🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa174)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_(Thailand)\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_(Thailand)\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_(Thailand)","crawl_time":1775681487,"first_indexed_time":1429241821,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Songkran_(Thailand) s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Songkran (Thailand) - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Songkran\nCelebrations of Songkran; from right to left and top to bottom:\nSongkran Festival in\nChiang Mai\n's ancient city wall\nBuilding\nsand stupas\nin\nWat Pho\n,\nBangkok\nBathing of a Buddha statue in\nWat Ratchabophit\n,\nBangkok\nRot nam dam hua\nor washing the elders' hands with water for blessings in\nBan Khung Taphao\n,\nUttaradit\nWater fight in\nChiang Mai\nPasting a\nUS Navy\nofficer's face with white powder\nOfficial name\nSongkran\nFestival\nObserved by\nThailand\nBegins\n14 April\nEnds\n16 April\nDate\nApril 13\nDuration\n3 days\nFrequency\nAnnual\nRelated to\nSouth and Southeast Asian solar New Year\nSongkran\nin Thailand, traditional Thai New Year festival\nUNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage\nCountry\nThailand\nReference\n01719\nRegion\nAsia and the Pacific\nInscription history\nInscription\n2023 (18th session)\nList\nRepresentative\nThai New Year\n[\n1\n]\n: 802 \n[\n2\n]\n: 127 \nor\nSongkran\n[\n1\n]\n: 802 \n(\nThai\n:\nสงกรานต์\n,\npronounced\n[sǒŋ.krāːn]\n), also known as\nSongkran Festival\n[\n3\n]\nor\nSongkran Splendours\n,\n[\n2\n]\n: 127 \nis the Thai New Year's\nnational holiday\n. Songkran is on 13 April every year, but the holiday period extends from 14 to 15 April. In 2018 the Thai cabinet extended the festival nationwide to seven days, 9–16 April, to enable citizens to travel home for the holiday.\n[\n4\n]\nIn 2019, the holiday was observed from 9–16 April as 13 April fell on a Saturday.\n[\n5\n]\nIn 2024, Songkran was extended to span nearly the entire month, running from April 1 to April 21, instead of the traditional three-day celebration. The festival aligns with the New Year observed in many\nSoutheast\nand\nSouth Asian\ncultures, following the\nTheravada\nBuddhist calendar\n, and coincides with\nHindu calendar\ncelebrations such as\nBihu\n,\nPohela Boishakh\n,\nPana Sankranti\n,\nTamil Puthandu\n,\nVishu\n,\nVaisakhi\n. The New Year also takes place at around the same time as the New Year celebrations of many regions of South Asia like China (\nDai people\nof Yunnan Province), India, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Nepal, and Sri Lanka.\nIn Thailand, New Year is now officially celebrated 1 January. Songkran was the official New Year until 1888, when it was switched to a fixed date of 1 April. In 1940, the date was shifted to 1 January. The traditional Thai New Year Songkran became a national holiday.\n[\n6\n]\nCelebrations are famous for the public water fights framed as ritual cleansing. This has become quite popular among Thais and foreigners.\nSongkran\nis a Thai word,\n[\n7\n]\nderived from\nSanskrit\n[\n8\n]\nsaṅkrānti\n(\nसंक्रान्ति\n), meaning 'to move', 'movement',\n[\n9\n]\n: 4 \n'the passing of'\n[\n10\n]\nor 'astrological passage'.\n[\n11\n]\n: 70 \nIt derives from the movement of the sun from one position to another in the\nzodiac\n. According to its literal meaning in Sanskrit, a Songkran occurs every month, but the period Thai people call Songkran happens when the sun moves from\nPisces\nto\nAries\n.\n[\n12\n]\nThe correct name for this period should be\nMaha\nSongkran\n('great Songkran)\n[\n13\n]\n: 4 \nbecause it coincides with the arrival of a New Year. The Songkran festival is thus a celebration of the New Year in accordance with the\nsolar calendar\n. The celebration covers a period of three days: 13 April is regarded as\nMaha Songkran\n, the day that the sun moves into Aries or the last day of the old year. 14 April is\nWan Nao\n, the transitional day between the old and new years, and 15 April is\nWan Thaloeng Sok\n(\nThai\n:\nวันเถลิงศก\n'to begin a new era or year'), New Year's day.\n[\n14\n]\nIn 1989, the Thai cabinet fixed Songkran from 12–14 April, despite the correct starting date (13 April at 20:57).\n[\n15\n]\n[\nn 1\n]\nSongkran was traditionally computed according to the method described in\nSuriyayart\n(\nThai\n:\nสุริยยาตร์\n), the Thai version of\nSurya Siddhanta\n. The celebration starts when the\nsun\nenters\nAries\naccording to the\nsidereal zodiac\nsystem. This is called\nMaha Songkran\nday\n[\n16\n]\n: 26 \n[\n17\n]\n: 236 \n[\n9\n]\n: 4 \n(\nThai\n:\nวันมหาสงกรานต์\n). The final day marks the new solar year and is called\nWan Thaloengsok\n(\nThai\n:\nวันเถลิงศก\n). The astrologers, local or royal, then make predictions about the economy, agriculture, rainfall, and political affairs according to observations between both days.\n[\n18\n]\nThe king, or Chief Royal Astrologer on the monarch's behalf, issued an official notification on the new year to the public. The announcement, called\nPrakat Songkran\n(\nThai\n:\nประกาศสงกรานต์\n, Songkran notification), contained information on\nSongkran\n,\nThaloengsok\n, the\nlunisolar\ncalendar, and religious and royal ceremonies.\n[\n19\n]\nThe government strictly adhered to the announcement and arranged some ceremonies according to the computation made by the royal astrologer.\n[\n20\n]\n[\n21\n]\n[\nn 2\n]\nAccording to the scripture, 800 years equal 292,207 days.\n[\n22\n]\n[\n23\n]\n[\nn 3\n]\nIn other words, each solar year lasts 292,207\nkammaja\n(\nThai\n:\nกัมมัช\n, lit. one produced by\nkarma\n), where 1\nkammaja\nequals 108 seconds and 800\nkammaja\ncorresponds to 1 solar day. Timekeeping began as\nKali Yuga\nstarted in 3102\nBCE\n(−3101 CE). At the start of each year, it is possible to compute the number of days since\nKali Yuga\ncommenced using the following formula:\n[\n24\n]\n[\n25\n]\nwhere\n,\n,\ndenote\nKali\nEra\n,\nCommon Era\n, and Buddhist Era respectively.\nis the\nSuriyayart\nday number, which can vary according to the calendar era being used. The integer result is the count of days at New Year's Day, while the remainder indicates the time at which the new year begins (in\nkammaja\n), measured from the previous midnight.\nOwing to a huge day number in the calculation, new\ncalendar eras\nwere devised to solve this problem, including the\nMinor Era\n(ME). 0 ME corresponds to 1181\nBE\n, 638 CE or 3739 KE. Following the above equation, it follows that there were 1,365,702 days since the start of\nKali Yuga\n. The remainder of the division suggests that the new year started at 373\nkammaja\nafter the previous midnight. This corresponds to 373\/800 of a day or 11 hours, 11 minutes, and 24 seconds. In other words, 0 ME started at 11:11:24 on Sunday, 25 March 638 CE in the\nproleptic Gregorian calendar\n. The Julian day at the new year is computed according to the following formula:\nThe number can then be converted back into a date using an algorithm (see\nJulian day\n).\nMaha Songkran\nday is computed either by a lengthy process or by subtracting\nby 2.165 days (2 days 3 hours 57 minutes 36 seconds). This can be rewritten as\nA solar year lasts 292,207\nkammaja\nor 365.25875 days every year. A Gregorian year lasts, on average, 292194\nkammaja\n.\n[\nn 4\n]\nThe difference of 13\nkammaja\n(23 minutes, 24 seconds) accumulates every year, causing the shift of Songkran toward the end of the calendar year.\n[\n26\n]\nIn 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900 and 2000, Maha Songkran was on 7 April, 9 April, 10 April, 12 April, and 13 April, respectively.\nNowadays the royal palace has ceased to issue the\nPrakat Songkran\n, replacing it with a small calendar booklet given to the public on New Year's Day.\nGovernment Savings Bank\nstill prints a one-page lunisolar calendar, which is different from the multiple-page solar calendar commonly seen. The calendar features the image of\nNang Songkran\nwith her vehicle and subordinates, led by a\nChinese zodiac\nanimal holding a flag with Thai script for that zodiac. It also contains comprehensive information on the correct Songkran day and religious days.\n[\n27\n]\nSome astrologers, especially in northern Thailand, still issue their own Songkran notification containing predictions and other information.\n[\n28\n]\nIn 2013, the\nChiang Mai\nProvincial Council defied the government-set holiday by rescheduling the ceremony according to the correct calculation.\n[\n29\n]\nThe following table lists the start and end dates of Songkran festival obtained from the formulae above. The Chinese zodiac for each year is also given since it is also used in Thai astrology. But the Chinese zodiac changes on\nLichun\n, just before the\nChinese New Year\n, in February, while Thai astrology uses the first day of fifth lunar month (roughly the\nnew moon\nin late–March to early–April).\n[\n30\n]\n[\n31\n]\nBefore the cutoff date, astrologers use the zodiac of the last year.\nMaha Songkran and Thaloengsok table\nYear\nChinese zodiac\nMaha Songkran\nSongkran starts\nThaloengsok\nSongkran ends\n2021\nOx\n14 April 2021\n03:39:36\n16 April 2021\n07:37:12\n2022\nTiger\n14 April 2022\n09:52:12\n16 April 2022\n13:49:48\n2023\nRabbit\n14 April 2023\n16:04:48\n16 April 2023\n20:02:24\n2024\nDragon\n13 April 2024\n22:17:24\n16 April 2024\n02:15:00\n2025\nSnake\n14 April 2025\n04:30:00\n16 April 2025\n08:27:36\n2026\nHorse\n14 April 2026\n10:42:36\n16 April 2026\n14:40:12\n2027\nGoat\n14 April 2027\n16:55:12\n16 April 2027\n20:52:48\n2028\nMonkey\n13 April 2028\n23:07:48\n16 April 2028\n03:05:24\n2029\nRooster\n14 April 2029\n05:20:24\n16 April 2029\n09:18:00\n2030\nDog\n14 April 2030\n11:33:00\n16 April 2030\n15:30:36\n2031\nPig\n14 April 2031\n17:45:36\n16 April 2031\n21:43:12\nThe origin of the Songkran festival lies in a Buddhist folk myth or noncanonical\njataka\nrelated to harvest and spring. In the prosperous city of Sukhavati in\nSuvannabhumi\n, Bodistva was born in the household of a poor farmer. Once,\nIndra\nthe king of Devas, looked at the city from heaven and was saddened by the level of corruption. He found that people did not respect their elders, behaved rudely, and did not give them proper food or medicine. They had no compassion for the needy and helpless, no faith in\nSila\nand\nUposath\nbut fun in sin, no faith in donation but greed for wealth, no faith in\nDhamma\nbut made business of Dhamma. Seeing the decline of Dhamma, he said, \"\nGlory\/Siri\nof humans lies in their faith in Dhamma. There is no Glory without Dhamma.\" With the affirmation of this truth, people in the city immediately lost their glory. Rain, water, and food disappeared and extreme drought with skin-burning hot sun waves and dirty, foul-smelling garbage filled their homes.\nTo be saved from this suffering, with Bodistva's leadership, people prayed to Mother\nEarth or Siri\n. They asked Siri the cause of and solution to their misfortune. Out of compassion and sympathy for her children, she told them restoration of their faith in Dhamma would end their suffering. She gave them a divine piece of fertile land, divine seeds, a mysterious song for rain, and pots of divine\nthanaka\npowder of several colors to apply on their skin to cool the body from the sun. People pledged to observe sila and upasotha under Bodistva's guidance.\nBodistva and his companions started cultivating the divine land, sowing divine seeds. They used to apply several colours of\nthanaka\npowder and water is poured to cool their body from heavy sun waves. In few days their crops were grown that was the day when the sun entered\nthe constellation of Aries\n. They produced adequate grains. At the day of harvest, they washed feet of their elders, saluted them and served delicious food and proper cloths. Donations were made to needy and helpless. Hence, Dhamma was restored by the people.\nSame day when Indra the king of devas again looked at the city of\nSuvannaBhumi\n. He praised them and said, \"Glory of humans lies in their faith in Dhamma, there is no Glory without Dhamma.\" By affirmation of this truth immediately their lost glory was restored back and the people elected bodistva as their leader and celebrated the harvest day with throwing water on each other and started playing with several colours of thanaka powder by applying it on each other's body.\nThus, in Buddhist community in South East Asia, to remember and celebrate this day, people clean their houses, salute and show respect to their elders by washing their feet, serving delicious food and proper clothing to them. Donations are made to monastery and needy. People play with water and different colours of\nthanaka\npowder is applied to each other's body.\nAccording to the Buddhist scripture of\nWat Pho\n, Songkran originated from the death of Kapila Brahma (\nกบิลพรหม\n,\nKabilaphrom\n,\n'\nreddish\nBrahma\n'\n).\n[\n32\n]\nIn the olden days, there was a wealthy man and his neighbor, a drunkard. The drunkard, who had two sons, belittled the rich man for being childless. The rich man was humiliated and beseeched the\nSun\nand the\nMoon\ngods to grant him a son. His attempts failed until he offered cooked rice to the tree god living in a banyan tree, who asked\nIndra\nto grant the man's wish. The child, named Thammabal (\nThai\n:\nธรรมบาล\n, also Dhammapala,\nlit.\n \n'\none who protects righteousness\n'\n), was born.\nThammabal was a clever child who learned three\nvedas\n, bird language and also taught people to avoid sin. Kapila Brahma learned of the child and wanted to test the child's cleverness. The god asked, \"Where is the glory of men (\nsri\n) located in the morning, during the day, and in the evening?\". The loser would have his head chopped off. The boy thought in vain for six days, but could not find a solution to the riddles. He lay beneath a sugar palm tree and overheard a conversation between a pair of eagles who planned to eat his corpse when he lost the bet. The female eagle asked her mate whether he knew the answer. He answered, \"In the morning, the\nsri\nappears on the face, so people wash their faces every morning. At noon, the\nsri\nis at the chest where people spray perfume every noon. In the evening, the\nsri\ngoes to the feet, so people wash their feet every evening.\" Thmmabal memorized the answer and gave it to Kapila Brahma the next day. Having lost, Kapila Brahma summoned his seven daughters and told them that he must cut his head off. However, if his head fell to earth, it would create an inferno that would engulf the world. If his head was thrown into the air, the rains would stop. And if his head was dropped into the ocean, all seawater would dry up. To prevent these calamities, he told his daughters to place his head on an elevated\nphan\n. Thungsa, his eldest child, stored her father's head in the cave in\nMount Kailash\n.\n[\n14\n]\nEvery year when the Sun enters Aries, one of Kapila Brahma's children, called the\nNang Songkran\n(\nThai\n:\nนางสงกรานต์\n,\nlit.\n \n'\nLady Songkran\n'\n) for that year, and other angels form a procession. One of them takes the phan with Kapila Brahma's head. The lady stands, sits, reclines or sleeps on the back of the animal depending on the time. From the dawn to midday, the lady will stand on the back of her conveyance. After midday until the sunset, she will sit down. Between the sunset and midnight, the lady lies down on her vehicle but leaves her eyes open. After midnight, she sleeps.\n[\n25\n]\nThese postures and other details were previously drawn as part of the\nPrakat Songkran\nand now as part of the lunisolar calendar. The procession lasts for 60 minutes around\nMount Meru\n. This is subsequently called\nMaha Songkran\nto distinguish from other\nSongkran\nthat occur when the Sun moves from one to another zodiac. For simplicity, the name was later shortened as\nSongkran\n.\n[\n33\n]\n[\n34\n]\nThe following table lists the names and characteristics of\nNang Songkran\n, which vary according to which day of the week\nMaha Songkran\nfalls on in each year.\nDay of Week and corresponding colour\nName\nFlower\nJewellery stone\nFood\nRight hand\nLeft hand\nConveyance\n \nSunday\nDungsha Devi\/Thungsa Thewi\nPomegranate\nflowers\nRuby\nFig\nDiscus\nConch\nGaruda\n \nMonday\nGōrāgha Devi\/Khorakha Thewi\nCork tree flowers\nMoonstone\nOil\nSword\nStaff\nTiger\n \nTuesday\nRākshasa Devi\/Raksot Thewi\nLotus flower\nAgate\nBlood\nTrident\nBow\nPig\n \nWednesday\nMaṇdā Devi\/Mantha Thewi\nChampak flowers\nCat's eye\nButter\nStylus\nStaff\nDonkey\n \nThursday\nKiriṇī Devi\/Kirini Thewi\nMagnolia\nEmerald\nNuts and sesame seeds\nHook\nBow\nElephant\n \nFriday\nKimidā Devi\/Kimitha Thewi\nWater lilies\nTopaz\nBanana\nSword\nLute\nBuffalo\n \nSaturday\nMahodharā Devi\/Mahothon Thewi\nWater hyacinth flowers\nBlue sapphire\nHog deer meat\nDiscus\nTrident\nPeacock\nIn historical records\n[\nedit\n]\nIn\nDe Beschryving van Japan\n(The History of Japan)  handwritten in 1690 by\nEngelbert Kaempfer\nin the reign of King\nPhetracha\nof\nAyutthaya Kingdom\n, it is said of Songkran in old-17th century Dutch :-\n\"Every first day and 15th day of the month, Siamese people had a celebration as the first day of new moon and the 15th day of full moon. Some Siamese people went to temple at the first day of the week which was similar to our Sunday—Holy Communion. There were also many annual ceremonies, such as the Siamese New Year celebration called Songkran (Sonkraen), ...\"\n[\nn 5\n]\n— Engelbert Kaempfer (Hand-written in 1690), De beschryving van Japan. (Translated in 1727 by John Gaspar Scheuchzer).\n[\n35\n]\nIn the reign of King\nBorommakot\n(1733–58), there was recorded of ancient royal ceremonies of Siamese New Year observance called\nSongkran Day\n, the tradition-inherited from past generations of King of Ayutthaya Kingdom such ceremonies as, royal forming of sand stupa with royal ornaments, sprinkling the water onto the statues of Buddha and graven images, offering food to monks, procession of sand stupas parade to temples, royal musical fanfares, and also establishing the almshouse assignment subsequently, said in\nthe Concise Royal Chronicle of Ayutthaya Kingdom of royal forming the sand stupa in the reign of King Borommakot\n:-\nAfter the royal ceremony of Phra Sai at Wat Phra Si Sanphet, the next day was Wan Nao. The royal officials offered the sands and a big tray to the Majesty King to form the sand in the shape of stupa (Phra Sai) with five hollow spears of the sky at the Song Peun Throne Hall. The royal officials moved King's sand stupa (Phra Sai) to the painter for decorating the British gold on it and the royal officials then moved it to place at the Song Peun Throne Hall. After the Buddhist monks had already eaten their morning meals, the royal officials moved to move (Phra Sai) King's sand stupa (Phra Sai) to place in the pavilion \"Lukkhun Thai Sara\". The three colonels named Put, Thep Rat and Chan marched the parade with the pairs of flocks by walking and riding the horses. The royal officials produced melodies with the flutes and victory drums, Malaya drum and Chinese drums and took three jagged-edge flags in the parade to move King's sand stupa (Phra Sai) to Wat Worapho, Wat Pra Ram and Wat Mongkol Bophit as the inherited tradition.\n[\nn 6\n]\nThere was a contemporary archive mentioned Songkran festival of Siam in reign of King\nMongkut\n. The archive written in 1854 by\nJean-Baptiste Pallegoix\n, a priest of the Société des Missions Etrangères who was assigned as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic and lived in Siam. Said in French:-\n\"During the year, Siamese also have several days of civil or religious festivals, which they celebrate with great splendor: 1°Songkran; it is Siamese New Year, which usually falls in April (fifth month in brahman calendar); it held an observance for three days; Siamese people's able to acknowledge horoscope from astrologers whether the angel of the year to ride a tiger, an ox, a bear, a horse, a goat, a dragon or other animals during this festival only.\"\n[\nn 7\n]\n— Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix, Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam. (1854).\n[\n38\n]\nThe Songkran celebration is rich with symbolic traditions. Mornings begin with\nmerit-making\n. Visiting local temples and offering food to the Buddhist monks is commonly practiced. On this specific occasion, performing water pouring on Buddha statues and the young and elderly is a traditional ritual, representing purification and the washing away of one's sins and bad luck.\n[\n12\n]\nAs a festival of unity, people who have moved away usually return home to their loved ones and elders. Paying reverence to ancestors is an important part of Songkran tradition.\nThe holiday is known for its\nWater Festival\n. Major streets are closed to traffic, and are used as arenas for water fights. Celebrants, young and old, participate in this tradition by splashing water on each other. Traditional parades are held and in some venues \"Lady Songkran\" or \"Miss Songkran\" is crowned,\n[\n39\n]\nwhere contestants are clothed in traditional Thai dress.  For the general public, floral shirt or\nHawaiian shirt\nis a popular clothing item worn during this festival.\n[\n40\n]\nIn 2024,\nUNESCO\ncertified Songkran as part of humanity's\nintangible cultural heritage list\n.\n[\n41\n]\nIn Central region, people clean their houses when Songkran approaches. All dress up in colorful clothing or Thai dress. After offering food to the monks, people will offer a requiem to their ancestors. People make merit offerings such as giving sand to the temple for construction or repair. Other forms of merit include releasing birds and fish. Nowadays, people also release other kinds of animals such as buffaloes and cows.\nPhra Pradaeng\nhosts traditional ceremonies of\nMon people\nsuch as parades in the colourful traditional outfits and folklore performances.\n[\n42\n]\nBan Hat Siew in\nSi Satchanalai District\nhosts the 'Elephant Procession Ordination' event on 7 April, where a colourful parade where men dressed in the traditional clothes are taken to the temples on elephants.\n[\n43\n]\nIn northern Thailand 13 April is celebrated with gunfire or firecrackers to repel bad luck. On the next day, people prepare food and useful things to offer to the monks at the temple. People have to go to temple to make merit and bathe Buddha's statue and after that they pour water on the hands of elders and ask for their blessings.\nIn\nBangkok\n,\nKhao San Road\nand\nSilom Road\nwith\nSiam Square\n[\n44\n]\nare the hubs for modern celebration of Songkran. The roads are closed for traffic, and posts equipped with water guns and buckets full of water. The party runs day and night.\n[\n45\n]\nSongkran in Eastern region is known as \"Wan Lai\" (วันไหล,\npronounced\n[\/wan\nlǎj]\n), which literally means \"flowing day.\" This term refers to the distinctive way the traditional New Year is celebrated here, with festivities continuing after the official national Songkran holiday (April 13–15). The celebration begins in\nBang Saen\n(April 16–17), moves to\nPattaya\n–Na Kluea (April 18–19), and continues on to\nSattahip\n,\nRayong\n,\nBan Chang\n, and other areas, sometimes lasting until the end of April. Wan Lai captures both the lively water-play atmosphere and the symbolic flow of people, joy, and cultural tradition across multiple coastal towns. Locals and tourists alike follow the festivities, enjoying a vibrant, beachside celebration filled with community spirit and local charm.\n[\n46\n]\nAt the festival of Songkran, which marks the beginning of the old Siamese solar year, it is the custom to bathe the images of the Buddha and also the monks and old people. The young folk make this an occasion for throwing water over each other amidst much fun and laughter.\n[\n47\n]\n: 125 \n[\n48\n]\n: 133 \n— Peter Anthony Thompson B.A., A.M., I.C.E., Late of\nThe Royal Survey Department, Siam.\n, Lotus Land: Being an Account of the Country and the People of Southern Siam, July 1906.\nBuddhist takes a bath ancestor pagoda in Songkran festival,\nUttaradit\n.\nSongkran festival,\nChiang Mai\n's ancient city wall\nDancers in\nIsan\ntraditional dress during Songkran festival,\nBueng Kan\nMonks receiving blessing at a temple in\nBan Khung Taphao\nWater fights along the west moat,\nChiang Mai\n, Thailand\nSongkran at Wat Thai,\nLos Angeles\nSongkran symbolic\nsand pagodas\nin temple, Wat Phu Khao Thong, Ban Maenam, Koh Samui\nGroup of Thai traditional dancer in Songkran festival,\nBangkok\nLady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok\nLady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok\nSi Lom Road\nclosure for water fight during Songkran in 2025\nSand stupas\nat Bang Saen during Wan Lai 2018. Creating sand sculptures, such as stupas and Buddha images, is a traditional activity that forms part of Wan Lai, the eastern-style Songkran celebration\nSongkran is celebrated by the Malaysian Siamese community, particularly in the states of\nKedah\n, Kelantan,\nPenang\n, Perak,\nPerlis\nand\nTerengganu\nwhere most Siamese are located.\n[\n49\n]\n[\n50\n]\nThe festival is celebrated as\nSangken\nin northeastern areas of India and as\nBizu\n, Boisuk, Shangrai, and Boisabi in the\nChittagong Hill Tracts\nof Bangladesh, which is the traditional New Year's Day by the indigenous Hindu people and Buddhist community. The Sangken festival is celebrated by the Tai people —\nKhamti people\nKhamyang\n,\nPhake\nand\nTurung\npeople.  The festival is also celebrated by\nSingpho\n, Tikhak (Tangsa) and Duoniya people. Sangken generally falls in the month of 'Naun Ha', the fifth month of the year of the Tai\nLunar calendar\ncoinciding with the month of April. It is celebrated in the last days of the old year and the lunar new year begins on the day just after the end of the festival.\nIn\nJapan\n, Songkran festival observance held along with the Hot Spring festival,\nBeppu Hatto Onsen Matsuri\n, in\nBeppu\ncity,\nŌita Prefecture\n, called\nBeppu Songkran Festival\n,\n[\n51\n]\nnot only water-splashing observance but also Thai cultural fanfares occurred, and also held at the world's wettest music festival,\nS2O Japan Songkran Music Festival\n.\n[\n52\n]\nIt's combination of Thai-Japan culture and depiction of long time relation of each other.\nSongkran is celebrated annually on the U.S. territory of\nWake Island\nby Air Force members and American and Thai contractors,\n[\n53\n]\nincluding\nNew York State\nfor commemorating the Asian American community's celebration of Songkran on April as an important cultural event on the state according to Assembly Resolution No. 1059.\n[\n54\n]\nPolice statistics show that the death toll from road accidents doubles during the annual Songkran holiday. Between 2009 and 2013 there were about 27 road deaths per day during non-holiday periods and an average of 52 road deaths per day during Songkran. Thailand has among the highest\ntraffic fatality rates\nin the world, along with\nLiberia\n,\nCongo\n, and\nTanzania\n. Approximately 70–80 percent of the accidents that occur during the long holiday period are motorcycle accidents.\n[\n55\n]\nAbout 10,000 people per year die in motorcycle accidents.\n[\n56\n]\nThe\nNational Council for Peace and Order\n(NCPO) says a total of 110,909 people were arrested and 5,772 vehicles impounded at road safety checkpoints across the country between 9–16 April 2016.\n[\n57\n]\nIn 2018 the number of offenders arrested at 2,029 checkpoints had risen to 146,589. Of these, 39,572 had failed to wear crash helmets and 37,779 carried no driving licence.\n[\n55\n]\nReacting to the numbers, the\nprime minister\n\"ordered stricter enforcement of the law\"; the interior minister said he would \"propose greater efforts in raising awareness as an additional measure, insisting that traffic laws were [already] strictly enforced\"; and deputy prime minister\nPrawit Wongsuwan\nsaid he would \"work harder to ensure motorcyclists wore helmets\".\n[\n58\n]\nThis period is known locally as \"7 dangerous days\".\n[\n59\n]\nDate\nAccidents\nDeaths\nInjuries\nSource\n11–17 Apr 2018\n3,724\n418\n3,987\n[\n55\n]\n2017\n3,690\n335\n3,506\n[\n60\n]\n11–17 Apr 2016\n3,447\n442\n3,656\n[\n61\n]\n[\n62\n]\n2015\n3,373\n364\n3,559\n[\n62\n]\n11–17 Apr 2014\n2,992\n322\n3,225\n[\n62\n]\nIntellectual property\n[\nedit\n]\nCelebrate Singapore\n[\nedit\n]\nIn 2014, \"Celebrate Singapore,\" a large two-day Songkran-style water festival,\n[\n63\n]\nwas planned for Singapore and the event was promoted as the \"largest water festival party in Singapore.\" However, controversy emerged when the\nTourism Authority of Thailand\n(TAT) Deputy Governor for Tourism Products, Vilaiwan Twichasri, claimed that Thailand holds exclusive rights to celebrate Songkran and planned to consult with officials at the Department of Intellectual Property, Ministry of Commerce and Ministry of Culture to discuss a potential lawsuit. The Deputy Governor's view was supported by numerous Thai citizens on social media websites.\n[\n64\n]\nChai Nakhonchai, Cultural Promotion Department chief, pointed out that Songkran is a traditional festival shared by many countries throughout Southeast Asia, while historian Charnvit Kasetsiri stated that no single nation can claim ownership of a tradition.\n[\n65\n]\nOn 25 March 2014, the\nBangkok Post\nreported that the Singaporean government had intervened in the festival's content and there would be no water-throwing, no water pistols and no public drinking. The festival was also reduced to a one-day event.\n[\n66\n]\nChoul Chnam Thmey\n- the Cambodian New Year that follows the same date and time.\nHoli\n– an Indian holiday famous for its ritualized street celebrations with colored powder\nWater Festival\n- vibrant celebrations that occur across the globe, often marking the start of a new year or season. Countries\/Regions include: Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia, and the Xishuangbanna Prefecture and Dehong regions of China\nList of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Thailand\n^\nThe cabinet later fixed this issue by shifting the holiday by one day to 13–15 April, which is still in use today.\n^\nIn 1896, for example, the ceremony started on 12 April. According to Suriyayart, the sun entered Aries at 19:30 on 12 April. The main ceremony started one day later, possibly due to difficulties organizing the ceremony at the exact time. In 1949, Maha Songkran was on 13 April at 12:35 and the ceremony started that day.\n^\nAccording to\nDeva Sastri, Bapu (1861).\n\"Translation of the Surya Siddhanta\"\n(PDF)\n. C B Lewis and the Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta.\nSloka 37, there are 1,577,917,828 solar (or terrestrial, as the translator chose) day within one great\nYuga\n, or eon. There are four\nyugas\n, or periods, within the aeon. All of them spans 4,320,000 solar years (Sloka 15–16). It follows that 800 solar years correspond to 292,207 days.\n^\nJulian year lasts 292,200 kammajas on average\n^\nDe Siamiten vieren den ecrſtcn en vyſtienden dag der maand, zynde de dagen der nieuwe en volle maan. Sommige gaan ook op den cerſtcn dag van de kwartier maanen na de Pagoden, 't welk eeniger maaten overeenkomt met onzen Zondag. Behalven deze hebben zy fommige jaarlykſche plechtige Feeſtdagen, by voorbeeld een in 't begin van 't jaar, genaamt Sonkraen, ...\"\n^\nอนึ่งเมื่อครั้ง (แผ่นดิน) สมเด็จพระพุทธเจ้าหลวงในพระบรมโกศนั้น ครั้นวันขึ้นปีใหม่โหรถวายฤกษ์เป็นวันมหาสงกรานต์ เจ้าพนักงานได้ก่อพระทรายหน้าพระวิหารหลวงวัดพระศรีสรรเพ็ชญ์...และเครื่องราชวัติฉัตรธงเครื่องประดับพระทรายนั้น เจ้าพนักงานได้เบิกสิ่งของให้แก่ช่างเขียนทำ และพระทรายนั้นช่างเขียนได้ตัด [เขียนตัดเส้นระบายสี หรือตัดพระทรายให้เป็นรูปทรง] ครั้นรุ่งขึ้นเพลาเช้าวันมหาสงกรานต์ ล้นเกล้าล้นกระหม่อมเสด็จไป ณ พระวิหารใหญ่ด้วย [พระวิหารหลวงวัดพระศรีสรรเพ็ชญ์ หลังกลาง] นิมนต์พระสงฆ์ราชาคณะอธิการวัด ได้ฉัน ณ พระวิหารใหญ่ฉลองพระทราย และที่พระ(ทราย)มหาธาตุและพระทรายบริวารนั้น วิเศษแต่งเทียนและบายศรี (มี) เทียนทองคำขวัญบูชาพระทรายองค์ละสำรับ ครั้นเสร็จ (งาน) พระทรายที่วัดพระศรีสรรเพ็ชญ์แล้วรุ่งขึ้นเป็นวันเนา เจ้าพนักงานจึงเอาทรายและเตียงเข้าไปให้ล้นเกล้าล้นกระหม่อมทรงก่อพระทราย ณ พระที่นั่งทรงปืน...ทรงก่อแล้วพนักงานยกพระทรายออกให้ช่างเขียนตัด และเครื่องประดับพระพรายนั้นให้เจ้าพนักงานปิดทองอังกฤษประดับ และช่าง [ช่างเขียน] เขียนทำประดับประดาพระทราย แล้วยกเข้าไปตั้งไว้ ณ พระที่นั่งทรงปืน ครั้นรุ่งขึ้นเพลาเช้าวันเถลิงศกเสด็จ ฯ ออกฉลองพระเจดีย์ทราย เตียงยกพระที่นั่งทรงปืน พระสงฑ์ฉันเสร็จแล้ว เจ้าพนักงานยกพระทรายออกมาตั้งไว้ ณ ศาลาลูกขุนท้ายสระ พันพุฒ พันเทพราช พันจันท์ เกณฑ์เครื่องเล่นและคู่แห่เดินเท้าและม้า ปี่กลองชนะ ธงสามชาย ปีกลองมลายู ปี่กลองจีนแห่พระทรายไปไว้ ฯ วัดวรโพธิ์ วัดพระราม วัดมงคลบพิตร (เป็น) อย่างธรรมเนียมสืบมาแต่ก่อน (ดังนี้)\n^\nIls ont en outre, durant le cours de l'année, plusieurs jours de fêtes civiles ou religieuses, qu'ils célèbrent avec grande pompe : 1°Songkran; c'est leur nouvel an, qui tombe ordinairement dans leur cinquième mois; on le célèbre pendant trois jours; ce n'est qu'à cette époque que le peuple apprend des astro-logues, si l'ange de l'année monte un tigre, un bœuf, un ours, un cheval; une chèvre, un dragon ou quelque autre animal.\n^\na\nb\nAch Vidyagama (George Bradley McFarland), Phra\n. (1944). \"สงกรานต์\",\nThai-English Dictionary\n. CA, United States: Stanford University Press. 1,058 pp.\nISBN\n \n978-080-4-70383-3\n^\na\nb\nGlen Lewis. (2007). \"Thai tourism take 1: a land of diversity and refinement\",\nVirtual Thailand The Media and Cultural Politics in Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore (Rethinking Southeast Asia)\n. NY, United States: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group (T&F Informa plc.). 241 pp.\nISBN\n \n978-0-415-36499-7\n. \"April 'Songkran Splendours' (Thai New Year, nationalwide)\"\n^\nAnuman Rajadhon (Yong Sathirakoses), Phraya\n. (1956).\nLoy Krathong and Songkran Festival\n. Bangkok: National Culture Institute Thailand. p. 13.  \"SONGKRAN FESTIVAL Of all the feasts and festivals in Thailand which are many...\"\nMinistry of Education Thailand, Office of the National Culture Commission. (1989).\nThai Culture: Songkran Festival\n. Bangkok: Ministry of Education Thailand. 33 pp.\nISBN\n \n978-974-7-90326-3\n,\n974-790-326-1\n. \"Songkran Festival \" issued by the Office of the National Culture Commission is the third of its series . The aim of this cultural kit is to present Thai culture to the general public and thereby to create mutual understanding\"\n^\n\"\n'Songkran Festival' extended to five-day holiday\"\n.\nThe Nation\n. 27 February 2018.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 14 April 2018\n. Retrieved\n15 April\n2018\n.\n^\n\"Thai Government Approves Extra Day for Songkran 2019\"\n.\nChiang Rai Times\n. 13 February 2019. Archived from\nthe original\non 26 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n15 February\n2019\n.\n^\nMelton, J. Gordon\n(2011).\nReligious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations\n. ABC-CLIO. p. 825.\nISBN\n \n978-1-59884-205-0\n.\n^\nV. S. Bhaskar, Government of Assam, India. (2009). \"Festivals: Songkran\",\nFaith & Philosophy of Buddhism\n. New Delhi, India: Kalpaz Publications. 312 pp. pp. 261-262.\nISBN\n \n978-817-8-35722-5\n. \"Songkran is a Thai word which means 'move'...\"\nTaipei City Government, Taiwan (ROC). (2008).\nTeipei: 2008 Yearbook\n. [臺北市年鑑2008-英文版 (In Chinese)]. Taipei: Taipei City Government Editorial Group. 386 pp.\nISBN\n \n978-986-0-14421-5\n. p. 269. \"(Songkran) is in April, and Thai people celebrate their new year by splashing water at each other, hence the Thai name Songkran, i.e., \"Water Splashing Festival.\"\nRooney, Dawn F. (2008). Ancient Sukhothai: Thailand's Cultural Heritage. Bangkok: River Books Press. 247 pp.\nISBN\n \n978-974-9-86342-8\n. p. 36. \"'Songkran' is a Thai name that derives from a Sanskrit word meaning 'to move to', a reference to the sun's movements.\nKomlosy, A. (2002).\nImages Of The Dai : The Aesthetics Of Gender And Identity In Xishuangbanna\n. [Doctoral Dissertation, University of St. Andrews]. University of St. Andrews Research Repository.\n'https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10023\/7293'\n. p. 334. \"The term Songkran is a Thai word meaning to move, here it refers to the Sun which moves into the sign of Aries at this time of the year\". pp. 334–335. \"The Thai term Songkran is now used by many Southeast Asia specialists to refer to the New Year festival held in many countries, including Myanmar, Laos and China.\"\n\"Songkran\" (noun) in Oxford English Dictionary (Online)\n. Retrieved on 17 April 2024.\nAnouska Komlosy. \"Procession and Water Splashing: Expressions of Locality and Nationality during Dai New Year in Xishuangbanna: Songkran\",\nThe Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute\n, 10(2). (2004, June). London:\nRoyal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland\n.\nJSTOR #i370994\n. p. 357. \"The term Songkran is a Thai word meaning 'to move', and it refers here to the Sun, which moves into the sign of Aries at this time of the year.\"\nPrakong Nimmanahaeminda, Academy of Arts,\nRoyal Society of Thailand\n. \"Myth and Ritual : A Study of the Songkran Festival\",\nThe Journal of The Royal Society of Thailand\n, 29(1–2), (2004, January–March). pp. 345–350. \"Songkran is a Thai word which means of movement.\"\nMalaysia, Jabatan Perpaduan Negara Dan Integrasi Nasional (JPNIN). (1985).\nFestivals and religious occasions in Malaysia\n. (First series). Kuala Lumpur: The National Unity Department of Malaysia, Prime Minister's Dept. 36 pp. p. 26. \"'SONGKRAN' is a Traditional New Year of the Thai people and this day normally fulls in the month of April. 'SONGKRAN' is a Thai word meaning change of exchange.\"\nSir. Philip John Newling Ward, Maj. Gen\n. (1974). \"THE SONGKRAN FESTIVAL\",\nBangkok: Portrait of a City\n. Cambridge, United Kingdom: The Oleander Press. 136 pp. p. 111.\nISBN\n \n978-090-2-67544-5\n. \"Thai word ' Songkran ' literally means a move or change\".\nJames Hastings, John Alexander Selbie, Louis Herbert Gray. (1912). \"FESTIVALS AND FACTS (Siamese)\",\nEncyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics Vol. 5\n. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 886.\n^\nOxford Business Group (OBG). (2011). \"Water wars: The traditional Thai New Year includes some playful activities\",\nThe Report: Thailand 2012\n. (n.p.): Oxford Business Group. 268 pp. p. 260.\nISBN\n \n978-190-7-06563-7\nMonier-Williams, Monier\n(1899). \"Saṃkrānti\".\nA Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages\n. Oxford: Clarendon Press.\nOCLC\n \n685239912\n.\n^\na\nb\nOffice of the National Culture Commission. (1989).\nThai Culture: Songkran Festival Cultural Kit No. 3\n. Bangkok: Ministry of Education Thailand. 33 pp.\nISBN\n \n978-974-7-90326-3\n^\nEpstein, N.\n, and Arvigo, R. (2021).\nSpiritual Bathing: Healing Rituals and Traditions from Around the World\n(eBook). (n.p.): Echo Point Books & Media, LLC. 192 pp.\n^\nBartlett, S\n. (2015). \nSpellcraft for a Magical Year: Rituals and Enchantments for Prosperity, Power, and Fortune\n. United States: Quarto Publishing Group USA. 224 pp.\nISBN\n \n978-162-7-88297-2\n^\na\nb\n\"The magic and traditions of Thai New Year (Songkran)\"\n.\nTourism Authority of Thailand Newsroom\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 5 April 2014\n. Retrieved\n12 December\n2015\n.\n^\nCorness, I. (2015). \"Songkran\",\nFarang: Thailand through the eyes of an ex-pat\n(eBook). Dublin, Ireland: Maverick House. 240 pp.\nISBN\n \n978-190-5-37977-4\n^\na\nb\nNimmanahaeminda, Prakong (April–June 2004).\n\"Myth and Ritual: A Study of the Songkran Festival\"\n(PDF)\n.\nThe Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand\n.\n29\n(2):\n345–\n350\n. Retrieved\n5 August\n2018\n.\n^\nราชกิจจานุเบกษา,\nประกาศสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง กำหนดเวลาทำงานและวันหยุดราชการ (ฉบับที่ ๑๙) พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๐\n, เล่ม ๑๑๔, ตอนที่ ๒๖ ง, ๑ เมษายน ๒๕๔๐ (Cabinet notification on workdays and holidays, 1997)\n^\nYavaprapas, S., Ministry of Culture (Thailand). (2004).\nSongkran Festival\n. (2nd Ed.). Bangkok: Prachoomthong Printing Group Co., Ltd.\nISBN\n \n978-974-7-10351-9\n^\nCrump, William D. (2016). \"Thailand\",\nEncyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide\n. NC, United States: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. 319 pp.\nISBN\n \n978-147-6-60748-1\n^\nเสมเสริมสุข, บาง (1961).\nตำราพรหมชาติ ฉบับหลวง\n. สำนักงานลูก ส. ธรรมภักดี.\n^\nFor example, ราชกิจจานุเบกษา,\nประกาศสงกรานต์ ร.ศ. ๑๑๐ พ.ศ.๒๔๓๔\n, เล่ม ๘, ๑๒ เมษายน ๒๔๓๔ (1891 Notification on Songkran)\n^\nราชกิจจานุเบกษา,\nพระราชพิธีเผด็จศกสงกรานต์\n, เล่มที่ ๑๖, ๑๖ เมษายน ๒๔๔๒, หน้า ๓๕ (Songkran and cutting off the year ceremony in 1899)\n^\nราชกิจจานุเบกษา,\nกำหนดการพระราชพิธีสงกรานต์ พ.ศ.๒๔๙๒\n, ตอนที่ ๒๒, เล่ม ๖๖, ๑๒ เมษายน ๒๔๙๒ (Songkran royal ceremony schedule, 1949)\n^\nBurgess, James (1893).\n\"ART.XVIII. Notes on Hindu Astronomy and the History of our Knowledge of it\"\n.\nJournal of the Royal Asiatic Society\n.\n25\n(4). Cambridge University:\n717–\n761.\ndoi\n:\n10.1017\/S0035869X00022553\n.\nS2CID\n \n163252270\n.\n^\nDeva Sastri, Bapu (1861).\n\"Translation of the Surya Siddhanta\"\n(PDF)\n. C B Lewis and the Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta.\n^\nมนเทียรทอง, เอื้อน; ทองเนียม, บุนนาค.\nพระคัมภีร์สุริยยาตร์ศิวาคม\n. สำนักโหรหอคำ.\n(Aeur Montianthong and Bunnak Thongniam's Suriyayat Sivakom for Computer Users, in Thai)\n^\na\nb\nสุริยาอารักษ์, สิงห์โต.\nเรื่องฤกษ์และการให้ฤกษ์ ดวงพิชัยสงคราม\n. เขษมบรรณกิจ.\n(Singto Suriya-arak's How to and how not to set the ceremonial time and how to compute a detailed Suriyayart natal chart, in Thai)\n^\nChunpongtong, Loy (October 2012). \"Discrepancies in Songkran Days: A Mathematical Research (ความคลาดเคลื่อนของวันสงกรานต์: ผลวิจัยเชิงคณิตศาสตร์)\".\n37\n(4).\n^\n\"ปฏิทินสงกรานต์\"\n.\nKom Chad Luek\n. 10 April 2014\n. Retrieved\n30 December\n2017\n.\n^\n\"สกู๊ปหน้า 1… หนังสือปีใหม่เมืองล้านนา\"\n. Chiang Mai News.\n^\nบัวคลี่, บัณรส (8 April 2013).\n\"เลื่อนวันดำหัวผู้ว่าเชียงใหม่: ท้องถิ่นนิยมใต้อำนาจรวมศูนย์\"\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 30 December 2017\n. Retrieved\n30 December\n2017\n.\n^\nการผูกดวงวางลัคนา\n. ชมรมพยากรณ์ศาสตร์. 2004.\n(On the Formation of Thai Natal Chart)\n^\n\"การเปลี่ยนปีนักษัตร\"\n. 7 February 2012\n. Retrieved\n30 December\n2017\n.\n^\nวิริยบูรณะ, อุระคินทร์ (1 April 1960).\nพรหมชาติ ฉบับหลวง\n. สำนักงาน ลูก ส. ธรรมภักดี.\npp. 512–513\n^\nSuksawat, Saranya (n.d.).\n\"Happy New Year Songkran Festival\"\n.\nThaiways\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 9 February 2018\n. Retrieved\n14 April\n2018\n.\n^\n\"Legendary of Songkran lady (Nang Songkran)\"\n.\nSongkran Festival\n. Retrieved\n14 April\n2018\n.\n^\nEngelbert Kaempfer, John Gaspar Scheuchzer and Sir Hans Sloane. (1727).\nDe beschryving van Japan\n. Door ENGELBERT KÆMPFER, M.D. Geneesheer van bet Hollandſche... (Translated by John Gaspar Scheuchzer). Netherlands: Gosse en J. Neaulme. 550 pp. p. 29. \"Behalven deze hebben zy fommige jaarlykſche plechtige Feeſtdagen, by voorbeeld een in 't begin van 't jaar, genaamt Sonkraen, een ander Kitimbac genoemt, ook wel ...\"\n^\nThe Fine Arts Department of Thailand. (1969). \"เริ่มก่อพระทรายครั้งรัชกาลสมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมโกศตอนปลายกรุงศรีอยุธยาตามที่บันทึกไว้เมื่อปีเถาะ พ.ศ. ๒๓๒๖ ปีที่ ๒ ในรัชกาลที่ ๑ กรุงรัตนโกสินทร์\".\nThe Concise Chronicle Vol. 43. (The Concise Chronicle Chapter 69-70) of Krung Sri Ayutthaya Part I, Nakhon Champassak, and story of Khun Borom\n. [ประชุมพงศาวดาร เล่มที่ ๔๓ (ประชุมพงศาวดารภาคที่ ๖๙-๗๐) เรื่องเกี่ยวกับกรุงเก่าตอนที่ ๑ เรื่องเมืองนครจำปาศักดิ์ และเรื่องขุนบรมราชา (in Thai)]. Bangkok: Kuru Sa Pha. pp. 3–6.\nOffice of Literature and History. (1999).\nThe Concise of The Royal Chronicle of Thailand Celebrating Golden Jubilee Vol. 5\n[ประชุมพงศาวดารฉบับกาญจนาภิเษก เล่ม ๕ (in Thai)]. Bangkok: Kuru Sa Pha Lat Phrao. pp. 138–142.\nThe Concise Chronicle Vol. 69 of Krung Sri Ayutthaya Part I\n. Redistributed in the royal cremation of Col. Phraya Phiriyawichai (Pheap Suwannin) on 22 June 1938 at Makut Kasattriyaram Ratchaworawihan temple. Bangkok: Phra Chan. pp. 2–5.\n^\nMinistry of Culture Thailand, Department of Cultural Promotion. (2021).\nSongkran Tradition\n. Bangkok: The Agricultural Co-operative Federation of Thailand Ltd. p. 82.\nISBN\n \n978-616-543-698-4\n^\nJean-Baptiste Pallegoix. (1854).\nDescription du Royaume Thai ou Siam\n. Lagny, France: Vialat et Cie. p. 249. \"Ils ont en outre, durant le cours de l'année, plusieurs jours de fêtes civiles ou religieuses, qu'ils célèbrent avec grande pompe : 1°Songkran; c'est leur nouvel an, qui tombe ordinairement dans leur cinquième mois; on le célèbre pendant trois jours; ce n'est qu'à cette époque que le peuple apprend des astro-logues, si l'ange de l'année monte un tigre, un bœuf, un ours, un cheval; une chèvre, un dragon ou quelque autre animal.\"\n^\nChadchaidee, Thanapol (1994).\nEssays on Thailand\n. D.K. Today Co., Ltd.\nISBN\n \n974-834-824-5\n.\n^\nJaikusol, Warapun (18 April 2023).\n\"Floral shirts hot again for Songkran festival week\"\n.\nPattaya Mail\n. Retrieved\n15 April\n2024\n.\n^\n\"Songkran in Thailand, traditional Thai New Year festival\"\n.\nich.unesco.org\n. Retrieved\n7 February\n2024\n.\n^\n\"Songkran\"\n. rove.me. 2 November 2022.\n^\n\"Thailand Grand Songkran Celebrations\"\n. Tourism Authority of Thailand. 4 April 2018.\n^\n\"SONGKRAN IN SIAM SQUARE\"\n.\nNovotel\n. 15 April 2015.\n^\n\"Songkran, everything you need to know about Thailand's famous new year water fight\"\n.\nSouth China Morning Post\n.\n^\n\"ประเพณี \"วันไหล\" คืออะไร ทำไมถึงมีขึ้นหลังวันสงกรานต์\"\n[What is the \"Wan Lai\" Festival, and Why Does It Take Place After Songkran?].\nPPTV HD\n(in Thai). 14 July 2025\n. Retrieved\n4 April\n2025\n.\n^\nThompson, Peter A. (1906).\nLotus Land: Being an Account of the Country and the People of Southern Siam\n. London: T. Werner Laurie. 312 pp.\n^\nThompson, Peter A. (1910). \"The Brotherhood of the Yellow Robe\",\nSiam: An Account of the Country and the People, Vol 16\n. Boston, MA: J. B. Millet Company. 330 pp.\n^\nLee, Edmund (13 April 2017).\n\"Five million Malaysians celebrate Songkran and Good Friday\"\n.\nThe Sun Daily\n. Retrieved\n14 April\n2018\n.\n^\nNor Ain Mohd Radhi (12 April 2018).\n\"Najib wishes Happy Songkran to Malaysian Siamese\"\n.\nNew Straits Times\n. Retrieved\n14 April\n2018\n.\n^\nPublic relations news of Beppu Songkran Festival (PR No. 23\/2566)\n.\nRoyal Thai Consulate General Fukuoka\n. (29 March 2023). Retrieved on 20 April 2024.\n^\nShobunsha Publications. (2019).\nMappuru shutoken-hatsu 《まっぷる 首都圏発》 [Mapple from the metropolitan area]\n. Tokyo: Shobunsha. p 121.\nISBN\n \n978-439-8-28865-3\n^\nCaptain Anastasia Schmidt (19 April 2017).\n\"Air Force members celebrate Thai New Year and Water Festival at Wake Island\"\n.\nJoint Base Elmendorf-Richardson\n. 11th Air Force Public Affairs\n. Retrieved\n20 April\n2017\n.\n^\n\"\nCommemorating the Asian American community's celebration of Songkran on April\n\". Assembly Resolution No. 1059. (2023-K1059).\nThe New York State Senate\n. Retrieved on 19 April 2024.\nNew York officially recognises Songkran as an important cultural event\n.\nThaiPBS Worlds\n. (April 19, 2024). Retrieved on 19 April 2024.\nAbhasakun, T. (2023, 16 April).\nNew York State celebrates Songkran\n.\nTheThaiger\n. 16 April 2023. Retrieved on 20 April 2024. \"The state of New York in the US officially celebrated Songkran this year. New York State Representative Steven Raga proposed a bill to celebrate the Thai Songkran festival, the Thai Post reported.\"\n^\na\nb\nc\n\"Songkran road death toll up again\"\n.\nBangkok Post\n. 18 April 2018\n. Retrieved\n18 April\n2018\n.\n^\n\"Lawless culture takes its toll\"\n.\nBangkok Post\n. 11 April 2014\n. Retrieved\n11 April\n2014\n.\n^\n\"Songkran death toll rises to 397\"\n.\nBangkok Post\n. 17 April 2016\n. Retrieved\n17 April\n2016\n.\n^\nSattaburuth, Aekarach; Nanuam, Wassana (18 April 2018).\n\"Prayut vows to overcome traffic accident scourge\"\n.\nBangkok Post\n. Retrieved\n18 April\n2018\n.\n^\n\"25 deaths in 234 road accidents recorded on 1st of Songkran's '7 dangerous days'\n\"\n.\nThe Nation\n. 12 April 2024\n. Retrieved\n15 April\n2024\n.\n^\n\"Songkran 2017 road crashes took 335 lives alongside thousands of non-fatal accidents\"\n.\nCoconuts Bangkok\n. 18 April 2017\n. Retrieved\n18 April\n2018\n.\n^\n\"Road toll soars to record 442 killed over Songkran\"\n.\nBangkok Post\n. 18 April 2016\n. Retrieved\n18 April\n2016\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nBarrow, Richard (18 April 2016).\n\"Full Road Accident Statistics for Songkran 2016\"\n.\nRichard Barrow in Thailand\n. Retrieved\n18 April\n2018\n.\n^\n\"Tết té nước tại thái lan\"\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 13 October 2016.\n^\nLamphai Intathep (18 March 2014).\n\"Suit eyed for Singapore Songkran\"\n.\nBangkok Post\n. Retrieved\n16 April\n2014\n.\n^\n\"Songkran in Singapore\"\n.\nBangkok Post\n. 19 March 2014\n. Retrieved\n16 April\n2014\n.\n^\n\"Only in Singapore: No Songkran\"\n.\nBangkok Post\n. 25 March 2014\n. Retrieved\n16 April\n2014\n.\nE-books\nPhraya Anuman Ratchathon (Yong Sathiankoset)\n. (1954).\n\"Amusements During Songkran Festival\".\nArchived\n29 March 2017 at the\nWayback Machine\nJournal of the Siam Society\n(volume 42, part 1). pp. 39–43.\nMinistry of Culture (Thailand)\n. (2021).\nSongkran Tradition\n. Bangkok: Department of Cultural Promotion, Ministry of Culture. 262 pp.\nISBN\n \n978-616-543-698-4\nMedia related to\nSongkran in Thailand\nat Wikimedia Commons","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Songkran+%28Thailand%29 \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Songkran+%28Thailand%29 \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\))\n- [1 Etymology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#Etymology)\n- [2 Dates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#Dates)\n- [3 Origin and myths](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#Origin_and_myths)\n- [4 In historical records](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#In_historical_records)\n- [5 Practices](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#Practices)\n  Toggle Practices subsection\n  - [5\\.1 Regional practices](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#Regional_practices)\n  - [5\\.2 Elsewhere](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#Elsewhere)\n- [6 Controversies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#Controversies)\n  Toggle Controversies subsection\n  - [6\\.1 Roadway fatalities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#Roadway_fatalities)\n  - [6\\.2 Intellectual property](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#Intellectual_property)\n    - [6\\.2.1 Celebrate Singapore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#Celebrate_Singapore)\n- [7 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#See_also)\n- [8 Notes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#Notes)\n- [9 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#References)\n- [10 Further reading](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#Further_reading)\n- [11 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Songkran (Thailand)\n46 languages\n\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86 \"سونغكران – Arabic\")\n- [Български](https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD \"Сонгкран – Bulgarian\")\n- [বাংলা](https:\/\/bn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_\\(%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1\\) \"সংক্রান (থাইল্যান্ড) – Bangla\")\n- [Català](https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran – Catalan\")\n- [Čeština](https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran – Czech\")\n- [Cymraeg](https:\/\/cy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran – Welsh\")\n- [Dansk](https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran – Danish\")\n- [Deutsch](https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran – German\")\n- [Esperanto](https:\/\/eo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkrano \"Songkrano – Esperanto\")\n- [Español](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran – Spanish\")\n- [فارسی](https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86 \"سونگکران – Persian\")\n- [Suomi](https:\/\/fi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran – Finnish\")\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran – French\")\n- [ગુજરાતી](https:\/\/gu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3_\\(%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1\\) \"સોંગ્ક્રણ (થાઇલેન્ડ) – Gujarati\")\n- [עברית](https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F \"סונגקראן – Hebrew\")\n- [हिन्दी](https:\/\/hi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_\\(%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1\\) \"सोंक्रान (थाईलैंड) – Hindi\")\n- [Magyar](https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_%C3%BAj%C3%A9v \"Thai újév – Hungarian\")\n- [Jaku Iban](https:\/\/iba.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran – Iban\")\n- [Bahasa Indonesia](https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\) \"Songkran (Thailand) – Indonesian\")\n- [Italiano](https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran – Italian\")\n- [日本語](https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3 \"ソンクラーン – Japanese\")\n- [ភាសាខ្មែរ](https:\/\/km.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F_\\(%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%83\\) \"សង្រ្កាន្ត (ថៃ) – Khmer\")\n- [한국어](https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%EC%86%A1%EB%81%84%EB%9E%80 \"송끄란 – Korean\")\n- [मैथिली](https:\/\/mai.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8 \"सोङ्गक्रान – Maithili\")\n- [ဘာသာမန်](https:\/\/mnw.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA \"သင်္ကြာန် – Mon\")\n- [मराठी](https:\/\/mr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8 \"साँगक्रन – Marathi\")\n- [Bahasa Melayu](https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran – Malay\")\n- [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https:\/\/my.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA \"ဆောင်ခရမ် အားလပ်ရက် – Burmese\")\n- [Nederlands](https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran – Dutch\")\n- [Norsk nynorsk](https:\/\/nn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran – Norwegian Nynorsk\")\n- [Norsk bokmål](https:\/\/no.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran – Norwegian Bokmål\")\n- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https:\/\/pa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1 \"ਸੋਂਗਕਰਾਨ ਥਾਇਲੈੰਡ – Punjabi\")\n- [Polski](https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran – Polish\")\n- [پنجابی](https:\/\/pnb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_\\(%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88\\) \"سونگ کران (تھائی لینڈ) – Western Punjabi\")\n- [Português](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran – Portuguese\")\n- [Русский](https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD \"Сонгкран – Russian\")\n- [Simple English](https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran – Simple English\")\n- [Svenska](https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran – Swedish\")\n- [தமிழ்](https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81 \"தாய்லாந்தின் புத்தாண்டு – Tamil\")\n- [ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ](https:\/\/tdd.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%A9%E1%A5%AD%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%94%E1%A5%A9%E1%A5%A2%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%B3 \"ᥙᥩᥭᥰ ᥔᥩᥢᥰ ᥘᥛᥳ – Tai Nuea\")\n- [తెలుగు](https:\/\/te.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D \"సాంగ్‌క్రాన్ – Telugu\")\n- [ไทย](https:\/\/th.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2 \"สงกรานต์ในประเทศไทย – Thai\")\n- [Türkçe](https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran – Turkish\")\n- [Українська](https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD \"Сонгкран – Ukrainian\")\n- [اردو](https:\/\/ur.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_\\(%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88\\) \"سونگ کران (تھائی لینڈ) – Urdu\")\n- [Tiếng Việt](https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran – Vietnamese\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q215014#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\) \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Songkran_\\(Thailand\\) \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\))\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\))\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)&action=edit 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Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nTraditional Thai New Year's holiday\n\nFor the observance elsewhere, see [South and Southeast Asian solar New Year](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_and_Southeast_Asian_solar_New_Year \"South and Southeast Asian solar New Year\").\n\n| Songkran |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/54\/Songkran_Day_%40_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg\/330px-Songkran_Day_%40_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Songkran_Day_@_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg) [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0e\/Sand_stupas_%28%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%29_during_Songkran_at_Wat_Pho%2C_Bangkok_%282025%29_-_img_02.jpg\/330px-Sand_stupas_%28%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%29_during_Songkran_at_Wat_Pho%2C_Bangkok_%282025%29_-_img_02.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sand_stupas_\\(%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2\\)_during_Songkran_at_Wat_Pho,_Bangkok_\\(2025\\)_-_img_02.jpg) [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/12\/Bathing_the_Buddha_image_Songkran_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98_%282025%29_-_img_02.jpg\/250px-Bathing_the_Buddha_image_Songkran_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98_%282025%29_-_img_02.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bathing_the_Buddha_image_Songkran_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98_\\(2025\\)_-_img_02.jpg) [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Songkran_in_Wat_Kungthapao_03.jpg\/250px-Songkran_in_Wat_Kungthapao_03.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Songkran_in_Wat_Kungthapao_03.jpg) [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bd\/Songkran_002aa.jpg\/250px-Songkran_002aa.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Songkran_002aa.jpg) [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/69\/US_Navy_100417-N-7280V-204_Thai_dancers_in_traditional_dress_perform_a_cleansing_ritual_for_Sailors_assigned_to_the_U.S._7th_Fleet_command_ship_USS_Blue_Ridge_%28LCC_19%29.jpg\/250px-thumbnail.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:US_Navy_100417-N-7280V-204_Thai_dancers_in_traditional_dress_perform_a_cleansing_ritual_for_Sailors_assigned_to_the_U.S._7th_Fleet_command_ship_USS_Blue_Ridge_\\(LCC_19\\).jpg)Celebrations of Songkran; from right to left and top to bottom: Songkran Festival in [Chiang Mai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chiang_Mai \"Chiang Mai\")'s ancient city wall Building [sand stupas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sand_pagoda \"Sand pagoda\") in [Wat Pho](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wat_Pho \"Wat Pho\"), [Bangkok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bangkok \"Bangkok\") Bathing of a Buddha statue in [Wat Ratchabophit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wat_Ratchabophit \"Wat Ratchabophit\"), [Bangkok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bangkok \"Bangkok\") *Rot nam dam hua* or washing the elders' hands with water for blessings in [Ban Khung Taphao](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ban_Khung_Taphao \"Ban Khung Taphao\"), [Uttaradit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uttaradit_province \"Uttaradit province\") Water fight in [Chiang Mai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chiang_Mai \"Chiang Mai\") Pasting a [US Navy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/US_Navy \"US Navy\") officer's face with white powder |   |\n| Official name | [Songkran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran\") Festival |\n| Observed by | [Thailand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thailand \"Thailand\") |\n| Begins | 14 April |\n| Ends | 16 April |\n| Date | April 13 |\n| Duration | 3 days |\n| Frequency | Annual |\n| Related to | [South and Southeast Asian solar New Year](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_and_Southeast_Asian_solar_New_Year \"South and Southeast Asian solar New Year\") |\n\n| [Songkran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran\") in Thailand, traditional Thai New Year festival |   |\n|---|---|\n| **[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists \"UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists\")** |   |\n| Country | [Thailand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thailand \"Thailand\") |\n| Reference | [01719](https:\/\/ich.unesco.org\/en\/RL\/01719) |\n| Region | [Asia and the Pacific](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity\/APA \"Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity\/APA\") |\n| Inscription history |   |\n| Inscription | 2023 (18th session) |\n| [List](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists \"UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists\") | Representative |\n\n**Thai New Year**[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-:3-1): 802 [\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-:2-2): 127  or **Songkran**[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-:3-1): 802  ([Thai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_language \"Thai language\"): สงกรานต์, pronounced [\\[sǒŋ.krāːn\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA\/Thai \"Help:IPA\/Thai\")), also known as **Songkran Festival**[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-3) or **Songkran Splendours**,[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-:2-2): 127  is the Thai New Year's [national holiday](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_holiday \"Public holiday\"). Songkran is on 13 April every year, but the holiday period extends from 14 to 15 April. In 2018 the Thai cabinet extended the festival nationwide to seven days, 9–16 April, to enable citizens to travel home for the holiday.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-4) In 2019, the holiday was observed from 9–16 April as 13 April fell on a Saturday.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-5) In 2024, Songkran was extended to span nearly the entire month, running from April 1 to April 21, instead of the traditional three-day celebration. The festival aligns with the New Year observed in many [Southeast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Southeast_Asia \"Southeast Asia\") and [South Asian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Asia \"South Asia\") cultures, following the [Theravada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theravada \"Theravada\") [Buddhist calendar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buddhist_calendar \"Buddhist calendar\"), and coincides with [Hindu calendar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hindu_calendar \"Hindu calendar\") celebrations such as [Bihu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bihu \"Bihu\"), [Pohela Boishakh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pohela_Boishakh \"Pohela Boishakh\"), [Pana Sankranti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pana_Sankranti \"Pana Sankranti\"), [Tamil Puthandu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tamil_Puthandu \"Tamil Puthandu\"), [Vishu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vishu \"Vishu\"), [Vaisakhi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaisakhi \"Vaisakhi\"). The New Year also takes place at around the same time as the New Year celebrations of many regions of South Asia like China ([Dai people](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dai_people \"Dai people\") of Yunnan Province), India, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Nepal, and Sri Lanka.\n\nIn Thailand, New Year is now officially celebrated 1 January. Songkran was the official New Year until 1888, when it was switched to a fixed date of 1 April. In 1940, the date was shifted to 1 January. The traditional Thai New Year Songkran became a national holiday.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-6) Celebrations are famous for the public water fights framed as ritual cleansing. This has become quite popular among Thais and foreigners.\n\n## Etymology\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Etymology\")\\]\n\nFurther information: [Songkran § Etymology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran#Etymology \"Songkran\")\n\n*[Songkran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran\")* is a Thai word,[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-7) derived from [Sanskrit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sanskrit \"Sanskrit\")[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-8) *[saṅkrānti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sankranti \"Sankranti\")* (संक्रान्ति), meaning 'to move', 'movement',[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-:1-9): 4  'the passing of'[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-10) or 'astrological passage'.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-11): 70  It derives from the movement of the sun from one position to another in the [zodiac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zodiac \"Zodiac\"). According to its literal meaning in Sanskrit, a Songkran occurs every month, but the period Thai people call Songkran happens when the sun moves from [Pisces](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pisces_\\(astrology\\) \"Pisces (astrology)\") to [Aries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aries_\\(astrology\\) \"Aries (astrology)\").[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-:0-12) The correct name for this period should be *Maha* *Songkran* ('great Songkran)[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-13): 4  because it coincides with the arrival of a New Year. The Songkran festival is thus a celebration of the New Year in accordance with the [solar calendar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solar_calendar \"Solar calendar\"). The celebration covers a period of three days: 13 April is regarded as *Maha Songkran*, the day that the sun moves into Aries or the last day of the old year. 14 April is *Wan Nao*, the transitional day between the old and new years, and 15 April is *Wan Thaloeng Sok* ([Thai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_language \"Thai language\"): วันเถลิงศก 'to begin a new era or year'), New Year's day.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-JRIT-2004-14)\n\n## Dates\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Dates\")\\]\n\nIn 1989, the Thai cabinet fixed Songkran from 12–14 April, despite the correct starting date (13 April at 20:57).[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-15)[\\[n 1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-16) Songkran was traditionally computed according to the method described in *Suriyayart* ([Thai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_language \"Thai language\"): สุริยยาตร์), the Thai version of [Surya Siddhanta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surya_Siddhanta \"Surya Siddhanta\"). The celebration starts when the [sun](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sun \"Sun\") enters [Aries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aries_\\(constellation\\) \"Aries (constellation)\") according to the [sidereal zodiac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sidereal_zodiac \"Sidereal zodiac\") system. This is called *Maha Songkran* day[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-17): 26 [\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-18): 236 [\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-:1-9): 4  ([Thai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_language \"Thai language\"): วันมหาสงกรานต์). The final day marks the new solar year and is called *Wan Thaloengsok* ([Thai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_language \"Thai language\"): วันเถลิงศก). The astrologers, local or royal, then make predictions about the economy, agriculture, rainfall, and political affairs according to observations between both days.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-royalprommachat-19) The king, or Chief Royal Astrologer on the monarch's behalf, issued an official notification on the new year to the public. The announcement, called *Prakat Songkran* ([Thai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_language \"Thai language\"): ประกาศสงกรานต์, Songkran notification), contained information on *Songkran*, *Thaloengsok*, the [lunisolar](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/lunisolar \"wikt:lunisolar\") calendar, and religious and royal ceremonies.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-20) The government strictly adhered to the announcement and arranged some ceremonies according to the computation made by the royal astrologer.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-21)[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-22)[\\[n 2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-23)\n\nAccording to the scripture, 800 years equal 292,207 days.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-24)[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-siddhanta-25)[\\[n 3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-26) In other words, each solar year lasts 292,207 *kammaja* ([Thai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_language \"Thai language\"): กัมมัช, lit. one produced by [karma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karma \"Karma\")), where 1 *kammaja* equals 108 seconds and 800 *kammaja* corresponds to 1 solar day. Timekeeping began as *[Kali Yuga](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kali_Yuga \"Kali Yuga\")* started in 3102 [BCE](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BCE \"BCE\") (−3101 CE). At the start of each year, it is possible to compute the number of days since *Kali Yuga* commenced using the following formula:[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-27)[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-rikkha-28)\n\nS\n\nD\n\n\\=\n\n292207\n\n×\n\n(\n\nK\n\nE\n\n)\n\n800\n\n\\=\n\n292207\n\n×\n\n(\n\nC\n\nE\n\n\\+\n\n3101\n\n)\n\n800\n\n\\=\n\n292207\n\n×\n\n(\n\nB\n\nE\n\n\\+\n\n2558\n\n)\n\n800\n\n,\n\n{\\\\displaystyle SD={\\\\frac {292207\\\\times \\\\left(KE\\\\right)}{800}}={\\\\frac {292207\\\\times \\\\left(CE+3101\\\\right)}{800}}={\\\\frac {292207\\\\times \\\\left(BE+2558\\\\right)}{800}},}\n\n![{\\\\displaystyle SD={\\\\frac {292207\\\\times \\\\left(KE\\\\right)}{800}}={\\\\frac {292207\\\\times \\\\left(CE+3101\\\\right)}{800}}={\\\\frac {292207\\\\times \\\\left(BE+2558\\\\right)}{800}},}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/98118d601540a2b192ed03ca34381d75eeb6b6b6)\n\nwhere K E {\\\\displaystyle KE} ![{\\\\displaystyle KE}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/507bb8592e58edbb55ba67f37ce998e58047489f), C E {\\\\displaystyle CE} ![{\\\\displaystyle CE}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/34ad8d379d96dc8b0c31a7f8006b5768ff0b2fe4), B E {\\\\displaystyle BE} ![{\\\\displaystyle BE}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/3357f928ef7b5ffe20a313be8150b6bcbe084bb4) denote *[Kali](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kali_Yuga \"Kali Yuga\")* [Era](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kali_Yuga \"Kali Yuga\"), [Common Era](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Common_Era \"Common Era\"), and Buddhist Era respectively. S D {\\\\displaystyle SD} ![{\\\\displaystyle SD}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/af326440837e67870d4bee5bf63f49c37c9d89c3) is the *Suriyayart* day number, which can vary according to the calendar era being used. The integer result is the count of days at New Year's Day, while the remainder indicates the time at which the new year begins (in *kammaja*), measured from the previous midnight.