos, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Altos,_California "Los Altos, California")) was in the better [Cupertino School District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupertino_Union_School_District "Cupertino Union School District"), in [Cupertino, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupertino,_California "Cupertino, California").[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201114-22) The house was declared a historic site in 2013, as the first site of Apple Computer.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-hissite-18) As of 2013, it was owned by Jobs's sister, Patty, and occupied by his stepmother, Marilyn.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-piece-23) When he was 13, in 1968,[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-24) Jobs was given a summer job by [Bill Hewlett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Hewlett "Bill Hewlett") (of [Hewlett-Packard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard "Hewlett-Packard")) after Jobs cold-called him to ask for parts for an electronics project.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011xix,_534-25)
Homestead High
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_in_1972_Pegasus_\(retouched\).jpg)
Jobs' [Homestead High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_High_School_\(Cupertino,_California\) "Homestead High School (Cupertino, California)") yearbook photo, 1972
The location of the Los Altos home meant that Jobs would be able to attend nearby [Homestead High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_High_School_\(Cupertino,_California\) "Homestead High School (Cupertino, California)"), which had strong ties to [Silicon Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley "Silicon Valley").[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201116-12) He began his first year there in late 1968 along with [Bill Fernandez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Fernandez "Bill Fernandez"),[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Hiner-26) who introduced Jobs to Steve Wozniak, and would become Apple's first employee. Neither Jobs nor Fernandez (whose father was a lawyer) came from engineering households and thus decided to enroll in John McCollum's Electronics I class.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Hiner-26) Jobs had grown his hair long and become involved in the growing counterculture, and the rebellious youth eventually clashed with McCollum and lost interest in the class.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Hiner-26)
Jobs underwent a change during mid-1970. He later noted to his official biographer that "I started to listen to music a whole lot, and I started to read more outside of just science and technology â [Shakespeare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare "Shakespeare"), [Plato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato "Plato"). I loved *[King Lear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lear "King Lear")* ... when I was a senior I had this phenomenal [AP English class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_English_Literature_and_Composition "AP English Literature and Composition"). The teacher was this guy who looked like [Ernest Hemingway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway "Ernest Hemingway"). He took a bunch of us snowshoeing in Yosemite." During his last two years at Homestead High, Jobs developed two different interests: electronics and literature.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201119-27) These dual interests were particularly reflected during Jobs's senior year, as his best friends were Wozniak and his first girlfriend, the artistic Homestead junior [Chrisann Brennan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrisann_Brennan "Chrisann Brennan").[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201121%E2%80%9332-28)
In 1971, after Wozniak began attending [University of California, Berkeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley"), Jobs would visit him there a few times a week. This experience led him to study in nearby [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University")'s student union. Instead of joining the electronics club, Jobs put on light shows with a friend for Homestead's [avant-garde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde "Avant-garde") [jazz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz "Jazz") program. He was described by a Homestead classmate as "kind of brain and kind of hippie ... but he never fit into either group. He was smart enough to be a nerd, but wasn't nerdy. And he was too intellectual for the hippies, who just wanted to get wasted all the time. He was kind of an outsider. In high school everything revolved around what group you were in, and if you weren't in a carefully defined group, you weren't anybody. He was an individual, in a world where individuality was suspect." By his senior year in late 1971, he was taking a freshman English class at Stanford and working on a Homestead underground film project with Chrisann Brennan.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201131-29)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan20131%E2%80%9311-30)
Around that time, Wozniak designed a low-cost digital "[blue box](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_box "Blue box")" to generate the necessary tones to manipulate the telephone network, allowing free long-distance calls. He was inspired by an article titled "Secrets of the Little Blue Box" from the October 1971 issue of *[Esquire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_\(magazine\) "Esquire (magazine)")*.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-31) Jobs decided then to sell them and split the profit with Wozniak. The clandestine sales of the illegal blue boxes went well and perhaps planted the seed in Jobs's mind that electronics could be both fun and profitable.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-32) In a 1994 interview, he recalled that it took six months for him and Wozniak to design the blue boxes.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-33) Jobs later reflected that had it not been for Wozniak's blue boxes, "there wouldn't have been an Apple".[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201130-34) He states it showed them that they could take on large companies and beat them.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-35)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Steve_Jobs:_Visionary_Entrepreneur-36)
By his senior year of high school, Jobs began using [LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD "LSD").[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201119-27) He later recalled that on one occasion he consumed it in a wheat field outside Sunnyvale, and experienced "the most wonderful feeling of my life up to that point".[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201131%E2%80%9332-37) In mid-1972, after graduation and before leaving for [Reed College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_College "Reed College"), Jobs and Brennan rented a house from their other roommate, Al.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-38)
Reed College
In September 1972, Jobs enrolled at [Reed College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_College "Reed College") in [Portland, Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon "Portland, Oregon").[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-39) He insisted on applying only to Reed, although it was an expensive school that Paul and Clara could ill afford.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201133-40) Jobs soon befriended [Robert Friedland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Friedland "Robert Friedland"),[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201137-41) who was Reed's [student body president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_body_president "Student body president") at that time.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Reedmagazine-42) Brennan remained involved with Jobs while he was at Reed.
After just one semester, Jobs dropped out of Reed College without telling his parents.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlender201630-44) Jobs later explained this was because he did not want to spend his parents' money on an education that seemed meaningless to him. He continued to attend by auditing his classes,[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201140%E2%80%9341-45) including a course on [calligraphy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy "Calligraphy") that was taught by [Robert Palladino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Palladino "Robert Palladino"). In a 2005 commencement speech at [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University"), Jobs stated that during this period, he slept on the floor in friends' dorm rooms, [returned Coke bottles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_bottle_recycling_in_the_United_States "History of bottle recycling in the United States") for food money, and got weekly free meals at the local [Hare Krishna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness "International Society for Krishna Consciousness") temple. In that same speech, Jobs said: "If I had never dropped in on that single [calligraphy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy "Calligraphy") course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple [typefaces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeface "Typeface") or proportionally spaced fonts".[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-46)
1974â1985
> I was lucky to get into computers when it was a very young and idealistic industry. There weren't many degrees offered in computer science, so people in computers were brilliant people from mathematics, physics, music, zoology, whatever. They loved it, and no one was really in it for the money \[...\] There are people around here who start companies just to make money, but the great companies, well, that's not what they're about.
â Steve Jobs[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-47)
Pre-Apple
In February 1974, Jobs returned to his parents' home in Los Altos and began looking for a job.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201142%E2%80%9343-48) He was soon hired by [Atari, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari,_Inc. "Atari, Inc.") in [Los Gatos, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Gatos,_California "Los Gatos, California"), as a [computer technician](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_technician "Computer technician").[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201142%E2%80%9343-48)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-intoday1-49) Back in 1973, [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak") designed his own version of the classic video game *[Pong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pong "Pong")* and gave its electronics board to Jobs. According to Wozniak, Atari only hired Jobs because he brought the board to the company, and they thought he had built it himself.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-50) Atari's cofounder [Nolan Bushnell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell "Nolan Bushnell") later described him as "difficult but valuable", pointing out that "he was very often the smartest guy in the room, and he would let people know that".[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-51)
Jobs traveled to India in mid-1974[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-52) to visit [Neem Karoli Baba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem_Karoli_Baba "Neem Karoli Baba")[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-53) at his Kainchi [ashram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashram "Ashram") with his Reed College friend and eventual Apple employee [Daniel Kottke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kottke "Daniel Kottke"), searching for spiritual teachings. When they got to the Neem Karoli ashram, it was almost deserted because Neem Karoli Baba had died in September 1973. Then, they made a long trek up a dry riverbed to an ashram of [Haidakhan Babaji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haidakhan_Babaji "Haidakhan Babaji").[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-intoday1-49)
After seven months, Jobs left [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India")[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-54) and returned to the US ahead of Daniel Kottke.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-intoday1-49) Jobs had changed his appearance; his head was shaved, and he wore traditional [Indian clothing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_clothing "Indian clothing").[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-55)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-56) During this time, Jobs experimented with [psychedelics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelics "Psychedelics"), later calling his [LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD "LSD") experiences "one of the two or three most important things \[he had\] done in \[his\] life".[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-57)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-58) He spent a period at the [All One Farm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_One_Farm "All One Farm"), a [commune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_hippie_movement#New_Communalism "History of the hippie movement") in [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon "Oregon") that was owned by [Robert Friedland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Friedland#Early_life "Robert Friedland").
During this period, Jobs and Brennan both became practitioners of [Zen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen "Zen") [Buddhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism") under the guidance of the Zen master [KĹbun Chino Otogawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dbun_Chino_Otogawa "KĹbun Chino Otogawa"). Jobs engaged in lengthy [meditation retreats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_\(spiritual\)#Buddhism "Retreat (spiritual)") at the [Tassajara Zen Mountain Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassajara_Zen_Mountain_Center "Tassajara Zen Mountain Center"), the oldest [SĹtĹ Zen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Zen "SĹtĹ Zen") monastery in the US.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-59) He considered taking up monastic residence at [Eihei-ji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eihei-ji "Eihei-ji") in [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan "Japan"), and maintained a lifelong appreciation for Zen,[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-60) Japanese cuisine, and artists such as [Hasui Kawase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasui_Kawase "Hasui Kawase").[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-61)
Jobs returned to Atari in early 1975, and that summer, Bushnell assigned him to create a [circuit board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_board "Circuit board") for the [arcade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_game "Arcade game") video game *[Breakout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakout_\(video_game\) "Breakout (video game)")* in as few chips as possible, knowing that Jobs would recruit Wozniak for help. During his day job at HP, Wozniak drew sketches of the circuit design; at night, he joined Jobs at Atari and continued refining it, which Jobs implemented on a [breadboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadboard "Breadboard").[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201152%E2%80%9354-62) According to Bushnell, Atari offered \$100 (equivalent to about \$600 in 2025) for each [TTL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic "Transistorâtransistor logic") chip that was eliminated in the machine. Jobs made a deal with Wozniak to split the fee evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari engineers, within four days, Wozniak reduced the TTL count to 45, far below the usual 100, though Atari later re-engineered it to make it easier to test and add a few missing features.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2020286%E2%80%93287-63) According to Wozniak, Jobs told him that Atari paid them only \$750 (instead of the actual \$5,000), and that Wozniak's share was thus \$375.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-64) Wozniak did not learn about the actual bonus until ten years later but said that if Jobs had told him about it and explained that he needed the money, Wozniak would have given it to him.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011104%E2%80%93107-65)
Jobs and Wozniak attended meetings of the [Homebrew Computer Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebrew_Computer_Club "Homebrew Computer Club") in 1975, which was a stepping stone to the development and marketing of the first Apple computer.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-NYT_obit-66) According to a document released by the [United States Department of Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense "United States Department of Defense"), Jobs claimed that in 1975, he was arrested in [Eugene, Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon "Eugene, Oregon"), after being questioned for being a minor in possession of alcohol. Jobs alleged that he "didn't have any alcohol", but police questioned him and subsequently determined that he had an outstanding arrest warrant for an unpaid speeding ticket. Jobs claimed he then paid the \$50 fine. The arrest allegedly occurred "behind a store".[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-67)[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-68)
Apple (1976â1985)
> Basically [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak") and I invented the Apple because we wanted a personal computer. Not only couldn't we afford the computers that were on the market, those computers were impractical for us to use. We needed a [Volkswagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_2 "Volkswagen Type 2"). The Volkswagen isn't as fast or comfortable as other ways of traveling, but the VW owners can go where they want, when they want and with whom they want. The VW owners have personal control of their car.
