🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa153)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding","crawl_time":1775770600,"first_indexed_time":1376024660,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Snowboarding s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Snowboarding - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Snowboarding\nA snowboarder making a turn in fresh snow\nFirst played\n1979,\nMuskegon, Michigan\n, US\nCharacteristics\nType\nOutdoor\nEquipment\nSnowboard\n,\nbindings\n,\nboots\n,\nHelmet\n,\nWrist Guards\n,\nGoggles\n,\nBinding Rotating Device\nPresence\nOlympic\nSince\n1998\nParalympic\npart of the\nAlpine skiing\nprogramme in\n2014\nOfficially added in\n2018\n. Part of\n2022\n.\nPictogram for\nSnowboarding at the Winter Olympics\nSnowboarding\nis a recreational and competitive activity that involves descending a snow-covered surface while standing on a\nsnowboard\nwith bindings securing the rider's feet to the board.\nSnowboarding was first developed in 1965 in the United States. Over time, several riding styles have developed, and the sport has featured in the\nWinter Olympic Games\nsince\n1998\nand\nWinter Paralympic Games\nsince\n2018\n.\nSnowboarding became popular around the world in the late 20th century. The sport features both recreational and competitive participation.\nSnowboarding has influenced and developed its own distinct culture. It has become a globally practiced activity with snowboarders using specialized equipment and techniques to navigate diverse terrain and conditions.\nSnowboarding in\nValfréjus\n, France\nSnowboarder riding off of a\ncornice\nFreeride snowboarding, in areas off of the main trails\nThe first snowboards were developed in 1965 when\nSherm Poppen\n, an engineer in\nMuskegon, Michigan\n, invented a toy for his daughters by fastening two skis together and attaching a rope to one end so he would have some control as they stood on the board and glided downhill. Dubbed the \"\nsnurfer\n\" (combining snow and surfer) by his wife Nancy, the toy proved so popular among his daughters' friends that Poppen licensed the idea to a manufacturer,\nBrunswick Corporation\n, that sold about a million snurfers over the next decade.\n[\n1\n]\nAnd, in 1966 alone, over half a million snurfers were sold.\n[\n2\n]\nModern snowboarding was pioneered by\nTom Sims\nand\nJake Burton Carpenter\n. In February 1968, Poppen organized the first snurfing competition at a Michigan ski resort that attracted enthusiasts from all over the country.\n[\n3\n]\nOne of those early pioneers was\nTom Sims\n, a devotee of\nskateboarding\n(a sport born in the 1950s when kids attached roller skate wheels to small boards that they steered by shifting their weight). In the 1960s, as an eighth grader in\nHaddonfield, New Jersey\n, Sims crafted a snowboard in his school shop class by gluing carpet to the top of a piece of wood and attaching aluminum sheeting to the bottom.\n[\n4\n]\nHe produced commercial snowboards in the mid-70s including the\nSkiboard\n(also known as the\nLonnie Toft flying banana\n) a molded polyethylene bottom with a\nLonnie Toft\nsignature skateboard deck attached to the top.\n[\n5\n]\n[\n6\n]\nOthers experimented with board-on-snow configurations at this time, including Welsh skateboard enthusiasts Jon Roberts and Pete Matthews developed their own snowboards to use at their local\ndry ski slope\n.\n[\n7\n]\n[\n8\n]\nAlso during this same period, in 1977,\nJake Burton Carpenter\n, a Vermont native who had enjoyed snurfing since the age of 14, impressed the crowd at a Michigan snurfing competition with bindings he had designed to secure his feet to the board. That same year, he founded\nBurton Snowboards\nin\nLondonderry, Vermont\n.\n[\n9\n]\nThe \"snowboards\" were made of wooden planks that were flexible and had water ski foot traps. Very few people picked up snowboarding because the price of the board was considered too high at $38 and were not allowed on many ski hills, but eventually Burton would become the biggest snowboarding company in the business.\n[\n10\n]\nBurton's created the early designs for boards with bindings. Later on, various versions of bindings became a common feature in most snowboards.\n[\n11\n]\nAs snowboarding became more popular in the 1970s and 1980s, pioneers such as Dimitrije Milovich (founder of Winterstick out of Salt Lake City, Utah),\nJake Burton Carpenter\n(founder of Burton Snowboards from Londonderry, Vermont),\nTom Sims\n(founder of\nSims Snowboards\n), David Kemper (founder of\nKemper Snowboards\n) and Mike Olson (founder of\nGnu Snowboards\n) came up with new designs for boards and mechanisms that slowly developed into the snowboards and other related equipment.\n[\n12\n]\nFrom these developments, modern snowboarding equipment usually consists of a snowboard with specialized bindings\n[\n13\n]\nand boots.\n[\n14\n]\nIn the early 1980s, Aleksey Ostatnigrosh and Alexei Melnikov, two Snurfers from the Soviet Union, patented design changes to the Snurfer to allow jumping by attaching a bungee cord, a single footed binding to the Snurfer tail, and a two-foot binding design for improved control.\n[\n15\n]\n[\n16\n]\n[\n17\n]\nInitially, ski areas adopted the sport at a much slower pace than the winter sports public. Indeed, for many years, there was animosity between skiers and snowboarders, which led to an ongoing skier vs snowboarder feud.\n[\n18\n]\nEarly snowboards were banned from the slopes by park officials. For several years snowboarders would have to take a small skills assessment prior to being allowed to ride the chairlifts. It was thought that an unskilled snowboarder would wipe the snow off the mountain. In 1985, only seven percent of U.S. ski areas allowed snowboarding,\n[\n19\n]\nwith a similar proportion in Europe.\n[\n20\n]\nAs equipment and skills improved, gradually snowboarding became more accepted. In 1990, most major ski areas had separate slopes for snowboarders. Now, approximately 97% of all ski areas in North America and Europe allow snowboarding, and more than half have jumps, rails and half pipes.\n[\n21\n]\nIn 2008, snowboarding had over 5 million participants, most aged between 18 and 24, with women comprising 25% of participants.\n[\n22\n]\nThere were 8.2 million snowboarders in the US and Canada for the 2009–2010 season. There was a 10% increase over the previous season, accounting for more than 30% of all snow sports participants.\n[\n23\n]\nCompetitive history\n[\nedit\n]\nThe first competitions to offer prize money were the National Snurfing Championship, held at Muskegon State Park in\nMuskegon, Michigan\n.\n[\n24\n]\nIn 1979,\nJake Burton Carpenter\ncame from Vermont to compete with a snowboard of his own design. There were protests about Jake entering with a non-snurfer board. Paul Graves, and others, advocated that Jake be allowed to race. A \"modified\" \"Open\" division was created and won by Jake as the sole entrant. That race was considered the first competition for snowboarding and is the start of what became competitive snowboarding. Ken Kampenga, John Asmussen and Jim Trim placed first, second and third respectively in the Standard competition with best two combined times of 24.71, 25.02 and 25.41; and Jake Carpenter won prize money as the sole entrant in the \"open\" division with a time of 26.35.\n[\n25\n]\nIn 1980 the event moved to Pando Winter Sports Park near\nGrand Rapids, Michigan\n, because of a lack of snow that year at the original venue.\n[\n26\n]\n[\n27\n]\nIn April 1981, the \"King of the Mountain\" Snowboard competition was held at\nSki Cooper\nin Colorado.\n[\n28\n]\nTom Sims along with an assortment of other snowboarders of the time were present.\n[\n29\n]\nOne entrant showed up on a homemade snowboard with a formica bottom that turned out to not slide so well on the snow.\nIn 1982, the first USA National Snowboard race was held near\nWoodstock, Vermont\n, at\nSuicide Six\n. The race, organized by Graves, was won by Burton's first team rider Doug Bouton.\n[\n30\n]\nIn 1983, the first World Championship\nhalfpipe\ncompetition was held at\nSoda Springs\n, California.\nTom Sims\n, founder of Sims Snowboards, organized the event with the help of Mike Chantry, a snowboard instructor at Soda Springs.\n[\n31\n]\nIn 1985, the first World Cup was held in\nZürs\n, Austria,\n[\n32\n]\nfurther cementing snowboarding's recognition as an official international competitive sport.\nIn 1990, the\nInternational Snowboard Federation\n(ISF) was founded to provide universal contest regulations.\n[\n33\n]\nIn addition, the United States of America Snowboard Association (USASA) provides instructing guidelines and runs snowboard competitions in the U.S. today, high-profile snowboarding events like the\nWinter X Games\n,\nAir & Style\n, US Open, Olympic Games and other events are broadcast worldwide. Many alpine resorts have\nterrain parks\n.\nAt the\n1998 Winter Olympic Games\nin Nagano, Japan, Snowboarding became an official Olympic event.\n[\n34\n]\nFrance's\nKarine Ruby\nwas the first to win an Olympic gold medal for Woman's Snowboarding,\n[\n35\n]\nwhile Canadian\nRoss Rebagliati\nwas the first for Men's Snowboarding.\n[\n36\n]\nOn 2 May 2012, the\nInternational Paralympic Committee\nannounced that adaptive snowboarding (dubbed \"para-snowboarding\") would debut as a men's and women's medal event in the 2014 Paralympic Winter Games taking place in Sochi, Russia.\n[\n37\n]\nSince snowboarding's inception as an established winter sport, it has developed various styles, each with its own specialized equipment and technique. The most common styles today are: freeride, freestyle, and freecarve\/race. These styles are used for both recreational and professional snowboarding. While each style is unique, there is overlap between them.\n\"Jibbing\" is the term for technical riding on non-standard surfaces. The word \"jib\" is both a noun and a verb, depending on the usage of the word. As a noun: a jib includes metal rails, boxes, benches, concrete ledges, walls, vehicles, rocks and logs. As a verb: to jib is referring to the action of jumping, sliding, or riding on top of objects other than snow.\n[\n38\n]\nIt is directly influenced by grinding a skateboard. Jibbing is a freestyle snowboarding technique of riding. Typically jibbing occurs in a snowboard resort park but can also be done in urban environments.\nFreeriding snowboarding\nFreeriding is a style without a set of governing rules or set course, typically on natural, un-groomed terrain. The basic allows for various snowboarding styles in a fluid motion and spontaneity through naturally rugged terrain. It can be like freestyle with the exception that no man-made features are utilized.\nSee also\nBackcountry snowboarding\n.\nFreestyle snowboarding\nFreestyle snowboarding is any riding that includes performing tricks. In freestyle, the rider utilizes natural and man-made features such as rails, jumps, boxes, and innumerable others to perform tricks. It is a popular all-inclusive concept that distinguishes the creative aspects of snowboarding, in contrast to a style like alpine snowboarding.\nAlpine snowboarding\n[\nedit\n]\nAn Alpine snowboarder executes a heel-side\ncarved turn\n, the typical style in alpine snowboarding.\nVideo of a snowboarder practicing carving on a hard slope, equipped with a boardercross board and hard boots.\nAlpine snowboarding\nis a discipline within the sport of snowboarding. It is practiced on\ngroomed\npistes\n. It has been an Olympic event since\n1998\n.\nFreestyle snowboarder Matty Shaffer performs a 50-50 on a handrail while filming for a movie in Utah.\nSometimes called freecarving or hardbooting (due to the equipment used), this discipline usually takes place on hard packed snow or groomed runs (although it can be practiced in any and all conditions) and focuses on carving linked turns, much like surfing or longboarding. Little or no jumping takes place in this discipline. Alpine Snowboarding consists of a small portion of the general snowboard population, that has a well connected social community and its own specific board manufacturers, most situated in Europe. Alpine Snowboard equipment includes a ski-like hardshell boot and plate binding system with a true directional snowboard that is stiffer and narrower to manage linking turns with greater forces and speed.\n[\n39\n]\nShaped skis can thank these \"freecarve\" snowboards for the cutting-edge technology leading to their creation.\n[\n40\n]\nA skilled alpine snowboarder can link numerous turns into a run placing their body very close to the ground each turn, similar to a motocross turn or waterski carve. Depending on factors including stiffness, turning radius and personality this can be done slowly or fast. Carvers make perfect half-circles out of each turn, changing edges when the snowboard is perpendicular to the fall line and starting every turn on the downhill edge. Carving on a snowboard is like riding a roller coaster, because the board will lock into a turn radius and provide what feels like multiple Gs of acceleration.\n[\n41\n]\nAlpine snowboarding shares more visual similarities with skiing equipment than it does with snowboarding equipment.\n[\n42\n]\nCompared to freestyle snowboarding gear:\n[\n43\n]\nBoards are narrower, longer, and stiffer to improve\ncarving\nperformance\nBoots\nare made from a hard plastic shell, making it flex differently from a regular snowboard boot and is designed differently to ski boots although they look similar.\nBindings\nhave a bail or step-in design and are sometimes placed on suspension plates to provide a layer of isolation between an alpine snowboarder and the board, to decrease the level of vibrations felt by the rider, creating a better overall experience when carving, and to give extra weight to the board among other uses.\nSnowboarder in\nTannheim, Tyrol\n, Austria\nCompetitors perform tricks while descending a course, moving around, over, across, up, or down terrain features. The course is full of obstacles including boxes, rails, jumps, jibs, or anything else the board or rider can slide across. Slopestyle is a judged event and winning a Slopestyle contest usually comes from successfully executing the most difficult line in the terrain park while having a smooth flowing line of difficult, mistake-free tricks performed on the obstacles. However, overall impression and style can play a factor in winning a Slopestyle contest and the rider who lands the hardest tricks will not always win over the rider who lands easier tricks on more difficult paths.\nSebastien Toutant\nat the downtown Québec big air competition\nBig air competitions are contests where riders perform tricks after launching off a man-made jump built specifically for the event.\n[\n44\n]\nCompetitors perform tricks in the air, aiming to attain sizable height and distance, all while securing a clean landing. Many competitions also require the rider to do a complex trick. Not all competitions call for a trick to win the gold; some intermittent competitions are based solely on height and distance of the launch of the snowboarder. Some competitions also require the rider to do a specific trick to win the major prize.\n[\n45\n]\nOne of the first snowboard competitions where Travis Rice attempted and landed a \"double back flip backside 180\" took place at the 2006 Red Bull Gap Session.\n[\n46\n]\nSnowboarder in the\nhalfpipe\nThe half-pipe is a semi-circular ditch dug into the mountain or purpose-built ramp made up of snow, with walls between 8 and 23 feet (7.0 m). Competitors perform tricks while going from one side to the other and while in the air above the sides of the pipe.\nSnowboard cross, also known as \"boardercross\", \"boarder X\", or \"snowboard X\", and commonly abbreviated as \"SBX\", or just \"BX\", is a snowboarding discipline consisting of several (typically 4 to 6) riders racing head-to-head down a course with jumps, berms and other obstacles constructed out of snow. Snowboard cross began in the 1980s, earning its place as an official Winter Olympic event in the 2006 Turin games. Unlike other snowboard racing disciplines such as parallel giant slalom, competitors race on a single course together.\nIn snowboard racing, riders must complete a downhill course constructed of a series of turning color indicators (gates) placed in the snow at prescribed distances apart. A gate consists of a tall pole and a short pole, connected by a triangular panel. The racer must pass around the short side of the gate, passing the long side of the gate doesn't count. There are 3 main formats used in snowboard racing including single person, parallel courses or multiple people on the course at the same time (SBX).\nSnowboarding contests are held throughout the world and range from grassroots competitions to professional events contested worldwide.\n2016 Winter X Games in Aspen, Colorado\nSome of the larger snowboarding contests include: the European\nAir & Style\n, the Japanese\nX-Trail Jam\n, Burton Global Open Series,\nShakedown\n,\nFIS World Championships\n, the annual\nFIS World Cup\n, the\nWinter X Games\n,\nFreeride World Tour\nand the\nWinter Dew Tour\n.\nSnowboarding has been a Winter Olympic sport\nsince\n1998 Winter Olympics\nin Japan. Since its inauguration, Olympic snowboarding has seen many additions and removals of events. During the\n2018 Winter Olympics\n, snowboarding events contested included big air, halfpipe, parallel giant slalom, slopestyle and snowboard cross.\nSnowboarder Magazine\n's\nSuperpark\n[\n47\n]\nevent was created in 1996. Over 150 of the World's top pros are invited to advance freestyle snowboarding on the most progressive terrain parks.\n[\n48\n]\nPart of the snowboarding approach is to ensure maximum fun, friendship and event quality. Reflecting this perspective of snowboarding, there are \"Anti Contests\" which are an important part of its identity.\n[\naccording to whom?\n]\nThese include the Holy Oly Revival at\nThe Summit at Snoqualmie\n, The Nate Chute Hawaiian Classic at Whitefish, the original anti-contest, the World Quarterpipe Championships and the Grenade Games.\n[\n49\n]\nThe United States of America Snowboarding and Freeski Association (USASA), the first governing body for grassroots snowboarding,\n[\n50\n]\nruns 30 regional series and national championships in the US.\n[\n51\n]\nSnowboarding subculture originated as the sport was rejected in ski resorts.\n[\n52\n]\nBoth the skiing and snowboarding cultures contrasted with each other in language, behavior, and dress. Snowboarding subculture was frequently associated with a rebellious or outsider identity and incorporated elements of both urban and suburban cultures.\n[\n53\n]\nIn recent decades, snowboarding has expanded into a diverse international participant base. Skiers and snowboarders have increasingly shared slopes and facilities. As of 2026, three resorts which do not allow snowboarding in North America:\nAlta\n,\nDeer Valley\n, and\nMad River Glen\n.\nThe most common type of injury for snowboarders is injury to the upper body. Some injuries that are seen are \"wrist injuries, shoulder soft tissue injuries, ankle injuries, concussions, and clavicle fractures\".\n[\n54\n]\nSome major injuries that occur during snowboarding are head, and spinal injuries, \"the main cause of spinal fractures in snowboarders was jump landing failure and compression type fractures occur in about 80% of snowboarders with vertebral fractures because they frequently fall backwards, and this can cause axial loading and anterior compression fractures\".\n[\n55\n]\nInjuries also differ between professional and recreational snowboarding.\nAmong professional snowboarders, injuries to the lower half, specifically the knee joint, are more likely to occur.  When injured, snowboarders are twice as likely to get a fracture as skiers. Injuries to the upper body are much less common among professional snowboarders. Most of the professionals and elite snowboarders frequently sustain injuries when trying to execute challenging tricks at high speeds and with increased levels of force to the lower limbs.\n[\n56\n]\nIn recreational snowboarding, wrist injuries are more likely to occur. Most injuries to snowboarders occurred more often while they were traveling at reckless speed on moderate slopes.\n[\n57\n]\nAnother way injuries happen is because they try sticking with someone that is a higher skill level, which they are not capable of handling because of the lack of skill they possess.\nSafety and precautions\n[\nedit\n]\nGloves with an integrated plastic element, seen left partially pulled out, as a\nwrist guard\n. The element is pressed tightly to the wrist with a wide, all-around\nvelcro\n-fastened strap, which can be seen in loose state on the left and tightened on the right glove. This stabilizes the wrist and thus avoids its damage when falling onto the hands.\nLike some other winter sports, snowboarding comes with a certain level of risk.\n[\n58\n]\nThe average snowboarder is a male in their early twenties, and there are three times as many men as there are women in the sport. Snowboarders have a 2.4 times greater risk of fractures than skiers, particularly in the upper extremities. Conversely, snowboarders have a lower risk of knee injuries than skiers.\n[\n59\n]\nThe injury rate for snowboarding is about four to six per thousand persons per day, which is around double the injury rate for alpine skiing.\n[\n60\n]\nInjuries are more likely amongst beginners, especially those who do not take lessons with professional instructors. A quarter of all injuries occur to first-time riders and half of all injuries occur to those with less than a year of experience. Experienced riders are less likely to suffer injury, but the injuries that do occur tend to be more severe.\n[\n61\n]\nTwo-thirds of injuries occur to the upper body and one-third to the lower body. This contrasts with alpine skiing, where two-thirds of injuries are to the lower body. The most common types of injuries are sprains, which account for around 40% of injuries.\n[\n62\n]\nThe most common point of injury is the wrists – 40% of all snowboard injuries are to the wrists and 24% of all snowboard injuries are wrist fractures.\n[\n61\n]\nThere are around 100,000 wrist fractures worldwide among snowboarders each year.\n[\n63\n]\nProtective equipment\n[\nedit\n]\nThe risk of head injury is two to six times greater for snowboarders than for skiers and injuries follow the pattern of being rarer, but more severe, with experienced riders. Head injuries can occur both because of a collision and when failing to carry out a heel-side turn. The latter can result in the rider landing on their back and slamming the back of their head onto the ground, resulting in an occipital head injury.\n[\n64\n]\nFor this reason, helmets are widely recommended. Protective eyewear is also recommended as eye injury can be caused by impact and\nsnow blindness\ncan be a result of exposure to strong ultra-violet light in snow-covered areas. The wearing of ultra-violet-absorbing goggles is recommended even on hazy or cloudy days as ultra-violet light can penetrate clouds.\n[\n65\n]\nSnowboarding boots should be well-fitted, with toes snug in the end of the boot when standing upright and slightly away from the end when in the snowboarding position.\n[\n66\n]\nPadding or \"armor\" is recommended on other body parts such as hips, knees, spine, and shoulders. To further help avoid injury to body parts, especially knees, it is recommended to use the right technique. To acquire the right technique, one should be taught by a qualified instructor. Also, when snowboarding alone, precaution should be taken to avoid\ntree wells\n, a particularly dangerous area of loose snow that may form at the base of trees.\nThe use of\nwrist guards\n, either separate or built into gloves, is very strongly recommended. They are often compulsory in beginner's classes and their use reduces the likelihood of wrist injury by half.\n[\n67\n]\nIn addition it is important for snow boarders to learn how to fall without stopping the fall with their hand by trying to \"push\" the slope away, as landing a wrist which is bent at a 90-degree angle increase the chance of it breaking. Rather, landing with the arms stretched out (like a wing) and slapping the slope with the entire arm is an effective way to break a fall. This is the method used by practitioners of judo and other martial arts to break a fall when they are thrown against the floor by a training partner.\nUnlike ski bindings, snowboard bindings are not designed to release automatically in a fall. The mechanical support provided by the feet being locked to the board has the effect of reducing the likelihood of knee injury – 15% of snowboard injuries are to the knee, compared with 45% of all skiing injuries. Such injuries are typically to the knee ligaments, bone fractures are rare.\n[\n61\n]\nFractures to the lower leg are also rare but 20% of injuries are to the foot and ankle. Fractures of the\ntalus bone\nare rare in other sports but account for 2% of snowboard injuries – a lateral process talus fracture is sometimes called \"\nsnowboarder's ankle\n\" by medical staff. This injury results in persistent lateral pain in the affected ankle yet is difficult to spot in a plain X-ray image. It may be misdiagnosed as just a sprain, with possibly serious consequences as not treating the fracture can result in serious long-term damage to the ankle.\n[\n61\n]\nThe use of portable ultrasound for mountainside diagnostics has been reviewed and appears to be a plausible tool for diagnosing some of the common injuries associated with the sport.\n[\n68\n]\nFour to eight percent of snowboarding injuries take place while the person is waiting in ski-lift lines or entering and exiting ski lifts. Snowboarders push themselves forward with a free foot while in the ski-lift line, leaving the other foot (usually that of the lead leg) locked on the board at a 9–27 degree angle, placing a large torque force on this leg and predisposing the person to knee injury if a fall occurs.\n[\n69\n]\n[\n70\n]\nSnowboard binding rotating devices\nare designed to minimize the torque force,\nQuick Stance\n[\n71\n]\nbeing the first developed in 1995.\n[\n72\n]\nThey allow snowboarders to turn the locked foot straight into the direction of the tip of the snowboard without removing the boot from the boot binding.\nAvalanches are a clear danger when on snowy mountain slopes.\n[\n73\n]\n[\n74\n]\nSome care is also required when waxing a board as\nfluorocarbon\nwaxes emit toxic fumes when overheated. Waxing is best performed in a ventilated area with care being taken to use the wax at the correct temperature – the wax should be melted but not smoking or smoldering.\n[\n64\n]\nThe way in which a snowboarder normally rides most on their snowboard as determined by the placement of their feet and direction of travel.\n[\n75\n]\nGoofy Stance\nThe stance of a snowboarder that normally rides with their right foot first.\nRegular Stance\nThe stance of a snowboarder that normally rides with their left foot first.\nSwitch Stance\nThe opposite stance of what a snowboarder normally rides.\nParts of a snowboard\n[\nedit\n]\nBinding\nThe portion of the board that attaches the riders' feet to the snowboard.\nHeel Edge\nThe edge of the snowboard that the riders' heels rest on.\nToe Edge\nThe edge that the riders' toes rest on\nNose Edge\nThe forward edge of the snowboard.\nTail Edge\nThe trailing edge of the snowboard.\nBackside Rotation\nA flat rotation in which the back of the person's body is the first to intersect with the direction of travel; after 90 degrees of rotation, the person's back will be facing the direction of travel.\nFrontside Rotation\nA flat rotation in which the front of the person's body is the first to intersect with the direction of travel; after 90 degrees of rotation, the person's front will be facing the direction of travel.\nBack Flip\nA backwards somersault over the heel edge of the board.\nFront Flip\nA forwards somersault (i.e. face first) over the toe edge of the board.\nTamedog\nA cartwheel over the nose edge of the board.\nWildcat\nA cartwheel over the tail edge of the board.\nOff-Axis rotations combine flips and rotations; the naming convention is to first describe the horizontal rotation, followed by the number of off-axis rotations, terminated by the degree of total rotation (i.e. Backside Triple-Cork 1440).\nCork\nA rotation in which the snowboard leads through the air in the direction of travel.\nRodeo\nA rotation in which the person's head leads through the air in the direction of travel.\nEva Adamczyková\n(born 1993), Czech snowboarder\nJamie Anderson\n(born 1990), American snowboarder\nJasey-Jay Anderson\n(born 1975), Canadian snowboarder\nJosie Baff\n(born 2003), Australian snowboarder\nNick Baumgartner\n(born 1981), American snowboarder\nTorah Bright\n(born 1986), Australian snowboarder\nCallan Chythlook-Sifsof\n(born 1989), American snowboarder\nKelly Clark\n(born 1983), American snowboarder\nJulia Dujmovits\n(born 1987), Austrian snowboarder\nRosey Fletcher\n(born 1975), American snowboarder\nPeter Foley\n(born 1965 or 1966), American former snowboarding coach; suspended for 10 years for sexual misconduct\nAnna Gasser\n(born 1991), Austrian snowboarder\nRed Gerard\n(born 2000), American snowboarder\nAlessandro Hämmerle\n(born 1993), Austrian snowboarder\nAyumu Hirano\n(born 1998), Japanese snowboarder\nLindsey Jacobellis\n(born 1985), American snowboarder\nScotty James\n(born 1994), Australian snowboarder\nBenjamin Karl\n(born 1985), Austrian snowboarder\nCraig Kelly\n(born 1966), American snowboarder\nChloe Kim\n(born 2000), American snowboarder\nEster Ledecká\n(born 1995), Czech snowboarder and skier\nMichela Moioli\n(born 1995), Italian snowboarder\nMax Parrot\n(born 1994), Canadian snowboarder\nIouri Podladtchikov\n(born 1988), Swiss-Russian snowboarder\nTravis Rice\n(born 1982), American snowboarder\nMaëlle Ricker\n(born 1978), Canadian snowboarder\nZoi Sadowski-Synnott\n(born 2001), New Zealand snowboarder\nHannah Teter\n(born 1987), American snowboarder\nSébastien Toutant\n(born 1992), Canadian snowboarder\nPierre Vaultier\n(born 1987), French snowboarder\nRyan Wedding\n(born 1981), Canadian snowboarder and alleged international drug trafficker\nSeth Wescott\n(born 1976), American snowboarder\nShaun White\n(born 1986), American snowboarder and skateboarder\nSu Yiming\n(born 2004), Chinese snowboarder\nAmerican Association of Snowboard Instructors\nGlossary of skiing and snowboarding terms\nLazboard\nSandboarding\nSkiboarding\n^\nSisjord, Mari Kristin (December 1, 2013).\n\"Women's snowboarding – some experiences and perceptions of competition\"\n.\nLeisure Studies\n.\n32\n(5):\n507–\n523.\ndoi\n:\n10.1080\/02614367.2012.685334\n.\nhdl\n:\n11250\/218904\n.\nISSN\n \n0261-4367\n.\nS2CID\n \n144101427\n.\n^\nCarrelli, Simon (June 29, 2023).\n\"History of Snowboarding\"\n.\nAlpine Fleet\n. Retrieved\nMarch 3,\n2026\n.\n^\n\"Muskegon Area Sports Hall of Fame – History of the Snurfer, Snurfing and the sport of Snowboarding – 1968\"\n.\nwww.mashf.com\n. Archived from\nthe original\non August 18, 2018\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 20,\n2017\n.\n^\nChamber, Creation.\n\"SIMS Snowboards History\"\n.\nwww.simsnow.com\n. Archived from\nthe original\non January 1, 2020\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 20,\n2017\n.\n^\n\"Tom Sims: Snowboarding pioneer and world champion who became a Bond\"\n.\nThe Independent\n. September 22, 2012.\nArchived\nfrom the original on September 3, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 15,\n2019\n.\n^\n\"SNURFER- 1ST & 2ED GENERATION SNURFERS\"\n.\nmichigansnowboardmuseum.com\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on July 20, 2023\n. Retrieved\nJuly 15,\n2023\n.\n^\n\"Dry Slope Skiing – What It Means to Us\"\n.\nSnow.Guide\n. June 28, 2015.\nArchived\nfrom the original on November 24, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 15,\n2019\n.\n^\n\"Snowboarding History – RideDaily.com\"\n.\nridedaily.com\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on November 6, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 15,\n2019\n.\n^\n\"Men's Snowboards\"\n.\nBurton Snowboards\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on January 28, 2021\n. Retrieved\nApril 15,\n2019\n.\n^\n\"History of Snowboarding\"\n.\nbulgariaski.com\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on November 23, 2020\n. Retrieved\nDecember 3,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Snowboard\"\n.\nArmy Winter Sports Association\n. Retrieved\nMarch 3,\n2026\n.\n^\n\"First Stoke\"\n.\nSnowBoard Education\n. Retrieved\nJuly 29,\n2008\n.\n{{\ncite web\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (\nlink\n)\n^\n\"Snowboard Bindings – Snowboard Equipment – Mechanics of Snowboarding\"\n.\nwww.mechanicsofsport.com\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 23, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 17,\n2019\n.\n^\n\"Snowboard Boots – Snowboarding Equipment – Mechanics of Snowboarding\"\n.\nwww.mechanicsofsport.com\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 23, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 17,\n2019\n.\n^\n\"Монолыжа — SU 1391670\"\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on June 20, 2018\n. Retrieved\nJune 20,\n2018\n.\n^\n\"Монолыжа — SU 1584972\"\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on June 20, 2018\n. Retrieved\nJune 20,\n2018\n.\n^\n\"Монолыжа — SU 1584971\"\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on November 22, 2020\n. Retrieved\nJune 19,\n2018\n.\n^\n\"Skiers vs Snow boarders: The Dying Feud\"\n. Snowsphere.com. October 1, 2007.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 14, 2009\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 17,\n2014\n.\n^\nCorporation, Xap.\n\"CFNC.org – Cluster Article\"\n.\nwww1.cfnc.org\n. Archived from\nthe original\non July 3, 2020\n. Retrieved\nMarch 29,\n2018\n.\n^\n\"Archived copy\"\n(PDF)\n. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non March 8, 2016.\n{{\ncite web\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: archived copy as title (\nlink\n)\n^\n\"Snowboard\"\n.\nArmy Winter Sports Association\n. Retrieved\nMarch 2,\n2026\n.\n^\nMarquardt, Katy (September 29, 2008).\n\"Burton Snowboards Is King of the Hill\"\n.\nU.S. News & World Report\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on November 22, 2020\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 21,\n2013\n.\n^\nMike Lewis (June 29, 2011).\n\"snowboard participation increases 10%\"\n.\nTransworld Business\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on July 2, 2011\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 21,\n2013\n.\n^\n\"National Snurfing Championship – 1978, Muskegon, MI.\"\nArchived\nAugust 18, 2018, at the\nWayback Machine\nMuskegon Area Sports Hall of Fame.\n^\n\"National Snurfing Championship – 1979, Muskegon, MI.\"\nArchived\nFebruary 5, 2021, at the\nWayback Machine\nMuskegon Area Sports Hall of Fame.\n^\n\"Grand Rapids Press\"\n.\nGrand Rapids Press\n. Grand Rapids, Michigan. January 15, 2008. pp. \nB1–\nB2. Archived from\nthe original\non October 18, 2000.\n^\n\"main page\"\n.\nPando website\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on October 28, 2013\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 16,\n2008\n.\n^\nMoran, Lauren (January 27, 2012).\n\"Snowboarding History: Technology boosts snowboarding growth in 1980s\"\n.\nwww.summitdaily.com\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 28, 2021\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 3,\n2021\n.\n^\nRebagliati, Ross (2009).\nOff the Chain: An Insider's History of Snowboarding\n. Greystone Books Ltd. p. 19.\nISBN\n \n978-1-55365-487-2\n.\n^\n\"Snowboard History\"\n.\nthe beginning of Snowboarding\n. Archived from\nthe original\non April 9, 2000\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 17,\n2008\n.\n^\n\"Transworld Snowboarding\"\n.\nA Complete History of the Snowboard Halfpipe\n. Archived from\nthe original\non January 10, 2008\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 14,\n2008\n.\n^\nKenetics, Human; Schrag, Myles (December 14, 2018).\nThe Sports Rules Book\n. Human Kinetics. p. 255.\nISBN\n \n978-1-4925-6759-2\n.\n^\nWinand, Mathieu; Anagnostopoulos, Christos (2019).\nResearch Handbook on Sport Governance\n. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 172.\nISBN\n \n978-1-78643-482-1\n.\n^\n\"Olympic Snowboarding – Winter Olympic Sport\"\n.\nInternational Olympic Committee\n. December 3, 2020.\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 13, 2021\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 3,\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Twenty-two years ago, Karine Ruby became the first Olympic snowboard champion\"\n. February 10, 2020\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 2,\n2025\n.\n^\nBeck, Jason.\n\"Ross Rebagliati\"\n.\nBC Sports Hall of Fame\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 2,\n2025\n.\n^\n\"Para-Snowboard Included in Sochi 2014 Paralympic Winter Games | IPC\"\n. Paralympic.org. May 28, 2012.\nArchived\nfrom the original on December 4, 2020\n. Retrieved\nNovember 13,\n2013\n.\n^\n\"Jib – Snowboard – Definitions – Glossary\"\n. Snowboarding.about.com. April 9, 2012. Archived from\nthe original\non November 27, 2016\n. Retrieved\nAugust 15,\n2012\n.\n^\n\"Alpine Snowboarding – Using a rigid setup for carving and control\"\n.\nSnowboard-Coach.com\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on October 22, 2016\n. Retrieved\nApril 18,\n2019\n.\n^\n\"How to Buy an Alpine Snowboard\"\n(PDF)\n. 2005.\nArchived\n(PDF)\nfrom the original on October 9, 2022\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 15,\n2010\n.\n^\n\"The Carver's Almanac – Hard booting and carving on an alpine snowboard\"\n. Alpinecarving.com\n. Retrieved\nAugust 15,\n2012\n.\n^\n\"Alpine snowboarding\"\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 12, 2017\n. Retrieved\nNovember 13,\n2014\n.\n^\n\"Alpine Snowboarding\"\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on October 22, 2016\n. Retrieved\nNovember 13,\n2014\n.\n^\n\"Making it Big in Big Air\"\n. Archived from\nthe original\non March 11, 2016.\n^\n\"Big air competitions\"\n. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 5,\n2016\n.\n^\n\"Search Results\"\n.\nsnowrev.com\n. Archived from\nthe original\non October 31, 2010.\n^\nSnowboardermag.com\nArchived\nJune 23, 2011, at the\nWayback Machine\n^\nSnowboarder-community.com\nArchived\nApril 30, 2010, at the\nWayback Machine\n^\n\"The Anti Contests\"\n. Yobeat.com. February 5, 2009. Archived from\nthe original\non August 28, 2009\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 17,\n2014\n.\n^\n\"History\"\n.\nUSASA\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 2,\n2025\n.\n^\n\"Vision & Mission\"\n.\nUSASA\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 2,\n2025\n.\n^\nKahuna\", Jesse \"Big (January 2, 2023).\n\"The Snowboarding Culture: From Rebels To Global Tribe\"\n.\nRiding Boards\n. Retrieved\nMarch 3,\n2026\n.\n^\nChaisson, Bill (2019). \"\nSnowboarding\n: Its Own Culture and Crossover\". Retrieved October 4, 2022, from Eagle Times.\n^\nKim, Suezie; Endres, Nathan K.; Johnson, Robert J.; Ettlinger, Carl F.; Shealy, Jasper E. (April 2012).\n\"Snowboarding Injuries: Trends Over Time and Comparisons With Alpine Skiing Injuries\"\n.\nThe American Journal of Sports Medicine\n.\n40\n(4):\n770–\n776.\ndoi\n:\n10.1177\/0363546511433279\n.\nISSN\n \n0363-5465\n.\nPMID\n \n22268231\n.\nS2CID\n \n9892333\n.\n^\nBigdon, Sebastian Frederick; Gewiess, Jan; Hoppe, Sven; Exadaktylos, Aristomenis K.; Benneker, Lorin M.; Fairhurst, Paul Gilbert; Albers, Christoph E. (July 19, 2019).\n\"Spinal injury in alpine winter sports: a review\"\n.\nScandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine\n.\n27\n(1): 69.\ndoi\n:\n10.1186\/s13049-019-0645-z\n.\nISSN\n \n1757-7241\n.\nPMC\n \n6642543\n.\nPMID\n \n31324221\n.\n^\nWijdicks, Coen A; Rosenbach, Brandon S; Flanagan, Troy R; Bower, Gillian E; Newman, Kelly E; Clanton, Thomas O; Engebretsen, Lars; LaPrade, Robert F; Hackett, Tom R (January 2014).\n\"Injuries in elite and recreational snowboarders\"\n.\nBritish Journal of Sports Medicine\n.\n48\n(1):\n11–\n17.\ndoi\n:\n10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093019\n.\nISSN\n \n0306-3674\n.\nPMID\n \n24282020\n.\nS2CID\n \n7519870\n.\n^\nTakakuwa, Tetsuya; Endo, Shigeatsu (May 1, 1996).\n\"Snowboarding injuries: Comparison of injuries in snowboarders and skiers\"\n.\nJournal of Orthopaedic Science\n.\n1\n(3):\n178–\n181.\ndoi\n:\n10.1007\/BF02349815\n.\nISSN\n \n1436-2023\n.\nS2CID\n \n71373867\n.\n^\n\"Snowboarding Safety & Guidelines\"\n. Abc-of-snowboarding.com\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 17,\n2014\n.\n{{\ncite web\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (\nlink\n)\n^\nBladin, Christopher; McCrory, Paul (May 1, 1995).\n\"Snowboarding Injuries\"\n.\nSports Medicine\n.\n19\n(5):\n358–\n364.\ndoi\n:\n10.2165\/00007256-199519050-00005\n.\nISSN\n \n1179-2035\n.\nPMID\n \n7618012\n.\nS2CID\n \n9918887\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 1, 2024\n. Retrieved\nDecember 5,\n2022\n.\n^\nRoberts, William O. (February 2004).\nBull's Handbook of Sports Injuries\n. McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 550.\nISBN\n \n0-07-140291-8\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\nRoberts, William O. (February 2004).\nBull's Handbook of Sports Injuries\n. McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 555.\nISBN\n \n0-07-140291-8\n.\n^\nBladin, C.; McCrory, P. (1995). \"Snowboarding Injuries – An Overview\".\nSports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)\n.\n19\n(5). Sports-Med:\n358–\n64.\ndoi\n:\n10.2165\/00007256-199519050-00005\n.\nISSN\n \n0112-1642\n.\nPMID\n \n7618012\n.\nS2CID\n \n9918887\n.\n^\n\"Snowboarding Injuries – Wrist Fractures\"\n. Abc-of-snowboarding.com\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 17,\n2014\n.\n{{\ncite web\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (\nlink\n)\n^\na\nb\nRoberts, William O. (February 2004).\nBull's Handbook of Sports Injuries\n. McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 557.\nISBN\n \n0-07-140291-8\n.\n^\nKim, Suezie; Endres, Nathan K; Johnson, Robert; Ettlinger, Carl; Shealy, Jasper (April 2012). \"Snowboarding injuries: trends over time and comparisons with alpine skiing injuries\".\nThe American Journal of Sports Medicine\n.\n40\n(4):\n770–\n776.\ndoi\n:\n10.1177\/0363546511433279\n.\nPMID\n \n22268231\n.\nS2CID\n \n9892333\n.\n^\n\"Best Way to Choose Right Snowboard Bindings\"\n.\nExtremepedia\n. October 27, 2015. Archived from\nthe original\non October 26, 2017\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 16,\n2018\n.\n^\nRoberts, William O. (February 2004).\nBull's Handbook of Sports Injuries\n. McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 556.\nISBN\n \n0-07-140291-8\n.\n^\nNowak, M. R.; Kirkpatrick, A. W.; Bouffard, J. A.; Amponsah, D.; Dulchavsky, S. A. (March 2009).\n\"Snowboarding injuries: a review of the literature and an analysis of the potential use of portable ultrasound for mountainside diagnostics\"\n.\nCurr Rev Musculoskelet Med\n.\n2\n(1):\n25–\n9.\ndoi\n:\n10.1007\/s12178-008-9040-5\n.\nPMC\n \n2684950\n.\nPMID\n \n19468915\n.\n^\nDavidson TM, Laliotis AT (1996) Snowboarding injuries, a four-year study with comparison with alpine ski injuries. West J Med; p.231\n^\nCallé SC, Evans JT. (1995) Snowboarding trauma. J Pediatr Surg; p.791\n^\n\"Quick Stance Website\"\n. Quickstance.com.\nArchived\nfrom the original on December 2, 2020\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 17,\n2014\n.\n^\n\"United States Patent: 1995\"\n. Patft.uspto.gov. Archived from\nthe original\non January 2, 2020\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 17,\n2014\n.\n^\n\"Snowboarding Safety – Avalanche Awareness\"\n. Abc-of-snowboarding.com\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 17,\n2014\n.\n{{\ncite web\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (\nlink\n)\n^\n\"Ski Safety – First Aid for Snowboarding & Skiing\"\n. Abc-of-snowboarding.com\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 17,\n2014\n.\n{{\ncite web\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (\nlink\n)\n^\n\"Snowboarding 101: Glossary\"\n.\nNBC Universal\n. 2021.\nArchived\nfrom the original on December 15, 2023\n. Retrieved\nDecember 15,\n2023\n.