\n\nOwing to a huge day number in the calculation, new [calendar eras](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calendar_era \"Calendar era\") were devised to solve this problem, including the [Minor Era](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chulasakarat \"Chulasakarat\") (ME). 0 ME corresponds to 1181 [BE](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_solar_calendar \"Thai solar calendar\"), 638 CE or 3739 KE. Following the above equation, it follows that there were 1,365,702 days since the start of *Kali Yuga*. The remainder of the division suggests that the new year started at 373 *kammaja* after the previous midnight. This corresponds to 373\/800 of a day or 11 hours, 11 minutes, and 24 seconds. In other words, 0 ME started at 11:11:24 on Sunday, 25 March 638 CE in the [proleptic Gregorian calendar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar \"Proleptic Gregorian calendar\"). The Julian day at the new year is computed according to the following formula:\n\nJ\n\nD\n\nn\n\ne\n\nw\n\ny\n\ne\n\na\n\nr\n\n\\=\n\n(\n\n292207\n\n×\n\nM\n\nE\n\n)\n\n\\+\n\n373\n\n800\n\n\\+\n\n1954167\\.5\n\n\\=\n\n(\n\n292207\n\n×\n\n(\n\nC\n\nE\n\n−\n\n638\n\n)\n\n)\n\n\\+\n\n373\n\n800\n\n\\+\n\n1954167\\.5\n\n,\n\n{\\\\displaystyle JD\\_{\\\\mathrm {newyear} }={\\\\frac {\\\\left(292207\\\\times ME\\\\right)+373}{800}}+1954167.5={\\\\frac {\\\\left(292207\\\\times \\\\left(CE-638\\\\right)\\\\right)+373}{800}}+1954167.5,}\n\n![{\\\\displaystyle JD\\_{\\\\mathrm {newyear} }={\\\\frac {\\\\left(292207\\\\times ME\\\\right)+373}{800}}+1954167.5={\\\\frac {\\\\left(292207\\\\times \\\\left(CE-638\\\\right)\\\\right)+373}{800}}+1954167.5,}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/d5d3a080b80fb6b8690b4237d2301df971973ad3)\n\nThe number can then be converted back into a date using an algorithm (see [Julian day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julian_day \"Julian day\")). *Maha Songkran* day is computed either by a lengthy process or by subtracting J D n e w y e a r {\\\\displaystyle JD\\_{\\\\mathrm {newyear} }} ![{\\\\displaystyle JD\\_{\\\\mathrm {newyear} }}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/c8febfbccc2a8bcb7734321664e09d0b2e5c3c4a) by 2.165 days (2 days 3 hours 57 minutes 36 seconds). This can be rewritten as\n\nJ\n\nD\n\ns\n\no\n\nn\n\ng\n\nk\n\nr\n\na\n\nn\n\n\\=\n\n(\n\n292207\n\n×\n\nM\n\nE\n\n)\n\n−\n\n1732\n\n800\n\n\\+\n\n1954167\\.5\n\n\\=\n\n(\n\n292207\n\n×\n\n(\n\nC\n\nE\n\n−\n\n638\n\n)\n\n)\n\n−\n\n1732\n\n800\n\n\\+\n\n1954167\\.5.\n\n{\\\\displaystyle JD\\_{\\\\mathrm {songkran} }={\\\\frac {\\\\left(292207\\\\times ME\\\\right)-1732}{800}}+1954167.5={\\\\frac {\\\\left(292207\\\\times \\\\left(CE-638\\\\right)\\\\right)-1732}{800}}+1954167.5.}\n\n![{\\\\displaystyle JD\\_{\\\\mathrm {songkran} }={\\\\frac {\\\\left(292207\\\\times ME\\\\right)-1732}{800}}+1954167.5={\\\\frac {\\\\left(292207\\\\times \\\\left(CE-638\\\\right)\\\\right)-1732}{800}}+1954167.5.}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/f6cc328301822acd05d60f92d5401de5f2a3f2c5)\n\nA solar year lasts 292,207 *kammaja* or 365.25875 days every year. A Gregorian year lasts, on average, 292194 *kammaja*.[\\[n 4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-29) The difference of 13 *kammaja* (23 minutes, 24 seconds) accumulates every year, causing the shift of Songkran toward the end of the calendar year.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-30) In 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900 and 2000, Maha Songkran was on 7 April, 9 April, 10 April, 12 April, and 13 April, respectively.\n\nNowadays the royal palace has ceased to issue the *Prakat Songkran*, replacing it with a small calendar booklet given to the public on New Year's Day. [Government Savings Bank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Government_Savings_Bank_\\(Thailand\\) \"Government Savings Bank (Thailand)\") still prints a one-page lunisolar calendar, which is different from the multiple-page solar calendar commonly seen. The calendar features the image of *Nang Songkran* with her vehicle and subordinates, led by a [Chinese zodiac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_zodiac \"Chinese zodiac\") animal holding a flag with Thai script for that zodiac. It also contains comprehensive information on the correct Songkran day and religious days.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-31) Some astrologers, especially in northern Thailand, still issue their own Songkran notification containing predictions and other information.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-32) In 2013, the [Chiang Mai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chiang_Mai_Province \"Chiang Mai Province\") Provincial Council defied the government-set holiday by rescheduling the ceremony according to the correct calculation.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-33)\n\nThe following table lists the start and end dates of Songkran festival obtained from the formulae above. The Chinese zodiac for each year is also given since it is also used in Thai astrology. But the Chinese zodiac changes on *[Lichun](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lichun \"Lichun\")*, just before the [Chinese New Year](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_New_Year \"Chinese New Year\"), in February, while Thai astrology uses the first day of fifth lunar month (roughly the [new moon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_moon \"New moon\") in late–March to early–April).[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-mornoi-34)[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-myhora-35) Before the cutoff date, astrologers use the zodiac of the last year.\n\n| Year | Chinese zodiac | Maha Songkran Songkran starts | Thaloengsok Songkran ends |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| 2021 | Ox | 14 April 2021  03:39:36 | 16 April 2021  07:37:12 |\n| 2022 | Tiger | 14 April 2022  09:52:12 | 16 April 2022  13:49:48 |\n| 2023 | Rabbit | 14 April 2023  16:04:48 | 16 April 2023  20:02:24 |\n| 2024 | Dragon | 13 April 2024  22:17:24 | 16 April 2024  02:15:00 |\n| 2025 | Snake | 14 April 2025  04:30:00 | 16 April 2025  08:27:36 |\n| 2026 | Horse | 14 April 2026  10:42:36 | 16 April 2026  14:40:12 |\n| 2027 | Goat | 14 April 2027  16:55:12 | 16 April 2027  20:52:48 |\n| 2028 | Monkey | 13 April 2028  23:07:48 | 16 April 2028  03:05:24 |\n| 2029 | Rooster | 14 April 2029  05:20:24 | 16 April 2029  09:18:00 |\n| 2030 | Dog | 14 April 2030  11:33:00 | 16 April 2030  15:30:36 |\n| 2031 | Pig | 14 April 2031  17:45:36 | 16 April 2031  21:43:12 |\n\n## Origin and myths\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Origin and myths\")\\]\n\nThe origin of the Songkran festival lies in a Buddhist folk myth or noncanonical [jataka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jataka_tales \"Jataka tales\") related to harvest and spring. In the prosperous city of Sukhavati in [Suvannabhumi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suvarnabhumi \"Suvarnabhumi\"), Bodistva was born in the household of a poor farmer. Once, [Indra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%9Aakra_\\(Buddhism\\) \"Śakra (Buddhism)\") the king of Devas, looked at the city from heaven and was saddened by the level of corruption. He found that people did not respect their elders, behaved rudely, and did not give them proper food or medicine. They had no compassion for the needy and helpless, no faith in [Sila](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sila_\\(Buddhism\\) \"Sila (Buddhism)\") and [Uposath](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uposatha \"Uposatha\") but fun in sin, no faith in donation but greed for wealth, no faith in [Dhamma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dharma_\\(Buddhism\\) \"Dharma (Buddhism)\") but made business of Dhamma. Seeing the decline of Dhamma, he said, \"[Glory\/Siri](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vasudhara \"Vasudhara\") of humans lies in their faith in Dhamma. There is no Glory without Dhamma.\" With the affirmation of this truth, people in the city immediately lost their glory. Rain, water, and food disappeared and extreme drought with skin-burning hot sun waves and dirty, foul-smelling garbage filled their homes.\n\nTo be saved from this suffering, with Bodistva's leadership, people prayed to Mother [Earth or Siri](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vasudhara \"Vasudhara\"). They asked Siri the cause of and solution to their misfortune. Out of compassion and sympathy for her children, she told them restoration of their faith in Dhamma would end their suffering. She gave them a divine piece of fertile land, divine seeds, a mysterious song for rain, and pots of divine [thanaka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thanaka \"Thanaka\") powder of several colors to apply on their skin to cool the body from the sun. People pledged to observe sila and upasotha under Bodistva's guidance.\n\nBodistva and his companions started cultivating the divine land, sowing divine seeds. They used to apply several colours of [thanaka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thanaka \"Thanaka\") powder and water is poured to cool their body from heavy sun waves. In few days their crops were grown that was the day when the sun entered [the constellation of Aries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aries_\\(constellation\\) \"Aries (constellation)\"). They produced adequate grains. At the day of harvest, they washed feet of their elders, saluted them and served delicious food and proper cloths. Donations were made to needy and helpless. Hence, Dhamma was restored by the people.\n\nSame day when Indra the king of devas again looked at the city of [SuvannaBhumi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suvarnabhumi \"Suvarnabhumi\"). He praised them and said, \"Glory of humans lies in their faith in Dhamma, there is no Glory without Dhamma.\" By affirmation of this truth immediately their lost glory was restored back and the people elected bodistva as their leader and celebrated the harvest day with throwing water on each other and started playing with several colours of thanaka powder by applying it on each other's body.\n\nThus, in Buddhist community in South East Asia, to remember and celebrate this day, people clean their houses, salute and show respect to their elders by washing their feet, serving delicious food and proper clothing to them. Donations are made to monastery and needy. People play with water and different colours of [thanaka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thanaka \"Thanaka\") powder is applied to each other's body.\n\nAccording to the Buddhist scripture of [Wat Pho](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wat_Pho \"Wat Pho\"), Songkran originated from the death of Kapila Brahma (กบิลพรหม, *Kabilaphrom*, 'reddish [Brahma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brahma \"Brahma\")').[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-36) In the olden days, there was a wealthy man and his neighbor, a drunkard. The drunkard, who had two sons, belittled the rich man for being childless. The rich man was humiliated and beseeched the [Sun](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surya \"Surya\") and the [Moon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chandra \"Chandra\") gods to grant him a son. His attempts failed until he offered cooked rice to the tree god living in a banyan tree, who asked [Indra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indra \"Indra\") to grant the man's wish. The child, named Thammabal ([Thai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_language \"Thai language\"): ธรรมบาล, also Dhammapala, lit. 'one who protects righteousness'), was born.\n\nThammabal was a clever child who learned three [vedas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vedas \"Vedas\"), bird language and also taught people to avoid sin. Kapila Brahma learned of the child and wanted to test the child's cleverness. The god asked, \"Where is the glory of men (*sri*) located in the morning, during the day, and in the evening?\". The loser would have his head chopped off. The boy thought in vain for six days, but could not find a solution to the riddles. He lay beneath a sugar palm tree and overheard a conversation between a pair of eagles who planned to eat his corpse when he lost the bet. The female eagle asked her mate whether he knew the answer. He answered, \"In the morning, the *sri* appears on the face, so people wash their faces every morning. At noon, the *sri* is at the chest where people spray perfume every noon. In the evening, the *sri* goes to the feet, so people wash their feet every evening.\" Thmmabal memorized the answer and gave it to Kapila Brahma the next day. Having lost, Kapila Brahma summoned his seven daughters and told them that he must cut his head off. However, if his head fell to earth, it would create an inferno that would engulf the world. If his head was thrown into the air, the rains would stop. And if his head was dropped into the ocean, all seawater would dry up. To prevent these calamities, he told his daughters to place his head on an elevated [phan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phan_\\(tray\\) \"Phan (tray)\"). Thungsa, his eldest child, stored her father's head in the cave in [Mount Kailash](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mount_Kailash \"Mount Kailash\").[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-JRIT-2004-14)\n\nEvery year when the Sun enters Aries, one of Kapila Brahma's children, called the *Nang Songkran* ([Thai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_language \"Thai language\"): นางสงกรานต์, [lit.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Literal_translation \"Literal translation\")'Lady Songkran') for that year, and other angels form a procession. One of them takes the phan with Kapila Brahma's head. The lady stands, sits, reclines or sleeps on the back of the animal depending on the time. From the dawn to midday, the lady will stand on the back of her conveyance. After midday until the sunset, she will sit down. Between the sunset and midnight, the lady lies down on her vehicle but leaves her eyes open. After midnight, she sleeps.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-rikkha-28) These postures and other details were previously drawn as part of the *Prakat Songkran* and now as part of the lunisolar calendar. The procession lasts for 60 minutes around [Mount Meru](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mount_Meru \"Mount Meru\"). This is subsequently called *Maha Songkran* to distinguish from other *Songkran* that occur when the Sun moves from one to another zodiac. For simplicity, the name was later shortened as *Songkran*.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-37)[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-38)\n\nThe following table lists the names and characteristics of *Nang Songkran*, which vary according to which day of the week *Maha Songkran* falls on in each year.\n\n| Day of Week and corresponding colour | Name | Flower | Jewellery stone | Food | Right hand | Left hand | Conveyance |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Sunday | Dungsha Devi\/Thungsa Thewi | [Pomegranate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pomegranate \"Pomegranate\") flowers | [Ruby](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ruby \"Ruby\") | [Fig](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Common_fig \"Common fig\") | Discus | [Conch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conch \"Conch\") | [Garuda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garuda \"Garuda\") |\n| Monday | Gōrāgha Devi\/Khorakha Thewi | [Cork tree flowers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Millingtonia \"Millingtonia\") | [Moonstone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moonstone_\\(gemstone\\) \"Moonstone (gemstone)\") | Oil | [Sword](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sword \"Sword\") | [Staff](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Staff_of_office \"Staff of office\") | [Tiger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiger_\\(zodiac\\) \"Tiger (zodiac)\") |\n| Tuesday | Rākshasa Devi\/Raksot Thewi | [Lotus flower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nelumbo_nucifera \"Nelumbo nucifera\") | [Agate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agate \"Agate\") | Blood | [Trident](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trident \"Trident\") | [Bow](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bow_and_arrow \"Bow and arrow\") | [Pig](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pig_\\(zodiac\\) \"Pig (zodiac)\") |\n| Wednesday | Maṇdā Devi\/Mantha Thewi | [Champak flowers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magnolia_champaca \"Magnolia champaca\") | [Cat's eye](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chatoyancy \"Chatoyancy\") | Butter | [Stylus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stylus \"Stylus\") | Staff | Donkey |\n| Thursday | Kiriṇī Devi\/Kirini Thewi | [Magnolia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magnolia \"Magnolia\") | [Emerald](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emerald \"Emerald\") | Nuts and sesame seeds | Hook | Bow | Elephant |\n| Friday | Kimidā Devi\/Kimitha Thewi | [Water lilies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nymphaeaceae \"Nymphaeaceae\") | [Topaz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Topaz \"Topaz\") | [Banana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banana \"Banana\") | Sword | [Lute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lute \"Lute\") | Buffalo |\n| Saturday | Mahodharā Devi\/Mahothon Thewi | [Water hyacinth flowers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eichhornia_crassipes \"Eichhornia crassipes\") | [Blue sapphire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blue_sapphire \"Blue sapphire\") | [Hog deer meat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_hog_deer \"Indian hog deer\") | Discus | Trident | Peacock |\n\n## In historical records\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: In historical records\")\\]\n\nIn *De Beschryving van Japan* (The History of Japan) handwritten in 1690 by [Engelbert Kaempfer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Engelbert_Kaempfer \"Engelbert Kaempfer\") in the reign of King [Phetracha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phetracha \"Phetracha\") of [Ayutthaya Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ayutthaya_Kingdom \"Ayutthaya Kingdom\"), it is said of Songkran in old-17th century Dutch :-\n\n> \"Every first day and 15th day of the month, Siamese people had a celebration as the first day of new moon and the 15th day of full moon. Some Siamese people went to temple at the first day of the week which was similar to our Sunday—Holy Communion. There were also many annual ceremonies, such as the Siamese New Year celebration called Songkran (Sonkraen), ...\"[\\[n 5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-39)\n\n— Engelbert Kaempfer (Hand-written in 1690), De beschryving van Japan. (Translated in 1727 by John Gaspar Scheuchzer).[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-40)\n\nIn the reign of King [Borommakot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Borommakot \"Borommakot\") (1733–58), there was recorded of ancient royal ceremonies of Siamese New Year observance called *Songkran Day*, the tradition-inherited from past generations of King of Ayutthaya Kingdom such ceremonies as, royal forming of sand stupa with royal ornaments, sprinkling the water onto the statues of Buddha and graven images, offering food to monks, procession of sand stupas parade to temples, royal musical fanfares, and also establishing the almshouse assignment subsequently, said in *the Concise Royal Chronicle of Ayutthaya Kingdom of royal forming the sand stupa in the reign of King Borommakot*:-\n\n> After the royal ceremony of Phra Sai at Wat Phra Si Sanphet, the next day was Wan Nao. The royal officials offered the sands and a big tray to the Majesty King to form the sand in the shape of stupa (Phra Sai) with five hollow spears of the sky at the Song Peun Throne Hall. The royal officials moved King's sand stupa (Phra Sai) to the painter for decorating the British gold on it and the royal officials then moved it to place at the Song Peun Throne Hall. After the Buddhist monks had already eaten their morning meals, the royal officials moved to move (Phra Sai) King's sand stupa (Phra Sai) to place in the pavilion \"Lukkhun Thai Sara\". The three colonels named Put, Thep Rat and Chan marched the parade with the pairs of flocks by walking and riding the horses. The royal officials produced melodies with the flutes and victory drums, Malaya drum and Chinese drums and took three jagged-edge flags in the parade to move King's sand stupa (Phra Sai) to Wat Worapho, Wat Pra Ram and Wat Mongkol Bophit as the inherited tradition.[\\[n 6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-41)\n\n— The Concise Chronicle Chapter 69 of [Krung Sri Ayutthaya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ayutthaya_Kingdom \"Ayutthaya Kingdom\") Part I, recorded in 1783 Year of Rabbit, the 2nd year in the reign of King [Rama I](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rama_I \"Rama I\"), [Rattanakosin era](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rattanakosin_era \"Rattanakosin era\").[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-42)[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-43)\n\nThere was a contemporary archive mentioned Songkran festival of Siam in reign of King [Mongkut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mongkut \"Mongkut\"). The archive written in 1854 by [Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Baptiste_Pallegoix \"Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix\"), a priest of the Société des Missions Etrangères who was assigned as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic and lived in Siam. Said in French:-\n\n> \"During the year, Siamese also have several days of civil or religious festivals, which they celebrate with great splendor: 1°Songkran; it is Siamese New Year, which usually falls in April (fifth month in brahman calendar); it held an observance for three days; Siamese people's able to acknowledge horoscope from astrologers whether the angel of the year to ride a tiger, an ox, a bear, a horse, a goat, a dragon or other animals during this festival only.\"[\\[n 7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-44)\n\n— Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix, Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam. (1854).[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-45)\n\n## Practices\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Practices\")\\]\n\nThe Songkran celebration is rich with symbolic traditions. Mornings begin with [merit-making](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Merit_\\(Buddhism\\) \"Merit (Buddhism)\"). Visiting local temples and offering food to the Buddhist monks is commonly practiced. On this specific occasion, performing water pouring on Buddha statues and the young and elderly is a traditional ritual, representing purification and the washing away of one's sins and bad luck.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-:0-12) As a festival of unity, people who have moved away usually return home to their loved ones and elders. Paying reverence to ancestors is an important part of Songkran tradition.\n\nThe holiday is known for its [Water Festival](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water_Festival \"Water Festival\"). Major streets are closed to traffic, and are used as arenas for water fights. Celebrants, young and old, participate in this tradition by splashing water on each other. Traditional parades are held and in some venues \"Lady Songkran\" or \"Miss Songkran\" is crowned,[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-46) where contestants are clothed in traditional Thai dress. For the general public, floral shirt or [Hawaiian shirt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawaiian_shirt \"Hawaiian shirt\") is a popular clothing item worn during this festival.[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-47)\n\nIn 2024, [UNESCO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UNESCO \"UNESCO\") certified Songkran as part of humanity's [intangible cultural heritage list](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_List \"Intangible Cultural Heritage List\").[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-48)\n\n### Regional practices\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Regional practices\")\\]\n\nIn Central region, people clean their houses when Songkran approaches. All dress up in colorful clothing or Thai dress. After offering food to the monks, people will offer a requiem to their ancestors. People make merit offerings such as giving sand to the temple for construction or repair. Other forms of merit include releasing birds and fish. Nowadays, people also release other kinds of animals such as buffaloes and cows. [Phra Pradaeng](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phra_Pradaeng \"Phra Pradaeng\") hosts traditional ceremonies of [Mon people](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mon_people \"Mon people\") such as parades in the colourful traditional outfits and folklore performances.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-49)\n\nBan Hat Siew in [Si Satchanalai District](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Si_Satchanalai_District \"Si Satchanalai District\") hosts the 'Elephant Procession Ordination' event on 7 April, where a colourful parade where men dressed in the traditional clothes are taken to the temples on elephants.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-50) In northern Thailand 13 April is celebrated with gunfire or firecrackers to repel bad luck. On the next day, people prepare food and useful things to offer to the monks at the temple. People have to go to temple to make merit and bathe Buddha's statue and after that they pour water on the hands of elders and ask for their blessings.\n\nIn [Bangkok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bangkok \"Bangkok\"), [Khao San Road](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khao_San_Road \"Khao San Road\") and [Silom Road](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silom_Road \"Silom Road\") with [Siam Square](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siam_Square \"Siam Square\")[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-51) are the hubs for modern celebration of Songkran. The roads are closed for traffic, and posts equipped with water guns and buckets full of water. The party runs day and night.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-52)\n\nSongkran in Eastern region is known as \"Wan Lai\" (วันไหล, pronounced [\\[\/wan lǎj\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA\/Thai \"Help:IPA\/Thai\")), which literally means \"flowing day.\" This term refers to the distinctive way the traditional New Year is celebrated here, with festivities continuing after the official national Songkran holiday (April 13–15). The celebration begins in [Bang Saen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bang_Saen \"Bang Saen\") (April 16–17), moves to [Pattaya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pattaya \"Pattaya\")–Na Kluea (April 18–19), and continues on to [Sattahip](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sattahip \"Sattahip\"), [Rayong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rayong_province \"Rayong province\"), [Ban Chang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ban_Chang_district \"Ban Chang district\"), and other areas, sometimes lasting until the end of April. Wan Lai captures both the lively water-play atmosphere and the symbolic flow of people, joy, and cultural tradition across multiple coastal towns. Locals and tourists alike follow the festivities, enjoying a vibrant, beachside celebration filled with community spirit and local charm.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-53)\n\n> At the festival of Songkran, which marks the beginning of the old Siamese solar year, it is the custom to bathe the images of the Buddha and also the monks and old people. The young folk make this an occasion for throwing water over each other amidst much fun and laughter.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-54): 125 [\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-55): 133\n\n— Peter Anthony Thompson B.A., A.M., I.C.E., Late of [The Royal Survey Department, Siam.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_Thai_Survey_Department \"Royal Thai Survey Department\"), Lotus Land: Being an Account of the Country and the People of Southern Siam, July 1906.\n\n- [![Buddhist takes a bath ancestor pagoda in Songkran festival, Uttaradit.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/97\/Ban_Khung_Taphao02.jpg\/120px-Ban_Khung_Taphao02.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ban_Khung_Taphao02.jpg \"Buddhist takes a bath ancestor pagoda in Songkran festival, Uttaradit.\")\n  Buddhist takes a bath ancestor pagoda in Songkran festival, [Uttaradit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uttaradit \"Uttaradit\").\n- [![Songkran festival, Chiang Mai's ancient city wall](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/54\/Songkran_Day_%40_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg\/120px-Songkran_Day_%40_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Songkran_Day_@_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg \"Songkran festival, Chiang Mai's ancient city wall\")\n  Songkran festival, [Chiang Mai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chiang_Mai \"Chiang Mai\")'s ancient city wall\n- [![Dancers in Isan traditional dress during Songkran festival, Bueng Kan](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6b\/Pak_Khat%2C_Pak_Khat_District%2C_Bueng_Kan_38220%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg\/120px-Pak_Khat%2C_Pak_Khat_District%2C_Bueng_Kan_38220%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pak_Khat,_Pak_Khat_District,_Bueng_Kan_38220,_Thailand_-_panoramio_\\(1\\).jpg \"Dancers in Isan traditional dress during Songkran festival, Bueng Kan\")\n  Dancers in [Isan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isan \"Isan\") traditional dress during Songkran festival, [Bueng Kan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bueng_Kan \"Bueng Kan\")\n- [![Monks receiving blessing at a temple in Ban Khung Taphao](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d1\/Songkran_in_Wat_Kungthapao_05.jpg\/120px-Songkran_in_Wat_Kungthapao_05.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Songkran_in_Wat_Kungthapao_05.jpg \"Monks receiving blessing at a temple in Ban Khung Taphao\")\n  Monks receiving blessing at a temple in [Ban Khung Taphao](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ban_Khung_Taphao \"Ban Khung Taphao\")\n- [![Water fights along the west moat, Chiang Mai, Thailand](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8c\/Songkran_012.jpg\/120px-Songkran_012.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Songkran_012.jpg \"Water fights along the west moat, Chiang Mai, Thailand\")\n  Water fights along the west moat, [Chiang Mai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chiang_Mai \"Chiang Mai\"), Thailand\n- [![Songkran at Wat Thai, Los Angeles](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/ff\/Songkran_at_Wat_Thai_in_Los_Angeles%2C_April_2008.JPG\/120px-Songkran_at_Wat_Thai_in_Los_Angeles%2C_April_2008.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Songkran_at_Wat_Thai_in_Los_Angeles,_April_2008.JPG \"Songkran at Wat Thai, Los Angeles\")\n  Songkran at Wat Thai, [Los Angeles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\")\n- [![Songkran symbolic sand pagodas in temple, Wat Phu Khao Thong, Ban Maenam, Koh Samui](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/91\/2016_Songkran-temple-sand_IMG_4320.jpg\/120px-2016_Songkran-temple-sand_IMG_4320.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:2016_Songkran-temple-sand_IMG_4320.jpg \"Songkran symbolic sand pagodas in temple, Wat Phu Khao Thong, Ban Maenam, Koh Samui\")\n  Songkran symbolic [sand pagodas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sand_pagoda \"Sand pagoda\") in temple, Wat Phu Khao Thong, Ban Maenam, Koh Samui\n- [![Group of Thai traditional dancer in Songkran festival, Bangkok](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a1\/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2827%29.jpg\/120px-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2827%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_\\(27\\).jpg \"Group of Thai traditional dancer in Songkran festival, Bangkok\")\n  Group of Thai traditional dancer in Songkran festival, [Bangkok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bangkok \"Bangkok\")\n- [![Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/00\/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2812%29.jpg\/120px-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2812%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_\\(12\\).jpg \"Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok\")\n  Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok\n- [![Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c8\/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2815%29.jpg\/120px-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2815%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_\\(15\\).jpg \"Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok\")\n  Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok\n- [![Si Lom Road closure for water fight during Songkran in 2025](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a9\/14_April_2025_-_Songkran_on_Si_Lom_Road%2C_Bangkok_-_img_08.jpg\/120px-14_April_2025_-_Songkran_on_Si_Lom_Road%2C_Bangkok_-_img_08.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:14_April_2025_-_Songkran_on_Si_Lom_Road,_Bangkok_-_img_08.jpg \"Si Lom Road closure for water fight during Songkran in 2025\")\n  [Si Lom Road](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Si_Lom_Road \"Si Lom Road\") closure for water fight during Songkran in 2025\n- [![Sand stupas at Bang Saen during Wan Lai 2018. Creating sand sculptures, such as stupas and Buddha images, is a traditional activity that forms part of Wan Lai, the eastern-style Songkran celebration](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/36\/Chon-Buri-2561.jpg\/120px-Chon-Buri-2561.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Chon-Buri-2561.jpg \"Sand stupas at Bang Saen during Wan Lai 2018. Creating sand sculptures, such as stupas and Buddha images, is a traditional activity that forms part of Wan Lai, the eastern-style Songkran celebration\")\n  [Sand stupas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sand_stupa \"Sand stupa\") at Bang Saen during Wan Lai 2018. Creating sand sculptures, such as stupas and Buddha images, is a traditional activity that forms part of Wan Lai, the eastern-style Songkran celebration\n\n### Elsewhere\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Elsewhere\")\\]\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/99\/Question_book-new.svg\/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Question_book-new.svg) | This section **needs additional citations for [verification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability \"Wikipedia:Verifiability\")**. Please help [improve this article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\) \"Special:EditPage\/Songkran (Thailand)\") by [adding citations to reliable sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Referencing_for_beginners \"Help:Referencing for beginners\") in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. *(April 2022)* *([Learn how and when to remove this message](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Maintenance_template_removal \"Help:Maintenance template removal\"))* |\n\nSongkran is celebrated by the Malaysian Siamese community, particularly in the states of [Kedah](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kedah \"Kedah\"), Kelantan, [Penang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Penang \"Penang\"), Perak, [Perlis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perlis \"Perlis\") and [Terengganu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terengganu \"Terengganu\") where most Siamese are located.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-56)[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-57)\n\nThe festival is celebrated as [Sangken](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sangken \"Sangken\") in northeastern areas of India and as [Bizu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bizu \"Bizu\"), Boisuk, Shangrai, and Boisabi in the [Chittagong Hill Tracts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts \"Chittagong Hill Tracts\") of Bangladesh, which is the traditional New Year's Day by the indigenous Hindu people and Buddhist community. The Sangken festival is celebrated by the Tai people — [Khamti people](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khamti_people \"Khamti people\") [Khamyang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khamyang_people \"Khamyang people\"), [Phake](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tai_Phake_people \"Tai Phake people\") and [Turung](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turung_people \"Turung people\") people. The festival is also celebrated by [Singpho](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Singpho_people \"Singpho people\"), Tikhak (Tangsa) and Duoniya people. Sangken generally falls in the month of 'Naun Ha', the fifth month of the year of the Tai [Lunar calendar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lunar_calendar \"Lunar calendar\") coinciding with the month of April. It is celebrated in the last days of the old year and the lunar new year begins on the day just after the end of the festival.\n\nIn [Japan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan \"Japan\"), Songkran festival observance held along with the Hot Spring festival, *Beppu Hatto Onsen Matsuri*, in [Beppu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beppu \"Beppu\") city, [Ōita Prefecture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%8Cita_Prefecture \"Ōita Prefecture\"), called *Beppu Songkran Festival*,[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-58) not only water-splashing observance but also Thai cultural fanfares occurred, and also held at the world's wettest music festival, *S2O Japan Songkran Music Festival*.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-59) It's combination of Thai-Japan culture and depiction of long time relation of each other.\n\nSongkran is celebrated annually on the U.S. territory of [Wake Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wake_Island \"Wake Island\") by Air Force members and American and Thai contractors,[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-60) including [New York State](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_State \"New York State\") for commemorating the Asian American community's celebration of Songkran on April as an important cultural event on the state according to Assembly Resolution No. 1059.[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-61)\n\n## Controversies\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Controversies\")\\]\n\n### Roadway fatalities\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Roadway fatalities\")\\]\n\nPolice statistics show that the death toll from road accidents doubles during the annual Songkran holiday. Between 2009 and 2013 there were about 27 road deaths per day during non-holiday periods and an average of 52 road deaths per day during Songkran. Thailand has among the highest [traffic fatality rates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_countries_by_traffic-related_death_rate \"List of countries by traffic-related death rate\") in the world, along with [Liberia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liberia \"Liberia\"), [Congo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Democratic Republic of the Congo\"), and [Tanzania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tanzania \"Tanzania\"). Approximately 70–80 percent of the accidents that occur during the long holiday period are motorcycle accidents.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-BP-20180418-62) About 10,000 people per year die in motorcycle accidents.[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-bpstlawless-63)\n\nThe [National Council for Peace and Order](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Council_for_Peace_and_Order \"National Council for Peace and Order\") (NCPO) says a total of 110,909 people were arrested and 5,772 vehicles impounded at road safety checkpoints across the country between 9–16 April 2016.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-64) In 2018 the number of offenders arrested at 2,029 checkpoints had risen to 146,589. Of these, 39,572 had failed to wear crash helmets and 37,779 carried no driving licence.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-BP-20180418-62) Reacting to the numbers, the [prime minister](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prayut_Chan-o-cha \"Prayut Chan-o-cha\") \"ordered stricter enforcement of the law\"; the interior minister said he would \"propose greater efforts in raising awareness as an additional measure, insisting that traffic laws were \\[already\\] strictly enforced\"; and deputy prime minister [Prawit Wongsuwan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prawit_Wongsuwon \"Prawit Wongsuwon\") said he would \"work harder to ensure motorcyclists wore helmets\".[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-65)\n\nThis period is known locally as \"7 dangerous days\".[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-66)\n\n| Date | Accidents | Deaths | Injuries | Source |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| 11–17 Apr 2018 | 3,724 | 418 | 3,987 | [\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-BP-20180418-62) |\n| 2017 | 3,690 | 335 | 3,506 | [\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-67) |\n| 11–17 Apr 2016 | 3,447 | 442 | 3,656 | [\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-68)[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-Barrow-2016-69) |\n| 2015 | 3,373 | 364 | 3,559 | [\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-Barrow-2016-69) |\n| 11–17 Apr 2014 | 2,992 | 322 | 3,225 | [\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-Barrow-2016-69) |\n\n### Intellectual property\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: Intellectual property\")\\]\n\n#### Celebrate Singapore\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: Celebrate Singapore\")\\]\n\nIn 2014, \"Celebrate Singapore,\" a large two-day Songkran-style water festival,[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-70) was planned for Singapore and the event was promoted as the \"largest water festival party in Singapore.\" However, controversy emerged when the [Tourism Authority of Thailand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tourism_Authority_of_Thailand \"Tourism Authority of Thailand\") (TAT) Deputy Governor for Tourism Products, Vilaiwan Twichasri, claimed that Thailand holds exclusive rights to celebrate Songkran and planned to consult with officials at the Department of Intellectual Property, Ministry of Commerce and Ministry of Culture to discuss a potential lawsuit. The Deputy Governor's view was supported by numerous Thai citizens on social media websites.[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-71) Chai Nakhonchai, Cultural Promotion Department chief, pointed out that Songkran is a traditional festival shared by many countries throughout Southeast Asia, while historian Charnvit Kasetsiri stated that no single nation can claim ownership of a tradition.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-72) On 25 March 2014, the *[Bangkok Post](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bangkok_Post \"Bangkok Post\")* reported that the Singaporean government had intervened in the festival's content and there would be no water-throwing, no water pistols and no public drinking. The festival was also reduced to a one-day event.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-73)\n\n## See also\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: See also\")\\]\n\n- [Choul Chnam Thmey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Choul_Chnam_Thmey \"Choul Chnam Thmey\") - the Cambodian New Year that follows the same date and time.\n- [Holi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holi \"Holi\") – an Indian holiday famous for its ritualized street celebrations with colored powder\n- [Water Festival](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water_Festival \"Water Festival\") - vibrant celebrations that occur across the globe, often marking the start of a new year or season. Countries\/Regions include: Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia, and the Xishuangbanna Prefecture and Dehong regions of China\n- [List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Thailand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Thailand \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Thailand\")\n\n## Notes\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)&action=edit&section=13 \"Edit section: Notes\")\\]\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-16)** The cabinet later fixed this issue by shifting the holiday by one day to 13–15 April, which is still in use today.\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-23)** In 1896, for example, the ceremony started on 12 April. According to Suriyayart, the sun entered Aries at 19:30 on 12 April. The main ceremony started one day later, possibly due to difficulties organizing the ceremony at the exact time. In 1949, Maha Songkran was on 13 April at 12:35 and the ceremony started that day.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-26)**\n   According to\n   \n   Deva Sastri, Bapu (1861). [\"Translation of the Surya Siddhanta\"](http:\/\/www.wilbourhall.org\/pdfs\/suryaEnglish.pdf) (PDF). C B Lewis and the Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta.\n   \n   Sloka 37, there are 1,577,917,828 solar (or terrestrial, as the translator chose) day within one great *[Yuga](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yuga_Cycle \"Yuga Cycle\")*, or eon. There are four *[yugas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yuga \"Yuga\")*, or periods, within the aeon. All of them spans 4,320,000 solar years (Sloka 15–16). It follows that 800 solar years correspond to 292,207 days.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-29)** Julian year lasts 292,200 kammajas on average\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-39)** *De Siamiten vieren den ecrſtcn en vyſtienden dag der maand, zynde de dagen der nieuwe en volle maan. Sommige gaan ook op den cerſtcn dag van de kwartier maanen na de Pagoden, 't welk eeniger maaten overeenkomt met onzen Zondag. Behalven deze hebben zy fommige jaarlykſche plechtige Feeſtdagen, by voorbeeld een in 't begin van 't jaar, genaamt Sonkraen, ...\"*\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-41)** อนึ่งเมื่อครั้ง (แผ่นดิน) สมเด็จพระพุทธเจ้าหลวงในพระบรมโกศนั้น ครั้นวันขึ้นปีใหม่โหรถวายฤกษ์เป็นวันมหาสงกรานต์ เจ้าพนักงานได้ก่อพระทรายหน้าพระวิหารหลวงวัดพระศรีสรรเพ็ชญ์...และเครื่องราชวัติฉัตรธงเครื่องประดับพระทรายนั้น เจ้าพนักงานได้เบิกสิ่งของให้แก่ช่างเขียนทำ และพระทรายนั้นช่างเขียนได้ตัด \\[เขียนตัดเส้นระบายสี หรือตัดพระทรายให้เป็นรูปทรง\\] ครั้นรุ่งขึ้นเพลาเช้าวันมหาสงกรานต์ ล้นเกล้าล้นกระหม่อมเสด็จไป ณ พระวิหารใหญ่ด้วย \\[พระวิหารหลวงวัดพระศรีสรรเพ็ชญ์ หลังกลาง\\] นิมนต์พระสงฆ์ราชาคณะอธิการวัด ได้ฉัน ณ พระวิหารใหญ่ฉลองพระทราย และที่พระ(ทราย)มหาธาตุและพระทรายบริวารนั้น วิเศษแต่งเทียนและบายศรี (มี) เทียนทองคำขวัญบูชาพระทรายองค์ละสำรับ ครั้นเสร็จ (งาน) พระทรายที่วัดพระศรีสรรเพ็ชญ์แล้วรุ่งขึ้นเป็นวันเนา เจ้าพนักงานจึงเอาทรายและเตียงเข้าไปให้ล้นเกล้าล้นกระหม่อมทรงก่อพระทราย ณ พระที่นั่งทรงปืน...ทรงก่อแล้วพนักงานยกพระทรายออกให้ช่างเขียนตัด และเครื่องประดับพระพรายนั้นให้เจ้าพนักงานปิดทองอังกฤษประดับ และช่าง \\[ช่างเขียน\\] เขียนทำประดับประดาพระทราย แล้วยกเข้าไปตั้งไว้ ณ พระที่นั่งทรงปืน ครั้นรุ่งขึ้นเพลาเช้าวันเถลิงศกเสด็จ ฯ ออกฉลองพระเจดีย์ทราย เตียงยกพระที่นั่งทรงปืน พระสงฑ์ฉันเสร็จแล้ว เจ้าพนักงานยกพระทรายออกมาตั้งไว้ ณ ศาลาลูกขุนท้ายสระ พันพุฒ พันเทพราช พันจันท์ เกณฑ์เครื่องเล่นและคู่แห่เดินเท้าและม้า ปี่กลองชนะ ธงสามชาย ปีกลองมลายู ปี่กลองจีนแห่พระทรายไปไว้ ฯ วัดวรโพธิ์ วัดพระราม วัดมงคลบพิตร (เป็น) อย่างธรรมเนียมสืบมาแต่ก่อน (ดังนี้)\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-44)** *Ils ont en outre, durant le cours de l'année, plusieurs jours de fêtes civiles ou religieuses, qu'ils célèbrent avec grande pompe : 1°Songkran; c'est leur nouvel an, qui tombe ordinairement dans leur cinquième mois; on le célèbre pendant trois jours; ce n'est qu'à cette époque que le peuple apprend des astro-logues, si l'ange de l'année monte un tigre, un bœuf, un ours, un cheval; une chèvre, un dragon ou quelque autre animal.*\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)&action=edit&section=14 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-:3_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-:3_1-1)\n   [Ach Vidyagama (George Bradley McFarland), Phra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_B._McFarland \"George B. McFarland\"). (1944). \"สงกรานต์\", *Thai-English Dictionary*. CA, United States: Stanford University Press. 1,058 pp.\n   \n   [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-080-4-70383-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-080-4-70383-3 \"Special:BookSources\/978-080-4-70383-3\")\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-:2_2-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-:2_2-1)\n   Glen Lewis. (2007). \"Thai tourism take 1: a land of diversity and refinement\", *Virtual Thailand The Media and Cultural Politics in Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore (Rethinking Southeast Asia)*. NY, United States: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group (T\\&F Informa plc.). 241 pp.\n   \n   [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-0-415-36499-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-415-36499-7 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-415-36499-7\")\n   \n   . \"April 'Songkran Splendours' (Thai New Year, nationalwide)\"\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-3)**\n   [Anuman Rajadhon (Yong Sathirakoses), Phraya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phraya_Anuman_Rajadhon \"Phraya Anuman Rajadhon\"). (1956). *Loy Krathong and Songkran Festival*. Bangkok: National Culture Institute Thailand. p. 13. \"SONGKRAN FESTIVAL Of all the feasts and festivals in Thailand which are many...\"\n   \n   - Ministry of Education Thailand, Office of the National Culture Commission. (1989). *Thai Culture: Songkran Festival*. Bangkok: Ministry of Education Thailand. 33 pp.\n     [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n     [978-974-7-90326-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-974-7-90326-3 \"Special:BookSources\/978-974-7-90326-3\")\n     ,\n     [974-790-326-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/974-790-326-1 \"Special:BookSources\/974-790-326-1\")\n     . \"Songkran Festival \" issued by the Office of the National Culture Commission is the third of its series . The aim of this cultural kit is to present Thai culture to the general public and thereby to create mutual understanding\"\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-4)**\n   [\"'Songkran Festival' extended to five-day holiday\"](https:\/\/www.nationthailand.com\/detail\/breakingnews\/30339797). *The Nation*. 27 February 2018. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180414060035\/http:\/\/www.nationmultimedia.com\/detail\/breakingnews\/30339797) from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-5)**\n   [\"Thai Government Approves Extra Day for Songkran 2019\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190326194009\/https:\/\/www.chiangraitimes.com\/thai-government-approves-extra-day-for-songkran-2019.html). *Chiang Rai Times*. 13 February 2019. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.chiangraitimes.com\/thai-government-approves-extra-day-for-songkran-2019.html) on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-6)**\n   [Melton, J. Gordon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J._Gordon_Melton \"J. Gordon Melton\") (2011). [*Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&pg=PA825). ABC-CLIO. p. 825. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-1-59884-205-0](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-59884-205-0 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-59884-205-0\")\n   \n   .\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-7)**\n   V. S. Bhaskar, Government of Assam, India. (2009). \"Festivals: Songkran\", *Faith & Philosophy of Buddhism*. New Delhi, India: Kalpaz Publications. 312 pp. pp. 261-262.\n   \n   [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-817-8-35722-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-817-8-35722-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-817-8-35722-5\")\n   \n   . \"Songkran is a Thai word which means 'move'...\"\n   \n   - Taipei City Government, Taiwan (ROC). (2008). *Teipei: 2008 Yearbook*. \\[臺北市年鑑2008-英文版 (In Chinese)\\]. Taipei: Taipei City Government Editorial Group. 386 pp.\n     [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n     [978-986-0-14421-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-986-0-14421-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-986-0-14421-5\")\n     . p. 269. \"(Songkran) is in April, and Thai people celebrate their new year by splashing water at each other, hence the Thai name Songkran, i.e., \"Water Splashing Festival.\"\n   - Rooney, Dawn F. (2008). Ancient Sukhothai: Thailand's Cultural Heritage. Bangkok: River Books Press. 247 pp.\n     [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n     [978-974-9-86342-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-974-9-86342-8 \"Special:BookSources\/978-974-9-86342-8\")\n     . p. 36. \"'Songkran' is a Thai name that derives from a Sanskrit word meaning 'to move to', a reference to the sun's movements.\n   - Komlosy, A. (2002). [*Images Of The Dai : The Aesthetics Of Gender And Identity In Xishuangbanna*](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170814175634\/https:\/\/research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk\/bitstream\/handle\/10023\/7293\/AnouskaKomlosyPhDThesis.pdf?sequence=3). \\[Doctoral Dissertation, University of St. Andrews\\]. University of St. Andrews Research Repository. ['https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10023\/7293'](https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10023\/7293). p. 334. \"The term Songkran is a Thai word meaning to move, here it refers to the Sun which moves into the sign of Aries at this time of the year\". pp. 334–335. \"The Thai term Songkran is now used by many Southeast Asia specialists to refer to the New Year festival held in many countries, including Myanmar, Laos and China.\"\n   - [\"Songkran\" (noun) in Oxford English Dictionary (Online)](https:\/\/www.oed.com\/dictionary\/songkran_n?tab=meaning_and_use#190072726). Retrieved on 17 April 2024.\n   - Anouska Komlosy. \"Procession and Water Splashing: Expressions of Locality and Nationality during Dai New Year in Xishuangbanna: Songkran\", *The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute*, 10(2). (2004, June). London: [Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland \"Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland\"). [JSTOR \\#i370994](https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3804155). p. 357. \"The term Songkran is a Thai word meaning 'to move', and it refers here to the Sun, which moves into the sign of Aries at this time of the year.\"\n   - Prakong Nimmanahaeminda, Academy of Arts, [Royal Society of Thailand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_Society_of_Thailand \"Royal Society of Thailand\"). \"Myth and Ritual : A Study of the Songkran Festival\", *The Journal of The Royal Society of Thailand*, 29(1–2), (2004, January–March). pp. 345–350. \"Songkran is a Thai word which means of movement.\"\n   - Malaysia, Jabatan Perpaduan Negara Dan Integrasi Nasional (JPNIN). (1985). [*Festivals and religious occasions in Malaysia*](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/title\/21156065). (First series). Kuala Lumpur: The National Unity Department of Malaysia, Prime Minister's Dept. 36 pp. p. 26. \"'SONGKRAN' is a Traditional New Year of the Thai people and this day normally fulls in the month of April. 'SONGKRAN' is a Thai word meaning change of exchange.\"\n   - [Sir. Philip John Newling Ward, Maj. Gen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philip_Ward \"Philip Ward\"). (1974). \"THE SONGKRAN FESTIVAL\", *Bangkok: Portrait of a City*. Cambridge, United Kingdom: The Oleander Press. 136 pp. p. 111.\n     [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n     [978-090-2-67544-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-090-2-67544-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-090-2-67544-5\")\n     . \"Thai word ' Songkran ' literally means a move or change\".\n   - James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie, Louis Herbert Gray. (1912). \"FESTIVALS AND FACTS (Siamese)\", [*Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics Vol. 5*](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/in.ernet.dli.2015.56056). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 886.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-8)**\n   Oxford Business Group (OBG). (2011). \"Water wars: The traditional Thai New Year includes some playful activities\", *The Report: Thailand 2012*. (n.p.): Oxford Business Group. 268 pp. p. 260.\n   \n   [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-190-7-06563-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-190-7-06563-7 \"Special:BookSources\/978-190-7-06563-7\")\n   \n   - [Monier-Williams, Monier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monier_Monier-Williams \"Monier Monier-Williams\") (1899). \"Saṃkrānti\". [*A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages*](http:\/\/www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de\/cgi-bin\/monier\/serveimg.pl?file=\/scans\/MWScan\/MWScanjpg\/mw1127-saMketagRhaka.jpg). Oxford: Clarendon Press. [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\\(identifier\\) \"OCLC (identifier)\") [685239912](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/685239912).\n9. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-:1_9-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-:1_9-1)\n   Office of the National Culture Commission. (1989). *Thai Culture: Songkran Festival Cultural Kit No. 3*. Bangkok: Ministry of Education Thailand. 33 pp.\n   \n   [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-974-7-90326-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-974-7-90326-3 \"Special:BookSources\/978-974-7-90326-3\")\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-10)** [Epstein, N.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nadine_Epstein \"Nadine Epstein\"), and Arvigo, R. (2021). *Spiritual Bathing: Healing Rituals and Traditions from Around the World* (eBook). (n.p.): Echo Point Books & Media, LLC. 192 pp.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-11)**\n    [Bartlett, S](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sarah_Bartlett \"Sarah Bartlett\"). (2015). *Spellcraft for a Magical Year: Rituals and Enchantments for Prosperity, Power, and Fortune*. United States: Quarto Publishing Group USA. 224 pp.\n    \n    [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-162-7-88297-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-162-7-88297-2 \"Special:BookSources\/978-162-7-88297-2\")\n12. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-:0_12-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-:0_12-1)\n    [\"The magic and traditions of Thai New Year (Songkran)\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140405103542\/http:\/\/www.tatnews.org\/the-magic-and-traditions-of-thai-new-year-songkran\/). *Tourism Authority of Thailand Newsroom*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.tatnews.org\/the-magic-and-traditions-of-thai-new-year-songkran\/) on 5 April 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2015.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-13)**\n    Corness, I. (2015). \"Songkran\", *Farang: Thailand through the eyes of an ex-pat* (eBook). Dublin, Ireland: Maverick House. 240 pp.\n    \n    [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-190-5-37977-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-190-5-37977-4 \"Special:BookSources\/978-190-5-37977-4\")\n14. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-JRIT-2004_14-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-JRIT-2004_14-1)\n    Nimmanahaeminda, Prakong (April–June 2004). [\"Myth and Ritual: A Study of the Songkran Festival\"](http:\/\/legacy.orst.go.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/royin-ebook\/61\/FileUpload\/36_6420.pdf) (PDF). *The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand*. **29** (2): 345–350. Retrieved 5 August 2018.\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-15)** ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, [ประกาศสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง กำหนดเวลาทำงานและวันหยุดราชการ (ฉบับที่ ๑๙) พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๐](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171230171941\/http:\/\/www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th\/DATA\/PDF\/2540\/D\/026\/53.PDF), เล่ม ๑๑๔, ตอนที่ ๒๖ ง, ๑ เมษายน ๒๕๔๐ (Cabinet notification on workdays and holidays, 1997)\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-17)**\n    Yavaprapas, S., Ministry of Culture (Thailand). (2004). *Songkran Festival*. (2nd Ed.). Bangkok: Prachoomthong Printing Group Co., Ltd.\n    \n    [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-974-7-10351-9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-974-7-10351-9 \"Special:BookSources\/978-974-7-10351-9\")\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-18)**\n    Crump, William D. (2016). \"Thailand\", *Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide*. NC, United States: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. 319 pp.\n    \n    [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-147-6-60748-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-147-6-60748-1 \"Special:BookSources\/978-147-6-60748-1\")\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-royalprommachat_19-0)**\n    เสมเสริมสุข, บาง (1961). *ตำราพรหมชาติ ฉบับหลวง*. สำนักงานลูก ส. ธรรมภักดี.\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-20)** For example, ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, [ประกาศสงกรานต์ ร.ศ. ๑๑๐ พ.ศ.๒๔๓๔](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171230115516\/http:\/\/www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th\/DATA\/PDF\/2434\/002\/9_1.PDF), เล่ม ๘, ๑๒ เมษายน ๒๔๓๔ (1891 Notification on Songkran)\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-21)** ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, [พระราชพิธีเผด็จศกสงกรานต์](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210628174424\/http:\/\/www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th\/DATA\/PDF\/2442\/003\/41_2.PDF), เล่มที่ ๑๖, ๑๖ เมษายน ๒๔๔๒, หน้า ๓๕ (Songkran and cutting off the year ceremony in 1899)\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-22)** ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, [กำหนดการพระราชพิธีสงกรานต์ พ.ศ.๒๔๙๒](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171230114605\/http:\/\/www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th\/DATA\/PDF\/2492\/D\/022\/1519.PDF), ตอนที่ ๒๒, เล่ม ๖๖, ๑๒ เมษายน ๒๔๙๒ (Songkran royal ceremony schedule, 1949)\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-24)**\n    Burgess, James (1893). [\"ART.XVIII. Notes on Hindu Astronomy and the History of our Knowledge of it\"](https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0035869X00022553). *Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society*. **25** (4). Cambridge University: 717–761\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1017\/S0035869X00022553](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2FS0035869X00022553). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\\(identifier\\) \"S2CID (identifier)\") [163252270](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:163252270).\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-siddhanta_25-0)**\n    Deva Sastri, Bapu (1861). [\"Translation of the Surya Siddhanta\"](http:\/\/www.wilbourhall.org\/pdfs\/suryaEnglish.pdf) (PDF). C B Lewis and the Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta.\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-27)**\n    มนเทียรทอง, เอื้อน; ทองเนียม, บุนนาค. *พระคัมภีร์สุริยยาตร์ศิวาคม*. สำนักโหรหอคำ.\n    \n    (Aeur Montianthong and Bunnak Thongniam's Suriyayat Sivakom for Computer Users, in Thai)\n25. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-rikkha_28-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-rikkha_28-1)\n    สุริยาอารักษ์, สิงห์โต. *เรื่องฤกษ์และการให้ฤกษ์ ดวงพิชัยสงคราม*. เขษมบรรณกิจ.\n    \n    (Singto Suriya-arak's How to and how not to set the ceremonial time and how to compute a detailed Suriyayart natal chart, in Thai)\n26. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-30)**\n    Chunpongtong, Loy (October 2012). \"Discrepancies in Songkran Days: A Mathematical Research (ความคลาดเคลื่อนของวันสงกรานต์: ผลวิจัยเชิงคณิตศาสตร์)\". **37** (4).\n    \n    `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` ([help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical \"Help:CS1 errors\"))\n27. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-31)**\n    [\"ปฏิทินสงกรานต์\"](http:\/\/www.komchadluek.net\/news\/ent\/182588). [Kom Chad Luek](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kom_Chad_Luek \"Kom Chad Luek\"). 10 April 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2017.\n28. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-32)**\n    [\"สกู๊ปหน้า 1… หนังสือปีใหม่เมืองล้านนา\"](http:\/\/www.chiangmainews.co.th\/page\/archives\/475110). Chiang Mai News.\n29. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-33)**\n    บัวคลี่, บัณรส (8 April 2013). [\"เลื่อนวันดำหัวผู้ว่าเชียงใหม่: ท้องถิ่นนิยมใต้อำนาจรวมศูนย์\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171230114843\/http:\/\/www.manager.co.th\/Columnist\/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9560000042503). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.manager.co.th\/Columnist\/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9560000042503) on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.\n30. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-mornoi_34-0)**\n    *การผูกดวงวางลัคนา*. ชมรมพยากรณ์ศาสตร์. 2004.\n    \n    (On the Formation of Thai Natal Chart)\n31. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-myhora_35-0)**\n    [\"การเปลี่ยนปีนักษัตร\"](https:\/\/www.myhora.com\/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1\/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3-038.aspx). 7 February 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2017.\n32. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-36)**\n    วิริยบูรณะ, อุระคินทร์ (1 April 1960). *พรหมชาติ ฉบับหลวง*. สำนักงาน ลูก ส. ธรรมภักดี.\n    \n    pp. 512–513\n33. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-37)**\n    Suksawat, Saranya (n.d.). [\"Happy New Year Songkran Festival\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180209014243\/http:\/\/www.thaiwaysmagazine.com\/thai_article\/2101_songkran_festival\/songkran_festival.html). *Thaiways*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.thaiwaysmagazine.com\/thai_article\/2101_songkran_festival\/songkran_festival.html) on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.\n34. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-38)**\n    [\"Legendary of Songkran lady (Nang Songkran)\"](https:\/\/songkranfestivalinthailand.blogspot.com.au\/p\/legendary-of-songkran-lady-nang.html). *Songkran Festival*. Retrieved 14 April 2018.\n35. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-40)** Engelbert Kaempfer, John Gaspar Scheuchzer and Sir Hans Sloane. (1727). *De beschryving van Japan*. Door ENGELBERT KÆMPFER, M.D. Geneesheer van bet Hollandſche... (Translated by John Gaspar Scheuchzer). Netherlands: Gosse en J. Neaulme. 550 pp. p. 29. \"Behalven deze hebben zy fommige jaarlykſche plechtige Feeſtdagen, by voorbeeld een in 't begin van 't jaar, genaamt Sonkraen, een ander Kitimbac genoemt, ook wel ...\"\n36. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-42)**\n    The Fine Arts Department of Thailand. (1969). \"เริ่มก่อพระทรายครั้งรัชกาลสมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมโกศตอนปลายกรุงศรีอยุธยาตามที่บันทึกไว้เมื่อปีเถาะ พ.ศ. ๒๓๒๖ ปีที่ ๒ ในรัชกาลที่ ๑ กรุงรัตนโกสินทร์\". *The Concise Chronicle Vol. 43. (The Concise Chronicle Chapter 69-70) of Krung Sri Ayutthaya Part I, Nakhon Champassak, and story of Khun Borom*. \\[ประชุมพงศาวดาร เล่มที่ ๔๓ (ประชุมพงศาวดารภาคที่ ๖๙-๗๐) เรื่องเกี่ยวกับกรุงเก่าตอนที่ ๑ เรื่องเมืองนครจำปาศักดิ์ และเรื่องขุนบรมราชา (in Thai)\\]. Bangkok: Kuru Sa Pha. pp. 3–6.\n    \n    - Office of Literature and History. (1999). *The Concise of The Royal Chronicle of Thailand Celebrating Golden Jubilee Vol. 5* \\[ประชุมพงศาวดารฉบับกาญจนาภิเษก เล่ม ๕ (in Thai)\\]. Bangkok: Kuru Sa Pha Lat Phrao. pp. 138–142.\n    - *The Concise Chronicle Vol. 69 of Krung Sri Ayutthaya Part I*. Redistributed in the royal cremation of Col. Phraya Phiriyawichai (Pheap Suwannin) on 22 June 1938 at Makut Kasattriyaram Ratchaworawihan temple. Bangkok: Phra Chan. pp. 2–5.\n37. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-43)**\n    Ministry of Culture Thailand, Department of Cultural Promotion. (2021). *Songkran Tradition*. Bangkok: The Agricultural Co-operative Federation of Thailand Ltd. p. 82.