â Steve Jobs[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-69)
By March 1976, Wozniak completed the basic design of the [Apple I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I "Apple I") computer and showed it to Jobs, who suggested that they sell it; Wozniak was at first skeptical of the idea but later agreed.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer20045%E2%80%936-70) In April of that same year, Jobs, Wozniak, and administrative overseer [Ronald Wayne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Wayne "Ronald Wayne") founded Apple Computer Company (now called "Apple Inc.") as a [business partnership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_partnership "Business partnership") in Jobs's parents' Crist Drive home on April 1, 1976. The operation originally started in Jobs's bedroom and later moved to the garage.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer20046%E2%80%938-71)[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-72) Wayne stayed briefly, leaving Jobs and Wozniak as the active primary cofounders of the company.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-73)
The two decided on the name "Apple" after Jobs returned from the All One Farm commune in Oregon and told Wozniak about his time in the farm's [apple orchard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_orchard "Apple orchard").[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-74) Jobs originally planned to produce bare [printed circuit boards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board "Printed circuit board") of the Apple I and sell them to computer hobbyists for \$50 (equivalent to about \$280 in 2025) each. To fund the first batch, Wozniak sold his [HP scientific calculator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-65 "HP-65") and Jobs sold his [Volkswagen van](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_2 "Volkswagen Type 2").[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer5%E2%80%937-75)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlender201639%E2%80%9340-76) Later that year, computer retailer [Paul Terrell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Terrell "Paul Terrell") purchased 50 fully assembled Apple I units for \$500 each.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201166%E2%80%9368-77)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer7%E2%80%939-78) Eventually, about 200 Apple I computers were produced in total.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-AppleStoryPart1-79)
| External image |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Searchtool.svg) [Jobs and Steve Wozniak with an Apple I circuit board, c. 1976.](https://img.gazeta.ru/files3/725/13190725/upload-upload-04-pic4_zoom-1000x1000-18187-pic4_zoom-1500x1500-65192.jpg) |
A neighbor on Crist Drive recalled Jobs as an odd individual who would greet his clients "with his underwear hanging out, barefoot and hippie-like". Another neighbor, Larry Waterland, who had just earned his PhD in chemical engineering at Stanford, recalled dismissing Jobs's budding business compared to the established industry of giant mainframe computers with big decks of punch cards: "Steve took me over to the garage. He had a circuit board with a chip on it, a DuMont TV set, a Panasonic cassette tape deck and a keyboard. He said, 'This is an Apple computer.' I said, 'You've got to be joking.' I dismissed the whole idea." Jobs's friend from Reed College and India, [Daniel Kottke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kottke "Daniel Kottke"), recalled that as an early Apple employee, he "was the only person who worked in the garage ... Woz would show up once a week with his latest code. Steve Jobs didn't get his hands dirty in that sense." Kottke also stated that much of the early work took place in Jobs's kitchen, where he spent hours on the phone trying to find investors for the company.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-piece-23)
They received funding from semi-retired [Intel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel "Intel") product marketing manager and engineer [Mike Markkula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Markkula "Mike Markkula").[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-80) [Scott McNealy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_McNealy "Scott McNealy"), one of the cofounders of [Sun Microsystems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems "Sun Microsystems"), said that Jobs broke a "[glass age ceiling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_ceiling "Glass ceiling")" in Silicon Valley because he'd created a very successful company at a young age.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Steve_Jobs:_Visionary_Entrepreneur-36) Markkula brought Apple to the attention of [Arthur Rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rock "Arthur Rock"), who, after looking at the crowded Apple booth at the Home Brew Computer Show, started with a \$60,000 investment and went on the Apple board.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-81) Jobs was not pleased when Markkula recruited [Mike Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scott_\(Apple\) "Michael Scott (Apple)") from [National Semiconductor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Semiconductor "National Semiconductor") in February 1977 to serve as the first president and CEO of Apple.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201181%E2%80%9383-82)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer200411-83)
> For what characterizes Apple is that its scientific staff always acted and performed like artists â in a field filled with dry personalities limited by the rational and binary worlds they inhabit, Apple's engineering teams had passion. They always believed that what they were doing was important and, most of all, fun. Working at Apple was never just a job; it was also a crusade, a mission, to bring better computer power to people. At its roots, that attitude came from Steve Jobs. It was "[Power to the People](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_to_the_people_\(slogan\) "Power to the people (slogan)")", the slogan of the sixties, rewritten in technology for the eighties and called [Macintosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh "Macintosh").
â Jeffrey S. Young, 1987[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-84)
After Brennan returned from her own journey to India, she and Jobs fell in love again, as Brennan noted changes in him that she attributes to [Kobun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dbun_Chino_Otogawa "KĹbun Chino Otogawa") (whom she was also still following). It was also at this time that Jobs displayed a prototype Apple II computer to Brennan and his parents in their living room. Brennan notes a shift in this time period, where the two main influences on Jobs were Apple Inc. and [Kobun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobun_Chino_Otogawa "Kobun Chino Otogawa").
In April 1977, Jobs and Wozniak introduced the [Apple II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II "Apple II") at the [West Coast Computer Faire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Computer_Faire "West Coast Computer Faire").[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer200412-85) It is the first consumer product to have been sold by Apple Computer. Primarily designed by Wozniak, Jobs oversaw the development of its unusual case and [Rod Holt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Holt "Rod Holt") developed the unique power supply.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-wozorg-86) During the design stage, Jobs argued that the Apple II should have two [expansion slots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_slot "Expansion slot"), while Wozniak wanted eight. After a heated argument, Wozniak threatened that Jobs should "go get himself another computer". They later agreed on eight slots.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-87) The Apple II became one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products in the world.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Ars_Technica_2005-12-15-88)
As Jobs became more successful with his new company, his relationship with Brennan grew more complex. In 1977, the success of Apple was now a part of their relationship, and Brennan, [Daniel Kottke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kottke "Daniel Kottke"), and Jobs moved into a house near the Apple office in [Cupertino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupertino "Cupertino").[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-kqed-89) Brennan eventually took a position in the shipping department at Apple.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-90) Brennan's relationship with Jobs deteriorated as his position with Apple grew, and she began to consider ending the relationship. In October 1977, Brennan was approached by [Rod Holt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Holt "Rod Holt"), who asked her to take "a paid apprenticeship designing blueprints for the Apples".[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-vicious-91) Both Holt and Jobs believed that it would be a good position for her, given her artistic abilities. Holt was particularly eager that she take the position and puzzled by her ambivalence toward it. Brennan's decision, however, was overshadowed by the fact that she realized she was pregnant, and that Jobs was the father. It took her a few days to tell Jobs, whose face, according to Brennan, "turned ugly" at the news. At the same time, according to Brennan, at the beginning of her third trimester, Jobs said to her: "I never wanted to ask that you get an abortion. I just didn't want to do that."[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201188%E2%80%9389-92) He also refused to discuss the pregnancy with her.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201188%E2%80%9389-92)
Brennan turned down the internship and decided to leave Apple. A few weeks before she was due to give birth, Brennan was invited to deliver her baby at the All One Farm. She accepted the offer.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-vicious-91) When Jobs was 23 (the same age as his biological parents when they had him)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201188%E2%80%9389-92) Brennan gave birth to her baby, [Lisa Brennan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Brennan "Lisa Brennan"), on May 17, 1978.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-vicious-91) Jobs went there for the birth after he was contacted by [Robert Friedland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Friedland "Robert Friedland"), their mutual friend and the farm owner. While distant, Jobs worked with her on a name for the baby, which they discussed while sitting in the fields on a blanket. Brennan suggested the name "Lisa" which Jobs also liked and notes that Jobs was very attached to the name "Lisa" while he "was also publicly denying paternity". She would discover later that during this time, Jobs was preparing to unveil a new kind of computer that he wanted to give a female name (his first choice was "Claire" after [St. Clare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi "Clare of Assisi")). She stated that she never gave him permission to use the baby's name for a computer and he hid the plans from her. Jobs worked with his team to come up with the phrase, "Local Integrated Software Architecture" as an [alternative explanation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backronym "Backronym") for the [Apple Lisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Lisa "Apple Lisa").[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-93) Decades later, however, Jobs admitted to his biographer [Walter Isaacson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Isaacson "Walter Isaacson") that "obviously, it was named for my daughter".[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201193-94)
When Jobs denied paternity, a [DNA test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_paternity_testing "DNA paternity testing") established him as Lisa's father.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-machineofthe_year1-95) It required him to pay Brennan \$385 (equivalent to about \$1,200 in 2025) monthly in addition to returning the welfare money she had received. Jobs paid her \$500 (equivalent to about \$1,600 in 2025) monthly at the time when Apple went public and made him a millionaire. Later, Brennan agreed to an interview with [Michael Moritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Moritz "Michael Moritz") for *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")* magazine for its [Time Person of the Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year "Time Person of the Year") special, released on January 3, 1983, in which she discussed her relationship with Jobs. Rather than name Jobs the Person of the Year, the magazine named the generic [personal computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer "Personal computer") the "Machine of the Year".[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-96) In the issue, Jobs questioned the reliability of the paternity test, which stated that the "probability of paternity for Jobs, Steven... is 94.1%".[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-machineofthe_year1-95) He responded by arguing that "28% of the male population of the United States could be the father". *Time* also noted that "the baby girl and the machine on which Apple has placed so much hope for the future share the same name: Lisa".[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-machineofthe_year1-95)
In 1978, at age 23, Jobs was worth over \$1 million (equivalent to \$4.94 million in 2025). By age 25, his net worth grew to an estimated \$250 million (equivalent to \$885 million in 2025). He was also one of the youngest "people ever to make the Forbes list of the nation's richest peopleâand one of only a handful to have done it themselves, without inherited wealth".[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-97) In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment on the top two floors of [The San Remo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Remo "The San Remo"), a Manhattan building with a politically progressive reputation. Although he never lived there,[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-98) he spent years renovating it thanks to [I. M. Pei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._M._Pei "I. M. Pei"). In 1983, Jobs lured [John Sculley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sculley "John Sculley") away from [Pepsi-Cola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsi-Cola "Pepsi-Cola") to serve as Apple's CEO, asking, "Do you want to spend the rest of your life selling sugared water, or do you want a chance to change the world?".[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011386%E2%80%93387-99)
In 1984, Jobs bought the [Jackling House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackling_House "Jackling House") and estate and resided there for a decade. Thereafter, he leased it out for several years until 2000 when he stopped maintaining the house, allowing weathering to degrade it. In 2004, Jobs received permission from the town of Woodside to demolish the house to build a smaller, contemporary styled one. After a few years in court, the house was finally demolished in 2011, a few months before he died.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-100)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Early_Macintosh_Prototype_Computer_History_Museum_Mountain_View_California_2013-04-11_23-45.jpg)
A Macintosh prototype, c. 1981
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_and_Macintosh_computer,_January_1984,_by_Bernard_Gotfryd_-_edited.jpg)
Jobs and the Macintosh, 1984
Jobs took over development of the [Macintosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh "Macintosh") in 1981, from early Apple employee [Jef Raskin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jef_Raskin "Jef Raskin"), who had conceived the project. Wozniak and Raskin had heavily influenced the early program, and Wozniak was on leave during this time due to an airplane crash earlier that year, making it easier for Jobs to take over the project.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-TheVerge-101)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-102)[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011109%E2%80%93112-103) On January 22, 1984, Apple aired a [Super Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl "Super Bowl") television commercial titled "[1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_\(television_commercial\) "1984 (television commercial)")", which ended with the words: "On January 24th, Apple Computer will introduce Macintosh. And you'll see why 1984 won't be like *[1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four "Nineteen Eighty-Four")*."[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer2004110%E2%80%93113-104) On January 24, 1984, an emotional Jobs introduced the Macintosh to a wildly enthusiastic audience at Apple's annual shareholders meeting held in the [Flint Auditorium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Anza_College#The_Flint_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts "De Anza College") at De Anza College.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011167%E2%80%93170-105)[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-106) Macintosh engineer [Andy Hertzfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Hertzfeld "Andy Hertzfeld") described the scene as "pandemonium".[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-107) The Macintosh was inspired by the [Lisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Lisa "Apple Lisa") (in turn inspired by [Xerox PARC's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARC_user_interface "PARC user interface") [mouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_mouse "Computer mouse")\-driven [graphical user interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface "Graphical user interface")),[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-108)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-109) and it was widely acclaimed by the media with strong initial sales.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011185%E2%80%93187-110)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlender201684%E2%80%9388-111) However, its low performance and limited range of available software led to a rapid sales decline in the second half of 1984.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011185%E2%80%93187-110)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlender201684%E2%80%9388-111)[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer200498-112)
Sculley's and Jobs's respective visions for the company greatly differed. Sculley favored [open architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_architecture "Open architecture") computers like the Apple II, targeting education, small business, and home markets less vulnerable to IBM. Jobs wanted the company to focus on the [closed architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_architecture "Closed architecture") Macintosh as a business alternative to the IBM PC. President and CEO Sculley had little control over chairman of the board Jobs's Macintosh division; it and the Apple II division operated like separate companies, duplicating services.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-113) Although its products provided 85% of Apple's sales in early 1985, the company's January 1985 [annual meeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_meeting "Annual meeting") did not mention the Apple II division or employees. Many left, including Wozniak, who stated that the company had "been going in the wrong direction for the last five years" and sold most of his stock.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-114) Though frustrated with the company's and Jobs's dismissal of the Apple II in favor of the Macintosh, Wozniak left amicably and remained an honorary employee of Apple, maintaining a lifelong friendship with Jobs.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-115)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-116)[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-117)