\nPSIA-AASI Website","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Snowboarding \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Snowboarding \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPersonal tools\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Snowboarding \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Snowboarding \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding)\n- [1 History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#History)\n  Toggle History subsection\n  - [1\\.1 Initial origins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Initial_origins)\n  - [1\\.2 Development](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Development)\n  - [1\\.3 Public perception](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Public_perception)\n  - [1\\.4 Competitive history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Competitive_history)\n- [2 Styles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Styles)\n  Toggle Styles subsection\n  - [2\\.1 Jibbing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Jibbing)\n  - [2\\.2 Freeriding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Freeriding)\n  - [2\\.3 Freestyle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Freestyle)\n  - [2\\.4 Alpine snowboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Alpine_snowboarding)\n  - [2\\.5 Slopestyle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Slopestyle)\n  - [2\\.6 Big air](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Big_air)\n  - [2\\.7 Half-pipe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Half-pipe)\n  - [2\\.8 Snowboard cross](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Snowboard_cross)\n  - [2\\.9 Snowboard racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Snowboard_racing)\n- [3 Competitions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Competitions)\n- [4 Subculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Subculture)\n- [5 Common injuries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Common_injuries)\n  Toggle Common injuries subsection\n  - [5\\.1 Professional](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Professional)\n  - [5\\.2 Recreational](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Recreational)\n- [6 Safety and precautions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Safety_and_precautions)\n  Toggle Safety and precautions subsection\n  - [6\\.1 Risk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Risk)\n  - [6\\.2 Protective equipment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Protective_equipment)\n  - [6\\.3 Bindings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Bindings)\n  - [6\\.4 Maintenance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Maintenance)\n  - [6\\.5 Precautions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Precautions)\n- [7 Terminology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Terminology)\n  Toggle Terminology subsection\n  - [7\\.1 Stances](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Stances)\n  - [7\\.2 Parts of a snowboard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Parts_of_a_snowboard)\n  - [7\\.3 Rotations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Rotations)\n  - [7\\.4 Flips](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Flips)\n  - [7\\.5 Off-axis rotations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Off-axis_rotations)\n- [8 Notable people](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#Notable_people)\n- [9 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#See_also)\n- [10 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#References)\n- [11 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Snowboarding\n67 languages\n\n- [Afrikaans](https:\/\/af.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sneeuplankry \"Sneeuplankry – Afrikaans\")\n- [Aragonés](https:\/\/an.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard \"Snowboard – Aragonese\")\n- [Ænglisc](https:\/\/ang.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sn%C4%81wbordfarung \"Snāwbordfarung – Old English\")\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AC \"تزلج بلوح الثلج – Arabic\")\n- [Asturianu](https:\/\/ast.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding \"Snowboarding – Asturian\")\n- [Aymar aru](https:\/\/ay.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khunu_thuqhura%C3%B1a \"Khunu thuqhuraña – Aymara\")\n- [Башҡортса](https:\/\/ba.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_\$%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9\$ \"Сноуборд (спорт төрө) – Bashkir\")\n- [Basa Bali](https:\/\/ban.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seluncur_salju \"Seluncur salju – Balinese\")\n- [Boarisch](https:\/\/bar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snouboaden \"Snouboaden – Bavarian\")\n- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https:\/\/be-tarask.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3 \"Сноўбордынг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)\")\n- [Беларуская](https:\/\/be.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3 \"Снаўбордынг – Belarusian\")\n- [বাংলা](https:\/\/bn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82 \"স্নোবোর্ডিং – Bangla\")\n- [Català](https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surf_de_neu \"Surf de neu – Catalan\")\n- [Čeština](https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding \"Snowboarding – Czech\")\n- [Cymraeg](https:\/\/cy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eirafyrddio \"Eirafyrddio – Welsh\")\n- [Dansk](https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding \"Snowboarding – Danish\")\n- [Ελληνικά](https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A7%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1 \"Χιονοσανίδα – Greek\")\n- [Esperanto](https:\/\/eo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ne%C4%9Dtabulado \"Neĝtabulado – Esperanto\")\n- [Español](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard \"Snowboard – Spanish\")\n- [Eesti](https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lumelauas%C3%B5it \"Lumelauasõit – Estonian\")\n- [Euskara](https:\/\/eu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard \"Snowboard – Basque\")\n- [فارسی](https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C \"اسنوبردسواری – Persian\")\n- [Suomi](https:\/\/fi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lumilautailu \"Lumilautailu – Finnish\")\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard \"Snowboard – French\")\n- [Frysk](https:\/\/fy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarden \"Snowboarden – Western Frisian\")\n- [עברית](https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%92 \"גלישת שלג – Hebrew\")\n- [हिन्दी](https:\/\/hi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97 \"स्नोबोर्डिंग – Hindi\")\n- [Hrvatski](https:\/\/hr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard \"Snowboard – Croatian\")\n- [Magyar](https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard \"Snowboard – Hungarian\")\n- [Հայերեն](https:\/\/hy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D5%8D%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_\$%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B1%D6%87\$ \"Սնոուբորդ (սպորտաձև) – Armenian\")\n- [Interlingua](https:\/\/ia.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard \"Snowboard – Interlingua\")\n- [Bahasa Indonesia](https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seluncur_salju \"Seluncur salju – Indonesian\")\n- [Italiano](https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard \"Snowboard – Italian\")\n- [日本語](https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89 \"スノーボード – Japanese\")\n- [Қазақша](https:\/\/kk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3 \"Сноубординг – Kazakh\")\n- [한국어](https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%EC%8A%A4%EB%85%B8%EB%B3%B4%EB%93%9C \"스노보드 – Korean\")\n- [Kurdî](https:\/\/ku.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowbordsiwar%C3%AE \"Snowbordsiwarî – Kurdish\")\n- [Lietuvių](https:\/\/lt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snieglen%C4%8Di%C5%B3_sportas \"Snieglenčių sportas – Lithuanian\")\n- [Latviešu](https:\/\/lv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snovbords \"Snovbords – Latvian\")\n- [Македонски](https:\/\/mk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0 \"Скијање на даска – Macedonian\")\n- [Bahasa Melayu](https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luncur_papan_salji \"Luncur papan salji – Malay\")\n- [Nederlands](https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarden \"Snowboarden – Dutch\")\n- [Norsk nynorsk](https:\/\/nn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sn%C3%B8brett \"Snøbrett – Norwegian Nynorsk\")\n- [Norsk bokmål](https:\/\/no.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sn%C3%B8brett \"Snøbrett – Norwegian Bokmål\")\n- [Occitan](https:\/\/oc.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surf_de_n%C3%A8u \"Surf de nèu – Occitan\")\n- [Polski](https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding \"Snowboarding – Polish\")\n- [Português](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard \"Snowboard – Portuguese\")\n- [Runa Simi](https:\/\/qu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rit%27i_suchuykachay \"Rit'i suchuykachay – Quechua\")\n- [Русский](https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_\$%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0\$ \"Сноуборд (вид спорта) – Russian\")\n- [Scots](https:\/\/sco.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snawbuirdin \"Snawbuirdin – Scots\")\n- [Srpskohrvatski \/ српскохрватски](https:\/\/sh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snoubording \"Snoubording – Serbo-Croatian\")\n- [Simple English](https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding \"Snowboarding – Simple English\")\n- [Slovenčina](https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snoubording \"Snoubording – Slovak\")\n- [Slovenščina](https:\/\/sl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deskanje_na_snegu \"Deskanje na snegu – Slovenian\")\n- [Shqip](https:\/\/sq.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snoubordingu \"Snoubordingu – Albanian\")\n- [Српски \/ srpski](https:\/\/sr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3 \"Сноубординг – Serbian\")\n- [Svenska](https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard \"Snowboard – Swedish\")\n- [Тоҷикӣ](https:\/\/tg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_\$%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%88\$ \"Сноуборд (варзиш) – Tajik\")\n- [ไทย](https:\/\/th.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94 \"สโนว์บอร์ด – Thai\")\n- [Tolışi](https:\/\/tly.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snoubording \"Snoubording – Talysh\")\n- [Türkçe](https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard \"Snowboard – Turkish\")\n- [Татарча \/ tatarça](https:\/\/tt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4 \"Сноуборд – Tatar\")\n- [Українська](https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3 \"Сноубординг – Ukrainian\")\n- [Oʻzbekcha \/ ўзбекча](https:\/\/uz.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snoubord \"Snoubord – Uzbek\")\n- [Tiếng Việt](https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3t_v%C3%A1n_tr%C3%AAn_tuy%E1%BA%BFt \"Trượt ván trên tuyết – Vietnamese\")\n- [粵語](https:\/\/zh-yue.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%96%AE%E6%9D%BF%E6%BB%91%E9%9B%AA \"單板滑雪 – Cantonese\")\n- [中文](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%96%AE%E6%9D%BF%E6%BB%91%E9%9B%AA \"單板滑雪 – Chinese\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q178131#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Snowboarding \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/Snowboarding \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/Snowboarding \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&oldid=1345723897 \"Permanent link to this revision of this page\")\n- [Page information](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=info \"More information about this page\")\n- [Cite this page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Snowboarding&id=1345723897&wpFormIdentifier=titleform \"Information on how to cite this page\")\n- [Get shortened URL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSnowboarding)\n\nPrint\/export\n\n- [Download as PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Snowboarding&action=show-download-screen \"Download this page as a PDF file\")\n- [Printable version](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&printable=yes \"Printable version of this page [p]\")\n\nIn other projects\n\n- [Wikimedia Commons](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Snowboarding)\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q178131 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nSnow sport involving a single board\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/16\/Snowboarding.jpg\/250px-Snowboarding.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Snowboarding.jpg)A snowboarder making a turn in fresh snow |   |\n| First played | 1979, [Muskegon, Michigan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muskegon,_Michigan \"Muskegon, Michigan\"), US |\n| Characteristics |   |\n| Type | Outdoor |\n| Equipment | [Snowboard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard \"Snowboard\"), [bindings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard#Bindings \"Snowboard\"), [boots](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard_boots \"Snowboard boots\"), [Helmet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_helmet \"Ski helmet\"), [Wrist Guards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wrist_guard \"Wrist guard\"), [Goggles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_goggles \"Ski goggles\"), [Binding Rotating Device](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard_binding_rotating_device \"Snowboard binding rotating device\") |\n| Presence |   |\n| [Olympic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olympic_Games \"Olympic Games\") | Since [1998](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics \"Snowboarding at the 1998 Winter Olympics\") |\n| [Paralympic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paralympic_Games \"Paralympic Games\") | part of the [Alpine skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpine_skiing \"Alpine skiing\") programme in [2014](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2014_Winter_Paralympics \"Alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Paralympics\") Officially added in [2018](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding_at_the_2018_Winter_Paralympics \"Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Paralympics\"). Part of [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding_at_the_2022_Winter_Paralympics \"Snowboarding at the 2022 Winter Paralympics\"). |\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/41\/Snowboarding_pictogram.svg\/250px-Snowboarding_pictogram.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Snowboarding_pictogram.svg)\n\nPictogram for [Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics \"Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics\")\n\n**Snowboarding** is a recreational and competitive activity that involves descending a snow-covered surface while standing on a [snowboard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard \"Snowboard\") with bindings securing the rider's feet to the board.\n\nSnowboarding was first developed in 1965 in the United States. Over time, several riding styles have developed, and the sport has featured in the [Winter Olympic Games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winter_Olympic_Games \"Winter Olympic Games\") since [1998](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1998_Winter_Olympics \"1998 Winter Olympics\") and [Winter Paralympic Games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winter_Paralympic_Games \"Winter Paralympic Games\") since [2018](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2018_Winter_Paralympics \"2018 Winter Paralympics\").\n\nSnowboarding became popular around the world in the late 20th century. The sport features both recreational and competitive participation.\n\nSnowboarding has influenced and developed its own distinct culture. It has become a globally practiced activity with snowboarders using specialized equipment and techniques to navigate diverse terrain and conditions.\n\n## History\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: History\")\\]\n\nSnowboarding in [Valfréjus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Modane \"Modane\"), France\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/2\/2c\/Squaw3.jpg\/250px-Squaw3.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Squaw3.jpg)\n\nSnowboarder riding off of a [cornice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snow_cornice \"Snow cornice\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/23\/Snowboarder_in_the_trees.jpg\/250px-Snowboarder_in_the_trees.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Snowboarder_in_the_trees.jpg)\n\nFreeride snowboarding, in areas off of the main trails\n\n### Initial origins\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Initial origins\")\\]\n\nThe first snowboards were developed in 1965 when [Sherm Poppen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sherm_Poppen \"Sherm Poppen\"), an engineer in [Muskegon, Michigan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muskegon,_Michigan \"Muskegon, Michigan\"), invented a toy for his daughters by fastening two skis together and attaching a rope to one end so he would have some control as they stood on the board and glided downhill. Dubbed the \"[snurfer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snurfer \"Snurfer\")\" (combining snow and surfer) by his wife Nancy, the toy proved so popular among his daughters' friends that Poppen licensed the idea to a manufacturer, [Brunswick Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brunswick_Corporation \"Brunswick Corporation\"), that sold about a million snurfers over the next decade.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-1) And, in 1966 alone, over half a million snurfers were sold.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-2)\n\nModern snowboarding was pioneered by [Tom Sims](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tom_Sims \"Tom Sims\") and [Jake Burton Carpenter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jake_Burton_Carpenter \"Jake Burton Carpenter\"). In February 1968, Poppen organized the first snurfing competition at a Michigan ski resort that attracted enthusiasts from all over the country.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-3) One of those early pioneers was [Tom Sims](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tom_Sims \"Tom Sims\"), a devotee of [skateboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skateboarding \"Skateboarding\") (a sport born in the 1950s when kids attached roller skate wheels to small boards that they steered by shifting their weight). In the 1960s, as an eighth grader in [Haddonfield, New Jersey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haddonfield,_New_Jersey \"Haddonfield, New Jersey\"), Sims crafted a snowboard in his school shop class by gluing carpet to the top of a piece of wood and attaching aluminum sheeting to the bottom.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-4) He produced commercial snowboards in the mid-70s including the *Skiboard* (also known as the *Lonnie Toft flying banana*) a molded polyethylene bottom with a [Lonnie Toft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lonnie_Toft \"Lonnie Toft\") signature skateboard deck attached to the top.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-5)[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-6) Others experimented with board-on-snow configurations at this time, including Welsh skateboard enthusiasts Jon Roberts and Pete Matthews developed their own snowboards to use at their local [dry ski slope](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dry_ski_slope \"Dry ski slope\").[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-7)[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-8)\n\nAlso during this same period, in 1977, [Jake Burton Carpenter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jake_Burton_Carpenter \"Jake Burton Carpenter\"), a Vermont native who had enjoyed snurfing since the age of 14, impressed the crowd at a Michigan snurfing competition with bindings he had designed to secure his feet to the board. That same year, he founded [Burton Snowboards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burton_Snowboards \"Burton Snowboards\") in [Londonderry, Vermont](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Londonderry,_Vermont \"Londonderry, Vermont\").[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-9) The \"snowboards\" were made of wooden planks that were flexible and had water ski foot traps. Very few people picked up snowboarding because the price of the board was considered too high at \\$38 and were not allowed on many ski hills, but eventually Burton would become the biggest snowboarding company in the business.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-10) Burton's created the early designs for boards with bindings. Later on, various versions of bindings became a common feature in most snowboards.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-11)\n\n### Development\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Development\")\\]\n\nAs snowboarding became more popular in the 1970s and 1980s, pioneers such as Dimitrije Milovich (founder of Winterstick out of Salt Lake City, Utah), [Jake Burton Carpenter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jake_Burton_Carpenter \"Jake Burton Carpenter\") (founder of Burton Snowboards from Londonderry, Vermont), [Tom Sims](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tom_Sims \"Tom Sims\") (founder of [Sims Snowboards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sims_Snowboards \"Sims Snowboards\")), David Kemper (founder of [Kemper Snowboards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kemper_Snowboards \"Kemper Snowboards\")) and Mike Olson (founder of [Gnu Snowboards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mervin_Manufacturing \"Mervin Manufacturing\")) came up with new designs for boards and mechanisms that slowly developed into the snowboards and other related equipment.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-firststoke-12) From these developments, modern snowboarding equipment usually consists of a snowboard with specialized bindings[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-13) and boots.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-14)\n\nIn the early 1980s, Aleksey Ostatnigrosh and Alexei Melnikov, two Snurfers from the Soviet Union, patented design changes to the Snurfer to allow jumping by attaching a bungee cord, a single footed binding to the Snurfer tail, and a two-foot binding design for improved control.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-15)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-16)[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-17)\n\n### Public perception\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Public perception\")\\]\n\nInitially, ski areas adopted the sport at a much slower pace than the winter sports public. Indeed, for many years, there was animosity between skiers and snowboarders, which led to an ongoing skier vs snowboarder feud.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-18) Early snowboards were banned from the slopes by park officials. For several years snowboarders would have to take a small skills assessment prior to being allowed to ride the chairlifts. It was thought that an unskilled snowboarder would wipe the snow off the mountain. In 1985, only seven percent of U.S. ski areas allowed snowboarding,[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-19) with a similar proportion in Europe.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-20) As equipment and skills improved, gradually snowboarding became more accepted. In 1990, most major ski areas had separate slopes for snowboarders. Now, approximately 97% of all ski areas in North America and Europe allow snowboarding, and more than half have jumps, rails and half pipes.[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-21)\n\nIn 2008, snowboarding had over 5 million participants, most aged between 18 and 24, with women comprising 25% of participants.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-USN080929-22)\n\nThere were 8.2 million snowboarders in the US and Canada for the 2009–2010 season. There was a 10% increase over the previous season, accounting for more than 30% of all snow sports participants.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-23)\n\n### Competitive history\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Competitive history\")\\]\n\nThe first competitions to offer prize money were the National Snurfing Championship, held at Muskegon State Park in [Muskegon, Michigan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muskegon,_Michigan \"Muskegon, Michigan\").[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-24) In 1979, [Jake Burton Carpenter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jake_Burton_Carpenter \"Jake Burton Carpenter\") came from Vermont to compete with a snowboard of his own design. There were protests about Jake entering with a non-snurfer board. Paul Graves, and others, advocated that Jake be allowed to race. A \"modified\" \"Open\" division was created and won by Jake as the sole entrant. That race was considered the first competition for snowboarding and is the start of what became competitive snowboarding. Ken Kampenga, John Asmussen and Jim Trim placed first, second and third respectively in the Standard competition with best two combined times of 24.71, 25.02 and 25.41; and Jake Carpenter won prize money as the sole entrant in the \"open\" division with a time of 26.35.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-25) In 1980 the event moved to Pando Winter Sports Park near [Grand Rapids, Michigan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan \"Grand Rapids, Michigan\"), because of a lack of snow that year at the original venue.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-26)[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-pando-27)\n\nIn April 1981, the \"King of the Mountain\" Snowboard competition was held at [Ski Cooper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_Cooper \"Ski Cooper\") in Colorado.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-28) Tom Sims along with an assortment of other snowboarders of the time were present.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-29) One entrant showed up on a homemade snowboard with a formica bottom that turned out to not slide so well on the snow.\n\nIn 1982, the first USA National Snowboard race was held near [Woodstock, Vermont](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Woodstock,_Vermont \"Woodstock, Vermont\"), at [Suicide Six](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suicide_Six \"Suicide Six\"). The race, organized by Graves, was won by Burton's first team rider Doug Bouton.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-SBH-30)\n\nIn 1983, the first World Championship [halfpipe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Halfpipe \"Halfpipe\") competition was held at [Soda Springs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soda_Springs,_Nevada_County,_California \"Soda Springs, Nevada County, California\"), California. [Tom Sims](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tom_Sims \"Tom Sims\"), founder of Sims Snowboards, organized the event with the help of Mike Chantry, a snowboard instructor at Soda Springs.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-Transworld_article-31)\n\nIn 1985, the first World Cup was held in [Zürs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Z%C3%BCrs \"Zürs\"), Austria,[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-32) further cementing snowboarding's recognition as an official international competitive sport.\n\nIn 1990, the [International Snowboard Federation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Snowboard_Federation \"International Snowboard Federation\") (ISF) was founded to provide universal contest regulations.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-33) In addition, the United States of America Snowboard Association (USASA) provides instructing guidelines and runs snowboard competitions in the U.S. today, high-profile snowboarding events like the [Winter X Games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winter_X_Games \"Winter X Games\"), [Air & Style](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Air_%26_Style \"Air & Style\"), US Open, Olympic Games and other events are broadcast worldwide. Many alpine resorts have [terrain parks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terrain_park \"Terrain park\").\n\nAt the [1998 Winter Olympic Games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1998_Winter_Olympic_Games \"1998 Winter Olympic Games\") in Nagano, Japan, Snowboarding became an official Olympic event.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-34) France's [Karine Ruby](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karine_Ruby \"Karine Ruby\") was the first to win an Olympic gold medal for Woman's Snowboarding,[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-35) while Canadian [Ross Rebagliati](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ross_Rebagliati \"Ross Rebagliati\") was the first for Men's Snowboarding.[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-36)\n\nOn 2 May 2012, the [International Paralympic Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Paralympic_Committee \"International Paralympic Committee\") announced that adaptive snowboarding (dubbed \"para-snowboarding\") would debut as a men's and women's medal event in the 2014 Paralympic Winter Games taking place in Sochi, Russia.[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-37)\n\n## Styles\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Styles\")\\]\n\nSince snowboarding's inception as an established winter sport, it has developed various styles, each with its own specialized equipment and technique. The most common styles today are: freeride, freestyle, and freecarve\/race. These styles are used for both recreational and professional snowboarding. While each style is unique, there is overlap between them.\n\n### Jibbing\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Jibbing\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Jibbing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jibbing \"Jibbing\")\n\n\"Jibbing\" is the term for technical riding on non-standard surfaces. The word \"jib\" is both a noun and a verb, depending on the usage of the word. As a noun: a jib includes metal rails, boxes, benches, concrete ledges, walls, vehicles, rocks and logs. As a verb: to jib is referring to the action of jumping, sliding, or riding on top of objects other than snow.[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-38) It is directly influenced by grinding a skateboard. Jibbing is a freestyle snowboarding technique of riding. Typically jibbing occurs in a snowboard resort park but can also be done in urban environments.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f6\/Snowboarding_in_Hippach%2C_Austria.jpg\/250px-Snowboarding_in_Hippach%2C_Austria.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Snowboarding_in_Hippach,_Austria.jpg)\n\nFreeriding snowboarding\n\n### Freeriding\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Freeriding\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Freeriding (winter sport)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freeriding_\$winter_sport\$ \"Freeriding (winter sport)\")\n\nFreeriding is a style without a set of governing rules or set course, typically on natural, un-groomed terrain. The basic allows for various snowboarding styles in a fluid motion and spontaneity through naturally rugged terrain. It can be like freestyle with the exception that no man-made features are utilized. *See also [Backcountry snowboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Backcountry_snowboarding \"Backcountry snowboarding\").*\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/61\/Snowboarding1.jpg\/250px-Snowboarding1.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Snowboarding1.jpg)\n\nFreestyle snowboarding\n\n### Freestyle\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Freestyle\")\\]\n\nFreestyle snowboarding is any riding that includes performing tricks. In freestyle, the rider utilizes natural and man-made features such as rails, jumps, boxes, and innumerable others to perform tricks. It is a popular all-inclusive concept that distinguishes the creative aspects of snowboarding, in contrast to a style like alpine snowboarding.\n\n### Alpine snowboarding\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: Alpine snowboarding\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/43\/Alpine_boarder.JPG\/250px-Alpine_boarder.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alpine_boarder.JPG)\n\nAn Alpine snowboarder executes a heel-side [carved turn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carved_turn \"Carved turn\"), the typical style in alpine snowboarding.\n\nVideo of a snowboarder practicing carving on a hard slope, equipped with a boardercross board and hard boots.\n\n**Alpine snowboarding** is a discipline within the sport of snowboarding. It is practiced on [groomed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snow_grooming \"Snow grooming\") [pistes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piste \"Piste\"). It has been an Olympic event since [1998](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics \"Snowboarding at the 1998 Winter Olympics\").\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c7\/UTAH_Snowboarding_2001.jpg\/250px-UTAH_Snowboarding_2001.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:UTAH_Snowboarding_2001.jpg)\n\nFreestyle snowboarder Matty Shaffer performs a 50-50 on a handrail while filming for a movie in Utah.\n\nSometimes called freecarving or hardbooting (due to the equipment used), this discipline usually takes place on hard packed snow or groomed runs (although it can be practiced in any and all conditions) and focuses on carving linked turns, much like surfing or longboarding. Little or no jumping takes place in this discipline. Alpine Snowboarding consists of a small portion of the general snowboard population, that has a well connected social community and its own specific board manufacturers, most situated in Europe. Alpine Snowboard equipment includes a ski-like hardshell boot and plate binding system with a true directional snowboard that is stiffer and narrower to manage linking turns with greater forces and speed.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-39) Shaped skis can thank these \"freecarve\" snowboards for the cutting-edge technology leading to their creation.[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-bomberonline-40) A skilled alpine snowboarder can link numerous turns into a run placing their body very close to the ground each turn, similar to a motocross turn or waterski carve. Depending on factors including stiffness, turning radius and personality this can be done slowly or fast. Carvers make perfect half-circles out of each turn, changing edges when the snowboard is perpendicular to the fall line and starting every turn on the downhill edge. Carving on a snowboard is like riding a roller coaster, because the board will lock into a turn radius and provide what feels like multiple Gs of acceleration.[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-41)\n\nAlpine snowboarding shares more visual similarities with skiing equipment than it does with snowboarding equipment.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-help-42) Compared to freestyle snowboarding gear:[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-43)\n\n- Boards are narrower, longer, and stiffer to improve [carving](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carve_turn#Snowboarding \"Carve turn\") performance\n- [Boots](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_boot \"Ski boot\") are made from a hard plastic shell, making it flex differently from a regular snowboard boot and is designed differently to ski boots although they look similar.\n- [Bindings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_binding \"Ski binding\") have a bail or step-in design and are sometimes placed on suspension plates to provide a layer of isolation between an alpine snowboarder and the board, to decrease the level of vibrations felt by the rider, creating a better overall experience when carving, and to give extra weight to the board among other uses.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/47\/Snowboarder_in_flight_%28Tannheim%2C_Austria%29.jpg\/250px-Snowboarder_in_flight_%28Tannheim%2C_Austria%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Snowboarder_in_flight_\$Tannheim,_Austria\$.jpg)\n\nSnowboarder in [Tannheim, Tyrol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tannheim,_Tyrol \"Tannheim, Tyrol\"), Austria\n\n### Slopestyle\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: Slopestyle\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Slopestyle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slopestyle \"Slopestyle\")\n\nCompetitors perform tricks while descending a course, moving around, over, across, up, or down terrain features. The course is full of obstacles including boxes, rails, jumps, jibs, or anything else the board or rider can slide across. Slopestyle is a judged event and winning a Slopestyle contest usually comes from successfully executing the most difficult line in the terrain park while having a smooth flowing line of difficult, mistake-free tricks performed on the obstacles. However, overall impression and style can play a factor in winning a Slopestyle contest and the rider who lands the hardest tricks will not always win over the rider who lands easier tricks on more difficult paths.\n\n### Big air\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: Big air\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Big air](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Big_air \"Big air\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d4\/Big_air_Qu%C3%A9bec_2011.jpg\/250px-Big_air_Qu%C3%A9bec_2011.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Big_air_Qu%C3%A9bec_2011.jpg)\n\n[Sebastien Toutant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sebastien_Toutant \"Sebastien Toutant\") at the downtown Québec big air competition\n\nBig air competitions are contests where riders perform tricks after launching off a man-made jump built specifically for the event.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-44) Competitors perform tricks in the air, aiming to attain sizable height and distance, all while securing a clean landing. Many competitions also require the rider to do a complex trick. Not all competitions call for a trick to win the gold; some intermittent competitions are based solely on height and distance of the launch of the snowboarder. Some competitions also require the rider to do a specific trick to win the major prize.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-45) One of the first snowboard competitions where Travis Rice attempted and landed a \"double back flip backside 180\" took place at the 2006 Red Bull Gap Session.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-46)\n\n### Half-pipe\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=13 \"Edit section: Half-pipe\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Half-pipe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Half-pipe \"Half-pipe\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/69\/Snowboarder_in_halfpipe.jpg\/250px-Snowboarder_in_halfpipe.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Snowboarder_in_halfpipe.jpg)\n\nSnowboarder in the [halfpipe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Halfpipe \"Halfpipe\")\n\nThe half-pipe is a semi-circular ditch dug into the mountain or purpose-built ramp made up of snow, with walls between 8 and 23 feet (7.0 m). Competitors perform tricks while going from one side to the other and while in the air above the sides of the pipe.\n\n### Snowboard cross\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=14 \"Edit section: Snowboard cross\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Snowboard cross](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard_cross \"Snowboard cross\")\n\nSnowboard cross, also known as \"boardercross\", \"boarder X\", or \"snowboard X\", and commonly abbreviated as \"SBX\", or just \"BX\", is a snowboarding discipline consisting of several (typically 4 to 6) riders racing head-to-head down a course with jumps, berms and other obstacles constructed out of snow. Snowboard cross began in the 1980s, earning its place as an official Winter Olympic event in the 2006 Turin games. Unlike other snowboard racing disciplines such as parallel giant slalom, competitors race on a single course together.\n\n### Snowboard racing\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=15 \"Edit section: Snowboard racing\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Snowboard racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard_racing \"Snowboard racing\")\n\nIn snowboard racing, riders must complete a downhill course constructed of a series of turning color indicators (gates) placed in the snow at prescribed distances apart. A gate consists of a tall pole and a short pole, connected by a triangular panel. The racer must pass around the short side of the gate, passing the long side of the gate doesn't count. There are 3 main formats used in snowboard racing including single person, parallel courses or multiple people on the course at the same time (SBX).\n\n## Competitions\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=16 \"Edit section: Competitions\")\\]\n\nMain articles: [FIS Snowboard World Cup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FIS_Snowboard_World_Cup \"FIS Snowboard World Cup\") and [FIS Snowboard World Championships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FIS_Snowboard_World_Championships \"FIS Snowboard World Championships\")\n\nSnowboarding contests are held throughout the world and range from grassroots competitions to professional events contested worldwide.\n\n[![2016 Winter X Games in Aspen, Colorado](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c1\/Winter_X_Games_%284309318283%29.jpg\/250px-Winter_X_Games_%284309318283%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Winter_X_Games_\$4309318283\$.jpg)\n\n2016 Winter X Games in Aspen, Colorado\n\nSome of the larger snowboarding contests include: the European [Air & Style](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Air_%26_Style \"Air & Style\"), the Japanese [X-Trail Jam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/X-Trail_Jam \"X-Trail Jam\"), Burton Global Open Series, [Shakedown](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shakedown_\$Snowboard_Games\$ \"Shakedown (Snowboard Games)\"), [FIS World Championships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FIS_Snowboard_World_Championships \"FIS Snowboard World Championships\"), the annual [FIS World Cup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FIS_Snowboard_World_Cup \"FIS Snowboard World Cup\"), the [Winter X Games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winter_X_Games \"Winter X Games\"), [Freeride World Tour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freeride_World_Tour \"Freeride World Tour\") and the [Winter Dew Tour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winter_Dew_Tour \"Winter Dew Tour\").\n\n[Snowboarding has been a Winter Olympic sport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics \"Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics\") since [1998 Winter Olympics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1998_Winter_Olympics \"1998 Winter Olympics\") in Japan. Since its inauguration, Olympic snowboarding has seen many additions and removals of events. During the [2018 Winter Olympics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2018_Winter_Olympics \"2018 Winter Olympics\"), snowboarding events contested included big air, halfpipe, parallel giant slalom, slopestyle and snowboard cross.\n\n*[Snowboarder Magazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarder_Magazine \"Snowboarder Magazine\")*'s Superpark[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-47) event was created in 1996. Over 150 of the World's top pros are invited to advance freestyle snowboarding on the most progressive terrain parks.[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-48)\n\nPart of the snowboarding approach is to ensure maximum fun, friendship and event quality. Reflecting this perspective of snowboarding, there are \"Anti Contests\" which are an important part of its identity.\\[*[according to whom?](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style\/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions \"Wikipedia:Manual of Style\/Words to watch\")*\\] These include the Holy Oly Revival at [The Summit at Snoqualmie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Summit_at_Snoqualmie \"The Summit at Snoqualmie\"), The Nate Chute Hawaiian Classic at Whitefish, the original anti-contest, the World Quarterpipe Championships and the Grenade Games.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-49)\n\nThe United States of America Snowboarding and Freeski Association (USASA), the first governing body for grassroots snowboarding,[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-50) runs 30 regional series and national championships in the US.[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-51)\n\n## Subculture\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=17 \"Edit section: Subculture\")\\]\n\nSnowboarding subculture originated as the sport was rejected in ski resorts.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-52) Both the skiing and snowboarding cultures contrasted with each other in language, behavior, and dress. Snowboarding subculture was frequently associated with a rebellious or outsider identity and incorporated elements of both urban and suburban cultures.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-Heino,_Rebecca_20002-53)\n\nIn recent decades, snowboarding has expanded into a diverse international participant base. Skiers and snowboarders have increasingly shared slopes and facilities. As of 2026, three resorts which do not allow snowboarding in North America: [Alta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alta_Ski_Area \"Alta Ski Area\"), [Deer Valley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deer_Valley \"Deer Valley\"), and [Mad River Glen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mad_River_Glen \"Mad River Glen\").\n\n## Common injuries\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=18 \"Edit section: Common injuries\")\\]\n\nThe most common type of injury for snowboarders is injury to the upper body. Some injuries that are seen are \"wrist injuries, shoulder soft tissue injuries, ankle injuries, concussions, and clavicle fractures\".