\n    \n    [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-616-543-698-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-616-543-698-4 \"Special:BookSources\/978-616-543-698-4\")\n38. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-45)** Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix. (1854). *Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam*. Lagny, France: Vialat et Cie. p. 249. \"Ils ont en outre, durant le cours de l'année, plusieurs jours de fêtes civiles ou religieuses, qu'ils célèbrent avec grande pompe : 1°Songkran; c'est leur nouvel an, qui tombe ordinairement dans leur cinquième mois; on le célèbre pendant trois jours; ce n'est qu'à cette époque que le peuple apprend des astro-logues, si l'ange de l'année monte un tigre, un bœuf, un ours, un cheval; une chèvre, un dragon ou quelque autre animal.\"\n39. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-46)**\n    Chadchaidee, Thanapol (1994). *Essays on Thailand*. D.K. Today Co., Ltd. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [974-834-824-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/974-834-824-5 \"Special:BookSources\/974-834-824-5\")\n    \n    .\n40. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-47)**\n    Jaikusol, Warapun (18 April 2023). [\"Floral shirts hot again for Songkran festival week\"](https:\/\/www.pattayamail.com\/latestnews\/news\/floral-shirts-hot-again-for-songkran-festival-week-429325). *Pattaya Mail*. Retrieved 15 April 2024.\n41. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-48)**\n    [\"Songkran in Thailand, traditional Thai New Year festival\"](https:\/\/ich.unesco.org\/en\/RL\/songkran-in-thailand-traditional-thai-new-year-festival-01719). *ich.unesco.org*. Retrieved 7 February 2024.\n42. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-49)**\n    [\"Songkran\"](https:\/\/rove.me\/to\/thailand\/songkran). rove.me. 2 November 2022.\n43. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-50)**\n    [\"Thailand Grand Songkran Celebrations\"](https:\/\/www.tatnews.org\/2018\/04\/thailand-grand-songkran-celebrations-2018\/). Tourism Authority of Thailand. 4 April 2018.\n44. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-51)**\n    [\"SONGKRAN IN SIAM SQUARE\"](https:\/\/www.novotelbkk.com\/bangkok-hotel\/songkran-in-siam-square\/). *Novotel*. 15 April 2015.\n45. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-52)**\n    [\"Songkran, everything you need to know about Thailand's famous new year water fight\"](https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/lifestyle\/travel-leisure\/article\/2139071\/songkran-everything-you-need-know-about-thailands-famous). *South China Morning Post*.\n46. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-53)**\n    [\"ประเพณี \"วันไหล\" คืออะไร ทำไมถึงมีขึ้นหลังวันสงกรานต์\"](https:\/\/www.pptvhd36.com\/news\/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C\/221803) \\[What is the \"Wan Lai\" Festival, and Why Does It Take Place After Songkran?\\]. *PPTV HD* (in Thai). 14 July 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.\n47. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-54)** Thompson, Peter A. (1906). *Lotus Land: Being an Account of the Country and the People of Southern Siam*. London: T. Werner Laurie. 312 pp.\n48. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-55)** Thompson, Peter A. (1910). \"The Brotherhood of the Yellow Robe\", *Siam: An Account of the Country and the People, Vol 16*. Boston, MA: J. B. Millet Company. 330 pp.\n49. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-56)**\n    Lee, Edmund (13 April 2017). [\"Five million Malaysians celebrate Songkran and Good Friday\"](http:\/\/www.thesundaily.my\/news\/2017\/04\/13\/five-million-malaysians-celebrate-songkran-and-good-friday). *The Sun Daily*. Retrieved 14 April 2018.\n50. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-57)**\n    Nor Ain Mohd Radhi (12 April 2018). [\"Najib wishes Happy Songkran to Malaysian Siamese\"](https:\/\/www.nst.com.my\/news\/nation\/2018\/04\/356527\/najib-wishes-happy-songkran-malaysian-siamese). *New Straits Times*. Retrieved 14 April 2018.\n51. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-58)** [Public relations news of Beppu Songkran Festival (PR No. 23\/2566)](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240420081923\/https:\/\/image.mfa.go.th\/mfa\/0\/YLjhuT4Hho\/PR2023\/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_23_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5_2566.pdf). *Royal Thai Consulate General Fukuoka*. (29 March 2023). Retrieved on 20 April 2024.\n52. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-59)**\n    Shobunsha Publications. (2019). *Mappuru shutoken-hatsu 《まっぷる 首都圏発》 \\[Mapple from the metropolitan area\\]*. Tokyo: Shobunsha. p 121.\n    \n    [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-439-8-28865-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-439-8-28865-3 \"Special:BookSources\/978-439-8-28865-3\")\n53. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-60)**\n    Captain Anastasia Schmidt (19 April 2017). [\"Air Force members celebrate Thai New Year and Water Festival at Wake Island\"](http:\/\/www.jber.jb.mil\/News\/News-Articles\/Article\/1157218\/air-force-members-celebrate-thai-new-year-and-water-festival-at-wake-island\/). *Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson*. 11th Air Force Public Affairs. Retrieved 20 April 2017.\n54. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-61)**\n    \"[Commemorating the Asian American community's celebration of Songkran on April](https:\/\/www.nysenate.gov\/legislation\/bills\/2023\/K1059)\". Assembly Resolution No. 1059. (2023-K1059). *The New York State Senate*. Retrieved on 19 April 2024.\n    \n    - [New York officially recognises Songkran as an important cultural event](https:\/\/www.thaipbsworld.com\/new-york-officially-recognises-songkran-as-an-important-cultural-event\/). *ThaiPBS Worlds*. (April 19, 2024). Retrieved on 19 April 2024.\n    - Abhasakun, T. (2023, 16 April). [New York State celebrates Songkran](https:\/\/thethaiger.com\/hot-news\/songkran\/new-york-state-celebrates-songkran). *TheThaiger*. 16 April 2023. Retrieved on 20 April 2024. \"The state of New York in the US officially celebrated Songkran this year. New York State Representative Steven Raga proposed a bill to celebrate the Thai Songkran festival, the Thai Post reported.\"\n55. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-BP-20180418_62-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-BP-20180418_62-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-BP-20180418_62-2)\n    [\"Songkran road death toll up again\"](https:\/\/www.bangkokpost.com\/news\/general\/1447887\/songkran-road-death-toll-up-again). *Bangkok Post*. 18 April 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2018.\n56. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-bpstlawless_63-0)**\n    [\"Lawless culture takes its toll\"](http:\/\/www.bangkokpost.com\/news\/investigation\/404724\/lawless-culture-takes-its-toll). *Bangkok Post*. 11 April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014.\n57. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-64)**\n    [\"Songkran death toll rises to 397\"](http:\/\/www.bangkokpost.com\/news\/general\/936485\/songkran-death-toll-rises-to-397). *Bangkok Post*. 17 April 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.\n58. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-65)**\n    Sattaburuth, Aekarach; Nanuam, Wassana (18 April 2018). [\"Prayut vows to overcome traffic accident scourge\"](https:\/\/www.bangkokpost.com\/news\/general\/1447595\/prayut-vows-to-overcome-traffic-accident-scourge). *Bangkok Post*. Retrieved 18 April 2018.\n59. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-66)**\n    [\"25 deaths in 234 road accidents recorded on 1st of Songkran's '7 dangerous days'\"](https:\/\/www.nationthailand.com\/thailand\/general\/40037198). *The Nation*. 12 April 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024.\n60. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-67)**\n    [\"Songkran 2017 road crashes took 335 lives alongside thousands of non-fatal accidents\"](https:\/\/coconuts.co\/bangkok\/news\/songkran-2017-road-crashes-took-335-lives-alongside-thousands-non-fatal-accidents\/). *Coconuts Bangkok*. 18 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2018.\n61. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-68)**\n    [\"Road toll soars to record 442 killed over Songkran\"](http:\/\/www.bangkokpost.com\/news\/general\/937789\/road-toll-soars-to-record-442-killed-over-songkran). *Bangkok Post*. 18 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.\n62. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-Barrow-2016_69-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-Barrow-2016_69-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-Barrow-2016_69-2)\n    Barrow, Richard (18 April 2016). [\"Full Road Accident Statistics for Songkran 2016\"](http:\/\/www.richardbarrow.com\/2016\/04\/full-road-accident-statistics-for-songkran-2016\/). *Richard Barrow in Thailand*. Retrieved 18 April 2018.\n63. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-70)**\n    [\"Tết té nước tại thái lan\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161013135749\/http:\/\/vietnamtourist.org.vn\/kinh-nghiem-di-du-lich-thai-lan\/tung-bung-le-hoi-te-nuoc-songkran-thai-lan). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/vietnamtourist.org.vn\/kinh-nghiem-di-du-lich-thai-lan\/tung-bung-le-hoi-te-nuoc-songkran-thai-lan) on 13 October 2016.\n64. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-71)**\n    Lamphai Intathep (18 March 2014). [\"Suit eyed for Singapore Songkran\"](http:\/\/www.bangkokpost.com\/breakingnews\/400518\/tat-considers-legal-action-over-singapore-songkran). *Bangkok Post*. Retrieved 16 April 2014.\n65. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-72)**\n    [\"Songkran in Singapore\"](http:\/\/www.bangkokpost.com\/learning\/learning-from-news\/400635\/songkran-in-singapore). *Bangkok Post*. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.\n66. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-73)**\n    [\"Only in Singapore: No Songkran\"](http:\/\/www.bangkokpost.com\/breakingnews\/401685\/only-in-singapore-no-songkran). *Bangkok Post*. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.\n\n## Further reading\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)&action=edit&section=15 \"Edit section: Further reading\")\\]\n\nE-books\n\n- [Phraya Anuman Ratchathon (Yong Sathiankoset)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phraya_Anuman_Rajadhon \"Phraya Anuman Rajadhon\"). (1954). [\"Amusements During Songkran Festival\".](http:\/\/www.sac.or.th\/databases\/siamrarebooks\/main\/attachments\/article\/301\/vol%2042%20pt%201%20page%2039-43.pdf) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170329061214\/http:\/\/www.sac.or.th\/databases\/siamrarebooks\/main\/attachments\/article\/301\/vol%2042%20pt%201%20page%2039-43.pdf) 29 March 2017 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\") *Journal of the Siam Society* (volume 42, part 1). pp. 39–43.\n- [Ministry of Culture (Thailand)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_Culture_\\(Thailand\\) \"Ministry of Culture (Thailand)\"). (2021). [Songkran Tradition](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240414102557\/http:\/\/qrcode.culture.go.th\/pdfbook\/songkran.pdf). Bangkok: Department of Cultural Promotion, Ministry of Culture. 262 pp.\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [978-616-543-698-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-616-543-698-4 \"Special:BookSources\/978-616-543-698-4\")\n\n## External links\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)&action=edit&section=16 \"Edit section: External links\")\\]\n\n- [![Wikimedia Commons logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commons-logo.svg) Media related to [Songkran in Thailand](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Songkran_in_Thailand \"commons:Category:Songkran in Thailand\") at Wikimedia Commons\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Public_holidays_in_Thailand \"Template:Public holidays in Thailand\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_Thailand \"Template talk:Public holidays in Thailand\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Public_holidays_in_Thailand \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Public holidays in Thailand\")[![Thailand](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a9\/Flag_of_Thailand.svg\/40px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thailand \"Thailand\") [Public holidays in Thailand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_holidays_in_Thailand \"Public holidays in Thailand\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| National holidays | [New Year's Day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Year%27s_Day \"New Year's Day\") [Magha Puja](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magha_Puja \"Magha Puja\") [Chakri Memorial Day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chakri_dynasty \"Chakri dynasty\") [Songkran]() [Labour Day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_Day \"Labour Day\") [Royal Ploughing Ceremony and Farmer's Day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_Ploughing_Ceremony \"Royal Ploughing Ceremony\") [Vesak](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vesak \"Vesak\") [King Vajiralongkorn's Birthday](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vajiralongkorn \"Vajiralongkorn\") [Asalha Puja](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asalha_Puja \"Asalha Puja\") [Vassa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vassa \"Vassa\") [Queen Sirikit's Birthday](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sirikit \"Sirikit\") [King Bhumibol Adulyadej's Memorial Day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bhumibol_Adulyadej \"Bhumibol Adulyadej\") [King Chulalongkorn Day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chulalongkorn \"Chulalongkorn\") [King Bhumibol Adulyadej's Birthday](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bhumibol_Adulyadej \"Bhumibol Adulyadej\") [Constitution Day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitution_Day \"Constitution Day\") [New Year's Eve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Year%27s_Eve \"New Year's Eve\") |\n| Region-based holidays | [Chinese New Year](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_New_Year \"Chinese New Year\") [Eid al-Fitr](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eid_al-Fitr \"Eid al-Fitr\") [Eid al-Adha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eid_al-Adha \"Eid al-Adha\") [Christmas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christmas \"Christmas\") |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:New_Year_by_calendar \"Template:New Year by calendar\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:New_Year_by_calendar \"Template talk:New Year by calendar\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:New_Year_by_calendar \"Special:EditPage\/Template:New Year by calendar\")[New Year](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Year \"New Year\") by [calendar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calendar \"Calendar\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| Africa | [Enkutatash](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enkutatash \"Enkutatash\") (Ethiopian, Eritrean) [Fandroana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fandroana \"Fandroana\") (Malagasy) [Islamic New Year](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamic_New_Year \"Islamic New Year\") [Nayrouz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nayrouz \"Nayrouz\") (Coptic) [Yennayer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yennayer \"Yennayer\") (Berber) |\n| Americas |   |\n|   |   |\n| North | [Yancuic Xīhuitl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aztec_New_Year \"Aztec New Year\") (Aztec) [Quviasukvik](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quviasukvik \"Quviasukvik\") (Inuit) [Hobiyee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hobiyee \"Hobiyee\") (Nisg̱a'a) |\n| South | [Inti Raymi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inti_Raymi \"Inti Raymi\") (Incan) [Willkakuti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Willkakuti \"Willkakuti\") (Aymara) [We Tripantu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/We_Tripantu \"We Tripantu\") (Mapuche) |\n| Asia |   |\n|   |   |\n| East | [Chinese New Year](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_New_Year \"Chinese New Year\") (Chinese) [Shōgatsu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_New_Year \"Japanese New Year\") (Japanese) [Seollal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_New_Year \"Korean New Year\") (Korean) [Kuè-nî](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwanese_New_Year \"Taiwanese New Year\") (Taiwanese) [Soogwaci](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ryukyu_New_Year \"Ryukyu New Year\") (Ryukyuans) |\n| Inner | [Tsagaan Sar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tsagaan_Sar \"Tsagaan Sar\") (Mongolian) [Losar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Losar \"Losar\") (Tibetan) |\n| Southeast | [Thingyan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thingyan \"Thingyan\") (Burmese) [Choul Chnam Thmey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cambodian_New_Year \"Cambodian New Year\") (Cambodian) [Pi Mai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lao_New_Year \"Lao New Year\") (Lao) [Songkran]() (Thai) [Water-Splashing Festival](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water-Splashing_Festival \"Water-Splashing Festival\") (Dai) [Nyepi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nyepi \"Nyepi\") (Balinese) [Satu Suro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Satu_Suro \"Satu Suro\") (Javanese) [Tết](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%E1%BA%BFt \"Tết\") (Vietnamese) |\n| South | [Vaisakhi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaisakhi \"Vaisakhi\") (North & Central India (Solar)) [Chaitra Navaratri](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Navaratri#Chaitra_Navaratri \"Navaratri\") (North & Central India (Lunar)) [Navreh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Navreh \"Navreh\") (Kashmiri) [Cheti Chand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cheti_Chand \"Cheti Chand\") (Sindhi) [Balipratipada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balipratipada \"Balipratipada\") (Gujarati, Rajasthani) [Bohag Bihu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bohag_Bihu \"Bohag Bihu\") (Assamese) [Pahela Baishakh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pahela_Baishakh \"Pahela Baishakh\") (Bengali) [Maha Bishuba Sankranti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maha_Bishuba_Sankranti \"Maha Bishuba Sankranti\") (Odia) [Nepali](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nepali_New_Year \"Nepali New Year\"){ [Mha Puja](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mha_Puja \"Mha Puja\") (Newari) [Gyalpo Lhosar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gyalpo_Lhosar \"Gyalpo Lhosar\") (Sherpa) [Tamu Lhosar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tamu_Lhosar \"Tamu Lhosar\") (Gurung) [Sonam Lhosar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sonam_Lhosar \"Sonam Lhosar\") (Tamang) [Maghe Sankranti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maghe_Sankranti \"Maghe Sankranti\") (Rai, Tharu, Magar) [Jur Sital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jur_Sital \"Jur Sital\") (Maithili) } [Losoong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Losoong_Festival \"Losoong Festival\") (Sikkimese) [Losar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Losar \"Losar\") (Ladakhi, Monpa) [Bwisagu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bwisagu \"Bwisagu\") (Bodo) [Sajibu Cheiraoba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sajibu_Nongma_Panba \"Sajibu Nongma Panba\") (Meitei) [Buisu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buisu \"Buisu\") (Tripuri) [Sangken](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sangken \"Sangken\") (Tai) [Bizhu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bizhu \"Bizhu\") (Chakma) [Gudi Padwa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gudi_Padwa \"Gudi Padwa\") (Marathi, Konkani) [Ugadi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ugadi \"Ugadi\") (Telugu, Kannada) [Bisu Parba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bisu_Parba \"Bisu Parba\") (Tulu) [Puthandu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Puthandu \"Puthandu\") (Tamil) [Vishu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vishu \"Vishu\") (Malayali) [Aluth Avurudda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinhalese_New_Year \"Sinhalese New Year\") (Sinhala) |\n| West and Central | [Islamic New Year](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamic_New_Year \"Islamic New Year\") [Nauruz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nauruz_in_Afghanistan \"Nauruz in Afghanistan\") (Afghan) [Kha b-Nisan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kha_b-Nisan \"Kha b-Nisan\") (Assyrian) [Navruz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Navruz_in_Uzbekistan \"Navruz in Uzbekistan\") (Uzbek) [Naw-Rúz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Naw-R%C3%BAz \"Baháʼí Naw-Rúz\") (Baháʼí) [Newroz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Newroz_as_celebrated_by_Kurds \"Newroz as celebrated by Kurds\") (Kurd) [Yazidi New Year](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yazidi_New_Year \"Yazidi New Year\") [Novruz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Novruz_in_Azerbaijan \"Novruz in Azerbaijan\") (Azeri) [Nowruz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nowruz \"Nowruz\") (Iranian) [Nowruz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nowruz_Eve_among_Mazandarani_people \"Nowruz Eve among Mazandarani people\") (Mazandarani) [Rosh Hashanah](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rosh_Hashanah \"Rosh Hashanah\") (Hebrew) [Dehwa Rabba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dehwa_Rabba \"Dehwa Rabba\") (Mandaean) [Nogbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nogbon \"Nogbon\") (Ossetian) |\n| North | [Yhyakh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yhyakh \"Yhyakh\") (Sakha) |\n| Europe | [New Year's Day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Year%27s_Day \"New Year's Day\") (Gregorian, Julian) [Old New Year](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Old_New_Year \"Old New Year\") (traditional Julian) [Lady Day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lady_Day#Non-religious_significance \"Lady Day\") (England, historical) |\n| Oceania | [Makahiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Makahiki \"Makahiki\") (Hawaii) [Matariki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Matariki \"Matariki\") (Māori) |\n| See also | [Lunar New Year](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lunar_New_Year \"Lunar New Year\") [Solar New Year](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solar_New_Year \"Solar New Year\") [South and Southeast Asian solar New Year](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_and_Southeast_Asian_solar_New_Year \"South and Southeast Asian solar New Year\") [Mesha Sankranti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mesha_Sankranti \"Mesha Sankranti\") [Songkran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran\") [Indian New Year's days](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_New_Year%27s_days \"Indian New Year's days\") |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity \"Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity \"Template talk:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity \"Special:EditPage\/Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity\")[UNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists \"UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists\"): Representative List |   |   |\n|---|---|---|\n| Africa |   | [![Logo of Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/90\/UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg\/120px-UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg) |\n|   |   |   |\n| [Aka music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aka_people#Music \"Aka people\") [Chopi timbila](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timbila \"Timbila\") [Garifuna culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garifuna \"Garifuna\") [Afounkaha Gbofe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Gbofe&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Gbofe (page does not exist)\") [Gẹlẹdẹ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G%E1%BA%B9l%E1%BA%B9d%E1%BA%B9 \"Gẹlẹdẹ\") [Gule Wamkulu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nyau#Dances \"Nyau\") [Ifá](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/If%C3%A1 \"Ifá\") [Ijele Masquerade](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anambra_State#Culture_and_tourism \"Anambra State\") [Kamablon re-roofing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kangaba \"Kangaba\") [Kankurang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kankurang \"Kankurang\") [Manden Charter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kouroukan_Fouga \"Kouroukan Fouga\") [Mauritian Sega](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sega_\\(genre\\) \"Sega (genre)\") [Mbende Jerusarema](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dance_in_Zimbabwe \"Dance in Zimbabwe\") [Ritual dance of the royal drum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ritual_dance_of_the_royal_drum \"Ritual dance of the royal drum\") [Sega tambour of Rodrigues Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sega_tambour_of_Rodrigues_Island \"Sega tambour of Rodrigues Island\") [Sosso Bala](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sosso_Bala \"Sosso Bala\") [Ugandan barkcloth making](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barkcloth \"Barkcloth\") [Vimbuza healing dance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vimbuza_dance \"Vimbuza dance\") [Yaaral](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Yaaral&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Yaaral (page does not exist)\") and [Degal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Degal&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Degal (page does not exist)\") [Zafimaniry woodcrafting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zafimaniry \"Zafimaniry\") [Zambian Makishi Festival](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zambian_Makishi_Festival \"Zambian Makishi Festival\") |   |   |\n| Arab States |   |   |\n|   |   |   |\n| State Parties' lists | [Algeria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Algeria \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Algeria\") [Bahrain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Bahrain \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Bahrain\") [Comoros](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1 \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Comoros (page does not exist)\") [Djibouti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1 \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Djibouti (page does not exist)\") [Egypt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Egypt \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Egypt\") [Iraq](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Iraq \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Iraq\") [Jordan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Jordan \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Jordan\") [Kuwait](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Kuwait \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Kuwait\") [Lebanon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1 \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Lebanon (page does not exist)\") [Libya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1 \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Libya (page does not exist)\") [Mauritania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Mauritania \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Mauritania\") [Morocco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Morocco \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Morocco\") [Oman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Oman \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Oman\") [Palestine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Palestine \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Palestine\") [Qatar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Qatar \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Qatar\") [Saudi Arabia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Saudi_Arabia \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Saudi Arabia\") [Somalia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1 \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Somalia (page does not exist)\") [Sudan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Sudan \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Sudan\") [Syria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Syria \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Syria\") [Tunisia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Tunisia \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Tunisia\") [United Arab Emirates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1 \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)\") [Yemen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Yemen \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Yemen\") |   |\n| Asia and Pacific |   |   |\n|   |   |   |\n| [Acupuncture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Acupuncture_and_moxibustion \"Traditional Chinese medicine\") and [Moxibustion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moxibustion \"Moxibustion\") [Ainu dance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ainu_dance \"Ainu dance\") [Akiu no Taue Odori](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akiu_no_Taue_Odori \"Akiu no Taue Odori\") [Angklung](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angklung \"Angklung\") [Arirang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arirang \"Arirang\") [Akyn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aqyn \"Aqyn\") [Bakhshi music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_of_Iran#Khorasan \"Music of Iran\") [Batik](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Batik \"Batik\") [Baul tradition of Bangladesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baul \"Baul\") [Beijing opera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peking_opera \"Peking opera\") [Bokator](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bokator \"Bokator\") [Boysun District](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boysun_District \"Boysun District\") [Bunraku](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bunraku \"Bunraku\") [Ca trù](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ca_tr%C3%B9 \"Ca trù\") [Cantonese opera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cantonese_opera \"Cantonese opera\") [Chakkirako](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chakkirako \"Chakkirako\") [Cheoyongmu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cheoyongmu \"Cheoyongmu\") [Chhau dance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chhau_dance \"Chhau dance\") [Chinese architecture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_architecture \"Chinese architecture\") [Chinese block printing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Woodblock_printing#Origins_in_Asia \"Woodblock printing\") [Chinese calligraphy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_calligraphy \"Chinese calligraphy\") [Spring Festival](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_New_Year \"Chinese New Year\") [Chinese paper cutting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_paper_cutting \"Chinese paper cutting\") [Chinese seal engraving](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seal_carving \"Seal carving\") [Chinese shadow puppetry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shadow_play#Chinese \"Shadow play\") [Chinese *Zhusuan*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhusuan \"Zhusuan\") [Daemokjang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daemokjang \"Daemokjang\") [Daimokutate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daimokutate \"Daimokutate\") [Dainichido Bugaku](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dainichido_Bugaku \"Dainichido Bugaku\") [Darangen Epic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Darangen_Epic \"Darangen Epic\") [Dragon Boat Festival](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dragon_Boat_Festival \"Dragon Boat Festival\") [Drametse Ngacham](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drametse_Ngacham \"Drametse Ngacham\") [Durga Puja in Kolkata](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Durga_Puja_in_Kolkata \"Durga Puja in Kolkata\") [Epic of King Gesar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epic_of_King_Gesar \"Epic of King Gesar\") [Gagaku](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gagaku \"Gagaku\") [Gagok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gagok \"Gagok\") [Ganggangsullae](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ganggangsullae \"Ganggangsullae\") [Gangneung Danoje Festival](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gangneung_Danoje \"Gangneung Danoje\") [Gimjang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gimjang \"Gimjang\") [Gióng Festival](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gi%C3%B3ng_Festival \"Gióng Festival\") [Gong culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_of_gong_culture \"Space of gong culture\") [Grand Song](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dong_people#Culture \"Dong people\") [Guqin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guqin \"Guqin\") [Guqin music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_guqin \"History of the guqin\") [Haenyeo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haenyeo \"Haenyeo\") [Hansan Mosi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hansan_Mosi \"Hansan Mosi\") [Hayachine Kagura](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hayachine_Kagura \"Hayachine Kagura\") [Hitachi Furyumono](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hitachi_Furyumono \"Hitachi Furyumono\") [Hua'er](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shan%27ge \"Shan'ge\") [Hudhud Chants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras#The_Ifugao_epic_Hudhud \"Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras\") [Indonesian kris](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kris \"Kris\") [Jamdani](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jamdani \"Jamdani\") [Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeju_Chilmeoridang_Yeongdeunggut \"Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut\") [Jultagi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jultagi \"Jultagi\") [Kabuki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kabuki \"Kabuki\") [Kalbelia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kalbelia \"Kalbelia\") [Kashan rug](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persian_carpet \"Persian carpet\") [Katta Ashula](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Katta_Ashula&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Katta Ashula (page does not exist)\") [Khon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khon \"Khon\") [Khoomei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tuvan_throat_singing \"Tuvan throat singing\") [Koodiyattam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Koodiyattam \"Koodiyattam\") [Koshikijima no Toshidon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Koshikijima_no_Toshidon&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Koshikijima no Toshidon (page does not exist)\") [Kumbh Mela](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kumbh_Mela \"Kumbh Mela\") [Kumiodori](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kumi_Odori \"Kumi Odori\") [Kunqu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kunqu \"Kunqu\") [Ladkah Buddhist chantings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ladakh_chant \"Ladakh chant\") [Lakalaka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lakalaka \"Lakalaka\") [Lenj boat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Lenj_boat&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Lenj boat (page does not exist)\") [Lhamo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lhamo \"Lhamo\") [Longquan celadon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Longquan_celadon \"Longquan celadon\") [Urtiin Duu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_song \"Long song\") [Mak yong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mak_yong \"Mak yong\") [Manipuri Sankirtana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meitei_Sankirtana \"Meitei Sankirtana\") [Mangal Shobhajatra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mangal_Shobhajatra \"Mangal Shobhajatra\") [Mazu Belief and Customs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mazu \"Mazu\") [Meshrep](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meshrep \"Meshrep\") [Mibu no Hana Taue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mibu_no_Hana_Taue \"Mibu no Hana Taue\") [Morin khuur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morin_khuur \"Morin khuur\") [Mosie ramie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Mosie_weaving&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Mosie weaving (page does not exist)\") [Mudiyett](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mudiyett \"Mudiyett\") [Muqam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muqam \"Muqam\") [Naadam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naadam \"Naadam\") [Namsadang Nori](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Namsadang \"Namsadang\") [Nanyin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nanguan_music \"Nanguan music\") [Naqqāli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naqq%C4%81li \"Naqqāli\") [Nhã nhạc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c \"Nhã nhạc\") [Noh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Noh \"Noh\") [Nora](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Menora_\\(dance\\) \"Menora (dance)\") [Nowruz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nowruz \"Nowruz\") [Afghan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nowruz_in_Afghanistan \"Nowruz in Afghanistan\") [Uzbekistani](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Navruz_in_Uzbekistan \"Navruz in Uzbekistan\") [Nuad Thai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_massage \"Thai massage\") [Oku-noto no Aenokoto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oku-noto_no_Aenokoto \"Oku-noto no Aenokoto\") [Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pahlevani_and_zoorkhaneh_rituals \"Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals\") [Pansori](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pansori \"Pansori\") [Pencak silat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pencak_silat \"Pencak silat\") [Pinisi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pinisi \"Pinisi\") [Pungmul](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pungmul \"Pungmul\") [Quan họ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quan_h%E1%BB%8D \"Quan họ\") [Radif](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radif_\\(music\\) \"Radif (music)\") [Ramlila](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ramlila \"Ramlila\") [Ramman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ramman_\\(festival\\) \"Ramman (festival)\") [Regong arts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tongren_County \"Tongren County\") [Royal ballet of Cambodia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_ballet_of_Cambodia \"Royal ballet of Cambodia\") [Royal Ancestral Ritual](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jongmyo_jerye \"Jongmyo jerye\") [Sada Shin Noh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sada_Jinja \"Sada Jinja\") [Saman dance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saman_\\(dance\\) \"Saman (dance)\") [Sand drawing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sand_drawing \"Sand drawing\") [Sbek Toch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sbek_Toch \"Sbek Toch\") [Sekishu-Banshi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Sekishu-Banshi&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Sekishu-Banshi (page does not exist)\") [Shiraz rug](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shiraz_rug \"Shiraz rug\") [Songkran in Thailand]() [The Twenty-Four Solar Terms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solar_term \"Solar term\") [Ssireum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ssireum \"Ssireum\") [Taekkyeon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taekkyeon \"Taekkyeon\") [Taijiquan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tai_chi \"Tai chi\") [Ta'zīye](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ta%27ziyeh \"Ta'ziyeh\") [Thathera utensil craft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crafts_of_India \"Crafts of India\") [Thingyan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thingyan \"Thingyan\") [Tugging rituals and games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Juldarigi \"Juldarigi\") [Vedic chanting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vedic_chanting \"Vedic chanting\") [Wayang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayang \"Wayang\") [Xi'an ensemble](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xi%27an_guyue \"Xi'an guyue\") [Xuan paper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xuan_paper \"Xuan paper\") [Yamahoko](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yamahoko \"Yamahoko\") [Yeondeunghoe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yeondeunghoe \"Yeondeunghoe\") [Yeongsanjae](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yeongsanjae \"Yeongsanjae\") [Yoga](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yoga \"Yoga\") [Yūki-tsumugi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Y%C5%ABki-tsumugi \"Yūki-tsumugi\") [Yunjin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yunjin \"Yunjin\") |   |   |\n| Europe and North America |   |   |\n|   |   |   |\n| [Albanian iso-polyphony](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iso-Polyphony \"Iso-Polyphony\") [Ashiqs of Azerbaijan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ashiqs_of_Azerbaijan \"Ashiqs of Azerbaijan\") [Ashik](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ashik \"Ashik\") [Aubusson tapestry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aubusson_tapestry \"Aubusson tapestry\") [Azerbaijani carpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Azerbaijani_carpet \"Azerbaijani carpet\") [weaving](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Azerbaijani_carpet_weaving \"Azerbaijani carpet weaving\") [Azerbaijani tar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tar_\\(Azerbaijani_instrument\\) \"Tar (Azerbaijani instrument)\") Baltic song and dance celebrations [Bećarac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Be%C4%87arac \"Bećarac\") [Busójárás](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bus%C3%B3j%C3%A1r%C3%A1s \"Busójárás\") [Călușari](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C%C4%83lu%C8%99ari \"Călușari\") [Cante Alentejano](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cante_Alentejano \"Cante Alentejano\") [Cantu a tenore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cantu_a_tenore \"Cantu a tenore\") [Carnival of Binche](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carnival_of_Binche \"Carnival of Binche\") [Castell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Castell \"Castell\") [Chovgan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chovgan \"Chovgan\") [Christmas Tsars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rite_of_the_Kalyady_Tsars \"Rite of the Kalyady Tsars\") [Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Council_of_Wise_Men_of_the_plain_of_Murcia \"Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia\") and [Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water_Tribunal_of_the_plain_of_Valencia \"Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia\") [Copper craftsmanship of Lahij](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lah%C4%B1c_copper_craft \"Lahıc copper craft\") [Croatian lacemaking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lacemaking_in_Croatia \"Lacemaking in Croatia\") [Daina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daina_\\(Lithuania\\) \"Daina (Lithuania)\") [Dancing procession of Echternach](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dancing_procession_of_Echternach \"Dancing procession of Echternach\") *[Daredevils of Sassoun](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daredevils_of_Sassoun \"Daredevils of Sassoun\")* [Doina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doina \"Doina\") [Duduk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Duduk \"Duduk\") [Fado](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fado \"Fado\") [Falconry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Falconry \"Falconry\") Falles of the Pyrenees [La Mare de Déu de la Salut Festival](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/La_Mare_de_D%C3%A9u_de_la_Salut_Festival \"La Mare de Déu de la Salut Festival\") [Festivity of Saint Blaise](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Festivity_of_Saint_Blaise \"Festivity of Saint Blaise\") [Flamenco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flamenco \"Flamenco\") French timber framing scribing [Fujara](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fujara \"Fujara\") [Georgian vocal polyphony](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georgian_vocal_polyphony \"Georgian vocal polyphony\") [Horezu ceramics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Horezu_ceramics \"Horezu ceramics\") [Houtem Jaarmarkt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Houtem_Jaarmarkt \"Houtem Jaarmarkt\") [Istrian scale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Istrian_scale \"Istrian scale\") [Jem](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jem_\\(Alevism\\) \"Jem (Alevism)\") [Karagöz and Hacivat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat \"Karagöz and Hacivat\") [Kelaghayi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kelaghayi \"Kelaghayi\") [Keşkek](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ke%C5%9Fkek \"Keşkek\") [Khachkar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khachkar \"Khachkar\") [Kihnu culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kihnu_culture \"Kihnu culture\") [Kırkpınar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K%C4%B1rkp%C4%B1nar \"Kırkpınar\") [Klapa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Klapa \"Klapa\") [Lithuanian cross crafting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithuanian_cross_crafting \"Lithuanian cross crafting\") [Kvevri wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kvevri \"Kvevri\") [La Patum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patum_de_Berga \"Patum de Berga\") [Lefkaritika](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lefkara_lace \"Lefkara lace\") [Licitar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Licitar \"Licitar\") [Ljelje](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ljelje \"Ljelje\")\/[Kraljice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kraljice \"Kraljice\") [Makishi Festival](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Makishi_Festival \"Makishi Festival\") Moldovan Christmas Carols [Maloya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maloya \"Maloya\") [Manas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epic_of_Manas \"Epic of Manas\") [Meddah](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meddah \"Meddah\") [Mediterranean diet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mediterranean_cuisine \"Mediterranean cuisine\") [Mesir Macunu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mesir_macunu \"Mesir macunu\") [Mugham](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mugham \"Mugham\") *[Mystery Play of Elche](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mystery_Play_of_Elche \"Mystery Play of Elche\")* [Nestinarstvo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nestinarstvo \"Nestinarstvo\") [Nijemo Kolo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nijemo_Kolo \"Nijemo Kolo\") [Nowruz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nowruz \"Nowruz\") [Azerbaijani](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Novruz_in_Azerbaijan \"Novruz in Azerbaijan\") Turkish [Ojkanje](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ojkanje \"Ojkanje\") [Olonkho](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olonkho \"Olonkho\") [Opera dei Pupi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opera_dei_Pupi \"Opera dei Pupi\") [Petrykivka decorative painting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Petrykivka_painting \"Petrykivka painting\") [Procession of the Holy Blood](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Procession_of_the_Holy_Blood \"Procession of the Holy Blood\") [Sama](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sama_\\(Sufism\\) \"Sama (Sufism)\") [Sauna culture in Finland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Finnish_sauna \"Finnish sauna\") [Semeiskie culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semeiskie \"Semeiskie\") [Seto leelo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seto_leelo \"Seto leelo\") [Sevdalinka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sevdalinka \"Sevdalinka\") [Silbo Gomero](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silbo_Gomero \"Silbo Gomero\") [Sinjska alka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinjska_alka \"Sinjska alka\") [Slovácko Verbuňk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slov%C3%A1cko_Verbu%C5%88k \"Slovácko Verbuňk\") Turkish [Sohbet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traditional_Sohbet_meetings \"Traditional Sohbet meetings\") [The Song of the Sibyl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Song_of_the_Sibyl \"The Song of the Sibyl\") [Suiti Cultural 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[Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit of the Congos of Villa Mella](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Villa_Mella \"Villa Mella\") [Candombe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Candombe \"Candombe\") [Carnaval de Negros y Blancos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blacks_and_Whites%27_Carnival \"Blacks and Whites' Carnival\") [Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bumba_Meu_Boi#Bumba_meu_boi_in_Maranh%C3%A3o \"Bumba Meu Boi\") [Carnaval de Oruro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carnaval_de_Oruro \"Carnaval de Oruro\") [Ceviche](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ceviche \"Ceviche\") [Círio De Nazaré](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C%C3%ADrio_De_Nazar%C3%A9 \"Círio De Nazaré\") [Cocolo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cocolo_\\(dance\\) \"Cocolo (dance)\") [Costa Rican oxherding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Costa_Rican_oxherding&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Costa Rican oxherding (page does not exist)\") [Dancing Devils of Yare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dancing_devils_of_Corpus_Christi \"Dancing devils of Corpus Christi\") [Danza de los Voladores](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Danza_de_los_Voladores \"Danza de los Voladores\") [Danza de tijeras](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Danza_de_tijeras \"Danza de tijeras\") [Frevo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frevo \"Frevo\") [Garifuna culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garifuna \"Garifuna\") [Gióng Festival](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gi%C3%B3ng_Festival \"Gióng Festival\") [Harakmbut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harakmbut \"Harakmbut\") [Huaconada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huaconada \"Huaconada\") [Indigenous Day of the Dead](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Day_of_the_Dead \"Day of the Dead\") [Kallawaya culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kallawaya \"Kallawaya\") [Mexican cuisine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_cuisine \"Mexican cuisine\") [Moore Town's](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moore_Town,_Jamaica \"Moore Town, Jamaica\") [Maroon Heritage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jamaican_Maroons \"Jamaican Maroons\") [Panama hat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panama_hat \"Panama hat\") [Parachico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parachico \"Parachico\") [Peña de Bernal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pe%C3%B1a_de_Bernal \"Peña de Bernal\") [Pirekua](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pirekua \"Pirekua\") [Popayán Holy Week processions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Popay%C3%A1n_Holy_Week_processions \"Popayán Holy Week processions\") [Pütchipü'ü](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P%C3%BCtchip%C3%BC%27%C3%BC \"Pütchipü'ü\") [Quyllurit'i](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quyllurit%27i \"Quyllurit'i\") [Rabinal Achí](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rabinal_Ach%C3%AD \"Rabinal Achí\") [Samba de Roda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samba_de_Roda \"Samba de Roda\") [San Basilio de 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from right to left and top to bottom: Songkran Festival in [Chiang Mai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chiang_Mai \"Chiang Mai\")'s ancient city wall Building [sand stupas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sand_pagoda \"Sand pagoda\") in [Wat Pho](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wat_Pho \"Wat Pho\"), [Bangkok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bangkok \"Bangkok\") Bathing of a Buddha statue in [Wat Ratchabophit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wat_Ratchabophit \"Wat Ratchabophit\"), [Bangkok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bangkok \"Bangkok\") *Rot nam dam hua* or washing the elders' hands with water for blessings in [Ban Khung Taphao](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ban_Khung_Taphao \"Ban Khung Taphao\"), [Uttaradit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uttaradit_province \"Uttaradit province\") Water fight in [Chiang Mai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chiang_Mai \"Chiang Mai\") Pasting a [US Navy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/US_Navy \"US Navy\") officer's face with white powder |   |\n| Official name | [Songkran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran\") Festival |\n| Observed by | [Thailand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thailand \"Thailand\") |\n| Begins | 14 April |\n| Ends | 16 April |\n| Date | April 13 |\n| Duration | 3 days |\n| Frequency | Annual |\n| Related to | [South and Southeast Asian solar New Year](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_and_Southeast_Asian_solar_New_Year \"South and Southeast Asian solar New Year\") |\n\n| [Songkran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran\") in Thailand, traditional Thai New Year festival |   |\n|---|---|\n| **[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists \"UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists\")** |   |\n| Country | [Thailand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thailand \"Thailand\") |\n| Reference | [01719](https:\/\/ich.unesco.org\/en\/RL\/01719) |\n| Region | [Asia and the Pacific](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity\/APA \"Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity\/APA\") |\n| Inscription history |   |\n| Inscription | 2023 (18th session) |\n| [List](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists \"UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists\") | Representative |\n\n**Thai New Year**[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-:3-1): 802 [\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-:2-2): 127  or **Songkran**[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-:3-1): 802  ([Thai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_language \"Thai language\"): สงกรานต์, pronounced [\\[sǒŋ.krāːn\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA\/Thai \"Help:IPA\/Thai\")), also known as **Songkran Festival**[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-3) or **Songkran Splendours**,[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-:2-2): 127  is the Thai New Year's [national holiday](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_holiday \"Public holiday\"). Songkran is on 13 April every year, but the holiday period extends from 14 to 15 April. In 2018 the Thai cabinet extended the festival nationwide to seven days, 9–16 April, to enable citizens to travel home for the holiday.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-4) In 2019, the holiday was observed from 9–16 April as 13 April fell on a Saturday.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-5) In 2024, Songkran was extended to span nearly the entire month, running from April 1 to April 21, instead of the traditional three-day celebration. The festival aligns with the New Year observed in many [Southeast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Southeast_Asia \"Southeast Asia\") and [South Asian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Asia \"South Asia\") cultures, following the [Theravada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theravada \"Theravada\") [Buddhist calendar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buddhist_calendar \"Buddhist calendar\"), and coincides with [Hindu calendar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hindu_calendar \"Hindu calendar\") celebrations such as [Bihu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bihu \"Bihu\"), [Pohela Boishakh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pohela_Boishakh \"Pohela Boishakh\"), [Pana Sankranti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pana_Sankranti \"Pana Sankranti\"), [Tamil Puthandu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tamil_Puthandu \"Tamil Puthandu\"), [Vishu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vishu \"Vishu\"), [Vaisakhi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaisakhi \"Vaisakhi\"). The New Year also takes place at around the same time as the New Year celebrations of many regions of South Asia like China ([Dai people](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dai_people \"Dai people\") of Yunnan Province), India, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Nepal, and Sri Lanka.\n\nIn Thailand, New Year is now officially celebrated 1 January. Songkran was the official New Year until 1888, when it was switched to a fixed date of 1 April. In 1940, the date was shifted to 1 January. The traditional Thai New Year Songkran became a national holiday.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-6) Celebrations are famous for the public water fights framed as ritual cleansing. This has become quite popular among Thais and foreigners.\n\n*[Songkran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran \"Songkran\")* is a Thai word,[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-7) derived from [Sanskrit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sanskrit \"Sanskrit\")[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-8) *[saṅkrānti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sankranti \"Sankranti\")* (संक्रान्ति), meaning 'to move', 'movement',[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-:1-9): 4  'the passing of'[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-10) or 'astrological passage'.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-11): 70  It derives from the movement of the sun from one position to another in the [zodiac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zodiac \"Zodiac\"). According to its literal meaning in Sanskrit, a Songkran occurs every month, but the period Thai people call Songkran happens when the sun moves from [Pisces](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pisces_\\(astrology\\) \"Pisces (astrology)\") to [Aries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aries_\\(astrology\\) \"Aries (astrology)\").[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-:0-12) The correct name for this period should be *Maha* *Songkran* ('great Songkran)[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-13): 4  because it coincides with the arrival of a New Year. The Songkran festival is thus a celebration of the New Year in accordance with the [solar calendar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solar_calendar \"Solar calendar\"). The celebration covers a period of three days: 13 April is regarded as *Maha Songkran*, the day that the sun moves into Aries or the last day of the old year. 14 April is *Wan Nao*, the transitional day between the old and new years, and 15 April is *Wan Thaloeng Sok* ([Thai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_language \"Thai language\"): วันเถลิงศก 'to begin a new era or year'), New Year's day.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-JRIT-2004-14)\n\nIn 1989, the Thai cabinet fixed Songkran from 12–14 April, despite the correct starting date (13 April at 20:57).[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-15)[\\[n 1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-16) Songkran was traditionally computed according to the method described in *Suriyayart* ([Thai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_language \"Thai language\"): สุริยยาตร์), the Thai version of [Surya Siddhanta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surya_Siddhanta \"Surya Siddhanta\"). The celebration starts when the [sun](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sun \"Sun\") enters [Aries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aries_\\(constellation\\) \"Aries (constellation)\") according to the [sidereal zodiac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sidereal_zodiac \"Sidereal zodiac\") system. This is called *Maha Songkran* day[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-17): 26 [\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-18): 236 [\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-:1-9): 4  ([Thai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_language \"Thai language\"): วันมหาสงกรานต์). The final day marks the new solar year and is called *Wan Thaloengsok* ([Thai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_language \"Thai language\"): วันเถลิงศก). The astrologers, local or royal, then make predictions about the economy, agriculture, rainfall, and political affairs according to observations between both days.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-royalprommachat-19) The king, or Chief Royal Astrologer on the monarch's behalf, issued an official notification on the new year to the public. The announcement, called *Prakat Songkran* ([Thai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_language \"Thai language\"): ประกาศสงกรานต์, Songkran notification), contained information on *Songkran*, *Thaloengsok*, the [lunisolar](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/lunisolar \"wikt:lunisolar\") calendar, and religious and royal ceremonies.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-20) The government strictly adhered to the announcement and arranged some ceremonies according to the computation made by the royal astrologer.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-21)[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-22)[\\[n 2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-23)\n\nAccording to the scripture, 800 years equal 292,207 days.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-24)[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-siddhanta-25)[\\[n 3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-26) In other words, each solar year lasts 292,207 *kammaja* ([Thai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_language \"Thai language\"): กัมมัช, lit. one produced by [karma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karma \"Karma\")), where 1 *kammaja* equals 108 seconds and 800 *kammaja* corresponds to 1 solar day. Timekeeping began as *[Kali Yuga](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kali_Yuga \"Kali Yuga\")* started in 3102 [BCE](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BCE \"BCE\") (−3101 CE). At the start of each year, it is possible to compute the number of days since *Kali Yuga* commenced using the following formula:[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-27)[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-rikkha-28)\n\n![{\\\\displaystyle SD={\\\\frac {292207\\\\times \\\\left(KE\\\\right)}{800}}={\\\\frac {292207\\\\times \\\\left(CE+3101\\\\right)}{800}}={\\\\frac {292207\\\\times \\\\left(BE+2558\\\\right)}{800}},}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/98118d601540a2b192ed03ca34381d75eeb6b6b6)\n\nwhere ![{\\\\displaystyle KE}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/507bb8592e58edbb55ba67f37ce998e58047489f), ![{\\\\displaystyle CE}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/34ad8d379d96dc8b0c31a7f8006b5768ff0b2fe4), ![{\\\\displaystyle BE}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/3357f928ef7b5ffe20a313be8150b6bcbe084bb4) denote *[Kali](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kali_Yuga \"Kali Yuga\")* [Era](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kali_Yuga \"Kali Yuga\"), [Common Era](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Common_Era \"Common Era\"), and Buddhist Era respectively. ![{\\\\displaystyle SD}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/af326440837e67870d4bee5bf63f49c37c9d89c3) is the *Suriyayart* day number, which can vary according to the calendar era being used. The integer result is the count of days at New Year's Day, while the remainder indicates the time at which the new year begins (in *kammaja*), measured from the previous midnight.\n\nOwing to a huge day number in the calculation, new [calendar eras](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calendar_era \"Calendar era\") were devised to solve this problem, including the [Minor Era](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chulasakarat \"Chulasakarat\") (ME). 0 ME corresponds to 1181 [BE](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_solar_calendar \"Thai solar calendar\"), 638 CE or 3739 KE. Following the above equation, it follows that there were 1,365,702 days since the start of *Kali Yuga*. The remainder of the division suggests that the new year started at 373 *kammaja* after the previous midnight. This corresponds to 373\/800 of a day or 11 hours, 11 minutes, and 24 seconds. In other words, 0 ME started at 11:11:24 on Sunday, 25 March 638 CE in the [proleptic Gregorian calendar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar \"Proleptic Gregorian calendar\"). The Julian day at the new year is computed according to the following formula:\n\n![{\\\\displaystyle JD\\_{\\\\mathrm {newyear} }={\\\\frac {\\\\left(292207\\\\times ME\\\\right)+373}{800}}+1954167.5={\\\\frac {\\\\left(292207\\\\times \\\\left(CE-638\\\\right)\\\\right)+373}{800}}+1954167.5,}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/d5d3a080b80fb6b8690b4237d2301df971973ad3)\n\nThe number can then be converted back into a date using an algorithm (see [Julian day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julian_day \"Julian day\")). *Maha Songkran* day is computed either by a lengthy process or by subtracting ![{\\\\displaystyle JD\\_{\\\\mathrm {newyear} }}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/c8febfbccc2a8bcb7734321664e09d0b2e5c3c4a) by 2.165 days (2 days 3 hours 57 minutes 36 seconds). This can be rewritten as\n\n![{\\\\displaystyle JD\\_{\\\\mathrm {songkran} }={\\\\frac {\\\\left(292207\\\\times ME\\\\right)-1732}{800}}+1954167.5={\\\\frac {\\\\left(292207\\\\times \\\\left(CE-638\\\\right)\\\\right)-1732}{800}}+1954167.5.}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/f6cc328301822acd05d60f92d5401de5f2a3f2c5)\n\nA solar year lasts 292,207 *kammaja* or 365.25875 days every year. A Gregorian year lasts, on average, 292194 *kammaja*.[\\[n 4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-29) The difference of 13 *kammaja* (23 minutes, 24 seconds) accumulates every year, causing the shift of Songkran toward the end of the calendar year.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-30) In 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900 and 2000, Maha Songkran was on 7 April, 9 April, 10 April, 12 April, and 13 April, respectively.\n\nNowadays the royal palace has ceased to issue the *Prakat Songkran*, replacing it with a small calendar booklet given to the public on New Year's Day. [Government Savings Bank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Government_Savings_Bank_\\(Thailand\\) \"Government Savings Bank (Thailand)\") still prints a one-page lunisolar calendar, which is different from the multiple-page solar calendar commonly seen. The calendar features the image of *Nang Songkran* with her vehicle and subordinates, led by a [Chinese zodiac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_zodiac \"Chinese zodiac\") animal holding a flag with Thai script for that zodiac. It also contains comprehensive information on the correct Songkran day and religious days.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-31) Some astrologers, especially in northern Thailand, still issue their own Songkran notification containing predictions and other information.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-32) In 2013, the [Chiang Mai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chiang_Mai_Province \"Chiang Mai Province\") Provincial Council defied the government-set holiday by rescheduling the ceremony according to the correct calculation.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-33)\n\nThe following table lists the start and end dates of Songkran festival obtained from the formulae above. The Chinese zodiac for each year is also given since it is also used in Thai astrology. But the Chinese zodiac changes on *[Lichun](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lichun \"Lichun\")*, just before the [Chinese New Year](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_New_Year \"Chinese New Year\"), in February, while Thai astrology uses the first day of fifth lunar month (roughly the [new moon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_moon \"New moon\") in late–March to early–April).