By early 1985, the Macintosh's failure to defeat the IBM PC became clear,[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011185%E2%80%93187-110)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlender201684%E2%80%9388-111) and it strengthened Sculley's position in the company. In May 1985, Sculleyâencouraged by Arthur Rockâdecided to reorganize Apple, and proposed a plan to the board that would remove Jobs from the Macintosh group and put him in charge of "New Product Development". This move would effectively render Jobs powerless within Apple.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-118) In response, Jobs then developed a plan to get rid of Sculley and take over Apple. However, Jobs was confronted after the plan was leaked, and he said that he would leave Apple. The Board declined his resignation and asked him to reconsider. Sculley also told Jobs that he had all of the votes needed to go ahead with the reorganization. A few months later, on September 17, 1985, Jobs submitted a letter of resignation to the Apple Board. Five additional senior Apple employees also resigned and joined Jobs in his new venture, NeXT.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-:0-119)
The Macintosh's struggle continued after Jobs left Apple. Though marketed and received in fanfare, the expensive Macintosh was hard to sell.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Swaine-120): 308â309 In 1985, [Bill Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates "Bill Gates")'s then-developing company, [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft"), threatened to stop developing Mac applications unless it was granted "a license for the Mac operating system software. Microsoft was developing its graphical user interface ... for DOS, which it was calling [Windows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows "Windows") and didn't want Apple to sue over the similarities between the Windows GUI and the Mac interface."[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Swaine-120): 321 Sculley granted Microsoft the license which later led to problems for Apple.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Swaine-120): 321 In addition, cheap [IBM PC clones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_clones "IBM PC clones") that ran Microsoft software and had a graphical user interface began to appear. Although the Macintosh preceded the clones, it was far more expensive, so "through the late 1980s, the Windows user interface was getting better and better and was thus taking increasingly more share from Apple".[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Swaine-120): 322 Windows-based IBM-PC clones also led to the development of additional GUIs such as IBM's TopView or Digital Research's GEM,[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Swaine-120): 322 and thus "the graphical user interface was beginning to be taken for granted, undermining the most apparent advantage of the Mac...it seemed clear as the 1980s wound down that Apple couldn't go it alone indefinitely against the whole IBM-clone market".[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Swaine-120): 322
1985â1997
NeXT computer
Following his resignation from Apple in 1985, Jobs founded NeXT Inc.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-121) with \$7 million. A year later he was running out of money, and he sought venture capital with no product on the horizon. Eventually, Jobs attracted the attention of billionaire [Ross Perot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot "Ross Perot"), who invested heavily in the company.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer2004208-122) The NeXT computer was shown to the world in what was considered Jobs's comeback event,[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-123) a lavish invitation-only gala [launch event](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT_Introduction "NeXT Introduction")[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-124) that was described as a multimedia extravaganza.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-125) The celebration was held at the [Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_M._Davies_Symphony_Hall "Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall"), San Francisco, California, on Wednesday, October 12, 1988. [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak") said in a 2013 interview that while Jobs was at NeXT he was "really getting his head together".[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-TheVerge-101)
NeXT workstations were first released in 1990 and priced at \$9,999 (equivalent to about \$25,000 in 2025). Like the [Apple Lisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Lisa "Apple Lisa"), the NeXT workstation was technologically advanced and designed for the education sector but was largely dismissed as cost prohibitive.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-126) The NeXT workstation was known for its technical strengths, chief among them its [object-oriented](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming "Object-oriented programming") software development system. Jobs marketed NeXT products to the financial, scientific, and academic community, highlighting its innovative, experimental new technologies, such as the [Mach kernel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_kernel "Mach kernel"), the [digital signal processor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor "Digital signal processor") chip, and the built-in [Ethernet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet "Ethernet") port. Making use of a NeXT computer, English computer scientist [Tim Berners-Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee "Tim Berners-Lee") invented the [World Wide Web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web "World Wide Web") in 1990 at [CERN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN "CERN") in Switzerland.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-127)
The revised, second generation [NeXTcube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTcube "NeXTcube") was released in 1990. Jobs touted it as the first "interpersonal" computer that would replace the personal computer. With its innovative [NeXTMail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTMail "NeXTMail") multimedia email system, NeXTcube could share voice, image, graphics, and video in email for the first time. "Interpersonal computing is going to revolutionize human communications and groupwork", Jobs told reporters.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-128) Jobs ran NeXT with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by the development of and attention to NeXTcube's magnesium case.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-129) This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development with the release of [NeXTSTEP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTSTEP "NeXTSTEP")/[Intel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel "Intel").[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-OGrady-130) The company reported its first yearly profit of \$1.03 million in 1994.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer2004213-131) In 1996, NeXT Software, Inc. released [WebObjects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebObjects "WebObjects"), a framework for Web application development. After NeXT was acquired by Apple Inc. in 1997, WebObjects was used to build and run the Apple Store,[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-OGrady-130) [MobileMe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MobileMe "MobileMe") services, and the iTunes Store.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-132)
Pixar and Disney
In 1986, Jobs funded the spinout of The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from [Lucasfilm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucasfilm "Lucasfilm")'s computer graphics division for the price of \$10 million, \$5 million of which was given to the company as capital and \$5 million of which was paid to Lucasfilm for technology rights.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-133)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Bug%27s_Life_crew_in_Oval_Office_1998.jpg)
Jobs and his [Pixar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar "Pixar") team visited the [Oval Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office "Oval Office") in 1998.
The first film produced by Pixar with its [Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney "Disney") partnership, *[Toy Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story "Toy Story")* (1995), with Jobs credited as executive producer,[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-134) brought financial success and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released. Over the course of Jobs's life, under Pixar's creative chief [John Lasseter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lasseter "John Lasseter"), the company produced box-office hits *[A Bug's Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bug%27s_Life "A Bug's Life")* (1998), *[Toy Story 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story_2 "Toy Story 2")* (1999), *[Monsters, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsters,_Inc. "Monsters, Inc.")* (2001), *[Finding Nemo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_Nemo "Finding Nemo")* (2003), *[The Incredibles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incredibles "The Incredibles")* (2004), *[Cars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_\(film\) "Cars (film)")* (2006), *[Ratatouille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratatouille_\(film\) "Ratatouille (film)")* (2007), *[WALL-E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WALL-E "WALL-E")* (2008), *[Up](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_\(2009_film\) "Up (2009 film)")* (2009), *[Toy Story 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story_3 "Toy Story 3")* (2010), and *[Cars 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_2 "Cars 2")* (2011). *[Brave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_\(2012_film\) "Brave (2012 film)")* (2012), Pixar's first film to be produced since Jobs's death, honored him with a tribute for his contributions to the studio.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-135) *Finding Nemo*, *The Incredibles*, *Ratatouille*, *WALL-E*, *Up*, *Toy Story 3*, and *Brave* each received the [Academy Award for Best Animated Feature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Feature "Academy Award for Best Animated Feature"), an award introduced in 2001.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-136)[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-137)
In 2003 and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief executive [Michael Eisner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Eisner "Michael Eisner") tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership,[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-138) and in January 2004, Jobs announced that he would never deal with Disney again.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-iger20190918-139)
In October 2005, [Bob Iger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Iger "Bob Iger") replaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to mend relations with Jobs and Pixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth \$7.4 billion. When the deal closed, Jobs became The Walt Disney Company's largest single shareholder with approximately seven percent of the company's stock.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-DisneyBuysPixar-140) Jobs's holdings in Disney far exceeded those of Eisner, who holds 1.7%, and of Disney family member [Roy E. Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_E._Disney "Roy E. Disney"), who until his 2009 death held about 1% of the company's stock and whose criticisms of Eisnerâespecially that he soured Disney's relationship with Pixarâaccelerated Eisner's ousting. Upon completion of the merger, Jobs received 7% of Disney shares, and joined the board of directors as the largest individual shareholder.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-DisneyBuysPixar-140)[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-141)[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-142) Upon Jobs's death his shares in Disney were transferred to the Steven P. Jobs Trust led by [Laurene Jobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurene_Jobs "Laurene Jobs").[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-143)
After Jobs's death, Iger recalled in 2019 that many warned him about Jobs, "that he would bully me and everyone else". Iger wrote, "Who wouldn't want Steve Jobs to have influence over how a company is run?", and that as an active Disney board member "he rarely created trouble for me. Not never but rarely." He speculated that they would have seriously considered merging Disney and Apple had Jobs lived.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-iger20190918-139) [Floyd Norman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Norman "Floyd Norman"), of Pixar, described Jobs as a "mature, mellow individual" who never interfered with the creative process of the filmmakers.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-144) In early June 2014, Pixar cofounder and [Walt Disney Animation Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios "Walt Disney Animation Studios") President [Edwin Catmull](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Catmull "Edwin Catmull") revealed that Jobs once advised him to "just explain it to them until they understand" in disagreements. Catmull released the book *[Creativity, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativity,_Inc. "Creativity, Inc.")* in 2014, in which he recounts numerous experiences of working with Jobs. Regarding his own manner of dealing with Jobs, Catmull writes:[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-ventures-145)
> In all the 26 years with Steve, Steve and I never had one of these loud verbal arguments, and it's not my nature to do that. ... but we did disagree fairly frequently about things. ... I would say something to him and he would immediately shoot it down because he could think faster than I could. ... I would then wait a week ... I'd call him up, and I give my counterargument to what he had said, and he'd immediately shoot it down. So I had to wait another week, and occasionally this went on for months. But ultimately one of three things happened. About a third of the time he said, "Oh, I get it, you're right", and that was the end of it. And it was another third of the time in which \[I'd\] say, "Actually I think he is right". The other third of the time, where we didn't reach consensus, he just let me do it my way, never said anything more about it.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-ventures-145)
1997â2011
Return to Apple
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stevejobs_Macworld2005.jpg)
Jobs presented at [Macworld Conference & Expo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macworld_Conference_%26_Expo "Macworld Conference & Expo") in 2005.
In 1996, Jobs's former company, Apple, was struggling, and its survival depended on completing its next operating system. After failed negotiations to purchase [Be Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_Inc. "Be Inc."),[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-146)[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-147) Apple eventually came to a deal with NeXT in December[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-148) for \$400 million; the deal was finalized in February 1997, bringing Jobs back to the company he had cofounded.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-149) Jobs became *de facto* chief after then-CEO [Gil Amelio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Amelio "Gil Amelio") was ousted in July 1997. He was formally named interim chief executive on September 16.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-150) In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs terminated several projects, such as [Newton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Newton "Apple Newton"), [Cyberdog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberdog "Cyberdog"), and [OpenDoc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDoc "OpenDoc"). In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened. The reality was that Jobs's summary executions were rare, but a handful of victims was enough to terrorize a whole company."[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-151) Jobs changed the licensing program for [Macintosh clones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_clones "Macintosh clones"), making it too costly for the manufacturers to continue making machines.
With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology was incorporated into Apple products, most notably [NeXTSTEP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTSTEP "NeXTSTEP"), which evolved into Mac OS X. Under Jobs's guidance, the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the iMac and other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the "interim" modifier from his title at Apple and became permanent CEO.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-152) Jobs quipped at the time that he would be using the title "iCEO".[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-153)
The company subsequently branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances. With the introduction of the iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music software, and the iTunes Store, the company made forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. On June 29, 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone business with the introduction of the iPhone, a [multi-touch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-touch "Multi-touch") display cell phone, which also included the features of an iPod and, with its own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. While nurturing open-ended innovation, Jobs also reminded his employees that "real artists ship".[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-154)
Jobs had a public war of words with [Dell Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Computer "Dell Computer") CEO [Michael Dell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dell "Michael Dell"), starting in 1987, when Jobs first criticized Dell for making "un-innovative [beige boxes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beige_box "Beige box")".[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-155) On October 6, 1997, at a [Gartner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartner "Gartner") Symposium, when Dell was asked what he would do if he ran the then-troubled Apple Computer company, he said: "I'd shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders".[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-156) Then, in 2006, Jobs emailed all employees when Apple's [market capitalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization "Market capitalization") rose above Dell's. It read:
> Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasn't perfect at predicting the future. Based on today's stock market close, Apple is worth more than Dell. Stocks go up and down, and things may be different tomorrow, but I thought it was worth a moment of reflection today. Steve.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-157)
Jobs was both admired and criticized for his consummate skill at persuasion and salesmanship, which has been dubbed the "[reality distortion field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_distortion_field "Reality distortion field")" and was particularly evident during his keynote speeches (colloquially known as "[Stevenotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenote "Stevenote")") at [Macworld Expos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macworld_Conference_%26_Expo "Macworld Conference & Expo") and at [Apple Worldwide Developers Conferences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Worldwide_Developers_Conference "Apple Worldwide Developers Conference").[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-158)
Jobs usually went to work wearing a black long-sleeved [mock turtleneck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_turtleneck "Mock turtleneck") made by [Issey Miyake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issey_Miyake "Issey Miyake"), [Levi's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi%27s "Levi's") 501 blue jeans, and [New Balance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Balance "New Balance") 991 sneakers.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-latimes_turtleneck-159)[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-160) Jobs told his biographer Walter Isaacson "...he came to like the idea of having a uniform for himself, both because of its daily convenience (the rationale he claimed) and its ability to convey a signature style".[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-latimes_turtleneck-159)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_and_Bill_Gates_\(522695099\).jpg)
Jobs and [Bill Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates "Bill Gates") were on a panel at the fifth *D: All Things Digital* conference in 2007.