[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-:1-54) Some major injuries that occur during snowboarding are head, and spinal injuries, \"the main cause of spinal fractures in snowboarders was jump landing failure and compression type fractures occur in about 80% of snowboarders with vertebral fractures because they frequently fall backwards, and this can cause axial loading and anterior compression fractures\".[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-:02-55) Injuries also differ between professional and recreational snowboarding.\n\n### Professional\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=19 \"Edit section: Professional\")\\]\n\nAmong professional snowboarders, injuries to the lower half, specifically the knee joint, are more likely to occur. When injured, snowboarders are twice as likely to get a fracture as skiers. Injuries to the upper body are much less common among professional snowboarders. Most of the professionals and elite snowboarders frequently sustain injuries when trying to execute challenging tricks at high speeds and with increased levels of force to the lower limbs.[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-56)\n\n### Recreational\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=20 \"Edit section: Recreational\")\\]\n\nIn recreational snowboarding, wrist injuries are more likely to occur. Most injuries to snowboarders occurred more often while they were traveling at reckless speed on moderate slopes.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-:3-57) Another way injuries happen is because they try sticking with someone that is a higher skill level, which they are not capable of handling because of the lack of skill they possess.\n\n## Safety and precautions\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=21 \"Edit section: Safety and precautions\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5d\/Snowboard_gloves_with_integrated_wrist_protection.jpg\/250px-Snowboard_gloves_with_integrated_wrist_protection.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Snowboard_gloves_with_integrated_wrist_protection.jpg)\n\nGloves with an integrated plastic element, seen left partially pulled out, as a [wrist guard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wrist_guard \"Wrist guard\"). The element is pressed tightly to the wrist with a wide, all-around [velcro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hook-and-loop_fastener \"Hook-and-loop fastener\")\\-fastened strap, which can be seen in loose state on the left and tightened on the right glove. This stabilizes the wrist and thus avoids its damage when falling onto the hands.\n\nLike some other winter sports, snowboarding comes with a certain level of risk.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-58)\n\n### Risk\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=22 \"Edit section: Risk\")\\]\n\nThe average snowboarder is a male in their early twenties, and there are three times as many men as there are women in the sport. Snowboarders have a 2.4 times greater risk of fractures than skiers, particularly in the upper extremities. Conversely, snowboarders have a lower risk of knee injuries than skiers.[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-59) The injury rate for snowboarding is about four to six per thousand persons per day, which is around double the injury rate for alpine skiing.[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-60) Injuries are more likely amongst beginners, especially those who do not take lessons with professional instructors. A quarter of all injuries occur to first-time riders and half of all injuries occur to those with less than a year of experience. Experienced riders are less likely to suffer injury, but the injuries that do occur tend to be more severe.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull555-61)\n\nTwo-thirds of injuries occur to the upper body and one-third to the lower body. This contrasts with alpine skiing, where two-thirds of injuries are to the lower body. The most common types of injuries are sprains, which account for around 40% of injuries.[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-62) The most common point of injury is the wrists – 40% of all snowboard injuries are to the wrists and 24% of all snowboard injuries are wrist fractures.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull555-61) There are around 100,000 wrist fractures worldwide among snowboarders each year.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-63)\n\n### Protective equipment\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=23 \"Edit section: Protective equipment\")\\]\n\nThe risk of head injury is two to six times greater for snowboarders than for skiers and injuries follow the pattern of being rarer, but more severe, with experienced riders. Head injuries can occur both because of a collision and when failing to carry out a heel-side turn. The latter can result in the rider landing on their back and slamming the back of their head onto the ground, resulting in an occipital head injury.[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull557-64) For this reason, helmets are widely recommended. Protective eyewear is also recommended as eye injury can be caused by impact and [snow blindness](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snow_blindness \"Snow blindness\") can be a result of exposure to strong ultra-violet light in snow-covered areas. The wearing of ultra-violet-absorbing goggles is recommended even on hazy or cloudy days as ultra-violet light can penetrate clouds.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-65)\n\nSnowboarding boots should be well-fitted, with toes snug in the end of the boot when standing upright and slightly away from the end when in the snowboarding position.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-66) Padding or \"armor\" is recommended on other body parts such as hips, knees, spine, and shoulders. To further help avoid injury to body parts, especially knees, it is recommended to use the right technique. To acquire the right technique, one should be taught by a qualified instructor. Also, when snowboarding alone, precaution should be taken to avoid [tree wells](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tree_well \"Tree well\"), a particularly dangerous area of loose snow that may form at the base of trees.\n\nThe use of [wrist guards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wrist_guard \"Wrist guard\"), either separate or built into gloves, is very strongly recommended. They are often compulsory in beginner's classes and their use reduces the likelihood of wrist injury by half.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-67) In addition it is important for snow boarders to learn how to fall without stopping the fall with their hand by trying to \"push\" the slope away, as landing a wrist which is bent at a 90-degree angle increase the chance of it breaking. Rather, landing with the arms stretched out (like a wing) and slapping the slope with the entire arm is an effective way to break a fall. This is the method used by practitioners of judo and other martial arts to break a fall when they are thrown against the floor by a training partner.\n\n### Bindings\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=24 \"Edit section: Bindings\")\\]\n\nUnlike ski bindings, snowboard bindings are not designed to release automatically in a fall. The mechanical support provided by the feet being locked to the board has the effect of reducing the likelihood of knee injury – 15% of snowboard injuries are to the knee, compared with 45% of all skiing injuries. Such injuries are typically to the knee ligaments, bone fractures are rare.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull555-61) Fractures to the lower leg are also rare but 20% of injuries are to the foot and ankle. Fractures of the [talus bone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talus_bone \"Talus bone\") are rare in other sports but account for 2% of snowboard injuries – a lateral process talus fracture is sometimes called \"*snowboarder's ankle*\" by medical staff. This injury results in persistent lateral pain in the affected ankle yet is difficult to spot in a plain X-ray image. It may be misdiagnosed as just a sprain, with possibly serious consequences as not treating the fracture can result in serious long-term damage to the ankle.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull555-61) The use of portable ultrasound for mountainside diagnostics has been reviewed and appears to be a plausible tool for diagnosing some of the common injuries associated with the sport.[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-Nowak2009-68)\n\n### Maintenance\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=25 \"Edit section: Maintenance\")\\]\n\nFour to eight percent of snowboarding injuries take place while the person is waiting in ski-lift lines or entering and exiting ski lifts. Snowboarders push themselves forward with a free foot while in the ski-lift line, leaving the other foot (usually that of the lead leg) locked on the board at a 9–27 degree angle, placing a large torque force on this leg and predisposing the person to knee injury if a fall occurs.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-69)[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-70) [Snowboard binding rotating devices](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard_binding_rotating_device \"Snowboard binding rotating device\") are designed to minimize the torque force, [Quick Stance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quick_Stance \"Quick Stance\")[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-71) being the first developed in 1995.[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-72) They allow snowboarders to turn the locked foot straight into the direction of the tip of the snowboard without removing the boot from the boot binding.\n\n### Precautions\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=26 \"Edit section: Precautions\")\\]\n\nAvalanches are a clear danger when on snowy mountain slopes.[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-73)[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-74)\n\nSome care is also required when waxing a board as [fluorocarbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluorocarbon \"Fluorocarbon\") waxes emit toxic fumes when overheated. Waxing is best performed in a ventilated area with care being taken to use the wax at the correct temperature – the wax should be melted but not smoking or smoldering.[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull557-64)\n\n## Terminology\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=27 \"Edit section: Terminology\")\\]\n\n### Stances\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=28 \"Edit section: Stances\")\\]\n\nThe way in which a snowboarder normally rides most on their snowboard as determined by the placement of their feet and direction of travel.[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-75)\n\nGoofy Stance\n\nThe stance of a snowboarder that normally rides with their right foot first.\n\nRegular Stance\n\nThe stance of a snowboarder that normally rides with their left foot first.\n\nSwitch Stance\n\nThe opposite stance of what a snowboarder normally rides.\n\n### Parts of a snowboard\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=29 \"Edit section: Parts of a snowboard\")\\]\n\nBinding\n\nThe portion of the board that attaches the riders' feet to the snowboard.\n\nHeel Edge\n\nThe edge of the snowboard that the riders' heels rest on.\n\nToe Edge\n\nThe edge that the riders' toes rest on\n\nNose Edge\n\nThe forward edge of the snowboard.\n\nTail Edge\n\nThe trailing edge of the snowboard.\n\n### Rotations\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=30 \"Edit section: Rotations\")\\]\n\nBackside Rotation\n\nA flat rotation in which the back of the person's body is the first to intersect with the direction of travel; after 90 degrees of rotation, the person's back will be facing the direction of travel.\n\nFrontside Rotation\n\nA flat rotation in which the front of the person's body is the first to intersect with the direction of travel; after 90 degrees of rotation, the person's front will be facing the direction of travel.\n\n### Flips\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=31 \"Edit section: Flips\")\\]\n\nBack Flip\n\nA backwards somersault over the heel edge of the board.\n\nFront Flip\n\nA forwards somersault (i.e. face first) over the toe edge of the board.\n\nTamedog\n\nA cartwheel over the nose edge of the board.\n\nWildcat\n\nA cartwheel over the tail edge of the board.\n\n### Off-axis rotations\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=32 \"Edit section: Off-axis rotations\")\\]\n\nOff-Axis rotations combine flips and rotations; the naming convention is to first describe the horizontal rotation, followed by the number of off-axis rotations, terminated by the degree of total rotation (i.e. Backside Triple-Cork 1440).\n\nCork\n\nA rotation in which the snowboard leads through the air in the direction of travel.\n\nRodeo\n\nA rotation in which the person's head leads through the air in the direction of travel.\n\n## Notable people\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=33 \"Edit section: Notable people\")\\]\n\nSee also: [List of Olympic medalists in snowboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_snowboarding \"List of Olympic medalists in snowboarding\")\n\n- [Eva Adamczyková](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eva_Adamczykov%C3%A1 \"Eva Adamczyková\") (born 1993), Czech snowboarder\n- [Jamie Anderson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jamie_Anderson_\$snowboarder\$ \"Jamie Anderson (snowboarder)\") (born 1990), American snowboarder\n- [Jasey-Jay Anderson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jasey-Jay_Anderson \"Jasey-Jay Anderson\") (born 1975), Canadian snowboarder\n- [Josie Baff](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Josie_Baff \"Josie Baff\") (born 2003), Australian snowboarder\n- [Nick Baumgartner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nick_Baumgartner \"Nick Baumgartner\") (born 1981), American snowboarder\n- [Torah Bright](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Torah_Bright \"Torah Bright\") (born 1986), Australian snowboarder\n- [Callan Chythlook-Sifsof](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Callan_Chythlook-Sifsof \"Callan Chythlook-Sifsof\") (born 1989), American snowboarder\n- [Kelly Clark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kelly_Clark \"Kelly Clark\") (born 1983), American snowboarder\n- [Julia Dujmovits](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julia_Dujmovits \"Julia Dujmovits\") (born 1987), Austrian snowboarder\n- [Rosey Fletcher](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rosey_Fletcher \"Rosey Fletcher\") (born 1975), American snowboarder\n- [Peter Foley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_Foley_\$snowboarding\$ \"Peter Foley (snowboarding)\") (born 1965 or 1966), American former snowboarding coach; suspended for 10 years for sexual misconduct\n- [Anna Gasser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anna_Gasser \"Anna Gasser\") (born 1991), Austrian snowboarder\n- [Red Gerard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_Gerard \"Red Gerard\") (born 2000), American snowboarder\n- [Alessandro Hämmerle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alessandro_H%C3%A4mmerle \"Alessandro Hämmerle\") (born 1993), Austrian snowboarder\n- [Ayumu Hirano](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ayumu_Hirano \"Ayumu Hirano\") (born 1998), Japanese snowboarder\n- [Lindsey Jacobellis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lindsey_Jacobellis \"Lindsey Jacobellis\") (born 1985), American snowboarder\n- [Scotty James](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scotty_James \"Scotty James\") (born 1994), Australian snowboarder\n- [Benjamin Karl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benjamin_Karl \"Benjamin Karl\") (born 1985), Austrian snowboarder\n- [Craig Kelly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Craig_Kelly_\$snowboarder\$ \"Craig Kelly (snowboarder)\") (born 1966), American snowboarder\n- [Chloe Kim](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chloe_Kim \"Chloe Kim\") (born 2000), American snowboarder\n- [Ester Ledecká](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ester_Ledeck%C3%A1 \"Ester Ledecká\") (born 1995), Czech snowboarder and skier\n- [Michela Moioli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michela_Moioli \"Michela Moioli\") (born 1995), Italian snowboarder\n- [Max Parrot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Max_Parrot \"Max Parrot\") (born 1994), Canadian snowboarder\n- [Iouri Podladtchikov](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iouri_Podladtchikov \"Iouri Podladtchikov\") (born 1988), Swiss-Russian snowboarder\n- [Travis Rice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Travis_Rice \"Travis Rice\") (born 1982), American snowboarder\n- [Maëlle Ricker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ma%C3%ABlle_Ricker \"Maëlle Ricker\") (born 1978), Canadian snowboarder\n- [Zoi Sadowski-Synnott](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoi_Sadowski-Synnott \"Zoi Sadowski-Synnott\") (born 2001), New Zealand snowboarder\n- [Hannah Teter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hannah_Teter \"Hannah Teter\") (born 1987), American snowboarder\n- [Sébastien Toutant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%C3%A9bastien_Toutant \"Sébastien Toutant\") (born 1992), Canadian snowboarder\n- [Pierre Vaultier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pierre_Vaultier \"Pierre Vaultier\") (born 1987), French snowboarder\n- [Ryan Wedding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ryan_Wedding \"Ryan Wedding\") (born 1981), Canadian snowboarder and alleged international drug trafficker\n- [Seth Wescott](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seth_Wescott \"Seth Wescott\") (born 1976), American snowboarder\n- [Shaun White](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shaun_White \"Shaun White\") (born 1986), American snowboarder and skateboarder\n- [Su Yiming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Su_Yiming \"Su Yiming\") (born 2004), Chinese snowboarder\n\n## See also\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=34 \"Edit section: See also\")\\]\n\n- [American Association of Snowboard Instructors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Association_of_Snowboard_Instructors \"American Association of Snowboard Instructors\")\n- [Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glossary_of_skiing_and_snowboarding_terms \"Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms\")\n- [Lazboard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lazboard \"Lazboard\")\n- [Sandboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sandboarding \"Sandboarding\")\n- [Skiboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skiboarding \"Skiboarding\")\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=35 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-1)**\n   Sisjord, Mari Kristin (December 1, 2013). [\"Women's snowboarding – some experiences and perceptions of competition\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02614367.2012.685334). *Leisure Studies*. **32** (5): 507–523\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1080\/02614367.2012.685334](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F02614367.2012.685334). [hdl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hdl_\$identifier\$ \"Hdl (identifier)\"):[11250\/218904](https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11250%2F218904). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0261-4367](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0261-4367). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [144101427](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:144101427).\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-2)**\n   Carrelli, Simon (June 29, 2023). [\"History of Snowboarding\"](https:\/\/alpinefleet.com\/history-of-snowboarding\/). *Alpine Fleet*. Retrieved March 3, 2026.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-3)**\n   [\"Muskegon Area Sports Hall of Fame – History of the Snurfer, Snurfing and the sport of Snowboarding – 1968\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180818041324\/http:\/\/www.mashf.com\/snurfing%201968.htm). *www.mashf.com*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.mashf.com\/snurfing%201968.htm) on August 18, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2017.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-4)**\n   Chamber, Creation. [\"SIMS Snowboards History\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200101200140\/https:\/\/www.simsnow.com\/company\/history). *www.simsnow.com*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.simsnow.com\/company\/history) on January 1, 2020. Retrieved September 20, 2017.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-5)**\n   [\"Tom Sims: Snowboarding pioneer and world champion who became a Bond\"](http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/obituaries\/tom-sims-snowboarding-pioneer-and-world-champion-who-became-a-bond-stuntman-8163737.html). *The Independent*. September 22, 2012. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200903235220\/http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/obituaries\/tom-sims-snowboarding-pioneer-and-world-champion-who-became-a-bond-stuntman-8163737.html) from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2019.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-6)**\n   [\"SNURFER- 1ST & 2ED GENERATION SNURFERS\"](https:\/\/www.michigansnowboardmuseum.com\/boards-from-the-legends.html). *michigansnowboardmuseum.com*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230720025500\/https:\/\/www.michigansnowboardmuseum.com\/boards-from-the-legends.html) from the original on July 20, 2023. Retrieved July 15, 2023.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-7)**\n   [\"Dry Slope Skiing – What It Means to Us\"](http:\/\/snow.guide\/dry-ski-slope\/). *Snow.Guide*. June 28, 2015. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201124151902\/https:\/\/snow.guide\/dry-ski-slope\/) from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2019.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-8)**\n   [\"Snowboarding History – RideDaily.com\"](http:\/\/ridedaily.com\/?page_id=37). *ridedaily.com*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201106134139\/http:\/\/ridedaily.com\/?page_id=37) from the original on November 6, 2020. 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[Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201122144242\/https:\/\/money.usnews.com\/money\/business-economy\/small-business\/articles\/2008\/09\/19\/burton-snowboards-is-king-of-the-hill) from the original on November 22, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2013.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-23)**\n    Mike Lewis (June 29, 2011). [\"snowboard participation increases 10%\"](http:\/\/business.transworld.net\/66828\/news\/snowboarding-participation-increases-10\/). [Transworld Business](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transworld_Business \"Transworld Business\"). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110702214219\/http:\/\/business.transworld.net\/66828\/news\/snowboarding-participation-increases-10\/) from the original on July 2, 2011. 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[ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0363-5465](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0363-5465). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [22268231](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22268231). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [9892333](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:9892333).\n55. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-:02_55-0)**\n    Bigdon, Sebastian Frederick; Gewiess, Jan; Hoppe, Sven; Exadaktylos, Aristomenis K.; Benneker, Lorin M.; Fairhurst, Paul Gilbert; Albers, Christoph E. (July 19, 2019). [\"Spinal injury in alpine winter sports: a review\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6642543). *Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine*. **27** (1): 69. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1186\/s13049-019-0645-z](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186%2Fs13049-019-0645-z). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1757-7241](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1757-7241). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [6642543](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6642543). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [31324221](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31324221).\n56. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-56)**\n    Wijdicks, Coen A; Rosenbach, Brandon S; Flanagan, Troy R; Bower, Gillian E; Newman, Kelly E; Clanton, Thomas O; Engebretsen, Lars; LaPrade, Robert F; Hackett, Tom R (January 2014). [\"Injuries in elite and recreational snowboarders\"](https:\/\/bjsm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093019). *British Journal of Sports Medicine*. **48** (1): 11–17\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1136\/bjsports-2013-093019](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136%2Fbjsports-2013-093019). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0306-3674](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0306-3674). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [24282020](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24282020). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [7519870](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:7519870).\n57. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-:3_57-0)**\n    Takakuwa, Tetsuya; Endo, Shigeatsu (May 1, 1996). [\"Snowboarding injuries: Comparison of injuries in snowboarders and skiers\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02349815). *Journal of Orthopaedic Science*. **1** (3): 178–181\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1007\/BF02349815](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2FBF02349815). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1436-2023](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1436-2023). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [71373867](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:71373867).\n58. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-58)**\n    [\"Snowboarding Safety & Guidelines\"](http:\/\/www.abc-of-snowboarding.com\/snowboardingsafety.asp). Abc-of-snowboarding.com. Retrieved February 17, 2014.\n    \n    `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service \"Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service\"))\n59. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-59)**\n    Bladin, Christopher; McCrory, Paul (May 1, 1995). [\"Snowboarding Injuries\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-199519050-00005). *Sports Medicine*. **19** (5): 358–364\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.2165\/00007256-199519050-00005](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165%2F00007256-199519050-00005). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1179-2035](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1179-2035). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [7618012](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/7618012). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [9918887](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:9918887). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240201220856\/https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.2165\/00007256-199519050-00005) from the original on February 1, 2024. Retrieved December 5, 2022.\n60. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-60)**\n    Roberts, William O. (February 2004). *Bull's Handbook of Sports Injuries*. McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 550. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [0-07-140291-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-07-140291-8 \"Special:BookSources\/0-07-140291-8\")\n    \n    .\n61. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-bull555_61-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-bull555_61-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-bull555_61-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-bull555_61-3)\n    Roberts, William O. (February 2004). *Bull's Handbook of Sports Injuries*. McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 555. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [0-07-140291-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-07-140291-8 \"Special:BookSources\/0-07-140291-8\")\n    \n    .\n62. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-62)**\n    Bladin, C.; McCrory, P. (1995). \"Snowboarding Injuries – An Overview\". *Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)*. **19** (5). Sports-Med: 358–64\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.2165\/00007256-199519050-00005](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165%2F00007256-199519050-00005). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0112-1642](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0112-1642). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [7618012](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/7618012). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [9918887](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:9918887).\n63. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-63)**\n    [\"Snowboarding Injuries – Wrist Fractures\"](http:\/\/www.abc-of-snowboarding.com\/info\/wrist-fractures.asp). Abc-of-snowboarding.com. Retrieved February 17, 2014.\n    \n    `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service \"Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service\"))\n64. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-bull557_64-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-bull557_64-1)\n    Roberts, William O. (February 2004). *Bull's Handbook of Sports Injuries*. McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 557. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [0-07-140291-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-07-140291-8 \"Special:BookSources\/0-07-140291-8\")\n    \n    .\n65. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-65)**\n    Kim, Suezie; Endres, Nathan K; Johnson, Robert; Ettlinger, Carl; Shealy, Jasper (April 2012). \"Snowboarding injuries: trends over time and comparisons with alpine skiing injuries\". *The American Journal of Sports Medicine*. **40** (4): 770–776\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1177\/0363546511433279](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F0363546511433279). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [22268231](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22268231). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [9892333](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:9892333).\n66. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-66)**\n    [\"Best Way to Choose Right Snowboard Bindings\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171026052555\/http:\/\/extremepedia.com\/how-to-choose-snowboard-bindings\/). *Extremepedia*. October 27, 2015. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/extremepedia.com\/how-to-choose-snowboard-bindings\/) on October 26, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.\n67. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-67)**\n    Roberts, William O. (February 2004). *Bull's Handbook of Sports Injuries*. McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 556. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [0-07-140291-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-07-140291-8 \"Special:BookSources\/0-07-140291-8\")\n    \n    .\n68. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-Nowak2009_68-0)**\n    Nowak, M. R.; Kirkpatrick, A. W.; Bouffard, J. A.; Amponsah, D.; Dulchavsky, S. A. (March 2009). [\"Snowboarding injuries: a review of the literature and an analysis of the potential use of portable ultrasound for mountainside diagnostics\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2684950). *Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med*. **2** (1): 25–9\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1007\/s12178-008-9040-5](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs12178-008-9040-5). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [2684950](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2684950). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [19468915](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19468915).\n69. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-69)** Davidson TM, Laliotis AT (1996) Snowboarding injuries, a four-year study with comparison with alpine ski injuries. West J Med; p.231\n70. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-70)** Callé SC, Evans JT. (1995) Snowboarding trauma. J Pediatr Surg; p.791\n71. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-71)**\n    [\"Quick Stance Website\"](http:\/\/www.quickstance.com\/). Quickstance.com. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201202002129\/https:\/\/quickstance.com\/) from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2014.\n72. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-72)**\n    [\"United States Patent: 1995\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200102020901\/http:\/\/patft.uspto.gov\/netacgi\/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=\/netahtml\/PTO\/search-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN\/5876045). Patft.uspto.gov. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/patft.uspto.gov\/netacgi\/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F5876045) on January 2, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2014.\n73. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-73)**\n    [\"Snowboarding Safety – Avalanche Awareness\"](http:\/\/www.abc-of-snowboarding.com\/avalancheawareness.asp). Abc-of-snowboarding.com. Retrieved February 17, 2014.\n    \n    `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service \"Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service\"))\n74. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-74)**\n    [\"Ski Safety – First Aid for Snowboarding & Skiing\"](http:\/\/www.abc-of-snowboarding.com\/firstaid\/). Abc-of-snowboarding.com. Retrieved February 17, 2014.\n    \n    `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service \"Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service\"))\n75. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-75)**\n    [\"Snowboarding 101: Glossary\"](https:\/\/www.nbcolympics.com\/news\/snowboarding-101-glossary). [NBC Universal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NBC_Universal \"NBC Universal\"). 2021. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231215200413\/https:\/\/www.nbcolympics.com\/news\/snowboarding-101-glossary) from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved December 15, 2023.\n\n## External links\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=36 \"Edit section: External links\")\\]\n\n**Snowboarding** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects \"Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects\")\n\n- [![Wiktionary logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/99\/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg\/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg)[Definitions](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Special:Search\/Snowboarding \"wikt:Special:Search\/Snowboarding\") from Wiktionary\n- [![Wikimedia Commons logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commons-logo.svg)[Media](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Snowboarding \"c:Category:Snowboarding\") from Commons\n- [![Wikinews logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/24\/Wikinews-logo.svg\/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wikinews-logo.svg)[News](https:\/\/en.wikinews.org\/wiki\/Special:Search\/Snowboarding \"n:Special:Search\/Snowboarding\") from Wikinews\n- ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fa\/Wikiquote-logo.svg\/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png)[Quotations](https:\/\/en.wikiquote.org\/wiki\/Special:Search\/Snowboarding \"q:Special:Search\/Snowboarding\") from Wikiquote\n- [![Wikisource logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4c\/Wikisource-logo.svg\/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wikisource-logo.svg)[Texts](https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Special:Search\/Snowboarding \"s:Special:Search\/Snowboarding\") from Wikisource\n- [![Wikibooks logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fa\/Wikibooks-logo.svg\/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg)[Textbooks](https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Special:Search\/Snowboarding \"b:Special:Search\/Snowboarding\") from Wikibooks\n- [![Wikiversity logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0b\/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg\/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg)[Resources](https:\/\/en.wikiversity.org\/wiki\/Special:Search\/Snowboarding \"v:Special:Search\/Snowboarding\") from Wikiversity\n\n- [PSIA-AASI Website](https:\/\/www.thesnowpros.org\/)\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Winter_Olympic_sports \"Template:Winter Olympic sports\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Winter_Olympic_sports \"Template talk:Winter Olympic sports\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Winter_Olympic_sports \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Winter Olympic sports\")[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5c\/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg\/40px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg) [Winter Olympic sports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winter_Olympic_sports \"Winter Olympic sports\") |\n|---|\n| [Biathlon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biathlon \"Biathlon\") [Bobsleigh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bobsleigh \"Bobsleigh\") [skeleton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skeleton_\$sport\$ \"Skeleton (sport)\") [Curling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curling \"Curling\") [Ice hockey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ice_hockey \"Ice hockey\") [Luge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luge \"Luge\") [Skating](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ice_skating \"Ice skating\") [figure skating](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Figure_skating \"Figure skating\") [short-track](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Short-track_speed_skating \"Short-track speed skating\") [long-track](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long-track_speed_skating \"Long-track speed skating\") [Skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skiing \"Skiing\") [alpine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpine_skiing \"Alpine skiing\") [cross-country](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cross-country_skiing_\$sport\$ \"Cross-country skiing (sport)\") [freestyle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freestyle_skiing \"Freestyle skiing\") [Nordic combined](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nordic_combined \"Nordic combined\") [ski jumping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_jumping \"Ski jumping\") [snowboarding]() [Ski mountaineering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_mountaineering \"Ski mountaineering\") |\n| *See also:* [Paralympic sports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paralympic_sports \"Paralympic sports\") and [Summer Olympic sports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Summer_Olympic_sports \"Summer Olympic sports\") |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Racing \"Template:Racing\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Racing \"Template talk:Racing\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Racing \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Racing\")[Racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Racing \"Racing\") |   |   |\n|---|---|---|\n| [Running](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Running \"Running\") |   |   |\n|   |   |   |\n| [Track running](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Track_and_field \"Track and field\") | [Sprinting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sprint_\$running\$ \"Sprint (running)\") [Middle-distance running](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle-distance_running \"Middle-distance running\") [Long-distance running](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long-distance_running \"Long-distance running\") [Relay race](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Relay_race \"Relay race\") [Hurdling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hurdling \"Hurdling\") [Steeplechase](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steeplechase_\$athletics\$ \"Steeplechase (athletics)\") | [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8d\/Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg\/120px-Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg) |\n| [Road running](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Road_running \"Road running\") | [Half marathon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Half_marathon \"Half marathon\") [Marathon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marathon \"Marathon\") [Ultramarathon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ultramarathon \"Ultramarathon\") [Ekiden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ekiden \"Ekiden\") |   |\n| Off-road running | [Cross country running](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cross_country_running \"Cross country running\") [Mountain running](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mountain_running \"Mountain running\") [Fell running](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fell_running \"Fell running\") [Trail running](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trail_running \"Trail running\") [Skyrunning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skyrunning \"Skyrunning\") |   |\n| Other | [Tower running](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tower_running \"Tower running\") [Racewalking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Racewalking \"Racewalking\") [Backward running](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Backward_running \"Backward running\") [Snowshoe running](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowshoe_running \"Snowshoe running\") [Parkour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parkour \"Parkour\") |   |\n| [Orienteering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orienteering \"Orienteering\") | [Foot orienteering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foot_orienteering \"Foot orienteering\") [Mountain bike orienteering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mountain_bike_orienteering \"Mountain bike orienteering\") [Ski orienteering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_orienteering \"Ski orienteering\") [Trail orienteering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trail_orienteering \"Trail orienteering\") [Radio orienteering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amateur_radio_direction_finding \"Amateur radio direction finding\") [Canoe orienteering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canoe_orienteering \"Canoe orienteering\") [Rogaining](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rogaining \"Rogaining\") [Mountain marathon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mountain_marathon \"Mountain marathon\") [Car orienteering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Car_orienteering \"Car orienteering\") |   |\n| [Bicycle racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cycle_sport \"Cycle sport\") | [Road bicycle racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Road_bicycle_racing \"Road bicycle racing\") [Cyclo-cross](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyclo-cross \"Cyclo-cross\") [Gravel racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gravel_racing \"Gravel racing\") [Mountain bike racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mountain_bike_racing \"Mountain bike racing\") [Track cycling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Track_cycling \"Track cycling\") ([Keirin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keirin \"Keirin\")) [BMX racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BMX_racing \"BMX racing\") [Cycle speedway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cycle_speedway \"Cycle speedway\") |   |\n| [Animal racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Animals_in_sport \"Animals in sport\") | [Camel racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camel_racing \"Camel racing\") [Greyhound racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greyhound_racing \"Greyhound racing\") [Horse racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Horse_racing \"Horse racing\") [Pigeon racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pigeon_racing \"Pigeon racing\") [Sled dog racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sled_dog_racing \"Sled dog racing\") |   |\n| [Swimming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swimming_\$sport\$ \"Swimming (sport)\") | [Open water