[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-mornoi-34)[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-myhora-35) Before the cutoff date, astrologers use the zodiac of the last year.\n\n| Year | Chinese zodiac | Maha Songkran Songkran starts | Thaloengsok Songkran ends |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| 2021 | Ox | 14 April 2021  03:39:36 | 16 April 2021  07:37:12 |\n| 2022 | Tiger | 14 April 2022  09:52:12 | 16 April 2022  13:49:48 |\n| 2023 | Rabbit | 14 April 2023  16:04:48 | 16 April 2023  20:02:24 |\n| 2024 | Dragon | 13 April 2024  22:17:24 | 16 April 2024  02:15:00 |\n| 2025 | Snake | 14 April 2025  04:30:00 | 16 April 2025  08:27:36 |\n| 2026 | Horse | 14 April 2026  10:42:36 | 16 April 2026  14:40:12 |\n| 2027 | Goat | 14 April 2027  16:55:12 | 16 April 2027  20:52:48 |\n| 2028 | Monkey | 13 April 2028  23:07:48 | 16 April 2028  03:05:24 |\n| 2029 | Rooster | 14 April 2029  05:20:24 | 16 April 2029  09:18:00 |\n| 2030 | Dog | 14 April 2030  11:33:00 | 16 April 2030  15:30:36 |\n| 2031 | Pig | 14 April 2031  17:45:36 | 16 April 2031  21:43:12 |\n\nThe origin of the Songkran festival lies in a Buddhist folk myth or noncanonical [jataka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jataka_tales \"Jataka tales\") related to harvest and spring. In the prosperous city of Sukhavati in [Suvannabhumi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suvarnabhumi \"Suvarnabhumi\"), Bodistva was born in the household of a poor farmer. Once, [Indra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%9Aakra_\\(Buddhism\\) \"Śakra (Buddhism)\") the king of Devas, looked at the city from heaven and was saddened by the level of corruption. He found that people did not respect their elders, behaved rudely, and did not give them proper food or medicine. They had no compassion for the needy and helpless, no faith in [Sila](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sila_\\(Buddhism\\) \"Sila (Buddhism)\") and [Uposath](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uposatha \"Uposatha\") but fun in sin, no faith in donation but greed for wealth, no faith in [Dhamma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dharma_\\(Buddhism\\) \"Dharma (Buddhism)\") but made business of Dhamma. Seeing the decline of Dhamma, he said, \"[Glory\/Siri](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vasudhara \"Vasudhara\") of humans lies in their faith in Dhamma. There is no Glory without Dhamma.\" With the affirmation of this truth, people in the city immediately lost their glory. Rain, water, and food disappeared and extreme drought with skin-burning hot sun waves and dirty, foul-smelling garbage filled their homes.\n\nTo be saved from this suffering, with Bodistva's leadership, people prayed to Mother [Earth or Siri](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vasudhara \"Vasudhara\"). They asked Siri the cause of and solution to their misfortune. Out of compassion and sympathy for her children, she told them restoration of their faith in Dhamma would end their suffering. She gave them a divine piece of fertile land, divine seeds, a mysterious song for rain, and pots of divine [thanaka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thanaka \"Thanaka\") powder of several colors to apply on their skin to cool the body from the sun. People pledged to observe sila and upasotha under Bodistva's guidance.\n\nBodistva and his companions started cultivating the divine land, sowing divine seeds. They used to apply several colours of [thanaka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thanaka \"Thanaka\") powder and water is poured to cool their body from heavy sun waves. In few days their crops were grown that was the day when the sun entered [the constellation of Aries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aries_\\(constellation\\) \"Aries (constellation)\"). They produced adequate grains. At the day of harvest, they washed feet of their elders, saluted them and served delicious food and proper cloths. Donations were made to needy and helpless. Hence, Dhamma was restored by the people.\n\nSame day when Indra the king of devas again looked at the city of [SuvannaBhumi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suvarnabhumi \"Suvarnabhumi\"). He praised them and said, \"Glory of humans lies in their faith in Dhamma, there is no Glory without Dhamma.\" By affirmation of this truth immediately their lost glory was restored back and the people elected bodistva as their leader and celebrated the harvest day with throwing water on each other and started playing with several colours of thanaka powder by applying it on each other's body.\n\nThus, in Buddhist community in South East Asia, to remember and celebrate this day, people clean their houses, salute and show respect to their elders by washing their feet, serving delicious food and proper clothing to them. Donations are made to monastery and needy. People play with water and different colours of [thanaka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thanaka \"Thanaka\") powder is applied to each other's body.\n\nAccording to the Buddhist scripture of [Wat Pho](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wat_Pho \"Wat Pho\"), Songkran originated from the death of Kapila Brahma (กบิลพรหม, *Kabilaphrom*, 'reddish [Brahma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brahma \"Brahma\")').[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-36) In the olden days, there was a wealthy man and his neighbor, a drunkard. The drunkard, who had two sons, belittled the rich man for being childless. The rich man was humiliated and beseeched the [Sun](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surya \"Surya\") and the [Moon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chandra \"Chandra\") gods to grant him a son. His attempts failed until he offered cooked rice to the tree god living in a banyan tree, who asked [Indra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indra \"Indra\") to grant the man's wish. The child, named Thammabal ([Thai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_language \"Thai language\"): ธรรมบาล, also Dhammapala, lit. 'one who protects righteousness'), was born.\n\nThammabal was a clever child who learned three [vedas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vedas \"Vedas\"), bird language and also taught people to avoid sin. Kapila Brahma learned of the child and wanted to test the child's cleverness. The god asked, \"Where is the glory of men (*sri*) located in the morning, during the day, and in the evening?\". The loser would have his head chopped off. The boy thought in vain for six days, but could not find a solution to the riddles. He lay beneath a sugar palm tree and overheard a conversation between a pair of eagles who planned to eat his corpse when he lost the bet. The female eagle asked her mate whether he knew the answer. He answered, \"In the morning, the *sri* appears on the face, so people wash their faces every morning. At noon, the *sri* is at the chest where people spray perfume every noon. In the evening, the *sri* goes to the feet, so people wash their feet every evening.\" Thmmabal memorized the answer and gave it to Kapila Brahma the next day. Having lost, Kapila Brahma summoned his seven daughters and told them that he must cut his head off. However, if his head fell to earth, it would create an inferno that would engulf the world. If his head was thrown into the air, the rains would stop. And if his head was dropped into the ocean, all seawater would dry up. To prevent these calamities, he told his daughters to place his head on an elevated [phan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phan_\\(tray\\) \"Phan (tray)\"). Thungsa, his eldest child, stored her father's head in the cave in [Mount Kailash](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mount_Kailash \"Mount Kailash\").[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-JRIT-2004-14)\n\nEvery year when the Sun enters Aries, one of Kapila Brahma's children, called the *Nang Songkran* ([Thai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_language \"Thai language\"): นางสงกรานต์, [lit.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Literal_translation \"Literal translation\")'Lady Songkran') for that year, and other angels form a procession. One of them takes the phan with Kapila Brahma's head. The lady stands, sits, reclines or sleeps on the back of the animal depending on the time. From the dawn to midday, the lady will stand on the back of her conveyance. After midday until the sunset, she will sit down. Between the sunset and midnight, the lady lies down on her vehicle but leaves her eyes open. After midnight, she sleeps.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-rikkha-28) These postures and other details were previously drawn as part of the *Prakat Songkran* and now as part of the lunisolar calendar. The procession lasts for 60 minutes around [Mount Meru](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mount_Meru \"Mount Meru\"). This is subsequently called *Maha Songkran* to distinguish from other *Songkran* that occur when the Sun moves from one to another zodiac. For simplicity, the name was later shortened as *Songkran*.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-37)[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-38)\n\nThe following table lists the names and characteristics of *Nang Songkran*, which vary according to which day of the week *Maha Songkran* falls on in each year.\n\n| Day of Week and corresponding colour | Name | Flower | Jewellery stone | Food | Right hand | Left hand | Conveyance |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Sunday | Dungsha Devi\/Thungsa Thewi | [Pomegranate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pomegranate \"Pomegranate\") flowers | [Ruby](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ruby \"Ruby\") | [Fig](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Common_fig \"Common fig\") | Discus | [Conch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conch \"Conch\") | [Garuda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garuda \"Garuda\") |\n| Monday | Gōrāgha Devi\/Khorakha Thewi | [Cork tree flowers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Millingtonia \"Millingtonia\") | [Moonstone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moonstone_\\(gemstone\\) \"Moonstone (gemstone)\") | Oil | [Sword](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sword \"Sword\") | [Staff](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Staff_of_office \"Staff of office\") | [Tiger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiger_\\(zodiac\\) \"Tiger (zodiac)\") |\n| Tuesday | Rākshasa Devi\/Raksot Thewi | [Lotus flower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nelumbo_nucifera \"Nelumbo nucifera\") | [Agate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agate \"Agate\") | Blood | [Trident](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trident \"Trident\") | [Bow](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bow_and_arrow \"Bow and arrow\") | [Pig](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pig_\\(zodiac\\) \"Pig (zodiac)\") |\n| Wednesday | Maṇdā Devi\/Mantha Thewi | [Champak flowers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magnolia_champaca \"Magnolia champaca\") | [Cat's eye](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chatoyancy \"Chatoyancy\") | Butter | [Stylus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stylus \"Stylus\") | Staff | Donkey |\n| Thursday | Kiriṇī Devi\/Kirini Thewi | [Magnolia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magnolia \"Magnolia\") | [Emerald](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emerald \"Emerald\") | Nuts and sesame seeds | Hook | Bow | Elephant |\n| Friday | Kimidā Devi\/Kimitha Thewi | [Water lilies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nymphaeaceae \"Nymphaeaceae\") | [Topaz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Topaz \"Topaz\") | [Banana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banana \"Banana\") | Sword | [Lute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lute \"Lute\") | Buffalo |\n| Saturday | Mahodharā Devi\/Mahothon Thewi | [Water hyacinth flowers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eichhornia_crassipes \"Eichhornia crassipes\") | [Blue sapphire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blue_sapphire \"Blue sapphire\") | [Hog deer meat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_hog_deer \"Indian hog deer\") | Discus | Trident | Peacock |\n\n## In historical records\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: In historical records\")\\]\n\nIn *De Beschryving van Japan* (The History of Japan) handwritten in 1690 by [Engelbert Kaempfer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Engelbert_Kaempfer \"Engelbert Kaempfer\") in the reign of King [Phetracha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phetracha \"Phetracha\") of [Ayutthaya Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ayutthaya_Kingdom \"Ayutthaya Kingdom\"), it is said of Songkran in old-17th century Dutch :-\n\n> \"Every first day and 15th day of the month, Siamese people had a celebration as the first day of new moon and the 15th day of full moon. Some Siamese people went to temple at the first day of the week which was similar to our Sunday—Holy Communion. There were also many annual ceremonies, such as the Siamese New Year celebration called Songkran (Sonkraen), ...\"[\\[n 5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-39)\n\n— Engelbert Kaempfer (Hand-written in 1690), De beschryving van Japan. (Translated in 1727 by John Gaspar Scheuchzer).[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-40)\n\nIn the reign of King [Borommakot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Borommakot \"Borommakot\") (1733–58), there was recorded of ancient royal ceremonies of Siamese New Year observance called *Songkran Day*, the tradition-inherited from past generations of King of Ayutthaya Kingdom such ceremonies as, royal forming of sand stupa with royal ornaments, sprinkling the water onto the statues of Buddha and graven images, offering food to monks, procession of sand stupas parade to temples, royal musical fanfares, and also establishing the almshouse assignment subsequently, said in *the Concise Royal Chronicle of Ayutthaya Kingdom of royal forming the sand stupa in the reign of King Borommakot*:-\n\n> After the royal ceremony of Phra Sai at Wat Phra Si Sanphet, the next day was Wan Nao. The royal officials offered the sands and a big tray to the Majesty King to form the sand in the shape of stupa (Phra Sai) with five hollow spears of the sky at the Song Peun Throne Hall. The royal officials moved King's sand stupa (Phra Sai) to the painter for decorating the British gold on it and the royal officials then moved it to place at the Song Peun Throne Hall. After the Buddhist monks had already eaten their morning meals, the royal officials moved to move (Phra Sai) King's sand stupa (Phra Sai) to place in the pavilion \"Lukkhun Thai Sara\". The three colonels named Put, Thep Rat and Chan marched the parade with the pairs of flocks by walking and riding the horses. The royal officials produced melodies with the flutes and victory drums, Malaya drum and Chinese drums and took three jagged-edge flags in the parade to move King's sand stupa (Phra Sai) to Wat Worapho, Wat Pra Ram and Wat Mongkol Bophit as the inherited tradition.[\\[n 6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-41)\n\nThere was a contemporary archive mentioned Songkran festival of Siam in reign of King [Mongkut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mongkut \"Mongkut\"). The archive written in 1854 by [Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Baptiste_Pallegoix \"Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix\"), a priest of the Société des Missions Etrangères who was assigned as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic and lived in Siam. Said in French:-\n\n> \"During the year, Siamese also have several days of civil or religious festivals, which they celebrate with great splendor: 1°Songkran; it is Siamese New Year, which usually falls in April (fifth month in brahman calendar); it held an observance for three days; Siamese people's able to acknowledge horoscope from astrologers whether the angel of the year to ride a tiger, an ox, a bear, a horse, a goat, a dragon or other animals during this festival only.\"[\\[n 7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-44)\n\n— Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix, Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam. (1854).[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-45)\n\nThe Songkran celebration is rich with symbolic traditions. Mornings begin with [merit-making](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Merit_\\(Buddhism\\) \"Merit (Buddhism)\"). Visiting local temples and offering food to the Buddhist monks is commonly practiced. On this specific occasion, performing water pouring on Buddha statues and the young and elderly is a traditional ritual, representing purification and the washing away of one's sins and bad luck.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-:0-12) As a festival of unity, people who have moved away usually return home to their loved ones and elders. Paying reverence to ancestors is an important part of Songkran tradition.\n\nThe holiday is known for its [Water Festival](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water_Festival \"Water Festival\"). Major streets are closed to traffic, and are used as arenas for water fights. Celebrants, young and old, participate in this tradition by splashing water on each other. Traditional parades are held and in some venues \"Lady Songkran\" or \"Miss Songkran\" is crowned,[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-46) where contestants are clothed in traditional Thai dress. For the general public, floral shirt or [Hawaiian shirt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawaiian_shirt \"Hawaiian shirt\") is a popular clothing item worn during this festival.[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-47)\n\nIn 2024, [UNESCO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UNESCO \"UNESCO\") certified Songkran as part of humanity's [intangible cultural heritage list](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_List \"Intangible Cultural Heritage List\").[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-48)\n\nIn Central region, people clean their houses when Songkran approaches. All dress up in colorful clothing or Thai dress. After offering food to the monks, people will offer a requiem to their ancestors. People make merit offerings such as giving sand to the temple for construction or repair. Other forms of merit include releasing birds and fish. Nowadays, people also release other kinds of animals such as buffaloes and cows. [Phra Pradaeng](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phra_Pradaeng \"Phra Pradaeng\") hosts traditional ceremonies of [Mon people](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mon_people \"Mon people\") such as parades in the colourful traditional outfits and folklore performances.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-49)\n\nBan Hat Siew in [Si Satchanalai District](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Si_Satchanalai_District \"Si Satchanalai District\") hosts the 'Elephant Procession Ordination' event on 7 April, where a colourful parade where men dressed in the traditional clothes are taken to the temples on elephants.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-50) In northern Thailand 13 April is celebrated with gunfire or firecrackers to repel bad luck. On the next day, people prepare food and useful things to offer to the monks at the temple. People have to go to temple to make merit and bathe Buddha's statue and after that they pour water on the hands of elders and ask for their blessings.\n\nIn [Bangkok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bangkok \"Bangkok\"), [Khao San Road](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khao_San_Road \"Khao San Road\") and [Silom Road](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silom_Road \"Silom Road\") with [Siam Square](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siam_Square \"Siam Square\")[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-51) are the hubs for modern celebration of Songkran. The roads are closed for traffic, and posts equipped with water guns and buckets full of water. The party runs day and night.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-52)\n\nSongkran in Eastern region is known as \"Wan Lai\" (วันไหล, pronounced [\\[\/wan lǎj\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA\/Thai \"Help:IPA\/Thai\")), which literally means \"flowing day.\" This term refers to the distinctive way the traditional New Year is celebrated here, with festivities continuing after the official national Songkran holiday (April 13–15). The celebration begins in [Bang Saen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bang_Saen \"Bang Saen\") (April 16–17), moves to [Pattaya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pattaya \"Pattaya\")–Na Kluea (April 18–19), and continues on to [Sattahip](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sattahip \"Sattahip\"), [Rayong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rayong_province \"Rayong province\"), [Ban Chang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ban_Chang_district \"Ban Chang district\"), and other areas, sometimes lasting until the end of April. Wan Lai captures both the lively water-play atmosphere and the symbolic flow of people, joy, and cultural tradition across multiple coastal towns. Locals and tourists alike follow the festivities, enjoying a vibrant, beachside celebration filled with community spirit and local charm.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-53)\n\n> At the festival of Songkran, which marks the beginning of the old Siamese solar year, it is the custom to bathe the images of the Buddha and also the monks and old people. The young folk make this an occasion for throwing water over each other amidst much fun and laughter.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-54): 125 [\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-55): 133\n\n— Peter Anthony Thompson B.A., A.M., I.C.E., Late of [The Royal Survey Department, Siam.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_Thai_Survey_Department \"Royal Thai Survey Department\"), Lotus Land: Being an Account of the Country and the People of Southern Siam, July 1906.\n\n- [![Buddhist takes a bath ancestor pagoda in Songkran festival, Uttaradit.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/97\/Ban_Khung_Taphao02.jpg\/120px-Ban_Khung_Taphao02.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ban_Khung_Taphao02.jpg \"Buddhist takes a bath ancestor pagoda in Songkran festival, Uttaradit.\")\n  Buddhist takes a bath ancestor pagoda in Songkran festival, [Uttaradit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uttaradit \"Uttaradit\").\n- [![Songkran festival, Chiang Mai's ancient city wall](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/54\/Songkran_Day_%40_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg\/120px-Songkran_Day_%40_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Songkran_Day_@_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg \"Songkran festival, Chiang Mai's ancient city wall\")\n  Songkran festival, [Chiang Mai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chiang_Mai \"Chiang Mai\")'s ancient city wall\n- [![Dancers in Isan traditional dress during Songkran festival, Bueng Kan](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6b\/Pak_Khat%2C_Pak_Khat_District%2C_Bueng_Kan_38220%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg\/120px-Pak_Khat%2C_Pak_Khat_District%2C_Bueng_Kan_38220%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pak_Khat,_Pak_Khat_District,_Bueng_Kan_38220,_Thailand_-_panoramio_\\(1\\).jpg \"Dancers in Isan traditional dress during Songkran festival, Bueng Kan\")\n  Dancers in [Isan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isan \"Isan\") traditional dress during Songkran festival, [Bueng Kan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bueng_Kan \"Bueng Kan\")\n- [![Monks receiving blessing at a temple in Ban Khung Taphao](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d1\/Songkran_in_Wat_Kungthapao_05.jpg\/120px-Songkran_in_Wat_Kungthapao_05.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Songkran_in_Wat_Kungthapao_05.jpg \"Monks receiving blessing at a temple in Ban Khung Taphao\")\n  Monks receiving blessing at a temple in [Ban Khung Taphao](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ban_Khung_Taphao \"Ban Khung Taphao\")\n- [![Water fights along the west moat, Chiang Mai, Thailand](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8c\/Songkran_012.jpg\/120px-Songkran_012.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Songkran_012.jpg \"Water fights along the west moat, Chiang Mai, Thailand\")\n  Water fights along the west moat, [Chiang Mai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chiang_Mai \"Chiang Mai\"), Thailand\n- [![Songkran at Wat Thai, Los Angeles](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/ff\/Songkran_at_Wat_Thai_in_Los_Angeles%2C_April_2008.JPG\/120px-Songkran_at_Wat_Thai_in_Los_Angeles%2C_April_2008.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Songkran_at_Wat_Thai_in_Los_Angeles,_April_2008.JPG \"Songkran at Wat Thai, Los Angeles\")\n  Songkran at Wat Thai, [Los Angeles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\")\n- [![Songkran symbolic sand pagodas in temple, Wat Phu Khao Thong, Ban Maenam, Koh Samui](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/91\/2016_Songkran-temple-sand_IMG_4320.jpg\/120px-2016_Songkran-temple-sand_IMG_4320.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:2016_Songkran-temple-sand_IMG_4320.jpg \"Songkran symbolic sand pagodas in temple, Wat Phu Khao Thong, Ban Maenam, Koh Samui\")\n  Songkran symbolic [sand pagodas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sand_pagoda \"Sand pagoda\") in temple, Wat Phu Khao Thong, Ban Maenam, Koh Samui\n- [![Group of Thai traditional dancer in Songkran festival, Bangkok](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a1\/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2827%29.jpg\/120px-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2827%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_\\(27\\).jpg \"Group of Thai traditional dancer in Songkran festival, Bangkok\")\n  Group of Thai traditional dancer in Songkran festival, [Bangkok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bangkok \"Bangkok\")\n- [![Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/00\/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2812%29.jpg\/120px-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2812%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_\\(12\\).jpg \"Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok\")\n  Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok\n- [![Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c8\/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2815%29.jpg\/120px-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2815%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_\\(15\\).jpg \"Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok\")\n  Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok\n- [![Si Lom Road closure for water fight during Songkran in 2025](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a9\/14_April_2025_-_Songkran_on_Si_Lom_Road%2C_Bangkok_-_img_08.jpg\/120px-14_April_2025_-_Songkran_on_Si_Lom_Road%2C_Bangkok_-_img_08.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:14_April_2025_-_Songkran_on_Si_Lom_Road,_Bangkok_-_img_08.jpg \"Si Lom Road closure for water fight during Songkran in 2025\")\n  [Si Lom Road](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Si_Lom_Road \"Si Lom Road\") closure for water fight during Songkran in 2025\n- [![Sand stupas at Bang Saen during Wan Lai 2018. Creating sand sculptures, such as stupas and Buddha images, is a traditional activity that forms part of Wan Lai, the eastern-style Songkran celebration](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/36\/Chon-Buri-2561.jpg\/120px-Chon-Buri-2561.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Chon-Buri-2561.jpg \"Sand stupas at Bang Saen during Wan Lai 2018. Creating sand sculptures, such as stupas and Buddha images, is a traditional activity that forms part of Wan Lai, the eastern-style Songkran celebration\")\n  [Sand stupas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sand_stupa \"Sand stupa\") at Bang Saen during Wan Lai 2018. Creating sand sculptures, such as stupas and Buddha images, is a traditional activity that forms part of Wan Lai, the eastern-style Songkran celebration\n\nSongkran is celebrated by the Malaysian Siamese community, particularly in the states of [Kedah](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kedah \"Kedah\"), Kelantan, [Penang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Penang \"Penang\"), Perak, [Perlis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perlis \"Perlis\") and [Terengganu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terengganu \"Terengganu\") where most Siamese are located.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-56)[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-57)\n\nThe festival is celebrated as [Sangken](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sangken \"Sangken\") in northeastern areas of India and as [Bizu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bizu \"Bizu\"), Boisuk, Shangrai, and Boisabi in the [Chittagong Hill Tracts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts \"Chittagong Hill Tracts\") of Bangladesh, which is the traditional New Year's Day by the indigenous Hindu people and Buddhist community. The Sangken festival is celebrated by the Tai people — [Khamti people](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khamti_people \"Khamti people\") [Khamyang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khamyang_people \"Khamyang people\"), [Phake](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tai_Phake_people \"Tai Phake people\") and [Turung](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turung_people \"Turung people\") people. The festival is also celebrated by [Singpho](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Singpho_people \"Singpho people\"), Tikhak (Tangsa) and Duoniya people. Sangken generally falls in the month of 'Naun Ha', the fifth month of the year of the Tai [Lunar calendar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lunar_calendar \"Lunar calendar\") coinciding with the month of April. It is celebrated in the last days of the old year and the lunar new year begins on the day just after the end of the festival.\n\nIn [Japan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan \"Japan\"), Songkran festival observance held along with the Hot Spring festival, *Beppu Hatto Onsen Matsuri*, in [Beppu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beppu \"Beppu\") city, [Ōita Prefecture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%8Cita_Prefecture \"Ōita Prefecture\"), called *Beppu Songkran Festival*,[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-58) not only water-splashing observance but also Thai cultural fanfares occurred, and also held at the world's wettest music festival, *S2O Japan Songkran Music Festival*.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-59) It's combination of Thai-Japan culture and depiction of long time relation of each other.\n\nSongkran is celebrated annually on the U.S. territory of [Wake Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wake_Island \"Wake Island\") by Air Force members and American and Thai contractors,[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-60) including [New York State](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_State \"New York State\") for commemorating the Asian American community's celebration of Songkran on April as an important cultural event on the state according to Assembly Resolution No. 1059.[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-61)\n\nPolice statistics show that the death toll from road accidents doubles during the annual Songkran holiday. Between 2009 and 2013 there were about 27 road deaths per day during non-holiday periods and an average of 52 road deaths per day during Songkran. Thailand has among the highest [traffic fatality rates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_countries_by_traffic-related_death_rate \"List of countries by traffic-related death rate\") in the world, along with [Liberia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liberia \"Liberia\"), [Congo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Democratic Republic of the Congo\"), and [Tanzania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tanzania \"Tanzania\"). Approximately 70–80 percent of the accidents that occur during the long holiday period are motorcycle accidents.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-BP-20180418-62) About 10,000 people per year die in motorcycle accidents.[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-bpstlawless-63)\n\nThe [National Council for Peace and Order](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Council_for_Peace_and_Order \"National Council for Peace and Order\") (NCPO) says a total of 110,909 people were arrested and 5,772 vehicles impounded at road safety checkpoints across the country between 9–16 April 2016.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-64) In 2018 the number of offenders arrested at 2,029 checkpoints had risen to 146,589. Of these, 39,572 had failed to wear crash helmets and 37,779 carried no driving licence.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-BP-20180418-62) Reacting to the numbers, the [prime minister](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prayut_Chan-o-cha \"Prayut Chan-o-cha\") \"ordered stricter enforcement of the law\"; the interior minister said he would \"propose greater efforts in raising awareness as an additional measure, insisting that traffic laws were \\[already\\] strictly enforced\"; and deputy prime minister [Prawit Wongsuwan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prawit_Wongsuwon \"Prawit Wongsuwon\") said he would \"work harder to ensure motorcyclists wore helmets\".[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-65)\n\nThis period is known locally as \"7 dangerous days\".[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-66)\n\n| Date | Accidents | Deaths | Injuries | Source |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| 11–17 Apr 2018 | 3,724 | 418 | 3,987 | [\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-BP-20180418-62) |\n| 2017 | 3,690 | 335 | 3,506 | [\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-67) |\n| 11–17 Apr 2016 | 3,447 | 442 | 3,656 | [\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-68)[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-Barrow-2016-69) |\n| 2015 | 3,373 | 364 | 3,559 | [\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-Barrow-2016-69) |\n| 11–17 Apr 2014 | 2,992 | 322 | 3,225 | [\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-Barrow-2016-69) |\n\n### Intellectual property\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: Intellectual property\")\\]\n\n#### Celebrate Singapore\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: Celebrate Singapore\")\\]\n\nIn 2014, \"Celebrate Singapore,\" a large two-day Songkran-style water festival,[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-70) was planned for Singapore and the event was promoted as the \"largest water festival party in Singapore.\" However, controversy emerged when the [Tourism Authority of Thailand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tourism_Authority_of_Thailand \"Tourism Authority of Thailand\") (TAT) Deputy Governor for Tourism Products, Vilaiwan Twichasri, claimed that Thailand holds exclusive rights to celebrate Songkran and planned to consult with officials at the Department of Intellectual Property, Ministry of Commerce and Ministry of Culture to discuss a potential lawsuit. The Deputy Governor's view was supported by numerous Thai citizens on social media websites.[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-71) Chai Nakhonchai, Cultural Promotion Department chief, pointed out that Songkran is a traditional festival shared by many countries throughout Southeast Asia, while historian Charnvit Kasetsiri stated that no single nation can claim ownership of a tradition.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-72) On 25 March 2014, the *[Bangkok Post](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bangkok_Post \"Bangkok Post\")* reported that the Singaporean government had intervened in the festival's content and there would be no water-throwing, no water pistols and no public drinking. The festival was also reduced to a one-day event.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_note-73)\n\n- [Choul Chnam Thmey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Choul_Chnam_Thmey \"Choul Chnam Thmey\") - the Cambodian New Year that follows the same date and time.\n- [Holi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holi \"Holi\") – an Indian holiday famous for its ritualized street celebrations with colored powder\n- [Water Festival](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water_Festival \"Water Festival\") - vibrant celebrations that occur across the globe, often marking the start of a new year or season. Countries\/Regions include: Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia, and the Xishuangbanna Prefecture and Dehong regions of China\n- [List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Thailand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Thailand \"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Thailand\")\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-16)** The cabinet later fixed this issue by shifting the holiday by one day to 13–15 April, which is still in use today.\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-23)** In 1896, for example, the ceremony started on 12 April. According to Suriyayart, the sun entered Aries at 19:30 on 12 April. The main ceremony started one day later, possibly due to difficulties organizing the ceremony at the exact time. In 1949, Maha Songkran was on 13 April at 12:35 and the ceremony started that day.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-26)**\n   According to\n   \n   Deva Sastri, Bapu (1861). [\"Translation of the Surya Siddhanta\"](http:\/\/www.wilbourhall.org\/pdfs\/suryaEnglish.pdf) (PDF). C B Lewis and the Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta.\n   \n   Sloka 37, there are 1,577,917,828 solar (or terrestrial, as the translator chose) day within one great *[Yuga](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yuga_Cycle \"Yuga Cycle\")*, or eon. There are four *[yugas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yuga \"Yuga\")*, or periods, within the aeon. All of them spans 4,320,000 solar years (Sloka 15–16). It follows that 800 solar years correspond to 292,207 days.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-29)** Julian year lasts 292,200 kammajas on average\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-39)** *De Siamiten vieren den ecrſtcn en vyſtienden dag der maand, zynde de dagen der nieuwe en volle maan. Sommige gaan ook op den cerſtcn dag van de kwartier maanen na de Pagoden, 't welk eeniger maaten overeenkomt met onzen Zondag. Behalven deze hebben zy fommige jaarlykſche plechtige Feeſtdagen, by voorbeeld een in 't begin van 't jaar, genaamt Sonkraen, ...\"*\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-41)** อนึ่งเมื่อครั้ง (แผ่นดิน) สมเด็จพระพุทธเจ้าหลวงในพระบรมโกศนั้น ครั้นวันขึ้นปีใหม่โหรถวายฤกษ์เป็นวันมหาสงกรานต์ เจ้าพนักงานได้ก่อพระทรายหน้าพระวิหารหลวงวัดพระศรีสรรเพ็ชญ์...และเครื่องราชวัติฉัตรธงเครื่องประดับพระทรายนั้น เจ้าพนักงานได้เบิกสิ่งของให้แก่ช่างเขียนทำ และพระทรายนั้นช่างเขียนได้ตัด \\[เขียนตัดเส้นระบายสี หรือตัดพระทรายให้เป็นรูปทรง\\] ครั้นรุ่งขึ้นเพลาเช้าวันมหาสงกรานต์ ล้นเกล้าล้นกระหม่อมเสด็จไป ณ พระวิหารใหญ่ด้วย \\[พระวิหารหลวงวัดพระศรีสรรเพ็ชญ์ หลังกลาง\\] นิมนต์พระสงฆ์ราชาคณะอธิการวัด ได้ฉัน ณ พระวิหารใหญ่ฉลองพระทราย และที่พระ(ทราย)มหาธาตุและพระทรายบริวารนั้น วิเศษแต่งเทียนและบายศรี (มี) เทียนทองคำขวัญบูชาพระทรายองค์ละสำรับ ครั้นเสร็จ (งาน) พระทรายที่วัดพระศรีสรรเพ็ชญ์แล้วรุ่งขึ้นเป็นวันเนา เจ้าพนักงานจึงเอาทรายและเตียงเข้าไปให้ล้นเกล้าล้นกระหม่อมทรงก่อพระทราย ณ พระที่นั่งทรงปืน...ทรงก่อแล้วพนักงานยกพระทรายออกให้ช่างเขียนตัด และเครื่องประดับพระพรายนั้นให้เจ้าพนักงานปิดทองอังกฤษประดับ และช่าง \\[ช่างเขียน\\] เขียนทำประดับประดาพระทราย แล้วยกเข้าไปตั้งไว้ ณ พระที่นั่งทรงปืน ครั้นรุ่งขึ้นเพลาเช้าวันเถลิงศกเสด็จ ฯ ออกฉลองพระเจดีย์ทราย เตียงยกพระที่นั่งทรงปืน พระสงฑ์ฉันเสร็จแล้ว เจ้าพนักงานยกพระทรายออกมาตั้งไว้ ณ ศาลาลูกขุนท้ายสระ พันพุฒ พันเทพราช พันจันท์ เกณฑ์เครื่องเล่นและคู่แห่เดินเท้าและม้า ปี่กลองชนะ ธงสามชาย ปีกลองมลายู ปี่กลองจีนแห่พระทรายไปไว้ ฯ วัดวรโพธิ์ วัดพระราม วัดมงคลบพิตร (เป็น) อย่างธรรมเนียมสืบมาแต่ก่อน (ดังนี้)\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-44)** *Ils ont en outre, durant le cours de l'année, plusieurs jours de fêtes civiles ou religieuses, qu'ils célèbrent avec grande pompe : 1°Songkran; c'est leur nouvel an, qui tombe ordinairement dans leur cinquième mois; on le célèbre pendant trois jours; ce n'est qu'à cette époque que le peuple apprend des astro-logues, si l'ange de l'année monte un tigre, un bœuf, un ours, un cheval; une chèvre, un dragon ou quelque autre animal.*\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-:3_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-:3_1-1)\n   [Ach Vidyagama (George Bradley McFarland), Phra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_B._McFarland \"George B. McFarland\"). (1944). \"สงกรานต์\", *Thai-English Dictionary*. CA, United States: Stanford University Press. 1,058 pp. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-080-4-70383-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-080-4-70383-3 \"Special:BookSources\/978-080-4-70383-3\")\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-:2_2-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-:2_2-1)\n   Glen Lewis. (2007). \"Thai tourism take 1: a land of diversity and refinement\", *Virtual Thailand The Media and Cultural Politics in Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore (Rethinking Southeast Asia)*. NY, United States: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group (T\\&F Informa plc.). 241 pp. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-0-415-36499-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-415-36499-7 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-415-36499-7\")\n   \n   . \"April 'Songkran Splendours' (Thai New Year, nationalwide)\"\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-3)**\n   [Anuman Rajadhon (Yong Sathirakoses), Phraya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phraya_Anuman_Rajadhon \"Phraya Anuman Rajadhon\"). (1956). *Loy Krathong and Songkran Festival*. Bangkok: National Culture Institute Thailand. p. 13. \"SONGKRAN FESTIVAL Of all the feasts and festivals in Thailand which are many...\"\n   \n   - Ministry of Education Thailand, Office of the National Culture Commission. (1989). *Thai Culture: Songkran Festival*. Bangkok: Ministry of Education Thailand. 33 pp.[ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n     [978-974-7-90326-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-974-7-90326-3 \"Special:BookSources\/978-974-7-90326-3\")\n     ,\n     [974-790-326-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/974-790-326-1 \"Special:BookSources\/974-790-326-1\")\n     . \"Songkran Festival \" issued by the Office of the National Culture Commission is the third of its series . The aim of this cultural kit is to present Thai culture to the general public and thereby to create mutual understanding\"\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-4)**\n   [\"'Songkran Festival' extended to five-day holiday\"](https:\/\/www.nationthailand.com\/detail\/breakingnews\/30339797). *The Nation*. 27 February 2018. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180414060035\/http:\/\/www.nationmultimedia.com\/detail\/breakingnews\/30339797) from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-5)**\n   [\"Thai Government Approves Extra Day for Songkran 2019\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190326194009\/https:\/\/www.chiangraitimes.com\/thai-government-approves-extra-day-for-songkran-2019.html). *Chiang Rai Times*. 13 February 2019. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.chiangraitimes.com\/thai-government-approves-extra-day-for-songkran-2019.html) on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-6)**\n   [Melton, J. Gordon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J._Gordon_Melton \"J. Gordon Melton\") (2011). [*Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&pg=PA825). ABC-CLIO. p. 825. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-1-59884-205-0](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-59884-205-0 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-59884-205-0\")\n   \n   .\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-7)**\n   V. S. Bhaskar, Government of Assam, India. (2009). \"Festivals: Songkran\", *Faith & Philosophy of Buddhism*. New Delhi, India: Kalpaz Publications. 312 pp. pp. 261-262. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-817-8-35722-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-817-8-35722-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-817-8-35722-5\")\n   \n   . \"Songkran is a Thai word which means 'move'...\"\n   \n   - Taipei City Government, Taiwan (ROC). (2008). *Teipei: 2008 Yearbook*. \\[臺北市年鑑2008-英文版 (In Chinese)\\]. Taipei: Taipei City Government Editorial Group. 386 pp. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n     [978-986-0-14421-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-986-0-14421-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-986-0-14421-5\")\n     . p. 269. \"(Songkran) is in April, and Thai people celebrate their new year by splashing water at each other, hence the Thai name Songkran, i.e., \"Water Splashing Festival.\"\n   - Rooney, Dawn F. (2008). Ancient Sukhothai: Thailand's Cultural Heritage. Bangkok: River Books Press. 247 pp. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n     [978-974-9-86342-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-974-9-86342-8 \"Special:BookSources\/978-974-9-86342-8\")\n     . p. 36. \"'Songkran' is a Thai name that derives from a Sanskrit word meaning 'to move to', a reference to the sun's movements.\n   - Komlosy, A. (2002). [*Images Of The Dai : The Aesthetics Of Gender And Identity In Xishuangbanna*](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170814175634\/https:\/\/research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk\/bitstream\/handle\/10023\/7293\/AnouskaKomlosyPhDThesis.pdf?sequence=3). \\[Doctoral Dissertation, University of St. Andrews\\]. University of St. Andrews Research Repository. ['https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10023\/7293'](https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10023\/7293). p. 334. \"The term Songkran is a Thai word meaning to move, here it refers to the Sun which moves into the sign of Aries at this time of the year\". pp. 334–335. \"The Thai term Songkran is now used by many Southeast Asia specialists to refer to the New Year festival held in many countries, including Myanmar, Laos and China.\"\n   - [\"Songkran\" (noun) in Oxford English Dictionary (Online)](https:\/\/www.oed.com\/dictionary\/songkran_n?tab=meaning_and_use#190072726). Retrieved on 17 April 2024.\n   - Anouska Komlosy. \"Procession and Water Splashing: Expressions of Locality and Nationality during Dai New Year in Xishuangbanna: Songkran\", *The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute*, 10(2). (2004, June). London: [Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland \"Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland\"). [JSTOR \\#i370994](https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3804155). p. 357. \"The term Songkran is a Thai word meaning 'to move', and it refers here to the Sun, which moves into the sign of Aries at this time of the year.\"\n   - Prakong Nimmanahaeminda, Academy of Arts, [Royal Society of Thailand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_Society_of_Thailand \"Royal Society of Thailand\"). \"Myth and Ritual : A Study of the Songkran Festival\", *The Journal of The Royal Society of Thailand*, 29(1–2), (2004, January–March). pp. 345–350. \"Songkran is a Thai word which means of movement.\"\n   - Malaysia, Jabatan Perpaduan Negara Dan Integrasi Nasional (JPNIN). (1985). [*Festivals and religious occasions in Malaysia*](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/title\/21156065). (First series). Kuala Lumpur: The National Unity Department of Malaysia, Prime Minister's Dept. 36 pp. p. 26. \"'SONGKRAN' is a Traditional New Year of the Thai people and this day normally fulls in the month of April. 'SONGKRAN' is a Thai word meaning change of exchange.\"\n   - [Sir. Philip John Newling Ward, Maj. Gen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philip_Ward \"Philip Ward\"). (1974). \"THE SONGKRAN FESTIVAL\", *Bangkok: Portrait of a City*. Cambridge, United Kingdom: The Oleander Press. 136 pp. p. 111. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n     [978-090-2-67544-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-090-2-67544-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-090-2-67544-5\")\n     . \"Thai word ' Songkran ' literally means a move or change\".\n   - James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie, Louis Herbert Gray. (1912). \"FESTIVALS AND FACTS (Siamese)\", [*Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics Vol. 5*](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/in.ernet.dli.2015.56056). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 886.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-8)**\n   Oxford Business Group (OBG). (2011). \"Water wars: The traditional Thai New Year includes some playful activities\", *The Report: Thailand 2012*. (n.p.): Oxford Business Group. 268 pp. p. 260.[ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-190-7-06563-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-190-7-06563-7 \"Special:BookSources\/978-190-7-06563-7\")\n   \n   - [Monier-Williams, Monier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monier_Monier-Williams \"Monier Monier-Williams\") (1899). \"Saṃkrānti\". [*A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages*](http:\/\/www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de\/cgi-bin\/monier\/serveimg.pl?file=\/scans\/MWScan\/MWScanjpg\/mw1127-saMketagRhaka.jpg). Oxford: Clarendon Press. [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\\(identifier\\) \"OCLC (identifier)\") [685239912](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/685239912).\n9. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-:1_9-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-:1_9-1)\n   Office of the National Culture Commission. (1989). *Thai Culture: Songkran Festival Cultural Kit No. 3*. Bangkok: Ministry of Education Thailand. 33 pp. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-974-7-90326-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-974-7-90326-3 \"Special:BookSources\/978-974-7-90326-3\")\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-10)** [Epstein, N.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nadine_Epstein \"Nadine Epstein\"), and Arvigo, R. (2021). *Spiritual Bathing: Healing Rituals and Traditions from Around the World* (eBook). (n.p.): Echo Point Books & Media, LLC. 192 pp.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-11)**\n    [Bartlett, S](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sarah_Bartlett \"Sarah Bartlett\"). (2015). *Spellcraft for a Magical Year: Rituals and Enchantments for Prosperity, Power, and Fortune*. United States: Quarto Publishing Group USA. 224 pp. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-162-7-88297-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-162-7-88297-2 \"Special:BookSources\/978-162-7-88297-2\")\n12. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-:0_12-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-:0_12-1)\n    [\"The magic and traditions of Thai New Year (Songkran)\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140405103542\/http:\/\/www.tatnews.org\/the-magic-and-traditions-of-thai-new-year-songkran\/). *Tourism Authority of Thailand Newsroom*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.tatnews.org\/the-magic-and-traditions-of-thai-new-year-songkran\/) on 5 April 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2015.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-13)**\n    Corness, I. (2015). \"Songkran\", *Farang: Thailand through the eyes of an ex-pat* (eBook). Dublin, Ireland: Maverick House. 240 pp. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-190-5-37977-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-190-5-37977-4 \"Special:BookSources\/978-190-5-37977-4\")\n14. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-JRIT-2004_14-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-JRIT-2004_14-1)\n    Nimmanahaeminda, Prakong (April–June 2004). [\"Myth and Ritual: A Study of the Songkran Festival\"](http:\/\/legacy.orst.go.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/royin-ebook\/61\/FileUpload\/36_6420.pdf) (PDF). *The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand*. **29** (2): 345–350. Retrieved 5 August 2018.\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-15)** ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, [ประกาศสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง กำหนดเวลาทำงานและวันหยุดราชการ (ฉบับที่ ๑๙) พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๐](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171230171941\/http:\/\/www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th\/DATA\/PDF\/2540\/D\/026\/53.PDF), เล่ม ๑๑๔, ตอนที่ ๒๖ ง, ๑ เมษายน ๒๕๔๐ (Cabinet notification on workdays and holidays, 1997)\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-17)**\n    Yavaprapas, S., Ministry of Culture (Thailand). (2004). *Songkran Festival*. (2nd Ed.). Bangkok: Prachoomthong Printing Group Co., Ltd. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-974-7-10351-9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-974-7-10351-9 \"Special:BookSources\/978-974-7-10351-9\")\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-18)**\n    Crump, William D. (2016). \"Thailand\", *Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide*. NC, United States: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. 319 pp. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-147-6-60748-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-147-6-60748-1 \"Special:BookSources\/978-147-6-60748-1\")\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-royalprommachat_19-0)**\n    เสมเสริมสุข, บาง (1961). *ตำราพรหมชาติ ฉบับหลวง*. สำนักงานลูก ส. ธรรมภักดี.\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-20)** For example, ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, [ประกาศสงกรานต์ ร.ศ. ๑๑๐ พ.ศ.๒๔๓๔](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171230115516\/http:\/\/www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th\/DATA\/PDF\/2434\/002\/9_1.PDF), เล่ม ๘, ๑๒ เมษายน ๒๔๓๔ (1891 Notification on Songkran)\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-21)** ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, [พระราชพิธีเผด็จศกสงกรานต์](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210628174424\/http:\/\/www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th\/DATA\/PDF\/2442\/003\/41_2.PDF), เล่มที่ ๑๖, ๑๖ เมษายน ๒๔๔๒, หน้า ๓๕ (Songkran and cutting off the year ceremony in 1899)\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-22)** ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, [กำหนดการพระราชพิธีสงกรานต์ พ.ศ.๒๔๙๒](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171230114605\/http:\/\/www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th\/DATA\/PDF\/2492\/D\/022\/1519.PDF), ตอนที่ ๒๒, เล่ม ๖๖, ๑๒ เมษายน ๒๔๙๒ (Songkran royal ceremony schedule, 1949)\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-24)**\n    Burgess, James (1893). [\"ART.XVIII. Notes on Hindu Astronomy and the History of our Knowledge of it\"](https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0035869X00022553). *Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society*. **25** (4). Cambridge University: 717–761\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1017\/S0035869X00022553](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2FS0035869X00022553). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\\(identifier\\) \"S2CID (identifier)\") [163252270](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:163252270).\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-siddhanta_25-0)**\n    Deva Sastri, Bapu (1861). [\"Translation of the Surya Siddhanta\"](http:\/\/www.wilbourhall.org\/pdfs\/suryaEnglish.pdf) (PDF). C B Lewis and the Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta.\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-27)**\n    มนเทียรทอง, เอื้อน; ทองเนียม, บุนนาค. *พระคัมภีร์สุริยยาตร์ศิวาคม*. สำนักโหรหอคำ.\n    \n    (Aeur Montianthong and Bunnak Thongniam's Suriyayat Sivakom for Computer Users, in Thai)\n25. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-rikkha_28-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-rikkha_28-1)\n    สุริยาอารักษ์, สิงห์โต. *เรื่องฤกษ์และการให้ฤกษ์ ดวงพิชัยสงคราม*. เขษมบรรณกิจ.\n    \n    (Singto Suriya-arak's How to and how not to set the ceremonial time and how to compute a detailed Suriyayart natal chart, in Thai)\n26. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-30)**\n    Chunpongtong, Loy (October 2012). \"Discrepancies in Songkran Days: A Mathematical Research (ความคลาดเคลื่อนของวันสงกรานต์: ผลวิจัยเชิงคณิตศาสตร์)\". **37** (4).\n27. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-31)**\n    [\"ปฏิทินสงกรานต์\"](http:\/\/www.komchadluek.net\/news\/ent\/182588). [Kom Chad Luek](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kom_Chad_Luek \"Kom Chad Luek\"). 10 April 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2017.\n28. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-32)**\n    [\"สกู๊ปหน้า 1… หนังสือปีใหม่เมืองล้านนา\"](http:\/\/www.chiangmainews.co.th\/page\/archives\/475110). Chiang Mai News.\n29. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-33)**\n    บัวคลี่, บัณรส (8 April 2013). [\"เลื่อนวันดำหัวผู้ว่าเชียงใหม่: ท้องถิ่นนิยมใต้อำนาจรวมศูนย์\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171230114843\/http:\/\/www.manager.co.th\/Columnist\/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9560000042503). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.manager.co.th\/Columnist\/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9560000042503) on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.\n30. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-mornoi_34-0)**\n    *การผูกดวงวางลัคนา*. ชมรมพยากรณ์ศาสตร์. 2004.\n    \n    (On the Formation of Thai Natal Chart)\n31. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-myhora_35-0)**\n    [\"การเปลี่ยนปีนักษัตร\"](https:\/\/www.myhora.com\/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1\/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3-038.aspx). 7 February 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2017.\n32. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-36)**\n    วิริยบูรณะ, อุระคินทร์ (1 April 1960). *พรหมชาติ ฉบับหลวง*. สำนักงาน ลูก ส. ธรรมภักดี.\n    \n    pp. 512–513\n33. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-37)**\n    Suksawat, Saranya (n.d.). [\"Happy New Year Songkran Festival\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180209014243\/http:\/\/www.thaiwaysmagazine.com\/thai_article\/2101_songkran_festival\/songkran_festival.html). *Thaiways*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.thaiwaysmagazine.com\/thai_article\/2101_songkran_festival\/songkran_festival.html) on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.\n34. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-38)**\n    [\"Legendary of Songkran lady (Nang Songkran)\"](https:\/\/songkranfestivalinthailand.blogspot.com.au\/p\/legendary-of-songkran-lady-nang.html). *Songkran Festival*. Retrieved 14 April 2018.\n35. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-40)** Engelbert Kaempfer, John Gaspar Scheuchzer and Sir Hans Sloane. (1727). *De beschryving van Japan*. Door ENGELBERT KÆMPFER, M.D. Geneesheer van bet Hollandſche... (Translated by John Gaspar Scheuchzer). Netherlands: Gosse en J. Neaulme. 550 pp. p. 29. \"Behalven deze hebben zy fommige jaarlykſche plechtige Feeſtdagen, by voorbeeld een in 't begin van 't jaar, genaamt Sonkraen, een ander Kitimbac genoemt, ook wel ...\"\n36. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-42)**\n    The Fine Arts Department of Thailand. (1969). \"เริ่มก่อพระทรายครั้งรัชกาลสมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมโกศตอนปลายกรุงศรีอยุธยาตามที่บันทึกไว้เมื่อปีเถาะ พ.ศ. ๒๓๒๖ ปีที่ ๒ ในรัชกาลที่ ๑ กรุงรัตนโกสินทร์\". *The Concise Chronicle Vol. 43. (The Concise Chronicle Chapter 69-70) of Krung Sri Ayutthaya Part I, Nakhon Champassak, and story of Khun Borom*. \\[ประชุมพงศาวดาร เล่มที่ ๔๓ (ประชุมพงศาวดารภาคที่ ๖๙-๗๐) เรื่องเกี่ยวกับกรุงเก่าตอนที่ ๑ เรื่องเมืองนครจำปาศักดิ์ และเรื่องขุนบรมราชา (in Thai)\\]. Bangkok: Kuru Sa Pha. pp. 3–6.\n    \n    - Office of Literature and History. (1999). *The Concise of The Royal Chronicle of Thailand Celebrating Golden Jubilee Vol. 5* \\[ประชุมพงศาวดารฉบับกาญจนาภิเษก เล่ม ๕ (in Thai)\\]. Bangkok: Kuru Sa Pha Lat Phrao. pp. 138–142.\n    - *The Concise Chronicle Vol. 69 of Krung Sri Ayutthaya Part I*. Redistributed in the royal cremation of Col. Phraya Phiriyawichai (Pheap Suwannin) on 22 June 1938 at Makut Kasattriyaram Ratchaworawihan temple. Bangkok: Phra Chan. pp. 2–5.\n37. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-43)**\n    Ministry of Culture Thailand, Department of Cultural Promotion. (2021). *Songkran Tradition*. Bangkok: The Agricultural Co-operative Federation of Thailand Ltd. p. 82. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-616-543-698-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-616-543-698-4 \"Special:BookSources\/978-616-543-698-4\")\n38. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-45)** Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix. (1854). *Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam*. Lagny, France: Vialat et Cie. p. 249. \"Ils ont en outre, durant le cours de l'année, plusieurs jours de fêtes civiles ou religieuses, qu'ils célèbrent avec grande pompe : 1°Songkran; c'est leur nouvel an, qui tombe ordinairement dans leur cinquième mois; on le célèbre pendant trois jours; ce n'est qu'à cette époque que le peuple apprend des astro-logues, si l'ange de l'année monte un tigre, un bœuf, un ours, un cheval; une chèvre, un dragon ou quelque autre animal.\"\n39. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-46)**\n    Chadchaidee, Thanapol (1994). *Essays on Thailand*. D.K. Today Co., Ltd. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [974-834-824-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/974-834-824-5 \"Special:BookSources\/974-834-824-5\")\n    \n    .\n40. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-47)**\n    Jaikusol, Warapun (18 April 2023). [\"Floral shirts hot again for Songkran festival week\"](https:\/\/www.pattayamail.com\/latestnews\/news\/floral-shirts-hot-again-for-songkran-festival-week-429325). *Pattaya Mail*. Retrieved 15 April 2024.\n41. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-48)**\n    [\"Songkran in Thailand, traditional Thai New Year festival\"](https:\/\/ich.unesco.org\/en\/RL\/songkran-in-thailand-traditional-thai-new-year-festival-01719). *ich.unesco.org*. Retrieved 7 February 2024.\n42. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-49)**\n    [\"Songkran\"](https:\/\/rove.me\/to\/thailand\/songkran). rove.me. 2 November 2022.\n43. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-50)**\n    [\"Thailand Grand Songkran Celebrations\"](https:\/\/www.tatnews.org\/2018\/04\/thailand-grand-songkran-celebrations-2018\/). Tourism Authority of Thailand. 4 April 2018.\n44. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-51)**\n    [\"SONGKRAN IN SIAM SQUARE\"](https:\/\/www.novotelbkk.com\/bangkok-hotel\/songkran-in-siam-square\/). *Novotel*. 15 April 2015.\n45. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-52)**\n    [\"Songkran, everything you need to know about Thailand's famous new year water fight\"](https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/lifestyle\/travel-leisure\/article\/2139071\/songkran-everything-you-need-know-about-thailands-famous). *South China Morning Post*.\n46. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-53)**\n    [\"ประเพณี \"วันไหล\" คืออะไร ทำไมถึงมีขึ้นหลังวันสงกรานต์\"](https:\/\/www.pptvhd36.com\/news\/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C\/221803) \\[What is the \"Wan Lai\" Festival, and Why Does It Take Place After Songkran?\\]. *PPTV HD* (in Thai). 14 July 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.\n47. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-54)** Thompson, Peter A. (1906). *Lotus Land: Being an Account of the Country and the People of Southern Siam*. London: T. Werner Laurie. 312 pp.\n48. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-55)** Thompson, Peter A. (1910). \"The Brotherhood of the Yellow Robe\", *Siam: An Account of the Country and the People, Vol 16*. Boston, MA: J. B. Millet Company. 330 pp.\n49. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-56)**\n    Lee, Edmund (13 April 2017). [\"Five million Malaysians celebrate Songkran and Good Friday\"](http:\/\/www.thesundaily.my\/news\/2017\/04\/13\/five-million-malaysians-celebrate-songkran-and-good-friday). *The Sun Daily*. Retrieved 14 April 2018.\n50. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-57)**\n    Nor Ain Mohd Radhi (12 April 2018). [\"Najib wishes Happy Songkran to Malaysian Siamese\"](https:\/\/www.nst.com.my\/news\/nation\/2018\/04\/356527\/najib-wishes-happy-songkran-malaysian-siamese). *New Straits Times*. Retrieved 14 April 2018.\n51. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-58)** [Public relations news of Beppu Songkran Festival (PR No. 23\/2566)](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240420081923\/https:\/\/image.mfa.go.th\/mfa\/0\/YLjhuT4Hho\/PR2023\/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_23_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5_2566.pdf). *Royal Thai Consulate General Fukuoka*. (29 March 2023). Retrieved on 20 April 2024.\n52. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-59)**\n    Shobunsha Publications. (2019). *Mappuru shutoken-hatsu 《まっぷる 首都圏発》 \\[Mapple from the metropolitan area\\]*. Tokyo: Shobunsha. p 121. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-439-8-28865-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-439-8-28865-3 \"Special:BookSources\/978-439-8-28865-3\")\n53. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-60)**\n    Captain Anastasia Schmidt (19 April 2017). [\"Air Force members celebrate Thai New Year and Water Festival at Wake Island\"](http:\/\/www.jber.jb.mil\/News\/News-Articles\/Article\/1157218\/air-force-members-celebrate-thai-new-year-and-water-festival-at-wake-island\/). *Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson*. 11th Air Force Public Affairs. Retrieved 20 April 2017.\n54. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-61)**\n    \"[Commemorating the Asian American community's celebration of Songkran on April](https:\/\/www.nysenate.gov\/legislation\/bills\/2023\/K1059)\". Assembly Resolution No. 1059. (2023-K1059). *The New York State Senate*. Retrieved on 19 April 2024.\n    \n    - [New York officially recognises Songkran as an important cultural event](https:\/\/www.thaipbsworld.com\/new-york-officially-recognises-songkran-as-an-important-cultural-event\/). *ThaiPBS Worlds*. (April 19, 2024). Retrieved on 19 April 2024.\n    - Abhasakun, T. (2023, 16 April). [New York State celebrates Songkran](https:\/\/thethaiger.com\/hot-news\/songkran\/new-york-state-celebrates-songkran). *TheThaiger*. 16 April 2023. Retrieved on 20 April 2024. \"The state of New York in the US officially celebrated Songkran this year. New York State Representative Steven Raga proposed a bill to celebrate the Thai Songkran festival, the Thai Post reported.\"\n55. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-BP-20180418_62-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-BP-20180418_62-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-BP-20180418_62-2)\n    [\"Songkran road death toll up again\"](https:\/\/www.bangkokpost.com\/news\/general\/1447887\/songkran-road-death-toll-up-again). *Bangkok Post*. 18 April 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2018.\n56. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-bpstlawless_63-0)**\n    [\"Lawless culture takes its toll\"](http:\/\/www.bangkokpost.com\/news\/investigation\/404724\/lawless-culture-takes-its-toll). *Bangkok Post*. 11 April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014.\n57. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-64)**\n    [\"Songkran death toll rises to 397\"](http:\/\/www.bangkokpost.com\/news\/general\/936485\/songkran-death-toll-rises-to-397). *Bangkok Post*. 17 April 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.\n58. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-65)**\n    Sattaburuth, Aekarach; Nanuam, Wassana (18 April 2018). [\"Prayut vows to overcome traffic accident scourge\"](https:\/\/www.bangkokpost.com\/news\/general\/1447595\/prayut-vows-to-overcome-traffic-accident-scourge). *Bangkok Post*. Retrieved 18 April 2018.\n59. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-66)**\n    [\"25 deaths in 234 road accidents recorded on 1st of Songkran's '7 dangerous days'\"](https:\/\/www.nationthailand.com\/thailand\/general\/40037198). *The Nation*. 12 April 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024.\n60. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-67)**\n    [\"Songkran 2017 road crashes took 335 lives alongside thousands of non-fatal accidents\"](https:\/\/coconuts.co\/bangkok\/news\/songkran-2017-road-crashes-took-335-lives-alongside-thousands-non-fatal-accidents\/). *Coconuts Bangkok*. 18 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2018.\n61. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-68)**\n    [\"Road toll soars to record 442 killed over Songkran\"](http:\/\/www.bangkokpost.com\/news\/general\/937789\/road-toll-soars-to-record-442-killed-over-songkran). *Bangkok Post*. 18 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.\n62. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-Barrow-2016_69-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-Barrow-2016_69-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-Barrow-2016_69-2)\n    Barrow, Richard (18 April 2016). [\"Full Road Accident Statistics for Songkran 2016\"](http:\/\/www.richardbarrow.com\/2016\/04\/full-road-accident-statistics-for-songkran-2016\/). *Richard Barrow in Thailand*. Retrieved 18 April 2018.\n63. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-70)**\n    [\"Tết té nước tại thái lan\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161013135749\/http:\/\/vietnamtourist.org.vn\/kinh-nghiem-di-du-lich-thai-lan\/tung-bung-le-hoi-te-nuoc-songkran-thai-lan). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/vietnamtourist.org.vn\/kinh-nghiem-di-du-lich-thai-lan\/tung-bung-le-hoi-te-nuoc-songkran-thai-lan) on 13 October 2016.\n64. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-71)**\n    Lamphai Intathep (18 March 2014). [\"Suit eyed for Singapore Songkran\"](http:\/\/www.bangkokpost.com\/breakingnews\/400518\/tat-considers-legal-action-over-singapore-songkran). *Bangkok Post*. Retrieved 16 April 2014.\n65. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-72)**\n    [\"Songkran in Singapore\"](http:\/\/www.bangkokpost.com\/learning\/learning-from-news\/400635\/songkran-in-singapore). *Bangkok Post*. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.\n66. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songkran_\\(Thailand\\)#cite_ref-73)**\n    [\"Only in Singapore: No Songkran\"](http:\/\/www.bangkokpost.com\/breakingnews\/401685\/only-in-singapore-no-songkran). *Bangkok Post*. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.\n\nE-books\n\n- [Phraya Anuman Ratchathon (Yong Sathiankoset)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phraya_Anuman_Rajadhon \"Phraya Anuman Rajadhon\"). (1954). [\"Amusements During Songkran Festival\".](http:\/\/www.sac.or.th\/databases\/siamrarebooks\/main\/attachments\/article\/301\/vol%2042%20pt%201%20page%2039-43.pdf) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170329061214\/http:\/\/www.sac.or.th\/databases\/siamrarebooks\/main\/attachments\/article\/301\/vol%2042%20pt%201%20page%2039-43.pdf) 29 March 2017 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\") *Journal of the Siam Society* (volume 42, part 1). pp. 39–43.\n- [Ministry of Culture (Thailand)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_Culture_\\(Thailand\\) \"Ministry of Culture (Thailand)\"). (2021). [Songkran Tradition](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240414102557\/http:\/\/qrcode.culture.go.th\/pdfbook\/songkran.pdf). Bangkok: Department of Cultural Promotion, Ministry of Culture. 262 pp. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [978-616-543-698-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-616-543-698-4 \"Special:BookSources\/978-616-543-698-4\")\n\n- [![Wikimedia Commons logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commons-logo.svg) Media related to [Songkran in Thailand](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Songkran_in_Thailand \"commons:Category:Songkran in Thailand\") at Wikimedia Commons","meta_canonical":null}