In 2001, Jobs was granted stock options in the amount of 7.5 million shares of [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") with an exercise price of \$18.30. It was alleged that the options had been [backdated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backdating "Backdating"), and that the exercise price should have been \$21.10. It was further alleged that Jobs had thereby incurred taxable income of \$20,000,000 that he did not report, and that Apple overstated its earnings by that same amount. As a result, Jobs potentially faced several criminal charges and civil penalties. The case was the subject of active criminal and civil government investigations,[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-161) though an independent internal Apple investigation completed on December 29, 2006, found that Jobs was unaware of these issues and that the options granted to him were returned without being exercised in 2003.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-162)
In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for [e-waste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-waste "E-waste") in the US by lashing out at environmental and other advocates at Apple's annual meeting in Cupertino in April. A few weeks later, Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. The [Computer TakeBack Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_recycling#Takeback "Computer recycling") responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the commencement speaker. The banner read "Steve, don't be a mini-playerârecycle all e-waste".[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-163)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_WWDC07.jpg)
Jobs speaking at the [Apple Worldwide Developers Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Worldwide_Developers_Conference "Apple Worldwide Developers Conference") in 2007
In 2006, he further expanded Apple's recycling programs to every US customer who buys a new Mac. This program includes shipping and "environmentally friendly disposal" of their old systems.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-164) The success of Apple's unique products and services provided several years of stable financial returns, propelling Apple to become the world's most valuable publicly traded company in 2011.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-165)
Jobs was perceived as a demanding perfectionist[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-166)[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-167) who always aspired to position his businesses and their products at the forefront of the information technology industry by foreseeing and setting innovation and style trends. He summed up this self-concept at the end of his keynote speech at the [Macworld Conference and Expo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macworld_Conference_%26_Expo#2007 "Macworld Conference & Expo") in January 2007, by quoting ice hockey player [Wayne Gretzky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky "Wayne Gretzky"):
> There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. "I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been". And we've always tried to do that at Apple. Since the very, very beginning. And we always will.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-168)
On July 1, 2008, a \$7 billion class-action suit was filed against several members of Apple's board of directors for losses resulting from alleged securities fraud.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-169)[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-170) In a 2011 interview with biographer Walter Isaacson, Jobs revealed that he had met with US president [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama"), complained about the nation's shortage of software engineers, and told Obama that he was "headed for a one-term presidency".[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-obama-171) Jobs proposed that any foreign student who got an engineering degree at a US university should automatically be offered a [Green card](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_card "Green card"). After the meeting, Jobs commented, "The president is very smart, but he kept explaining to us reasons why things can't get done ... It infuriates me".[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-obama-171)
Health problems
In October 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with [cancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer "Cancer"). In mid 2004, he announced to his employees that he had a cancerous tumor in his [pancreas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas "Pancreas").[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Evangelista-2004-172) The prognosis for [pancreatic cancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer "Pancreatic cancer") is very poor;[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-173) however, Jobs stated that he had a rare, less aggressive type, known as [islet cell neuroendocrine tumor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_neuroendocrine_tumor "Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor").[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Evangelista-2004-172)
Jobs resisted his doctors' recommendations for medical intervention for nine months,[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-174) in favor of [alternative medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine "Alternative medicine"). However, cancer researcher and alternative medicine critic [David Gorski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gorski "David Gorski") wrote that "it's impossible to know whether and by how much he might have decreased his chances of surviving his cancer through his flirtation with woo. My best guess was that Jobs probably only modestly decreased his chances of survival, if that."[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-175)[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-176) [Barrie R. Cassileth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie_R._Cassileth "Barrie R. Cassileth"), the chief of [Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Sloan_Kettering_Cancer_Center "Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center")'s [integrative medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrative_medicine "Integrative medicine") department,[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-177) on the other hand, said, "Jobs's faith in alternative medicine likely cost him his life ... He had the only kind of pancreatic cancer that is treatable and curable ... He essentially committed suicide."[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-178)
Biographer Walter Isaacson reported on Jobs's opposition to surgery, quoting Jobs as saying, "I didn't want my body to be opened, I didn't want to be violated in that way."[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-179) According to Isaacson, "for nine months he refused to undergo surgery for his pancreatic cancer â a decision he later regretted as his health declined."[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-180) "Instead, he tried a vegan diet, acupuncture, herbal remedies, and other treatments he found online, and even consulted a psychic. He was also influenced by a doctor who ran a clinic that advised juice fasts, bowel cleansings and other unproven approaches, before finally having surgery in July 2004."[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-181)[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-182) He underwent a [pancreaticoduodenectomy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreaticoduodenectomy "Pancreaticoduodenectomy") (or "Whipple procedure") that appeared to remove the tumor successfully.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-183)[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-184) Jobs did not receive [chemotherapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy "Chemotherapy") or [radiation therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy "Radiation therapy").[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Evangelista-2004-172)[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Elmer-185) During Jobs's absence, [Tim Cook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Cook "Tim Cook"), head of worldwide sales and operations at Apple, ran the company.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Evangelista-2004-172)
In January 2006, only Jobs's wife, his doctors, and [Iger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Iger "Bob Iger") knew that his cancer had returned. Jobs told Iger privately that he hoped to live to see his own son Reed's high school graduation in 2010.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-iger20190918-139) In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual Worldwide Developers Conference. His "thin, almost gaunt" appearance and unusually "listless" delivery,[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-186)[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-187) together with his choice to delegate significant portions of his keynote to other presenters, inspired a flurry of media and internet speculation about the state of his health.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-188) In contrast, according to an *[Ars Technica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica "Ars Technica")* journal report, Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) attendees who saw Jobs in person said he "looked fine."[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-189) Following the keynote, an Apple spokesperson said that "Steve's health is robust."[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-190)
Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs's 2008 WWDC keynote address.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-191) Apple officials stated that Jobs was victim to a "common bug" and was taking antibiotics,[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-192) while others surmised his [cachectic appearance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachexia "Cachexia") was due to the Whipple procedure.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Elmer-185) During a July conference call discussing Apple earnings, participants responded to repeated questions about Jobs's health by insisting that it was a "private matter." Others said that shareholders had a right to know more, given Jobs's hands-on approach to running his company.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-193)[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-194) Based on an off-the-record phone conversation with Jobs, *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* reported, "While his health problems amounted to a good deal more than 'a common bug', they weren't life-threatening and he doesn't have a recurrence of cancer."[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-195)
On August 28, 2008, [Bloomberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News "Bloomberg News") mistakenly published a 2500-word [obituary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obituary "Obituary") of Jobs in its corporate news service, containing blank spaces for his age and cause of death. News carriers customarily stockpile up-to-date obituaries to facilitate news delivery in the event of a well-known figure's death. Although the error was promptly rectified, many news carriers and blogs reported on it,[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-196) intensifying rumors concerning Jobs's health.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-197) Jobs responded at Apple's September 2008 *Let's Rock* keynote by paraphrasing [Mark Twain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain "Mark Twain"): "The reports of my death are greatly exaggerated."[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-198)[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-199) At a subsequent media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide reading "110/70", referring to his [blood pressure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure "Blood pressure"), stating he would not address further questions about his health.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-200)
On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president [Phil Schiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Schiller "Phil Schiller") would deliver the company's final keynote address at the [Macworld Conference and Expo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macworld_Conference_and_Expo "Macworld Conference and Expo") 2009, again reviving questions about Jobs's health.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-201)[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-202) In a statement given on January 5, 2009, on [Apple.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple.com "Apple.com"), Jobs said that he had been suffering from a "[hormone imbalance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_imbalance "Hormone imbalance")" for several months.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-203)[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-204)
On January 14, 2009, Jobs wrote in an internal Apple memo that in the previous week he had "learned that my health-related issues are more complex than I originally thought."[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-absence-205) He announced a six-month leave of absence until the end of June 2009, to allow him to better focus on his health. Tim Cook, who previously acted as CEO in Jobs's 2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple, with Jobs still involved with "major strategic decisions."[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-absence-205)
In 2009, [Tim Cook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Cook "Tim Cook") offered a portion of his [liver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver "Liver") to Jobs, since both share a rare blood type, and the donor liver can regenerate tissue after such an operation. Jobs yelled, "I'll never let you do that. I'll never do that."[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-206) In April 2009, Jobs underwent a [liver transplantation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_transplantation "Liver transplantation") at [Methodist University Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_University_Hospital "Methodist University Hospital") Transplant Institute in [Memphis, Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee "Memphis, Tennessee").[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-cnntrans-207)[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-208)[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-209) Jobs's prognosis was described as "excellent."[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-cnntrans-207)
Resignation
On January 17, 2011, a year and a half after Jobs returned to work following the liver transplant, Apple announced that he had been granted another leave of absence. Jobs announced his leave in a letter to employees, stating his decision was made "so he could focus on his health". As it did at the time of his 2009 medical leave, Apple announced that Tim Cook would run day-to-day operations and that Jobs would continue to be involved in major strategic decisions at the company.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-210)[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-211) While on leave, Jobs appeared at the [iPad 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad_2 "IPad 2") launch event on March 2, the [WWDC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWDC "WWDC") keynote introducing [iCloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICloud "ICloud") on June 6, and before the Cupertino City Council on June 7.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-212)
On August 24, 2011, Jobs announced his resignation as Apple's CEO, writing to the board, "I have always said if there ever came a day when I could no longer meet my duties and expectations as Apple's CEO, I would be the first to let you know. Unfortunately, that day has come."[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-213) Jobs became chairman of the board and named Tim Cook as his successor as CEO.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-214)[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-215) Jobs continued to work for Apple until the day before his death six weeks later.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-216)[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-217)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-218)
Death
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_flags_half-mast.jpg)
Flags flew at [half-staff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-staff "Half-staff") outside the [Apple Infinite Loop campus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Infinite_Loop_campus "Apple Infinite Loop campus") on the evening of Jobs's death.