swimming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_water_swimming \"Open water swimming\") [Marathon swimming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marathon_swimming \"Marathon swimming\") [Paralympic swimming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paralympic_swimming \"Paralympic swimming\") |   |\n| [Climbing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rock_climbing \"Rock climbing\") | [Speed climbing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Speed_climbing \"Speed climbing\") |   |\n| [Motor racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Motorsport \"Motorsport\") |   |   |\n|   |   |   |\n| [Auto racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Auto_racing \"Auto racing\") | [Drag racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drag_racing \"Drag racing\") [Formula racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Formula_racing \"Formula racing\") [Kart racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kart_racing \"Kart racing\") [Off-road racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Off-road_racing \"Off-road racing\") [Pickup truck racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pickup_truck_racing \"Pickup truck racing\") [Sports car racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sports_car_racing \"Sports car racing\") [Stock car racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stock_car_racing \"Stock car racing\") [Touring car racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Touring_car_racing \"Touring car racing\") [Truck racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Truck_racing \"Truck racing\") | [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/52\/David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg\/120px-David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg) |\n| [Motorcycle racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Motorcycle_racing \"Motorcycle racing\") | [Beach racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beach_racing \"Beach racing\") [Motocross](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Motocross \"Motocross\") [Motorcycle chariot racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Motorcycle_chariot_racing \"Motorcycle chariot racing\") [Rally raid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rally_raid \"Rally raid\") [Track racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Track_racing \"Track racing\") |   |\n| [Motorboat racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boat_racing#Motorboat_racing \"Boat racing\") | [Drag boat racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drag_boat_racing \"Drag boat racing\") [Hydroplane racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydroplane_racing \"Hydroplane racing\") [Jet sprint boat racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jetsprint \"Jetsprint\") [Inshore powerboat racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inshore_powerboat_racing \"Inshore powerboat racing\") [Offshore powerboat racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Offshore_powerboat_racing \"Offshore powerboat racing\") |   |\n| Other | [Air racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Air_racing \"Air racing\") [Radio-controlled car racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radio-controlled_car \"Radio-controlled car\") [Slot car racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slot_car_racing \"Slot car racing\") [Street racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Street_racing \"Street racing\") |   |\n| Board racing | [Longboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Longboarding \"Longboarding\") [Sandboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sandboarding \"Sandboarding\") [Slalom skateboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slalom_skateboarding \"Slalom skateboarding\") [Street luge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Street_luge \"Street luge\") |   |\n| Winter racing | [Alpine skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpine_skiing \"Alpine skiing\") [Cross-country skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cross-country_skiing_\$sport\$ \"Cross-country skiing (sport)\") [Snowboard cross](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard_cross \"Snowboard cross\") [Speed skating](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Speed_skating \"Speed skating\") [Sledding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sledding \"Sledding\") |   |\n| Multi-sport racing | [Adventure racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adventure_racing \"Adventure racing\") [Triathlon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triathlon \"Triathlon\") [Duathlon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Duathlon \"Duathlon\") [Aquathlon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aquathlon \"Aquathlon\") |   |\n| [List of forms of racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_forms_of_racing \"List of forms of racing\") |   |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Extreme_sports \"Template:Extreme sports\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Extreme_sports \"Template talk:Extreme sports\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Extreme_sports \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Extreme sports\")[Extreme and adventure sports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Extreme_sport \"Extreme sport\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Boardsports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boardsport \"Boardsport\") | [Bellyboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bellyboarding \"Bellyboarding\") [Bodyboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bodyboarding \"Bodyboarding\") [Dirtsurfing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dirtsurfing \"Dirtsurfing\") [Kite landboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kite_landboarding \"Kite landboarding\") [Kiteboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kiteboarding \"Kiteboarding\") [Longboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Longboarding \"Longboarding\") [Mountainboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mountainboarding \"Mountainboarding\") [Riverboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Riverboarding \"Riverboarding\") [Sandboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sandboarding \"Sandboarding\") [Skateboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skateboarding \"Skateboarding\") [Skimboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skimboarding \"Skimboarding\") [Skysurfing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skysurfing \"Skysurfing\") [Snowboarding]() [Snowskating](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowskate \"Snowskate\") [Street luging](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Street_luge \"Street luge\") [Surfing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surfing \"Surfing\") [River surfing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/River_surfing \"River surfing\") [Wakeboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wakeboarding \"Wakeboarding\") [Windsurfing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Windsurfing \"Windsurfing\") |\n| [Motorsports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Motorsport \"Motorsport\") | [Drifting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drifting_\$motorsport\$ \"Drifting (motorsport)\") [Motocross](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Motocross \"Motocross\") [Rallycross](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rallycross \"Rallycross\") [Rallying](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rallying \"Rallying\") [Rally raid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rally_raid \"Rally raid\") [Snocross](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snocross \"Snocross\") |\n| [Water sports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_water_sports \"List of water sports\") | [Coasteering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coasteering \"Coasteering\") [Freediving](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freediving \"Freediving\") [High diving](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High_diving \"High diving\") [Jet Skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Personal_watercraft \"Personal watercraft\") [Scuba diving](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scuba_diving \"Scuba diving\") [Cave diving](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cave_diving \"Cave diving\") [Technical diving](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Technical_diving \"Technical diving\") [Snorkeling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snorkeling \"Snorkeling\") [Water skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water_skiing \"Water skiing\") [Whitewater canoeing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whitewater_canoeing \"Whitewater canoeing\") [Whitewater kayaking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whitewater_kayaking \"Whitewater kayaking\") [Whitewater rafting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rafting \"Rafting\") |\n| [Climbing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climbing \"Climbing\") | [Canyoning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canyoning \"Canyoning\") [Crane climbing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crane_climbing \"Crane climbing\") [Ice climbing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ice_climbing \"Ice climbing\") [Mixed climbing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mixed_climbing \"Mixed climbing\") [Mountaineering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mountaineering \"Mountaineering\") [Alpine climbing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpine_climbing \"Alpine climbing\") [Rock climbing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rock_climbing \"Rock climbing\") [Big wall climbing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Big_wall_climbing \"Big wall climbing\") [Free solo climbing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Free_solo_climbing \"Free solo climbing\") [Traditional climbing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traditional_climbing \"Traditional climbing\") [Skyrunning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skyrunning \"Skyrunning\") |\n| Falling | [BASE jumping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BASE_jumping \"BASE jumping\") [Free BASE](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FreeBASE_\$climbing\$ \"FreeBASE (climbing)\") [Ski-BASE jumping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski-BASE_jumping \"Ski-BASE jumping\") [Bungee jumping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bungee_jumping \"Bungee jumping\") [Cliff-diving](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High_diving#Cliff_diving \"High diving\") [Cliff jumping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cliff_jumping \"Cliff jumping\") [Tombstoning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tombstoning \"Tombstoning\") [Parachuting\/Skydiving](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parachuting \"Parachuting\") |\n| Flying | [Aerobatics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aerobatics \"Aerobatics\") [Air racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Air_racing \"Air racing\") [Gliding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gliding \"Gliding\") [Hang gliding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hang_gliding \"Hang gliding\") [Paragliding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paragliding \"Paragliding\") [Powered paragliding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Powered_paragliding \"Powered paragliding\") [Parasailing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parasailing \"Parasailing\") [Speed flying](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Speed_flying \"Speed flying\") [Wingsuit flying](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wingsuit_flying \"Wingsuit flying\") |\n| Cycling | [BMX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BMX \"BMX\") [BMX racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BMX_racing \"BMX racing\") [Freestyle BMX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freestyle_BMX \"Freestyle BMX\") [Mountain biking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mountain_biking \"Mountain biking\") [Downhill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Downhill_mountain_biking \"Downhill mountain biking\") |\n| Rolling | [Freestyle scootering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freestyle_scootering \"Freestyle scootering\") [Inline skating](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inline_skating \"Inline skating\") [Aggressive inline skating](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aggressive_inline_skating \"Aggressive inline skating\") [Vert skating](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vert_skating \"Vert skating\") [Roller skating](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roller_skating \"Roller skating\") |\n| Skiing | [Extreme skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Extreme_skiing \"Extreme skiing\") [Freeriding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freeriding_\$winter_sport\$ \"Freeriding (winter sport)\") [Freestyle skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freestyle_skiing \"Freestyle skiing\") [Speed skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Speed_skiing \"Speed skiing\") [Ski mountaineering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_mountaineering \"Ski mountaineering\") |\n| [Sledding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sledding \"Sledding\") | [Bobsleigh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bobsleigh \"Bobsleigh\") [Luge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luge \"Luge\") [Skeleton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skeleton_\$sport\$ \"Skeleton (sport)\") |\n| Others | [Adventure racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adventure_racing \"Adventure racing\") [Caving](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caving \"Caving\") [Cheese rolling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cooper%27s_Hill_Cheese-Rolling_and_Wake \"Cooper's Hill Cheese-Rolling and Wake\") [Extreme ironing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Extreme_ironing \"Extreme ironing\") [Extreme Pogo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Extreme_Pogo \"Extreme Pogo\") [Fell running](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fell_running \"Fell running\") [Obstacle racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obstacle_racing \"Obstacle racing\") [Orienteering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orienteering \"Orienteering\") [Powerbocking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jumping_stilts \"Jumping stilts\") [Slacklining](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slacklining \"Slacklining\") [Ultramarathon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ultramarathon \"Ultramarathon\") [Zip-lining](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zip_line \"Zip line\") |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Skiing_and_snowboarding \"Template:Skiing and snowboarding\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Skiing_and_snowboarding \"Template talk:Skiing and snowboarding\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Skiing_and_snowboarding \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Skiing and snowboarding\")[Skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skiing \"Skiing\") and [snowboarding]() |   |\n|---|---|\n| [History of skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_skiing \"History of skiing\") [Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glossary_of_skiing_and_snowboarding_terms \"Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms\") |   |\n| [Nordic skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nordic_skiing \"Nordic skiing\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Competitive | [Cross-country skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cross-country_skiing_\$sport\$ \"Cross-country skiing (sport)\") [Paralympic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paralympic_cross-country_skiing \"Paralympic cross-country skiing\") [Ski jumping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_jumping \"Ski jumping\") [Ski flying](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_flying \"Ski flying\") [Nordic combined](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nordic_combined \"Nordic combined\") |\n| Endurance | [Ski marathon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_marathon \"Ski marathon\") [Ski orienteering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_orienteering \"Ski orienteering\") [Ski touring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_touring \"Ski touring\") |\n| Recreational | [Cross-country skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cross-country_skiing \"Cross-country skiing\") [Backcountry skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Backcountry_skiing \"Backcountry skiing\") [Roller skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roller_skiing \"Roller skiing\") [Skijoring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skijoring \"Skijoring\") |\n| [Alpine skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpine_skiing \"Alpine skiing\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Olympic disciplines | [Slalom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slalom_skiing \"Slalom skiing\") [Giant slalom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giant_slalom \"Giant slalom\") [Super-G](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Super-G \"Super-G\") [Downhill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Downhill_\$ski_competition\$ \"Downhill (ski competition)\") [Combined](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpine_skiing_combined \"Alpine skiing combined\") |\n| Other disciplines | [Extreme skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Extreme_skiing \"Extreme skiing\") [Glade skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glade_skiing \"Glade skiing\") [Heliskiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heliskiing \"Heliskiing\") [Para-alpine skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Para-alpine_skiing \"Para-alpine skiing\") [Speed skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Speed_skiing \"Speed skiing\") |\n| Other skiing | [Biathlon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biathlon \"Biathlon\") [Indoor skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indoor_skiing \"Indoor skiing\") [Night skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Night_skiing \"Night skiing\") [Ski archery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Modern_competitive_archery#Ski_archery \"Modern competitive archery\") [Para biathlon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Para_biathlon \"Para biathlon\") [Ski mountaineering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_mountaineering \"Ski mountaineering\") [Telemark skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Telemark_skiing \"Telemark skiing\") |\n| [Freestyle skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freestyle_skiing \"Freestyle skiing\") | [Aerial skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aerial_skiing \"Aerial skiing\") [Big air](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Big_air \"Big air\") [Freeriding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freeriding_\$winter_sport\$ \"Freeriding (winter sport)\") [Freeskiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freeskiing \"Freeskiing\") [Half-pipe skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Half-pipe_skiing \"Half-pipe skiing\") [Mogul](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mogul_skiing \"Mogul skiing\") [Ski ballet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_ballet \"Ski ballet\") [Ski cross](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_cross \"Ski cross\") [Slopestyle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slopestyle \"Slopestyle\") |\n| [Snowboarding]() | [Alpine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpine_snowboarding \"Alpine snowboarding\") [Backcountry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Backcountry_snowboarding \"Backcountry snowboarding\") [Big air](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Big_air \"Big air\") [Freeriding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freeriding_\$winter_sport\$ \"Freeriding (winter sport)\") [Freestyle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freestyle_snowboarding \"Freestyle snowboarding\") [Half-pipe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Half-pipe \"Half-pipe\") [Para snowboard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Para_snowboard \"Para snowboard\") [Slopestyle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slopestyle \"Slopestyle\") [Snowboard cross](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard_cross \"Snowboard cross\") [Snowboard racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard_racing \"Snowboard racing\") |\n| Technique \/ learning | [Carved turn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carved_turn \"Carved turn\") [Jump turn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jump_turn \"Jump turn\") [Parallel turn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parallel_turn \"Parallel turn\") [Pivot turn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pivot_turn_\$skiing\$ \"Pivot turn (skiing)\") [Snowplough](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowplough_turn \"Snowplough turn\") [Stem christie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stem_christie \"Stem christie\") [Ski school](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_school \"Ski school\") [Ski simulator](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_simulator \"Ski simulator\") [Skate skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skate_skiing \"Skate skiing\") |\n| Equipment | [Bindings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_binding \"Ski binding\") [Boots](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_boot \"Ski boot\") [Helmet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_helmet \"Ski helmet\") [Monoski](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monoski \"Monoski\") [Poles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_pole \"Ski pole\") [Skins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_skins \"Ski skins\") [Skis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski \"Ski\") [List of ski brands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_ski_brands \"List of ski brands\") [Snowboard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard \"Snowboard\") [Pulk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pulk \"Pulk\") [Airboard (sled)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Airboard_\$sled\$ \"Airboard (sled)\") [Bum slider](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bum_slider \"Bum slider\") [Flexible Flyer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flexible_Flyer \"Flexible Flyer\") [Foam slider](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foam_slider \"Foam slider\") [Saucer sled](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saucer_sled \"Saucer sled\") [Toboggan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toboggan \"Toboggan\") [Suit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_suit \"Ski suit\") [Wax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_wax \"Ski wax\") |\n| [Resort](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_resort \"Ski resort\") amenities |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Ski lifts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_lift \"Ski lift\") | [Aerial tramway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aerial_tramway \"Aerial tramway\") [Chairlift](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chairlift \"Chairlift\") [detachable](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Detachable_chairlift \"Detachable chairlift\") [Funicular](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Funicular \"Funicular\") [Funifor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Funifor \"Funifor\") [Funitel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Funitel \"Funitel\") [Gondola lift](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gondola_lift \"Gondola lift\") [bicable](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bicable_gondola_lift \"Bicable gondola lift\") [tricable](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tricable_gondola_lift \"Tricable gondola lift\") [Hybrid lift](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hybrid_lift \"Hybrid lift\") [Surface lift](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surface_lift \"Surface lift\") |\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/96\/Symbol_category_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category:Skiing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Skiing \"Category:Skiing\") ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/96\/Symbol_category_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category:Snowboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Snowboarding \"Category:Snowboarding\") |   |\n\n| [Authority control databases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Authority_control \"Help:Authority control\") [![Edit this at 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Part of [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding_at_the_2022_Winter_Paralympics \"Snowboarding at the 2022 Winter Paralympics\"). |\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/41\/Snowboarding_pictogram.svg\/250px-Snowboarding_pictogram.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Snowboarding_pictogram.svg)\n\nPictogram for [Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics \"Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics\")\n\n**Snowboarding** is a recreational and competitive activity that involves descending a snow-covered surface while standing on a [snowboard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard \"Snowboard\") with bindings securing the rider's feet to the board.\n\nSnowboarding was first developed in 1965 in the United States. Over time, several riding styles have developed, and the sport has featured in the [Winter Olympic Games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winter_Olympic_Games \"Winter Olympic Games\") since [1998](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1998_Winter_Olympics \"1998 Winter Olympics\") and [Winter Paralympic Games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winter_Paralympic_Games \"Winter Paralympic Games\") since [2018](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2018_Winter_Paralympics \"2018 Winter Paralympics\").\n\nSnowboarding became popular around the world in the late 20th century. The sport features both recreational and competitive participation.\n\nSnowboarding has influenced and developed its own distinct culture. It has become a globally practiced activity with snowboarders using specialized equipment and techniques to navigate diverse terrain and conditions.\n\nSnowboarding in [Valfréjus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Modane \"Modane\"), France\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/2\/2c\/Squaw3.jpg\/250px-Squaw3.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Squaw3.jpg)\n\nSnowboarder riding off of a [cornice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snow_cornice \"Snow cornice\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/23\/Snowboarder_in_the_trees.jpg\/250px-Snowboarder_in_the_trees.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Snowboarder_in_the_trees.jpg)\n\nFreeride snowboarding, in areas off of the main trails\n\nThe first snowboards were developed in 1965 when [Sherm Poppen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sherm_Poppen \"Sherm Poppen\"), an engineer in [Muskegon, Michigan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muskegon,_Michigan \"Muskegon, Michigan\"), invented a toy for his daughters by fastening two skis together and attaching a rope to one end so he would have some control as they stood on the board and glided downhill. Dubbed the \"[snurfer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snurfer \"Snurfer\")\" (combining snow and surfer) by his wife Nancy, the toy proved so popular among his daughters' friends that Poppen licensed the idea to a manufacturer, [Brunswick Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brunswick_Corporation \"Brunswick Corporation\"), that sold about a million snurfers over the next decade.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-1) And, in 1966 alone, over half a million snurfers were sold.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-2)\n\nModern snowboarding was pioneered by [Tom Sims](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tom_Sims \"Tom Sims\") and [Jake Burton Carpenter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jake_Burton_Carpenter \"Jake Burton Carpenter\"). In February 1968, Poppen organized the first snurfing competition at a Michigan ski resort that attracted enthusiasts from all over the country.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-3) One of those early pioneers was [Tom Sims](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tom_Sims \"Tom Sims\"), a devotee of [skateboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skateboarding \"Skateboarding\") (a sport born in the 1950s when kids attached roller skate wheels to small boards that they steered by shifting their weight). In the 1960s, as an eighth grader in [Haddonfield, New Jersey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haddonfield,_New_Jersey \"Haddonfield, New Jersey\"), Sims crafted a snowboard in his school shop class by gluing carpet to the top of a piece of wood and attaching aluminum sheeting to the bottom.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-4) He produced commercial snowboards in the mid-70s including the *Skiboard* (also known as the *Lonnie Toft flying banana*) a molded polyethylene bottom with a [Lonnie Toft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lonnie_Toft \"Lonnie Toft\") signature skateboard deck attached to the top.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-5)[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-6) Others experimented with board-on-snow configurations at this time, including Welsh skateboard enthusiasts Jon Roberts and Pete Matthews developed their own snowboards to use at their local [dry ski slope](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dry_ski_slope \"Dry ski slope\").[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-7)[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-8)\n\nAlso during this same period, in 1977, [Jake Burton Carpenter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jake_Burton_Carpenter \"Jake Burton Carpenter\"), a Vermont native who had enjoyed snurfing since the age of 14, impressed the crowd at a Michigan snurfing competition with bindings he had designed to secure his feet to the board. That same year, he founded [Burton Snowboards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burton_Snowboards \"Burton Snowboards\") in [Londonderry, Vermont](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Londonderry,_Vermont \"Londonderry, Vermont\").[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-9) The \"snowboards\" were made of wooden planks that were flexible and had water ski foot traps. Very few people picked up snowboarding because the price of the board was considered too high at \\$38 and were not allowed on many ski hills, but eventually Burton would become the biggest snowboarding company in the business.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-10) Burton's created the early designs for boards with bindings. Later on, various versions of bindings became a common feature in most snowboards.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-11)\n\nAs snowboarding became more popular in the 1970s and 1980s, pioneers such as Dimitrije Milovich (founder of Winterstick out of Salt Lake City, Utah), [Jake Burton Carpenter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jake_Burton_Carpenter \"Jake Burton Carpenter\") (founder of Burton Snowboards from Londonderry, Vermont), [Tom Sims](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tom_Sims \"Tom Sims\") (founder of [Sims Snowboards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sims_Snowboards \"Sims Snowboards\")), David Kemper (founder of [Kemper Snowboards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kemper_Snowboards \"Kemper Snowboards\")) and Mike Olson (founder of [Gnu Snowboards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mervin_Manufacturing \"Mervin Manufacturing\")) came up with new designs for boards and mechanisms that slowly developed into the snowboards and other related equipment.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-firststoke-12) From these developments, modern snowboarding equipment usually consists of a snowboard with specialized bindings[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-13) and boots.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-14)\n\nIn the early 1980s, Aleksey Ostatnigrosh and Alexei Melnikov, two Snurfers from the Soviet Union, patented design changes to the Snurfer to allow jumping by attaching a bungee cord, a single footed binding to the Snurfer tail, and a two-foot binding design for improved control.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-15)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-16)[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-17)\n\nInitially, ski areas adopted the sport at a much slower pace than the winter sports public. Indeed, for many years, there was animosity between skiers and snowboarders, which led to an ongoing skier vs snowboarder feud.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-18) Early snowboards were banned from the slopes by park officials. For several years snowboarders would have to take a small skills assessment prior to being allowed to ride the chairlifts. It was thought that an unskilled snowboarder would wipe the snow off the mountain. In 1985, only seven percent of U.S. ski areas allowed snowboarding,[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-19) with a similar proportion in Europe.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-20) As equipment and skills improved, gradually snowboarding became more accepted. In 1990, most major ski areas had separate slopes for snowboarders. Now, approximately 97% of all ski areas in North America and Europe allow snowboarding, and more than half have jumps, rails and half pipes.[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-21)\n\nIn 2008, snowboarding had over 5 million participants, most aged between 18 and 24, with women comprising 25% of participants.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-USN080929-22)\n\nThere were 8.2 million snowboarders in the US and Canada for the 2009–2010 season. There was a 10% increase over the previous season, accounting for more than 30% of all snow sports participants.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-23)\n\n### Competitive history\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Competitive history\")\\]\n\nThe first competitions to offer prize money were the National Snurfing Championship, held at Muskegon State Park in [Muskegon, Michigan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muskegon,_Michigan \"Muskegon, Michigan\").[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-24) In 1979, [Jake Burton Carpenter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jake_Burton_Carpenter \"Jake Burton Carpenter\") came from Vermont to compete with a snowboard of his own design. There were protests about Jake entering with a non-snurfer board. Paul Graves, and others, advocated that Jake be allowed to race. A \"modified\" \"Open\" division was created and won by Jake as the sole entrant. That race was considered the first competition for snowboarding and is the start of what became competitive snowboarding. Ken Kampenga, John Asmussen and Jim Trim placed first, second and third respectively in the Standard competition with best two combined times of 24.71, 25.02 and 25.41; and Jake Carpenter won prize money as the sole entrant in the \"open\" division with a time of 26.35.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-25) In 1980 the event moved to Pando Winter Sports Park near [Grand Rapids, Michigan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan \"Grand Rapids, Michigan\"), because of a lack of snow that year at the original venue.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-26)[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-pando-27)\n\nIn April 1981, the \"King of the Mountain\" Snowboard competition was held at [Ski Cooper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_Cooper \"Ski Cooper\") in Colorado.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-28) Tom Sims along with an assortment of other snowboarders of the time were present.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-29) One entrant showed up on a homemade snowboard with a formica bottom that turned out to not slide so well on the snow.\n\nIn 1982, the first USA National Snowboard race was held near [Woodstock, Vermont](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Woodstock,_Vermont \"Woodstock, Vermont\"), at [Suicide Six](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suicide_Six \"Suicide Six\"). The race, organized by Graves, was won by Burton's first team rider Doug Bouton.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-SBH-30)\n\nIn 1983, the first World Championship [halfpipe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Halfpipe \"Halfpipe\") competition was held at [Soda Springs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soda_Springs,_Nevada_County,_California \"Soda Springs, Nevada County, California\"), California. [Tom Sims](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tom_Sims \"Tom Sims\"), founder of Sims Snowboards, organized the event with the help of Mike Chantry, a snowboard instructor at Soda Springs.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-Transworld_article-31)\n\nIn 1985, the first World Cup was held in [Zürs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Z%C3%BCrs \"Zürs\"), Austria,[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-32) further cementing snowboarding's recognition as an official international competitive sport.\n\nIn 1990, the [International Snowboard Federation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Snowboard_Federation \"International Snowboard Federation\") (ISF) was founded to provide universal contest regulations.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-33) In addition, the United States of America Snowboard Association (USASA) provides instructing guidelines and runs snowboard competitions in the U.S. today, high-profile snowboarding events like the [Winter X Games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winter_X_Games \"Winter X Games\"), [Air & Style](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Air_%26_Style \"Air & Style\"), US Open, Olympic Games and other events are broadcast worldwide. Many alpine resorts have [terrain parks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terrain_park \"Terrain park\").\n\nAt the [1998 Winter Olympic Games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1998_Winter_Olympic_Games \"1998 Winter Olympic Games\") in Nagano, Japan, Snowboarding became an official Olympic event.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-34) France's [Karine Ruby](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karine_Ruby \"Karine Ruby\") was the first to win an Olympic gold medal for Woman's Snowboarding,[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-35) while Canadian [Ross Rebagliati](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ross_Rebagliati \"Ross Rebagliati\") was the first for Men's Snowboarding.[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-36)\n\nOn 2 May 2012, the [International Paralympic Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Paralympic_Committee \"International Paralympic Committee\") announced that adaptive snowboarding (dubbed \"para-snowboarding\") would debut as a men's and women's medal event in the 2014 Paralympic Winter Games taking place in Sochi, Russia.[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-37)\n\nSince snowboarding's inception as an established winter sport, it has developed various styles, each with its own specialized equipment and technique. The most common styles today are: freeride, freestyle, and freecarve\/race. These styles are used for both recreational and professional snowboarding. While each style is unique, there is overlap between them.\n\n\"Jibbing\" is the term for technical riding on non-standard surfaces. The word \"jib\" is both a noun and a verb, depending on the usage of the word. As a noun: a jib includes metal rails, boxes, benches, concrete ledges, walls, vehicles, rocks and logs. As a verb: to jib is referring to the action of jumping, sliding, or riding on top of objects other than snow.[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-38) It is directly influenced by grinding a skateboard. Jibbing is a freestyle snowboarding technique of riding. Typically jibbing occurs in a snowboard resort park but can also be done in urban environments.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f6\/Snowboarding_in_Hippach%2C_Austria.jpg\/250px-Snowboarding_in_Hippach%2C_Austria.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Snowboarding_in_Hippach,_Austria.jpg)\n\nFreeriding snowboarding\n\nFreeriding is a style without a set of governing rules or set course, typically on natural, un-groomed terrain. The basic allows for various snowboarding styles in a fluid motion and spontaneity through naturally rugged terrain. It can be like freestyle with the exception that no man-made features are utilized. *See also [Backcountry snowboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Backcountry_snowboarding \"Backcountry snowboarding\").*\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/61\/Snowboarding1.jpg\/250px-Snowboarding1.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Snowboarding1.jpg)\n\nFreestyle snowboarding\n\nFreestyle snowboarding is any riding that includes performing tricks. In freestyle, the rider utilizes natural and man-made features such as rails, jumps, boxes, and innumerable others to perform tricks. It is a popular all-inclusive concept that distinguishes the creative aspects of snowboarding, in contrast to a style like alpine snowboarding.\n\n### Alpine snowboarding\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: Alpine snowboarding\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/43\/Alpine_boarder.JPG\/250px-Alpine_boarder.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alpine_boarder.JPG)\n\nAn Alpine snowboarder executes a heel-side [carved turn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carved_turn \"Carved turn\"), the typical style in alpine snowboarding.\n\nVideo of a snowboarder practicing carving on a hard slope, equipped with a boardercross board and hard boots.\n\n**Alpine snowboarding** is a discipline within the sport of snowboarding. It is practiced on [groomed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snow_grooming \"Snow grooming\") [pistes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piste \"Piste\"). It has been an Olympic event since [1998](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics \"Snowboarding at the 1998 Winter Olympics\").\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c7\/UTAH_Snowboarding_2001.jpg\/250px-UTAH_Snowboarding_2001.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:UTAH_Snowboarding_2001.jpg)\n\nFreestyle snowboarder Matty Shaffer performs a 50-50 on a handrail while filming for a movie in Utah.\n\nSometimes called freecarving or hardbooting (due to the equipment used), this discipline usually takes place on hard packed snow or groomed runs (although it can be practiced in any and all conditions) and focuses on carving linked turns, much like surfing or longboarding. Little or no jumping takes place in this discipline. Alpine Snowboarding consists of a small portion of the general snowboard population, that has a well connected social community and its own specific board manufacturers, most situated in Europe. Alpine Snowboard equipment includes a ski-like hardshell boot and plate binding system with a true directional snowboard that is stiffer and narrower to manage linking turns with greater forces and speed.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-39) Shaped skis can thank these \"freecarve\" snowboards for the cutting-edge technology leading to their creation.[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-bomberonline-40) A skilled alpine snowboarder can link numerous turns into a run placing their body very close to the ground each turn, similar to a motocross turn or waterski carve. Depending on factors including stiffness, turning radius and personality this can be done slowly or fast. Carvers make perfect half-circles out of each turn, changing edges when the snowboard is perpendicular to the fall line and starting every turn on the downhill edge. Carving on a snowboard is like riding a roller coaster, because the board will lock into a turn radius and provide what feels like multiple Gs of acceleration.