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URL	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_(Thailand)
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Boilerpipe Text	Songkran Celebrations of Songkran; from right to left and top to bottom: Songkran Festival in Chiang Mai 's ancient city wall Building sand stupas in Wat Pho , Bangkok Bathing of a Buddha statue in Wat Ratchabophit , Bangkok Rot nam dam hua or washing the elders' hands with water for blessings in Ban Khung Taphao , Uttaradit Water fight in Chiang Mai Pasting a US Navy officer's face with white powder Official name Songkran Festival Observed by Thailand Begins 14 April Ends 16 April Date April 13 Duration 3 days Frequency Annual Related to South and Southeast Asian solar New Year Songkran in Thailand, traditional Thai New Year festival UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Country Thailand Reference 01719 Region Asia and the Pacific Inscription history Inscription 2023 (18th session) List Representative Thai New Year [ 1 ] : 802 [ 2 ] : 127 or Songkran [ 1 ] : 802 ( Thai : สงกรานต์ , pronounced [sǒŋ.krāːn] ), also known as Songkran Festival [ 3 ] or Songkran Splendours , [ 2 ] : 127 is the Thai New Year's national holiday . Songkran is on 13 April every year, but the holiday period extends from 14 to 15 April. In 2018 the Thai cabinet extended the festival nationwide to seven days, 9–16 April, to enable citizens to travel home for the holiday. [ 4 ] In 2019, the holiday was observed from 9–16 April as 13 April fell on a Saturday. [ 5 ] In 2024, Songkran was extended to span nearly the entire month, running from April 1 to April 21, instead of the traditional three-day celebration. The festival aligns with the New Year observed in many Southeast and South Asian cultures, following the Theravada Buddhist calendar , and coincides with Hindu calendar celebrations such as Bihu , Pohela Boishakh , Pana Sankranti , Tamil Puthandu , Vishu , Vaisakhi . The New Year also takes place at around the same time as the New Year celebrations of many regions of South Asia like China ( Dai people of Yunnan Province), India, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. In Thailand, New Year is now officially celebrated 1 January. Songkran was the official New Year until 1888, when it was switched to a fixed date of 1 April. In 1940, the date was shifted to 1 January. The traditional Thai New Year Songkran became a national holiday. [ 6 ] Celebrations are famous for the public water fights framed as ritual cleansing. This has become quite popular among Thais and foreigners. Songkran is a Thai word, [ 7 ] derived from Sanskrit [ 8 ] saṅkrānti ( संक्रान्ति ), meaning 'to move', 'movement', [ 9 ] : 4 'the passing of' [ 10 ] or 'astrological passage'. [ 11 ] : 70 It derives from the movement of the sun from one position to another in the zodiac . According to its literal meaning in Sanskrit, a Songkran occurs every month, but the period Thai people call Songkran happens when the sun moves from Pisces to Aries . [ 12 ] The correct name for this period should be Maha Songkran ('great Songkran) [ 13 ] : 4 because it coincides with the arrival of a New Year. The Songkran festival is thus a celebration of the New Year in accordance with the solar calendar . The celebration covers a period of three days: 13 April is regarded as Maha Songkran , the day that the sun moves into Aries or the last day of the old year. 14 April is Wan Nao , the transitional day between the old and new years, and 15 April is Wan Thaloeng Sok ( Thai : วันเถลิงศก 'to begin a new era or year'), New Year's day. [ 14 ] In 1989, the Thai cabinet fixed Songkran from 12–14 April, despite the correct starting date (13 April at 20:57). [ 15 ] [ n 1 ] Songkran was traditionally computed according to the method described in Suriyayart ( Thai : สุริยยาตร์ ), the Thai version of Surya Siddhanta . The celebration starts when the sun enters Aries according to the sidereal zodiac system. This is called Maha Songkran day [ 16 ] : 26 [ 17 ] : 236 [ 9 ] : 4 ( Thai : วันมหาสงกรานต์ ). The final day marks the new solar year and is called Wan Thaloengsok ( Thai : วันเถลิงศก ). The astrologers, local or royal, then make predictions about the economy, agriculture, rainfall, and political affairs according to observations between both days. [ 18 ] The king, or Chief Royal Astrologer on the monarch's behalf, issued an official notification on the new year to the public. The announcement, called Prakat Songkran ( Thai : ประกาศสงกรานต์ , Songkran notification), contained information on Songkran , Thaloengsok , the lunisolar calendar, and religious and royal ceremonies. [ 19 ] The government strictly adhered to the announcement and arranged some ceremonies according to the computation made by the royal astrologer. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ n 2 ] According to the scripture, 800 years equal 292,207 days. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ n 3 ] In other words, each solar year lasts 292,207 kammaja ( Thai : กัมมัช , lit. one produced by karma ), where 1 kammaja equals 108 seconds and 800 kammaja corresponds to 1 solar day. Timekeeping began as Kali Yuga started in 3102 BCE (−3101 CE). At the start of each year, it is possible to compute the number of days since Kali Yuga commenced using the following formula: [ 24 ] [ 25 ] where , , denote Kali Era , Common Era , and Buddhist Era respectively. is the Suriyayart day number, which can vary according to the calendar era being used. The integer result is the count of days at New Year's Day, while the remainder indicates the time at which the new year begins (in kammaja ), measured from the previous midnight. Owing to a huge day number in the calculation, new calendar eras were devised to solve this problem, including the Minor Era (ME). 0 ME corresponds to 1181 BE , 638 CE or 3739 KE. Following the above equation, it follows that there were 1,365,702 days since the start of Kali Yuga . The remainder of the division suggests that the new year started at 373 kammaja after the previous midnight. This corresponds to 373/800 of a day or 11 hours, 11 minutes, and 24 seconds. In other words, 0 ME started at 11:11:24 on Sunday, 25 March 638 CE in the proleptic Gregorian calendar . The Julian day at the new year is computed according to the following formula: The number can then be converted back into a date using an algorithm (see Julian day ). Maha Songkran day is computed either by a lengthy process or by subtracting by 2.165 days (2 days 3 hours 57 minutes 36 seconds). This can be rewritten as A solar year lasts 292,207 kammaja or 365.25875 days every year. A Gregorian year lasts, on average, 292194 kammaja . [ n 4 ] The difference of 13 kammaja (23 minutes, 24 seconds) accumulates every year, causing the shift of Songkran toward the end of the calendar year. [ 26 ] In 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900 and 2000, Maha Songkran was on 7 April, 9 April, 10 April, 12 April, and 13 April, respectively. Nowadays the royal palace has ceased to issue the Prakat Songkran , replacing it with a small calendar booklet given to the public on New Year's Day. Government Savings Bank still prints a one-page lunisolar calendar, which is different from the multiple-page solar calendar commonly seen. The calendar features the image of Nang Songkran with her vehicle and subordinates, led by a Chinese zodiac animal holding a flag with Thai script for that zodiac. It also contains comprehensive information on the correct Songkran day and religious days. [ 27 ] Some astrologers, especially in northern Thailand, still issue their own Songkran notification containing predictions and other information. [ 28 ] In 2013, the Chiang Mai Provincial Council defied the government-set holiday by rescheduling the ceremony according to the correct calculation. [ 29 ] The following table lists the start and end dates of Songkran festival obtained from the formulae above. The Chinese zodiac for each year is also given since it is also used in Thai astrology. But the Chinese zodiac changes on Lichun , just before the Chinese New Year , in February, while Thai astrology uses the first day of fifth lunar month (roughly the new moon in late–March to early–April). [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Before the cutoff date, astrologers use the zodiac of the last year. Maha Songkran and Thaloengsok table Year Chinese zodiac Maha Songkran Songkran starts Thaloengsok Songkran ends 2021 Ox 14 April 2021 03:39:36 16 April 2021 07:37:12 2022 Tiger 14 April 2022 09:52:12 16 April 2022 13:49:48 2023 Rabbit 14 April 2023 16:04:48 16 April 2023 20:02:24 2024 Dragon 13 April 2024 22:17:24 16 April 2024 02:15:00 2025 Snake 14 April 2025 04:30:00 16 April 2025 08:27:36 2026 Horse 14 April 2026 10:42:36 16 April 2026 14:40:12 2027 Goat 14 April 2027 16:55:12 16 April 2027 20:52:48 2028 Monkey 13 April 2028 23:07:48 16 April 2028 03:05:24 2029 Rooster 14 April 2029 05:20:24 16 April 2029 09:18:00 2030 Dog 14 April 2030 11:33:00 16 April 2030 15:30:36 2031 Pig 14 April 2031 17:45:36 16 April 2031 21:43:12 The origin of the Songkran festival lies in a Buddhist folk myth or noncanonical jataka related to harvest and spring. In the prosperous city of Sukhavati in Suvannabhumi , Bodistva was born in the household of a poor farmer. Once, Indra the king of Devas, looked at the city from heaven and was saddened by the level of corruption. He found that people did not respect their elders, behaved rudely, and did not give them proper food or medicine. They had no compassion for the needy and helpless, no faith in Sila and Uposath but fun in sin, no faith in donation but greed for wealth, no faith in Dhamma but made business of Dhamma. Seeing the decline of Dhamma, he said, " Glory/Siri of humans lies in their faith in Dhamma. There is no Glory without Dhamma." With the affirmation of this truth, people in the city immediately lost their glory. Rain, water, and food disappeared and extreme drought with skin-burning hot sun waves and dirty, foul-smelling garbage filled their homes. To be saved from this suffering, with Bodistva's leadership, people prayed to Mother Earth or Siri . They asked Siri the cause of and solution to their misfortune. Out of compassion and sympathy for her children, she told them restoration of their faith in Dhamma would end their suffering. She gave them a divine piece of fertile land, divine seeds, a mysterious song for rain, and pots of divine thanaka powder of several colors to apply on their skin to cool the body from the sun. People pledged to observe sila and upasotha under Bodistva's guidance. Bodistva and his companions started cultivating the divine land, sowing divine seeds. They used to apply several colours of thanaka powder and water is poured to cool their body from heavy sun waves. In few days their crops were grown that was the day when the sun entered the constellation of Aries . They produced adequate grains. At the day of harvest, they washed feet of their elders, saluted them and served delicious food and proper cloths. Donations were made to needy and helpless. Hence, Dhamma was restored by the people. Same day when Indra the king of devas again looked at the city of SuvannaBhumi . He praised them and said, "Glory of humans lies in their faith in Dhamma, there is no Glory without Dhamma." By affirmation of this truth immediately their lost glory was restored back and the people elected bodistva as their leader and celebrated the harvest day with throwing water on each other and started playing with several colours of thanaka powder by applying it on each other's body. Thus, in Buddhist community in South East Asia, to remember and celebrate this day, people clean their houses, salute and show respect to their elders by washing their feet, serving delicious food and proper clothing to them. Donations are made to monastery and needy. People play with water and different colours of thanaka powder is applied to each other's body. According to the Buddhist scripture of Wat Pho , Songkran originated from the death of Kapila Brahma ( กบิลพรหม , Kabilaphrom , ' reddish Brahma ' ). [ 32 ] In the olden days, there was a wealthy man and his neighbor, a drunkard. The drunkard, who had two sons, belittled the rich man for being childless. The rich man was humiliated and beseeched the Sun and the Moon gods to grant him a son. His attempts failed until he offered cooked rice to the tree god living in a banyan tree, who asked Indra to grant the man's wish. The child, named Thammabal ( Thai : ธรรมบาล , also Dhammapala, lit. ' one who protects righteousness ' ), was born. Thammabal was a clever child who learned three vedas , bird language and also taught people to avoid sin. Kapila Brahma learned of the child and wanted to test the child's cleverness. The god asked, "Where is the glory of men ( sri ) located in the morning, during the day, and in the evening?". The loser would have his head chopped off. The boy thought in vain for six days, but could not find a solution to the riddles. He lay beneath a sugar palm tree and overheard a conversation between a pair of eagles who planned to eat his corpse when he lost the bet. The female eagle asked her mate whether he knew the answer. He answered, "In the morning, the sri appears on the face, so people wash their faces every morning. At noon, the sri is at the chest where people spray perfume every noon. In the evening, the sri goes to the feet, so people wash their feet every evening." Thmmabal memorized the answer and gave it to Kapila Brahma the next day. Having lost, Kapila Brahma summoned his seven daughters and told them that he must cut his head off. However, if his head fell to earth, it would create an inferno that would engulf the world. If his head was thrown into the air, the rains would stop. And if his head was dropped into the ocean, all seawater would dry up. To prevent these calamities, he told his daughters to place his head on an elevated phan . Thungsa, his eldest child, stored her father's head in the cave in Mount Kailash . [ 14 ] Every year when the Sun enters Aries, one of Kapila Brahma's children, called the Nang Songkran ( Thai : นางสงกรานต์ , lit. ' Lady Songkran ' ) for that year, and other angels form a procession. One of them takes the phan with Kapila Brahma's head. The lady stands, sits, reclines or sleeps on the back of the animal depending on the time. From the dawn to midday, the lady will stand on the back of her conveyance. After midday until the sunset, she will sit down. Between the sunset and midnight, the lady lies down on her vehicle but leaves her eyes open. After midnight, she sleeps. [ 25 ] These postures and other details were previously drawn as part of the Prakat Songkran and now as part of the lunisolar calendar. The procession lasts for 60 minutes around Mount Meru . This is subsequently called Maha Songkran to distinguish from other Songkran that occur when the Sun moves from one to another zodiac. For simplicity, the name was later shortened as Songkran . [ 33 ] [ 34 ] The following table lists the names and characteristics of Nang Songkran , which vary according to which day of the week Maha Songkran falls on in each year. Day of Week and corresponding colour Name Flower Jewellery stone Food Right hand Left hand Conveyance Sunday Dungsha Devi/Thungsa Thewi Pomegranate flowers Ruby Fig Discus Conch Garuda Monday Gōrāgha Devi/Khorakha Thewi Cork tree flowers Moonstone Oil Sword Staff Tiger Tuesday Rākshasa Devi/Raksot Thewi Lotus flower Agate Blood Trident Bow Pig Wednesday Maṇdā Devi/Mantha Thewi Champak flowers Cat's eye Butter Stylus Staff Donkey Thursday Kiriṇī Devi/Kirini Thewi Magnolia Emerald Nuts and sesame seeds Hook Bow Elephant Friday Kimidā Devi/Kimitha Thewi Water lilies Topaz Banana Sword Lute Buffalo Saturday Mahodharā Devi/Mahothon Thewi Water hyacinth flowers Blue sapphire Hog deer meat Discus Trident Peacock In historical records [ edit ] In De Beschryving van Japan (The History of Japan) handwritten in 1690 by Engelbert Kaempfer in the reign of King Phetracha of Ayutthaya Kingdom , it is said of Songkran in old-17th century Dutch :- "Every first day and 15th day of the month, Siamese people had a celebration as the first day of new moon and the 15th day of full moon. Some Siamese people went to temple at the first day of the week which was similar to our Sunday—Holy Communion. There were also many annual ceremonies, such as the Siamese New Year celebration called Songkran (Sonkraen), ..." [ n 5 ] — Engelbert Kaempfer (Hand-written in 1690), De beschryving van Japan. (Translated in 1727 by John Gaspar Scheuchzer). [ 35 ] In the reign of King Borommakot (1733–58), there was recorded of ancient royal ceremonies of Siamese New Year observance called Songkran Day , the tradition-inherited from past generations of King of Ayutthaya Kingdom such ceremonies as, royal forming of sand stupa with royal ornaments, sprinkling the water onto the statues of Buddha and graven images, offering food to monks, procession of sand stupas parade to temples, royal musical fanfares, and also establishing the almshouse assignment subsequently, said in the Concise Royal Chronicle of Ayutthaya Kingdom of royal forming the sand stupa in the reign of King Borommakot :- After the royal ceremony of Phra Sai at Wat Phra Si Sanphet, the next day was Wan Nao. The royal officials offered the sands and a big tray to the Majesty King to form the sand in the shape of stupa (Phra Sai) with five hollow spears of the sky at the Song Peun Throne Hall. The royal officials moved King's sand stupa (Phra Sai) to the painter for decorating the British gold on it and the royal officials then moved it to place at the Song Peun Throne Hall. After the Buddhist monks had already eaten their morning meals, the royal officials moved to move (Phra Sai) King's sand stupa (Phra Sai) to place in the pavilion "Lukkhun Thai Sara". The three colonels named Put, Thep Rat and Chan marched the parade with the pairs of flocks by walking and riding the horses. The royal officials produced melodies with the flutes and victory drums, Malaya drum and Chinese drums and took three jagged-edge flags in the parade to move King's sand stupa (Phra Sai) to Wat Worapho, Wat Pra Ram and Wat Mongkol Bophit as the inherited tradition. [ n 6 ] There was a contemporary archive mentioned Songkran festival of Siam in reign of King Mongkut . The archive written in 1854 by Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix , a priest of the Société des Missions Etrangères who was assigned as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic and lived in Siam. Said in French:- "During the year, Siamese also have several days of civil or religious festivals, which they celebrate with great splendor: 1°Songkran; it is Siamese New Year, which usually falls in April (fifth month in brahman calendar); it held an observance for three days; Siamese people's able to acknowledge horoscope from astrologers whether the angel of the year to ride a tiger, an ox, a bear, a horse, a goat, a dragon or other animals during this festival only." [ n 7 ] — Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix, Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam. (1854). [ 38 ] The Songkran celebration is rich with symbolic traditions. Mornings begin with merit-making . Visiting local temples and offering food to the Buddhist monks is commonly practiced. On this specific occasion, performing water pouring on Buddha statues and the young and elderly is a traditional ritual, representing purification and the washing away of one's sins and bad luck. [ 12 ] As a festival of unity, people who have moved away usually return home to their loved ones and elders. Paying reverence to ancestors is an important part of Songkran tradition. The holiday is known for its Water Festival . Major streets are closed to traffic, and are used as arenas for water fights. Celebrants, young and old, participate in this tradition by splashing water on each other. Traditional parades are held and in some venues "Lady Songkran" or "Miss Songkran" is crowned, [ 39 ] where contestants are clothed in traditional Thai dress. For the general public, floral shirt or Hawaiian shirt is a popular clothing item worn during this festival. [ 40 ] In 2024, UNESCO certified Songkran as part of humanity's intangible cultural heritage list . [ 41 ] In Central region, people clean their houses when Songkran approaches. All dress up in colorful clothing or Thai dress. After offering food to the monks, people will offer a requiem to their ancestors. People make merit offerings such as giving sand to the temple for construction or repair. Other forms of merit include releasing birds and fish. Nowadays, people also release other kinds of animals such as buffaloes and cows. Phra Pradaeng hosts traditional ceremonies of Mon people such as parades in the colourful traditional outfits and folklore performances. [ 42 ] Ban Hat Siew in Si Satchanalai District hosts the 'Elephant Procession Ordination' event on 7 April, where a colourful parade where men dressed in the traditional clothes are taken to the temples on elephants. [ 43 ] In northern Thailand 13 April is celebrated with gunfire or firecrackers to repel bad luck. On the next day, people prepare food and useful things to offer to the monks at the temple. People have to go to temple to make merit and bathe Buddha's statue and after that they pour water on the hands of elders and ask for their blessings. In Bangkok , Khao San Road and Silom Road with Siam Square [ 44 ] are the hubs for modern celebration of Songkran. The roads are closed for traffic, and posts equipped with water guns and buckets full of water. The party runs day and night. [ 45 ] Songkran in Eastern region is known as "Wan Lai" (วันไหล, pronounced [/wan lǎj] ), which literally means "flowing day." This term refers to the distinctive way the traditional New Year is celebrated here, with festivities continuing after the official national Songkran holiday (April 13–15). The celebration begins in Bang Saen (April 16–17), moves to Pattaya –Na Kluea (April 18–19), and continues on to Sattahip , Rayong , Ban Chang , and other areas, sometimes lasting until the end of April. Wan Lai captures both the lively water-play atmosphere and the symbolic flow of people, joy, and cultural tradition across multiple coastal towns. Locals and tourists alike follow the festivities, enjoying a vibrant, beachside celebration filled with community spirit and local charm. [ 46 ] At the festival of Songkran, which marks the beginning of the old Siamese solar year, it is the custom to bathe the images of the Buddha and also the monks and old people. The young folk make this an occasion for throwing water over each other amidst much fun and laughter. [ 47 ] : 125 [ 48 ] : 133 — Peter Anthony Thompson B.A., A.M., I.C.E., Late of The Royal Survey Department, Siam. , Lotus Land: Being an Account of the Country and the People of Southern Siam, July 1906. Buddhist takes a bath ancestor pagoda in Songkran festival, Uttaradit . Songkran festival, Chiang Mai 's ancient city wall Dancers in Isan traditional dress during Songkran festival, Bueng Kan Monks receiving blessing at a temple in Ban Khung Taphao Water fights along the west moat, Chiang Mai , Thailand Songkran at Wat Thai, Los Angeles Songkran symbolic sand pagodas in temple, Wat Phu Khao Thong, Ban Maenam, Koh Samui Group of Thai traditional dancer in Songkran festival, Bangkok Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok Si Lom Road closure for water fight during Songkran in 2025 Sand stupas at Bang Saen during Wan Lai 2018. Creating sand sculptures, such as stupas and Buddha images, is a traditional activity that forms part of Wan Lai, the eastern-style Songkran celebration Songkran is celebrated by the Malaysian Siamese community, particularly in the states of Kedah , Kelantan, Penang , Perak, Perlis and Terengganu where most Siamese are located. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] The festival is celebrated as Sangken in northeastern areas of India and as Bizu , Boisuk, Shangrai, and Boisabi in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh, which is the traditional New Year's Day by the indigenous Hindu people and Buddhist community. The Sangken festival is celebrated by the Tai people — Khamti people Khamyang , Phake and Turung people. The festival is also celebrated by Singpho , Tikhak (Tangsa) and Duoniya people. Sangken generally falls in the month of 'Naun Ha', the fifth month of the year of the Tai Lunar calendar coinciding with the month of April. It is celebrated in the last days of the old year and the lunar new year begins on the day just after the end of the festival. In Japan , Songkran festival observance held along with the Hot Spring festival, Beppu Hatto Onsen Matsuri , in Beppu city, Ōita Prefecture , called Beppu Songkran Festival , [ 51 ] not only water-splashing observance but also Thai cultural fanfares occurred, and also held at the world's wettest music festival, S2O Japan Songkran Music Festival . [ 52 ] It's combination of Thai-Japan culture and depiction of long time relation of each other. Songkran is celebrated annually on the U.S. territory of Wake Island by Air Force members and American and Thai contractors, [ 53 ] including New York State for commemorating the Asian American community's celebration of Songkran on April as an important cultural event on the state according to Assembly Resolution No. 1059. [ 54 ] Police statistics show that the death toll from road accidents doubles during the annual Songkran holiday. Between 2009 and 2013 there were about 27 road deaths per day during non-holiday periods and an average of 52 road deaths per day during Songkran. Thailand has among the highest traffic fatality rates in the world, along with Liberia , Congo , and Tanzania . Approximately 70–80 percent of the accidents that occur during the long holiday period are motorcycle accidents. [ 55 ] About 10,000 people per year die in motorcycle accidents. [ 56 ] The National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) says a total of 110,909 people were arrested and 5,772 vehicles impounded at road safety checkpoints across the country between 9–16 April 2016. [ 57 ] In 2018 the number of offenders arrested at 2,029 checkpoints had risen to 146,589. Of these, 39,572 had failed to wear crash helmets and 37,779 carried no driving licence. [ 55 ] Reacting to the numbers, the prime minister "ordered stricter enforcement of the law"; the interior minister said he would "propose greater efforts in raising awareness as an additional measure, insisting that traffic laws were [already] strictly enforced"; and deputy prime minister Prawit Wongsuwan said he would "work harder to ensure motorcyclists wore helmets". [ 58 ] This period is known locally as "7 dangerous days". [ 59 ] Date Accidents Deaths Injuries Source 11–17 Apr 2018 3,724 418 3,987 [ 55 ] 2017 3,690 335 3,506 [ 60 ] 11–17 Apr 2016 3,447 442 3,656 [ 61 ] [ 62 ] 2015 3,373 364 3,559 [ 62 ] 11–17 Apr 2014 2,992 322 3,225 [ 62 ] Intellectual property [ edit ] Celebrate Singapore [ edit ] In 2014, "Celebrate Singapore," a large two-day Songkran-style water festival, [ 63 ] was planned for Singapore and the event was promoted as the "largest water festival party in Singapore." However, controversy emerged when the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) Deputy Governor for Tourism Products, Vilaiwan Twichasri, claimed that Thailand holds exclusive rights to celebrate Songkran and planned to consult with officials at the Department of Intellectual Property, Ministry of Commerce and Ministry of Culture to discuss a potential lawsuit. The Deputy Governor's view was supported by numerous Thai citizens on social media websites. [ 64 ] Chai Nakhonchai, Cultural Promotion Department chief, pointed out that Songkran is a traditional festival shared by many countries throughout Southeast Asia, while historian Charnvit Kasetsiri stated that no single nation can claim ownership of a tradition. [ 65 ] On 25 March 2014, the Bangkok Post reported that the Singaporean government had intervened in the festival's content and there would be no water-throwing, no water pistols and no public drinking. The festival was also reduced to a one-day event. [ 66 ] Choul Chnam Thmey - the Cambodian New Year that follows the same date and time. Holi – an Indian holiday famous for its ritualized street celebrations with colored powder Water Festival - vibrant celebrations that occur across the globe, often marking the start of a new year or season. Countries/Regions include: Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia, and the Xishuangbanna Prefecture and Dehong regions of China List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Thailand ^ The cabinet later fixed this issue by shifting the holiday by one day to 13–15 April, which is still in use today. ^ In 1896, for example, the ceremony started on 12 April. According to Suriyayart, the sun entered Aries at 19:30 on 12 April. The main ceremony started one day later, possibly due to difficulties organizing the ceremony at the exact time. In 1949, Maha Songkran was on 13 April at 12:35 and the ceremony started that day. ^ According to Deva Sastri, Bapu (1861). "Translation of the Surya Siddhanta" (PDF) . C B Lewis and the Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta. Sloka 37, there are 1,577,917,828 solar (or terrestrial, as the translator chose) day within one great Yuga , or eon. There are four yugas , or periods, within the aeon. All of them spans 4,320,000 solar years (Sloka 15–16). It follows that 800 solar years correspond to 292,207 days. ^ Julian year lasts 292,200 kammajas on average ^ De Siamiten vieren den ecrſtcn en vyſtienden dag der maand, zynde de dagen der nieuwe en volle maan. Sommige gaan ook op den cerſtcn dag van de kwartier maanen na de Pagoden, 't welk eeniger maaten overeenkomt met onzen Zondag. Behalven deze hebben zy fommige jaarlykſche plechtige Feeſtdagen, by voorbeeld een in 't begin van 't jaar, genaamt Sonkraen, ..." ^ อนึ่งเมื่อครั้ง (แผ่นดิน) สมเด็จพระพุทธเจ้าหลวงในพระบรมโกศนั้น ครั้นวันขึ้นปีใหม่โหรถวายฤกษ์เป็นวันมหาสงกรานต์ เจ้าพนักงานได้ก่อพระทรายหน้าพระวิหารหลวงวัดพระศรีสรรเพ็ชญ์...และเครื่องราชวัติฉัตรธงเครื่องประดับพระทรายนั้น เจ้าพนักงานได้เบิกสิ่งของให้แก่ช่างเขียนทำ และพระทรายนั้นช่างเขียนได้ตัด [เขียนตัดเส้นระบายสี หรือตัดพระทรายให้เป็นรูปทรง] ครั้นรุ่งขึ้นเพลาเช้าวันมหาสงกรานต์ ล้นเกล้าล้นกระหม่อมเสด็จไป ณ พระวิหารใหญ่ด้วย [พระวิหารหลวงวัดพระศรีสรรเพ็ชญ์ หลังกลาง] นิมนต์พระสงฆ์ราชาคณะอธิการวัด ได้ฉัน ณ พระวิหารใหญ่ฉลองพระทราย และที่พระ(ทราย)มหาธาตุและพระทรายบริวารนั้น วิเศษแต่งเทียนและบายศรี (มี) เทียนทองคำขวัญบูชาพระทรายองค์ละสำรับ ครั้นเสร็จ (งาน) พระทรายที่วัดพระศรีสรรเพ็ชญ์แล้วรุ่งขึ้นเป็นวันเนา เจ้าพนักงานจึงเอาทรายและเตียงเข้าไปให้ล้นเกล้าล้นกระหม่อมทรงก่อพระทราย ณ พระที่นั่งทรงปืน...ทรงก่อแล้วพนักงานยกพระทรายออกให้ช่างเขียนตัด และเครื่องประดับพระพรายนั้นให้เจ้าพนักงานปิดทองอังกฤษประดับ และช่าง [ช่างเขียน] เขียนทำประดับประดาพระทราย แล้วยกเข้าไปตั้งไว้ ณ พระที่นั่งทรงปืน ครั้นรุ่งขึ้นเพลาเช้าวันเถลิงศกเสด็จ ฯ ออกฉลองพระเจดีย์ทราย เตียงยกพระที่นั่งทรงปืน พระสงฑ์ฉันเสร็จแล้ว เจ้าพนักงานยกพระทรายออกมาตั้งไว้ ณ ศาลาลูกขุนท้ายสระ พันพุฒ พันเทพราช พันจันท์ เกณฑ์เครื่องเล่นและคู่แห่เดินเท้าและม้า ปี่กลองชนะ ธงสามชาย ปีกลองมลายู ปี่กลองจีนแห่พระทรายไปไว้ ฯ วัดวรโพธิ์ วัดพระราม วัดมงคลบพิตร (เป็น) อย่างธรรมเนียมสืบมาแต่ก่อน (ดังนี้) ^ Ils ont en outre, durant le cours de l'année, plusieurs jours de fêtes civiles ou religieuses, qu'ils célèbrent avec grande pompe : 1°Songkran; c'est leur nouvel an, qui tombe ordinairement dans leur cinquième mois; on le célèbre pendant trois jours; ce n'est qu'à cette époque que le peuple apprend des astro-logues, si l'ange de l'année monte un tigre, un bœuf, un ours, un cheval; une chèvre, un dragon ou quelque autre animal. ^ a b Ach Vidyagama (George Bradley McFarland), Phra . (1944). "สงกรานต์", Thai-English Dictionary . CA, United States: Stanford University Press. 1,058 pp. ISBN 978-080-4-70383-3 ^ a b Glen Lewis. (2007). "Thai tourism take 1: a land of diversity and refinement", Virtual Thailand The Media and Cultural Politics in Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore (Rethinking Southeast Asia) . NY, United States: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group (T&F Informa plc.). 241 pp. ISBN 978-0-415-36499-7 . "April 'Songkran Splendours' (Thai New Year, nationalwide)" ^ Anuman Rajadhon (Yong Sathirakoses), Phraya . (1956). Loy Krathong and Songkran Festival . Bangkok: National Culture Institute Thailand. p. 13. "SONGKRAN FESTIVAL Of all the feasts and festivals in Thailand which are many..." Ministry of Education Thailand, Office of the National Culture Commission. (1989). Thai Culture: Songkran Festival . Bangkok: Ministry of Education Thailand. 33 pp. ISBN 978-974-7-90326-3 , 974-790-326-1 . "Songkran Festival " issued by the Office of the National Culture Commission is the third of its series . The aim of this cultural kit is to present Thai culture to the general public and thereby to create mutual understanding" ^ " 'Songkran Festival' extended to five-day holiday" . The Nation . 27 February 2018. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018 . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . ^ "Thai Government Approves Extra Day for Songkran 2019" . Chiang Rai Times . 13 February 2019. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019 . Retrieved 15 February 2019 . ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations . ABC-CLIO. p. 825. ISBN 978-1-59884-205-0 . ^ V. S. Bhaskar, Government of Assam, India. (2009). "Festivals: Songkran", Faith & Philosophy of Buddhism . New Delhi, India: Kalpaz Publications. 312 pp. pp. 261-262. ISBN 978-817-8-35722-5 . "Songkran is a Thai word which means 'move'..." Taipei City Government, Taiwan (ROC). (2008). Teipei: 2008 Yearbook . [臺北市年鑑2008-英文版 (In Chinese)]. Taipei: Taipei City Government Editorial Group. 386 pp. ISBN 978-986-0-14421-5 . p. 269. "(Songkran) is in April, and Thai people celebrate their new year by splashing water at each other, hence the Thai name Songkran, i.e., "Water Splashing Festival." Rooney, Dawn F. (2008). Ancient Sukhothai: Thailand's Cultural Heritage. Bangkok: River Books Press. 247 pp. ISBN 978-974-9-86342-8 . p. 36. "'Songkran' is a Thai name that derives from a Sanskrit word meaning 'to move to', a reference to the sun's movements. Komlosy, A. (2002). Images Of The Dai : The Aesthetics Of Gender And Identity In Xishuangbanna . [Doctoral Dissertation, University of St. Andrews]. University of St. Andrews Research Repository. 'https://hdl.handle.net/10023/7293' . p. 334. "The term Songkran is a Thai word meaning to move, here it refers to the Sun which moves into the sign of Aries at this time of the year". pp. 334–335. "The Thai term Songkran is now used by many Southeast Asia specialists to refer to the New Year festival held in many countries, including Myanmar, Laos and China." "Songkran" (noun) in Oxford English Dictionary (Online) . Retrieved on 17 April 2024. Anouska Komlosy. "Procession and Water Splashing: Expressions of Locality and Nationality during Dai New Year in Xishuangbanna: Songkran", The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute , 10(2). (2004, June). London: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland . JSTOR #i370994 . p. 357. "The term Songkran is a Thai word meaning 'to move', and it refers here to the Sun, which moves into the sign of Aries at this time of the year." Prakong Nimmanahaeminda, Academy of Arts, Royal Society of Thailand . "Myth and Ritual : A Study of the Songkran Festival", The Journal of The Royal Society of Thailand , 29(1–2), (2004, January–March). pp. 345–350. "Songkran is a Thai word which means of movement." Malaysia, Jabatan Perpaduan Negara Dan Integrasi Nasional (JPNIN). (1985). Festivals and religious occasions in Malaysia . (First series). Kuala Lumpur: The National Unity Department of Malaysia, Prime Minister's Dept. 36 pp. p. 26. "'SONGKRAN' is a Traditional New Year of the Thai people and this day normally fulls in the month of April. 'SONGKRAN' is a Thai word meaning change of exchange." Sir. Philip John Newling Ward, Maj. Gen . (1974). "THE SONGKRAN FESTIVAL", Bangkok: Portrait of a City . Cambridge, United Kingdom: The Oleander Press. 136 pp. p. 111. ISBN 978-090-2-67544-5 . "Thai word ' Songkran ' literally means a move or change". James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie, Louis Herbert Gray. (1912). "FESTIVALS AND FACTS (Siamese)", Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics Vol. 5 . New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 886. ^ Oxford Business Group (OBG). (2011). "Water wars: The traditional Thai New Year includes some playful activities", The Report: Thailand 2012 . (n.p.): Oxford Business Group. 268 pp. p. 260. ISBN 978-190-7-06563-7 Monier-Williams, Monier (1899). "Saṃkrānti". A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages . Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 685239912 . ^ a b Office of the National Culture Commission. (1989). Thai Culture: Songkran Festival Cultural Kit No. 3 . Bangkok: Ministry of Education Thailand. 33 pp. ISBN 978-974-7-90326-3 ^ Epstein, N. , and Arvigo, R. (2021). Spiritual Bathing: Healing Rituals and Traditions from Around the World (eBook). (n.p.): Echo Point Books & Media, LLC. 192 pp. ^ Bartlett, S . (2015). Spellcraft for a Magical Year: Rituals and Enchantments for Prosperity, Power, and Fortune . United States: Quarto Publishing Group USA. 224 pp. ISBN 978-162-7-88297-2 ^ a b "The magic and traditions of Thai New Year (Songkran)" . Tourism Authority of Thailand Newsroom . Archived from the original on 5 April 2014 . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . ^ Corness, I. (2015). "Songkran", Farang: Thailand through the eyes of an ex-pat (eBook). Dublin, Ireland: Maverick House. 240 pp. ISBN 978-190-5-37977-4 ^ a b Nimmanahaeminda, Prakong (April–June 2004). "Myth and Ritual: A Study of the Songkran Festival" (PDF) . The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand . 29 (2): 345– 350 . Retrieved 5 August 2018 . ^ ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, ประกาศสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง กำหนดเวลาทำงานและวันหยุดราชการ (ฉบับที่ ๑๙) พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๐ , เล่ม ๑๑๔, ตอนที่ ๒๖ ง, ๑ เมษายน ๒๕๔๐ (Cabinet notification on workdays and holidays, 1997) ^ Yavaprapas, S., Ministry of Culture (Thailand). (2004). Songkran Festival . (2nd Ed.). Bangkok: Prachoomthong Printing Group Co., Ltd. ISBN 978-974-7-10351-9 ^ Crump, William D. (2016). "Thailand", Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide . NC, United States: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. 319 pp. ISBN 978-147-6-60748-1 ^ เสมเสริมสุข, บาง (1961). ตำราพรหมชาติ ฉบับหลวง . สำนักงานลูก ส. ธรรมภักดี. ^ For example, ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, ประกาศสงกรานต์ ร.ศ. ๑๑๐ พ.ศ.๒๔๓๔ , เล่ม ๘, ๑๒ เมษายน ๒๔๓๔ (1891 Notification on Songkran) ^ ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, พระราชพิธีเผด็จศกสงกรานต์ , เล่มที่ ๑๖, ๑๖ เมษายน ๒๔๔๒, หน้า ๓๕ (Songkran and cutting off the year ceremony in 1899) ^ ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, กำหนดการพระราชพิธีสงกรานต์ พ.ศ.๒๔๙๒ , ตอนที่ ๒๒, เล่ม ๖๖, ๑๒ เมษายน ๒๔๙๒ (Songkran royal ceremony schedule, 1949) ^ Burgess, James (1893). "ART.XVIII. Notes on Hindu Astronomy and the History of our Knowledge of it" . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society . 25 (4). Cambridge University: 717– 761. doi : 10.1017/S0035869X00022553 . S2CID 163252270 . ^ Deva Sastri, Bapu (1861). "Translation of the Surya Siddhanta" (PDF) . C B Lewis and the Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta. ^ มนเทียรทอง, เอื้อน; ทองเนียม, บุนนาค. พระคัมภีร์สุริยยาตร์ศิวาคม . สำนักโหรหอคำ. (Aeur Montianthong and Bunnak Thongniam's Suriyayat Sivakom for Computer Users, in Thai) ^ a b สุริยาอารักษ์, สิงห์โต. เรื่องฤกษ์และการให้ฤกษ์ ดวงพิชัยสงคราม . เขษมบรรณกิจ. (Singto Suriya-arak's How to and how not to set the ceremonial time and how to compute a detailed Suriyayart natal chart, in Thai) ^ Chunpongtong, Loy (October 2012). "Discrepancies in Songkran Days: A Mathematical Research (ความคลาดเคลื่อนของวันสงกรานต์: ผลวิจัยเชิงคณิตศาสตร์)". 37 (4). ^ "ปฏิทินสงกรานต์" . Kom Chad Luek . 10 April 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . ^ "สกู๊ปหน้า 1… หนังสือปีใหม่เมืองล้านนา" . Chiang Mai News. ^ บัวคลี่, บัณรส (8 April 2013). "เลื่อนวันดำหัวผู้ว่าเชียงใหม่: ท้องถิ่นนิยมใต้อำนาจรวมศูนย์" . Archived from the original on 30 December 2017 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . ^ การผูกดวงวางลัคนา . ชมรมพยากรณ์ศาสตร์. 2004. (On the Formation of Thai Natal Chart) ^ "การเปลี่ยนปีนักษัตร" . 7 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . ^ วิริยบูรณะ, อุระคินทร์ (1 April 1960). พรหมชาติ ฉบับหลวง . สำนักงาน ลูก ส. ธรรมภักดี. pp. 512–513 ^ Suksawat, Saranya (n.d.). "Happy New Year Songkran Festival" . Thaiways . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ "Legendary of Songkran lady (Nang Songkran)" . Songkran Festival . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Engelbert Kaempfer, John Gaspar Scheuchzer and Sir Hans Sloane. (1727). De beschryving van Japan . Door ENGELBERT KÆMPFER, M.D. Geneesheer van bet Hollandſche... (Translated by John Gaspar Scheuchzer). Netherlands: Gosse en J. Neaulme. 550 pp. p. 29. "Behalven deze hebben zy fommige jaarlykſche plechtige Feeſtdagen, by voorbeeld een in 't begin van 't jaar, genaamt Sonkraen, een ander Kitimbac genoemt, ook wel ..." ^ The Fine Arts Department of Thailand. (1969). "เริ่มก่อพระทรายครั้งรัชกาลสมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมโกศตอนปลายกรุงศรีอยุธยาตามที่บันทึกไว้เมื่อปีเถาะ พ.ศ. ๒๓๒๖ ปีที่ ๒ ในรัชกาลที่ ๑ กรุงรัตนโกสินทร์". The Concise Chronicle Vol. 43. (The Concise Chronicle Chapter 69-70) of Krung Sri Ayutthaya Part I, Nakhon Champassak, and story of Khun Borom . [ประชุมพงศาวดาร เล่มที่ ๔๓ (ประชุมพงศาวดารภาคที่ ๖๙-๗๐) เรื่องเกี่ยวกับกรุงเก่าตอนที่ ๑ เรื่องเมืองนครจำปาศักดิ์ และเรื่องขุนบรมราชา (in Thai)]. Bangkok: Kuru Sa Pha. pp. 3–6. Office of Literature and History. (1999). The Concise of The Royal Chronicle of Thailand Celebrating Golden Jubilee Vol. 5 [ประชุมพงศาวดารฉบับกาญจนาภิเษก เล่ม ๕ (in Thai)]. Bangkok: Kuru Sa Pha Lat Phrao. pp. 138–142. The Concise Chronicle Vol. 69 of Krung Sri Ayutthaya Part I . Redistributed in the royal cremation of Col. Phraya Phiriyawichai (Pheap Suwannin) on 22 June 1938 at Makut Kasattriyaram Ratchaworawihan temple. Bangkok: Phra Chan. pp. 2–5. ^ Ministry of Culture Thailand, Department of Cultural Promotion. (2021). Songkran Tradition . Bangkok: The Agricultural Co-operative Federation of Thailand Ltd. p. 82. ISBN 978-616-543-698-4 ^ Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix. (1854). Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam . Lagny, France: Vialat et Cie. p. 249. "Ils ont en outre, durant le cours de l'année, plusieurs jours de fêtes civiles ou religieuses, qu'ils célèbrent avec grande pompe : 1°Songkran; c'est leur nouvel an, qui tombe ordinairement dans leur cinquième mois; on le célèbre pendant trois jours; ce n'est qu'à cette époque que le peuple apprend des astro-logues, si l'ange de l'année monte un tigre, un bœuf, un ours, un cheval; une chèvre, un dragon ou quelque autre animal." ^ Chadchaidee, Thanapol (1994). Essays on Thailand . D.K. Today Co., Ltd. ISBN 974-834-824-5 . ^ Jaikusol, Warapun (18 April 2023). "Floral shirts hot again for Songkran festival week" . Pattaya Mail . Retrieved 15 April 2024 . ^ "Songkran in Thailand, traditional Thai New Year festival" . ich.unesco.org . Retrieved 7 February 2024 . ^ "Songkran" . rove.me. 2 November 2022. ^ "Thailand Grand Songkran Celebrations" . Tourism Authority of Thailand. 4 April 2018. ^ "SONGKRAN IN SIAM SQUARE" . Novotel . 15 April 2015. ^ "Songkran, everything you need to know about Thailand's famous new year water fight" . South China Morning Post . ^ "ประเพณี "วันไหล" คืออะไร ทำไมถึงมีขึ้นหลังวันสงกรานต์" [What is the "Wan Lai" Festival, and Why Does It Take Place After Songkran?]. PPTV HD (in Thai). 14 July 2025 . Retrieved 4 April 2025 . ^ Thompson, Peter A. (1906). Lotus Land: Being an Account of the Country and the People of Southern Siam . London: T. Werner Laurie. 312 pp. ^ Thompson, Peter A. (1910). "The Brotherhood of the Yellow Robe", Siam: An Account of the Country and the People, Vol 16 . Boston, MA: J. B. Millet Company. 330 pp. ^ Lee, Edmund (13 April 2017). "Five million Malaysians celebrate Songkran and Good Friday" . The Sun Daily . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Nor Ain Mohd Radhi (12 April 2018). "Najib wishes Happy Songkran to Malaysian Siamese" . New Straits Times . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Public relations news of Beppu Songkran Festival (PR No. 23/2566) . Royal Thai Consulate General Fukuoka . (29 March 2023). Retrieved on 20 April 2024. ^ Shobunsha Publications. (2019). Mappuru shutoken-hatsu 《まっぷる首都圏発》 [Mapple from the metropolitan area] . Tokyo: Shobunsha. p 121. ISBN 978-439-8-28865-3 ^ Captain Anastasia Schmidt (19 April 2017). "Air Force members celebrate Thai New Year and Water Festival at Wake Island" . Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson . 11th Air Force Public Affairs . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . ^ " Commemorating the Asian American community's celebration of Songkran on April ". Assembly Resolution No. 1059. (2023-K1059). The New York State Senate . Retrieved on 19 April 2024. New York officially recognises Songkran as an important cultural event . ThaiPBS Worlds . (April 19, 2024). Retrieved on 19 April 2024. Abhasakun, T. (2023, 16 April). New York State celebrates Songkran . TheThaiger . 16 April 2023. Retrieved on 20 April 2024. "The state of New York in the US officially celebrated Songkran this year. New York State Representative Steven Raga proposed a bill to celebrate the Thai Songkran festival, the Thai Post reported." ^ a b c "Songkran road death toll up again" . Bangkok Post . 18 April 2018 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . ^ "Lawless culture takes its toll" . Bangkok Post . 11 April 2014 . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . ^ "Songkran death toll rises to 397" . Bangkok Post . 17 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . ^ Sattaburuth, Aekarach; Nanuam, Wassana (18 April 2018). "Prayut vows to overcome traffic accident scourge" . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . ^ "25 deaths in 234 road accidents recorded on 1st of Songkran's '7 dangerous days' " . The Nation . 12 April 2024 . Retrieved 15 April 2024 . ^ "Songkran 2017 road crashes took 335 lives alongside thousands of non-fatal accidents" . Coconuts Bangkok . 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . ^ "Road toll soars to record 442 killed over Songkran" . Bangkok Post . 18 April 2016 . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . ^ a b c Barrow, Richard (18 April 2016). "Full Road Accident Statistics for Songkran 2016" . Richard Barrow in Thailand . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . ^ "Tết té nước tại thái lan" . Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. ^ Lamphai Intathep (18 March 2014). "Suit eyed for Singapore Songkran" . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . ^ "Songkran in Singapore" . Bangkok Post . 19 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . ^ "Only in Singapore: No Songkran" . Bangkok Post . 25 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . E-books Phraya Anuman Ratchathon (Yong Sathiankoset) . (1954). "Amusements During Songkran Festival". Archived 29 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine Journal of the Siam Society (volume 42, part 1). pp. 39–43. Ministry of Culture (Thailand) . (2021). Songkran Tradition . Bangkok: Department of Cultural Promotion, Ministry of Culture. 262 pp. ISBN 978-616-543-698-4 Media related to Songkran in Thailand at Wikimedia Commons
Markdown	[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Songkran+%28Thailand%29 "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Songkran+%28Thailand%29 "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)) - [1 Etymology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#Etymology) - [2 Dates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#Dates) - [3 Origin and myths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#Origin_and_myths) - [4 In historical records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#In_historical_records) - [5 Practices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#Practices) Toggle Practices subsection - [5\.1 Regional practices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#Regional_practices) - [5\.2 Elsewhere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#Elsewhere) - [6 Controversies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#Controversies) Toggle Controversies subsection - [6\.1 Roadway fatalities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#Roadway_fatalities) - [6\.2 Intellectual property](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#Intellectual_property) - [6\.2.1 Celebrate Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#Celebrate_Singapore) - [7 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#See_also) - [8 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#Notes) - [9 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#References) - [10 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#Further_reading) - [11 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # Songkran (Thailand) 46 languages - [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86 "سونغكران – Arabic") - [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD "Сонгкран – Bulgarian") - [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_\(%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1\) "সংক্রান (থাইল্যান্ড) – Bangla") - [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran – Catalan") - [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran – Czech") - [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran – Welsh") - [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran – Danish") - [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran – German") - [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkrano "Songkrano – Esperanto") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran – Spanish") - [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86 "سونگکران – Persian") - [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran – Finnish") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran – French") - [ગુજરાતી](https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3_\(%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1\) "સોંગ્ક્રણ (થાઇલેન્ડ) – Gujarati") - [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F "סונגקראן – Hebrew") - [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_\(%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1\) "सोंक्रान (थाईलैंड) – Hindi") - [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_%C3%BAj%C3%A9v "Thai újév – Hungarian") - [Jaku Iban](https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran – Iban") - [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\) "Songkran (Thailand) – Indonesian") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran – Italian") - [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3 "ソンクラーン – Japanese") - [ភាសាខ្មែរ](https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F_\(%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%83\) "សង្រ្កាន្ត (ថៃ) – Khmer") - [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%A1%EB%81%84%EB%9E%80 "송끄란 – Korean") - [मैथिली](https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8 "सोङ्गक्रान – Maithili") - [ဘာသာမန်](https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA "သင်္ကြာန် – Mon") - [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8 "साँगक्रन – Marathi") - [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran – Malay") - [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA "ဆောင်ခရမ် အားလပ်ရက် – Burmese") - [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran – Dutch") - [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran – Norwegian Nynorsk") - [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran – Norwegian Bokmål") - [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1 "ਸੋਂਗਕਰਾਨ ਥਾਇਲੈੰਡ – Punjabi") - [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran – Polish") - [پنجابی](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_\(%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88\) "سونگ کران (تھائی لینڈ) – Western Punjabi") - [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran – Portuguese") - [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD "Сонгкран – Russian") - [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran – Simple English") - [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran – Swedish") - [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81 "தாய்லாந்தின் புத்தாண்டு – Tamil") - [ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ](https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%A9%E1%A5%AD%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%94%E1%A5%A9%E1%A5%A2%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%B3 "ᥙᥩᥭᥰ ᥔᥩᥢᥰ ᥘᥛᥳ – Tai Nuea") - [తెలుగు](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D "సాంగ్‌క్రాన్ – Telugu") - [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2 "สงกรานต์ในประเทศไทย – Thai") - [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran – Turkish") - [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD "Сонгкран – Ukrainian") - [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_\(%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88\) "سونگ کران (تھائی لینڈ) – Urdu") - [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran – Vietnamese") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q215014#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\) "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Songkran_\(Thailand\) "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songkran_\(Thailand\)&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View 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"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Traditional Thai New Year's holiday For the observance elsewhere, see [South and Southeast Asian solar New Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_and_Southeast_Asian_solar_New_Year "South and Southeast Asian solar New Year"). \| Songkran \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Songkran_Day_%40_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg/330px-Songkran_Day_%40_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Songkran_Day_@_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Sand_stupas_%28%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%29_during_Songkran_at_Wat_Pho%2C_Bangkok_%282025%29_-_img_02.jpg/330px-Sand_stupas_%28%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%29_during_Songkran_at_Wat_Pho%2C_Bangkok_%282025%29_-_img_02.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sand_stupas_\(%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2\)_during_Songkran_at_Wat_Pho,_Bangkok_\(2025\)_-_img_02.jpg) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bathing_the_Buddha_image_Songkran_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98_%282025%29_-_img_02.jpg/250px-Bathing_the_Buddha_image_Songkran_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98_%282025%29_-_img_02.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bathing_the_Buddha_image_Songkran_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98_\(2025\)_-_img_02.jpg) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Songkran_in_Wat_Kungthapao_03.jpg/250px-Songkran_in_Wat_Kungthapao_03.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Songkran_in_Wat_Kungthapao_03.jpg) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Songkran_002aa.jpg/250px-Songkran_002aa.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Songkran_002aa.jpg) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/US_Navy_100417-N-7280V-204_Thai_dancers_in_traditional_dress_perform_a_cleansing_ritual_for_Sailors_assigned_to_the_U.S._7th_Fleet_command_ship_USS_Blue_Ridge_%28LCC_19%29.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_100417-N-7280V-204_Thai_dancers_in_traditional_dress_perform_a_cleansing_ritual_for_Sailors_assigned_to_the_U.S._7th_Fleet_command_ship_USS_Blue_Ridge_\(LCC_19\).jpg)Celebrations of Songkran; from right to left and top to bottom: Songkran Festival in [Chiang Mai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai "Chiang Mai")'s ancient city wall Building [sand stupas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_pagoda "Sand pagoda") in [Wat Pho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Pho "Wat Pho"), [Bangkok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok "Bangkok") Bathing of a Buddha statue in [Wat Ratchabophit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Ratchabophit "Wat Ratchabophit"), [Bangkok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok "Bangkok") Rot nam dam hua or washing the elders' hands with water for blessings in [Ban Khung Taphao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Khung_Taphao "Ban Khung Taphao"), [Uttaradit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttaradit_province "Uttaradit province") Water fight in [Chiang Mai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai "Chiang Mai") Pasting a [US Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navy "US Navy") officer's face with white powder \| \| \| Official name \| [Songkran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran") Festival \| \| Observed by \| [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand "Thailand") \| \| Begins \| 14 April \| \| Ends \| 16 April \| \| Date \| April 13 \| \| Duration \| 3 days \| \| Frequency \| Annual \| \| Related to \| [South and Southeast Asian solar New Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_and_Southeast_Asian_solar_New_Year "South and Southeast Asian solar New Year") \| \| [Songkran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran") in Thailand, traditional Thai New Year festival \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists "UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists") \| \| \| Country \| [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand "Thailand") \| \| Reference \| [01719](https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/01719) \| \| Region \| [Asia and the Pacific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity/APA "Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/APA") \| \| Inscription history \| \| \| Inscription \| 2023 (18th session) \| \| [List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists "UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists") \| Representative \| Thai New Year[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-:3-1): 802 [\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-:2-2): 127 or Songkran[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-:3-1): 802 ([Thai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language "Thai language"): สงกรานต์, pronounced [\[sǒŋ.krāːn\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai "Help:IPA/Thai")), also known as Songkran Festival[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-3) or Songkran Splendours,[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-:2-2): 127 is the Thai New Year's [national holiday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holiday "Public holiday"). Songkran is on 13 April every year, but the holiday period extends from 14 to 15 April. In 2018 the Thai cabinet extended the festival nationwide to seven days, 9–16 April, to enable citizens to travel home for the holiday.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-4) In 2019, the holiday was observed from 9–16 April as 13 April fell on a Saturday.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-5) In 2024, Songkran was extended to span nearly the entire month, running from April 1 to April 21, instead of the traditional three-day celebration. The festival aligns with the New Year observed in many [Southeast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia "Southeast Asia") and [South Asian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia "South Asia") cultures, following the [Theravada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada "Theravada") [Buddhist calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_calendar "Buddhist calendar"), and coincides with [Hindu calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_calendar "Hindu calendar") celebrations such as [Bihu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihu "Bihu"), [Pohela Boishakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh "Pohela Boishakh"), [Pana Sankranti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pana_Sankranti "Pana Sankranti"), [Tamil Puthandu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Puthandu "Tamil Puthandu"), [Vishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishu "Vishu"), [Vaisakhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisakhi "Vaisakhi"). The New Year also takes place at around the same time as the New Year celebrations of many regions of South Asia like China ([Dai people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_people "Dai people") of Yunnan Province), India, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. In Thailand, New Year is now officially celebrated 1 January. Songkran was the official New Year until 1888, when it was switched to a fixed date of 1 April. In 1940, the date was shifted to 1 January. The traditional Thai New Year Songkran became a national holiday.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-6) Celebrations are famous for the public water fights framed as ritual cleansing. This has become quite popular among Thais and foreigners. ## Etymology \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songkran_\(Thailand\)&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Etymology")\] Further information: [Songkran § Etymology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran#Etymology "Songkran") [Songkran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran") is a Thai word,[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-7) derived from [Sanskrit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit")[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-8) [saṅkrānti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankranti "Sankranti") (संक्रान्ति), meaning 'to move', 'movement',[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-:1-9): 4 'the passing of'[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-10) or 'astrological passage'.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-11): 70 It derives from the movement of the sun from one position to another in the [zodiac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiac "Zodiac"). According to its literal meaning in Sanskrit, a Songkran occurs every month, but the period Thai people call Songkran happens when the sun moves from [Pisces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisces_\(astrology\) "Pisces (astrology)") to [Aries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aries_\(astrology\) "Aries (astrology)").[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-:0-12) The correct name for this period should be Maha Songkran ('great Songkran)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-13): 4 because it coincides with the arrival of a New Year. The Songkran festival is thus a celebration of the New Year in accordance with the [solar calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_calendar "Solar calendar"). The celebration covers a period of three days: 13 April is regarded as Maha Songkran, the day that the sun moves into Aries or the last day of the old year. 14 April is Wan Nao, the transitional day between the old and new years, and 15 April is Wan Thaloeng Sok ([Thai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language "Thai language"): วันเถลิงศก 'to begin a new era or year'), New Year's day.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-JRIT-2004-14) ## Dates \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songkran_\(Thailand\)&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Dates")\] In 1989, the Thai cabinet fixed Songkran from 12–14 April, despite the correct starting date (13 April at 20:57).[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-15)[\[n 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-16) Songkran was traditionally computed according to the method described in Suriyayart ([Thai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language "Thai language"): สุริยยาตร์), the Thai version of [Surya Siddhanta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya_Siddhanta "Surya Siddhanta"). The celebration starts when the [sun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun "Sun") enters [Aries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aries_\(constellation\) "Aries (constellation)") according to the [sidereal zodiac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_zodiac "Sidereal zodiac") system. This is called Maha Songkran day[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-17): 26 [\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-18): 236 [\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-:1-9): 4 ([Thai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language "Thai language"): วันมหาสงกรานต์). The final day marks the new solar year and is called Wan Thaloengsok ([Thai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language "Thai language"): วันเถลิงศก). The astrologers, local or royal, then make predictions about the economy, agriculture, rainfall, and political affairs according to observations between both days.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-royalprommachat-19) The king, or Chief Royal Astrologer on the monarch's behalf, issued an official notification on the new year to the public. The announcement, called Prakat Songkran ([Thai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language "Thai language"): ประกาศสงกรานต์, Songkran notification), contained information on Songkran, Thaloengsok, the [lunisolar](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lunisolar "wikt:lunisolar") calendar, and religious and royal ceremonies.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-20) The government strictly adhered to the announcement and arranged some ceremonies according to the computation made by the royal astrologer.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-21)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-22)[\[n 2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-23) According to the scripture, 800 years equal 292,207 days.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-24)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-siddhanta-25)[\[n 3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-26) In other words, each solar year lasts 292,207 kammaja ([Thai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language "Thai language"): กัมมัช, lit. one produced by [karma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma "Karma")), where 1 kammaja equals 108 seconds and 800 kammaja corresponds to 1 solar day. Timekeeping began as [Kali Yuga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga "Kali Yuga") started in 3102 [BCE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCE "BCE") (−3101 CE). At the start of each year, it is possible to compute the number of days since Kali Yuga commenced using the following formula:[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-27)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-rikkha-28) S D \= 292207 × ( K E ) 800 \= 292207 × ( C E \+ 3101 ) 800 \= 292207 × ( B E \+ 2558 ) 800 , {\\displaystyle SD={\\frac {292207\\times \\left(KE\\right)}{800}}={\\frac {292207\\times \\left(CE+3101\\right)}{800}}={\\frac {292207\\times \\left(BE+2558\\right)}{800}},} ![{\\displaystyle SD={\\frac {292207\\times \\left(KE\\right)}{800}}={\\frac {292207\\times \\left(CE+3101\\right)}{800}}={\\frac {292207\\times \\left(BE+2558\\right)}{800}},}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/98118d601540a2b192ed03ca34381d75eeb6b6b6) where K E {\\displaystyle KE} ![{\\displaystyle KE}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/507bb8592e58edbb55ba67f37ce998e58047489f), C E {\\displaystyle CE} ![{\\displaystyle CE}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/34ad8d379d96dc8b0c31a7f8006b5768ff0b2fe4), B E {\\displaystyle BE} ![{\\displaystyle BE}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3357f928ef7b5ffe20a313be8150b6bcbe084bb4) denote [Kali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga "Kali Yuga") [Era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga "Kali Yuga"), [Common Era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era "Common Era"), and Buddhist Era respectively. S D {\\displaystyle SD} ![{\\displaystyle SD}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af326440837e67870d4bee5bf63f49c37c9d89c3) is the Suriyayart day number, which can vary according to the calendar era being used. The integer result is the count of days at New Year's Day, while the remainder indicates the time at which the new year begins (in kammaja), measured from the previous midnight. Owing to a huge day number in the calculation, new [calendar eras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_era "Calendar era") were devised to solve this problem, including the [Minor Era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chulasakarat "Chulasakarat") (ME). 