Jobs died at his home in [Palo Alto, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California "Palo Alto, California") on October 5, 2011, due to complications from a [relapse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relapse "Relapse") of his previously treated islet-cell [pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_neuroendocrine_tumor "Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor"),[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-NYT_obit-66)[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-219)[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-220) which resulted in [respiratory arrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_arrest "Respiratory arrest").[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-221) He had lost consciousness the day before and died with his wife, children, and sisters at his side.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-eulogy-222) His sister, [Mona Simpson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Simpson "Mona Simpson"), described his death thus: "Steve's final words, hours earlier, were monosyllables, repeated three times. Before embarking, he'd looked at his sister Patty, then for a long time at his children, then at his life's partner, Laurene, and then over their shoulders past them. Steve's final words were: 'Oh wow. Oh wow. Oh wow.' " He then lost consciousness and died several hours later.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-eulogy-222) A small private funeral was held on October 7, 2011, the details of which, out of respect for Jobs's family, were not made public.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-223)
Both [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.")[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-224) and [Pixar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar "Pixar") issued announcements of his death.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-225) Apple announced on the same day that they had no plans for a public service, but were encouraging "well-wishers" to send their remembrance messages to an email address created to receive such messages.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-226) Apple and [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") both flew their flags at [half-staff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-staff "Half-staff") throughout their respective headquarters and campuses.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-227)[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-228)
[Bob Iger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Iger "Bob Iger") ordered all [Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney "Disney") properties, including [Walt Disney World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World "Walt Disney World") and [Disneyland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland "Disneyland"), to fly their flags at half-staff from October 6 to 12, 2011.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-229) For two weeks following his death, Apple displayed on its corporate website a simple page that showed Jobs's name and lifespan next to his portrait in grayscale.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-230)[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-231)[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-232) On October 19, 2011, Apple employees held a private memorial service for Jobs on the Apple campus in Cupertino. It was attended by Jobs's widow, Laurene, and by Tim Cook, [Bill Campbell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Campbell_\(business_executive\) "William Campbell (business executive)"), [Norah Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norah_Jones "Norah Jones"), [Al Gore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore"), and [Coldplay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldplay "Coldplay"). Some of Apple's retail stores closed briefly so employees could attend the memorial. A video of the service was uploaded to Apple's website.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-233)
California Governor [Jerry Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Brown "Jerry Brown") declared Sunday, October 16, 2011, to be "Steve Jobs Day".[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-234) On that day, an invitation-only memorial was held at [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University"). Those in attendance included Apple and other tech company executives, members of the media, celebrities, politicians, and family and close friends of Jobs. [Bono](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono "Bono"), [Yo-Yo Ma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma "Yo-Yo Ma"), and [Joan Baez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Baez "Joan Baez") performed at the service, which lasted longer than an hour. There was high security with guards at all of the university's gates, and a helicopter overhead from an area news station.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-235)[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-236) Each attendee was given a small brown box as a "farewell gift" from Jobs, containing a copy of the *[Autobiography of a Yogi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiography_of_a_Yogi "Autobiography of a Yogi")* (1946) by [Paramahansa Yogananda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda "Paramahansa Yogananda").[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-237)
Childhood friend and fellow Apple co-founder [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak"),[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-238) former owner of what would become Pixar, [George Lucas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas "George Lucas"),[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-239) his competitor Microsoft co-founder [Bill Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates "Bill Gates"),[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-240) and President [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama")[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-241) all made statements in response to his death. At his request, Jobs was buried in an [unmarked grave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmarked_grave "Unmarked grave") at [Alta Mesa Memorial Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Mesa_Memorial_Park "Alta Mesa Memorial Park"), the only [nonsectarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsectarian "Nonsectarian") cemetery in Palo Alto.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-242)[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-243)
Innovations and designs
Jobs's design aesthetic was influenced by philosophies of Zen and Buddhism. In India, he experienced Buddhism while on his seven-month spiritual journey,[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-The_Hindu-2011-244) and his sense of intuition was influenced by the spiritual people with whom he studied.[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-The_Hindu-2011-244) Jobs gained insights regarding [industrial designs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design "Industrial design") from [Richard Sapper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sapper "Richard Sapper").[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-245) According to Apple co-founder Wozniak, "Steve didn't ever code. He wasn't an engineer and he didn't do any original design...".[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-246)[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Does_Steve_Jobs_know_how_to_code-247) [Daniel Kottke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kottke "Daniel Kottke"), one of Apple's earliest employees and a college friend of Jobs, stated: "Between Woz and Jobs, Woz was the innovator, the inventor. Steve Jobs was the marketing person."[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-248)
He is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 346 United States patents or patent applications related to a range of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, [lanyards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanyard "Lanyard"), and packages. His contributions to most of his patents were to "the look and feel of the product". He and his industrial design chief [Jonathan Ive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Ive "Jonathan Ive") are named for 200 of the patents.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-249) Most of these are design patents as opposed to utility patents or inventions; they are specific product designs such as both original and lamp-style [iMacs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac "IMac"), and [PowerBook G4 Titanium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerBook_G4 "PowerBook G4").[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Patents_registry_database_1-250)[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-251) He holds 43 issued US patents on inventions.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Patents_registry_database_1-250) The patent on the Mac OS X [Dock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock_\(macOS\) "Dock (macOS)") user interface with "magnification" feature was issued the day before he died.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-252) Although Jobs had little involvement in the engineering and technical side of the original Apple computers,[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Does_Steve_Jobs_know_how_to_code-247) Jobs later used his CEO position to directly involve himself with product design.[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-253)
Involved in many projects throughout his career was his long-time marketing executive and confidant [Joanna Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Hoffman "Joanna Hoffman"), known as one of the few employees at Apple and NeXT who could successfully stand up to Jobs while also engaging with him.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-254) Even while terminally ill in the hospital, Jobs sketched new devices that would hold the iPad in a hospital bed.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-eulogy-222) He despised the oxygen monitor on his finger, and suggested ways to revise the design for simplicity.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-255)
Apple I
The [Apple I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I "Apple I") was designed entirely by Wozniak, but Jobs had the idea of selling the computer, which led to the founding of [Apple Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Computer "Apple Computer") in 1976. Jobs and Wozniak constructed several of the Apple I prototype by hand, funded by selling some of their belongings. Eventually, 200 units were produced.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-AppleStoryPart1-79) One of the main innovations of the Apple I was that it included [video display terminal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_display_terminal "Video display terminal") circuitry on its circuit board, allowing it to connect to a low-cost [composite video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_video "Composite video") monitor or television, instead of an expensive computer terminal, compared to most existing computers at the time.
Apple II
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Micromodem_II_in_Apple_II.jpg)
The [Apple II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II "Apple II"), here with an external [modem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem "Modem"), was designed primarily by [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak").
The Apple II is an [8-bit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-bit "8-bit") [home computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_computer "Home computer"), one of the world's first highly successful mass-produced [microcomputer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcomputer "Microcomputer") products,[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Ars_Technica_2005-12-15-88) designed primarily by Wozniak. Jobs oversaw the development of the Apple II's unusual case[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201173%E2%80%9383-256) and [Rod Holt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Holt "Rod Holt") developed the unique power supply.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-wozorg-86) It was introduced in 1977 at the [West Coast Computer Faire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Computer_Faire "West Coast Computer Faire") by Jobs and Wozniak as the first consumer product sold by Apple. The Apple II was first sold on June 10, 1977.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Apple_II_intro_date-257)[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Apple_II_History-258)
Lisa
The Lisa is a personal computer developed by Apple from 1978 and sold in the early 1980s to business users. It is the first personal computer with a [graphical user interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface "Graphical user interface").[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-259) The Lisa sold poorly at 100,000 units,[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-260) but despite being considered a commercial failure, it received technical acclaim, introducing several advanced features that reappeared on the Macintosh and eventually [IBM PC compatibles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible "IBM PC compatible"). In 1982, after Jobs was forced out of the Lisa project,[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-261) he took over the [Macintosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh "Macintosh") project, adding inspiration from Lisa. The final Lisa 2/10 was modified and sold as the [Macintosh XL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_XL "Macintosh XL").[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer200479-262)
Macintosh
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs.jpg)
Jobs holds up a [MacBook Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacBook_Air "MacBook Air") at the 2008 [MacWorld Conference & Expo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacWorld_Conference_%26_Expo "MacWorld Conference & Expo").
Once he joined the [Macintosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_128K "Macintosh 128K") team, Jobs took over the project after Wozniak had experienced a traumatic airplane accident and temporarily left the company.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-TheVerge-101) Jobs launched the Macintosh on January 24, 1984, as the first mass-market personal computer featuring an integral [graphical user interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface "Graphical user interface") and [mouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_mouse "Computer mouse").[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-263) This first model was later renamed to Macintosh 128k among the prolific series. Since 1998, Apple has phased out the Macintosh name in favor of "Mac", though the product family has been nicknamed "Mac" or "the Mac" since inception. The Macintosh was introduced by a US\$1.5 million [Ridley Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridley_Scott "Ridley Scott") television commercial, "[1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_\(advertisement\) "1984 (advertisement)")".[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer2004113-264) It aired during the third quarter of [Super Bowl XVIII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XVIII "Super Bowl XVIII") on January 22, 1984, received as a "watershed event"[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-265) and a "masterpiece".[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-266) [Regis McKenna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_McKenna "Regis McKenna") called the ad "more successful than the Mac itself".[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-267) It uses an unnamed heroine to represent the coming of the Macintosh (indicated by a [Picasso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasso "Picasso")\-style picture of the computer on her white [tank top](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt "Sleeveless shirt")) to save humanity from the conformity of IBM's domination of the computer industry. The ad [alludes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alludes "Alludes") to [George Orwell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell "George Orwell")'s novel *[Nineteen Eighty-Four](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four "Nineteen Eighty-Four")*, which describes a [dystopian future](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopian_future "Dystopian future") ruled by a televised "[Big Brother](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_\(1984\) "Big Brother (1984)")".[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-268)[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-269)
The Macintosh, however, was expensive, which hindered its ability to be competitive in a market already dominated by the [Commodore 64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64 "Commodore 64") for consumers, and the [IBM Personal Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer "IBM Personal Computer") and its accompanying [clone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible "IBM PC compatible") market for businesses.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-270) Macintosh systems still found success in education and desktop publishing and kept Apple as the second-largest PC manufacturer for the next decade.
NeXT Computer
After Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, he started [NeXT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT "NeXT"), a [workstation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstation "Workstation") computer company. The NeXT Computer was introduced in 1988 at a [lavish launch event](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT_Introduction "NeXT Introduction"). Using the NeXT Computer, [Tim Berners-Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee "Tim Berners-Lee") created the world's first [web browser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser "Web browser"), the [WorldWideWeb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldWideWeb "WorldWideWeb"). The NeXT Computer's operating system, named [NeXTSTEP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTSTEP "NeXTSTEP"), begat [Darwin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_\(operating_system\) "Darwin (operating system)"), which is now the foundation of most of Apple's [operating systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system "Operating system") such as Macintosh's [macOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS "MacOS") and iPhone's [iOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS "IOS").[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-271)[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-272)
iMac
Main article: [iMac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac "IMac")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IMac_Bondi_Blue.jpg)
The original [iMac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac_G3 "IMac G3") was introduced in 1998 as the first consumer-facing Apple product to have debuted after Jobs's return.
Apple's [iMac G3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac_G3 "IMac G3") was introduced in 1998 and its innovative design is directly the result of Jobs's return to Apple. Apple boasted "the back of our computer looks better than the front of anyone else's".[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-273) Described as "cartoonlike", the first iMac, clad in Bondi Blue plastic, was unlike any personal computer that came before. In 1999, Apple introduced the Graphite gray Apple iMac and since has varied the shape, color and size considerably while maintaining the [all-in-one](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-in-one_PC "All-in-one PC") design. Design ideas were intended to create a connection with the user such as the handle and a "breathing" light effect when the computer went to sleep.[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-274) The Apple iMac sold for \$1,299 at that time. The iMac's forward-thinking changes include eschewing the [floppy disk drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk_drive "Floppy disk drive") and moving exclusively to [USB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB "USB") for connecting peripherals. Through the iMac's success, USB was popularized among third-party peripheral makersâas evidenced by the fact that many early USB peripherals were made of translucent plastic to match the iMac design.[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-275)
iTunes
iTunes is a [media player](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_player_software "Media player software"), media library, online radio broadcaster, and mobile device management application developed by Apple. It is used to play, download, and organize digital [audio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction "Sound recording and reproduction") and video on personal computers running the [macOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS "MacOS") and [Microsoft Windows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows "Microsoft Windows") operating systems. The [iTunes Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store "ITunes Store") is also available on the [iPod Touch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touch "IPod Touch"), iPhone, and iPad.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-History-276)
Through the iTunes Store, users can purchase and download music, music videos, television shows, [audiobooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiobook "Audiobook"), [podcasts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast "Podcast"), movies, and movie rentals in some countries, and [ringtones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringtone "Ringtone"), available on the iPhone and iPod Touch (fourth generation onward). [Application software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software "Application software") for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch can be downloaded from the [App Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App_Store_\(iOS\) "App Store (iOS)").[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-History-276)
iPod
Main article: [iPod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod "IPod")
The [first generation of iPod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Classic#1st_generation "IPod Classic") was released October 23, 2001. The major innovation of the iPod was its small size achieved by using a 1.8" hard drive compared to the 2.5" drives common to players at that time. The capacity of the first-generation iPod ranged from 5 GB to 10 GB.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-277) The iPod sold for US\$399 and more than 100,000 iPods were sold before the end of 2001. The introduction of the iPod resulted in Apple becoming a major player in the music industry.[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Block-278) Also, the iPod's success prepared the way for the iTunes music store and the iPhone.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-279) After the first few generations of iPod, Apple released the touchscreen [iPod Touch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touch "IPod Touch"), the reduced-size [iPod Mini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Mini "IPod Mini") and [iPod Nano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Nano "IPod Nano"), and the screenless [iPod Shuffle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Shuffle "IPod Shuffle") in the following years.[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-Block-278)
iPhone
Apple began work on the [first iPhone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_\(1st_generation\) "IPhone (1st generation)") in 2005 and the first iPhone was released on June 29, 2007. The iPhone created such a sensation that a survey indicated six out of ten Americans were aware of its release. *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")* declared it "Invention of the Year" for 2007 and included it in the All-TIME 100 Gadgets list in 2010, in the category of Communication.[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-280) The completed iPhone had multimedia capabilities and functioned as a quad-band touch screen smartphone. A year later, the [iPhone 3G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_3G "IPhone 3G") was released in July 2008 with three key features: support for GPS, 3G data and tri-band UMTS/HSDPA. In June 2009, the [iPhone 3GS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_3GS "IPhone 3GS"), whose improvements included voice control, a better camera, and a faster processor, was introduced by Phil Schiller.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-281) The iPhone 4 was thinner than previous models, had a five megapixel camera capable of recording video in 720p HD, and added a secondary front-facing camera for video calls.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-282) A major feature of the [iPhone 4s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_4s "IPhone 4s"), introduced in October 2011, was [Siri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri "Siri"), a virtual assistant capable of voice recognition.[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-283)
iPad
Main article: [iPad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad "IPad")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_with_the_Apple_iPad_no_logo.jpg)
Jobs introduced the [iPad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad "IPad") in 2010.