[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-41)\n\nAlpine snowboarding shares more visual similarities with skiing equipment than it does with snowboarding equipment.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-help-42) Compared to freestyle snowboarding gear:[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-43)\n\n- Boards are narrower, longer, and stiffer to improve [carving](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carve_turn#Snowboarding \"Carve turn\") performance\n- [Boots](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_boot \"Ski boot\") are made from a hard plastic shell, making it flex differently from a regular snowboard boot and is designed differently to ski boots although they look similar.\n- [Bindings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_binding \"Ski binding\") have a bail or step-in design and are sometimes placed on suspension plates to provide a layer of isolation between an alpine snowboarder and the board, to decrease the level of vibrations felt by the rider, creating a better overall experience when carving, and to give extra weight to the board among other uses.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/47\/Snowboarder_in_flight_%28Tannheim%2C_Austria%29.jpg\/250px-Snowboarder_in_flight_%28Tannheim%2C_Austria%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Snowboarder_in_flight_\$Tannheim,_Austria\$.jpg)\n\nSnowboarder in [Tannheim, Tyrol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tannheim,_Tyrol \"Tannheim, Tyrol\"), Austria\n\nCompetitors perform tricks while descending a course, moving around, over, across, up, or down terrain features. The course is full of obstacles including boxes, rails, jumps, jibs, or anything else the board or rider can slide across. Slopestyle is a judged event and winning a Slopestyle contest usually comes from successfully executing the most difficult line in the terrain park while having a smooth flowing line of difficult, mistake-free tricks performed on the obstacles. However, overall impression and style can play a factor in winning a Slopestyle contest and the rider who lands the hardest tricks will not always win over the rider who lands easier tricks on more difficult paths.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d4\/Big_air_Qu%C3%A9bec_2011.jpg\/250px-Big_air_Qu%C3%A9bec_2011.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Big_air_Qu%C3%A9bec_2011.jpg)\n\n[Sebastien Toutant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sebastien_Toutant \"Sebastien Toutant\") at the downtown Québec big air competition\n\nBig air competitions are contests where riders perform tricks after launching off a man-made jump built specifically for the event.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-44) Competitors perform tricks in the air, aiming to attain sizable height and distance, all while securing a clean landing. Many competitions also require the rider to do a complex trick. Not all competitions call for a trick to win the gold; some intermittent competitions are based solely on height and distance of the launch of the snowboarder. Some competitions also require the rider to do a specific trick to win the major prize.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-45) One of the first snowboard competitions where Travis Rice attempted and landed a \"double back flip backside 180\" took place at the 2006 Red Bull Gap Session.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-46)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/69\/Snowboarder_in_halfpipe.jpg\/250px-Snowboarder_in_halfpipe.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Snowboarder_in_halfpipe.jpg)\n\nSnowboarder in the [halfpipe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Halfpipe \"Halfpipe\")\n\nThe half-pipe is a semi-circular ditch dug into the mountain or purpose-built ramp made up of snow, with walls between 8 and 23 feet (7.0 m). Competitors perform tricks while going from one side to the other and while in the air above the sides of the pipe.\n\nSnowboard cross, also known as \"boardercross\", \"boarder X\", or \"snowboard X\", and commonly abbreviated as \"SBX\", or just \"BX\", is a snowboarding discipline consisting of several (typically 4 to 6) riders racing head-to-head down a course with jumps, berms and other obstacles constructed out of snow. Snowboard cross began in the 1980s, earning its place as an official Winter Olympic event in the 2006 Turin games. Unlike other snowboard racing disciplines such as parallel giant slalom, competitors race on a single course together.\n\nIn snowboard racing, riders must complete a downhill course constructed of a series of turning color indicators (gates) placed in the snow at prescribed distances apart. A gate consists of a tall pole and a short pole, connected by a triangular panel. The racer must pass around the short side of the gate, passing the long side of the gate doesn't count. There are 3 main formats used in snowboard racing including single person, parallel courses or multiple people on the course at the same time (SBX).\n\nSnowboarding contests are held throughout the world and range from grassroots competitions to professional events contested worldwide.\n\n[![2016 Winter X Games in Aspen, Colorado](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c1\/Winter_X_Games_%284309318283%29.jpg\/250px-Winter_X_Games_%284309318283%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Winter_X_Games_\$4309318283\$.jpg)\n\n2016 Winter X Games in Aspen, Colorado\n\nSome of the larger snowboarding contests include: the European [Air & Style](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Air_%26_Style \"Air & Style\"), the Japanese [X-Trail Jam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/X-Trail_Jam \"X-Trail Jam\"), Burton Global Open Series, [Shakedown](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shakedown_\$Snowboard_Games\$ \"Shakedown (Snowboard Games)\"), [FIS World Championships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FIS_Snowboard_World_Championships \"FIS Snowboard World Championships\"), the annual [FIS World Cup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FIS_Snowboard_World_Cup \"FIS Snowboard World Cup\"), the [Winter X Games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winter_X_Games \"Winter X Games\"), [Freeride World Tour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freeride_World_Tour \"Freeride World Tour\") and the [Winter Dew Tour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winter_Dew_Tour \"Winter Dew Tour\").\n\n[Snowboarding has been a Winter Olympic sport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics \"Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics\") since [1998 Winter Olympics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1998_Winter_Olympics \"1998 Winter Olympics\") in Japan. Since its inauguration, Olympic snowboarding has seen many additions and removals of events. During the [2018 Winter Olympics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2018_Winter_Olympics \"2018 Winter Olympics\"), snowboarding events contested included big air, halfpipe, parallel giant slalom, slopestyle and snowboard cross.\n\n*[Snowboarder Magazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarder_Magazine \"Snowboarder Magazine\")*'s Superpark[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-47) event was created in 1996. Over 150 of the World's top pros are invited to advance freestyle snowboarding on the most progressive terrain parks.[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-48)\n\nPart of the snowboarding approach is to ensure maximum fun, friendship and event quality. Reflecting this perspective of snowboarding, there are \"Anti Contests\" which are an important part of its identity.\\[*[according to whom?](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style\/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions \"Wikipedia:Manual of Style\/Words to watch\")*\\] These include the Holy Oly Revival at [The Summit at Snoqualmie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Summit_at_Snoqualmie \"The Summit at Snoqualmie\"), The Nate Chute Hawaiian Classic at Whitefish, the original anti-contest, the World Quarterpipe Championships and the Grenade Games.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-49)\n\nThe United States of America Snowboarding and Freeski Association (USASA), the first governing body for grassroots snowboarding,[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-50) runs 30 regional series and national championships in the US.[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-51)\n\nSnowboarding subculture originated as the sport was rejected in ski resorts.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-52) Both the skiing and snowboarding cultures contrasted with each other in language, behavior, and dress. Snowboarding subculture was frequently associated with a rebellious or outsider identity and incorporated elements of both urban and suburban cultures.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-Heino,_Rebecca_20002-53)\n\nIn recent decades, snowboarding has expanded into a diverse international participant base. Skiers and snowboarders have increasingly shared slopes and facilities. As of 2026, three resorts which do not allow snowboarding in North America: [Alta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alta_Ski_Area \"Alta Ski Area\"), [Deer Valley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deer_Valley \"Deer Valley\"), and [Mad River Glen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mad_River_Glen \"Mad River Glen\").\n\nThe most common type of injury for snowboarders is injury to the upper body. Some injuries that are seen are \"wrist injuries, shoulder soft tissue injuries, ankle injuries, concussions, and clavicle fractures\".[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-:1-54) Some major injuries that occur during snowboarding are head, and spinal injuries, \"the main cause of spinal fractures in snowboarders was jump landing failure and compression type fractures occur in about 80% of snowboarders with vertebral fractures because they frequently fall backwards, and this can cause axial loading and anterior compression fractures\".[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-:02-55) Injuries also differ between professional and recreational snowboarding.\n\nAmong professional snowboarders, injuries to the lower half, specifically the knee joint, are more likely to occur. When injured, snowboarders are twice as likely to get a fracture as skiers. Injuries to the upper body are much less common among professional snowboarders. Most of the professionals and elite snowboarders frequently sustain injuries when trying to execute challenging tricks at high speeds and with increased levels of force to the lower limbs.[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-56)\n\nIn recreational snowboarding, wrist injuries are more likely to occur. Most injuries to snowboarders occurred more often while they were traveling at reckless speed on moderate slopes.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-:3-57) Another way injuries happen is because they try sticking with someone that is a higher skill level, which they are not capable of handling because of the lack of skill they possess.\n\n## Safety and precautions\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=21 \"Edit section: Safety and precautions\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5d\/Snowboard_gloves_with_integrated_wrist_protection.jpg\/250px-Snowboard_gloves_with_integrated_wrist_protection.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Snowboard_gloves_with_integrated_wrist_protection.jpg)\n\nGloves with an integrated plastic element, seen left partially pulled out, as a [wrist guard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wrist_guard \"Wrist guard\"). The element is pressed tightly to the wrist with a wide, all-around [velcro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hook-and-loop_fastener \"Hook-and-loop fastener\")\\-fastened strap, which can be seen in loose state on the left and tightened on the right glove. This stabilizes the wrist and thus avoids its damage when falling onto the hands.\n\nLike some other winter sports, snowboarding comes with a certain level of risk.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-58)\n\nThe average snowboarder is a male in their early twenties, and there are three times as many men as there are women in the sport. Snowboarders have a 2.4 times greater risk of fractures than skiers, particularly in the upper extremities. Conversely, snowboarders have a lower risk of knee injuries than skiers.[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-59) The injury rate for snowboarding is about four to six per thousand persons per day, which is around double the injury rate for alpine skiing.[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-60) Injuries are more likely amongst beginners, especially those who do not take lessons with professional instructors. A quarter of all injuries occur to first-time riders and half of all injuries occur to those with less than a year of experience. Experienced riders are less likely to suffer injury, but the injuries that do occur tend to be more severe.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull555-61)\n\nTwo-thirds of injuries occur to the upper body and one-third to the lower body. This contrasts with alpine skiing, where two-thirds of injuries are to the lower body. The most common types of injuries are sprains, which account for around 40% of injuries.[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-62) The most common point of injury is the wrists – 40% of all snowboard injuries are to the wrists and 24% of all snowboard injuries are wrist fractures.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull555-61) There are around 100,000 wrist fractures worldwide among snowboarders each year.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-63)\n\n### Protective equipment\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=23 \"Edit section: Protective equipment\")\\]\n\nThe risk of head injury is two to six times greater for snowboarders than for skiers and injuries follow the pattern of being rarer, but more severe, with experienced riders. Head injuries can occur both because of a collision and when failing to carry out a heel-side turn. The latter can result in the rider landing on their back and slamming the back of their head onto the ground, resulting in an occipital head injury.[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull557-64) For this reason, helmets are widely recommended. Protective eyewear is also recommended as eye injury can be caused by impact and [snow blindness](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snow_blindness \"Snow blindness\") can be a result of exposure to strong ultra-violet light in snow-covered areas. The wearing of ultra-violet-absorbing goggles is recommended even on hazy or cloudy days as ultra-violet light can penetrate clouds.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-65)\n\nSnowboarding boots should be well-fitted, with toes snug in the end of the boot when standing upright and slightly away from the end when in the snowboarding position.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-66) Padding or \"armor\" is recommended on other body parts such as hips, knees, spine, and shoulders. To further help avoid injury to body parts, especially knees, it is recommended to use the right technique. To acquire the right technique, one should be taught by a qualified instructor. Also, when snowboarding alone, precaution should be taken to avoid [tree wells](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tree_well \"Tree well\"), a particularly dangerous area of loose snow that may form at the base of trees.\n\nThe use of [wrist guards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wrist_guard \"Wrist guard\"), either separate or built into gloves, is very strongly recommended. They are often compulsory in beginner's classes and their use reduces the likelihood of wrist injury by half.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-67) In addition it is important for snow boarders to learn how to fall without stopping the fall with their hand by trying to \"push\" the slope away, as landing a wrist which is bent at a 90-degree angle increase the chance of it breaking. Rather, landing with the arms stretched out (like a wing) and slapping the slope with the entire arm is an effective way to break a fall. This is the method used by practitioners of judo and other martial arts to break a fall when they are thrown against the floor by a training partner.\n\nUnlike ski bindings, snowboard bindings are not designed to release automatically in a fall. The mechanical support provided by the feet being locked to the board has the effect of reducing the likelihood of knee injury – 15% of snowboard injuries are to the knee, compared with 45% of all skiing injuries. Such injuries are typically to the knee ligaments, bone fractures are rare.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull555-61) Fractures to the lower leg are also rare but 20% of injuries are to the foot and ankle. Fractures of the [talus bone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talus_bone \"Talus bone\") are rare in other sports but account for 2% of snowboard injuries – a lateral process talus fracture is sometimes called \"*snowboarder's ankle*\" by medical staff. This injury results in persistent lateral pain in the affected ankle yet is difficult to spot in a plain X-ray image. It may be misdiagnosed as just a sprain, with possibly serious consequences as not treating the fracture can result in serious long-term damage to the ankle.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull555-61) The use of portable ultrasound for mountainside diagnostics has been reviewed and appears to be a plausible tool for diagnosing some of the common injuries associated with the sport.[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-Nowak2009-68)\n\nFour to eight percent of snowboarding injuries take place while the person is waiting in ski-lift lines or entering and exiting ski lifts. Snowboarders push themselves forward with a free foot while in the ski-lift line, leaving the other foot (usually that of the lead leg) locked on the board at a 9–27 degree angle, placing a large torque force on this leg and predisposing the person to knee injury if a fall occurs.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-69)[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-70) [Snowboard binding rotating devices](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboard_binding_rotating_device \"Snowboard binding rotating device\") are designed to minimize the torque force, [Quick Stance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quick_Stance \"Quick Stance\")[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-71) being the first developed in 1995.[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-72) They allow snowboarders to turn the locked foot straight into the direction of the tip of the snowboard without removing the boot from the boot binding.\n\nAvalanches are a clear danger when on snowy mountain slopes.[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-73)[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-74)\n\nSome care is also required when waxing a board as [fluorocarbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluorocarbon \"Fluorocarbon\") waxes emit toxic fumes when overheated. Waxing is best performed in a ventilated area with care being taken to use the wax at the correct temperature – the wax should be melted but not smoking or smoldering.[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull557-64)\n\nThe way in which a snowboarder normally rides most on their snowboard as determined by the placement of their feet and direction of travel.[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_note-75)\n\nGoofy Stance\n\nThe stance of a snowboarder that normally rides with their right foot first.\n\nRegular Stance\n\nThe stance of a snowboarder that normally rides with their left foot first.\n\nSwitch Stance\n\nThe opposite stance of what a snowboarder normally rides.\n\n### Parts of a snowboard\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=29 \"Edit section: Parts of a snowboard\")\\]\n\nBinding\n\nThe portion of the board that attaches the riders' feet to the snowboard.\n\nHeel Edge\n\nThe edge of the snowboard that the riders' heels rest on.\n\nToe Edge\n\nThe edge that the riders' toes rest on\n\nNose Edge\n\nThe forward edge of the snowboard.\n\nTail Edge\n\nThe trailing edge of the snowboard.\n\nBackside Rotation\n\nA flat rotation in which the back of the person's body is the first to intersect with the direction of travel; after 90 degrees of rotation, the person's back will be facing the direction of travel.\n\nFrontside Rotation\n\nA flat rotation in which the front of the person's body is the first to intersect with the direction of travel; after 90 degrees of rotation, the person's front will be facing the direction of travel.\n\nBack Flip\n\nA backwards somersault over the heel edge of the board.\n\nFront Flip\n\nA forwards somersault (i.e. face first) over the toe edge of the board.\n\nTamedog\n\nA cartwheel over the nose edge of the board.\n\nWildcat\n\nA cartwheel over the tail edge of the board.\n\nOff-Axis rotations combine flips and rotations; the naming convention is to first describe the horizontal rotation, followed by the number of off-axis rotations, terminated by the degree of total rotation (i.e. Backside Triple-Cork 1440).\n\nCork\n\nA rotation in which the snowboard leads through the air in the direction of travel.\n\nRodeo\n\nA rotation in which the person's head leads through the air in the direction of travel.\n\n- [Eva Adamczyková](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eva_Adamczykov%C3%A1 \"Eva Adamczyková\") (born 1993), Czech snowboarder\n- [Jamie Anderson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jamie_Anderson_\$snowboarder\$ \"Jamie Anderson (snowboarder)\") (born 1990), American snowboarder\n- [Jasey-Jay Anderson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jasey-Jay_Anderson \"Jasey-Jay Anderson\") (born 1975), Canadian snowboarder\n- [Josie Baff](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Josie_Baff \"Josie Baff\") (born 2003), Australian snowboarder\n- [Nick Baumgartner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nick_Baumgartner \"Nick Baumgartner\") (born 1981), American snowboarder\n- [Torah Bright](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Torah_Bright \"Torah Bright\") (born 1986), Australian snowboarder\n- [Callan Chythlook-Sifsof](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Callan_Chythlook-Sifsof \"Callan Chythlook-Sifsof\") (born 1989), American snowboarder\n- [Kelly Clark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kelly_Clark \"Kelly Clark\") (born 1983), American snowboarder\n- [Julia Dujmovits](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julia_Dujmovits \"Julia Dujmovits\") (born 1987), Austrian snowboarder\n- [Rosey Fletcher](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rosey_Fletcher \"Rosey Fletcher\") (born 1975), American snowboarder\n- [Peter Foley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_Foley_\$snowboarding\$ \"Peter Foley (snowboarding)\") (born 1965 or 1966), American former snowboarding coach; suspended for 10 years for sexual misconduct\n- [Anna Gasser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anna_Gasser \"Anna Gasser\") (born 1991), Austrian snowboarder\n- [Red Gerard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_Gerard \"Red Gerard\") (born 2000), American snowboarder\n- [Alessandro Hämmerle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alessandro_H%C3%A4mmerle \"Alessandro Hämmerle\") (born 1993), Austrian snowboarder\n- [Ayumu Hirano](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ayumu_Hirano \"Ayumu Hirano\") (born 1998), Japanese snowboarder\n- [Lindsey Jacobellis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lindsey_Jacobellis \"Lindsey Jacobellis\") (born 1985), American snowboarder\n- [Scotty James](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scotty_James \"Scotty James\") (born 1994), Australian snowboarder\n- [Benjamin Karl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benjamin_Karl \"Benjamin Karl\") (born 1985), Austrian snowboarder\n- [Craig Kelly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Craig_Kelly_\$snowboarder\$ \"Craig Kelly (snowboarder)\") (born 1966), American snowboarder\n- [Chloe Kim](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chloe_Kim \"Chloe Kim\") (born 2000), American snowboarder\n- [Ester Ledecká](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ester_Ledeck%C3%A1 \"Ester Ledecká\") (born 1995), Czech snowboarder and skier\n- [Michela Moioli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michela_Moioli \"Michela Moioli\") (born 1995), Italian snowboarder\n- [Max Parrot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Max_Parrot \"Max Parrot\") (born 1994), Canadian snowboarder\n- [Iouri Podladtchikov](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iouri_Podladtchikov \"Iouri Podladtchikov\") (born 1988), Swiss-Russian snowboarder\n- [Travis Rice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Travis_Rice \"Travis Rice\") (born 1982), American snowboarder\n- [Maëlle Ricker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ma%C3%ABlle_Ricker \"Maëlle Ricker\") (born 1978), Canadian snowboarder\n- [Zoi Sadowski-Synnott](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoi_Sadowski-Synnott \"Zoi Sadowski-Synnott\") (born 2001), New Zealand snowboarder\n- [Hannah Teter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hannah_Teter \"Hannah Teter\") (born 1987), American snowboarder\n- [Sébastien Toutant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%C3%A9bastien_Toutant \"Sébastien Toutant\") (born 1992), Canadian snowboarder\n- [Pierre Vaultier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pierre_Vaultier \"Pierre Vaultier\") (born 1987), French snowboarder\n- [Ryan Wedding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ryan_Wedding \"Ryan Wedding\") (born 1981), Canadian snowboarder and alleged international drug trafficker\n- [Seth Wescott](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seth_Wescott \"Seth Wescott\") (born 1976), American snowboarder\n- [Shaun White](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shaun_White \"Shaun White\") (born 1986), American snowboarder and skateboarder\n- [Su Yiming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Su_Yiming \"Su Yiming\") (born 2004), Chinese snowboarder\n\n- [American Association of Snowboard Instructors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Association_of_Snowboard_Instructors \"American Association of Snowboard Instructors\")\n- [Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glossary_of_skiing_and_snowboarding_terms \"Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms\")\n- [Lazboard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lazboard \"Lazboard\")\n- [Sandboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sandboarding \"Sandboarding\")\n- [Skiboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skiboarding \"Skiboarding\")\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-1)**\n   Sisjord, Mari Kristin (December 1, 2013). [\"Women's snowboarding – some experiences and perceptions of competition\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02614367.2012.685334). *Leisure Studies*. **32** (5): 507–523\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1080\/02614367.2012.685334](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F02614367.2012.685334). [hdl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hdl_\$identifier\$ \"Hdl (identifier)\"):[11250\/218904](https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11250%2F218904). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0261-4367](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0261-4367). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [144101427](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:144101427).\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-2)**\n   Carrelli, Simon (June 29, 2023). [\"History of Snowboarding\"](https:\/\/alpinefleet.com\/history-of-snowboarding\/). *Alpine Fleet*. Retrieved March 3, 2026.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-3)**\n   [\"Muskegon Area Sports Hall of Fame – History of the Snurfer, Snurfing and the sport of Snowboarding – 1968\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180818041324\/http:\/\/www.mashf.com\/snurfing%201968.htm). *www.mashf.com*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.mashf.com\/snurfing%201968.htm) on August 18, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2017.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-4)**\n   Chamber, Creation. [\"SIMS Snowboards History\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200101200140\/https:\/\/www.simsnow.com\/company\/history). *www.simsnow.com*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.simsnow.com\/company\/history) on January 1, 2020. Retrieved September 20, 2017.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-5)**\n   [\"Tom Sims: Snowboarding pioneer and world champion who became a Bond\"](http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/obituaries\/tom-sims-snowboarding-pioneer-and-world-champion-who-became-a-bond-stuntman-8163737.html). *The Independent*. September 22, 2012. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200903235220\/http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/obituaries\/tom-sims-snowboarding-pioneer-and-world-champion-who-became-a-bond-stuntman-8163737.html) from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2019.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-6)**\n   [\"SNURFER- 1ST & 2ED GENERATION SNURFERS\"](https:\/\/www.michigansnowboardmuseum.com\/boards-from-the-legends.html). *michigansnowboardmuseum.com*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230720025500\/https:\/\/www.michigansnowboardmuseum.com\/boards-from-the-legends.html) from the original on July 20, 2023. Retrieved July 15, 2023.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-7)**\n   [\"Dry Slope Skiing – What It Means to Us\"](http:\/\/snow.guide\/dry-ski-slope\/). *Snow.Guide*. June 28, 2015. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201124151902\/https:\/\/snow.guide\/dry-ski-slope\/) from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2019.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-8)**\n   [\"Snowboarding History – RideDaily.com\"](http:\/\/ridedaily.com\/?page_id=37). *ridedaily.com*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201106134139\/http:\/\/ridedaily.com\/?page_id=37) from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2019.\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-9)**\n   [\"Men's Snowboards\"](https:\/\/www.burton.com\/us\/en\/c\/mens-snowboards). *Burton Snowboards*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210128181259\/https:\/\/www.burton.com\/us\/en\/c\/mens-snowboards) from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2019.\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-10)**\n    [\"History of Snowboarding\"](https:\/\/www.bulgariaski.com\/snowboarding.shtml). *bulgariaski.com*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201123165741\/https:\/\/www.bulgariaski.com\/snowboarding.shtml) from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved December 3, 2020.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-11)**\n    [\"Snowboard\"](https:\/\/www.awsa.org.uk\/disciplines\/snowboard\/). *Army Winter Sports Association*. Retrieved March 3, 2026.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-firststoke_12-0)**\n    [\"First Stoke\"](http:\/\/www.firststoke.com\/education\/snowboard\/). *SnowBoard Education*. Retrieved July 29, 2008.\n    \n    `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service \"Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service\"))\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-13)**\n    [\"Snowboard Bindings – Snowboard Equipment – Mechanics of Snowboarding\"](http:\/\/www.mechanicsofsport.com\/snowboarding\/equipment\/snowboard_bindings.html). *www.mechanicsofsport.com*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200223040501\/http:\/\/www.mechanicsofsport.com\/snowboarding\/equipment\/snowboard_bindings.html) from the original on February 23, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2019.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-14)**\n    [\"Snowboard Boots – Snowboarding Equipment – Mechanics of Snowboarding\"](http:\/\/www.mechanicsofsport.com\/snowboarding\/equipment\/snowboard_boots.html). *www.mechanicsofsport.com*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200223035827\/http:\/\/www.mechanicsofsport.com\/snowboarding\/equipment\/snowboard_boots.html) from the original on February 23, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2019.\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-15)**\n    [\"Монолыжа — SU 1391670\"](http:\/\/patents.su\/3-1391670-monolyzha.html). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180620180615\/http:\/\/patents.su\/3-1391670-monolyzha.html) from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2018.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-16)**\n    [\"Монолыжа — SU 1584972\"](http:\/\/patents.su\/3-1584972-monolyzha.html). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180620153103\/http:\/\/patents.su\/3-1584972-monolyzha.html) from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2018.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-17)**\n    [\"Монолыжа — SU 1584971\"](http:\/\/patents.su\/2-1584971-monolyzha.html). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201122193424\/https:\/\/patents.su\/2-1584971-monolyzha.html) from the original on November 22, 2020. Retrieved June 19, 2018.\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-18)**\n    [\"Skiers vs Snow boarders: The Dying Feud\"](https:\/\/www.snowsphere.com\/special-features\/snowboarding-vs-skiing-the-dying-feud). Snowsphere.com. October 1, 2007. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090414131941\/http:\/\/www.snowsphere.com\/special-features\/snowboarding-vs-skiing-the-dying-feud) from the original on April 14, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2014.\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-19)**\n    Corporation, Xap. [\"CFNC.org – Cluster Article\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200703104628\/https:\/\/www1.cfnc.org\/Plan\/For_A_Career\/Career_Cluster_Profile\/Cluster_Article.aspx?articleId=4Fxb8BMXAP2FPAXvbAuMO0VRHebswXAP3DPAXXAP3DPAX&cId=yJF7dgNzUI6xZl0h6IInegXAP3DPAXXAP3DPAX&sectionId=1). *www1.cfnc.org*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www1.cfnc.org\/Plan\/For_A_Career\/Career_Cluster_Profile\/Cluster_Article.aspx?articleId=4Fxb8BMXAP2FPAXvbAuMO0VRHebswXAP3DPAXXAP3DPAX&cId=yJF7dgNzUI6xZl0h6IInegXAP3DPAXXAP3DPAX&sectionId=1) on July 3, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2018.\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-20)**\n    [\"Archived copy\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160308101114\/http:\/\/americanenglish.state.gov\/files\/ae\/resource_files\/10-48-1-f.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](https:\/\/americanenglish.state.gov\/files\/ae\/resource_files\/10-48-1-f.pdf) (PDF) on March 8, 2016.\n    \n    `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title \"Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title\"))\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-21)**\n    [\"Snowboard\"](https:\/\/www.awsa.org.uk\/disciplines\/snowboard\/). *Army Winter Sports Association*. Retrieved March 2, 2026.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-USN080929_22-0)**\n    Marquardt, Katy (September 29, 2008). [\"Burton Snowboards Is King of the Hill\"](http:\/\/money.usnews.com\/money\/business-economy\/small-business\/articles\/2008\/09\/19\/burton-snowboards-is-king-of-the-hill). *[U.S. News & World Report](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._News_%26_World_Report \"U.S. News & World Report\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201122144242\/https:\/\/money.usnews.com\/money\/business-economy\/small-business\/articles\/2008\/09\/19\/burton-snowboards-is-king-of-the-hill) from the original on November 22, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2013.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-23)**\n    Mike Lewis (June 29, 2011). [\"snowboard participation increases 10%\"](http:\/\/business.transworld.net\/66828\/news\/snowboarding-participation-increases-10\/). [Transworld Business](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transworld_Business \"Transworld Business\"). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110702214219\/http:\/\/business.transworld.net\/66828\/news\/snowboarding-participation-increases-10\/) from the original on July 2, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2013.\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-24)** [\"National Snurfing Championship – 1978, Muskegon, MI.\"](http:\/\/mashf.com\/Snurfing%201978.htm) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180818042425\/http:\/\/mashf.com\/Snurfing%201978.htm) August 18, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\") Muskegon Area Sports Hall of Fame.\n25. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-25)** [\"National Snurfing Championship – 1979, Muskegon, MI.\"](http:\/\/mashf.com\/Snurfing%201979.htm) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210205040911\/http:\/\/www.mashf.com\/Snurfing) February 5, 2021, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\") Muskegon Area Sports Hall of Fame.\n26. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-26)**\n    [\"Grand Rapids Press\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20001018120233\/http:\/\/www.grpress.com\/). *Grand Rapids Press*. Grand Rapids, Michigan. January 15, 2008. pp. B1–B2. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/grpress.com\/) on October 18, 2000.\n27. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-pando_27-0)**\n    [\"main page\"](http:\/\/www.pandopark.com\/index.php). *Pando website*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131028180444\/http:\/\/www.pandopark.com\/index.php) from the original on October 28, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2008.\n28. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-28)**\n    Moran, Lauren (January 27, 2012). [\"Snowboarding History: Technology boosts snowboarding growth in 1980s\"](https:\/\/www.summitdaily.com\/news\/snowboarding-history-technology-boosts-snowboarding-growth-in-1980s\/). *www.summitdaily.com*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210228090302\/https:\/\/www.summitdaily.com\/news\/snowboarding-history-technology-boosts-snowboarding-growth-in-1980s\/) from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2021.\n29. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-29)**\n    Rebagliati, Ross (2009). [*Off the Chain: An Insider's History of Snowboarding*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=KT3ZBAAAQBAJ). Greystone Books Ltd. p. 19. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-55365-487-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-55365-487-2 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-55365-487-2\")\n    \n    .\n30. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-SBH_30-0)**\n    [\"Snowboard History\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20000409005759\/http:\/\/www.sbhistory.de\/hist_in_the_beg.htm). *the beginning of Snowboarding*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.sbhistory.de\/hist_in_the_beg.htm) on April 9, 2000. Retrieved January 17, 2008.\n31. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-Transworld_article_31-0)**\n    [\"Transworld Snowboarding\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080110164913\/http:\/\/www.transworldsnowboarding.com\/snow\/howto\/article\/0,26719,246570,00.html). *A Complete History of the Snowboard Halfpipe*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.transworldsnowboarding.com\/snow\/howto\/article\/0,26719,246570,00.html) on January 10, 2008. Retrieved February 14, 2008.\n32. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-32)**\n    Kenetics, Human; Schrag, Myles (December 14, 2018). [*The Sports Rules Book*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=b6WMDwAAQBAJ). Human Kinetics. p. 255. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-4925-6759-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4925-6759-2 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-4925-6759-2\")\n    \n    .\n33. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-33)**\n    Winand, Mathieu; Anagnostopoulos, Christos (2019). [*Research Handbook on Sport Governance*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=n46ODwAAQBAJ&q=international+snowboard+federation&pg=PA172). Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 172. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-78643-482-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-78643-482-1 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-78643-482-1\")\n    \n    .\n34. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-34)**\n    [\"Olympic Snowboarding – Winter Olympic Sport\"](https:\/\/www.olympic.org\/snowboard). *International Olympic Committee*. 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Paralympic.org. May 28, 2012. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201204142838\/https:\/\/www.paralympic.org\/news\/para-snowboard-included-sochi-2014-paralympic-winter-games) from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2013.\n38. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-38)**\n    [\"Jib – Snowboard – Definitions – Glossary\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161127224125\/http:\/\/snowboarding.about.com\/od\/glossary\/g\/jibdefined.htm). Snowboarding.about.com. April 9, 2012. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/snowboarding.about.com\/od\/glossary\/g\/jibdefined.htm) on November 27, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2012.\n39. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-39)**\n    [\"Alpine Snowboarding – Using a rigid setup for carving and control\"](http:\/\/www.snowboard-coach.com\/alpine-snowboarding.html). *Snowboard-Coach.com*. 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Retrieved August 15, 2012.\n42. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-help_42-0)**\n    [\"Alpine snowboarding\"](http:\/\/www.snowboardinghelp.com\/types-of-snowboards\/alpine-snowboarding.php). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170312043320\/http:\/\/www.snowboardinghelp.com\/types-of-snowboards\/alpine-snowboarding.php) from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved November 13, 2014.\n43. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-43)**\n    [\"Alpine Snowboarding\"](http:\/\/www.snowboard-coach.com\/alpine-snowboarding.html). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161022085451\/http:\/\/www.snowboard-coach.com\/alpine-snowboarding.html) from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2014.\n44. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-44)**\n    [\"Making it Big in Big Air\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160311174639\/http:\/\/yobeat.com\/issue14\/bigair.htm). 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[\"Injuries in elite and recreational snowboarders\"](https:\/\/bjsm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093019). *British Journal of Sports Medicine*. **48** (1): 11–17\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1136\/bjsports-2013-093019](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136%2Fbjsports-2013-093019). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0306-3674](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0306-3674). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [24282020](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24282020). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [7519870](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:7519870).\n57. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-:3_57-0)**\n    Takakuwa, Tetsuya; Endo, Shigeatsu (May 1, 1996). 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Retrieved February 17, 2014.\n    \n    `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service \"Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service\"))\n59. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-59)**\n    Bladin, Christopher; McCrory, Paul (May 1, 1995). [\"Snowboarding Injuries\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-199519050-00005). *Sports Medicine*. **19** (5): 358–364\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.2165\/00007256-199519050-00005](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165%2F00007256-199519050-00005). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1179-2035](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1179-2035). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [7618012](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/7618012). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [9918887](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:9918887). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240201220856\/https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.2165\/00007256-199519050-00005) from the original on February 1, 2024. Retrieved December 5, 2022.\n60. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-60)**\n    Roberts, William O. (February 2004). *Bull's Handbook of Sports Injuries*. McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 550. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [0-07-140291-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-07-140291-8 \"Special:BookSources\/0-07-140291-8\")\n    \n    .\n61. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-bull555_61-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-bull555_61-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-bull555_61-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-bull555_61-3)\n    Roberts, William O. (February 2004). *Bull's Handbook of Sports Injuries*. McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 555. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [0-07-140291-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-07-140291-8 \"Special:BookSources\/0-07-140291-8\")\n    \n    .\n62. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-62)**\n    Bladin, C.; McCrory, P. (1995). \"Snowboarding Injuries – An Overview\". *Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)*. **19** (5). Sports-Med: 358–64\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.2165\/00007256-199519050-00005](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165%2F00007256-199519050-00005). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0112-1642](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0112-1642). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [7618012](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/7618012). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [9918887](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:9918887).\n63. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-63)**\n    [\"Snowboarding Injuries – Wrist Fractures\"](http:\/\/www.abc-of-snowboarding.com\/info\/wrist-fractures.asp). Abc-of-snowboarding.com. Retrieved February 17, 2014.\n    \n    `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service \"Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service\"))\n64. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-bull557_64-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-bull557_64-1)\n    Roberts, William O. (February 2004). *Bull's Handbook of Sports Injuries*. McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 557. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [0-07-140291-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-07-140291-8 \"Special:BookSources\/0-07-140291-8\")\n    \n    .\n65. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-65)**\n    Kim, Suezie; Endres, Nathan K; Johnson, Robert; Ettlinger, Carl; Shealy, Jasper (April 2012). \"Snowboarding injuries: trends over time and comparisons with alpine skiing injuries\". *The American Journal of Sports Medicine*. **40** (4): 770–776\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1177\/0363546511433279](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F0363546511433279). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [22268231](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22268231). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [9892333](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:9892333).\n66. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-66)**\n    [\"Best Way to Choose Right Snowboard Bindings\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171026052555\/http:\/\/extremepedia.com\/how-to-choose-snowboard-bindings\/). *Extremepedia*. October 27, 2015. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/extremepedia.com\/how-to-choose-snowboard-bindings\/) on October 26, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.\n67. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-67)**\n    Roberts, William O. (February 2004). *Bull's Handbook of Sports Injuries*. McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 556. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [0-07-140291-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-07-140291-8 \"Special:BookSources\/0-07-140291-8\")\n    \n    .\n68. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-Nowak2009_68-0)**\n    Nowak, M. R.; Kirkpatrick, A. W.; Bouffard, J. A.; Amponsah, D.; Dulchavsky, S. A. (March 2009). [\"Snowboarding injuries: a review of the literature and an analysis of the potential use of portable ultrasound for mountainside diagnostics\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2684950). *Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med*. **2** (1): 25–9\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1007\/s12178-008-9040-5](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs12178-008-9040-5). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [2684950](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2684950). 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Retrieved February 17, 2014.\n    \n    `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service \"Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service\"))\n74. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-74)**\n    [\"Ski Safety – First Aid for Snowboarding & Skiing\"](http:\/\/www.abc-of-snowboarding.com\/firstaid\/). Abc-of-snowboarding.com. Retrieved February 17, 2014.\n    \n    `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service \"Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service\"))\n75. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowboarding#cite_ref-75)**\n    [\"Snowboarding 101: Glossary\"](https:\/\/www.nbcolympics.com\/news\/snowboarding-101-glossary). [NBC Universal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NBC_Universal \"NBC Universal\"). 2021. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231215200413\/https:\/\/www.nbcolympics.com\/news\/snowboarding-101-glossary) from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved December 15, 2023.\n\n- [PSIA-AASI Website](https:\/\/www.thesnowpros.org\/)","meta_canonical":null}