0 ME corresponds to 1181 [BE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar "Thai solar calendar"), 638 CE or 3739 KE. Following the above equation, it follows that there were 1,365,702 days since the start of Kali Yuga. The remainder of the division suggests that the new year started at 373 kammaja after the previous midnight. This corresponds to 373/800 of a day or 11 hours, 11 minutes, and 24 seconds. In other words, 0 ME started at 11:11:24 on Sunday, 25 March 638 CE in the [proleptic Gregorian calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar "Proleptic Gregorian calendar"). The Julian day at the new year is computed according to the following formula: J D n e w y e a r \= ( 292207 × M E ) \+ 373 800 \+ 1954167\.5 \= ( 292207 × ( C E − 638 ) ) \+ 373 800 \+ 1954167\.5 , {\\displaystyle JD\_{\\mathrm {newyear} }={\\frac {\\left(292207\\times ME\\right)+373}{800}}+1954167.5={\\frac {\\left(292207\\times \\left(CE-638\\right)\\right)+373}{800}}+1954167.5,} ![{\\displaystyle JD\_{\\mathrm {newyear} }={\\frac {\\left(292207\\times ME\\right)+373}{800}}+1954167.5={\\frac {\\left(292207\\times \\left(CE-638\\right)\\right)+373}{800}}+1954167.5,}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d5d3a080b80fb6b8690b4237d2301df971973ad3) The number can then be converted back into a date using an algorithm (see [Julian day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_day "Julian day")). Maha Songkran day is computed either by a lengthy process or by subtracting J D n e w y e a r {\\displaystyle JD\_{\\mathrm {newyear} }} ![{\\displaystyle JD\_{\\mathrm {newyear} }}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c8febfbccc2a8bcb7734321664e09d0b2e5c3c4a) by 2.165 days (2 days 3 hours 57 minutes 36 seconds). This can be rewritten as J D s o n g k r a n \= ( 292207 × M E ) − 1732 800 \+ 1954167\.5 \= ( 292207 × ( C E − 638 ) ) − 1732 800 \+ 1954167\.5. {\\displaystyle JD\_{\\mathrm {songkran} }={\\frac {\\left(292207\\times ME\\right)-1732}{800}}+1954167.5={\\frac {\\left(292207\\times \\left(CE-638\\right)\\right)-1732}{800}}+1954167.5.} ![{\\displaystyle JD\_{\\mathrm {songkran} }={\\frac {\\left(292207\\times ME\\right)-1732}{800}}+1954167.5={\\frac {\\left(292207\\times \\left(CE-638\\right)\\right)-1732}{800}}+1954167.5.}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f6cc328301822acd05d60f92d5401de5f2a3f2c5) A solar year lasts 292,207 kammaja or 365.25875 days every year. A Gregorian year lasts, on average, 292194 kammaja.[\[n 4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-29) The difference of 13 kammaja (23 minutes, 24 seconds) accumulates every year, causing the shift of Songkran toward the end of the calendar year.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-30) In 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900 and 2000, Maha Songkran was on 7 April, 9 April, 10 April, 12 April, and 13 April, respectively. Nowadays the royal palace has ceased to issue the Prakat Songkran, replacing it with a small calendar booklet given to the public on New Year's Day. [Government Savings Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Savings_Bank_\(Thailand\) "Government Savings Bank (Thailand)") still prints a one-page lunisolar calendar, which is different from the multiple-page solar calendar commonly seen. The calendar features the image of Nang Songkran with her vehicle and subordinates, led by a [Chinese zodiac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_zodiac "Chinese zodiac") animal holding a flag with Thai script for that zodiac. It also contains comprehensive information on the correct Songkran day and religious days.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-31) Some astrologers, especially in northern Thailand, still issue their own Songkran notification containing predictions and other information.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-32) In 2013, the [Chiang Mai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Province "Chiang Mai Province") Provincial Council defied the government-set holiday by rescheduling the ceremony according to the correct calculation.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-33) The following table lists the start and end dates of Songkran festival obtained from the formulae above. The Chinese zodiac for each year is also given since it is also used in Thai astrology. But the Chinese zodiac changes on [Lichun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichun "Lichun"), just before the [Chinese New Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_New_Year "Chinese New Year"), in February, while Thai astrology uses the first day of fifth lunar month (roughly the [new moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_moon "New moon") in late–March to early–April).[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-mornoi-34)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-myhora-35) Before the cutoff date, astrologers use the zodiac of the last year. \| Year \| Chinese zodiac \| Maha Songkran Songkran starts \| Thaloengsok Songkran ends \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 2021 \| Ox \| 14 April 2021 03:39:36 \| 16 April 2021 07:37:12 \| \| 2022 \| Tiger \| 14 April 2022 09:52:12 \| 16 April 2022 13:49:48 \| \| 2023 \| Rabbit \| 14 April 2023 16:04:48 \| 16 April 2023 20:02:24 \| \| 2024 \| Dragon \| 13 April 2024 22:17:24 \| 16 April 2024 02:15:00 \| \| 2025 \| Snake \| 14 April 2025 04:30:00 \| 16 April 2025 08:27:36 \| \| 2026 \| Horse \| 14 April 2026 10:42:36 \| 16 April 2026 14:40:12 \| \| 2027 \| Goat \| 14 April 2027 16:55:12 \| 16 April 2027 20:52:48 \| \| 2028 \| Monkey \| 13 April 2028 23:07:48 \| 16 April 2028 03:05:24 \| \| 2029 \| Rooster \| 14 April 2029 05:20:24 \| 16 April 2029 09:18:00 \| \| 2030 \| Dog \| 14 April 2030 11:33:00 \| 16 April 2030 15:30:36 \| \| 2031 \| Pig \| 14 April 2031 17:45:36 \| 16 April 2031 21:43:12 \| ## Origin and myths \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songkran_\(Thailand\)&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Origin and myths")\] The origin of the Songkran festival lies in a Buddhist folk myth or noncanonical [jataka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jataka_tales "Jataka tales") related to harvest and spring. In the prosperous city of Sukhavati in [Suvannabhumi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvarnabhumi "Suvarnabhumi"), Bodistva was born in the household of a poor farmer. Once, [Indra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aakra_\(Buddhism\) "Śakra (Buddhism)") the king of Devas, looked at the city from heaven and was saddened by the level of corruption. He found that people did not respect their elders, behaved rudely, and did not give them proper food or medicine. They had no compassion for the needy and helpless, no faith in [Sila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sila_\(Buddhism\) "Sila (Buddhism)") and [Uposath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uposatha "Uposatha") but fun in sin, no faith in donation but greed for wealth, no faith in [Dhamma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma_\(Buddhism\) "Dharma (Buddhism)") but made business of Dhamma. Seeing the decline of Dhamma, he said, "[Glory/Siri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasudhara "Vasudhara") of humans lies in their faith in Dhamma. There is no Glory without Dhamma." With the affirmation of this truth, people in the city immediately lost their glory. Rain, water, and food disappeared and extreme drought with skin-burning hot sun waves and dirty, foul-smelling garbage filled their homes. To be saved from this suffering, with Bodistva's leadership, people prayed to Mother [Earth or Siri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasudhara "Vasudhara"). They asked Siri the cause of and solution to their misfortune. Out of compassion and sympathy for her children, she told them restoration of their faith in Dhamma would end their suffering. She gave them a divine piece of fertile land, divine seeds, a mysterious song for rain, and pots of divine [thanaka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanaka "Thanaka") powder of several colors to apply on their skin to cool the body from the sun. People pledged to observe sila and upasotha under Bodistva's guidance. Bodistva and his companions started cultivating the divine land, sowing divine seeds. They used to apply several colours of [thanaka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanaka "Thanaka") powder and water is poured to cool their body from heavy sun waves. In few days their crops were grown that was the day when the sun entered [the constellation of Aries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aries_\(constellation\) "Aries (constellation)"). They produced adequate grains. At the day of harvest, they washed feet of their elders, saluted them and served delicious food and proper cloths. Donations were made to needy and helpless. Hence, Dhamma was restored by the people. Same day when Indra the king of devas again looked at the city of [SuvannaBhumi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvarnabhumi "Suvarnabhumi"). He praised them and said, "Glory of humans lies in their faith in Dhamma, there is no Glory without Dhamma." By affirmation of this truth immediately their lost glory was restored back and the people elected bodistva as their leader and celebrated the harvest day with throwing water on each other and started playing with several colours of thanaka powder by applying it on each other's body. Thus, in Buddhist community in South East Asia, to remember and celebrate this day, people clean their houses, salute and show respect to their elders by washing their feet, serving delicious food and proper clothing to them. Donations are made to monastery and needy. People play with water and different colours of [thanaka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanaka "Thanaka") powder is applied to each other's body. According to the Buddhist scripture of [Wat Pho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Pho "Wat Pho"), Songkran originated from the death of Kapila Brahma (กบิลพรหม, Kabilaphrom, 'reddish [Brahma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma "Brahma")').[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-36) In the olden days, there was a wealthy man and his neighbor, a drunkard. The drunkard, who had two sons, belittled the rich man for being childless. The rich man was humiliated and beseeched the [Sun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya "Surya") and the [Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra "Chandra") gods to grant him a son. His attempts failed until he offered cooked rice to the tree god living in a banyan tree, who asked [Indra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra "Indra") to grant the man's wish. The child, named Thammabal ([Thai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language "Thai language"): ธรรมบาล, also Dhammapala, lit. 'one who protects righteousness'), was born. Thammabal was a clever child who learned three [vedas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas "Vedas"), bird language and also taught people to avoid sin. Kapila Brahma learned of the child and wanted to test the child's cleverness. The god asked, "Where is the glory of men (sri) located in the morning, during the day, and in the evening?". The loser would have his head chopped off. The boy thought in vain for six days, but could not find a solution to the riddles. He lay beneath a sugar palm tree and overheard a conversation between a pair of eagles who planned to eat his corpse when he lost the bet. The female eagle asked her mate whether he knew the answer. He answered, "In the morning, the sri appears on the face, so people wash their faces every morning. At noon, the sri is at the chest where people spray perfume every noon. In the evening, the sri goes to the feet, so people wash their feet every evening." Thmmabal memorized the answer and gave it to Kapila Brahma the next day. Having lost, Kapila Brahma summoned his seven daughters and told them that he must cut his head off. However, if his head fell to earth, it would create an inferno that would engulf the world. If his head was thrown into the air, the rains would stop. And if his head was dropped into the ocean, all seawater would dry up. To prevent these calamities, he told his daughters to place his head on an elevated [phan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phan_\(tray\) "Phan (tray)"). Thungsa, his eldest child, stored her father's head in the cave in [Mount Kailash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kailash "Mount Kailash").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-JRIT-2004-14) Every year when the Sun enters Aries, one of Kapila Brahma's children, called the Nang Songkran ([Thai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language "Thai language"): นางสงกรานต์, [lit.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation "Literal translation")'Lady Songkran') for that year, and other angels form a procession. One of them takes the phan with Kapila Brahma's head. The lady stands, sits, reclines or sleeps on the back of the animal depending on the time. From the dawn to midday, the lady will stand on the back of her conveyance. After midday until the sunset, she will sit down. Between the sunset and midnight, the lady lies down on her vehicle but leaves her eyes open. After midnight, she sleeps.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-rikkha-28) These postures and other details were previously drawn as part of the Prakat Songkran and now as part of the lunisolar calendar. The procession lasts for 60 minutes around [Mount Meru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Meru "Mount Meru"). This is subsequently called Maha Songkran to distinguish from other Songkran that occur when the Sun moves from one to another zodiac. For simplicity, the name was later shortened as Songkran.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-37)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-38) The following table lists the names and characteristics of Nang Songkran, which vary according to which day of the week Maha Songkran falls on in each year. \| Day of Week and corresponding colour \| Name \| Flower \| Jewellery stone \| Food \| Right hand \| Left hand \| Conveyance \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Sunday \| Dungsha Devi/Thungsa Thewi \| [Pomegranate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate "Pomegranate") flowers \| [Ruby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby "Ruby") \| [Fig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_fig "Common fig") \| Discus \| [Conch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conch "Conch") \| [Garuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda "Garuda") \| \| Monday \| Gōrāgha Devi/Khorakha Thewi \| [Cork tree flowers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millingtonia "Millingtonia") \| [Moonstone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonstone_\(gemstone\) "Moonstone (gemstone)") \| Oil \| [Sword](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword "Sword") \| [Staff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_of_office "Staff of office") \| [Tiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_\(zodiac\) "Tiger (zodiac)") \| \| Tuesday \| Rākshasa Devi/Raksot Thewi \| [Lotus flower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera "Nelumbo nucifera") \| [Agate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agate "Agate") \| Blood \| [Trident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident "Trident") \| [Bow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_and_arrow "Bow and arrow") \| [Pig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_\(zodiac\) "Pig (zodiac)") \| \| Wednesday \| Maṇdā Devi/Mantha Thewi \| [Champak flowers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_champaca "Magnolia champaca") \| [Cat's eye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatoyancy "Chatoyancy") \| Butter \| [Stylus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylus "Stylus") \| Staff \| Donkey \| \| Thursday \| Kiriṇī Devi/Kirini Thewi \| [Magnolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia "Magnolia") \| [Emerald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald "Emerald") \| Nuts and sesame seeds \| Hook \| Bow \| Elephant \| \| Friday \| Kimidā Devi/Kimitha Thewi \| [Water lilies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaeaceae "Nymphaeaceae") \| [Topaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topaz "Topaz") \| [Banana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana "Banana") \| Sword \| [Lute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute "Lute") \| Buffalo \| \| Saturday \| Mahodharā Devi/Mahothon Thewi \| [Water hyacinth flowers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eichhornia_crassipes "Eichhornia crassipes") \| [Blue sapphire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_sapphire "Blue sapphire") \| [Hog deer meat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_hog_deer "Indian hog deer") \| Discus \| Trident \| Peacock \| ## In historical records \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songkran_\(Thailand\)&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: In historical records")\] In De Beschryving van Japan (The History of Japan) handwritten in 1690 by [Engelbert Kaempfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelbert_Kaempfer "Engelbert Kaempfer") in the reign of King [Phetracha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phetracha "Phetracha") of [Ayutthaya Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom "Ayutthaya Kingdom"), it is said of Songkran in old-17th century Dutch :- > "Every first day and 15th day of the month, Siamese people had a celebration as the first day of new moon and the 15th day of full moon. Some Siamese people went to temple at the first day of the week which was similar to our Sunday—Holy Communion. There were also many annual ceremonies, such as the Siamese New Year celebration called Songkran (Sonkraen), ..."[\[n 5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-39) — Engelbert Kaempfer (Hand-written in 1690), De beschryving van Japan. (Translated in 1727 by John Gaspar Scheuchzer).[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-40) In the reign of King [Borommakot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borommakot "Borommakot") (1733–58), there was recorded of ancient royal ceremonies of Siamese New Year observance called Songkran Day, the tradition-inherited from past generations of King of Ayutthaya Kingdom such ceremonies as, royal forming of sand stupa with royal ornaments, sprinkling the water onto the statues of Buddha and graven images, offering food to monks, procession of sand stupas parade to temples, royal musical fanfares, and also establishing the almshouse assignment subsequently, said in the Concise Royal Chronicle of Ayutthaya Kingdom of royal forming the sand stupa in the reign of King Borommakot:- > After the royal ceremony of Phra Sai at Wat Phra Si Sanphet, the next day was Wan Nao. The royal officials offered the sands and a big tray to the Majesty King to form the sand in the shape of stupa (Phra Sai) with five hollow spears of the sky at the Song Peun Throne Hall. The royal officials moved King's sand stupa (Phra Sai) to the painter for decorating the British gold on it and the royal officials then moved it to place at the Song Peun Throne Hall. After the Buddhist monks had already eaten their morning meals, the royal officials moved to move (Phra Sai) King's sand stupa (Phra Sai) to place in the pavilion "Lukkhun Thai Sara". The three colonels named Put, Thep Rat and Chan marched the parade with the pairs of flocks by walking and riding the horses. The royal officials produced melodies with the flutes and victory drums, Malaya drum and Chinese drums and took three jagged-edge flags in the parade to move King's sand stupa (Phra Sai) to Wat Worapho, Wat Pra Ram and Wat Mongkol Bophit as the inherited tradition.[\[n 6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-41) — The Concise Chronicle Chapter 69 of [Krung Sri Ayutthaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom "Ayutthaya Kingdom") Part I, recorded in 1783 Year of Rabbit, the 2nd year in the reign of King [Rama I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_I "Rama I"), [Rattanakosin era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattanakosin_era "Rattanakosin era").[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-42)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-43) There was a contemporary archive mentioned Songkran festival of Siam in reign of King [Mongkut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongkut "Mongkut"). The archive written in 1854 by [Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Pallegoix "Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix"), a priest of the Société des Missions Etrangères who was assigned as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic and lived in Siam. Said in French:- > "During the year, Siamese also have several days of civil or religious festivals, which they celebrate with great splendor: 1°Songkran; it is Siamese New Year, which usually falls in April (fifth month in brahman calendar); it held an observance for three days; Siamese people's able to acknowledge horoscope from astrologers whether the angel of the year to ride a tiger, an ox, a bear, a horse, a goat, a dragon or other animals during this festival only."[\[n 7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-44) — Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix, Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam. (1854).[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-45) ## Practices \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songkran_\(Thailand\)&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Practices")\] The Songkran celebration is rich with symbolic traditions. Mornings begin with [merit-making](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_\(Buddhism\) "Merit (Buddhism)"). Visiting local temples and offering food to the Buddhist monks is commonly practiced. On this specific occasion, performing water pouring on Buddha statues and the young and elderly is a traditional ritual, representing purification and the washing away of one's sins and bad luck.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-:0-12) As a festival of unity, people who have moved away usually return home to their loved ones and elders. Paying reverence to ancestors is an important part of Songkran tradition. The holiday is known for its [Water Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Festival "Water Festival"). Major streets are closed to traffic, and are used as arenas for water fights. Celebrants, young and old, participate in this tradition by splashing water on each other. Traditional parades are held and in some venues "Lady Songkran" or "Miss Songkran" is crowned,[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-46) where contestants are clothed in traditional Thai dress. For the general public, floral shirt or [Hawaiian shirt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_shirt "Hawaiian shirt") is a popular clothing item worn during this festival.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-47) In 2024, [UNESCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO") certified Songkran as part of humanity's [intangible cultural heritage list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_List "Intangible Cultural Heritage List").[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-48) ### Regional practices \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songkran_\(Thailand\)&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Regional practices")\] In Central region, people clean their houses when Songkran approaches. All dress up in colorful clothing or Thai dress. After offering food to the monks, people will offer a requiem to their ancestors. People make merit offerings such as giving sand to the temple for construction or repair. Other forms of merit include releasing birds and fish. Nowadays, people also release other kinds of animals such as buffaloes and cows. [Phra Pradaeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra_Pradaeng "Phra Pradaeng") hosts traditional ceremonies of [Mon people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_people "Mon people") such as parades in the colourful traditional outfits and folklore performances.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-49) Ban Hat Siew in [Si Satchanalai District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Satchanalai_District "Si Satchanalai District") hosts the 'Elephant Procession Ordination' event on 7 April, where a colourful parade where men dressed in the traditional clothes are taken to the temples on elephants.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-50) In northern Thailand 13 April is celebrated with gunfire or firecrackers to repel bad luck. On the next day, people prepare food and useful things to offer to the monks at the temple. People have to go to temple to make merit and bathe Buddha's statue and after that they pour water on the hands of elders and ask for their blessings. In [Bangkok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok "Bangkok"), [Khao San Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khao_San_Road "Khao San Road") and [Silom Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silom_Road "Silom Road") with [Siam Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam_Square "Siam Square")[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-51) are the hubs for modern celebration of Songkran. The roads are closed for traffic, and posts equipped with water guns and buckets full of water. The party runs day and night.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-52) Songkran in Eastern region is known as "Wan Lai" (วันไหล, pronounced [\[/wan lǎj\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai "Help:IPA/Thai")), which literally means "flowing day." This term refers to the distinctive way the traditional New Year is celebrated here, with festivities continuing after the official national Songkran holiday (April 13–15). The celebration begins in [Bang Saen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Saen "Bang Saen") (April 16–17), moves to [Pattaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattaya "Pattaya")–Na Kluea (April 18–19), and continues on to [Sattahip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sattahip "Sattahip"), [Rayong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayong_province "Rayong province"), [Ban Chang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Chang_district "Ban Chang district"), and other areas, sometimes lasting until the end of April. Wan Lai captures both the lively water-play atmosphere and the symbolic flow of people, joy, and cultural tradition across multiple coastal towns. Locals and tourists alike follow the festivities, enjoying a vibrant, beachside celebration filled with community spirit and local charm.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-53) > At the festival of Songkran, which marks the beginning of the old Siamese solar year, it is the custom to bathe the images of the Buddha and also the monks and old people. The young folk make this an occasion for throwing water over each other amidst much fun and laughter.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-54): 125 [\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-55): 133 — Peter Anthony Thompson B.A., A.M., I.C.E., Late of [The Royal Survey Department, Siam.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Survey_Department "Royal Thai Survey Department"), Lotus Land: Being an Account of the Country and the People of Southern Siam, July 1906. - [![Buddhist takes a bath ancestor pagoda in Songkran festival, Uttaradit.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ban_Khung_Taphao02.jpg/120px-Ban_Khung_Taphao02.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ban_Khung_Taphao02.jpg "Buddhist takes a bath ancestor pagoda in Songkran festival, Uttaradit.") Buddhist takes a bath ancestor pagoda in Songkran festival, [Uttaradit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttaradit "Uttaradit"). - [![Songkran festival, Chiang Mai's ancient city wall](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Songkran_Day_%40_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg/120px-Songkran_Day_%40_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Songkran_Day_@_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg "Songkran festival, Chiang Mai's ancient city wall") Songkran festival, [Chiang Mai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai "Chiang Mai")'s ancient city wall - [![Dancers in Isan traditional dress during Songkran festival, Bueng Kan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Pak_Khat%2C_Pak_Khat_District%2C_Bueng_Kan_38220%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/120px-Pak_Khat%2C_Pak_Khat_District%2C_Bueng_Kan_38220%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pak_Khat,_Pak_Khat_District,_Bueng_Kan_38220,_Thailand_-_panoramio_\(1\).jpg "Dancers in Isan traditional dress during Songkran festival, Bueng Kan") Dancers in [Isan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isan "Isan") traditional dress during Songkran festival, [Bueng Kan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bueng_Kan "Bueng Kan") - [![Monks receiving blessing at a temple in Ban Khung Taphao](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Songkran_in_Wat_Kungthapao_05.jpg/120px-Songkran_in_Wat_Kungthapao_05.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Songkran_in_Wat_Kungthapao_05.jpg "Monks receiving blessing at a temple in Ban Khung Taphao") Monks receiving blessing at a temple in [Ban Khung Taphao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Khung_Taphao "Ban Khung Taphao") - [![Water fights along the west moat, Chiang Mai, Thailand](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Songkran_012.jpg/120px-Songkran_012.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Songkran_012.jpg "Water fights along the west moat, Chiang Mai, Thailand") Water fights along the west moat, [Chiang Mai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai "Chiang Mai"), Thailand - [![Songkran at Wat Thai, Los Angeles](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Songkran_at_Wat_Thai_in_Los_Angeles%2C_April_2008.JPG/120px-Songkran_at_Wat_Thai_in_Los_Angeles%2C_April_2008.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Songkran_at_Wat_Thai_in_Los_Angeles,_April_2008.JPG "Songkran at Wat Thai, Los Angeles") Songkran at Wat Thai, [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") - [![Songkran symbolic sand pagodas in temple, Wat Phu Khao Thong, Ban Maenam, Koh Samui](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/2016_Songkran-temple-sand_IMG_4320.jpg/120px-2016_Songkran-temple-sand_IMG_4320.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_Songkran-temple-sand_IMG_4320.jpg "Songkran symbolic sand pagodas in temple, Wat Phu Khao Thong, Ban Maenam, Koh Samui") Songkran symbolic [sand pagodas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_pagoda "Sand pagoda") in temple, Wat Phu Khao Thong, Ban Maenam, Koh Samui - [![Group of Thai traditional dancer in Songkran festival, Bangkok](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2827%29.jpg/120px-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2827%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_\(27\).jpg "Group of Thai traditional dancer in Songkran festival, Bangkok") Group of Thai traditional dancer in Songkran festival, [Bangkok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok "Bangkok") - [![Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2812%29.jpg/120px-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2812%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_\(12\).jpg "Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok") Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok - [![Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2815%29.jpg/120px-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2815%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_\(15\).jpg "Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok") Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok - [![Si Lom Road closure for water fight during Songkran in 2025](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/14_April_2025_-_Songkran_on_Si_Lom_Road%2C_Bangkok_-_img_08.jpg/120px-14_April_2025_-_Songkran_on_Si_Lom_Road%2C_Bangkok_-_img_08.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14_April_2025_-_Songkran_on_Si_Lom_Road,_Bangkok_-_img_08.jpg "Si Lom Road closure for water fight during Songkran in 2025") [Si Lom Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Lom_Road "Si Lom Road") closure for water fight during Songkran in 2025 - [![Sand stupas at Bang Saen during Wan Lai 2018. Creating sand sculptures, such as stupas and Buddha images, is a traditional activity that forms part of Wan Lai, the eastern-style Songkran celebration](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Chon-Buri-2561.jpg/120px-Chon-Buri-2561.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chon-Buri-2561.jpg "Sand stupas at Bang Saen during Wan Lai 2018. Creating sand sculptures, such as stupas and Buddha images, is a traditional activity that forms part of Wan Lai, the eastern-style Songkran celebration") [Sand stupas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_stupa "Sand stupa") at Bang Saen during Wan Lai 2018. Creating sand sculptures, such as stupas and Buddha images, is a traditional activity that forms part of Wan Lai, the eastern-style Songkran celebration ### Elsewhere \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songkran_\(Thailand\)&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Elsewhere")\] \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg) \| This section needs additional citations for [verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability"). Please help [improve this article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Songkran_\(Thailand\) "Special:EditPage/Songkran (Thailand)") by [adding citations to reliable sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners "Help:Referencing for beginners") in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2022) ([Learn how and when to remove this message](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal "Help:Maintenance template removal")) \| Songkran is celebrated by the Malaysian Siamese community, particularly in the states of [Kedah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah "Kedah"), Kelantan, [Penang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang "Penang"), Perak, [Perlis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlis "Perlis") and [Terengganu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu "Terengganu") where most Siamese are located.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-56)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-57) The festival is celebrated as [Sangken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangken "Sangken") in northeastern areas of India and as [Bizu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizu "Bizu"), Boisuk, Shangrai, and Boisabi in the [Chittagong Hill Tracts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts "Chittagong Hill Tracts") of Bangladesh, which is the traditional New Year's Day by the indigenous Hindu people and Buddhist community. The Sangken festival is celebrated by the Tai people — [Khamti people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamti_people "Khamti people") [Khamyang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamyang_people "Khamyang people"), [Phake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Phake_people "Tai Phake people") and [Turung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turung_people "Turung people") people. The festival is also celebrated by [Singpho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singpho_people "Singpho people"), Tikhak (Tangsa) and Duoniya people. Sangken generally falls in the month of 'Naun Ha', the fifth month of the year of the Tai [Lunar calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendar "Lunar calendar") coinciding with the month of April. It is celebrated in the last days of the old year and the lunar new year begins on the day just after the end of the festival. In [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan "Japan"), Songkran festival observance held along with the Hot Spring festival, Beppu Hatto Onsen Matsuri, in [Beppu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beppu "Beppu") city, [Ōita Prefecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cita_Prefecture "Ōita Prefecture"), called Beppu Songkran Festival,[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-58) not only water-splashing observance but also Thai cultural fanfares occurred, and also held at the world's wettest music festival, S2O Japan Songkran Music Festival.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-59) It's combination of Thai-Japan culture and depiction of long time relation of each other. Songkran is celebrated annually on the U.S. territory of [Wake Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Island "Wake Island") by Air Force members and American and Thai contractors,[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-60) including [New York State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State "New York State") for commemorating the Asian American community's celebration of Songkran on April as an important cultural event on the state according to Assembly Resolution No. 1059.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-61) ## Controversies \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songkran_\(Thailand\)&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Controversies")\] ### Roadway fatalities \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songkran_\(Thailand\)&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Roadway fatalities")\] Police statistics show that the death toll from road accidents doubles during the annual Songkran holiday. Between 2009 and 2013 there were about 27 road deaths per day during non-holiday periods and an average of 52 road deaths per day during Songkran. Thailand has among the highest [traffic fatality rates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_traffic-related_death_rate "List of countries by traffic-related death rate") in the world, along with [Liberia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia "Liberia"), [Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "Democratic Republic of the Congo"), and [Tanzania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania "Tanzania"). Approximately 70–80 percent of the accidents that occur during the long holiday period are motorcycle accidents.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-BP-20180418-62) About 10,000 people per year die in motorcycle accidents.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-bpstlawless-63) The [National Council for Peace and Order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_Peace_and_Order "National Council for Peace and Order") (NCPO) says a total of 110,909 people were arrested and 5,772 vehicles impounded at road safety checkpoints across the country between 9–16 April 2016.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-64) In 2018 the number of offenders arrested at 2,029 checkpoints had risen to 146,589. Of these, 39,572 had failed to wear crash helmets and 37,779 carried no driving licence.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-BP-20180418-62) Reacting to the numbers, the [prime minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayut_Chan-o-cha "Prayut Chan-o-cha") "ordered stricter enforcement of the law"; the interior minister said he would "propose greater efforts in raising awareness as an additional measure, insisting that traffic laws were \[already\] strictly enforced"; and deputy prime minister [Prawit Wongsuwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawit_Wongsuwon "Prawit Wongsuwon") said he would "work harder to ensure motorcyclists wore helmets".[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-65) This period is known locally as "7 dangerous days".[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-66) \| Date \| Accidents \| Deaths \| Injuries \| Source \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 11–17 Apr 2018 \| 3,724 \| 418 \| 3,987 \| [\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-BP-20180418-62) \| \| 2017 \| 3,690 \| 335 \| 3,506 \| [\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-67) \| \| 11–17 Apr 2016 \| 3,447 \| 442 \| 3,656 \| [\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-68)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-Barrow-2016-69) \| \| 2015 \| 3,373 \| 364 \| 3,559 \| [\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-Barrow-2016-69) \| \| 11–17 Apr 2014 \| 2,992 \| 322 \| 3,225 \| [\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-Barrow-2016-69) \| ### Intellectual property \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songkran_\(Thailand\)&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Intellectual property")\] #### Celebrate Singapore \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songkran_\(Thailand\)&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Celebrate Singapore")\] In 2014, "Celebrate Singapore," a large two-day Songkran-style water festival,[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-70) was planned for Singapore and the event was promoted as the "largest water festival party in Singapore." However, controversy emerged when the [Tourism Authority of Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_Authority_of_Thailand "Tourism Authority of Thailand") (TAT) Deputy Governor for Tourism Products, Vilaiwan Twichasri, claimed that Thailand holds exclusive rights to celebrate Songkran and planned to consult with officials at the Department of Intellectual Property, Ministry of Commerce and Ministry of Culture to discuss a potential lawsuit. The Deputy Governor's view was supported by numerous Thai citizens on social media websites.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-71) Chai Nakhonchai, Cultural Promotion Department chief, pointed out that Songkran is a traditional festival shared by many countries throughout Southeast Asia, while historian Charnvit Kasetsiri stated that no single nation can claim ownership of a tradition.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-72) On 25 March 2014, the [Bangkok Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Post "Bangkok Post") reported that the Singaporean government had intervened in the festival's content and there would be no water-throwing, no water pistols and no public drinking. The festival was also reduced to a one-day event.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-73) ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songkran_\(Thailand\)&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: See also")\] - [Choul Chnam Thmey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choul_Chnam_Thmey "Choul Chnam Thmey") - the Cambodian New Year that follows the same date and time. - [Holi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi "Holi") – an Indian holiday famous for its ritualized street celebrations with colored powder - [Water Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Festival "Water Festival") - vibrant celebrations that occur across the globe, often marking the start of a new year or season. Countries/Regions include: Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia, and the Xishuangbanna Prefecture and Dehong regions of China - [List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Thailand "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Thailand") ## Notes \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songkran_\(Thailand\)&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Notes")\] 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-16) The cabinet later fixed this issue by shifting the holiday by one day to 13–15 April, which is still in use today. 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-23) In 1896, for example, the ceremony started on 12 April. According to Suriyayart, the sun entered Aries at 19:30 on 12 April. The main ceremony started one day later, possibly due to difficulties organizing the ceremony at the exact time. In 1949, Maha Songkran was on 13 April at 12:35 and the ceremony started that day. 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-26) According to Deva Sastri, Bapu (1861). ["Translation of the Surya Siddhanta"](http://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/suryaEnglish.pdf) (PDF). C B Lewis and the Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta. Sloka 37, there are 1,577,917,828 solar (or terrestrial, as the translator chose) day within one great [Yuga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuga_Cycle "Yuga Cycle"), or eon. There are four [yugas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuga "Yuga"), or periods, within the aeon. All of them spans 4,320,000 solar years (Sloka 15–16). It follows that 800 solar years correspond to 292,207 days. 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-29) Julian year lasts 292,200 kammajas on average 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-39) De Siamiten vieren den ecrſtcn en vyſtienden dag der maand, zynde de dagen der nieuwe en volle maan. Sommige gaan ook op den cerſtcn dag van de kwartier maanen na de Pagoden, 't welk eeniger maaten overeenkomt met onzen Zondag. Behalven deze hebben zy fommige jaarlykſche plechtige Feeſtdagen, by voorbeeld een in 't begin van 't jaar, genaamt Sonkraen, ..." 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-41) อนึ่งเมื่อครั้ง (แผ่นดิน) สมเด็จพระพุทธเจ้าหลวงในพระบรมโกศนั้น ครั้นวันขึ้นปีใหม่โหรถวายฤกษ์เป็นวันมหาสงกรานต์ เจ้าพนักงานได้ก่อพระทรายหน้าพระวิหารหลวงวัดพระศรีสรรเพ็ชญ์...และเครื่องราชวัติฉัตรธงเครื่องประดับพระทรายนั้น เจ้าพนักงานได้เบิกสิ่งของให้แก่ช่างเขียนทำ และพระทรายนั้นช่างเขียนได้ตัด \[เขียนตัดเส้นระบายสี หรือตัดพระทรายให้เป็นรูปทรง\] ครั้นรุ่งขึ้นเพลาเช้าวันมหาสงกรานต์ ล้นเกล้าล้นกระหม่อมเสด็จไป ณ พระวิหารใหญ่ด้วย \[พระวิหารหลวงวัดพระศรีสรรเพ็ชญ์ หลังกลาง\] นิมนต์พระสงฆ์ราชาคณะอธิการวัด ได้ฉัน ณ พระวิหารใหญ่ฉลองพระทราย และที่พระ(ทราย)มหาธาตุและพระทรายบริวารนั้น วิเศษแต่งเทียนและบายศรี (มี) เทียนทองคำขวัญบูชาพระทรายองค์ละสำรับ ครั้นเสร็จ (งาน) พระทรายที่วัดพระศรีสรรเพ็ชญ์แล้วรุ่งขึ้นเป็นวันเนา เจ้าพนักงานจึงเอาทรายและเตียงเข้าไปให้ล้นเกล้าล้นกระหม่อมทรงก่อพระทราย ณ พระที่นั่งทรงปืน...ทรงก่อแล้วพนักงานยกพระทรายออกให้ช่างเขียนตัด และเครื่องประดับพระพรายนั้นให้เจ้าพนักงานปิดทองอังกฤษประดับ และช่าง \[ช่างเขียน\] เขียนทำประดับประดาพระทราย แล้วยกเข้าไปตั้งไว้ ณ พระที่นั่งทรงปืน ครั้นรุ่งขึ้นเพลาเช้าวันเถลิงศกเสด็จ ฯ ออกฉลองพระเจดีย์ทราย เตียงยกพระที่นั่งทรงปืน พระสงฑ์ฉันเสร็จแล้ว เจ้าพนักงานยกพระทรายออกมาตั้งไว้ ณ ศาลาลูกขุนท้ายสระ พันพุฒ พันเทพราช พันจันท์ เกณฑ์เครื่องเล่นและคู่แห่เดินเท้าและม้า ปี่กลองชนะ ธงสามชาย ปีกลองมลายู ปี่กลองจีนแห่พระทรายไปไว้ ฯ วัดวรโพธิ์ วัดพระราม วัดมงคลบพิตร (เป็น) อย่างธรรมเนียมสืบมาแต่ก่อน (ดังนี้) 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-44) Ils ont en outre, durant le cours de l'année, plusieurs jours de fêtes civiles ou religieuses, qu'ils célèbrent avec grande pompe : 1°Songkran; c'est leur nouvel an, qui tombe ordinairement dans leur cinquième mois; on le célèbre pendant trois jours; ce n'est qu'à cette époque que le peuple apprend des astro-logues, si l'ange de l'année monte un tigre, un bœuf, un ours, un cheval; une chèvre, un dragon ou quelque autre animal. ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songkran_\(Thailand\)&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: References")\] 1. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-:3_1-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-:3_1-1) [Ach Vidyagama (George Bradley McFarland), Phra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McFarland "George B. McFarland"). (1944). "สงกรานต์", Thai-English Dictionary. CA, United States: Stanford University Press. 1,058 pp. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-080-4-70383-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-080-4-70383-3 "Special:BookSources/978-080-4-70383-3") 2. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-:2_2-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-:2_2-1) Glen Lewis. (2007). "Thai tourism take 1: a land of diversity and refinement", Virtual Thailand The Media and Cultural Politics in Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore (Rethinking Southeast Asia). NY, United States: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group (T\&F Informa plc.). 241 pp. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-415-36499-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36499-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36499-7") . "April 'Songkran Splendours' (Thai New Year, nationalwide)" 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-3)* [Anuman Rajadhon (Yong Sathirakoses), Phraya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phraya_Anuman_Rajadhon "Phraya Anuman Rajadhon"). (1956). Loy Krathong and Songkran Festival. Bangkok: National Culture Institute Thailand. p. 13. "SONGKRAN FESTIVAL Of all the feasts and festivals in Thailand which are many..." - Ministry of Education Thailand, Office of the National Culture Commission. (1989). Thai Culture: Songkran Festival. Bangkok: Ministry of Education Thailand. 33 pp. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-974-7-90326-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-7-90326-3 "Special:BookSources/978-974-7-90326-3") , [974-790-326-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-790-326-1 "Special:BookSources/974-790-326-1") . "Songkran Festival " issued by the Office of the National Culture Commission is the third of its series . The aim of this cultural kit is to present Thai culture to the general public and thereby to create mutual understanding" 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-4) ["'Songkran Festival' extended to five-day holiday"](https://www.nationthailand.com/detail/breakingnews/30339797). The Nation. 27 February 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180414060035/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/breakingnews/30339797) from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018. 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-5) ["Thai Government Approves Extra Day for Songkran 2019"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190326194009/https://www.chiangraitimes.com/thai-government-approves-extra-day-for-songkran-2019.html). Chiang Rai Times. 13 February 2019. Archived from [the original](https://www.chiangraitimes.com/thai-government-approves-extra-day-for-songkran-2019.html) on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019. 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-6) [Melton, J. Gordon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton "J. Gordon Melton") (2011). [Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations](https://books.google.com/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&pg=PA825). ABC-CLIO. p. 825. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-59884-205-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-205-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-205-0") . 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-7) V. S. Bhaskar, Government of Assam, India. (2009). "Festivals: Songkran", Faith & Philosophy of Buddhism. New Delhi, India: Kalpaz Publications. 312 pp. pp. 261-262. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-817-8-35722-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-817-8-35722-5 "Special:BookSources/978-817-8-35722-5") . "Songkran is a Thai word which means 'move'..." - Taipei City Government, Taiwan (ROC). (2008). Teipei: 2008 Yearbook. \[臺北市年鑑2008-英文版 (In Chinese)\]. Taipei: Taipei City Government Editorial Group. 386 pp. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-986-0-14421-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-0-14421-5 "Special:BookSources/978-986-0-14421-5") . p. 269. "(Songkran) is in April, and Thai people celebrate their new year by splashing water at each other, hence the Thai name Songkran, i.e., "Water Splashing Festival." - Rooney, Dawn F. (2008). Ancient Sukhothai: Thailand's Cultural Heritage. Bangkok: River Books Press. 247 pp. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-974-9-86342-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-9-86342-8 "Special:BookSources/978-974-9-86342-8") . p. 36. "'Songkran' is a Thai name that derives from a Sanskrit word meaning 'to move to', a reference to the sun's movements. - Komlosy, A. (2002). [Images Of The Dai : The Aesthetics Of Gender And Identity In Xishuangbanna](https://web.archive.org/web/20170814175634/https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/7293/AnouskaKomlosyPhDThesis.pdf?sequence=3). \[Doctoral Dissertation, University of St. Andrews\]. University of St. Andrews Research Repository. ['https://hdl.handle.net/10023/7293'](https://hdl.handle.net/10023/7293). p. 334. "The term Songkran is a Thai word meaning to move, here it refers to the Sun which moves into the sign of Aries at this time of the year". pp. 334–335. "The Thai term Songkran is now used by many Southeast Asia specialists to refer to the New Year festival held in many countries, including Myanmar, Laos and China." - ["Songkran" (noun) in Oxford English Dictionary (Online)](https://www.oed.com/dictionary/songkran_n?tab=meaning_and_use#190072726). Retrieved on 17 April 2024. - Anouska Komlosy. "Procession and Water Splashing: Expressions of Locality and Nationality during Dai New Year in Xishuangbanna: Songkran", The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 10(2). (2004, June). London: [Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland "Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland"). [JSTOR \#i370994](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3804155). p. 357. "The term Songkran is a Thai word meaning 'to move', and it refers here to the Sun, which moves into the sign of Aries at this time of the year." - Prakong Nimmanahaeminda, Academy of Arts, [Royal Society of Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Thailand "Royal Society of Thailand"). "Myth and Ritual : A Study of the Songkran Festival", The Journal of The Royal Society of Thailand, 29(1–2), (2004, January–March). pp. 345–350. "Songkran is a Thai word which means of movement." - Malaysia, Jabatan Perpaduan Negara Dan Integrasi Nasional (JPNIN). (1985). [Festivals and religious occasions in Malaysia](https://search.worldcat.org/title/21156065). (First series). Kuala Lumpur: The National Unity Department of Malaysia, Prime Minister's Dept. 36 pp. p. 26. "'SONGKRAN' is a Traditional New Year of the Thai people and this day normally fulls in the month of April. 'SONGKRAN' is a Thai word meaning change of exchange." - [Sir. Philip John Newling Ward, Maj. Gen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Ward "Philip Ward"). (1974). "THE SONGKRAN FESTIVAL", Bangkok: Portrait of a City. Cambridge, United Kingdom: The Oleander Press. 136 pp. p. 111. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-090-2-67544-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-090-2-67544-5 "Special:BookSources/978-090-2-67544-5") . "Thai word ' Songkran ' literally means a move or change". - James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie, Louis Herbert Gray. (1912). "FESTIVALS AND FACTS (Siamese)", [Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics Vol. 5](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56056). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 886. 8. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-8) Oxford Business Group (OBG). (2011). "Water wars: The traditional Thai New Year includes some playful activities", The Report: Thailand 2012. (n.p.): Oxford Business Group. 268 pp. p. 260. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-190-7-06563-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-190-7-06563-7 "Special:BookSources/978-190-7-06563-7") - [Monier-Williams, Monier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams "Monier Monier-Williams") (1899). "Saṃkrānti". [A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages](http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw1127-saMketagRhaka.jpg). Oxford: Clarendon Press. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [685239912](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/685239912). 9. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-:1_9-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-:1_9-1) Office of the National Culture Commission. (1989). Thai Culture: Songkran Festival Cultural Kit No. 3. Bangkok: Ministry of Education Thailand. 33 pp. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-974-7-90326-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-7-90326-3 "Special:BookSources/978-974-7-90326-3") 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-10)* [Epstein, N.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine_Epstein "Nadine Epstein"), and Arvigo, R. (2021). Spiritual Bathing: Healing Rituals and Traditions from Around the World (eBook). (n.p.): Echo Point Books & Media, LLC. 192 pp. 11. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-11) [Bartlett, S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Bartlett "Sarah Bartlett"). (2015). Spellcraft for a Magical Year: Rituals and Enchantments for Prosperity, Power, and Fortune. United States: Quarto Publishing Group USA. 224 pp. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-162-7-88297-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-162-7-88297-2 "Special:BookSources/978-162-7-88297-2") 12. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-:0_12-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-:0_12-1) ["The magic and traditions of Thai New Year (Songkran)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140405103542/http://www.tatnews.org/the-magic-and-traditions-of-thai-new-year-songkran/). Tourism Authority of Thailand Newsroom. Archived from [the original](http://www.tatnews.org/the-magic-and-traditions-of-thai-new-year-songkran/) on 5 April 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2015. 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-13)* Corness, I. (2015). "Songkran", Farang: Thailand through the eyes of an ex-pat (eBook). Dublin, Ireland: Maverick House. 240 pp. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-190-5-37977-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-190-5-37977-4 "Special:BookSources/978-190-5-37977-4") 14. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-JRIT-2004_14-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-JRIT-2004_14-1) Nimmanahaeminda, Prakong (April–June 2004). ["Myth and Ritual: A Study of the Songkran Festival"](http://legacy.orst.go.th/wp-content/uploads/royin-ebook/61/FileUpload/36_6420.pdf) (PDF). The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand. 29* (2): 345–350. Retrieved 5 August 2018. 15. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-15) ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, [ประกาศสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง กำหนดเวลาทำงานและวันหยุดราชการ (ฉบับที่ ๑๙) พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๐](https://web.archive.org/web/20171230171941/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2540/D/026/53.PDF), เล่ม ๑๑๔, ตอนที่ ๒๖ ง, ๑ เมษายน ๒๕๔๐ (Cabinet notification on workdays and holidays, 1997) 16. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-17) Yavaprapas, S., Ministry of Culture (Thailand). (2004). Songkran Festival. (2nd Ed.). Bangkok: Prachoomthong Printing Group Co., Ltd. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-974-7-10351-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-7-10351-9 "Special:BookSources/978-974-7-10351-9") 17. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-18) Crump, William D. (2016). "Thailand", Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide. NC, United States: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. 319 pp. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-147-6-60748-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-147-6-60748-1 "Special:BookSources/978-147-6-60748-1") 18. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-royalprommachat_19-0) เสมเสริมสุข, บาง (1961). ตำราพรหมชาติ ฉบับหลวง. สำนักงานลูก ส. ธรรมภักดี. 19. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-20) For example, ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, [ประกาศสงกรานต์ ร.ศ. ๑๑๐ พ.ศ.๒๔๓๔](https://web.archive.org/web/20171230115516/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2434/002/9_1.PDF), เล่ม ๘, ๑๒ เมษายน ๒๔๓๔ (1891 Notification on Songkran) 20. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-21) ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, [พระราชพิธีเผด็จศกสงกรานต์](https://web.archive.org/web/20210628174424/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2442/003/41_2.PDF), เล่มที่ ๑๖, ๑๖ เมษายน ๒๔๔๒, หน้า ๓๕ (Songkran and cutting off the year ceremony in 1899) 21. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-22) ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, [กำหนดการพระราชพิธีสงกรานต์ พ.ศ.๒๔๙๒](https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114605/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2492/D/022/1519.PDF), ตอนที่ ๒๒, เล่ม ๖๖, ๑๒ เมษายน ๒๔๙๒ (Songkran royal ceremony schedule, 1949) 22. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-24) Burgess, James (1893). ["ART.XVIII. Notes on Hindu Astronomy and the History of our Knowledge of it"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0035869X00022553). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 25 (4). Cambridge University: 717–761\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1017/S0035869X00022553](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00022553). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [163252270](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163252270). 23. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-siddhanta_25-0) Deva Sastri, Bapu (1861). ["Translation of the Surya Siddhanta"](http://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/suryaEnglish.pdf) (PDF). C B Lewis and the Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta. 24. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-27) มนเทียรทอง, เอื้อน; ทองเนียม, บุนนาค. พระคัมภีร์สุริยยาตร์ศิวาคม. สำนักโหรหอคำ. (Aeur Montianthong and Bunnak Thongniam's Suriyayat Sivakom for Computer Users, in Thai) 25. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-rikkha_28-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-rikkha_28-1) สุริยาอารักษ์, สิงห์โต. เรื่องฤกษ์และการให้ฤกษ์ ดวงพิชัยสงคราม. เขษมบรรณกิจ. (Singto Suriya-arak's How to and how not to set the ceremonial time and how to compute a detailed Suriyayart natal chart, in Thai) 26. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-30)* Chunpongtong, Loy (October 2012). "Discrepancies in Songkran Days: A Mathematical Research (ความคลาดเคลื่อนของวันสงกรานต์: ผลวิจัยเชิงคณิตศาสตร์)". 37 (4). `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `\|journal=` ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical "Help:CS1 errors")) 27. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-31) ["ปฏิทินสงกรานต์"](http://www.komchadluek.net/news/ent/182588). [Kom Chad Luek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom_Chad_Luek "Kom Chad Luek"). 10 April 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2017. 28. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-32) ["สกู๊ปหน้า 1… หนังสือปีใหม่เมืองล้านนา"](http://www.chiangmainews.co.th/page/archives/475110). Chiang Mai News. 29. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-33) บัวคลี่, บัณรส (8 April 2013). ["เลื่อนวันดำหัวผู้ว่าเชียงใหม่: ท้องถิ่นนิยมใต้อำนาจรวมศูนย์"](https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114843/http://www.manager.co.th/Columnist/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9560000042503). Archived from [the original](http://www.manager.co.th/Columnist/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9560000042503) on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017. 30. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-mornoi_34-0) การผูกดวงวางลัคนา. ชมรมพยากรณ์ศาสตร์. 2004. (On the Formation of Thai Natal Chart) 31. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-myhora_35-0) ["การเปลี่ยนปีนักษัตร"](https://www.myhora.com/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3-038.aspx). 7 February 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2017. 32. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-36) วิริยบูรณะ, อุระคินทร์ (1 April 1960). พรหมชาติ ฉบับหลวง. สำนักงาน ลูก ส. ธรรมภักดี. pp. 512–513 33. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-37) Suksawat, Saranya (n.d.). ["Happy New Year Songkran Festival"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180209014243/http://www.thaiwaysmagazine.com/thai_article/2101_songkran_festival/songkran_festival.html). Thaiways. Archived from [the original](https://www.thaiwaysmagazine.com/thai_article/2101_songkran_festival/songkran_festival.html) on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018. 34. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-38) ["Legendary of Songkran lady (Nang Songkran)"](https://songkranfestivalinthailand.blogspot.com.au/p/legendary-of-songkran-lady-nang.html). Songkran Festival. Retrieved 14 April 2018. 35. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-40) Engelbert Kaempfer, John Gaspar Scheuchzer and Sir Hans Sloane. (1727). De beschryving van Japan. Door ENGELBERT KÆMPFER, M.D. Geneesheer van bet Hollandſche... (Translated by John Gaspar Scheuchzer). Netherlands: Gosse en J. Neaulme. 550 pp. p. 29. "Behalven deze hebben zy fommige jaarlykſche plechtige Feeſtdagen, by voorbeeld een in 't begin van 't jaar, genaamt Sonkraen, een ander Kitimbac genoemt, ook wel ..." 36. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-42) The Fine Arts Department of Thailand. (1969). "เริ่มก่อพระทรายครั้งรัชกาลสมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมโกศตอนปลายกรุงศรีอยุธยาตามที่บันทึกไว้เมื่อปีเถาะ พ.ศ. ๒๓๒๖ ปีที่ ๒ ในรัชกาลที่ ๑ กรุงรัตนโกสินทร์". The Concise Chronicle Vol. 43. (The Concise Chronicle Chapter 69-70) of Krung Sri Ayutthaya Part I, Nakhon Champassak, and story of Khun Borom. \[ประชุมพงศาวดาร เล่มที่ ๔๓ (ประชุมพงศาวดารภาคที่ ๖๙-๗๐) เรื่องเกี่ยวกับกรุงเก่าตอนที่ ๑ เรื่องเมืองนครจำปาศักดิ์ และเรื่องขุนบรมราชา (in Thai)\]. Bangkok: Kuru Sa Pha. pp. 3–6. - Office of Literature and History. (1999). The Concise of The Royal Chronicle of Thailand Celebrating Golden Jubilee Vol. 5 \[ประชุมพงศาวดารฉบับกาญจนาภิเษก เล่ม ๕ (in Thai)\]. Bangkok: Kuru Sa Pha Lat Phrao. pp. 138–142. - The Concise Chronicle Vol. 69 of Krung Sri Ayutthaya Part I. Redistributed in the royal cremation of Col. Phraya Phiriyawichai (Pheap Suwannin) on 22 June 1938 at Makut Kasattriyaram Ratchaworawihan temple. Bangkok: Phra Chan. pp. 2–5. 37. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-43) Ministry of Culture Thailand, Department of Cultural Promotion. (2021). Songkran Tradition. Bangkok: The Agricultural Co-operative Federation of Thailand Ltd. p. 82. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-616-543-698-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-616-543-698-4 "Special:BookSources/978-616-543-698-4") 38. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-45) Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix. (1854). Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam. Lagny, France: Vialat et Cie. p. 249. "Ils ont en outre, durant le cours de l'année, plusieurs jours de fêtes civiles ou religieuses, qu'ils célèbrent avec grande pompe : 1°Songkran; c'est leur nouvel an, qui tombe ordinairement dans leur cinquième mois; on le célèbre pendant trois jours; ce n'est qu'à cette époque que le peuple apprend des astro-logues, si l'ange de l'année monte un tigre, un bœuf, un ours, un cheval; une chèvre, un dragon ou quelque autre animal." 39. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-46) Chadchaidee, Thanapol (1994). Essays on Thailand. D.K. Today Co., Ltd. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [974-834-824-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-834-824-5 "Special:BookSources/974-834-824-5") . 40. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-47) Jaikusol, Warapun (18 April 2023). ["Floral shirts hot again for Songkran festival week"](https://www.pattayamail.com/latestnews/news/floral-shirts-hot-again-for-songkran-festival-week-429325). Pattaya Mail. Retrieved 15 April 2024. 41. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-48) ["Songkran in Thailand, traditional Thai New Year festival"](https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/songkran-in-thailand-traditional-thai-new-year-festival-01719). ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 7 February 2024. 42. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-49) ["Songkran"](https://rove.me/to/thailand/songkran). rove.me. 2 November 2022. 43. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-50) ["Thailand Grand Songkran Celebrations"](https://www.tatnews.org/2018/04/thailand-grand-songkran-celebrations-2018/). Tourism Authority of Thailand. 4 April 2018. 44. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-51) ["SONGKRAN IN SIAM SQUARE"](https://www.novotelbkk.com/bangkok-hotel/songkran-in-siam-square/). Novotel. 15 April 2015. 45. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-52) ["Songkran, everything you need to know about Thailand's famous new year water fight"](https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/travel-leisure/article/2139071/songkran-everything-you-need-know-about-thailands-famous). South China Morning Post. 46. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-53) ["ประเพณี "วันไหล" คืออะไร ทำไมถึงมีขึ้นหลังวันสงกรานต์"](https://www.pptvhd36.com/news/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C/221803) \[What is the "Wan Lai" Festival, and Why Does It Take Place After Songkran?\]. PPTV HD (in Thai). 14 July 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025. 47. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-54) Thompson, Peter A. (1906). Lotus Land: Being an Account of the Country and the People of Southern Siam. London: T. Werner Laurie. 312 pp. 48. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-55) Thompson, Peter A. (1910). "The Brotherhood of the Yellow Robe", Siam: An Account of the Country and the People, Vol 16. Boston, MA: J. B. Millet Company. 330 pp. 49. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-56) Lee, Edmund (13 April 2017). ["Five million Malaysians celebrate Songkran and Good Friday"](http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2017/04/13/five-million-malaysians-celebrate-songkran-and-good-friday). The Sun Daily. Retrieved 14 April 2018. 50. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-57) Nor Ain Mohd Radhi (12 April 2018). ["Najib wishes Happy Songkran to Malaysian Siamese"](https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/04/356527/najib-wishes-happy-songkran-malaysian-siamese). New Straits Times. Retrieved 14 April 2018. 51. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-58) [Public relations news of Beppu Songkran Festival (PR No. 23/2566)](https://web.archive.org/web/20240420081923/https://image.mfa.go.th/mfa/0/YLjhuT4Hho/PR2023/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_23_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5_2566.pdf). Royal Thai Consulate General Fukuoka. (29 March 2023). Retrieved on 20 April 2024. 52. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-59) Shobunsha Publications. (2019). Mappuru shutoken-hatsu 《まっぷる首都圏発》 \[Mapple from the metropolitan area\]. Tokyo: Shobunsha. p 121. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-439-8-28865-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-439-8-28865-3 "Special:BookSources/978-439-8-28865-3") 53. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-60) Captain Anastasia Schmidt (19 April 2017). ["Air Force members celebrate Thai New Year and Water Festival at Wake Island"](http://www.jber.jb.mil/News/News-Articles/Article/1157218/air-force-members-celebrate-thai-new-year-and-water-festival-at-wake-island/). Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson. 11th Air Force Public Affairs. Retrieved 20 April 2017. 54. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-61) "[Commemorating the Asian American community's celebration of Songkran on April](https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2023/K1059)". Assembly Resolution No. 1059. (2023-K1059). The New York State Senate. Retrieved on 19 April 2024. - [New York officially recognises Songkran as an important cultural event](https://www.thaipbsworld.com/new-york-officially-recognises-songkran-as-an-important-cultural-event/). ThaiPBS Worlds. (April 19, 2024). Retrieved on 19 April 2024. - Abhasakun, T. (2023, 16 April). [New York State celebrates Songkran](https://thethaiger.com/hot-news/songkran/new-york-state-celebrates-songkran). TheThaiger. 16 April 2023. Retrieved on 20 April 2024. "The state of New York in the US officially celebrated Songkran this year. New York State Representative Steven Raga proposed a bill to celebrate the Thai Songkran festival, the Thai Post reported." 55. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-BP-20180418_62-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-BP-20180418_62-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-BP-20180418_62-2) ["Songkran road death toll up again"](https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1447887/songkran-road-death-toll-up-again). Bangkok Post. 18 April 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2018. 56. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-bpstlawless_63-0)* ["Lawless culture takes its toll"](http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/investigation/404724/lawless-culture-takes-its-toll). Bangkok Post. 11 April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014. 57. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-64) ["Songkran death toll rises to 397"](http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/936485/songkran-death-toll-rises-to-397). Bangkok Post. 17 April 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016. 58. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-65) Sattaburuth, Aekarach; Nanuam, Wassana (18 April 2018). ["Prayut vows to overcome traffic accident scourge"](https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1447595/prayut-vows-to-overcome-traffic-accident-scourge). Bangkok Post. Retrieved 18 April 2018. 59. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-66) ["25 deaths in 234 road accidents recorded on 1st of Songkran's '7 dangerous days'"](https://www.nationthailand.com/thailand/general/40037198). The Nation. 12 April 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024. 60. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-67) ["Songkran 2017 road crashes took 335 lives alongside thousands of non-fatal accidents"](https://coconuts.co/bangkok/news/songkran-2017-road-crashes-took-335-lives-alongside-thousands-non-fatal-accidents/). Coconuts Bangkok. 18 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2018. 61. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-68) ["Road toll soars to record 442 killed over Songkran"](http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/937789/road-toll-soars-to-record-442-killed-over-songkran). Bangkok Post. 18 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016. 62. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-Barrow-2016_69-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-Barrow-2016_69-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-Barrow-2016_69-2) Barrow, Richard (18 April 2016). ["Full Road Accident Statistics for Songkran 2016"](http://www.richardbarrow.com/2016/04/full-road-accident-statistics-for-songkran-2016/). Richard Barrow in Thailand. Retrieved 18 April 2018. 63. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-70)* ["Tết té nước tại thái lan"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161013135749/http://vietnamtourist.org.vn/kinh-nghiem-di-du-lich-thai-lan/tung-bung-le-hoi-te-nuoc-songkran-thai-lan). Archived from [the original](http://vietnamtourist.org.vn/kinh-nghiem-di-du-lich-thai-lan/tung-bung-le-hoi-te-nuoc-songkran-thai-lan) on 13 October 2016. 64. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-71) Lamphai Intathep (18 March 2014). ["Suit eyed for Singapore Songkran"](http://www.bangkokpost.com/breakingnews/400518/tat-considers-legal-action-over-singapore-songkran). Bangkok Post. Retrieved 16 April 2014. 65. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-72) ["Songkran in Singapore"](http://www.bangkokpost.com/learning/learning-from-news/400635/songkran-in-singapore). Bangkok Post. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014. 66. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-73) ["Only in Singapore: No Songkran"](http://www.bangkokpost.com/breakingnews/401685/only-in-singapore-no-songkran). Bangkok Post. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014. ## Further reading \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songkran_\(Thailand\)&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Further reading")\] E-books - [Phraya Anuman Ratchathon (Yong Sathiankoset)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phraya_Anuman_Rajadhon "Phraya Anuman Rajadhon"). (1954). ["Amusements During Songkran Festival".](http://www.sac.or.th/databases/siamrarebooks/main/attachments/article/301/vol%2042%20pt%201%20page%2039-43.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170329061214/http://www.sac.or.th/databases/siamrarebooks/main/attachments/article/301/vol%2042%20pt%201%20page%2039-43.pdf) 29 March 2017 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") Journal of the Siam Society (volume 42, part 1). pp. 39–43. - [Ministry of Culture (Thailand)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_\(Thailand\) "Ministry of Culture (Thailand)"). (2021). [Songkran Tradition](https://web.archive.org/web/20240414102557/http://qrcode.culture.go.th/pdfbook/songkran.pdf). Bangkok: Department of Cultural Promotion, Ministry of Culture. 262 pp. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-616-543-698-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-616-543-698-4 "Special:BookSources/978-616-543-698-4") ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songkran_\(Thailand\)&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: External links")\] - [![Wikimedia Commons logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Media related to [Songkran in Thailand](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Songkran_in_Thailand "commons:Category:Songkran in Thailand") at Wikimedia Commons \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_Thailand "Template:Public holidays in Thailand") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_Thailand "Template talk:Public holidays in Thailand") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_Thailand "Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in Thailand")[![Thailand](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/40px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand "Thailand") [Public holidays in Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Thailand "Public holidays in Thailand") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| National holidays \| [New Year's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day "New Year's Day") [Magha Puja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magha_Puja "Magha Puja") [Chakri Memorial Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakri_dynasty "Chakri dynasty") [Songkran]() [Labour Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Day "Labour Day") [Royal Ploughing Ceremony and Farmer's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ploughing_Ceremony "Royal Ploughing Ceremony") [Vesak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesak "Vesak") [King Vajiralongkorn's Birthday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajiralongkorn "Vajiralongkorn") [Asalha Puja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asalha_Puja "Asalha Puja") [Vassa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassa "Vassa") [Queen Sirikit's Birthday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirikit "Sirikit") [King Bhumibol Adulyadej's Memorial Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej "Bhumibol Adulyadej") [King Chulalongkorn Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chulalongkorn "Chulalongkorn") [King Bhumibol Adulyadej's Birthday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej "Bhumibol Adulyadej") [Constitution Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Day "Constitution Day") [New Year's Eve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve "New Year's Eve") \| \| Region-based holidays \| [Chinese New Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_New_Year "Chinese New Year") [Eid al-Fitr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr "Eid al-Fitr") [Eid al-Adha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Adha "Eid al-Adha") [Christmas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas "Christmas") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:New_Year_by_calendar "Template:New Year by calendar") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:New_Year_by_calendar "Template talk:New Year by calendar") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Year_by_calendar "Special:EditPage/Template:New Year by calendar")[New Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year "New Year") by [calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar "Calendar") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Africa \| [Enkutatash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkutatash "Enkutatash") (Ethiopian, Eritrean) [Fandroana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandroana "Fandroana") (Malagasy) [Islamic New Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_New_Year "Islamic New Year") [Nayrouz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayrouz "Nayrouz") (Coptic) [Yennayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yennayer "Yennayer") (Berber) \| \| Americas \| \| \| \| \| \| North \| [Yancuic Xīhuitl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_New_Year "Aztec New Year") (Aztec) [Quviasukvik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quviasukvik "Quviasukvik") (Inuit) [Hobiyee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobiyee "Hobiyee") (Nisg̱a'a) \| \| South \| [Inti Raymi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_Raymi "Inti Raymi") (Incan) [Willkakuti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willkakuti "Willkakuti") (Aymara) [We Tripantu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Tripantu "We Tripantu") (Mapuche) \| \| Asia \| \| \| \| \| \| East \| [Chinese New Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_New_Year "Chinese New Year") (Chinese) [Shōgatsu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_New_Year "Japanese New Year") (Japanese) [Seollal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_New_Year "Korean New Year") (Korean) [Kuè-nî](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_New_Year "Taiwanese New Year") (Taiwanese) [Soogwaci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_New_Year "Ryukyu New Year") (Ryukyuans) \| \| Inner \| [Tsagaan Sar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsagaan_Sar "Tsagaan Sar") (Mongolian) [Losar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losar "Losar") (Tibetan) \| \| Southeast \| [Thingyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thingyan "Thingyan") (Burmese) [Choul Chnam Thmey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_New_Year "Cambodian New Year") (Cambodian) [Pi Mai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_New_Year "Lao New Year") (Lao) [Songkran]() (Thai) [Water-Splashing Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-Splashing_Festival "Water-Splashing Festival") (Dai) [Nyepi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyepi "Nyepi") (Balinese) [Satu Suro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satu_Suro "Satu Suro") (Javanese) [Tết](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFt "Tết") (Vietnamese) \| \| South \| [Vaisakhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisakhi "Vaisakhi") (North & Central India (Solar)) [Chaitra Navaratri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navaratri#Chaitra_Navaratri "Navaratri") (North & Central India (Lunar)) [Navreh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navreh "Navreh") (Kashmiri) [Cheti Chand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheti_Chand "Cheti Chand") (Sindhi) [Balipratipada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balipratipada "Balipratipada") (Gujarati, Rajasthani) [Bohag Bihu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohag_Bihu "Bohag Bihu") (Assamese) [Pahela Baishakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh "Pahela Baishakh") (Bengali) [Maha Bishuba Sankranti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maha_Bishuba_Sankranti "Maha Bishuba Sankranti") (Odia) [Nepali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_New_Year "Nepali New Year"){ [Mha Puja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mha_Puja "Mha Puja") (Newari) [Gyalpo Lhosar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyalpo_Lhosar "Gyalpo Lhosar") (Sherpa) [Tamu Lhosar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamu_Lhosar "Tamu Lhosar") (Gurung) [Sonam Lhosar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonam_Lhosar "Sonam Lhosar") (Tamang) [Maghe Sankranti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti "Maghe Sankranti") (Rai, Tharu, Magar) [Jur Sital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jur_Sital "Jur Sital") (Maithili) } [Losoong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losoong_Festival "Losoong Festival") (Sikkimese) [Losar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losar "Losar") (Ladakhi, Monpa) [Bwisagu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwisagu "Bwisagu") (Bodo) [Sajibu Cheiraoba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajibu_Nongma_Panba "Sajibu Nongma Panba") (Meitei) [Buisu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buisu "Buisu") (Tripuri) [Sangken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangken "Sangken") (Tai) [Bizhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizhu "Bizhu") (Chakma) [Gudi Padwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudi_Padwa "Gudi Padwa") (Marathi, Konkani) [Ugadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugadi "Ugadi") (Telugu, Kannada) [Bisu Parba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisu_Parba "Bisu Parba") (Tulu) [Puthandu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puthandu "Puthandu") (Tamil) [Vishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishu "Vishu") (Malayali) [Aluth Avurudda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhalese_New_Year "Sinhalese New Year") (Sinhala) \| \| West and Central \| [Islamic New Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_New_Year "Islamic New Year") [Nauruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauruz_in_Afghanistan "Nauruz in Afghanistan") (Afghan) [Kha b-Nisan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kha_b-Nisan "Kha b-Nisan") (Assyrian) [Navruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navruz_in_Uzbekistan "Navruz in Uzbekistan") (Uzbek) [Naw-Rúz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Naw-R%C3%BAz "Baháʼí Naw-Rúz") (Baháʼí) [Newroz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newroz_as_celebrated_by_Kurds "Newroz as celebrated by Kurds") (Kurd) [Yazidi New Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidi_New_Year "Yazidi New Year") [Novruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novruz_in_Azerbaijan "Novruz in Azerbaijan") (Azeri) [Nowruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz "Nowruz") (Iranian) [Nowruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz_Eve_among_Mazandarani_people "Nowruz Eve among Mazandarani people") (Mazandarani) [Rosh Hashanah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah "Rosh Hashanah") (Hebrew) [Dehwa Rabba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba "Dehwa Rabba") (Mandaean) [Nogbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogbon "Nogbon") (Ossetian) \| \| North \| [Yhyakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhyakh "Yhyakh") (Sakha) \| \| Europe \| [New Year's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day "New Year's Day") (Gregorian, Julian) [Old New Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_New_Year "Old New Year") (traditional Julian) [Lady Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Day#Non-religious_significance "Lady Day") (England, historical) \| \| Oceania \| [Makahiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makahiki "Makahiki") (Hawaii) [Matariki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matariki "Matariki") (Māori) \| \| See also \| [Lunar New Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_New_Year "Lunar New Year") [Solar New Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_New_Year "Solar New Year") [South and Southeast Asian solar New Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_and_Southeast_Asian_solar_New_Year "South and Southeast Asian solar New Year") [Mesha Sankranti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesha_Sankranti "Mesha Sankranti") [Songkran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran") [Indian New Year's days](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_New_Year%27s_days "Indian New Year's days") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity "Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity "Template talk:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity "Special:EditPage/Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity")[UNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists "UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists"): Representative List \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Africa \| \| [![Logo of Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg/120px-UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg) \| \| \| \| \| \| [Aka music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aka_people#Music "Aka people") [Chopi timbila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbila "Timbila") [Garifuna culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garifuna "Garifuna") [Afounkaha Gbofe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gbofe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gbofe (page does not exist)") [Gẹlẹdẹ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E1%BA%B9l%E1%BA%B9d%E1%BA%B9 "Gẹlẹdẹ") [Gule Wamkulu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyau#Dances "Nyau") [Ifá](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%C3%A1 "Ifá") [Ijele Masquerade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anambra_State#Culture_and_tourism "Anambra State") [Kamablon re-roofing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaba "Kangaba") [Kankurang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankurang "Kankurang") [Manden Charter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga "Kouroukan Fouga") [Mauritian Sega](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_\(genre\) "Sega (genre)") [Mbende Jerusarema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_Zimbabwe "Dance in Zimbabwe") [Ritual dance of the royal drum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_dance_of_the_royal_drum "Ritual dance of the royal drum") [Sega tambour of Rodrigues Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_tambour_of_Rodrigues_Island "Sega tambour of Rodrigues Island") [Sosso Bala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosso_Bala "Sosso Bala") [Ugandan barkcloth making](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkcloth "Barkcloth") [Vimbuza healing dance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimbuza_dance "Vimbuza dance") [Yaaral](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yaaral&action=edit&redlink=1 "Yaaral (page does not exist)") and [Degal](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Degal&action=edit&redlink=1 "Degal (page does not exist)") [Zafimaniry woodcrafting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafimaniry "Zafimaniry") [Zambian Makishi Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambian_Makishi_Festival "Zambian Makishi Festival") \| \| \| \| Arab States \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| State Parties' lists \| [Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Algeria "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Algeria") [Bahrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Bahrain "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Bahrain") [Comoros](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1 "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Comoros (page does not exist)") [Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1 "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Djibouti (page does not exist)") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Egypt "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Egypt") [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Iraq "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Iraq") [Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Jordan "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Jordan") [Kuwait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Kuwait "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Kuwait") [Lebanon](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1 "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Lebanon (page does not exist)") [Libya](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1 "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Libya (page does not exist)") [Mauritania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Mauritania "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Mauritania") [Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Morocco "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Morocco") [Oman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Oman "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Oman") [Palestine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Palestine "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Palestine") [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Qatar "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Qatar") [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Saudi_Arabia "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Saudi Arabia") [Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1 "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Somalia (page does not exist)") [Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Sudan "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Sudan") [Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Syria "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Syria") [Tunisia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Tunisia "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Tunisia") [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1 "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)") [Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Yemen "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Yemen") \| \| \| Asia and Pacific \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| [Acupuncture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Acupuncture_and_moxibustion "Traditional Chinese medicine") and [Moxibustion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxibustion "Moxibustion") [Ainu dance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_dance "Ainu dance") [Akiu no Taue Odori](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiu_no_Taue_Odori "Akiu no Taue Odori") [Angklung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angklung "Angklung") [Arirang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arirang "Arirang") [Akyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqyn "Aqyn") [Bakhshi music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Iran#Khorasan "Music of Iran") [Batik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik "Batik") [Baul tradition of Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baul "Baul") [Beijing opera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_opera "Peking opera") [Bokator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokator "Bokator") [Boysun District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boysun_District "Boysun District") [Bunraku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunraku "Bunraku") [Ca trù](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca_tr%C3%B9 "Ca trù") [Cantonese opera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_opera "Cantonese opera") [Chakkirako](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakkirako "Chakkirako") [Cheoyongmu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheoyongmu "Cheoyongmu") [Chhau dance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhau_dance "Chhau dance") [Chinese architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecture "Chinese architecture") [Chinese block printing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_printing#Origins_in_Asia "Woodblock printing") [Chinese calligraphy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy "Chinese calligraphy") [Spring Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_New_Year "Chinese New Year") [Chinese paper cutting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_paper_cutting "Chinese paper cutting") [Chinese seal engraving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_carving "Seal carving") [Chinese shadow puppetry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_play#Chinese "Shadow play") [Chinese Zhusuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhusuan "Zhusuan") [Daemokjang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemokjang "Daemokjang") [Daimokutate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimokutate "Daimokutate") [Dainichido Bugaku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dainichido_Bugaku "Dainichido Bugaku") [Darangen Epic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darangen_Epic "Darangen Epic") [Dragon Boat Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Boat_Festival "Dragon Boat Festival") [Drametse Ngacham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drametse_Ngacham "Drametse Ngacham") [Durga Puja in Kolkata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Puja_in_Kolkata "Durga Puja in Kolkata") [Epic of King Gesar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_of_King_Gesar "Epic of King Gesar") [Gagaku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku "Gagaku") [Gagok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagok "Gagok") [Ganggangsullae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganggangsullae "Ganggangsullae") [Gangneung Danoje Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangneung_Danoje "Gangneung Danoje") [Gimjang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimjang "Gimjang") [Gióng Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%B3ng_Festival "Gióng Festival") [Gong culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_of_gong_culture "Space of gong culture") [Grand Song](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_people#Culture "Dong people") [Guqin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guqin "Guqin") [Guqin music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_guqin "History of the guqin") [Haenyeo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haenyeo "Haenyeo") [Hansan Mosi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansan_Mosi "Hansan Mosi") [Hayachine Kagura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayachine_Kagura "Hayachine Kagura") [Hitachi Furyumono](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi_Furyumono "Hitachi Furyumono") [Hua'er](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan%27ge "Shan'ge") [Hudhud Chants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras#The_Ifugao_epic_Hudhud "Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras") [Indonesian kris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris "Kris") [Jamdani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamdani "Jamdani") [Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeju_Chilmeoridang_Yeongdeunggut "Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut") [Jultagi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jultagi "Jultagi") [Kabuki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabuki "Kabuki") [Kalbelia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalbelia "Kalbelia") [Kashan rug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_carpet "Persian carpet") [Katta Ashula](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katta_Ashula&action=edit&redlink=1 "Katta Ashula (page does not exist)") [Khon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khon "Khon") [Khoomei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvan_throat_singing "Tuvan throat singing") [Koodiyattam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koodiyattam "Koodiyattam") [Koshikijima no Toshidon](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koshikijima_no_Toshidon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Koshikijima no Toshidon (page does not exist)") [Kumbh Mela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbh_Mela "Kumbh Mela") [Kumiodori](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumi_Odori "Kumi Odori") [Kunqu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunqu "Kunqu") [Ladkah Buddhist chantings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh_chant "Ladakh chant") [Lakalaka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakalaka "Lakalaka") [Lenj boat](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lenj_boat&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lenj boat (page does not exist)") [Lhamo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhamo "Lhamo") [Longquan celadon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longquan_celadon "Longquan celadon") [Urtiin Duu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_song "Long song") [Mak yong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak_yong "Mak yong") [Manipuri Sankirtana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei_Sankirtana "Meitei Sankirtana") [Mangal Shobhajatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangal_Shobhajatra "Mangal Shobhajatra") [Mazu Belief and Customs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazu "Mazu") [Meshrep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshrep "Meshrep") [Mibu no Hana Taue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mibu_no_Hana_Taue "Mibu no Hana Taue") [Morin khuur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morin_khuur "Morin khuur") [Mosie ramie](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mosie_weaving&action=edit&redlink=1 "Mosie weaving (page does not exist)") [Mudiyett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudiyett "Mudiyett") [Muqam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqam "Muqam") [Naadam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naadam "Naadam") [Namsadang Nori](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namsadang "Namsadang") [Nanyin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanguan_music "Nanguan music") [Naqqāli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqq%C4%81li "Naqqāli") [Nhã nhạc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c "Nhã nhạc") [Noh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noh "Noh") [Nora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora_\(dance\) "Menora (dance)") [Nowruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz "Nowruz") [Afghan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz_in_Afghanistan "Nowruz in Afghanistan") [Uzbekistani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navruz_in_Uzbekistan "Navruz in Uzbekistan") [Nuad Thai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_massage "Thai massage") [Oku-noto no Aenokoto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oku-noto_no_Aenokoto "Oku-noto no Aenokoto") [Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlevani_and_zoorkhaneh_rituals "Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals") [Pansori](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pansori "Pansori") [Pencak silat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencak_silat "Pencak silat") [Pinisi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinisi "Pinisi") [Pungmul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pungmul "Pungmul") [Quan họ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%8D "Quan họ") [Radif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radif_\(music\) "Radif (music)") [Ramlila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramlila "Ramlila") [Ramman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramman_\(festival\) "Ramman (festival)") [Regong arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongren_County "Tongren County") [Royal ballet of Cambodia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_ballet_of_Cambodia "Royal ballet of Cambodia") [Royal Ancestral Ritual](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongmyo_jerye "Jongmyo jerye") [Sada Shin Noh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sada_Jinja "Sada Jinja") [Saman dance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saman_\(dance\) "Saman (dance)") [Sand drawing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_drawing "Sand drawing") [Sbek Toch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbek_Toch "Sbek Toch") [Sekishu-Banshi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sekishu-Banshi&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sekishu-Banshi (page does not exist)") [Shiraz rug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraz_rug "Shiraz rug") [Songkran in Thailand]() [The Twenty-Four Solar Terms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_term "Solar term") [Ssireum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ssireum "Ssireum") [Taekkyeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekkyeon "Taekkyeon") [Taijiquan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_chi "Tai chi") [Ta'zīye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27ziyeh "Ta'ziyeh") [Thathera utensil craft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crafts_of_India "Crafts of India") [Thingyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thingyan "Thingyan") [Tugging rituals and games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juldarigi "Juldarigi") [Vedic chanting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_chanting "Vedic chanting") [Wayang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang "Wayang") [Xi'an ensemble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an_guyue "Xi'an guyue") [Xuan paper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuan_paper "Xuan paper") [Yamahoko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamahoko "Yamahoko") [Yeondeunghoe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeondeunghoe "Yeondeunghoe") [Yeongsanjae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeongsanjae "Yeongsanjae") [Yoga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga "Yoga") [Yūki-tsumugi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABki-tsumugi "Yūki-tsumugi") [Yunjin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunjin "Yunjin") \| \| \| \| Europe and North America \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| [Albanian iso-polyphony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iso-Polyphony "Iso-Polyphony") [Ashiqs of Azerbaijan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashiqs_of_Azerbaijan "Ashiqs of Azerbaijan") [Ashik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashik "Ashik") [Aubusson tapestry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubusson_tapestry "Aubusson tapestry") [Azerbaijani carpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_carpet "Azerbaijani carpet") [weaving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_carpet_weaving "Azerbaijani carpet weaving") [Azerbaijani tar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_\(Azerbaijani_instrument\) "Tar (Azerbaijani instrument)") Baltic song and dance celebrations [Bećarac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C4%87arac "Bećarac") [Busójárás](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus%C3%B3j%C3%A1r%C3%A1s "Busójárás") [Călușari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83lu%C8%99ari "Călușari") [Cante Alentejano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cante_Alentejano "Cante Alentejano") [Cantu a tenore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantu_a_tenore "Cantu a tenore") [Carnival of Binche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_of_Binche "Carnival of Binche") [Castell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castell "Castell") [Chovgan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chovgan "Chovgan") [Christmas Tsars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rite_of_the_Kalyady_Tsars "Rite of the Kalyady Tsars") [Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Wise_Men_of_the_plain_of_Murcia "Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia") and [Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Tribunal_of_the_plain_of_Valencia "Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia") [Copper craftsmanship of Lahij](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lah%C4%B1c_copper_craft "Lahıc copper craft") [Croatian lacemaking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacemaking_in_Croatia "Lacemaking in Croatia") [Daina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daina_\(Lithuania\) "Daina (Lithuania)") [Dancing procession of Echternach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_procession_of_Echternach "Dancing procession of Echternach") [Daredevils of Sassoun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daredevils_of_Sassoun "Daredevils of Sassoun") [Doina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doina "Doina") [Duduk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duduk "Duduk") [Fado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fado "Fado") [Falconry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconry "Falconry") Falles of the Pyrenees [La Mare de Déu de la Salut Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mare_de_D%C3%A9u_de_la_Salut_Festival "La Mare de Déu de la Salut Festival") [Festivity of Saint Blaise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festivity_of_Saint_Blaise "Festivity of Saint Blaise") [Flamenco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco "Flamenco") French timber framing scribing [Fujara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujara "Fujara") [Georgian vocal polyphony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_vocal_polyphony "Georgian vocal polyphony") [Horezu ceramics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horezu_ceramics "Horezu ceramics") [Houtem Jaarmarkt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houtem_Jaarmarkt "Houtem Jaarmarkt") [Istrian scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istrian_scale "Istrian scale") [Jem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jem_\(Alevism\) "Jem (Alevism)") [Karagöz and Hacivat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat "Karagöz and Hacivat") [Kelaghayi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelaghayi "Kelaghayi") [Keşkek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fkek "Keşkek") [Khachkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khachkar "Khachkar") [Kihnu culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihnu_culture "Kihnu culture") [Kırkpınar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1rkp%C4%B1nar "Kırkpınar") [Klapa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klapa "Klapa") [Lithuanian cross crafting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_cross_crafting "Lithuanian cross crafting") [Kvevri wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvevri "Kvevri") [La Patum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patum_de_Berga "Patum de Berga") [Lefkaritika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefkara_lace "Lefkara lace") [Licitar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licitar "Licitar") [Ljelje](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljelje "Ljelje")/[Kraljice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljice "Kraljice") [Makishi Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makishi_Festival "Makishi Festival") Moldovan Christmas Carols [Maloya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maloya "Maloya") [Manas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_of_Manas "Epic of Manas") [Meddah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meddah "Meddah") [Mediterranean diet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine "Mediterranean cuisine") [Mesir Macunu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir_macunu "Mesir macunu") [Mugham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugham "Mugham") [Mystery Play of Elche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Play_of_Elche "Mystery Play of Elche") [Nestinarstvo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestinarstvo "Nestinarstvo") [Nijemo Kolo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijemo_Kolo "Nijemo Kolo") [Nowruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz "Nowruz") [Azerbaijani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novruz_in_Azerbaijan "Novruz in Azerbaijan") Turkish [Ojkanje](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojkanje "Ojkanje") [Olonkho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olonkho "Olonkho") [Opera dei Pupi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_dei_Pupi "Opera dei Pupi") [Petrykivka decorative painting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrykivka_painting "Petrykivka painting") [Procession of the Holy Blood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procession_of_the_Holy_Blood "Procession of the Holy Blood") [Sama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama_\(Sufism\) "Sama (Sufism)") [Sauna culture in Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_sauna "Finnish sauna") [Semeiskie culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semeiskie "Semeiskie") [Seto leelo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seto_leelo "Seto leelo") [Sevdalinka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevdalinka "Sevdalinka") [Silbo Gomero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silbo_Gomero "Silbo Gomero") [Sinjska alka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjska_alka "Sinjska alka") [Slovácko Verbuňk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slov%C3%A1cko_Verbu%C5%88k "Slovácko Verbuňk") Turkish [Sohbet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Sohbet_meetings "Traditional Sohbet meetings") [The Song of the Sibyl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Sibyl "The Song of the Sibyl") [Suiti Cultural Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suiti "Suiti") [Sutartinės](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutartin%C4%97s "Sutartinės") [Táncház](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1nch%C3%A1z "Táncház") [Turkish coffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_coffee "Turkish coffee") [Violins craftsmanship of Cremona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_violin_craftsmanship_in_Cremona "Traditional violin craftsmanship in Cremona") [Wajãpi culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayampi "Wayampi") [Wooden toys of Hrvatsko Zagorje](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooden_toys_of_Hrvatsko_Zagorje "Wooden toys of Hrvatsko Zagorje") [Za križen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za_kri%C5%BEen "Za križen") [Zvončari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvon%C4%8Dari "Zvončari") \| \| \| \| Caribbean and Latin America \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| [Carnaval de Barranquilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barranquilla_Carnival "Barranquilla Carnival") [Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit of the Congos of Villa Mella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Mella "Villa Mella") [Candombe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombe "Candombe") [Carnaval de Negros y Blancos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacks_and_Whites%27_Carnival "Blacks and Whites' Carnival") [Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumba_Meu_Boi#Bumba_meu_boi_in_Maranh%C3%A3o "Bumba Meu Boi") [Carnaval de Oruro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnaval_de_Oruro "Carnaval de Oruro") [Ceviche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceviche "Ceviche") [Círio De Nazaré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADrio_De_Nazar%C3%A9 "Círio De Nazaré") [Cocolo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocolo_\(dance\) "Cocolo (dance)") [Costa Rican oxherding](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Costa_Rican_oxherding&action=edit&redlink=1 "Costa Rican oxherding (page does not exist)") [Dancing Devils of Yare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_devils_of_Corpus_Christi "Dancing devils of Corpus Christi") [Danza de los Voladores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danza_de_los_Voladores "Danza de los Voladores") [Danza de tijeras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danza_de_tijeras "Danza de tijeras") [Frevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frevo "Frevo") [Garifuna culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garifuna "Garifuna") [Gióng Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%B3ng_Festival "Gióng Festival") [Harakmbut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakmbut "Harakmbut") [Huaconada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaconada "Huaconada") [Indigenous Day of the Dead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead "Day of the Dead") [Kallawaya culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallawaya "Kallawaya") [Mexican cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_cuisine "Mexican cuisine") [Moore Town's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_Town,_Jamaica "Moore Town, Jamaica") [Maroon Heritage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons "Jamaican Maroons") [Panama hat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_hat "Panama hat") [Parachico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachico "Parachico") [Peña de Bernal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1a_de_Bernal "Peña de Bernal") [Pirekua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirekua "Pirekua") [Popayán Holy Week processions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popay%C3%A1n_Holy_Week_processions "Popayán Holy Week processions") [Pütchipü'ü](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCtchip%C3%BC%27%C3%BC "Pütchipü'ü") [Quyllurit'i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyllurit%27i "Quyllurit'i") [Rabinal Achí](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabinal_Ach%C3%AD "Rabinal Achí") [Samba de Roda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_de_Roda "Samba de Roda") [San Basilio de Palenque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Basilio_de_Palenque "San Basilio de Palenque") [South Pacific Colombian marimba](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Pacific_Colombian_marimba&action=edit&redlink=1 "South Pacific Colombian marimba (page does not exist)") [Tango](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tango "Tango") [Taquile textiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taquile_textiles&action=edit&redlink=1 "Taquile textiles (page does not exist)") [Tumba francesa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumba_francesa "Tumba francesa") [Vallenato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallenato "Vallenato") [Wajãpi culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayampi "Wayampi") [Yaokwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enawene_Nawe "Enawene Nawe") [Záparo culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1paro_culture "Záparo culture") \| \| \| ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songkran_(Thailand)&oldid=1346162695>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - [April observances](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:April_observances "Category:April observances") - [Public holidays in Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_holidays_in_Thailand "Category:Public holidays in Thailand") - [Festivals in Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Thailand "Category:Festivals in Thailand") - [New Year celebrations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:New_Year_celebrations "Category:New Year celebrations") - [Observances on non-Gregorian calendars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Observances_on_non-Gregorian_calendars "Category:Observances on non-Gregorian calendars") - [Buddhist festivals in Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Buddhist_festivals_in_Thailand "Category:Buddhist festivals in Thailand") - [Observances held on the new moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Observances_held_on_the_new_moon "Category:Observances held on the new moon") - [Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity "Category:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity") - [Water in Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Water_in_Thailand "Category:Water in Thailand") - [Water-splashing festivals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Water-splashing_festivals "Category:Water-splashing festivals") Hidden categories: - [Articles containing Dutch-language text](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text "Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text") - [Articles containing 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Readable Markdown	\| Songkran \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Songkran_Day_%40_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg/330px-Songkran_Day_%40_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Songkran_Day_@_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Sand_stupas_%28%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%29_during_Songkran_at_Wat_Pho%2C_Bangkok_%282025%29_-_img_02.jpg/330px-Sand_stupas_%28%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%29_during_Songkran_at_Wat_Pho%2C_Bangkok_%282025%29_-_img_02.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sand_stupas_\(%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2\)_during_Songkran_at_Wat_Pho,_Bangkok_\(2025\)_-_img_02.jpg) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bathing_the_Buddha_image_Songkran_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98_%282025%29_-_img_02.jpg/250px-Bathing_the_Buddha_image_Songkran_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98_%282025%29_-_img_02.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bathing_the_Buddha_image_Songkran_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98_\(2025\)_-_img_02.jpg) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Songkran_in_Wat_Kungthapao_03.jpg/250px-Songkran_in_Wat_Kungthapao_03.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Songkran_in_Wat_Kungthapao_03.jpg) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Songkran_002aa.jpg/250px-Songkran_002aa.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Songkran_002aa.jpg) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/US_Navy_100417-N-7280V-204_Thai_dancers_in_traditional_dress_perform_a_cleansing_ritual_for_Sailors_assigned_to_the_U.S._7th_Fleet_command_ship_USS_Blue_Ridge_%28LCC_19%29.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_100417-N-7280V-204_Thai_dancers_in_traditional_dress_perform_a_cleansing_ritual_for_Sailors_assigned_to_the_U.S._7th_Fleet_command_ship_USS_Blue_Ridge_\(LCC_19\).jpg)Celebrations of Songkran; from right to left and top to bottom: Songkran Festival in [Chiang Mai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai "Chiang Mai")'s ancient city wall Building [sand stupas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_pagoda "Sand pagoda") in [Wat Pho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Pho "Wat Pho"), [Bangkok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok "Bangkok") Bathing of a Buddha statue in [Wat Ratchabophit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Ratchabophit "Wat Ratchabophit"), [Bangkok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok "Bangkok") Rot nam dam hua or washing the elders' hands with water for blessings in [Ban Khung Taphao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Khung_Taphao "Ban Khung Taphao"), [Uttaradit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttaradit_province "Uttaradit province") Water fight in [Chiang Mai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai "Chiang Mai") Pasting a [US Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navy "US Navy") officer's face with white powder \| \| \| Official name \| [Songkran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran") Festival \| \| Observed by \| [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand "Thailand") \| \| Begins \| 14 April \| \| Ends \| 16 April \| \| Date \| April 13 \| \| Duration \| 3 days \| \| Frequency \| Annual \| \| Related to \| [South and Southeast Asian solar New Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_and_Southeast_Asian_solar_New_Year "South and Southeast Asian solar New Year") \| \| [Songkran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran") in Thailand, traditional Thai New Year festival \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists "UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists") \| \| \| Country \| [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand "Thailand") \| \| Reference \| [01719](https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/01719) \| \| Region \| [Asia and the Pacific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity/APA "Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/APA") \| \| Inscription history \| \| \| Inscription \| 2023 (18th session) \| \| [List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists "UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists") \| Representative \| Thai New Year[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-:3-1): 802 [\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-:2-2): 127 or Songkran[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-:3-1): 802 ([Thai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language "Thai language"): สงกรานต์, pronounced [\[sǒŋ.krāːn\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai "Help:IPA/Thai")), also known as Songkran Festival[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-3) or Songkran Splendours,[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-:2-2): 127 is the Thai New Year's [national holiday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holiday "Public holiday"). Songkran is on 13 April every year, but the holiday period extends from 14 to 15 April. In 2018 the Thai cabinet extended the festival nationwide to seven days, 9–16 April, to enable citizens to travel home for the holiday.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-4) In 2019, the holiday was observed from 9–16 April as 13 April fell on a Saturday.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-5) In 2024, Songkran was extended to span nearly the entire month, running from April 1 to April 21, instead of the traditional three-day celebration. The festival aligns with the New Year observed in many [Southeast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia "Southeast Asia") and [South Asian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia "South Asia") cultures, following the [Theravada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada "Theravada") [Buddhist calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_calendar "Buddhist calendar"), and coincides with [Hindu calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_calendar "Hindu calendar") celebrations such as [Bihu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihu "Bihu"), [Pohela Boishakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh "Pohela Boishakh"), [Pana Sankranti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pana_Sankranti "Pana Sankranti"), [Tamil Puthandu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Puthandu "Tamil Puthandu"), [Vishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishu "Vishu"), [Vaisakhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisakhi "Vaisakhi"). The New Year also takes place at around the same time as the New Year celebrations of many regions of South Asia like China ([Dai people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_people "Dai people") of Yunnan Province), India, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. In Thailand, New Year is now officially celebrated 1 January. Songkran was the official New Year until 1888, when it was switched to a fixed date of 1 April. In 1940, the date was shifted to 1 January. The traditional Thai New Year Songkran became a national holiday.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-6) Celebrations are famous for the public water fights framed as ritual cleansing. This has become quite popular among Thais and foreigners. [Songkran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran "Songkran") is a Thai word,[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-7) derived from [Sanskrit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit")[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-8) [saṅkrānti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankranti "Sankranti") (संक्रान्ति), meaning 'to move', 'movement',[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-:1-9): 4 'the passing of'[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-10) or 'astrological passage'.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-11): 70 It derives from the movement of the sun from one position to another in the [zodiac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiac "Zodiac"). According to its literal meaning in Sanskrit, a Songkran occurs every month, but the period Thai people call Songkran happens when the sun moves from [Pisces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisces_\(astrology\) "Pisces (astrology)") to [Aries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aries_\(astrology\) "Aries (astrology)").[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-:0-12) The correct name for this period should be Maha Songkran ('great Songkran)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-13): 4 because it coincides with the arrival of a New Year. The Songkran festival is thus a celebration of the New Year in accordance with the [solar calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_calendar "Solar calendar"). The celebration covers a period of three days: 13 April is regarded as Maha Songkran, the day that the sun moves into Aries or the last day of the old year. 14 April is Wan Nao, the transitional day between the old and new years, and 15 April is Wan Thaloeng Sok ([Thai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language "Thai language"): วันเถลิงศก 'to begin a new era or year'), New Year's day.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-JRIT-2004-14) In 1989, the Thai cabinet fixed Songkran from 12–14 April, despite the correct starting date (13 April at 20:57).[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-15)[\[n 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-16) Songkran was traditionally computed according to the method described in Suriyayart ([Thai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language "Thai language"): สุริยยาตร์), the Thai version of [Surya Siddhanta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya_Siddhanta "Surya Siddhanta"). The celebration starts when the [sun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun "Sun") enters [Aries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aries_\(constellation\) "Aries (constellation)") according to the [sidereal zodiac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_zodiac "Sidereal zodiac") system. This is called Maha Songkran day[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-17): 26 [\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-18): 236 [\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-:1-9): 4 ([Thai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language "Thai language"): วันมหาสงกรานต์). The final day marks the new solar year and is called Wan Thaloengsok ([Thai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language "Thai language"): วันเถลิงศก). The astrologers, local or royal, then make predictions about the economy, agriculture, rainfall, and political affairs according to observations between both days.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-royalprommachat-19) The king, or Chief Royal Astrologer on the monarch's behalf, issued an official notification on the new year to the public. The announcement, called Prakat Songkran ([Thai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language "Thai language"): ประกาศสงกรานต์, Songkran notification), contained information on Songkran, Thaloengsok, the [lunisolar](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lunisolar "wikt:lunisolar") calendar, and religious and royal ceremonies.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-20) The government strictly adhered to the announcement and arranged some ceremonies according to the computation made by the royal astrologer.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-21)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-22)[\[n 2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-23) According to the scripture, 800 years equal 292,207 days.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-24)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-siddhanta-25)[\[n 3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-26) In other words, each solar year lasts 292,207 kammaja ([Thai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language "Thai language"): กัมมัช, lit. one produced by [karma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma "Karma")), where 1 kammaja equals 108 seconds and 800 kammaja corresponds to 1 solar day. Timekeeping began as [Kali Yuga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga "Kali Yuga") started in 3102 [BCE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCE "BCE") (−3101 CE). At the start of each year, it is possible to compute the number of days since Kali Yuga commenced using the following formula:[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-27)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-rikkha-28) ![{\\displaystyle SD={\\frac {292207\\times \\left(KE\\right)}{800}}={\\frac {292207\\times \\left(CE+3101\\right)}{800}}={\\frac {292207\\times \\left(BE+2558\\right)}{800}},}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/98118d601540a2b192ed03ca34381d75eeb6b6b6) where ![{\\displaystyle KE}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/507bb8592e58edbb55ba67f37ce998e58047489f), ![{\\displaystyle CE}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/34ad8d379d96dc8b0c31a7f8006b5768ff0b2fe4), ![{\\displaystyle BE}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3357f928ef7b5ffe20a313be8150b6bcbe084bb4) denote [Kali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga "Kali Yuga") [Era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga "Kali Yuga"), [Common Era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era "Common Era"), and Buddhist Era respectively. ![{\\displaystyle SD}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af326440837e67870d4bee5bf63f49c37c9d89c3) is the Suriyayart day number, which can vary according to the calendar era being used. The integer result is the count of days at New Year's Day, while the remainder indicates the time at which the new year begins (in kammaja), measured from the previous midnight. Owing to a huge day number in the calculation, new [calendar eras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_era "Calendar era") were devised to solve this problem, including the [Minor Era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chulasakarat "Chulasakarat") (ME). 0 ME corresponds to 1181 [BE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar "Thai solar calendar"), 638 CE or 3739 KE. Following the above equation, it follows that there were 1,365,702 days since the start of Kali Yuga. The remainder of the division suggests that the new year started at 373 kammaja after the previous midnight. This corresponds to 373/800 of a day or 11 hours, 11 minutes, and 24 seconds. In other words, 0 ME started at 11:11:24 on Sunday, 25 March 638 CE in the [proleptic Gregorian calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar "Proleptic Gregorian calendar"). The Julian day at the new year is computed according to the following formula: ![{\\displaystyle JD\_{\\mathrm {newyear} }={\\frac {\\left(292207\\times ME\\right)+373}{800}}+1954167.5={\\frac {\\left(292207\\times \\left(CE-638\\right)\\right)+373}{800}}+1954167.5,}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d5d3a080b80fb6b8690b4237d2301df971973ad3) The number can then be converted back into a date using an algorithm (see [Julian day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_day "Julian day")). Maha Songkran day is computed either by a lengthy process or by subtracting ![{\\displaystyle JD\_{\\mathrm {newyear} }}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c8febfbccc2a8bcb7734321664e09d0b2e5c3c4a) by 2.165 days (2 days 3 hours 57 minutes 36 seconds). This can be rewritten as ![{\\displaystyle JD\_{\\mathrm {songkran} }={\\frac {\\left(292207\\times ME\\right)-1732}{800}}+1954167.5={\\frac {\\left(292207\\times \\left(CE-638\\right)\\right)-1732}{800}}+1954167.5.}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f6cc328301822acd05d60f92d5401de5f2a3f2c5) A solar year lasts 292,207 kammaja or 365.25875 days every year. A Gregorian year lasts, on average, 292194 kammaja.[\[n 4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-29) The difference of 13 kammaja (23 minutes, 24 seconds) accumulates every year, causing the shift of Songkran toward the end of the calendar year.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-30) In 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900 and 2000, Maha Songkran was on 7 April, 9 April, 10 April, 12 April, and 13 April, respectively. Nowadays the royal palace has ceased to issue the Prakat Songkran, replacing it with a small calendar booklet given to the public on New Year's Day. [Government Savings Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Savings_Bank_\(Thailand\) "Government Savings Bank (Thailand)") still prints a one-page lunisolar calendar, which is different from the multiple-page solar calendar commonly seen. The calendar features the image of Nang Songkran with her vehicle and subordinates, led by a [Chinese zodiac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_zodiac "Chinese zodiac") animal holding a flag with Thai script for that zodiac. It also contains comprehensive information on the correct Songkran day and religious days.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-31) Some astrologers, especially in northern Thailand, still issue their own Songkran notification containing predictions and other information.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-32) In 2013, the [Chiang Mai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Province "Chiang Mai Province") Provincial Council defied the government-set holiday by rescheduling the ceremony according to the correct calculation.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-33) The following table lists the start and end dates of Songkran festival obtained from the formulae above. The Chinese zodiac for each year is also given since it is also used in Thai astrology. But the Chinese zodiac changes on [Lichun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichun "Lichun"), just before the [Chinese New Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_New_Year "Chinese New Year"), in February, while Thai astrology uses the first day of fifth lunar month (roughly the [new moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_moon "New moon") in late–March to early–April).