The iPad is an iOS-based line of [tablet computers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer "Tablet computer") designed and marketed by Apple. The [first iPad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_iPad "First iPad") was released on April 3, 2010. The [user interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface "User interface") is built around the device's [multi-touch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-touch "Multi-touch") screen, including a [virtual keyboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_keyboard "Virtual keyboard"). The iPad includes built-in [Wi-Fi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi "Wi-Fi") and cellular connectivity on select models. As of April 2015, more than 250 million iPads have been sold.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-284)
Personal life
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SteveJobs_house_in_PaloAlto_with_fruit_trees.jpg)
Jobs's house in Palo Alto
Habits and public image
Jobs was known to frequently appear [barefoot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barefoot "Barefoot") in public, a habit that stemmed from his countercultural background, and was depicted in the movies *[Pirates of Silicon Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_Silicon_Valley "Pirates of Silicon Valley")*[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-285) and *[Jobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobs_\(film\) "Jobs (film)")*.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-286) It also had an impact on American corporate culture,[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-287) and was adopted by some other entrepreneurs, most notably [Adam Neumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Neumann "Adam Neumann").[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-288)
Marriage
In 1989, Jobs first met his future wife, [Laurene Powell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurene_Powell "Laurene Powell"), when he gave a lecture at the [Stanford Graduate School of Business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Graduate_School_of_Business "Stanford Graduate School of Business"), where she was a student. Soon after the event, he stated that Laurene "was right there in the front row in the lecture hall, and I couldn't take my eyes off of her ... kept losing my train of thought, and started feeling a little giddy".[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-289) After the lecture, he met her in the parking lot and invited her out to dinner. From that point forward, they were together, with a few minor exceptions, for the rest of his life.[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-290)
Jobs proposed on New Year's Day 1990; they married on March 18, 1991, in a Buddhist ceremony at the [Ahwahnee Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahwahnee_Hotel "Ahwahnee Hotel") in [Yosemite National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park "Yosemite National Park").[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-CNN_Money-291) Fifty people, including Jobs's father, Paul, and his sister Mona, attended. The ceremony was conducted by Jobs's [guru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru "Guru"), [Kobun Chino Otogawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobun_Chino_Otogawa "Kobun Chino Otogawa").[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-CNN_Money-291) The vegan wedding cake was in the shape of Yosemite's [Half Dome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Dome "Half Dome"), and the wedding ended with a hike and Laurene's brothers' snowball fight. Jobs reportedly said to Mona: "You see, Mona \[...\], Laurene is descended from [Joe Namath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Namath "Joe Namath"), and we're descended from [John Muir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muir "John Muir")".[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011274-292)
Jobs's and Powell's first child, a son named [Reed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Jobs "Reed Jobs"), was born in 1991.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer200481-293) Jobs's father, Paul, died a year and a half later, on March 5, 1993. Jobs's childhood home remains a tourist attraction and is currently owned by his stepmother (Paul's second wife), Marilyn Jobs.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-294) Jobs and Powell had two more children, daughters Erin (b. 1995) and [Eve Jobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Jobs "Eve Jobs") (b. 1998), who is a fashion model.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer200481-293) The family lived in [Palo Alto, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California "Palo Alto, California").[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-295) Although a billionaire, Jobs made it known that, like Gates, he had stipulated that most of his monetary fortune would not be left to his children.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-296)[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-297)
Family
[Chrisann Brennan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrisann_Brennan "Chrisann Brennan") notes that after Jobs was forced out of Apple, "he apologized many times over for his behavior" towards her and Lisa. She said Jobs "said that he never took responsibility when he should have, and that he was sorry".[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2013220-298) By this time, Jobs had developed a strong relationship with Lisa and when she was nine, Jobs had her name on her birth certificate changed from "Lisa Brennan" to "Lisa Brennan-Jobs".[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2013-10) Jobs and Brennan developed a working relationship to [co-parent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-parent "Co-parent") Lisa, a change which Brennan credits to the influence of his newly found biological sister, [Mona Simpson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Simpson "Mona Simpson"), who worked to repair the relationship between Lisa and Jobs.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2013-10) Jobs had found Mona after first finding his birth mother, Joanne Schieble Simpson, shortly after he left Apple.[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011253%E2%80%93255-299)
Jobs did not contact his birth family during his adoptive mother Clara's lifetime, however. He later told his official biographer [Walter Isaacson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Isaacson "Walter Isaacson"): "I never wanted \[Paul and Clara\] to feel like I didn't consider them my parents, because they were totally my parents \[...\] I loved them so much that I never wanted them to know of my search, and I even had reporters keep it quiet when any of them found out".[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011253%E2%80%93255-299) However, in 1986, when Jobs was 31, Clara was diagnosed with lung cancer. He began to spend a great deal of time with her and learned more details about her background and his adoption, information that motivated him to find his biological mother. Jobs found on his birth certificate the name of the San Francisco doctor to whom Schieble had turned when she was pregnant. Although the doctor did not help Jobs while he was alive, he left a letter for Jobs to be opened upon his death. As he died soon afterwards, Jobs was given the letter which stated that "his mother had been an unmarried graduate student from Wisconsin named Joanne Schieble".[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011253%E2%80%93255-299)
Jobs only contacted Schieble after Clara died in early 1986 and after he received permission from his father, Paul. In addition, out of respect for Paul, he asked the media not to report on his search.[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011253%E2%80%93255-299) Jobs stated that he was motivated to find his birth mother out of both curiosity and a need "to see if she was okay and to thank her, because I'm glad I didn't end up as an abortion. She was twenty-three and she went through a lot to have me."[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011254-300) Schieble was emotional during their first meeting (though she was not familiar with the history of Apple or Jobs's role in it) and told him that she had been pressured into signing the adoption papers. She said that she regretted giving him up and repeatedly apologized to him for it. Jobs and Schieble developed a friendly relationship throughout the rest of his life and spent Christmas together.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011258-301)
During this first visit, Schieble told Jobs that he had a sister, Mona, who was not aware that she had a brother.[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011254-300) Schieble then arranged for them to meet in New York where Mona worked. Her first impression of Jobs was that "he was totally straightforward and lovely, just a normal and sweet guy".[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011255-302) Simpson and Jobs then went for a long walk to get to know each other.[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011255-302) Jobs later told his biographer that "Mona was not completely thrilled at first to have me in her life and have her mother so emotionally affectionate toward me ... As we got to know each other, we became really good friends, and she is my family. I don't know what I'd do without her. I can't imagine a better sister. My adopted sister, Patty, and I were never close."[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011255-302)
> I grew up as an only child, with a single mother. Because we were poor and because I knew my father had emigrated from Syria, I imagined he looked like [Omar Sharif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Sharif "Omar Sharif"). I hoped he would be rich and kind and would come into our lives (and our not-yet-furnished apartment) and help us. Later, after I'd met my father, I tried to believe he'd changed his number and left no forwarding address because he was an idealistic revolutionary, plotting a new world for the Arab people. Even as a feminist, my whole life I'd been waiting for a man to love, who could love me. For decades, I'd thought that man would be my father. When I was 25, I met that man, and he was my brother.
Jobs then learned his family history. Six months after he was given up for adoption, Schieble's father died, she wed Jandali, and they had a daughter, Mona.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-sg-303)[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011253-304) Jandali states that after finishing his PhD he returned to Syria to work, and then Schieble left him.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-sg-303) They divorced in 1962[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201116-12) and he said then he lost contact with Mona for a time:
> I also bear the responsibility for being away from my daughter when she was four years old, as her mother divorced me when I went to Syria, but we got back in touch after 10 years. We lost touch again when her mother moved and I didn't know where she was, but since 10 years ago we've been in constant contact, and I see her three times a year. I organized a trip for her last year to visit Syria and Lebanon and she went with a relative from Florida.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-sg-303)
A few years later, Schieble married an ice-skating teacher, George Simpson. Mona Jandali took her stepfather's last name, as Mona Simpson. In 1970, after divorcing her second husband, Schieble took Mona to Los Angeles and raised her alone.[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011253-304)
When Simpson found that their father, Abdulfattah Jandali, was living in [Sacramento, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California "Sacramento, California"), Jobs had no interest in meeting him as he believed Jandali did not treat his children well[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011256-305) and according to the *[San Francisco Chronicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle "San Francisco Chronicle")*, this was because of finding a *Seattle Times* article about Jandali's abandonment of his students on a trip to Egypt in 1974.[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-306) Simpson went to Sacramento alone and met Jandali, who worked in a small restaurant. They spoke for several hours, and he told her that he had left teaching for the restaurant business. He said he and Schieble had given another child away for adoption but that "we'll never see that baby again. That baby's gone." He said he once managed a Mediterranean restaurant near [San Jose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California "San Jose, California") and that "all of the successful technology people used to come there. Even Steve Jobs ... oh yeah, he used to come in, and he was a sweet guy and a big tipper". At the request of Jobs, Simpson did not reveal to Jandali that his own story meant that he had actually already met his son.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011257-307)
After hearing about the visit, Jobs recalled that "it was amazing ... I had been to that restaurant a few times, and I remember meeting the owner. He was Syrian. Balding. We shook hands." However, Jobs still did not want to meet Jandali because "I was a wealthy man by then, and I didn't trust him not to try to blackmail me or go to the press about it ... I asked Mona not to tell him about me".[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011257-307) Jandali later discovered his relationship to Jobs through an online blog. He then contacted Simpson and asked, "what is this thing about Steve Jobs?". Simpson told him that it was true and later commented, "My father is thoughtful and a beautiful storyteller, but he is very, very passive ... He never contacted Steve". Because Simpson herself researched her Syrian roots and began to meet the family, she assumed that Jobs would eventually want to meet their father, but he never did. Jobs also never showed an interest in his Syrian heritage or the Middle East. Simpson fictionalized the search for their father in her 1992 novel *[The Lost Father](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Father "The Lost Father")*.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011258-301) [Malek Jandali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malek_Jandali "Malek Jandali") is their cousin.[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-308)
Philanthropy
Jobs's views and actions on philanthropy and charity are a public mystery.[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-mystery-309) He maintained privacy even over what few of these actions were publicly known. He has been a key figure in public discussions about societal obligations of the wealthy and powerful. Through his career, the media investigated and criticized him and Apple as unusually and inexplicably mysterious or absent among powerful leaders and especially billionaires. His name is absent from the Million Dollar List of all large global philanthropy.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-record_thin-310) Some have speculated about his possible secret role in large anonymous donations.[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-mystery-309)
Mark Vermilion, former charitable leader for [Joan Baez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Baez "Joan Baez"), Apple, and Jobs, attributed Jobs's lifelong minimization of direct charity to his perfectionism and limited time. Jobs, Vermilion, and supporters said over the years that corporate products were Jobs's superior contributions to culture and society instead of direct charity.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-record_thin-310) In 1985, Jobs said, "You know, my main reaction to this money thing is that it's humorous, all the attention to it, because it's hardly the most insightful or valuable thing that's happened to me."[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-mystery-309)
Shortly after leaving Apple, he formed the charitable Steven P. Jobs Foundation, led by Mark Vermilion, hired away from Apple's community leadership. Jobs wanted a focus on nutrition and vegetarianism, but Vermilion wanted social entrepreneurship. That year, Jobs soon launched NeXT and closed the foundation with no results. Upon his 1997 return to Apple, Jobs optimized the failing company to the core, such as eliminating all philanthropic programs, never to be restored. In 2007, *Stanford Social Innovation Review* magazine listed Apple among "America's least philanthropic companies". A few months after another unflattering news report, Apple started a program to match employees' charitable gifts.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-record_thin-310) Jobs declined to sign [The Giving Pledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Giving_Pledge "The Giving Pledge"), launched in 2010 by [Warren Buffett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Buffett "Warren Buffett") and [Bill Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates "Bill Gates") for fellow billionaires.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-record_thin-310)[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-mystery-309) He donated \$50 million to Stanford hospital and contributed to efforts to cure AIDS. [Bono](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono "Bono") reported "tens of millions of dollars" given by Apple while Jobs was CEO, to AIDS and HIV relief programs in Africa, which inspired other companies to join.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-record_thin-310)
Honors and awards
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_presents_the_1985_National_Technology_Awards_to_Steven_Jobs.jpg)
Jobs received the [National Medal of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology "National Medal of Technology") from President [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") in 1985, awarded jointly with [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_\(1\).JPG)
A statue of Jobs at Graphisoft Park in [Budapest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest "Budapest")[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-311)
- **1985**: awarded [National Medal of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology "National Medal of Technology") (with [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak")) by US president [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan"), the country's highest honor for technological achievements[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-312)