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URL	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding
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Boilerpipe Text	Snowboarding A snowboarder making a turn in fresh snow First played 1979, Muskegon, Michigan , US Characteristics Type Outdoor Equipment Snowboard , bindings , boots , Helmet , Wrist Guards , Goggles , Binding Rotating Device Presence Olympic Since 1998 Paralympic part of the Alpine skiing programme in 2014 Officially added in 2018 . Part of 2022 . Pictogram for Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics Snowboarding is a recreational and competitive activity that involves descending a snow-covered surface while standing on a snowboard with bindings securing the rider's feet to the board. Snowboarding was first developed in 1965 in the United States. Over time, several riding styles have developed, and the sport has featured in the Winter Olympic Games since 1998 and Winter Paralympic Games since 2018 . Snowboarding became popular around the world in the late 20th century. The sport features both recreational and competitive participation. Snowboarding has influenced and developed its own distinct culture. It has become a globally practiced activity with snowboarders using specialized equipment and techniques to navigate diverse terrain and conditions. Snowboarding in Valfréjus , France Snowboarder riding off of a cornice Freeride snowboarding, in areas off of the main trails The first snowboards were developed in 1965 when Sherm Poppen , an engineer in Muskegon, Michigan , invented a toy for his daughters by fastening two skis together and attaching a rope to one end so he would have some control as they stood on the board and glided downhill. Dubbed the " snurfer " (combining snow and surfer) by his wife Nancy, the toy proved so popular among his daughters' friends that Poppen licensed the idea to a manufacturer, Brunswick Corporation , that sold about a million snurfers over the next decade. [ 1 ] And, in 1966 alone, over half a million snurfers were sold. [ 2 ] Modern snowboarding was pioneered by Tom Sims and Jake Burton Carpenter . In February 1968, Poppen organized the first snurfing competition at a Michigan ski resort that attracted enthusiasts from all over the country. [ 3 ] One of those early pioneers was Tom Sims , a devotee of skateboarding (a sport born in the 1950s when kids attached roller skate wheels to small boards that they steered by shifting their weight). In the 1960s, as an eighth grader in Haddonfield, New Jersey , Sims crafted a snowboard in his school shop class by gluing carpet to the top of a piece of wood and attaching aluminum sheeting to the bottom. [ 4 ] He produced commercial snowboards in the mid-70s including the Skiboard (also known as the Lonnie Toft flying banana ) a molded polyethylene bottom with a Lonnie Toft signature skateboard deck attached to the top. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Others experimented with board-on-snow configurations at this time, including Welsh skateboard enthusiasts Jon Roberts and Pete Matthews developed their own snowboards to use at their local dry ski slope . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Also during this same period, in 1977, Jake Burton Carpenter , a Vermont native who had enjoyed snurfing since the age of 14, impressed the crowd at a Michigan snurfing competition with bindings he had designed to secure his feet to the board. That same year, he founded Burton Snowboards in Londonderry, Vermont . [ 9 ] The "snowboards" were made of wooden planks that were flexible and had water ski foot traps. Very few people picked up snowboarding because the price of the board was considered too high at $38 and were not allowed on many ski hills, but eventually Burton would become the biggest snowboarding company in the business. [ 10 ] Burton's created the early designs for boards with bindings. Later on, various versions of bindings became a common feature in most snowboards. [ 11 ] As snowboarding became more popular in the 1970s and 1980s, pioneers such as Dimitrije Milovich (founder of Winterstick out of Salt Lake City, Utah), Jake Burton Carpenter (founder of Burton Snowboards from Londonderry, Vermont), Tom Sims (founder of Sims Snowboards ), David Kemper (founder of Kemper Snowboards ) and Mike Olson (founder of Gnu Snowboards ) came up with new designs for boards and mechanisms that slowly developed into the snowboards and other related equipment. [ 12 ] From these developments, modern snowboarding equipment usually consists of a snowboard with specialized bindings [ 13 ] and boots. [ 14 ] In the early 1980s, Aleksey Ostatnigrosh and Alexei Melnikov, two Snurfers from the Soviet Union, patented design changes to the Snurfer to allow jumping by attaching a bungee cord, a single footed binding to the Snurfer tail, and a two-foot binding design for improved control. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Initially, ski areas adopted the sport at a much slower pace than the winter sports public. Indeed, for many years, there was animosity between skiers and snowboarders, which led to an ongoing skier vs snowboarder feud. [ 18 ] Early snowboards were banned from the slopes by park officials. For several years snowboarders would have to take a small skills assessment prior to being allowed to ride the chairlifts. It was thought that an unskilled snowboarder would wipe the snow off the mountain. In 1985, only seven percent of U.S. ski areas allowed snowboarding, [ 19 ] with a similar proportion in Europe. [ 20 ] As equipment and skills improved, gradually snowboarding became more accepted. In 1990, most major ski areas had separate slopes for snowboarders. Now, approximately 97% of all ski areas in North America and Europe allow snowboarding, and more than half have jumps, rails and half pipes. [ 21 ] In 2008, snowboarding had over 5 million participants, most aged between 18 and 24, with women comprising 25% of participants. [ 22 ] There were 8.2 million snowboarders in the US and Canada for the 2009–2010 season. There was a 10% increase over the previous season, accounting for more than 30% of all snow sports participants. [ 23 ] Competitive history [ edit ] The first competitions to offer prize money were the National Snurfing Championship, held at Muskegon State Park in Muskegon, Michigan . [ 24 ] In 1979, Jake Burton Carpenter came from Vermont to compete with a snowboard of his own design. There were protests about Jake entering with a non-snurfer board. Paul Graves, and others, advocated that Jake be allowed to race. A "modified" "Open" division was created and won by Jake as the sole entrant. That race was considered the first competition for snowboarding and is the start of what became competitive snowboarding. Ken Kampenga, John Asmussen and Jim Trim placed first, second and third respectively in the Standard competition with best two combined times of 24.71, 25.02 and 25.41; and Jake Carpenter won prize money as the sole entrant in the "open" division with a time of 26.35. [ 25 ] In 1980 the event moved to Pando Winter Sports Park near Grand Rapids, Michigan , because of a lack of snow that year at the original venue. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] In April 1981, the "King of the Mountain" Snowboard competition was held at Ski Cooper in Colorado. [ 28 ] Tom Sims along with an assortment of other snowboarders of the time were present. [ 29 ] One entrant showed up on a homemade snowboard with a formica bottom that turned out to not slide so well on the snow. In 1982, the first USA National Snowboard race was held near Woodstock, Vermont , at Suicide Six . The race, organized by Graves, was won by Burton's first team rider Doug Bouton. [ 30 ] In 1983, the first World Championship halfpipe competition was held at Soda Springs , California. Tom Sims , founder of Sims Snowboards, organized the event with the help of Mike Chantry, a snowboard instructor at Soda Springs. [ 31 ] In 1985, the first World Cup was held in Zürs , Austria, [ 32 ] further cementing snowboarding's recognition as an official international competitive sport. In 1990, the International Snowboard Federation (ISF) was founded to provide universal contest regulations. [ 33 ] In addition, the United States of America Snowboard Association (USASA) provides instructing guidelines and runs snowboard competitions in the U.S. today, high-profile snowboarding events like the Winter X Games , Air & Style , US Open, Olympic Games and other events are broadcast worldwide. Many alpine resorts have terrain parks . At the 1998 Winter Olympic Games in Nagano, Japan, Snowboarding became an official Olympic event. [ 34 ] France's Karine Ruby was the first to win an Olympic gold medal for Woman's Snowboarding, [ 35 ] while Canadian Ross Rebagliati was the first for Men's Snowboarding. [ 36 ] On 2 May 2012, the International Paralympic Committee announced that adaptive snowboarding (dubbed "para-snowboarding") would debut as a men's and women's medal event in the 2014 Paralympic Winter Games taking place in Sochi, Russia. [ 37 ] Since snowboarding's inception as an established winter sport, it has developed various styles, each with its own specialized equipment and technique. The most common styles today are: freeride, freestyle, and freecarve/race. These styles are used for both recreational and professional snowboarding. While each style is unique, there is overlap between them. "Jibbing" is the term for technical riding on non-standard surfaces. The word "jib" is both a noun and a verb, depending on the usage of the word. As a noun: a jib includes metal rails, boxes, benches, concrete ledges, walls, vehicles, rocks and logs. As a verb: to jib is referring to the action of jumping, sliding, or riding on top of objects other than snow. [ 38 ] It is directly influenced by grinding a skateboard. Jibbing is a freestyle snowboarding technique of riding. Typically jibbing occurs in a snowboard resort park but can also be done in urban environments. Freeriding snowboarding Freeriding is a style without a set of governing rules or set course, typically on natural, un-groomed terrain. The basic allows for various snowboarding styles in a fluid motion and spontaneity through naturally rugged terrain. It can be like freestyle with the exception that no man-made features are utilized. See also Backcountry snowboarding . Freestyle snowboarding Freestyle snowboarding is any riding that includes performing tricks. In freestyle, the rider utilizes natural and man-made features such as rails, jumps, boxes, and innumerable others to perform tricks. It is a popular all-inclusive concept that distinguishes the creative aspects of snowboarding, in contrast to a style like alpine snowboarding. Alpine snowboarding [ edit ] An Alpine snowboarder executes a heel-side carved turn , the typical style in alpine snowboarding. Video of a snowboarder practicing carving on a hard slope, equipped with a boardercross board and hard boots. Alpine snowboarding is a discipline within the sport of snowboarding. It is practiced on groomed pistes . It has been an Olympic event since 1998 . Freestyle snowboarder Matty Shaffer performs a 50-50 on a handrail while filming for a movie in Utah. Sometimes called freecarving or hardbooting (due to the equipment used), this discipline usually takes place on hard packed snow or groomed runs (although it can be practiced in any and all conditions) and focuses on carving linked turns, much like surfing or longboarding. Little or no jumping takes place in this discipline. Alpine Snowboarding consists of a small portion of the general snowboard population, that has a well connected social community and its own specific board manufacturers, most situated in Europe. Alpine Snowboard equipment includes a ski-like hardshell boot and plate binding system with a true directional snowboard that is stiffer and narrower to manage linking turns with greater forces and speed. [ 39 ] Shaped skis can thank these "freecarve" snowboards for the cutting-edge technology leading to their creation. [ 40 ] A skilled alpine snowboarder can link numerous turns into a run placing their body very close to the ground each turn, similar to a motocross turn or waterski carve. Depending on factors including stiffness, turning radius and personality this can be done slowly or fast. Carvers make perfect half-circles out of each turn, changing edges when the snowboard is perpendicular to the fall line and starting every turn on the downhill edge. Carving on a snowboard is like riding a roller coaster, because the board will lock into a turn radius and provide what feels like multiple Gs of acceleration. [ 41 ] Alpine snowboarding shares more visual similarities with skiing equipment than it does with snowboarding equipment. [ 42 ] Compared to freestyle snowboarding gear: [ 43 ] Boards are narrower, longer, and stiffer to improve carving performance Boots are made from a hard plastic shell, making it flex differently from a regular snowboard boot and is designed differently to ski boots although they look similar. Bindings have a bail or step-in design and are sometimes placed on suspension plates to provide a layer of isolation between an alpine snowboarder and the board, to decrease the level of vibrations felt by the rider, creating a better overall experience when carving, and to give extra weight to the board among other uses. Snowboarder in Tannheim, Tyrol , Austria Competitors perform tricks while descending a course, moving around, over, across, up, or down terrain features. The course is full of obstacles including boxes, rails, jumps, jibs, or anything else the board or rider can slide across. Slopestyle is a judged event and winning a Slopestyle contest usually comes from successfully executing the most difficult line in the terrain park while having a smooth flowing line of difficult, mistake-free tricks performed on the obstacles. However, overall impression and style can play a factor in winning a Slopestyle contest and the rider who lands the hardest tricks will not always win over the rider who lands easier tricks on more difficult paths. Sebastien Toutant at the downtown Québec big air competition Big air competitions are contests where riders perform tricks after launching off a man-made jump built specifically for the event. [ 44 ] Competitors perform tricks in the air, aiming to attain sizable height and distance, all while securing a clean landing. Many competitions also require the rider to do a complex trick. Not all competitions call for a trick to win the gold; some intermittent competitions are based solely on height and distance of the launch of the snowboarder. Some competitions also require the rider to do a specific trick to win the major prize. [ 45 ] One of the first snowboard competitions where Travis Rice attempted and landed a "double back flip backside 180" took place at the 2006 Red Bull Gap Session. [ 46 ] Snowboarder in the halfpipe The half-pipe is a semi-circular ditch dug into the mountain or purpose-built ramp made up of snow, with walls between 8 and 23 feet (7.0 m). Competitors perform tricks while going from one side to the other and while in the air above the sides of the pipe. Snowboard cross, also known as "boardercross", "boarder X", or "snowboard X", and commonly abbreviated as "SBX", or just "BX", is a snowboarding discipline consisting of several (typically 4 to 6) riders racing head-to-head down a course with jumps, berms and other obstacles constructed out of snow. Snowboard cross began in the 1980s, earning its place as an official Winter Olympic event in the 2006 Turin games. Unlike other snowboard racing disciplines such as parallel giant slalom, competitors race on a single course together. In snowboard racing, riders must complete a downhill course constructed of a series of turning color indicators (gates) placed in the snow at prescribed distances apart. A gate consists of a tall pole and a short pole, connected by a triangular panel. The racer must pass around the short side of the gate, passing the long side of the gate doesn't count. There are 3 main formats used in snowboard racing including single person, parallel courses or multiple people on the course at the same time (SBX). Snowboarding contests are held throughout the world and range from grassroots competitions to professional events contested worldwide. 2016 Winter X Games in Aspen, Colorado Some of the larger snowboarding contests include: the European Air & Style , the Japanese X-Trail Jam , Burton Global Open Series, Shakedown , FIS World Championships , the annual FIS World Cup , the Winter X Games , Freeride World Tour and the Winter Dew Tour . Snowboarding has been a Winter Olympic sport since 1998 Winter Olympics in Japan. Since its inauguration, Olympic snowboarding has seen many additions and removals of events. During the 2018 Winter Olympics , snowboarding events contested included big air, halfpipe, parallel giant slalom, slopestyle and snowboard cross. Snowboarder Magazine 's Superpark [ 47 ] event was created in 1996. Over 150 of the World's top pros are invited to advance freestyle snowboarding on the most progressive terrain parks. [ 48 ] Part of the snowboarding approach is to ensure maximum fun, friendship and event quality. Reflecting this perspective of snowboarding, there are "Anti Contests" which are an important part of its identity. [ according to whom? ] These include the Holy Oly Revival at The Summit at Snoqualmie , The Nate Chute Hawaiian Classic at Whitefish, the original anti-contest, the World Quarterpipe Championships and the Grenade Games. [ 49 ] The United States of America Snowboarding and Freeski Association (USASA), the first governing body for grassroots snowboarding, [ 50 ] runs 30 regional series and national championships in the US. [ 51 ] Snowboarding subculture originated as the sport was rejected in ski resorts. [ 52 ] Both the skiing and snowboarding cultures contrasted with each other in language, behavior, and dress. Snowboarding subculture was frequently associated with a rebellious or outsider identity and incorporated elements of both urban and suburban cultures. [ 53 ] In recent decades, snowboarding has expanded into a diverse international participant base. Skiers and snowboarders have increasingly shared slopes and facilities. As of 2026, three resorts which do not allow snowboarding in North America: Alta , Deer Valley , and Mad River Glen . The most common type of injury for snowboarders is injury to the upper body. Some injuries that are seen are "wrist injuries, shoulder soft tissue injuries, ankle injuries, concussions, and clavicle fractures". [ 54 ] Some major injuries that occur during snowboarding are head, and spinal injuries, "the main cause of spinal fractures in snowboarders was jump landing failure and compression type fractures occur in about 80% of snowboarders with vertebral fractures because they frequently fall backwards, and this can cause axial loading and anterior compression fractures". [ 55 ] Injuries also differ between professional and recreational snowboarding. Among professional snowboarders, injuries to the lower half, specifically the knee joint, are more likely to occur. When injured, snowboarders are twice as likely to get a fracture as skiers. Injuries to the upper body are much less common among professional snowboarders. Most of the professionals and elite snowboarders frequently sustain injuries when trying to execute challenging tricks at high speeds and with increased levels of force to the lower limbs. [ 56 ] In recreational snowboarding, wrist injuries are more likely to occur. Most injuries to snowboarders occurred more often while they were traveling at reckless speed on moderate slopes. [ 57 ] Another way injuries happen is because they try sticking with someone that is a higher skill level, which they are not capable of handling because of the lack of skill they possess. Safety and precautions [ edit ] Gloves with an integrated plastic element, seen left partially pulled out, as a wrist guard . The element is pressed tightly to the wrist with a wide, all-around velcro -fastened strap, which can be seen in loose state on the left and tightened on the right glove. This stabilizes the wrist and thus avoids its damage when falling onto the hands. Like some other winter sports, snowboarding comes with a certain level of risk. [ 58 ] The average snowboarder is a male in their early twenties, and there are three times as many men as there are women in the sport. Snowboarders have a 2.4 times greater risk of fractures than skiers, particularly in the upper extremities. Conversely, snowboarders have a lower risk of knee injuries than skiers. [ 59 ] The injury rate for snowboarding is about four to six per thousand persons per day, which is around double the injury rate for alpine skiing. [ 60 ] Injuries are more likely amongst beginners, especially those who do not take lessons with professional instructors. A quarter of all injuries occur to first-time riders and half of all injuries occur to those with less than a year of experience. Experienced riders are less likely to suffer injury, but the injuries that do occur tend to be more severe. [ 61 ] Two-thirds of injuries occur to the upper body and one-third to the lower body. This contrasts with alpine skiing, where two-thirds of injuries are to the lower body. The most common types of injuries are sprains, which account for around 40% of injuries. [ 62 ] The most common point of injury is the wrists – 40% of all snowboard injuries are to the wrists and 24% of all snowboard injuries are wrist fractures. [ 61 ] There are around 100,000 wrist fractures worldwide among snowboarders each year. [ 63 ] Protective equipment [ edit ] The risk of head injury is two to six times greater for snowboarders than for skiers and injuries follow the pattern of being rarer, but more severe, with experienced riders. Head injuries can occur both because of a collision and when failing to carry out a heel-side turn. The latter can result in the rider landing on their back and slamming the back of their head onto the ground, resulting in an occipital head injury. [ 64 ] For this reason, helmets are widely recommended. Protective eyewear is also recommended as eye injury can be caused by impact and snow blindness can be a result of exposure to strong ultra-violet light in snow-covered areas. The wearing of ultra-violet-absorbing goggles is recommended even on hazy or cloudy days as ultra-violet light can penetrate clouds. [ 65 ] Snowboarding boots should be well-fitted, with toes snug in the end of the boot when standing upright and slightly away from the end when in the snowboarding position. [ 66 ] Padding or "armor" is recommended on other body parts such as hips, knees, spine, and shoulders. To further help avoid injury to body parts, especially knees, it is recommended to use the right technique. To acquire the right technique, one should be taught by a qualified instructor. Also, when snowboarding alone, precaution should be taken to avoid tree wells , a particularly dangerous area of loose snow that may form at the base of trees. The use of wrist guards , either separate or built into gloves, is very strongly recommended. They are often compulsory in beginner's classes and their use reduces the likelihood of wrist injury by half. [ 67 ] In addition it is important for snow boarders to learn how to fall without stopping the fall with their hand by trying to "push" the slope away, as landing a wrist which is bent at a 90-degree angle increase the chance of it breaking. Rather, landing with the arms stretched out (like a wing) and slapping the slope with the entire arm is an effective way to break a fall. This is the method used by practitioners of judo and other martial arts to break a fall when they are thrown against the floor by a training partner. Unlike ski bindings, snowboard bindings are not designed to release automatically in a fall. The mechanical support provided by the feet being locked to the board has the effect of reducing the likelihood of knee injury – 15% of snowboard injuries are to the knee, compared with 45% of all skiing injuries. Such injuries are typically to the knee ligaments, bone fractures are rare. [ 61 ] Fractures to the lower leg are also rare but 20% of injuries are to the foot and ankle. Fractures of the talus bone are rare in other sports but account for 2% of snowboard injuries – a lateral process talus fracture is sometimes called " snowboarder's ankle " by medical staff. This injury results in persistent lateral pain in the affected ankle yet is difficult to spot in a plain X-ray image. It may be misdiagnosed as just a sprain, with possibly serious consequences as not treating the fracture can result in serious long-term damage to the ankle. [ 61 ] The use of portable ultrasound for mountainside diagnostics has been reviewed and appears to be a plausible tool for diagnosing some of the common injuries associated with the sport. [ 68 ] Four to eight percent of snowboarding injuries take place while the person is waiting in ski-lift lines or entering and exiting ski lifts. Snowboarders push themselves forward with a free foot while in the ski-lift line, leaving the other foot (usually that of the lead leg) locked on the board at a 9–27 degree angle, placing a large torque force on this leg and predisposing the person to knee injury if a fall occurs. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] Snowboard binding rotating devices are designed to minimize the torque force, Quick Stance [ 71 ] being the first developed in 1995. [ 72 ] They allow snowboarders to turn the locked foot straight into the direction of the tip of the snowboard without removing the boot from the boot binding. Avalanches are a clear danger when on snowy mountain slopes. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] Some care is also required when waxing a board as fluorocarbon waxes emit toxic fumes when overheated. Waxing is best performed in a ventilated area with care being taken to use the wax at the correct temperature – the wax should be melted but not smoking or smoldering. [ 64 ] The way in which a snowboarder normally rides most on their snowboard as determined by the placement of their feet and direction of travel. [ 75 ] Goofy Stance The stance of a snowboarder that normally rides with their right foot first. Regular Stance The stance of a snowboarder that normally rides with their left foot first. Switch Stance The opposite stance of what a snowboarder normally rides. Parts of a snowboard [ edit ] Binding The portion of the board that attaches the riders' feet to the snowboard. Heel Edge The edge of the snowboard that the riders' heels rest on. Toe Edge The edge that the riders' toes rest on Nose Edge The forward edge of the snowboard. Tail Edge The trailing edge of the snowboard. Backside Rotation A flat rotation in which the back of the person's body is the first to intersect with the direction of travel; after 90 degrees of rotation, the person's back will be facing the direction of travel. Frontside Rotation A flat rotation in which the front of the person's body is the first to intersect with the direction of travel; after 90 degrees of rotation, the person's front will be facing the direction of travel. Back Flip A backwards somersault over the heel edge of the board. Front Flip A forwards somersault (i.e. face first) over the toe edge of the board. Tamedog A cartwheel over the nose edge of the board. Wildcat A cartwheel over the tail edge of the board. Off-Axis rotations combine flips and rotations; the naming convention is to first describe the horizontal rotation, followed by the number of off-axis rotations, terminated by the degree of total rotation (i.e. Backside Triple-Cork 1440). Cork A rotation in which the snowboard leads through the air in the direction of travel. Rodeo A rotation in which the person's head leads through the air in the direction of travel. Eva Adamczyková (born 1993), Czech snowboarder Jamie Anderson (born 1990), American snowboarder Jasey-Jay Anderson (born 1975), Canadian snowboarder Josie Baff (born 2003), Australian snowboarder Nick Baumgartner (born 1981), American snowboarder Torah Bright (born 1986), Australian snowboarder Callan Chythlook-Sifsof (born 1989), American snowboarder Kelly Clark (born 1983), American snowboarder Julia Dujmovits (born 1987), Austrian snowboarder Rosey Fletcher (born 1975), American snowboarder Peter Foley (born 1965 or 1966), American former snowboarding coach; suspended for 10 years for sexual misconduct Anna Gasser (born 1991), Austrian snowboarder Red Gerard (born 2000), American snowboarder Alessandro Hämmerle (born 1993), Austrian snowboarder Ayumu Hirano (born 1998), Japanese snowboarder Lindsey Jacobellis (born 1985), American snowboarder Scotty James (born 1994), Australian snowboarder Benjamin Karl (born 1985), Austrian snowboarder Craig Kelly (born 1966), American snowboarder Chloe Kim (born 2000), American snowboarder Ester Ledecká (born 1995), Czech snowboarder and skier Michela Moioli (born 1995), Italian snowboarder Max Parrot (born 1994), Canadian snowboarder Iouri Podladtchikov (born 1988), Swiss-Russian snowboarder Travis Rice (born 1982), American snowboarder Maëlle Ricker (born 1978), Canadian snowboarder Zoi Sadowski-Synnott (born 2001), New Zealand snowboarder Hannah Teter (born 1987), American snowboarder Sébastien Toutant (born 1992), Canadian snowboarder Pierre Vaultier (born 1987), French snowboarder Ryan Wedding (born 1981), Canadian snowboarder and alleged international drug trafficker Seth Wescott (born 1976), American snowboarder Shaun White (born 1986), American snowboarder and skateboarder Su Yiming (born 2004), Chinese snowboarder American Association of Snowboard Instructors Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms Lazboard Sandboarding Skiboarding ^ Sisjord, Mari Kristin (December 1, 2013). 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Archived from the original on February 13, 2021 . Retrieved February 3, 2021 . ^ "Twenty-two years ago, Karine Ruby became the first Olympic snowboard champion" . February 10, 2020 . Retrieved February 2, 2025 . ^ Beck, Jason. "Ross Rebagliati" . BC Sports Hall of Fame . Retrieved February 2, 2025 . ^ "Para-Snowboard Included in Sochi 2014 Paralympic Winter Games \| IPC" . Paralympic.org. May 28, 2012. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020 . Retrieved November 13, 2013 . ^ "Jib – Snowboard – Definitions – Glossary" . Snowboarding.about.com. April 9, 2012. Archived from the original on November 27, 2016 . Retrieved August 15, 2012 . ^ "Alpine Snowboarding – Using a rigid setup for carving and control" . Snowboard-Coach.com . Archived from the original on October 22, 2016 . Retrieved April 18, 2019 . ^ "How to Buy an Alpine Snowboard" (PDF) . 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022 . Retrieved February 15, 2010 . ^ "The Carver's Almanac – Hard booting and carving on an alpine snowboard" . Alpinecarving.com . Retrieved August 15, 2012 . ^ "Alpine snowboarding" . Archived from the original on March 12, 2017 . Retrieved November 13, 2014 . ^ "Alpine Snowboarding" . Archived from the original on October 22, 2016 . Retrieved November 13, 2014 . ^ "Making it Big in Big Air" . Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. ^ "Big air competitions" . Archived from the original on September 16, 2016 . Retrieved September 5, 2016 . ^ "Search Results" . snowrev.com . Archived from the original on October 31, 2010. ^ Snowboardermag.com Archived June 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ Snowboarder-community.com Archived April 30, 2010, at the Wayback Machine ^ "The Anti Contests" . Yobeat.com. February 5, 2009. Archived from the original on August 28, 2009 . Retrieved February 17, 2014 . ^ "History" . USASA . Retrieved February 2, 2025 . ^ "Vision & Mission" . USASA . Retrieved February 2, 2025 . ^ Kahuna", Jesse "Big (January 2, 2023). "The Snowboarding Culture: From Rebels To Global Tribe" . Riding Boards . Retrieved March 3, 2026 . ^ Chaisson, Bill (2019). " Snowboarding : Its Own Culture and Crossover". Retrieved October 4, 2022, from Eagle Times. ^ Kim, Suezie; Endres, Nathan K.; Johnson, Robert J.; Ettlinger, Carl F.; Shealy, Jasper E. (April 2012). "Snowboarding Injuries: Trends Over Time and Comparisons With Alpine Skiing Injuries" . The American Journal of Sports Medicine . 40 (4): 770– 776. doi : 10.1177/0363546511433279 . ISSN 0363-5465 . PMID 22268231 . S2CID 9892333 . ^ Bigdon, Sebastian Frederick; Gewiess, Jan; Hoppe, Sven; Exadaktylos, Aristomenis K.; Benneker, Lorin M.; Fairhurst, Paul Gilbert; Albers, Christoph E. (July 19, 2019). "Spinal injury in alpine winter sports: a review" . Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine . 27 (1): 69. doi : 10.1186/s13049-019-0645-z . ISSN 1757-7241 . PMC 6642543 . PMID 31324221 . ^ Wijdicks, Coen A; Rosenbach, Brandon S; Flanagan, Troy R; Bower, Gillian E; Newman, Kelly E; Clanton, Thomas O; Engebretsen, Lars; LaPrade, Robert F; Hackett, Tom R (January 2014). "Injuries in elite and recreational snowboarders" . British Journal of Sports Medicine . 48 (1): 11– 17. doi : 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093019 . ISSN 0306-3674 . PMID 24282020 . S2CID 7519870 . ^ Takakuwa, Tetsuya; Endo, Shigeatsu (May 1, 1996). "Snowboarding injuries: Comparison of injuries in snowboarders and skiers" . Journal of Orthopaedic Science . 1 (3): 178– 181. doi : 10.1007/BF02349815 . ISSN 1436-2023 . S2CID 71373867 . ^ "Snowboarding Safety & Guidelines" . Abc-of-snowboarding.com . Retrieved February 17, 2014 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ( link ) ^ Bladin, Christopher; McCrory, Paul (May 1, 1995). "Snowboarding Injuries" . Sports Medicine . 19 (5): 358– 364. doi : 10.2165/00007256-199519050-00005 . ISSN 1179-2035 . PMID 7618012 . S2CID 9918887 . Archived from the original on February 1, 2024 . Retrieved December 5, 2022 . ^ Roberts, William O. (February 2004). Bull's Handbook of Sports Injuries . McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 550. ISBN 0-07-140291-8 . ^ a b c d Roberts, William O. (February 2004). Bull's Handbook of Sports Injuries . McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 555. ISBN 0-07-140291-8 . ^ Bladin, C.; McCrory, P. (1995). "Snowboarding Injuries – An Overview". Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) . 19 (5). Sports-Med: 358– 64. doi : 10.2165/00007256-199519050-00005 . ISSN 0112-1642 . PMID 7618012 . S2CID 9918887 . ^ "Snowboarding Injuries – Wrist Fractures" . Abc-of-snowboarding.com . Retrieved February 17, 2014 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ( link ) ^ a b Roberts, William O. (February 2004). Bull's Handbook of Sports Injuries . McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 557. ISBN 0-07-140291-8 . ^ Kim, Suezie; Endres, Nathan K; Johnson, Robert; Ettlinger, Carl; Shealy, Jasper (April 2012). "Snowboarding injuries: trends over time and comparisons with alpine skiing injuries". The American Journal of Sports Medicine . 40 (4): 770– 776. doi : 10.1177/0363546511433279 . PMID 22268231 . S2CID 9892333 . ^ "Best Way to Choose Right Snowboard Bindings" . Extremepedia . October 27, 2015. Archived from the original on October 26, 2017 . Retrieved February 16, 2018 . ^ Roberts, William O. (February 2004). Bull's Handbook of Sports Injuries . McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 556. ISBN 0-07-140291-8 . ^ Nowak, M. R.; Kirkpatrick, A. W.; Bouffard, J. A.; Amponsah, D.; Dulchavsky, S. A. (March 2009). "Snowboarding injuries: a review of the literature and an analysis of the potential use of portable ultrasound for mountainside diagnostics" . Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med . 2 (1): 25– 9. doi : 10.1007/s12178-008-9040-5 . PMC 2684950 . PMID 19468915 . ^ Davidson TM, Laliotis AT (1996) Snowboarding injuries, a four-year study with comparison with alpine ski injuries. West J Med; p.231 ^ Callé SC, Evans JT. (1995) Snowboarding trauma. J Pediatr Surg; p.791 ^ "Quick Stance Website" . Quickstance.com. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020 . Retrieved February 17, 2014 . ^ "United States Patent: 1995" . Patft.uspto.gov. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020 . Retrieved February 17, 2014 . ^ "Snowboarding Safety – Avalanche Awareness" . Abc-of-snowboarding.com . Retrieved February 17, 2014 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ( link ) ^ "Ski Safety – First Aid for Snowboarding & Skiing" . Abc-of-snowboarding.com . Retrieved February 17, 2014 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ( link ) ^ "Snowboarding 101: Glossary" . NBC Universal . 2021. Archived from the original on December 15, 2023 . Retrieved December 15, 2023 . PSIA-AASI Website