[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-mornoi-34)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-myhora-35) Before the cutoff date, astrologers use the zodiac of the last year. \| Year \| Chinese zodiac \| Maha Songkran Songkran starts \| Thaloengsok Songkran ends \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 2021 \| Ox \| 14 April 2021 03:39:36 \| 16 April 2021 07:37:12 \| \| 2022 \| Tiger \| 14 April 2022 09:52:12 \| 16 April 2022 13:49:48 \| \| 2023 \| Rabbit \| 14 April 2023 16:04:48 \| 16 April 2023 20:02:24 \| \| 2024 \| Dragon \| 13 April 2024 22:17:24 \| 16 April 2024 02:15:00 \| \| 2025 \| Snake \| 14 April 2025 04:30:00 \| 16 April 2025 08:27:36 \| \| 2026 \| Horse \| 14 April 2026 10:42:36 \| 16 April 2026 14:40:12 \| \| 2027 \| Goat \| 14 April 2027 16:55:12 \| 16 April 2027 20:52:48 \| \| 2028 \| Monkey \| 13 April 2028 23:07:48 \| 16 April 2028 03:05:24 \| \| 2029 \| Rooster \| 14 April 2029 05:20:24 \| 16 April 2029 09:18:00 \| \| 2030 \| Dog \| 14 April 2030 11:33:00 \| 16 April 2030 15:30:36 \| \| 2031 \| Pig \| 14 April 2031 17:45:36 \| 16 April 2031 21:43:12 \| The origin of the Songkran festival lies in a Buddhist folk myth or noncanonical [jataka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jataka_tales "Jataka tales") related to harvest and spring. In the prosperous city of Sukhavati in [Suvannabhumi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvarnabhumi "Suvarnabhumi"), Bodistva was born in the household of a poor farmer. Once, [Indra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aakra_\(Buddhism\) "Śakra (Buddhism)") the king of Devas, looked at the city from heaven and was saddened by the level of corruption. He found that people did not respect their elders, behaved rudely, and did not give them proper food or medicine. They had no compassion for the needy and helpless, no faith in [Sila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sila_\(Buddhism\) "Sila (Buddhism)") and [Uposath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uposatha "Uposatha") but fun in sin, no faith in donation but greed for wealth, no faith in [Dhamma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma_\(Buddhism\) "Dharma (Buddhism)") but made business of Dhamma. Seeing the decline of Dhamma, he said, "[Glory/Siri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasudhara "Vasudhara") of humans lies in their faith in Dhamma. There is no Glory without Dhamma." With the affirmation of this truth, people in the city immediately lost their glory. Rain, water, and food disappeared and extreme drought with skin-burning hot sun waves and dirty, foul-smelling garbage filled their homes. To be saved from this suffering, with Bodistva's leadership, people prayed to Mother [Earth or Siri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasudhara "Vasudhara"). They asked Siri the cause of and solution to their misfortune. Out of compassion and sympathy for her children, she told them restoration of their faith in Dhamma would end their suffering. She gave them a divine piece of fertile land, divine seeds, a mysterious song for rain, and pots of divine [thanaka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanaka "Thanaka") powder of several colors to apply on their skin to cool the body from the sun. People pledged to observe sila and upasotha under Bodistva's guidance. Bodistva and his companions started cultivating the divine land, sowing divine seeds. They used to apply several colours of [thanaka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanaka "Thanaka") powder and water is poured to cool their body from heavy sun waves. In few days their crops were grown that was the day when the sun entered [the constellation of Aries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aries_\(constellation\) "Aries (constellation)"). They produced adequate grains. At the day of harvest, they washed feet of their elders, saluted them and served delicious food and proper cloths. Donations were made to needy and helpless. Hence, Dhamma was restored by the people. Same day when Indra the king of devas again looked at the city of [SuvannaBhumi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvarnabhumi "Suvarnabhumi"). He praised them and said, "Glory of humans lies in their faith in Dhamma, there is no Glory without Dhamma." By affirmation of this truth immediately their lost glory was restored back and the people elected bodistva as their leader and celebrated the harvest day with throwing water on each other and started playing with several colours of thanaka powder by applying it on each other's body. Thus, in Buddhist community in South East Asia, to remember and celebrate this day, people clean their houses, salute and show respect to their elders by washing their feet, serving delicious food and proper clothing to them. Donations are made to monastery and needy. People play with water and different colours of [thanaka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanaka "Thanaka") powder is applied to each other's body. According to the Buddhist scripture of [Wat Pho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Pho "Wat Pho"), Songkran originated from the death of Kapila Brahma (กบิลพรหม, Kabilaphrom, 'reddish [Brahma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma "Brahma")').[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-36) In the olden days, there was a wealthy man and his neighbor, a drunkard. The drunkard, who had two sons, belittled the rich man for being childless. The rich man was humiliated and beseeched the [Sun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya "Surya") and the [Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra "Chandra") gods to grant him a son. His attempts failed until he offered cooked rice to the tree god living in a banyan tree, who asked [Indra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra "Indra") to grant the man's wish. The child, named Thammabal ([Thai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language "Thai language"): ธรรมบาล, also Dhammapala, lit. 'one who protects righteousness'), was born. Thammabal was a clever child who learned three [vedas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas "Vedas"), bird language and also taught people to avoid sin. Kapila Brahma learned of the child and wanted to test the child's cleverness. The god asked, "Where is the glory of men (sri) located in the morning, during the day, and in the evening?". The loser would have his head chopped off. The boy thought in vain for six days, but could not find a solution to the riddles. He lay beneath a sugar palm tree and overheard a conversation between a pair of eagles who planned to eat his corpse when he lost the bet. The female eagle asked her mate whether he knew the answer. He answered, "In the morning, the sri appears on the face, so people wash their faces every morning. At noon, the sri is at the chest where people spray perfume every noon. In the evening, the sri goes to the feet, so people wash their feet every evening." Thmmabal memorized the answer and gave it to Kapila Brahma the next day. Having lost, Kapila Brahma summoned his seven daughters and told them that he must cut his head off. However, if his head fell to earth, it would create an inferno that would engulf the world. If his head was thrown into the air, the rains would stop. And if his head was dropped into the ocean, all seawater would dry up. To prevent these calamities, he told his daughters to place his head on an elevated [phan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phan_\(tray\) "Phan (tray)"). Thungsa, his eldest child, stored her father's head in the cave in [Mount Kailash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kailash "Mount Kailash").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-JRIT-2004-14) Every year when the Sun enters Aries, one of Kapila Brahma's children, called the Nang Songkran ([Thai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language "Thai language"): นางสงกรานต์, [lit.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation "Literal translation")'Lady Songkran') for that year, and other angels form a procession. One of them takes the phan with Kapila Brahma's head. The lady stands, sits, reclines or sleeps on the back of the animal depending on the time. From the dawn to midday, the lady will stand on the back of her conveyance. After midday until the sunset, she will sit down. Between the sunset and midnight, the lady lies down on her vehicle but leaves her eyes open. After midnight, she sleeps.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-rikkha-28) These postures and other details were previously drawn as part of the Prakat Songkran and now as part of the lunisolar calendar. The procession lasts for 60 minutes around [Mount Meru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Meru "Mount Meru"). This is subsequently called Maha Songkran to distinguish from other Songkran that occur when the Sun moves from one to another zodiac. For simplicity, the name was later shortened as Songkran.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-37)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-38) The following table lists the names and characteristics of Nang Songkran, which vary according to which day of the week Maha Songkran falls on in each year. \| Day of Week and corresponding colour \| Name \| Flower \| Jewellery stone \| Food \| Right hand \| Left hand \| Conveyance \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Sunday \| Dungsha Devi/Thungsa Thewi \| [Pomegranate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate "Pomegranate") flowers \| [Ruby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby "Ruby") \| [Fig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_fig "Common fig") \| Discus \| [Conch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conch "Conch") \| [Garuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda "Garuda") \| \| Monday \| Gōrāgha Devi/Khorakha Thewi \| [Cork tree flowers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millingtonia "Millingtonia") \| [Moonstone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonstone_\(gemstone\) "Moonstone (gemstone)") \| Oil \| [Sword](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword "Sword") \| [Staff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_of_office "Staff of office") \| [Tiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_\(zodiac\) "Tiger (zodiac)") \| \| Tuesday \| Rākshasa Devi/Raksot Thewi \| [Lotus flower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera "Nelumbo nucifera") \| [Agate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agate "Agate") \| Blood \| [Trident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident "Trident") \| [Bow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_and_arrow "Bow and arrow") \| [Pig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_\(zodiac\) "Pig (zodiac)") \| \| Wednesday \| Maṇdā Devi/Mantha Thewi \| [Champak flowers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_champaca "Magnolia champaca") \| [Cat's eye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatoyancy "Chatoyancy") \| Butter \| [Stylus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylus "Stylus") \| Staff \| Donkey \| \| Thursday \| Kiriṇī Devi/Kirini Thewi \| [Magnolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia "Magnolia") \| [Emerald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald "Emerald") \| Nuts and sesame seeds \| Hook \| Bow \| Elephant \| \| Friday \| Kimidā Devi/Kimitha Thewi \| [Water lilies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaeaceae "Nymphaeaceae") \| [Topaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topaz "Topaz") \| [Banana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana "Banana") \| Sword \| [Lute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute "Lute") \| Buffalo \| \| Saturday \| Mahodharā Devi/Mahothon Thewi \| [Water hyacinth flowers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eichhornia_crassipes "Eichhornia crassipes") \| [Blue sapphire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_sapphire "Blue sapphire") \| [Hog deer meat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_hog_deer "Indian hog deer") \| Discus \| Trident \| Peacock \| ## In historical records \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songkran_\(Thailand\)&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: In historical records")\] In De Beschryving van Japan (The History of Japan) handwritten in 1690 by [Engelbert Kaempfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelbert_Kaempfer "Engelbert Kaempfer") in the reign of King [Phetracha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phetracha "Phetracha") of [Ayutthaya Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom "Ayutthaya Kingdom"), it is said of Songkran in old-17th century Dutch :- > "Every first day and 15th day of the month, Siamese people had a celebration as the first day of new moon and the 15th day of full moon. Some Siamese people went to temple at the first day of the week which was similar to our Sunday—Holy Communion. There were also many annual ceremonies, such as the Siamese New Year celebration called Songkran (Sonkraen), ..."[\[n 5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-39) — Engelbert Kaempfer (Hand-written in 1690), De beschryving van Japan. (Translated in 1727 by John Gaspar Scheuchzer).[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-40) In the reign of King [Borommakot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borommakot "Borommakot") (1733–58), there was recorded of ancient royal ceremonies of Siamese New Year observance called Songkran Day, the tradition-inherited from past generations of King of Ayutthaya Kingdom such ceremonies as, royal forming of sand stupa with royal ornaments, sprinkling the water onto the statues of Buddha and graven images, offering food to monks, procession of sand stupas parade to temples, royal musical fanfares, and also establishing the almshouse assignment subsequently, said in the Concise Royal Chronicle of Ayutthaya Kingdom of royal forming the sand stupa in the reign of King Borommakot:- > After the royal ceremony of Phra Sai at Wat Phra Si Sanphet, the next day was Wan Nao. The royal officials offered the sands and a big tray to the Majesty King to form the sand in the shape of stupa (Phra Sai) with five hollow spears of the sky at the Song Peun Throne Hall. The royal officials moved King's sand stupa (Phra Sai) to the painter for decorating the British gold on it and the royal officials then moved it to place at the Song Peun Throne Hall. After the Buddhist monks had already eaten their morning meals, the royal officials moved to move (Phra Sai) King's sand stupa (Phra Sai) to place in the pavilion "Lukkhun Thai Sara". The three colonels named Put, Thep Rat and Chan marched the parade with the pairs of flocks by walking and riding the horses. The royal officials produced melodies with the flutes and victory drums, Malaya drum and Chinese drums and took three jagged-edge flags in the parade to move King's sand stupa (Phra Sai) to Wat Worapho, Wat Pra Ram and Wat Mongkol Bophit as the inherited tradition.[\[n 6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-41) There was a contemporary archive mentioned Songkran festival of Siam in reign of King [Mongkut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongkut "Mongkut"). The archive written in 1854 by [Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Pallegoix "Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix"), a priest of the Société des Missions Etrangères who was assigned as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic and lived in Siam. Said in French:- > "During the year, Siamese also have several days of civil or religious festivals, which they celebrate with great splendor: 1°Songkran; it is Siamese New Year, which usually falls in April (fifth month in brahman calendar); it held an observance for three days; Siamese people's able to acknowledge horoscope from astrologers whether the angel of the year to ride a tiger, an ox, a bear, a horse, a goat, a dragon or other animals during this festival only."[\[n 7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-44) — Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix, Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam. (1854).[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-45) The Songkran celebration is rich with symbolic traditions. Mornings begin with [merit-making](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_\(Buddhism\) "Merit (Buddhism)"). Visiting local temples and offering food to the Buddhist monks is commonly practiced. On this specific occasion, performing water pouring on Buddha statues and the young and elderly is a traditional ritual, representing purification and the washing away of one's sins and bad luck.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-:0-12) As a festival of unity, people who have moved away usually return home to their loved ones and elders. Paying reverence to ancestors is an important part of Songkran tradition. The holiday is known for its [Water Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Festival "Water Festival"). Major streets are closed to traffic, and are used as arenas for water fights. Celebrants, young and old, participate in this tradition by splashing water on each other. Traditional parades are held and in some venues "Lady Songkran" or "Miss Songkran" is crowned,[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-46) where contestants are clothed in traditional Thai dress. For the general public, floral shirt or [Hawaiian shirt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_shirt "Hawaiian shirt") is a popular clothing item worn during this festival.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-47) In 2024, [UNESCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO") certified Songkran as part of humanity's [intangible cultural heritage list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_List "Intangible Cultural Heritage List").[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-48) In Central region, people clean their houses when Songkran approaches. All dress up in colorful clothing or Thai dress. After offering food to the monks, people will offer a requiem to their ancestors. People make merit offerings such as giving sand to the temple for construction or repair. Other forms of merit include releasing birds and fish. Nowadays, people also release other kinds of animals such as buffaloes and cows. [Phra Pradaeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra_Pradaeng "Phra Pradaeng") hosts traditional ceremonies of [Mon people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_people "Mon people") such as parades in the colourful traditional outfits and folklore performances.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-49) Ban Hat Siew in [Si Satchanalai District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Satchanalai_District "Si Satchanalai District") hosts the 'Elephant Procession Ordination' event on 7 April, where a colourful parade where men dressed in the traditional clothes are taken to the temples on elephants.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-50) In northern Thailand 13 April is celebrated with gunfire or firecrackers to repel bad luck. On the next day, people prepare food and useful things to offer to the monks at the temple. People have to go to temple to make merit and bathe Buddha's statue and after that they pour water on the hands of elders and ask for their blessings. In [Bangkok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok "Bangkok"), [Khao San Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khao_San_Road "Khao San Road") and [Silom Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silom_Road "Silom Road") with [Siam Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam_Square "Siam Square")[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-51) are the hubs for modern celebration of Songkran. The roads are closed for traffic, and posts equipped with water guns and buckets full of water. The party runs day and night.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-52) Songkran in Eastern region is known as "Wan Lai" (วันไหล, pronounced [\[/wan lǎj\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai "Help:IPA/Thai")), which literally means "flowing day." This term refers to the distinctive way the traditional New Year is celebrated here, with festivities continuing after the official national Songkran holiday (April 13–15). The celebration begins in [Bang Saen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Saen "Bang Saen") (April 16–17), moves to [Pattaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattaya "Pattaya")–Na Kluea (April 18–19), and continues on to [Sattahip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sattahip "Sattahip"), [Rayong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayong_province "Rayong province"), [Ban Chang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Chang_district "Ban Chang district"), and other areas, sometimes lasting until the end of April. Wan Lai captures both the lively water-play atmosphere and the symbolic flow of people, joy, and cultural tradition across multiple coastal towns. Locals and tourists alike follow the festivities, enjoying a vibrant, beachside celebration filled with community spirit and local charm.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-53) > At the festival of Songkran, which marks the beginning of the old Siamese solar year, it is the custom to bathe the images of the Buddha and also the monks and old people. The young folk make this an occasion for throwing water over each other amidst much fun and laughter.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-54): 125 [\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-55): 133 — Peter Anthony Thompson B.A., A.M., I.C.E., Late of [The Royal Survey Department, Siam.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Survey_Department "Royal Thai Survey Department"), Lotus Land: Being an Account of the Country and the People of Southern Siam, July 1906. - [![Buddhist takes a bath ancestor pagoda in Songkran festival, Uttaradit.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ban_Khung_Taphao02.jpg/120px-Ban_Khung_Taphao02.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ban_Khung_Taphao02.jpg "Buddhist takes a bath ancestor pagoda in Songkran festival, Uttaradit.") Buddhist takes a bath ancestor pagoda in Songkran festival, [Uttaradit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttaradit "Uttaradit"). - [![Songkran festival, Chiang Mai's ancient city wall](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Songkran_Day_%40_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg/120px-Songkran_Day_%40_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Songkran_Day_@_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg "Songkran festival, Chiang Mai's ancient city wall") Songkran festival, [Chiang Mai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai "Chiang Mai")'s ancient city wall - [![Dancers in Isan traditional dress during Songkran festival, Bueng Kan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Pak_Khat%2C_Pak_Khat_District%2C_Bueng_Kan_38220%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/120px-Pak_Khat%2C_Pak_Khat_District%2C_Bueng_Kan_38220%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pak_Khat,_Pak_Khat_District,_Bueng_Kan_38220,_Thailand_-_panoramio_\(1\).jpg "Dancers in Isan traditional dress during Songkran festival, Bueng Kan") Dancers in [Isan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isan "Isan") traditional dress during Songkran festival, [Bueng Kan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bueng_Kan "Bueng Kan") - [![Monks receiving blessing at a temple in Ban Khung Taphao](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Songkran_in_Wat_Kungthapao_05.jpg/120px-Songkran_in_Wat_Kungthapao_05.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Songkran_in_Wat_Kungthapao_05.jpg "Monks receiving blessing at a temple in Ban Khung Taphao") Monks receiving blessing at a temple in [Ban Khung Taphao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Khung_Taphao "Ban Khung Taphao") - [![Water fights along the west moat, Chiang Mai, Thailand](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Songkran_012.jpg/120px-Songkran_012.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Songkran_012.jpg "Water fights along the west moat, Chiang Mai, Thailand") Water fights along the west moat, [Chiang Mai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai "Chiang Mai"), Thailand - [![Songkran at Wat Thai, Los Angeles](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Songkran_at_Wat_Thai_in_Los_Angeles%2C_April_2008.JPG/120px-Songkran_at_Wat_Thai_in_Los_Angeles%2C_April_2008.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Songkran_at_Wat_Thai_in_Los_Angeles,_April_2008.JPG "Songkran at Wat Thai, Los Angeles") Songkran at Wat Thai, [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") - [![Songkran symbolic sand pagodas in temple, Wat Phu Khao Thong, Ban Maenam, Koh Samui](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/2016_Songkran-temple-sand_IMG_4320.jpg/120px-2016_Songkran-temple-sand_IMG_4320.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_Songkran-temple-sand_IMG_4320.jpg "Songkran symbolic sand pagodas in temple, Wat Phu Khao Thong, Ban Maenam, Koh Samui") Songkran symbolic [sand pagodas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_pagoda "Sand pagoda") in temple, Wat Phu Khao Thong, Ban Maenam, Koh Samui - [![Group of Thai traditional dancer in Songkran festival, Bangkok](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2827%29.jpg/120px-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2827%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_\(27\).jpg "Group of Thai traditional dancer in Songkran festival, Bangkok") Group of Thai traditional dancer in Songkran festival, [Bangkok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok "Bangkok") - [![Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2812%29.jpg/120px-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2812%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_\(12\).jpg "Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok") Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok - [![Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2815%29.jpg/120px-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_%2815%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_2562_Photographed_by_Peak_Hora_\(15\).jpg "Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok") Lady Songkran parade at Songkran festival, Bangkok - [![Si Lom Road closure for water fight during Songkran in 2025](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/14_April_2025_-_Songkran_on_Si_Lom_Road%2C_Bangkok_-_img_08.jpg/120px-14_April_2025_-_Songkran_on_Si_Lom_Road%2C_Bangkok_-_img_08.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14_April_2025_-_Songkran_on_Si_Lom_Road,_Bangkok_-_img_08.jpg "Si Lom Road closure for water fight during Songkran in 2025") [Si Lom Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Lom_Road "Si Lom Road") closure for water fight during Songkran in 2025 - [![Sand stupas at Bang Saen during Wan Lai 2018. Creating sand sculptures, such as stupas and Buddha images, is a traditional activity that forms part of Wan Lai, the eastern-style Songkran celebration](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Chon-Buri-2561.jpg/120px-Chon-Buri-2561.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chon-Buri-2561.jpg "Sand stupas at Bang Saen during Wan Lai 2018. Creating sand sculptures, such as stupas and Buddha images, is a traditional activity that forms part of Wan Lai, the eastern-style Songkran celebration") [Sand stupas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_stupa "Sand stupa") at Bang Saen during Wan Lai 2018. Creating sand sculptures, such as stupas and Buddha images, is a traditional activity that forms part of Wan Lai, the eastern-style Songkran celebration Songkran is celebrated by the Malaysian Siamese community, particularly in the states of [Kedah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah "Kedah"), Kelantan, [Penang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang "Penang"), Perak, [Perlis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlis "Perlis") and [Terengganu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu "Terengganu") where most Siamese are located.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-56)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-57) The festival is celebrated as [Sangken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangken "Sangken") in northeastern areas of India and as [Bizu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizu "Bizu"), Boisuk, Shangrai, and Boisabi in the [Chittagong Hill Tracts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts "Chittagong Hill Tracts") of Bangladesh, which is the traditional New Year's Day by the indigenous Hindu people and Buddhist community. The Sangken festival is celebrated by the Tai people — [Khamti people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamti_people "Khamti people") [Khamyang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamyang_people "Khamyang people"), [Phake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Phake_people "Tai Phake people") and [Turung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turung_people "Turung people") people. The festival is also celebrated by [Singpho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singpho_people "Singpho people"), Tikhak (Tangsa) and Duoniya people. Sangken generally falls in the month of 'Naun Ha', the fifth month of the year of the Tai [Lunar calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendar "Lunar calendar") coinciding with the month of April. It is celebrated in the last days of the old year and the lunar new year begins on the day just after the end of the festival. In [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan "Japan"), Songkran festival observance held along with the Hot Spring festival, Beppu Hatto Onsen Matsuri, in [Beppu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beppu "Beppu") city, [Ōita Prefecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cita_Prefecture "Ōita Prefecture"), called Beppu Songkran Festival,[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-58) not only water-splashing observance but also Thai cultural fanfares occurred, and also held at the world's wettest music festival, S2O Japan Songkran Music Festival.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-59) It's combination of Thai-Japan culture and depiction of long time relation of each other. Songkran is celebrated annually on the U.S. territory of [Wake Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Island "Wake Island") by Air Force members and American and Thai contractors,[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-60) including [New York State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State "New York State") for commemorating the Asian American community's celebration of Songkran on April as an important cultural event on the state according to Assembly Resolution No. 1059.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-61) Police statistics show that the death toll from road accidents doubles during the annual Songkran holiday. Between 2009 and 2013 there were about 27 road deaths per day during non-holiday periods and an average of 52 road deaths per day during Songkran. Thailand has among the highest [traffic fatality rates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_traffic-related_death_rate "List of countries by traffic-related death rate") in the world, along with [Liberia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia "Liberia"), [Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "Democratic Republic of the Congo"), and [Tanzania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania "Tanzania"). Approximately 70–80 percent of the accidents that occur during the long holiday period are motorcycle accidents.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-BP-20180418-62) About 10,000 people per year die in motorcycle accidents.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-bpstlawless-63) The [National Council for Peace and Order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_Peace_and_Order "National Council for Peace and Order") (NCPO) says a total of 110,909 people were arrested and 5,772 vehicles impounded at road safety checkpoints across the country between 9–16 April 2016.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-64) In 2018 the number of offenders arrested at 2,029 checkpoints had risen to 146,589. Of these, 39,572 had failed to wear crash helmets and 37,779 carried no driving licence.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-BP-20180418-62) Reacting to the numbers, the [prime minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayut_Chan-o-cha "Prayut Chan-o-cha") "ordered stricter enforcement of the law"; the interior minister said he would "propose greater efforts in raising awareness as an additional measure, insisting that traffic laws were \[already\] strictly enforced"; and deputy prime minister [Prawit Wongsuwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawit_Wongsuwon "Prawit Wongsuwon") said he would "work harder to ensure motorcyclists wore helmets".[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-65) This period is known locally as "7 dangerous days".[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-66) \| Date \| Accidents \| Deaths \| Injuries \| Source \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 11–17 Apr 2018 \| 3,724 \| 418 \| 3,987 \| [\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-BP-20180418-62) \| \| 2017 \| 3,690 \| 335 \| 3,506 \| [\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-67) \| \| 11–17 Apr 2016 \| 3,447 \| 442 \| 3,656 \| [\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-68)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-Barrow-2016-69) \| \| 2015 \| 3,373 \| 364 \| 3,559 \| [\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-Barrow-2016-69) \| \| 11–17 Apr 2014 \| 2,992 \| 322 \| 3,225 \| [\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-Barrow-2016-69) \| ### Intellectual property \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songkran_\(Thailand\)&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Intellectual property")\] #### Celebrate Singapore \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songkran_\(Thailand\)&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Celebrate Singapore")\] In 2014, "Celebrate Singapore," a large two-day Songkran-style water festival,[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-70) was planned for Singapore and the event was promoted as the "largest water festival party in Singapore." However, controversy emerged when the [Tourism Authority of Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_Authority_of_Thailand "Tourism Authority of Thailand") (TAT) Deputy Governor for Tourism Products, Vilaiwan Twichasri, claimed that Thailand holds exclusive rights to celebrate Songkran and planned to consult with officials at the Department of Intellectual Property, Ministry of Commerce and Ministry of Culture to discuss a potential lawsuit. The Deputy Governor's view was supported by numerous Thai citizens on social media websites.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-71) Chai Nakhonchai, Cultural Promotion Department chief, pointed out that Songkran is a traditional festival shared by many countries throughout Southeast Asia, while historian Charnvit Kasetsiri stated that no single nation can claim ownership of a tradition.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-72) On 25 March 2014, the [Bangkok Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Post "Bangkok Post") reported that the Singaporean government had intervened in the festival's content and there would be no water-throwing, no water pistols and no public drinking. The festival was also reduced to a one-day event.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_note-73) - [Choul Chnam Thmey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choul_Chnam_Thmey "Choul Chnam Thmey") - the Cambodian New Year that follows the same date and time. - [Holi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi "Holi") – an Indian holiday famous for its ritualized street celebrations with colored powder - [Water Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Festival "Water Festival") - vibrant celebrations that occur across the globe, often marking the start of a new year or season. Countries/Regions include: Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia, and the Xishuangbanna Prefecture and Dehong regions of China - [List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Thailand "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Thailand") 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-16) The cabinet later fixed this issue by shifting the holiday by one day to 13–15 April, which is still in use today. 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-23) In 1896, for example, the ceremony started on 12 April. According to Suriyayart, the sun entered Aries at 19:30 on 12 April. The main ceremony started one day later, possibly due to difficulties organizing the ceremony at the exact time. In 1949, Maha Songkran was on 13 April at 12:35 and the ceremony started that day. 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-26) According to Deva Sastri, Bapu (1861). ["Translation of the Surya Siddhanta"](http://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/suryaEnglish.pdf) (PDF). C B Lewis and the Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta. Sloka 37, there are 1,577,917,828 solar (or terrestrial, as the translator chose) day within one great [Yuga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuga_Cycle "Yuga Cycle"), or eon. There are four [yugas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuga "Yuga"), or periods, within the aeon. All of them spans 4,320,000 solar years (Sloka 15–16). It follows that 800 solar years correspond to 292,207 days. 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-29) Julian year lasts 292,200 kammajas on average 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-39) De Siamiten vieren den ecrſtcn en vyſtienden dag der maand, zynde de dagen der nieuwe en volle maan. Sommige gaan ook op den cerſtcn dag van de kwartier maanen na de Pagoden, 't welk eeniger maaten overeenkomt met onzen Zondag. Behalven deze hebben zy fommige jaarlykſche plechtige Feeſtdagen, by voorbeeld een in 't begin van 't jaar, genaamt Sonkraen, ..." 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-41) อนึ่งเมื่อครั้ง (แผ่นดิน) สมเด็จพระพุทธเจ้าหลวงในพระบรมโกศนั้น ครั้นวันขึ้นปีใหม่โหรถวายฤกษ์เป็นวันมหาสงกรานต์ เจ้าพนักงานได้ก่อพระทรายหน้าพระวิหารหลวงวัดพระศรีสรรเพ็ชญ์...และเครื่องราชวัติฉัตรธงเครื่องประดับพระทรายนั้น เจ้าพนักงานได้เบิกสิ่งของให้แก่ช่างเขียนทำ และพระทรายนั้นช่างเขียนได้ตัด \[เขียนตัดเส้นระบายสี หรือตัดพระทรายให้เป็นรูปทรง\] ครั้นรุ่งขึ้นเพลาเช้าวันมหาสงกรานต์ ล้นเกล้าล้นกระหม่อมเสด็จไป ณ พระวิหารใหญ่ด้วย \[พระวิหารหลวงวัดพระศรีสรรเพ็ชญ์ หลังกลาง\] นิมนต์พระสงฆ์ราชาคณะอธิการวัด ได้ฉัน ณ พระวิหารใหญ่ฉลองพระทราย และที่พระ(ทราย)มหาธาตุและพระทรายบริวารนั้น วิเศษแต่งเทียนและบายศรี (มี) เทียนทองคำขวัญบูชาพระทรายองค์ละสำรับ ครั้นเสร็จ (งาน) พระทรายที่วัดพระศรีสรรเพ็ชญ์แล้วรุ่งขึ้นเป็นวันเนา เจ้าพนักงานจึงเอาทรายและเตียงเข้าไปให้ล้นเกล้าล้นกระหม่อมทรงก่อพระทราย ณ พระที่นั่งทรงปืน...ทรงก่อแล้วพนักงานยกพระทรายออกให้ช่างเขียนตัด และเครื่องประดับพระพรายนั้นให้เจ้าพนักงานปิดทองอังกฤษประดับ และช่าง \[ช่างเขียน\] เขียนทำประดับประดาพระทราย แล้วยกเข้าไปตั้งไว้ ณ พระที่นั่งทรงปืน ครั้นรุ่งขึ้นเพลาเช้าวันเถลิงศกเสด็จ ฯ ออกฉลองพระเจดีย์ทราย เตียงยกพระที่นั่งทรงปืน พระสงฑ์ฉันเสร็จแล้ว เจ้าพนักงานยกพระทรายออกมาตั้งไว้ ณ ศาลาลูกขุนท้ายสระ พันพุฒ พันเทพราช พันจันท์ เกณฑ์เครื่องเล่นและคู่แห่เดินเท้าและม้า ปี่กลองชนะ ธงสามชาย ปีกลองมลายู ปี่กลองจีนแห่พระทรายไปไว้ ฯ วัดวรโพธิ์ วัดพระราม วัดมงคลบพิตร (เป็น) อย่างธรรมเนียมสืบมาแต่ก่อน (ดังนี้) 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-44) Ils ont en outre, durant le cours de l'année, plusieurs jours de fêtes civiles ou religieuses, qu'ils célèbrent avec grande pompe : 1°Songkran; c'est leur nouvel an, qui tombe ordinairement dans leur cinquième mois; on le célèbre pendant trois jours; ce n'est qu'à cette époque que le peuple apprend des astro-logues, si l'ange de l'année monte un tigre, un bœuf, un ours, un cheval; une chèvre, un dragon ou quelque autre animal. 1. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-:3_1-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-:3_1-1) [Ach Vidyagama (George Bradley McFarland), Phra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McFarland "George B. McFarland"). (1944). "สงกรานต์", Thai-English Dictionary. CA, United States: Stanford University Press. 1,058 pp. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-080-4-70383-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-080-4-70383-3 "Special:BookSources/978-080-4-70383-3") 2. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-:2_2-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-:2_2-1) Glen Lewis. (2007). "Thai tourism take 1: a land of diversity and refinement", Virtual Thailand The Media and Cultural Politics in Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore (Rethinking Southeast Asia). NY, United States: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group (T\&F Informa plc.). 241 pp. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-415-36499-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36499-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36499-7") . "April 'Songkran Splendours' (Thai New Year, nationalwide)" 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-3)* [Anuman Rajadhon (Yong Sathirakoses), Phraya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phraya_Anuman_Rajadhon "Phraya Anuman Rajadhon"). (1956). Loy Krathong and Songkran Festival. Bangkok: National Culture Institute Thailand. p. 13. "SONGKRAN FESTIVAL Of all the feasts and festivals in Thailand which are many..." - Ministry of Education Thailand, Office of the National Culture Commission. (1989). Thai Culture: Songkran Festival. Bangkok: Ministry of Education Thailand. 33 pp.[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-974-7-90326-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-7-90326-3 "Special:BookSources/978-974-7-90326-3") , [974-790-326-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-790-326-1 "Special:BookSources/974-790-326-1") . "Songkran Festival " issued by the Office of the National Culture Commission is the third of its series . The aim of this cultural kit is to present Thai culture to the general public and thereby to create mutual understanding" 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-4) ["'Songkran Festival' extended to five-day holiday"](https://www.nationthailand.com/detail/breakingnews/30339797). The Nation. 27 February 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180414060035/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/breakingnews/30339797) from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018. 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-5) ["Thai Government Approves Extra Day for Songkran 2019"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190326194009/https://www.chiangraitimes.com/thai-government-approves-extra-day-for-songkran-2019.html). Chiang Rai Times. 13 February 2019. Archived from [the original](https://www.chiangraitimes.com/thai-government-approves-extra-day-for-songkran-2019.html) on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019. 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-6) [Melton, J. Gordon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton "J. Gordon Melton") (2011). [Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations](https://books.google.com/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&pg=PA825). ABC-CLIO. p. 825. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-59884-205-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-205-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-205-0") . 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-7) V. S. Bhaskar, Government of Assam, India. (2009). "Festivals: Songkran", Faith & Philosophy of Buddhism. New Delhi, India: Kalpaz Publications. 312 pp. pp. 261-262. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-817-8-35722-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-817-8-35722-5 "Special:BookSources/978-817-8-35722-5") . "Songkran is a Thai word which means 'move'..." - Taipei City Government, Taiwan (ROC). (2008). Teipei: 2008 Yearbook. \[臺北市年鑑2008-英文版 (In Chinese)\]. Taipei: Taipei City Government Editorial Group. 386 pp. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-986-0-14421-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-0-14421-5 "Special:BookSources/978-986-0-14421-5") . p. 269. "(Songkran) is in April, and Thai people celebrate their new year by splashing water at each other, hence the Thai name Songkran, i.e., "Water Splashing Festival." - Rooney, Dawn F. (2008). Ancient Sukhothai: Thailand's Cultural Heritage. Bangkok: River Books Press. 247 pp. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-974-9-86342-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-9-86342-8 "Special:BookSources/978-974-9-86342-8") . p. 36. "'Songkran' is a Thai name that derives from a Sanskrit word meaning 'to move to', a reference to the sun's movements. - Komlosy, A. (2002). [Images Of The Dai : The Aesthetics Of Gender And Identity In Xishuangbanna](https://web.archive.org/web/20170814175634/https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/7293/AnouskaKomlosyPhDThesis.pdf?sequence=3). \[Doctoral Dissertation, University of St. Andrews\]. University of St. Andrews Research Repository. ['https://hdl.handle.net/10023/7293'](https://hdl.handle.net/10023/7293). p. 334. "The term Songkran is a Thai word meaning to move, here it refers to the Sun which moves into the sign of Aries at this time of the year". pp. 334–335. "The Thai term Songkran is now used by many Southeast Asia specialists to refer to the New Year festival held in many countries, including Myanmar, Laos and China." - ["Songkran" (noun) in Oxford English Dictionary (Online)](https://www.oed.com/dictionary/songkran_n?tab=meaning_and_use#190072726). Retrieved on 17 April 2024. - Anouska Komlosy. "Procession and Water Splashing: Expressions of Locality and Nationality during Dai New Year in Xishuangbanna: Songkran", The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 10(2). (2004, June). London: [Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland "Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland"). [JSTOR \#i370994](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3804155). p. 357. "The term Songkran is a Thai word meaning 'to move', and it refers here to the Sun, which moves into the sign of Aries at this time of the year." - Prakong Nimmanahaeminda, Academy of Arts, [Royal Society of Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Thailand "Royal Society of Thailand"). "Myth and Ritual : A Study of the Songkran Festival", The Journal of The Royal Society of Thailand, 29(1–2), (2004, January–March). pp. 345–350. "Songkran is a Thai word which means of movement." - Malaysia, Jabatan Perpaduan Negara Dan Integrasi Nasional (JPNIN). (1985). [Festivals and religious occasions in Malaysia](https://search.worldcat.org/title/21156065). (First series). Kuala Lumpur: The National Unity Department of Malaysia, Prime Minister's Dept. 36 pp. p. 26. "'SONGKRAN' is a Traditional New Year of the Thai people and this day normally fulls in the month of April. 'SONGKRAN' is a Thai word meaning change of exchange." - [Sir. Philip John Newling Ward, Maj. Gen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Ward "Philip Ward"). (1974). "THE SONGKRAN FESTIVAL", Bangkok: Portrait of a City. Cambridge, United Kingdom: The Oleander Press. 136 pp. p. 111. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-090-2-67544-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-090-2-67544-5 "Special:BookSources/978-090-2-67544-5") . "Thai word ' Songkran ' literally means a move or change". - James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie, Louis Herbert Gray. (1912). "FESTIVALS AND FACTS (Siamese)", [Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics Vol. 5](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56056). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 886. 8. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-8) Oxford Business Group (OBG). (2011). "Water wars: The traditional Thai New Year includes some playful activities", The Report: Thailand 2012. (n.p.): Oxford Business Group. 268 pp. p. 260.[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-190-7-06563-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-190-7-06563-7 "Special:BookSources/978-190-7-06563-7") - [Monier-Williams, Monier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams "Monier Monier-Williams") (1899). "Saṃkrānti". [A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages](http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw1127-saMketagRhaka.jpg). Oxford: Clarendon Press. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [685239912](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/685239912). 9. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-:1_9-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-:1_9-1) Office of the National Culture Commission. (1989). Thai Culture: Songkran Festival Cultural Kit No. 3. Bangkok: Ministry of Education Thailand. 33 pp. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-974-7-90326-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-7-90326-3 "Special:BookSources/978-974-7-90326-3") 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-10)* [Epstein, N.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine_Epstein "Nadine Epstein"), and Arvigo, R. (2021). Spiritual Bathing: Healing Rituals and Traditions from Around the World (eBook). (n.p.): Echo Point Books & Media, LLC. 192 pp. 11. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-11) [Bartlett, S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Bartlett "Sarah Bartlett"). (2015). Spellcraft for a Magical Year: Rituals and Enchantments for Prosperity, Power, and Fortune. United States: Quarto Publishing Group USA. 224 pp. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-162-7-88297-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-162-7-88297-2 "Special:BookSources/978-162-7-88297-2") 12. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-:0_12-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-:0_12-1) ["The magic and traditions of Thai New Year (Songkran)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140405103542/http://www.tatnews.org/the-magic-and-traditions-of-thai-new-year-songkran/). Tourism Authority of Thailand Newsroom. Archived from [the original](http://www.tatnews.org/the-magic-and-traditions-of-thai-new-year-songkran/) on 5 April 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2015. 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-13)* Corness, I. (2015). "Songkran", Farang: Thailand through the eyes of an ex-pat (eBook). Dublin, Ireland: Maverick House. 240 pp. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-190-5-37977-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-190-5-37977-4 "Special:BookSources/978-190-5-37977-4") 14. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-JRIT-2004_14-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-JRIT-2004_14-1) Nimmanahaeminda, Prakong (April–June 2004). ["Myth and Ritual: A Study of the Songkran Festival"](http://legacy.orst.go.th/wp-content/uploads/royin-ebook/61/FileUpload/36_6420.pdf) (PDF). The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand. 29* (2): 345–350. Retrieved 5 August 2018. 15. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-15) ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, [ประกาศสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง กำหนดเวลาทำงานและวันหยุดราชการ (ฉบับที่ ๑๙) พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๐](https://web.archive.org/web/20171230171941/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2540/D/026/53.PDF), เล่ม ๑๑๔, ตอนที่ ๒๖ ง, ๑ เมษายน ๒๕๔๐ (Cabinet notification on workdays and holidays, 1997) 16. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-17) Yavaprapas, S., Ministry of Culture (Thailand). (2004). Songkran Festival. (2nd Ed.). Bangkok: Prachoomthong Printing Group Co., Ltd. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-974-7-10351-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-7-10351-9 "Special:BookSources/978-974-7-10351-9") 17. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-18) Crump, William D. (2016). "Thailand", Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide. NC, United States: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. 319 pp. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-147-6-60748-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-147-6-60748-1 "Special:BookSources/978-147-6-60748-1") 18. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-royalprommachat_19-0) เสมเสริมสุข, บาง (1961). ตำราพรหมชาติ ฉบับหลวง. สำนักงานลูก ส. ธรรมภักดี. 19. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-20) For example, ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, [ประกาศสงกรานต์ ร.ศ. ๑๑๐ พ.ศ.๒๔๓๔](https://web.archive.org/web/20171230115516/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2434/002/9_1.PDF), เล่ม ๘, ๑๒ เมษายน ๒๔๓๔ (1891 Notification on Songkran) 20. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-21) ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, [พระราชพิธีเผด็จศกสงกรานต์](https://web.archive.org/web/20210628174424/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2442/003/41_2.PDF), เล่มที่ ๑๖, ๑๖ เมษายน ๒๔๔๒, หน้า ๓๕ (Songkran and cutting off the year ceremony in 1899) 21. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-22) ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, [กำหนดการพระราชพิธีสงกรานต์ พ.ศ.๒๔๙๒](https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114605/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2492/D/022/1519.PDF), ตอนที่ ๒๒, เล่ม ๖๖, ๑๒ เมษายน ๒๔๙๒ (Songkran royal ceremony schedule, 1949) 22. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-24) Burgess, James (1893). ["ART.XVIII. Notes on Hindu Astronomy and the History of our Knowledge of it"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0035869X00022553). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 25 (4). Cambridge University: 717–761\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1017/S0035869X00022553](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00022553). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [163252270](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163252270). 23. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-siddhanta_25-0) Deva Sastri, Bapu (1861). ["Translation of the Surya Siddhanta"](http://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/suryaEnglish.pdf) (PDF). C B Lewis and the Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta. 24. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-27) มนเทียรทอง, เอื้อน; ทองเนียม, บุนนาค. พระคัมภีร์สุริยยาตร์ศิวาคม. สำนักโหรหอคำ. (Aeur Montianthong and Bunnak Thongniam's Suriyayat Sivakom for Computer Users, in Thai) 25. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-rikkha_28-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-rikkha_28-1) สุริยาอารักษ์, สิงห์โต. เรื่องฤกษ์และการให้ฤกษ์ ดวงพิชัยสงคราม. เขษมบรรณกิจ. (Singto Suriya-arak's How to and how not to set the ceremonial time and how to compute a detailed Suriyayart natal chart, in Thai) 26. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-30)* Chunpongtong, Loy (October 2012). "Discrepancies in Songkran Days: A Mathematical Research (ความคลาดเคลื่อนของวันสงกรานต์: ผลวิจัยเชิงคณิตศาสตร์)". 37 (4). 27. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-31) ["ปฏิทินสงกรานต์"](http://www.komchadluek.net/news/ent/182588). [Kom Chad Luek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom_Chad_Luek "Kom Chad Luek"). 10 April 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2017. 28. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-32) ["สกู๊ปหน้า 1… หนังสือปีใหม่เมืองล้านนา"](http://www.chiangmainews.co.th/page/archives/475110). Chiang Mai News. 29. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-33) บัวคลี่, บัณรส (8 April 2013). ["เลื่อนวันดำหัวผู้ว่าเชียงใหม่: ท้องถิ่นนิยมใต้อำนาจรวมศูนย์"](https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114843/http://www.manager.co.th/Columnist/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9560000042503). Archived from [the original](http://www.manager.co.th/Columnist/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9560000042503) on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017. 30. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-mornoi_34-0) การผูกดวงวางลัคนา. ชมรมพยากรณ์ศาสตร์. 2004. (On the Formation of Thai Natal Chart) 31. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-myhora_35-0) ["การเปลี่ยนปีนักษัตร"](https://www.myhora.com/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3-038.aspx). 7 February 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2017. 32. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-36) วิริยบูรณะ, อุระคินทร์ (1 April 1960). พรหมชาติ ฉบับหลวง. สำนักงาน ลูก ส. ธรรมภักดี. pp. 512–513 33. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-37) Suksawat, Saranya (n.d.). ["Happy New Year Songkran Festival"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180209014243/http://www.thaiwaysmagazine.com/thai_article/2101_songkran_festival/songkran_festival.html). Thaiways. Archived from [the original](https://www.thaiwaysmagazine.com/thai_article/2101_songkran_festival/songkran_festival.html) on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018. 34. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-38) ["Legendary of Songkran lady (Nang Songkran)"](https://songkranfestivalinthailand.blogspot.com.au/p/legendary-of-songkran-lady-nang.html). Songkran Festival. Retrieved 14 April 2018. 35. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-40) Engelbert Kaempfer, John Gaspar Scheuchzer and Sir Hans Sloane. (1727). De beschryving van Japan. Door ENGELBERT KÆMPFER, M.D. Geneesheer van bet Hollandſche... (Translated by John Gaspar Scheuchzer). Netherlands: Gosse en J. Neaulme. 550 pp. p. 29. "Behalven deze hebben zy fommige jaarlykſche plechtige Feeſtdagen, by voorbeeld een in 't begin van 't jaar, genaamt Sonkraen, een ander Kitimbac genoemt, ook wel ..." 36. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-42) The Fine Arts Department of Thailand. (1969). "เริ่มก่อพระทรายครั้งรัชกาลสมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมโกศตอนปลายกรุงศรีอยุธยาตามที่บันทึกไว้เมื่อปีเถาะ พ.ศ. ๒๓๒๖ ปีที่ ๒ ในรัชกาลที่ ๑ กรุงรัตนโกสินทร์". The Concise Chronicle Vol. 43. (The Concise Chronicle Chapter 69-70) of Krung Sri Ayutthaya Part I, Nakhon Champassak, and story of Khun Borom. \[ประชุมพงศาวดาร เล่มที่ ๔๓ (ประชุมพงศาวดารภาคที่ ๖๙-๗๐) เรื่องเกี่ยวกับกรุงเก่าตอนที่ ๑ เรื่องเมืองนครจำปาศักดิ์ และเรื่องขุนบรมราชา (in Thai)\]. Bangkok: Kuru Sa Pha. pp. 3–6. - Office of Literature and History. (1999). The Concise of The Royal Chronicle of Thailand Celebrating Golden Jubilee Vol. 5 \[ประชุมพงศาวดารฉบับกาญจนาภิเษก เล่ม ๕ (in Thai)\]. Bangkok: Kuru Sa Pha Lat Phrao. pp. 138–142. - The Concise Chronicle Vol. 69 of Krung Sri Ayutthaya Part I. Redistributed in the royal cremation of Col. Phraya Phiriyawichai (Pheap Suwannin) on 22 June 1938 at Makut Kasattriyaram Ratchaworawihan temple. Bangkok: Phra Chan. pp. 2–5. 37. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-43) Ministry of Culture Thailand, Department of Cultural Promotion. (2021). Songkran Tradition. Bangkok: The Agricultural Co-operative Federation of Thailand Ltd. p. 82. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-616-543-698-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-616-543-698-4 "Special:BookSources/978-616-543-698-4") 38. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-45) Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix. (1854). Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam. Lagny, France: Vialat et Cie. p. 249. "Ils ont en outre, durant le cours de l'année, plusieurs jours de fêtes civiles ou religieuses, qu'ils célèbrent avec grande pompe : 1°Songkran; c'est leur nouvel an, qui tombe ordinairement dans leur cinquième mois; on le célèbre pendant trois jours; ce n'est qu'à cette époque que le peuple apprend des astro-logues, si l'ange de l'année monte un tigre, un bœuf, un ours, un cheval; une chèvre, un dragon ou quelque autre animal." 39. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-46) Chadchaidee, Thanapol (1994). Essays on Thailand. D.K. Today Co., Ltd. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [974-834-824-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-834-824-5 "Special:BookSources/974-834-824-5") . 40. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-47) Jaikusol, Warapun (18 April 2023). ["Floral shirts hot again for Songkran festival week"](https://www.pattayamail.com/latestnews/news/floral-shirts-hot-again-for-songkran-festival-week-429325). Pattaya Mail. Retrieved 15 April 2024. 41. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-48) ["Songkran in Thailand, traditional Thai New Year festival"](https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/songkran-in-thailand-traditional-thai-new-year-festival-01719). ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 7 February 2024. 42. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-49) ["Songkran"](https://rove.me/to/thailand/songkran). rove.me. 2 November 2022. 43. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-50) ["Thailand Grand Songkran Celebrations"](https://www.tatnews.org/2018/04/thailand-grand-songkran-celebrations-2018/). Tourism Authority of Thailand. 4 April 2018. 44. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-51) ["SONGKRAN IN SIAM SQUARE"](https://www.novotelbkk.com/bangkok-hotel/songkran-in-siam-square/). Novotel. 15 April 2015. 45. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-52) ["Songkran, everything you need to know about Thailand's famous new year water fight"](https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/travel-leisure/article/2139071/songkran-everything-you-need-know-about-thailands-famous). South China Morning Post. 46. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-53) ["ประเพณี "วันไหล" คืออะไร ทำไมถึงมีขึ้นหลังวันสงกรานต์"](https://www.pptvhd36.com/news/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C/221803) \[What is the "Wan Lai" Festival, and Why Does It Take Place After Songkran?\]. PPTV HD (in Thai). 14 July 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025. 47. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-54) Thompson, Peter A. (1906). Lotus Land: Being an Account of the Country and the People of Southern Siam. London: T. Werner Laurie. 312 pp. 48. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-55) Thompson, Peter A. (1910). "The Brotherhood of the Yellow Robe", Siam: An Account of the Country and the People, Vol 16. Boston, MA: J. B. Millet Company. 330 pp. 49. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-56) Lee, Edmund (13 April 2017). ["Five million Malaysians celebrate Songkran and Good Friday"](http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2017/04/13/five-million-malaysians-celebrate-songkran-and-good-friday). The Sun Daily. Retrieved 14 April 2018. 50. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-57) Nor Ain Mohd Radhi (12 April 2018). ["Najib wishes Happy Songkran to Malaysian Siamese"](https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/04/356527/najib-wishes-happy-songkran-malaysian-siamese). New Straits Times. Retrieved 14 April 2018. 51. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-58) [Public relations news of Beppu Songkran Festival (PR No. 23/2566)](https://web.archive.org/web/20240420081923/https://image.mfa.go.th/mfa/0/YLjhuT4Hho/PR2023/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_23_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5_2566.pdf). Royal Thai Consulate General Fukuoka. (29 March 2023). Retrieved on 20 April 2024. 52. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-59) Shobunsha Publications. (2019). Mappuru shutoken-hatsu 《まっぷる首都圏発》 \[Mapple from the metropolitan area\]. Tokyo: Shobunsha. p 121. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-439-8-28865-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-439-8-28865-3 "Special:BookSources/978-439-8-28865-3") 53. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-60) Captain Anastasia Schmidt (19 April 2017). ["Air Force members celebrate Thai New Year and Water Festival at Wake Island"](http://www.jber.jb.mil/News/News-Articles/Article/1157218/air-force-members-celebrate-thai-new-year-and-water-festival-at-wake-island/). Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson. 11th Air Force Public Affairs. Retrieved 20 April 2017. 54. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-61) "[Commemorating the Asian American community's celebration of Songkran on April](https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2023/K1059)". Assembly Resolution No. 1059. (2023-K1059). The New York State Senate. Retrieved on 19 April 2024. - [New York officially recognises Songkran as an important cultural event](https://www.thaipbsworld.com/new-york-officially-recognises-songkran-as-an-important-cultural-event/). ThaiPBS Worlds. (April 19, 2024). Retrieved on 19 April 2024. - Abhasakun, T. (2023, 16 April). [New York State celebrates Songkran](https://thethaiger.com/hot-news/songkran/new-york-state-celebrates-songkran). TheThaiger. 16 April 2023. Retrieved on 20 April 2024. "The state of New York in the US officially celebrated Songkran this year. New York State Representative Steven Raga proposed a bill to celebrate the Thai Songkran festival, the Thai Post reported." 55. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-BP-20180418_62-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-BP-20180418_62-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-BP-20180418_62-2) ["Songkran road death toll up again"](https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1447887/songkran-road-death-toll-up-again). Bangkok Post. 18 April 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2018. 56. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-bpstlawless_63-0)* ["Lawless culture takes its toll"](http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/investigation/404724/lawless-culture-takes-its-toll). Bangkok Post. 11 April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014. 57. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-64) ["Songkran death toll rises to 397"](http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/936485/songkran-death-toll-rises-to-397). Bangkok Post. 17 April 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016. 58. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-65) Sattaburuth, Aekarach; Nanuam, Wassana (18 April 2018). ["Prayut vows to overcome traffic accident scourge"](https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1447595/prayut-vows-to-overcome-traffic-accident-scourge). Bangkok Post. Retrieved 18 April 2018. 59. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-66) ["25 deaths in 234 road accidents recorded on 1st of Songkran's '7 dangerous days'"](https://www.nationthailand.com/thailand/general/40037198). The Nation. 12 April 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024. 60. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-67) ["Songkran 2017 road crashes took 335 lives alongside thousands of non-fatal accidents"](https://coconuts.co/bangkok/news/songkran-2017-road-crashes-took-335-lives-alongside-thousands-non-fatal-accidents/). Coconuts Bangkok. 18 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2018. 61. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-68) ["Road toll soars to record 442 killed over Songkran"](http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/937789/road-toll-soars-to-record-442-killed-over-songkran). Bangkok Post. 18 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016. 62. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-Barrow-2016_69-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-Barrow-2016_69-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-Barrow-2016_69-2) Barrow, Richard (18 April 2016). ["Full Road Accident Statistics for Songkran 2016"](http://www.richardbarrow.com/2016/04/full-road-accident-statistics-for-songkran-2016/). Richard Barrow in Thailand. Retrieved 18 April 2018. 63. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-70)* ["Tết té nước tại thái lan"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161013135749/http://vietnamtourist.org.vn/kinh-nghiem-di-du-lich-thai-lan/tung-bung-le-hoi-te-nuoc-songkran-thai-lan). Archived from [the original](http://vietnamtourist.org.vn/kinh-nghiem-di-du-lich-thai-lan/tung-bung-le-hoi-te-nuoc-songkran-thai-lan) on 13 October 2016. 64. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-71) Lamphai Intathep (18 March 2014). ["Suit eyed for Singapore Songkran"](http://www.bangkokpost.com/breakingnews/400518/tat-considers-legal-action-over-singapore-songkran). Bangkok Post. Retrieved 16 April 2014. 65. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-72) ["Songkran in Singapore"](http://www.bangkokpost.com/learning/learning-from-news/400635/songkran-in-singapore). Bangkok Post. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014. 66. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkran_\(Thailand\)#cite_ref-73) ["Only in Singapore: No Songkran"](http://www.bangkokpost.com/breakingnews/401685/only-in-singapore-no-songkran). Bangkok Post. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014. E-books - [Phraya Anuman Ratchathon (Yong Sathiankoset)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phraya_Anuman_Rajadhon "Phraya Anuman Rajadhon"). (1954). ["Amusements During Songkran Festival".](http://www.sac.or.th/databases/siamrarebooks/main/attachments/article/301/vol%2042%20pt%201%20page%2039-43.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170329061214/http://www.sac.or.th/databases/siamrarebooks/main/attachments/article/301/vol%2042%20pt%201%20page%2039-43.pdf) 29 March 2017 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") Journal of the Siam Society (volume 42, part 1). pp. 39–43. - [Ministry of Culture (Thailand)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_\(Thailand\) "Ministry of Culture (Thailand)"). (2021). [Songkran Tradition](https://web.archive.org/web/20240414102557/http://qrcode.culture.go.th/pdfbook/songkran.pdf). Bangkok: Department of Cultural Promotion, Ministry of Culture. 262 pp. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-616-543-698-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-616-543-698-4 "Special:BookSources/978-616-543-698-4") - [![Wikimedia Commons logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Media related to [Songkran in Thailand](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Songkran_in_Thailand "commons:Category:Songkran in Thailand") at Wikimedia Commons
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