- **1987**: [Jefferson Award for Public Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Award_for_Public_Service "Jefferson Award for Public Service")[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-313)
- **1989**: *Entrepreneur of the Decade* by *[Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inc._\(magazine\) "Inc. (magazine)")*[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-314)
- **1991**: [Howard Vollum Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Vollum_Award "Howard Vollum Award") from [Reed College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_College "Reed College")[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-315)
- **2004â2010**: listed among the [*Time* 100 Most Influential People in the World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_100 "Time 100") on five separate occasions[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-316)
- **2007**: named the most powerful person in business by *[Fortune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_\(magazine\) "Fortune (magazine)")* magazine[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-317)
- **2007**: inducted into the [California Hall of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Hall_of_Fame "California Hall of Fame"), located at [The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_California_Museum_for_History,_Women_and_the_Arts "The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts")[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-318)
- **2012**: [Grammy Trustees Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Trustees_Award "Grammy Trustees Award"), an award for those who have influenced the music industry in areas unrelated to performance[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-319)
- **2012**: posthumously honored with an [Edison Achievement Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Achievement_Award "Edison Achievement Award") for his commitment to innovation throughout his career[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-320)
- **2013**: posthumously inducted as a [Disney Legend](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Legend "Disney Legend")[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-321)
- **2017**: [Steve Jobs Theater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs_Theater "Steve Jobs Theater") opens at [Apple Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Park "Apple Park")[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-322)
- **2022**: posthumously awarded the [Presidential Medal of Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom "Presidential Medal of Freedom") by US president [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden"), the country's highest civilian honor[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_note-323)
In popular culture
See also
- [Seva Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seva_Foundation "Seva Foundation") â American non-profit international health organization
- [Timeline of Steve Jobs media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Steve_Jobs_media "Timeline of Steve Jobs media")
- [List of barefooters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_barefooters "List of barefooters")
References
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-1)**
["The Walt Disney Company and Affiliated CompaniesâBoard of Directors"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091014095744/http://corporate.disney.go.com/corporate/board_of_directors.html). October 14, 2009. Archived from [the original](http://corporate.disney.go.com/corporate/board_of_directors.html) on October 14, 2009. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-2)**
["Steve Jobs"](https://www.invent.org/inductees/steve-jobs). *Invent.org*.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-3)**
Paik, Karen (November 3, 2015). [*To Infinity and Beyond!: The Story of Pixar Animation Studios*](https://books.google.com/books?id=-UHNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52). Chronicle Books. p. 52. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4521-4765-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-4765-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-4765-9")
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4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-4)**
Liedtke, Michael (October 5, 2002). ["Steve Jobs resigns from Gap's board"](http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2002-10-05/article/15120). *The Berkeley Daily Planet*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121114034440/http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2002-10-05/article/15120) from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-5)**
["Steve Jobs Still Wins Plenty of Patents â MIT Technology Review"](https://www.technologyreview.com/2014/11/27/170289/steve-jobs-lives-on-at-the-patent-office/). *MIT Technology Review*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220120034224/https://www.technologyreview.com/2014/11/27/170289/steve-jobs-lives-on-at-the-patent-office/) from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-6)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), p. 4: "Paul and Clara named their new baby Steven Paul Jobs."
7. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson20111%E2%80%934_7-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson20111%E2%80%934_7-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson20111%E2%80%934_7-2) [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), pp. 1â4.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan201315_8-0)** [Brennan 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFBrennan2013), p. 15.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8U2oAAAAQBAJdqstevejobs22lutheran22pgPA14_14]_9-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), p. [14](https://books.google.com/books?id=8U2oAAAAQBAJ&dq=steve+jobs+%22lutheran%22&pg=PA14).
10. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2013_10-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2013_10-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2013_10-2) [Brennan 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFBrennan2013).
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-11)**
Shankland, Stephen (October 23, 2011). ["'Steve Jobs' biography: A wealth of detail"](https://www.cnet.com/news/steve-jobs-biography-a-wealth-of-detail/). *CNET*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190819014546/https://www.cnet.com/news/steve-jobs-biography-a-wealth-of-detail/) from the original on August 19, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
12. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201116_12-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201116_12-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201116_12-2) [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), p. 16.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-13)**
Brashares, Ann (2001). *Steve Jobs: Thinks Different*. Lerner Publishing. p. 8. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0761-31393-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761-31393-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0761-31393-9")
. "worked as a machinist"
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-14)**
Malone, Michael S. (1999). [*Infinite Loop: How the World's Most Insanely Great Computer Company Went Insane*](https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/m/malone-loop.html). Currency/Doubleday. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-385-48684-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-48684-7 "Special:BookSources/0-385-48684-7")
. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200807182330/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/m/malone-loop.html) from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020. "struggling as a machinist and then a used-car salesman .. finance company .. earned his realtor's license. \[but\] downward spiral"
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson20115_15-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), p. 5.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-16)**
DeBolt, Daniel (October 7, 2011). ["Steve Jobs called Mountain View home as a child"](https://www.mv-voice.com/news/2011/10/07/steve-jobs-called-mountain-view-home-as-a-child). *Mountain View Voice*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191204124324/https://www.mv-voice.com/news/2011/10/07/steve-jobs-called-mountain-view-home-as-a-child) from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2020. "Hatt remembers Jobs attending Monta Loma elementary school and according to county property records, the Jobs family owned a house at 286 Diablo Avenue from 1959 to 1967."
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson20115%E2%80%936_17-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), pp. 5â6.
18. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-hissite_18-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-hissite_18-1)
["Steve Jobs' childhood home becomes a landmark"](http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_24410143/steve-jobs-childhood-home-becomes-a). *mercurynews.com*. October 29, 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150626144138/http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_24410143/steve-jobs-childhood-home-becomes-a) from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201112%E2%80%9313_19-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), pp. 12â13.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201113_20-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), p. 13.
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201113%E2%80%9314_21-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), pp. 13â14.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201114_22-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), pp. 14.
23. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-piece_23-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-piece_23-1)
["Steve Jobs' old garage about to become a piece of history"](http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_24193660/steve-jobs-old-garage-about-become-piece-history?source=pkg). *mercurynews.com*. September 27, 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150626103134/http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_24193660/steve-jobs-old-garage-about-become-piece-history?source=pkg) from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-24)**
["Steve Jobs II"](https://vimeo.com/48043894). *Vimeo*.
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011xix,_534_25-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), pp. xix, 534.
26. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-Hiner_26-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-Hiner_26-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-Hiner_26-2)
Jason Hiner (December 5, 2014). ["Apple's first employee: The remarkable odyssey of Bill Fernandez"](https://www.techrepublic.com/article/apples-first-employee-the-remarkable-odyssey-of-bill-fernandez/). *TechRepublic*.
27. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201119_27-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201119_27-1) [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), p. 19.
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201121%E2%80%9332_28-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), pp. 21â32.
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201131_29-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), p. 31.
30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan20131%E2%80%9311_30-0)** [Brennan 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFBrennan2013), pp. 1â11.
31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-31)**
["How Blue Box Phone Phreaking Put Steve Jobs and Woz on the Road to Apple"](https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a38878/steve-jobs-steve-wozniak-blue-box-phone-phreaking/). *[Esquire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_\(magazine\) "Esquire (magazine)")*. October 15, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171216111546/http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a38878/steve-jobs-steve-wozniak-blue-box-phone-phreaking/) from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
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["Steve Jobs and the Early Apple Years"](http://www.i-programmer.info/history/people/104-steve-jobs-apple.html). *The PC Is Born*. Joomla. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120718061727/http://www.i-programmer.info/history/people/104-steve-jobs-apple.html) from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
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McBurney, Sally (Director) (2013). *Steve Jobs 1994 Uncut Interview with English Subtitles* (Video). [Menlo Park, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California "Menlo Park, California"): Silicon Valley Historical Association.
34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201130_34-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), p. 30.
35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-35)**
[*Steve Jobs Interview about the Blue Box Story*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HFURM8O-oYI). Silicon Valley Historical Association. January 19, 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130402205622/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HFURM8O-oYI) from the original on April 2, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2015 â via [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube").
36. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-Steve_Jobs:_Visionary_Entrepreneur_36-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-Steve_Jobs:_Visionary_Entrepreneur_36-1)
McBurney, Sally (2013). *Steve Jobs: Visionary Entrepreneur* (Video). [Menlo Park, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California "Menlo Park, California"): Silicon Valley Historical Association.
37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201131%E2%80%9332_37-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), pp. 31â32.
38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-38)**
Brennan, Chrisann (October 19, 2011). ["Jobs at 17: Nerd, Poet, Romantic"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120425233149/http://india.nydailynews.com/article/3ea39bee2a29179c3406250afd01c526/the-steve-jobs-nobody-knew). *[Rolling Stone Magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_Magazine "Rolling Stone Magazine")*. Archived from [the original](http://india.nydailynews.com/article/3ea39bee2a29179c3406250afd01c526/the-steve-jobs-nobody-knew) on April 25, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
39. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-39)**
Blumenthal, Karen (2012). *Steve Jobs The Man Who Thought Different*. A\&C Black. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781408832073](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408832073 "Special:BookSources/9781408832073")
.
pp.271â272
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41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201137_41-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), p. 37.
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83. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinzmayer200411_83-0)** [Linzmayer 2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFLinzmayer2004), p. 11.
84. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-84)**
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86. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-wozorg_86-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-wozorg_86-1)
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91. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-vicious_91-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-vicious_91-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-vicious_91-2)
Metz, Rachel (October 15, 2013). ["Steve Jobs' ex-girlfriend pens memoir on life with 'vicious' Apple founder"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/15/steve-jobs-chrisann-brennan-memoir-apple). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
92. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201188%E2%80%9389_92-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201188%E2%80%9389_92-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201188%E2%80%9389_92-2) [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), pp. 88â89.
93. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-93)**
Bullock, Diane (August 31, 2010). ["The Kids of Business Icons: Lisa Brennan-Jobs"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120904121526/http://www.minyanville.com/special-features/articles/lisa-brennan-jobs-business-icons-rich/8/31/2010/id/29768). *[Minyanville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyanville "Minyanville")*. Archived from [the original](http://www.minyanville.com/special-features/articles/lisa-brennan-jobs-business-icons-rich/8/31/2010/id/29768) on September 4, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
94. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson201193_94-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), p. 93.
95. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-machineofthe_year1_95-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-machineofthe_year1_95-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-machineofthe_year1_95-2) Cocks, Jay. Reported by Michael Moritz. "[The Updated Book of Jobs](http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,953633,00.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150209201759/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,953633,00.html) February 9, 2015, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")" in "Machine of the Year: The Computer Moves in". *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")*, January 3, 1983:27.
96. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-96)** "Machine of the Year: The Computer Moves in". *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")*, January 3, 1983
97. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-97)**
Young, Jefferey S. (December 1988). *Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward*. Lynx Books. p. 7. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[155802378X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/155802378X "Special:BookSources/155802378X")
.
98. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-98)**
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99. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011386%E2%80%93387_99-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), pp. 386â387.
100. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-100)**
Lee, Henry K. (February 15, 2011). ["Steve Jobs' historic Woodside mansion is torn down"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111225152428/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2011%2F02%2F14%2FBAUK1HN0JR.DTL). *The San Francisco Chronicle*. Archived from [the original](http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/02/14/BAUK1HN0JR.DTL) on December 25, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
101. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-TheVerge_101-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-TheVerge_101-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-TheVerge_101-2)
["Steve Wozniak on Newton, Tesla, and why the original Macintosh was a 'lousy' product"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160312014832/http://www.theverge.com/2013/6/27/4468314/steve-wozniak-on-how-the-newton-changed-his-life). June 27, 2013. Archived from [the original](https://www.theverge.com/2013/6/27/4468314/steve-wozniak-on-how-the-newton-changed-his-life) on March 12, 2016. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
102. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-102)**
O'Grady, Jason D. (2009). *Apple Inc*. ABC-CLIO. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780313362446](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313362446 "Special:BookSources/9780313362446")
.
pp. 8â10
103. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011109%E2%80%93112_103-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), pp. 109â112.
104. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinzmayer2004110%E2%80%93113_104-0)** [Linzmayer 2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFLinzmayer2004), pp. 110â113.
105. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011167%E2%80%93170_105-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), pp. 167â170.
106. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-106)**
Schlender, Brent; Tetzeli, Rick (2016). *Becoming Steve Jobs: The Evolution of a Reckless Upstart into a Visionary Leader*. Crown Business; Reprint edition. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780385347426](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385347426 "Special:BookSources/9780385347426")
.
pp.82â83
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Jobs and a team of engineers visit Xerox PARC, where they see a demo of mouse and graphical user interface
110. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011185%E2%80%93187_110-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011185%E2%80%93187_110-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011185%E2%80%93187_110-2) [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), pp. 185â187.
111. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlender201684%E2%80%9388_111-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlender201684%E2%80%9388_111-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlender201684%E2%80%9388_111-2) [Schlender 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFSchlender2016), pp. 84â88.
112. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinzmayer200498_112-0)** [Linzmayer 2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFLinzmayer2004), p. 98.
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Robbeloth, DeWitt (OctoberâNovember 1985). ["Whither Apple?"](https://archive.org/stream/II_Computing_Vol_1_No_1_Oct_Nov_85_Premiere#page/n7/mode/2up). *II Computing*. p. 8. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
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Krishnamoorthy, Anand; Li, Susan (October 6, 2011). ["Jobs's Death Was Like Lennon, JFK Getting Shot, Wozniak Says"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-10-06/steve-jobs-s-death-struck-like-john-lennon-jfk-getting-shot-wozniak-says). *[Bloomberg Businessweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek "Bloomberg Businessweek")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191112175804/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-10-06/steve-jobs-s-death-struck-like-john-lennon-jfk-getting-shot-wozniak-says) from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
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Gallagher, William (September 12, 2019). ["Looking back at Steve Jobs's NeXT, Inc â the most successful failure ever"](https://appleinsider.com/articles/18/09/12/looking-back-at-steve-jobss-next-inc----the-most-successful-failure-ever). *AppleInsider*. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
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125. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-125)**
Schlender, Brenton R. (October 13, 1988). ["Next Project: Apple Era Behind Him, Steve Jobs Tries Again, Using a New System"](http://tech-insider.org/unix/research/1988/1013.html). *The Wall Street Journal* (Western ed.). Palo Alto, California: [Dow Jones & Company Inc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_%26_Company "Dow Jones & Company"). p. Front Page Leader. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141020150953/http://tech-insider.org/unix/research/1988/1013.html) from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
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Rose, F. (April 23, 2009).
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Stross, R. E. (1993). *Steve Jobs and the NeXT Big Thing*. Atheneum. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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130. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-OGrady_130-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-OGrady_130-1)
O'Grady, J. (2008). *Apple Inc.* Greenwood Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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.\[*[pages needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\]
131. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinzmayer2004213_131-0)** [Linzmayer 2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFLinzmayer2004), p. 213.
132. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-132)**
Langer, Andy (September 10, 2014). ["Is Steve Jobs the God of Music?"](http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a11177/steve-jobs-esquire-interview-0703/). *[Esquire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_\(magazine\) "Esquire (magazine)")*. [Hearst Communications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Communications "Hearst Communications"). Retrieved July 10, 2017.
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135. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-135)**
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138. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-138)**
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139. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-iger20190918_139-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-iger20190918_139-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-iger20190918_139-2)
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140. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-DisneyBuysPixar_140-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-DisneyBuysPixar_140-1)
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285. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-285)**
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Klassen, Anna (August 16, 2013). ["Nine Craziest Moments From 'Jobs'"](https://www.thedailybeast.com/nine-craziest-moments-from-jobs). *Daily Beast*.
287. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-287)**
Curtin, Melanie (February 22, 2019). ["Steve Jobs Did This 1 Weird Thing to Come Up With Big Ideas (and You Can Too)"](https://www.inc.com/melanie-curtin/steve-jobs-did-this-1-weird-thing-consistently-when-coming-up-with-a-big-idea.html). *Inc.com*.
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Rollert, John Paul (October 25, 2023). ["Steve Jobs's Complex Legacy"](https://www.chicagobooth.edu/review/steve-jobss-complex-legacy). *Chicago Booth Review*.
289. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-289)**
Love, Dylan. ["Steve Jobs Skipped A Business Meeting To Take His Wife On Their First Date"](https://www.businessinsider.com/steve-jobs-wife-2011-10). *Business Insider*. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
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Elkind, Peter (March 5, 2008). ["America's Most Admired Companies: Steve Jobs (pg 2)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100305185913/http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index2.htm). *[CNNMoney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNNMoney "CNNMoney")*. Archived from [the original](https://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index2.htm) on March 5, 2010. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
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293. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinzmayer200481_293-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinzmayer200481_293-1) [Linzmayer 2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFLinzmayer2004), p. 81.
294. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-294)**
["Steve Jobs' Childhood Home Draws Tourists; Stepmom Laments Resignation"](https://patch.com/california/losaltos/steve-jobs-childhood-home-draws-tourists-stepmom-lamea2c39be94e). *Los Altos, CA Patch*. August 25, 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213808/https://patch.com/california/losaltos/steve-jobs-childhood-home-draws-tourists-stepmom-lamea2c39be94e) from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
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Gelles, David (February 27, 2020). ["Laurene Powell Jobs Is Putting Her Own Dent in the Universe: An interview with the 35th-richest person in the world"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/27/business/laurene-powell-jobs-corner-office.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200525094813/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/27/business/laurene-powell-jobs-corner-office.html) from the original on May 25, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
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299. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011253%E2%80%93255_299-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011253%E2%80%93255_299-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011253%E2%80%93255_299-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011253%E2%80%93255_299-3) [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), pp. 253â255.
300. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011254_300-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011254_300-1) [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), p. 254.
301. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011258_301-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011258_301-1) [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), p. 258.
302. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011255_302-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011255_302-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011255_302-2) [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), p. 255.
303. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-sg_303-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-sg_303-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-sg_303-2)
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304. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011253_304-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011253_304-1) [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), p. 253.
305. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011256_305-0)** [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), p. 256.
306. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-306)**
Graff, Amy (November 18, 2015). ["Social media reminds us Steve Jobs was the son of a Syrian migrant"](http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Steve-Jobs-son-of-Syrian-refugee-6640925.php). *SFGate*. Hearst Communications. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160519121041/http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Steve-Jobs-son-of-Syrian-refugee-6640925.php) from the original on May 19, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
307. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011257_307-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2011257_307-1) [Isaacson 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#CITEREFIsaacson2011), p. 257.
308. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-308)** [Conversations: Malek Jandali, Mona Simpson, & James Gelvin](https://hammer.ucla.edu/programs-events/2012/07/malek-jandali-mona-simpson-james-gelvin) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180414174937/https://hammer.ucla.edu/programs-events/2012/07/malek-jandali-mona-simpson-james-gelvin/) April 14, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") (UCLA Hammer Museum event). *Hammer.UCLA.edu*. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
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310. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-record_thin_310-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-record_thin_310-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-record_thin_310-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-record_thin_310-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-record_thin_310-4)
Whoriskey, Peter (October 6, 2011). ["Record thin on Steve Jobs' philanthropy"](https://washingtonpost.com/business/economy/record-thin-on-steve-jobss-philanthropy/2011/10/06/gIQA3YKKRL_story.html). *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220812001024/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/record-thin-on-steve-jobss-philanthropy/2011/10/06/gIQA3YKKRL_story.html) from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
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315. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-315)**
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Caldwell, Serenity (April 29, 2010). ["Steve Jobs makes Time 100 for fifth time"](https://www.macworld.com/article/205138/steve_jobs_makes_time_100_yet_again.html). *Macworld*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173223/https://www.macworld.com/article/205138/steve_jobs_makes_time_100_yet_again.html) from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
317. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-317)**
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318. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-318)**
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Arico, Joe (December 22, 2011). ["Steve Jobs Wins Special Grammy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120714185818/http://www.mobiledia.com/news/121854.html). *Mobiledia.com*. Archived from [the original](http://www.mobiledia.com/news/121854.html) on July 14, 2012. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
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["2012 Edison Awards Winners Announced"](http://www.edisonawards.com/PressRelease/2012_WinnersRelease.pdf) (PDF). p. 1. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211021153157/http://www.edisonawards.com/PressRelease/2012_WinnersRelease.pdf) (PDF) from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
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322. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-322)**
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323. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs#cite_ref-323)**
["Steve Jobs awarded posthumous Medal of Freedom by President Biden"](https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/steve-jobs-awarded-posthumous-medal-of-freedom-by-president-biden/ar-AAZ58mS). *[MSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN "MSN")*. p. 1. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220701172945/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/steve-jobs-awarded-posthumous-medal-of-freedom-by-president-biden/ar-AAZ58mS) from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
Bibliography
- [Brennan, Chrisann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrisann_Brennan "Chrisann Brennan") (2013). [*The Bite in the Apple: A Memoir of My Life with Steve Jobs*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bite_in_the_Apple "The Bite in the Apple"). New York: [St. Martin's Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press "St. Martin's Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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External links
- [Steve Jobs](https://apple.com/stevejobs) official memorial page at [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.")
- [Steve Jobs](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0423418/) at [IMDb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb_\(identifier\) "IMDb (identifier)")
- [Steve Jobs](https://www.forbes.com/profile/steve-jobs) profile at [Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")
- [Steven Paul Jobs](https://vault.fbi.gov/steve-jobs) *The Vault* at [FBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI "FBI") Records
- [Steve Jobs](https://www.folklore.org/ProjectView.py?characters=Steve%20Jobs) at [Andy Hertzfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Hertzfeld "Andy Hertzfeld")'s *The Original Macintosh* (folklore.org)
- [Steve Jobs](https://web.archive.org/web/20150527041838/http://www.woz.org/taxonomy/term/11) at [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak")'s woz.org
- 2011: "[Steve Jobs: From Garage to World's Most Valuable Company](https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/steve-jobs)." [Computer History Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_History_Museum "Computer History Museum")
- 2005: [Steve Jobs commencement speech at Stanford University](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UF8uR6Z6KLc) on [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_\(identifier\) "YouTube video (identifier)")
- 1995: [Steve Jobs](http://americanhistory.si.edu/comphist/sj1.html), Founder, NeXT Computer, excerpts from an Oral History Interview at [Smithsonian Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution "Smithsonian Institution"), April 20, 1995
- 1994: [Steve Jobs](https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/steve-jobs-in-1994-the-rolling-stone-interview-20110117) in 1994: The Rolling Stone Interview in *[Rolling Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")*
- 1990: [Steve Jobs](http://www.mlfilms.com/productions/m_and_i) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141216230720/http://www.mlfilms.com/productions/m_and_i) December 16, 2014, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") â memory and imagination "What a computer is to me is it's the most remarkable tool that we've ever come up with, and it's the equivalent of a bicycle for our minds"
- 1983: [The "Lost" Steve Jobs Speech from 1983; Foreshadowing Wireless Networking, the iPad, and the App Store](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9HmOz8H0qI) on [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_\(identifier\) "YouTube video (identifier)")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access "open access publication â free to read") [History of Steve Jobs (Full Documentary)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4pVFLUlx8g) on [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_\(identifier\) "YouTube video (identifier)") |
| Shard | 152 (laksa) |
| Root Hash | 17790707453426894952 |
| Unparsed URL | org,wikipedia!en,/wiki/Steve_Jobs s443 |