Markdown	[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Snowboarding "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Snowboarding "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]") Personal tools - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Snowboarding "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Snowboarding "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding) - [1 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#History) Toggle History subsection - [1\.1 Initial origins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Initial_origins) - [1\.2 Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Development) - [1\.3 Public perception](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Public_perception) - [1\.4 Competitive history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Competitive_history) - [2 Styles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Styles) Toggle Styles subsection - [2\.1 Jibbing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Jibbing) - [2\.2 Freeriding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Freeriding) - [2\.3 Freestyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Freestyle) - [2\.4 Alpine snowboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Alpine_snowboarding) - [2\.5 Slopestyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Slopestyle) - [2\.6 Big air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Big_air) - [2\.7 Half-pipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Half-pipe) - [2\.8 Snowboard cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Snowboard_cross) - [2\.9 Snowboard racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Snowboard_racing) - [3 Competitions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Competitions) - [4 Subculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Subculture) - [5 Common injuries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Common_injuries) Toggle Common injuries subsection - [5\.1 Professional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Professional) - [5\.2 Recreational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Recreational) - [6 Safety and precautions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Safety_and_precautions) Toggle Safety and precautions subsection - [6\.1 Risk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Risk) - [6\.2 Protective equipment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Protective_equipment) - [6\.3 Bindings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Bindings) - [6\.4 Maintenance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Maintenance) - [6\.5 Precautions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Precautions) - [7 Terminology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Terminology) Toggle Terminology subsection - [7\.1 Stances](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Stances) - [7\.2 Parts of a snowboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Parts_of_a_snowboard) - [7\.3 Rotations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Rotations) - [7\.4 Flips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Flips) - [7\.5 Off-axis rotations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Off-axis_rotations) - [8 Notable people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Notable_people) - [9 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#See_also) - [10 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#References) - [11 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # Snowboarding 67 languages - [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneeuplankry "Sneeuplankry – Afrikaans") - [Aragonés](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard "Snowboard – Aragonese") - [Ænglisc](https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C4%81wbordfarung "Snāwbordfarung – Old English") - [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AC "تزلج بلوح الثلج – Arabic") - [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding "Snowboarding – Asturian") - [Aymar aru](https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khunu_thuqhura%C3%B1a "Khunu thuqhuraña – Aymara") - [Башҡортса](https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_$%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9$ "Сноуборд (спорт төрө) – Bashkir") - [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seluncur_salju "Seluncur salju – Balinese") - [Boarisch](https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snouboaden "Snouboaden – Bavarian") - [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3 "Сноўбордынг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)") - [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3 "Снаўбордынг – Belarusian") - [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82 "স্নোবোর্ডিং – Bangla") - [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf_de_neu "Surf de neu – Catalan") - [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding "Snowboarding – Czech") - [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirafyrddio "Eirafyrddio – Welsh") - [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding "Snowboarding – Danish") - [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1 "Χιονοσανίδα – Greek") - [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C4%9Dtabulado "Neĝtabulado – Esperanto") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard "Snowboard – Spanish") - [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumelauas%C3%B5it "Lumelauasõit – Estonian") - [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard "Snowboard – Basque") - [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C "اسنوبردسواری – Persian") - [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumilautailu "Lumilautailu – Finnish") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard "Snowboard – French") - [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarden "Snowboarden – Western Frisian") - [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%92 "גלישת שלג – Hebrew") - [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97 "स्नोबोर्डिंग – Hindi") - [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard "Snowboard – Croatian") - [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard "Snowboard – Hungarian") - [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_$%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B1%D6%87$ "Սնոուբորդ (սպորտաձև) – Armenian") - [Interlingua](https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard "Snowboard – Interlingua") - [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seluncur_salju "Seluncur salju – Indonesian") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard "Snowboard – Italian") - [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89 "スノーボード – Japanese") - [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3 "Сноубординг – Kazakh") - [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%85%B8%EB%B3%B4%EB%93%9C "스노보드 – Korean") - [Kurdî](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowbordsiwar%C3%AE "Snowbordsiwarî – Kurdish") - [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snieglen%C4%8Di%C5%B3_sportas "Snieglenčių sportas – Lithuanian") - [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snovbords "Snovbords – Latvian") - [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0 "Скијање на даска – Macedonian") - [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luncur_papan_salji "Luncur papan salji – Malay") - [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarden "Snowboarden – Dutch") - [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%B8brett "Snøbrett – Norwegian Nynorsk") - [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%B8brett "Snøbrett – Norwegian Bokmål") - [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf_de_n%C3%A8u "Surf de nèu – Occitan") - [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding "Snowboarding – Polish") - [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard "Snowboard – Portuguese") - [Runa Simi](https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rit%27i_suchuykachay "Rit'i suchuykachay – Quechua") - [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_$%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0$ "Сноуборд (вид спорта) – Russian") - [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snawbuirdin "Snawbuirdin – Scots") - [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoubording "Snoubording – Serbo-Croatian") - [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding "Snowboarding – Simple English") - [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoubording "Snoubording – Slovak") - [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deskanje_na_snegu "Deskanje na snegu – Slovenian") - [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoubordingu "Snoubordingu – Albanian") - [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3 "Сноубординг – Serbian") - [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard "Snowboard – Swedish") - [Тоҷикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_$%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%88$ "Сноуборд (варзиш) – Tajik") - [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94 "สโนว์บอร์ด – Thai") - [Tolışi](https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoubording "Snoubording – Talysh") - [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard "Snowboard – Turkish") - [Татарча / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4 "Сноуборд – Tatar") - [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3 "Сноубординг – Ukrainian") - [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoubord "Snoubord – Uzbek") - [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3t_v%C3%A1n_tr%C3%AAn_tuy%E1%BA%BFt "Trượt ván trên tuyết – Vietnamese") - [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E6%9D%BF%E6%BB%91%E9%9B%AA "單板滑雪 – Cantonese") - [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E6%9D%BF%E6%BB%91%E9%9B%AA "單板滑雪 – Chinese") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178131#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Snowboarding "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding) - 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[Page information](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=info "More information about this page") - [Cite this page](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Snowboarding&id=1345723897&wpFormIdentifier=titleform "Information on how to cite this page") - [Get shortened URL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSnowboarding) Print/export - [Download as PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Snowboarding&action=show-download-screen "Download this page as a PDF file") - [Printable version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]") In other projects - [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Snowboarding) - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178131 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Snow sport involving a single board \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Snowboarding.jpg/250px-Snowboarding.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowboarding.jpg)A snowboarder making a turn in fresh snow \| \| \| First played \| 1979, [Muskegon, Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan "Muskegon, Michigan"), US \| \| Characteristics \| \| \| Type \| Outdoor \| \| Equipment \| [Snowboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard "Snowboard"), [bindings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard#Bindings "Snowboard"), [boots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard_boots "Snowboard boots"), [Helmet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_helmet "Ski helmet"), [Wrist Guards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrist_guard "Wrist guard"), [Goggles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_goggles "Ski goggles"), [Binding Rotating Device](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard_binding_rotating_device "Snowboard binding rotating device") \| \| Presence \| \| \| [Olympic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games "Olympic Games") \| Since [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the 1998 Winter Olympics") \| \| [Paralympic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic_Games "Paralympic Games") \| part of the [Alpine skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing "Alpine skiing") programme in [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2014_Winter_Paralympics "Alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Paralympics") Officially added in [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2018_Winter_Paralympics "Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Paralympics"). Part of [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2022_Winter_Paralympics "Snowboarding at the 2022 Winter Paralympics"). \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Snowboarding_pictogram.svg/250px-Snowboarding_pictogram.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowboarding_pictogram.svg) Pictogram for [Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics") Snowboarding is a recreational and competitive activity that involves descending a snow-covered surface while standing on a [snowboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard "Snowboard") with bindings securing the rider's feet to the board. Snowboarding was first developed in 1965 in the United States. Over time, several riding styles have developed, and the sport has featured in the [Winter Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games "Winter Olympic Games") since [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics "1998 Winter Olympics") and [Winter Paralympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Paralympic_Games "Winter Paralympic Games") since [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Paralympics "2018 Winter Paralympics"). Snowboarding became popular around the world in the late 20th century. The sport features both recreational and competitive participation. Snowboarding has influenced and developed its own distinct culture. It has become a globally practiced activity with snowboarders using specialized equipment and techniques to navigate diverse terrain and conditions. ## History \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: History")\] Snowboarding in [Valfréjus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modane "Modane"), France [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Squaw3.jpg/250px-Squaw3.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Squaw3.jpg) Snowboarder riding off of a [cornice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_cornice "Snow cornice") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Snowboarder_in_the_trees.jpg/250px-Snowboarder_in_the_trees.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowboarder_in_the_trees.jpg) Freeride snowboarding, in areas off of the main trails ### Initial origins \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Initial origins")\] The first snowboards were developed in 1965 when [Sherm Poppen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherm_Poppen "Sherm Poppen"), an engineer in [Muskegon, Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan "Muskegon, Michigan"), invented a toy for his daughters by fastening two skis together and attaching a rope to one end so he would have some control as they stood on the board and glided downhill. Dubbed the "[snurfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snurfer "Snurfer")" (combining snow and surfer) by his wife Nancy, the toy proved so popular among his daughters' friends that Poppen licensed the idea to a manufacturer, [Brunswick Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Corporation "Brunswick Corporation"), that sold about a million snurfers over the next decade.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-1) And, in 1966 alone, over half a million snurfers were sold.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-2) Modern snowboarding was pioneered by [Tom Sims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sims "Tom Sims") and [Jake Burton Carpenter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Burton_Carpenter "Jake Burton Carpenter"). In February 1968, Poppen organized the first snurfing competition at a Michigan ski resort that attracted enthusiasts from all over the country.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-3) One of those early pioneers was [Tom Sims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sims "Tom Sims"), a devotee of [skateboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarding "Skateboarding") (a sport born in the 1950s when kids attached roller skate wheels to small boards that they steered by shifting their weight). In the 1960s, as an eighth grader in [Haddonfield, New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddonfield,_New_Jersey "Haddonfield, New Jersey"), Sims crafted a snowboard in his school shop class by gluing carpet to the top of a piece of wood and attaching aluminum sheeting to the bottom.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-4) He produced commercial snowboards in the mid-70s including the Skiboard (also known as the Lonnie Toft flying banana) a molded polyethylene bottom with a [Lonnie Toft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonnie_Toft "Lonnie Toft") signature skateboard deck attached to the top.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-6) Others experimented with board-on-snow configurations at this time, including Welsh skateboard enthusiasts Jon Roberts and Pete Matthews developed their own snowboards to use at their local [dry ski slope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_ski_slope "Dry ski slope").[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-8) Also during this same period, in 1977, [Jake Burton Carpenter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Burton_Carpenter "Jake Burton Carpenter"), a Vermont native who had enjoyed snurfing since the age of 14, impressed the crowd at a Michigan snurfing competition with bindings he had designed to secure his feet to the board. That same year, he founded [Burton Snowboards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Snowboards "Burton Snowboards") in [Londonderry, Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonderry,_Vermont "Londonderry, Vermont").[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-9) The "snowboards" were made of wooden planks that were flexible and had water ski foot traps. Very few people picked up snowboarding because the price of the board was considered too high at \$38 and were not allowed on many ski hills, but eventually Burton would become the biggest snowboarding company in the business.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-10) Burton's created the early designs for boards with bindings. Later on, various versions of bindings became a common feature in most snowboards.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-11) ### Development \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Development")\] As snowboarding became more popular in the 1970s and 1980s, pioneers such as Dimitrije Milovich (founder of Winterstick out of Salt Lake City, Utah), [Jake Burton Carpenter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Burton_Carpenter "Jake Burton Carpenter") (founder of Burton Snowboards from Londonderry, Vermont), [Tom Sims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sims "Tom Sims") (founder of [Sims Snowboards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sims_Snowboards "Sims Snowboards")), David Kemper (founder of [Kemper Snowboards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemper_Snowboards "Kemper Snowboards")) and Mike Olson (founder of [Gnu Snowboards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervin_Manufacturing "Mervin Manufacturing")) came up with new designs for boards and mechanisms that slowly developed into the snowboards and other related equipment.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-firststoke-12) From these developments, modern snowboarding equipment usually consists of a snowboard with specialized bindings[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-13) and boots.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-14) In the early 1980s, Aleksey Ostatnigrosh and Alexei Melnikov, two Snurfers from the Soviet Union, patented design changes to the Snurfer to allow jumping by attaching a bungee cord, a single footed binding to the Snurfer tail, and a two-foot binding design for improved control.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-16)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-17) ### Public perception \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Public perception")\] Initially, ski areas adopted the sport at a much slower pace than the winter sports public. Indeed, for many years, there was animosity between skiers and snowboarders, which led to an ongoing skier vs snowboarder feud.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-18) Early snowboards were banned from the slopes by park officials. For several years snowboarders would have to take a small skills assessment prior to being allowed to ride the chairlifts. It was thought that an unskilled snowboarder would wipe the snow off the mountain. In 1985, only seven percent of U.S. ski areas allowed snowboarding,[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-19) with a similar proportion in Europe.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-20) As equipment and skills improved, gradually snowboarding became more accepted. In 1990, most major ski areas had separate slopes for snowboarders. Now, approximately 97% of all ski areas in North America and Europe allow snowboarding, and more than half have jumps, rails and half pipes.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-21) In 2008, snowboarding had over 5 million participants, most aged between 18 and 24, with women comprising 25% of participants.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-USN080929-22) There were 8.2 million snowboarders in the US and Canada for the 2009–2010 season. There was a 10% increase over the previous season, accounting for more than 30% of all snow sports participants.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-23) ### Competitive history \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Competitive history")\] The first competitions to offer prize money were the National Snurfing Championship, held at Muskegon State Park in [Muskegon, Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan "Muskegon, Michigan").[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-24) In 1979, [Jake Burton Carpenter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Burton_Carpenter "Jake Burton Carpenter") came from Vermont to compete with a snowboard of his own design. There were protests about Jake entering with a non-snurfer board. Paul Graves, and others, advocated that Jake be allowed to race. A "modified" "Open" division was created and won by Jake as the sole entrant. That race was considered the first competition for snowboarding and is the start of what became competitive snowboarding. Ken Kampenga, John Asmussen and Jim Trim placed first, second and third respectively in the Standard competition with best two combined times of 24.71, 25.02 and 25.41; and Jake Carpenter won prize money as the sole entrant in the "open" division with a time of 26.35.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-25) In 1980 the event moved to Pando Winter Sports Park near [Grand Rapids, Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan "Grand Rapids, Michigan"), because of a lack of snow that year at the original venue.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-26)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-pando-27) In April 1981, the "King of the Mountain" Snowboard competition was held at [Ski Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_Cooper "Ski Cooper") in Colorado.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-28) Tom Sims along with an assortment of other snowboarders of the time were present.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-29) One entrant showed up on a homemade snowboard with a formica bottom that turned out to not slide so well on the snow. In 1982, the first USA National Snowboard race was held near [Woodstock, Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock,_Vermont "Woodstock, Vermont"), at [Suicide Six](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_Six "Suicide Six"). The race, organized by Graves, was won by Burton's first team rider Doug Bouton.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-SBH-30) In 1983, the first World Championship [halfpipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfpipe "Halfpipe") competition was held at [Soda Springs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda_Springs,_Nevada_County,_California "Soda Springs, Nevada County, California"), California. [Tom Sims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sims "Tom Sims"), founder of Sims Snowboards, organized the event with the help of Mike Chantry, a snowboard instructor at Soda Springs.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-Transworld_article-31) In 1985, the first World Cup was held in [Zürs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrs "Zürs"), Austria,[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-32) further cementing snowboarding's recognition as an official international competitive sport. In 1990, the [International Snowboard Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Snowboard_Federation "International Snowboard Federation") (ISF) was founded to provide universal contest regulations.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-33) In addition, the United States of America Snowboard Association (USASA) provides instructing guidelines and runs snowboard competitions in the U.S. today, high-profile snowboarding events like the [Winter X Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_X_Games "Winter X Games"), [Air & Style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_%26_Style "Air & Style"), US Open, Olympic Games and other events are broadcast worldwide. Many alpine resorts have [terrain parks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrain_park "Terrain park"). At the [1998 Winter Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympic_Games "1998 Winter Olympic Games") in Nagano, Japan, Snowboarding became an official Olympic event.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-34) France's [Karine Ruby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karine_Ruby "Karine Ruby") was the first to win an Olympic gold medal for Woman's Snowboarding,[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-35) while Canadian [Ross Rebagliati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Rebagliati "Ross Rebagliati") was the first for Men's Snowboarding.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-36) On 2 May 2012, the [International Paralympic Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee "International Paralympic Committee") announced that adaptive snowboarding (dubbed "para-snowboarding") would debut as a men's and women's medal event in the 2014 Paralympic Winter Games taking place in Sochi, Russia.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-37) ## Styles \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Styles")\] Since snowboarding's inception as an established winter sport, it has developed various styles, each with its own specialized equipment and technique. The most common styles today are: freeride, freestyle, and freecarve/race. These styles are used for both recreational and professional snowboarding. While each style is unique, there is overlap between them. ### Jibbing \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Jibbing")\] Main article: [Jibbing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibbing "Jibbing") "Jibbing" is the term for technical riding on non-standard surfaces. The word "jib" is both a noun and a verb, depending on the usage of the word. As a noun: a jib includes metal rails, boxes, benches, concrete ledges, walls, vehicles, rocks and logs. As a verb: to jib is referring to the action of jumping, sliding, or riding on top of objects other than snow.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-38) It is directly influenced by grinding a skateboard. Jibbing is a freestyle snowboarding technique of riding. Typically jibbing occurs in a snowboard resort park but can also be done in urban environments. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Snowboarding_in_Hippach%2C_Austria.jpg/250px-Snowboarding_in_Hippach%2C_Austria.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowboarding_in_Hippach,_Austria.jpg) Freeriding snowboarding ### Freeriding \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Freeriding")\] Main article: [Freeriding (winter sport)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeriding_$winter_sport$ "Freeriding (winter sport)") Freeriding is a style without a set of governing rules or set course, typically on natural, un-groomed terrain. The basic allows for various snowboarding styles in a fluid motion and spontaneity through naturally rugged terrain. It can be like freestyle with the exception that no man-made features are utilized. See also [Backcountry snowboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backcountry_snowboarding "Backcountry snowboarding"). [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Snowboarding1.jpg/250px-Snowboarding1.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowboarding1.jpg) Freestyle snowboarding ### Freestyle \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Freestyle")\] Freestyle snowboarding is any riding that includes performing tricks. In freestyle, the rider utilizes natural and man-made features such as rails, jumps, boxes, and innumerable others to perform tricks. It is a popular all-inclusive concept that distinguishes the creative aspects of snowboarding, in contrast to a style like alpine snowboarding. ### Alpine snowboarding \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Alpine snowboarding")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Alpine_boarder.JPG/250px-Alpine_boarder.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alpine_boarder.JPG) An Alpine snowboarder executes a heel-side [carved turn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carved_turn "Carved turn"), the typical style in alpine snowboarding. Video of a snowboarder practicing carving on a hard slope, equipped with a boardercross board and hard boots. Alpine snowboarding is a discipline within the sport of snowboarding. It is practiced on [groomed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_grooming "Snow grooming") [pistes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piste "Piste"). It has been an Olympic event since [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the 1998 Winter Olympics"). [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/UTAH_Snowboarding_2001.jpg/250px-UTAH_Snowboarding_2001.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UTAH_Snowboarding_2001.jpg) Freestyle snowboarder Matty Shaffer performs a 50-50 on a handrail while filming for a movie in Utah. Sometimes called freecarving or hardbooting (due to the equipment used), this discipline usually takes place on hard packed snow or groomed runs (although it can be practiced in any and all conditions) and focuses on carving linked turns, much like surfing or longboarding. Little or no jumping takes place in this discipline. Alpine Snowboarding consists of a small portion of the general snowboard population, that has a well connected social community and its own specific board manufacturers, most situated in Europe. Alpine Snowboard equipment includes a ski-like hardshell boot and plate binding system with a true directional snowboard that is stiffer and narrower to manage linking turns with greater forces and speed.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-39) Shaped skis can thank these "freecarve" snowboards for the cutting-edge technology leading to their creation.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-bomberonline-40) A skilled alpine snowboarder can link numerous turns into a run placing their body very close to the ground each turn, similar to a motocross turn or waterski carve. Depending on factors including stiffness, turning radius and personality this can be done slowly or fast. Carvers make perfect half-circles out of each turn, changing edges when the snowboard is perpendicular to the fall line and starting every turn on the downhill edge. Carving on a snowboard is like riding a roller coaster, because the board will lock into a turn radius and provide what feels like multiple Gs of acceleration.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-41) Alpine snowboarding shares more visual similarities with skiing equipment than it does with snowboarding equipment.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-help-42) Compared to freestyle snowboarding gear:[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-43) - Boards are narrower, longer, and stiffer to improve [carving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carve_turn#Snowboarding "Carve turn") performance - [Boots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_boot "Ski boot") are made from a hard plastic shell, making it flex differently from a regular snowboard boot and is designed differently to ski boots although they look similar. - [Bindings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_binding "Ski binding") have a bail or step-in design and are sometimes placed on suspension plates to provide a layer of isolation between an alpine snowboarder and the board, to decrease the level of vibrations felt by the rider, creating a better overall experience when carving, and to give extra weight to the board among other uses. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Snowboarder_in_flight_%28Tannheim%2C_Austria%29.jpg/250px-Snowboarder_in_flight_%28Tannheim%2C_Austria%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowboarder_in_flight_$Tannheim,_Austria$.jpg) Snowboarder in [Tannheim, Tyrol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannheim,_Tyrol "Tannheim, Tyrol"), Austria ### Slopestyle \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Slopestyle")\] Main article: [Slopestyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slopestyle "Slopestyle") Competitors perform tricks while descending a course, moving around, over, across, up, or down terrain features. The course is full of obstacles including boxes, rails, jumps, jibs, or anything else the board or rider can slide across. Slopestyle is a judged event and winning a Slopestyle contest usually comes from successfully executing the most difficult line in the terrain park while having a smooth flowing line of difficult, mistake-free tricks performed on the obstacles. However, overall impression and style can play a factor in winning a Slopestyle contest and the rider who lands the hardest tricks will not always win over the rider who lands easier tricks on more difficult paths. ### Big air \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Big air")\] Main article: [Big air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_air "Big air") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Big_air_Qu%C3%A9bec_2011.jpg/250px-Big_air_Qu%C3%A9bec_2011.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big_air_Qu%C3%A9bec_2011.jpg) [Sebastien Toutant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastien_Toutant "Sebastien Toutant") at the downtown Québec big air competition Big air competitions are contests where riders perform tricks after launching off a man-made jump built specifically for the event.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-44) Competitors perform tricks in the air, aiming to attain sizable height and distance, all while securing a clean landing. Many competitions also require the rider to do a complex trick. Not all competitions call for a trick to win the gold; some intermittent competitions are based solely on height and distance of the launch of the snowboarder. Some competitions also require the rider to do a specific trick to win the major prize.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-45) One of the first snowboard competitions where Travis Rice attempted and landed a "double back flip backside 180" took place at the 2006 Red Bull Gap Session.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-46) ### Half-pipe \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Half-pipe")\] Main article: [Half-pipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-pipe "Half-pipe") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Snowboarder_in_halfpipe.jpg/250px-Snowboarder_in_halfpipe.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowboarder_in_halfpipe.jpg) Snowboarder in the [halfpipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfpipe "Halfpipe") The half-pipe is a semi-circular ditch dug into the mountain or purpose-built ramp made up of snow, with walls between 8 and 23 feet (7.0 m). Competitors perform tricks while going from one side to the other and while in the air above the sides of the pipe. ### Snowboard cross \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Snowboard cross")\] Main article: [Snowboard cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard_cross "Snowboard cross") Snowboard cross, also known as "boardercross", "boarder X", or "snowboard X", and commonly abbreviated as "SBX", or just "BX", is a snowboarding discipline consisting of several (typically 4 to 6) riders racing head-to-head down a course with jumps, berms and other obstacles constructed out of snow. Snowboard cross began in the 1980s, earning its place as an official Winter Olympic event in the 2006 Turin games. Unlike other snowboard racing disciplines such as parallel giant slalom, competitors race on a single course together. ### Snowboard racing \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Snowboard racing")\] Main article: [Snowboard racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard_racing "Snowboard racing") In snowboard racing, riders must complete a downhill course constructed of a series of turning color indicators (gates) placed in the snow at prescribed distances apart. A gate consists of a tall pole and a short pole, connected by a triangular panel. The racer must pass around the short side of the gate, passing the long side of the gate doesn't count. There are 3 main formats used in snowboard racing including single person, parallel courses or multiple people on the course at the same time (SBX). ## Competitions \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: Competitions")\] Main articles: [FIS Snowboard World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Snowboard_World_Cup "FIS Snowboard World Cup") and [FIS Snowboard World Championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Snowboard_World_Championships "FIS Snowboard World Championships") Snowboarding contests are held throughout the world and range from grassroots competitions to professional events contested worldwide. [![2016 Winter X Games in Aspen, Colorado](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Winter_X_Games_%284309318283%29.jpg/250px-Winter_X_Games_%284309318283%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winter_X_Games_$4309318283$.jpg) 2016 Winter X Games in Aspen, Colorado Some of the larger snowboarding contests include: the European [Air & Style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_%26_Style "Air & Style"), the Japanese [X-Trail Jam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Trail_Jam "X-Trail Jam"), Burton Global Open Series, [Shakedown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakedown_$Snowboard_Games$ "Shakedown (Snowboard Games)"), [FIS World Championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Snowboard_World_Championships "FIS Snowboard World Championships"), the annual [FIS World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Snowboard_World_Cup "FIS Snowboard World Cup"), the [Winter X Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_X_Games "Winter X Games"), [Freeride World Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeride_World_Tour "Freeride World Tour") and the [Winter Dew Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Dew_Tour "Winter Dew Tour"). [Snowboarding has been a Winter Olympic sport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics") since [1998 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics "1998 Winter Olympics") in Japan. Since its inauguration, Olympic snowboarding has seen many additions and removals of events. During the [2018 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics "2018 Winter Olympics"), snowboarding events contested included big air, halfpipe, parallel giant slalom, slopestyle and snowboard cross. [Snowboarder Magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarder_Magazine "Snowboarder Magazine")'s Superpark[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-47) event was created in 1996. Over 150 of the World's top pros are invited to advance freestyle snowboarding on the most progressive terrain parks.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-48) Part of the snowboarding approach is to ensure maximum fun, friendship and event quality. Reflecting this perspective of snowboarding, there are "Anti Contests" which are an important part of its identity.\[[according to whom?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch")\] These include the Holy Oly Revival at [The Summit at Snoqualmie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Summit_at_Snoqualmie "The Summit at Snoqualmie"), The Nate Chute Hawaiian Classic at Whitefish, the original anti-contest, the World Quarterpipe Championships and the Grenade Games.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-49) The United States of America Snowboarding and Freeski Association (USASA), the first governing body for grassroots snowboarding,[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-50) runs 30 regional series and national championships in the US.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-51) ## Subculture \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: Subculture")\] Snowboarding subculture originated as the sport was rejected in ski resorts.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-52) Both the skiing and snowboarding cultures contrasted with each other in language, behavior, and dress. Snowboarding subculture was frequently associated with a rebellious or outsider identity and incorporated elements of both urban and suburban cultures.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-Heino,_Rebecca_20002-53) In recent decades, snowboarding has expanded into a diverse international participant base. Skiers and snowboarders have increasingly shared slopes and facilities. As of 2026, three resorts which do not allow snowboarding in North America: [Alta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Ski_Area "Alta Ski Area"), [Deer Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_Valley "Deer Valley"), and [Mad River Glen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_River_Glen "Mad River Glen"). ## Common injuries \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: Common injuries")\] The most common type of injury for snowboarders is injury to the upper body. Some injuries that are seen are "wrist injuries, shoulder soft tissue injuries, ankle injuries, concussions, and clavicle fractures".[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-:1-54) Some major injuries that occur during snowboarding are head, and spinal injuries, "the main cause of spinal fractures in snowboarders was jump landing failure and compression type fractures occur in about 80% of snowboarders with vertebral fractures because they frequently fall backwards, and this can cause axial loading and anterior compression fractures".[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-:02-55) Injuries also differ between professional and recreational snowboarding. ### Professional \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: Professional")\] Among professional snowboarders, injuries to the lower half, specifically the knee joint, are more likely to occur. When injured, snowboarders are twice as likely to get a fracture as skiers. Injuries to the upper body are much less common among professional snowboarders. Most of the professionals and elite snowboarders frequently sustain injuries when trying to execute challenging tricks at high speeds and with increased levels of force to the lower limbs.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-56) ### Recreational \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=20 "Edit section: Recreational")\] In recreational snowboarding, wrist injuries are more likely to occur. Most injuries to snowboarders occurred more often while they were traveling at reckless speed on moderate slopes.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-:3-57) Another way injuries happen is because they try sticking with someone that is a higher skill level, which they are not capable of handling because of the lack of skill they possess. ## Safety and precautions \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=21 "Edit section: Safety and precautions")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Snowboard_gloves_with_integrated_wrist_protection.jpg/250px-Snowboard_gloves_with_integrated_wrist_protection.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowboard_gloves_with_integrated_wrist_protection.jpg) Gloves with an integrated plastic element, seen left partially pulled out, as a [wrist guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrist_guard "Wrist guard"). The element is pressed tightly to the wrist with a wide, all-around [velcro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook-and-loop_fastener "Hook-and-loop fastener")\-fastened strap, which can be seen in loose state on the left and tightened on the right glove. This stabilizes the wrist and thus avoids its damage when falling onto the hands. Like some other winter sports, snowboarding comes with a certain level of risk.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-58) ### Risk \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=22 "Edit section: Risk")\] The average snowboarder is a male in their early twenties, and there are three times as many men as there are women in the sport. Snowboarders have a 2.4 times greater risk of fractures than skiers, particularly in the upper extremities. Conversely, snowboarders have a lower risk of knee injuries than skiers.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-59) The injury rate for snowboarding is about four to six per thousand persons per day, which is around double the injury rate for alpine skiing.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-60) Injuries are more likely amongst beginners, especially those who do not take lessons with professional instructors. A quarter of all injuries occur to first-time riders and half of all injuries occur to those with less than a year of experience. Experienced riders are less likely to suffer injury, but the injuries that do occur tend to be more severe.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull555-61) Two-thirds of injuries occur to the upper body and one-third to the lower body. This contrasts with alpine skiing, where two-thirds of injuries are to the lower body. The most common types of injuries are sprains, which account for around 40% of injuries.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-62) The most common point of injury is the wrists – 40% of all snowboard injuries are to the wrists and 24% of all snowboard injuries are wrist fractures.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull555-61) There are around 100,000 wrist fractures worldwide among snowboarders each year.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-63) ### Protective equipment \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=23 "Edit section: Protective equipment")\] The risk of head injury is two to six times greater for snowboarders than for skiers and injuries follow the pattern of being rarer, but more severe, with experienced riders. Head injuries can occur both because of a collision and when failing to carry out a heel-side turn. The latter can result in the rider landing on their back and slamming the back of their head onto the ground, resulting in an occipital head injury.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull557-64) For this reason, helmets are widely recommended. Protective eyewear is also recommended as eye injury can be caused by impact and [snow blindness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_blindness "Snow blindness") can be a result of exposure to strong ultra-violet light in snow-covered areas. The wearing of ultra-violet-absorbing goggles is recommended even on hazy or cloudy days as ultra-violet light can penetrate clouds.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-65) Snowboarding boots should be well-fitted, with toes snug in the end of the boot when standing upright and slightly away from the end when in the snowboarding position.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-66) Padding or "armor" is recommended on other body parts such as hips, knees, spine, and shoulders. To further help avoid injury to body parts, especially knees, it is recommended to use the right technique. To acquire the right technique, one should be taught by a qualified instructor. Also, when snowboarding alone, precaution should be taken to avoid [tree wells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_well "Tree well"), a particularly dangerous area of loose snow that may form at the base of trees. The use of [wrist guards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrist_guard "Wrist guard"), either separate or built into gloves, is very strongly recommended. They are often compulsory in beginner's classes and their use reduces the likelihood of wrist injury by half.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-67) In addition it is important for snow boarders to learn how to fall without stopping the fall with their hand by trying to "push" the slope away, as landing a wrist which is bent at a 90-degree angle increase the chance of it breaking. Rather, landing with the arms stretched out (like a wing) and slapping the slope with the entire arm is an effective way to break a fall. This is the method used by practitioners of judo and other martial arts to break a fall when they are thrown against the floor by a training partner. ### Bindings \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=24 "Edit section: Bindings")\] Unlike ski bindings, snowboard bindings are not designed to release automatically in a fall. The mechanical support provided by the feet being locked to the board has the effect of reducing the likelihood of knee injury – 15% of snowboard injuries are to the knee, compared with 45% of all skiing injuries. Such injuries are typically to the knee ligaments, bone fractures are rare.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull555-61) Fractures to the lower leg are also rare but 20% of injuries are to the foot and ankle. Fractures of the [talus bone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talus_bone "Talus bone") are rare in other sports but account for 2% of snowboard injuries – a lateral process talus fracture is sometimes called "snowboarder's ankle" by medical staff. This injury results in persistent lateral pain in the affected ankle yet is difficult to spot in a plain X-ray image. It may be misdiagnosed as just a sprain, with possibly serious consequences as not treating the fracture can result in serious long-term damage to the ankle.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull555-61) The use of portable ultrasound for mountainside diagnostics has been reviewed and appears to be a plausible tool for diagnosing some of the common injuries associated with the sport.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-Nowak2009-68) ### Maintenance \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=25 "Edit section: Maintenance")\] Four to eight percent of snowboarding injuries take place while the person is waiting in ski-lift lines or entering and exiting ski lifts. Snowboarders push themselves forward with a free foot while in the ski-lift line, leaving the other foot (usually that of the lead leg) locked on the board at a 9–27 degree angle, placing a large torque force on this leg and predisposing the person to knee injury if a fall occurs.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-69)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-70) [Snowboard binding rotating devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard_binding_rotating_device "Snowboard binding rotating device") are designed to minimize the torque force, [Quick Stance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_Stance "Quick Stance")[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-71) being the first developed in 1995.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-72) They allow snowboarders to turn the locked foot straight into the direction of the tip of the snowboard without removing the boot from the boot binding. ### Precautions \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=26 "Edit section: Precautions")\] Avalanches are a clear danger when on snowy mountain slopes.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-73)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-74) Some care is also required when waxing a board as [fluorocarbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorocarbon "Fluorocarbon") waxes emit toxic fumes when overheated. Waxing is best performed in a ventilated area with care being taken to use the wax at the correct temperature – the wax should be melted but not smoking or smoldering.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull557-64) ## Terminology \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=27 "Edit section: Terminology")\] ### Stances \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=28 "Edit section: Stances")\] The way in which a snowboarder normally rides most on their snowboard as determined by the placement of their feet and direction of travel.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-75) Goofy Stance The stance of a snowboarder that normally rides with their right foot first. Regular Stance The stance of a snowboarder that normally rides with their left foot first. Switch Stance The opposite stance of what a snowboarder normally rides. ### Parts of a snowboard \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=29 "Edit section: Parts of a snowboard")\] Binding The portion of the board that attaches the riders' feet to the snowboard. Heel Edge The edge of the snowboard that the riders' heels rest on. Toe Edge The edge that the riders' toes rest on Nose Edge The forward edge of the snowboard. Tail Edge The trailing edge of the snowboard. ### Rotations \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=30 "Edit section: Rotations")\] Backside Rotation A flat rotation in which the back of the person's body is the first to intersect with the direction of travel; after 90 degrees of rotation, the person's back will be facing the direction of travel. Frontside Rotation A flat rotation in which the front of the person's body is the first to intersect with the direction of travel; after 90 degrees of rotation, the person's front will be facing the direction of travel. ### Flips \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=31 "Edit section: Flips")\] Back Flip A backwards somersault over the heel edge of the board. Front Flip A forwards somersault (i.e. face first) over the toe edge of the board. Tamedog A cartwheel over the nose edge of the board. Wildcat A cartwheel over the tail edge of the board. ### Off-axis rotations \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=32 "Edit section: Off-axis rotations")\] Off-Axis rotations combine flips and rotations; the naming convention is to first describe the horizontal rotation, followed by the number of off-axis rotations, terminated by the degree of total rotation (i.e. Backside Triple-Cork 1440). Cork A rotation in which the snowboard leads through the air in the direction of travel. Rodeo A rotation in which the person's head leads through the air in the direction of travel. ## Notable people \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=33 "Edit section: Notable people")\] See also: [List of Olympic medalists in snowboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_snowboarding "List of Olympic medalists in snowboarding") - [Eva Adamczyková](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Adamczykov%C3%A1 "Eva Adamczyková") (born 1993), Czech snowboarder - [Jamie Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Anderson_$snowboarder$ "Jamie Anderson (snowboarder)") (born 1990), American snowboarder - [Jasey-Jay Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasey-Jay_Anderson "Jasey-Jay Anderson") (born 1975), Canadian snowboarder - [Josie Baff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josie_Baff "Josie Baff") (born 2003), Australian snowboarder - [Nick Baumgartner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Baumgartner "Nick Baumgartner") (born 1981), American snowboarder - [Torah Bright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah_Bright "Torah Bright") (born 1986), Australian snowboarder - [Callan Chythlook-Sifsof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callan_Chythlook-Sifsof "Callan Chythlook-Sifsof") (born 1989), American snowboarder - [Kelly Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Clark "Kelly Clark") (born 1983), American snowboarder - [Julia Dujmovits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Dujmovits "Julia Dujmovits") (born 1987), Austrian snowboarder - [Rosey Fletcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosey_Fletcher "Rosey Fletcher") (born 1975), American snowboarder - [Peter Foley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Foley_$snowboarding$ "Peter Foley (snowboarding)") (born 1965 or 1966), American former snowboarding coach; suspended for 10 years for sexual misconduct - [Anna Gasser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Gasser "Anna Gasser") (born 1991), Austrian snowboarder - [Red Gerard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Gerard "Red Gerard") (born 2000), American snowboarder - [Alessandro Hämmerle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_H%C3%A4mmerle "Alessandro Hämmerle") (born 1993), Austrian snowboarder - [Ayumu Hirano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumu_Hirano "Ayumu Hirano") (born 1998), Japanese snowboarder - [Lindsey Jacobellis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey_Jacobellis "Lindsey Jacobellis") (born 1985), American snowboarder - [Scotty James](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotty_James "Scotty James") (born 1994), Australian snowboarder - [Benjamin Karl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Karl "Benjamin Karl") (born 1985), Austrian snowboarder - [Craig Kelly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Kelly_$snowboarder$ "Craig Kelly (snowboarder)") (born 1966), American snowboarder - [Chloe Kim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloe_Kim "Chloe Kim") (born 2000), American snowboarder - [Ester Ledecká](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_Ledeck%C3%A1 "Ester Ledecká") (born 1995), Czech snowboarder and skier - [Michela Moioli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michela_Moioli "Michela Moioli") (born 1995), Italian snowboarder - [Max Parrot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Parrot "Max Parrot") (born 1994), Canadian snowboarder - [Iouri Podladtchikov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iouri_Podladtchikov "Iouri Podladtchikov") (born 1988), Swiss-Russian snowboarder - [Travis Rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Rice "Travis Rice") (born 1982), American snowboarder - [Maëlle Ricker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%ABlle_Ricker "Maëlle Ricker") (born 1978), Canadian snowboarder - [Zoi Sadowski-Synnott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoi_Sadowski-Synnott "Zoi Sadowski-Synnott") (born 2001), New Zealand snowboarder - [Hannah Teter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Teter "Hannah Teter") (born 1987), American snowboarder - [Sébastien Toutant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Toutant "Sébastien Toutant") (born 1992), Canadian snowboarder - [Pierre Vaultier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Vaultier "Pierre Vaultier") (born 1987), French snowboarder - [Ryan Wedding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Wedding "Ryan Wedding") (born 1981), Canadian snowboarder and alleged international drug trafficker - [Seth Wescott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Wescott "Seth Wescott") (born 1976), American snowboarder - [Shaun White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_White "Shaun White") (born 1986), American snowboarder and skateboarder - [Su Yiming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Yiming "Su Yiming") (born 2004), Chinese snowboarder ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=34 "Edit section: See also")\] - [American Association of Snowboard Instructors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Snowboard_Instructors "American Association of Snowboard Instructors") - [Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_skiing_and_snowboarding_terms "Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms") - [Lazboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazboard "Lazboard") - [Sandboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandboarding "Sandboarding") - [Skiboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiboarding "Skiboarding") ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=35 "Edit section: References")\] 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-1) Sisjord, Mari Kristin (December 1, 2013). ["Women's snowboarding – some experiences and perceptions of competition"](https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2012.685334). Leisure Studies. 32 (5): 507–523\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/02614367.2012.685334](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02614367.2012.685334). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_$identifier$ "Hdl (identifier)"):[11250/218904](https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F218904). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-4367](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-4367). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [144101427](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144101427). 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-2) Carrelli, Simon (June 29, 2023). ["History of Snowboarding"](https://alpinefleet.com/history-of-snowboarding/). Alpine Fleet. Retrieved March 3, 2026. 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-3) ["Muskegon Area Sports Hall of Fame – History of the Snurfer, Snurfing and the sport of Snowboarding – 1968"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180818041324/http://www.mashf.com/snurfing%201968.htm). www.mashf.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.mashf.com/snurfing%201968.htm) on August 18, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2017. 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-4) Chamber, Creation. ["SIMS Snowboards History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200101200140/https://www.simsnow.com/company/history). www.simsnow.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.simsnow.com/company/history) on January 1, 2020. Retrieved September 20, 2017. 5. 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Archived from [the original](https://www1.cfnc.org/Plan/For_A_Career/Career_Cluster_Profile/Cluster_Article.aspx?articleId=4Fxb8BMXAP2FPAXvbAuMO0VRHebswXAP3DPAXXAP3DPAX&cId=yJF7dgNzUI6xZl0h6IInegXAP3DPAXXAP3DPAX&sectionId=1) on July 3, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2018. 20. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-20) ["Archived copy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160308101114/http://americanenglish.state.gov/files/ae/resource_files/10-48-1-f.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](https://americanenglish.state.gov/files/ae/resource_files/10-48-1-f.pdf) (PDF) on March 8, 2016. `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title "Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title")) 21. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-21) ["Snowboard"](https://www.awsa.org.uk/disciplines/snowboard/). Army Winter Sports Association. Retrieved March 2, 2026. 22. 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[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-47) [Snowboardermag.com](http://snowboardermag.com/superpark) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110623213019/http://snowboardermag.com/superpark) June 23, 2011, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") 48. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-48) [Snowboarder-community.com](http://www.snowboarder-community.com/profiles/blogs/snowboardings-elite-swarm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100430172744/http://www.snowboarder-community.com/profiles/blogs/snowboardings-elite-swarm) April 30, 2010, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") 49. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-49) ["The Anti Contests"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090828034622/http://www.yobeat.com/2009/02/the-anti-contests/). Yobeat.com. February 5, 2009. 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Retrieved February 17, 2014. `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service")) 59. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-59) Bladin, Christopher; McCrory, Paul (May 1, 1995). ["Snowboarding Injuries"](https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199519050-00005). Sports Medicine. 19 (5): 358–364\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2165/00007256-199519050-00005](https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00007256-199519050-00005). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [1179-2035](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1179-2035). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [7618012](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7618012). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [9918887](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9918887). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240201220856/https://link.springer.com/article/10.2165/00007256-199519050-00005) from the original on February 1, 2024. Retrieved December 5, 2022. 60. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-60) Roberts, William O. (February 2004). Bull's Handbook of Sports Injuries. McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 550. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-07-140291-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-140291-8 "Special:BookSources/0-07-140291-8") . 61. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-bull555_61-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-bull555_61-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-bull555_61-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-bull555_61-3) Roberts, William O. (February 2004). Bull's Handbook of Sports Injuries. McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 555. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-07-140291-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-140291-8 "Special:BookSources/0-07-140291-8") . 62. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-62)* Bladin, C.; McCrory, P. (1995). "Snowboarding Injuries – An Overview". Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 19 (5). Sports-Med: 358–64\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2165/00007256-199519050-00005](https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00007256-199519050-00005). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0112-1642](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0112-1642). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [7618012](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7618012). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [9918887](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9918887). 63. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-63) ["Snowboarding Injuries – Wrist Fractures"](http://www.abc-of-snowboarding.com/info/wrist-fractures.asp). Abc-of-snowboarding.com. Retrieved February 17, 2014. `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service")) 64. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-bull557_64-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-bull557_64-1) Roberts, William O. (February 2004). Bull's Handbook of Sports Injuries. McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 557. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-07-140291-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-140291-8 "Special:BookSources/0-07-140291-8") . 65. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-65)* Kim, Suezie; Endres, Nathan K; Johnson, Robert; Ettlinger, Carl; Shealy, Jasper (April 2012). "Snowboarding injuries: trends over time and comparisons with alpine skiing injuries". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 40 (4): 770–776\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1177/0363546511433279](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0363546511433279). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [22268231](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22268231). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [9892333](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9892333). 66. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-66) ["Best Way to Choose Right Snowboard Bindings"](https://web.archive.org/web/20171026052555/http://extremepedia.com/how-to-choose-snowboard-bindings/). Extremepedia. October 27, 2015. Archived from [the original](https://extremepedia.com/how-to-choose-snowboard-bindings/) on October 26, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018. 67. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-67) Roberts, William O. (February 2004). Bull's Handbook of Sports Injuries. McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 556. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-07-140291-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-140291-8 "Special:BookSources/0-07-140291-8") . 68. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-Nowak2009_68-0) Nowak, M. R.; Kirkpatrick, A. W.; Bouffard, J. A.; Amponsah, D.; Dulchavsky, S. A. (March 2009). ["Snowboarding injuries: a review of the literature and an analysis of the potential use of portable ultrasound for mountainside diagnostics"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2684950). Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2 (1): 25–9\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1007/s12178-008-9040-5](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12178-008-9040-5). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_$identifier$ "PMC (identifier)") [2684950](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2684950). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [19468915](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19468915). 69. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-69) Davidson TM, Laliotis AT (1996) Snowboarding injuries, a four-year study with comparison with alpine ski injuries. West J Med; p.231 70. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-70) Callé SC, Evans JT. (1995) Snowboarding trauma. J Pediatr Surg; p.791 71. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-71) ["Quick Stance Website"](http://www.quickstance.com/). Quickstance.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201202002129/https://quickstance.com/) from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2014. 72. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-72) ["United States Patent: 1995"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200102020901/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN/5876045). Patft.uspto.gov. Archived from [the original](http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F5876045) on January 2, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2014. 73. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-73) ["Snowboarding Safety – Avalanche Awareness"](http://www.abc-of-snowboarding.com/avalancheawareness.asp). Abc-of-snowboarding.com. Retrieved February 17, 2014. `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service")) 74. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-74) ["Ski Safety – First Aid for Snowboarding & Skiing"](http://www.abc-of-snowboarding.com/firstaid/). Abc-of-snowboarding.com. Retrieved February 17, 2014. `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service")) 75. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_ref-75) ["Snowboarding 101: Glossary"](https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/snowboarding-101-glossary). [NBC Universal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Universal "NBC Universal"). 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231215200413/https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/snowboarding-101-glossary) from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved December 15, 2023. ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=36 "Edit section: External links")\] Snowboarding at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects "Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects") - [![Wiktionary logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg)[Definitions](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Snowboarding "wikt:Special:Search/Snowboarding") from Wiktionary - [![Wikimedia Commons logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)[Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Snowboarding "c:Category:Snowboarding") from Commons - [![Wikinews logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg)[News](https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Snowboarding "n:Special:Search/Snowboarding") from Wikinews - ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png)[Quotations](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Snowboarding "q:Special:Search/Snowboarding") from Wikiquote - [![Wikisource logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg)[Texts](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Snowboarding "s:Special:Search/Snowboarding") from Wikisource - [![Wikibooks logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg)[Textbooks](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Snowboarding "b:Special:Search/Snowboarding") from Wikibooks - [![Wikiversity logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg)[Resources](https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Snowboarding "v:Special:Search/Snowboarding") from Wikiversity - [PSIA-AASI Website](https://www.thesnowpros.org/) \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Winter_Olympic_sports "Template:Winter Olympic sports") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Winter_Olympic_sports "Template talk:Winter Olympic sports") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winter_Olympic_sports "Special:EditPage/Template:Winter Olympic sports")[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/40px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg) [Winter Olympic sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_sports "Winter Olympic sports") \| \|---\| \| [Biathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon "Biathlon") [Bobsleigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh "Bobsleigh") [skeleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_$sport$ "Skeleton (sport)") [Curling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling "Curling") [Ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey "Ice hockey") [Luge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge "Luge") [Skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_skating "Ice skating") [figure skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating "Figure skating") [short-track](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-track_speed_skating "Short-track speed skating") [long-track](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-track_speed_skating "Long-track speed skating") [Skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiing "Skiing") [alpine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing "Alpine skiing") [cross-country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_$sport$ "Cross-country skiing (sport)") [freestyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing "Freestyle skiing") [Nordic combined](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined "Nordic combined") [ski jumping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping "Ski jumping") [snowboarding]() [Ski mountaineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_mountaineering "Ski mountaineering") \| \| See also: [Paralympic sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic_sports "Paralympic sports") and [Summer Olympic sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_sports "Summer Olympic sports") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Racing "Template:Racing") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Racing "Template talk:Racing") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racing "Special:EditPage/Template:Racing")[Racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing "Racing") \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| [Running](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running "Running") \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| [Track running](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field "Track and field") \| [Sprinting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_$running$ "Sprint (running)") [Middle-distance running](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-distance_running "Middle-distance running") [Long-distance running](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_running "Long-distance running") [Relay race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay_race "Relay race") [Hurdling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdling "Hurdling") [Steeplechase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeplechase_$athletics$ "Steeplechase (athletics)") \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg/120px-Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg) \| \| [Road running](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_running "Road running") \| [Half marathon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_marathon "Half marathon") [Marathon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon "Marathon") [Ultramarathon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramarathon "Ultramarathon") [Ekiden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiden "Ekiden") \| \| \| Off-road running \| [Cross country running](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_running "Cross country running") [Mountain running](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_running "Mountain running") [Fell running](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fell_running "Fell running") [Trail running](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail_running "Trail running") [Skyrunning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyrunning "Skyrunning") \| \| \| Other \| [Tower running](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_running "Tower running") [Racewalking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racewalking "Racewalking") [Backward running](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_running "Backward running") [Snowshoe running](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowshoe_running "Snowshoe running") [Parkour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkour "Parkour") \| \| \| [Orienteering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienteering "Orienteering") \| [Foot orienteering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_orienteering "Foot orienteering") [Mountain bike orienteering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_bike_orienteering "Mountain bike orienteering") [Ski orienteering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_orienteering "Ski orienteering") [Trail orienteering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail_orienteering "Trail orienteering") [Radio orienteering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio_direction_finding "Amateur radio direction finding") [Canoe orienteering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoe_orienteering "Canoe orienteering") [Rogaining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogaining "Rogaining") [Mountain marathon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_marathon "Mountain marathon") [Car orienteering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_orienteering "Car orienteering") \| \| \| [Bicycle racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_sport "Cycle sport") \| [Road bicycle racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing "Road bicycle racing") [Cyclo-cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross "Cyclo-cross") [Gravel racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel_racing "Gravel racing") [Mountain bike racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_bike_racing "Mountain bike racing") [Track cycling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_cycling "Track cycling") ([Keirin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keirin "Keirin")) [BMX racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMX_racing "BMX racing") [Cycle speedway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_speedway "Cycle speedway") \| \| \| [Animal racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals_in_sport "Animals in sport") \| [Camel racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_racing "Camel racing") [Greyhound racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_racing "Greyhound racing") [Horse racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing "Horse racing") [Pigeon racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon_racing "Pigeon racing") [Sled dog racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sled_dog_racing "Sled dog racing") \| \| \| [Swimming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_$sport$ "Swimming (sport)") \| [Open water swimming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_water_swimming "Open water swimming") [Marathon swimming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon_swimming "Marathon swimming") [Paralympic swimming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic_swimming "Paralympic swimming") \| \| \| [Climbing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_climbing "Rock climbing") \| [Speed climbing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_climbing "Speed climbing") \| \| \| [Motor racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorsport "Motorsport") \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| [Auto racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_racing "Auto racing") \| [Drag racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_racing "Drag racing") [Formula racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_racing "Formula racing") [Kart racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kart_racing "Kart racing") [Off-road racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-road_racing "Off-road racing") [Pickup truck racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickup_truck_racing "Pickup truck racing") [Sports car racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_car_racing "Sports car racing") [Stock car racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_car_racing "Stock car racing") [Touring car racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touring_car_racing "Touring car racing") [Truck racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_racing "Truck racing") \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg/120px-David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg) \| \| [Motorcycle racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_racing "Motorcycle racing") \| [Beach racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_racing "Beach racing") [Motocross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motocross "Motocross") [Motorcycle chariot racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_chariot_racing "Motorcycle chariot racing") [Rally raid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_raid "Rally raid") [Track racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_racing "Track racing") \| \| \| [Motorboat racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_racing#Motorboat_racing "Boat racing") \| [Drag boat racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_boat_racing "Drag boat racing") [Hydroplane racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroplane_racing "Hydroplane racing") [Jet sprint boat racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetsprint "Jetsprint") [Inshore powerboat racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inshore_powerboat_racing "Inshore powerboat racing") [Offshore powerboat racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_powerboat_racing "Offshore powerboat racing") \| \| \| Other \| [Air racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_racing "Air racing") [Radio-controlled car racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-controlled_car "Radio-controlled car") [Slot car racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slot_car_racing "Slot car racing") [Street racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_racing "Street racing") \| \| \| Board racing \| [Longboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longboarding "Longboarding") [Sandboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandboarding "Sandboarding") [Slalom skateboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_skateboarding "Slalom skateboarding") [Street luge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_luge "Street luge") \| \| \| Winter racing \| [Alpine skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing "Alpine skiing") [Cross-country skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_$sport$ "Cross-country skiing (sport)") [Snowboard cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard_cross "Snowboard cross") [Speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating "Speed skating") [Sledding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sledding "Sledding") \| \| \| Multi-sport racing \| [Adventure racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_racing "Adventure racing") [Triathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon "Triathlon") [Duathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duathlon "Duathlon") [Aquathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquathlon "Aquathlon") \| \| \| [List of forms of racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forms_of_racing "List of forms of racing") \| \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Extreme_sports "Template:Extreme sports") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Extreme_sports "Template talk:Extreme sports") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extreme_sports "Special:EditPage/Template:Extreme sports")[Extreme and adventure sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_sport "Extreme sport") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Boardsports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boardsport "Boardsport") \| [Bellyboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellyboarding "Bellyboarding") [Bodyboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodyboarding "Bodyboarding") [Dirtsurfing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirtsurfing "Dirtsurfing") [Kite landboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_landboarding "Kite landboarding") [Kiteboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiteboarding "Kiteboarding") [Longboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longboarding "Longboarding") [Mountainboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountainboarding "Mountainboarding") [Riverboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverboarding "Riverboarding") [Sandboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandboarding "Sandboarding") [Skateboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarding "Skateboarding") [Skimboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skimboarding "Skimboarding") [Skysurfing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skysurfing "Skysurfing") [Snowboarding]() [Snowskating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowskate "Snowskate") [Street luging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_luge "Street luge") [Surfing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfing "Surfing") [River surfing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_surfing "River surfing") [Wakeboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakeboarding "Wakeboarding") [Windsurfing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsurfing "Windsurfing") \| \| [Motorsports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorsport "Motorsport") \| [Drifting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drifting_$motorsport$ "Drifting (motorsport)") [Motocross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motocross "Motocross") [Rallycross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallycross "Rallycross") [Rallying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallying "Rallying") [Rally raid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_raid "Rally raid") [Snocross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snocross "Snocross") \| \| [Water sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_water_sports "List of water sports") \| [Coasteering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coasteering "Coasteering") [Freediving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freediving "Freediving") [High diving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_diving "High diving") [Jet Skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_watercraft "Personal watercraft") [Scuba diving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_diving "Scuba diving") [Cave diving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_diving "Cave diving") [Technical diving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_diving "Technical diving") [Snorkeling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snorkeling "Snorkeling") [Water skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_skiing "Water skiing") [Whitewater canoeing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewater_canoeing "Whitewater canoeing") [Whitewater kayaking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking "Whitewater kayaking") [Whitewater rafting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafting "Rafting") \| \| [Climbing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing "Climbing") \| [Canyoning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyoning "Canyoning") [Crane climbing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_climbing "Crane climbing") [Ice climbing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_climbing "Ice climbing") [Mixed climbing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_climbing "Mixed climbing") [Mountaineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering "Mountaineering") [Alpine climbing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_climbing "Alpine climbing") [Rock climbing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_climbing "Rock climbing") [Big wall climbing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_wall_climbing "Big wall climbing") [Free solo climbing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_solo_climbing "Free solo climbing") [Traditional climbing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_climbing "Traditional climbing") [Skyrunning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyrunning "Skyrunning") \| \| Falling \| [BASE jumping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASE_jumping "BASE jumping") [Free BASE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBASE_$climbing$ "FreeBASE (climbing)") [Ski-BASE jumping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski-BASE_jumping "Ski-BASE jumping") [Bungee jumping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungee_jumping "Bungee jumping") [Cliff-diving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_diving#Cliff_diving "High diving") [Cliff jumping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_jumping "Cliff jumping") [Tombstoning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombstoning "Tombstoning") [Parachuting/Skydiving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachuting "Parachuting") \| \| Flying \| [Aerobatics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobatics "Aerobatics") [Air racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_racing "Air racing") [Gliding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliding "Gliding") [Hang gliding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_gliding "Hang gliding") [Paragliding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragliding "Paragliding") [Powered paragliding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powered_paragliding "Powered paragliding") [Parasailing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasailing "Parasailing") [Speed flying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_flying "Speed flying") [Wingsuit flying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingsuit_flying "Wingsuit flying") \| \| Cycling \| [BMX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMX "BMX") [BMX racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMX_racing "BMX racing") [Freestyle BMX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_BMX "Freestyle BMX") [Mountain biking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_biking "Mountain biking") [Downhill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_mountain_biking "Downhill mountain biking") \| \| Rolling \| [Freestyle scootering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_scootering "Freestyle scootering") [Inline skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline_skating "Inline skating") [Aggressive inline skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggressive_inline_skating "Aggressive inline skating") [Vert skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vert_skating "Vert skating") [Roller skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_skating "Roller skating") \| \| Skiing \| [Extreme skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_skiing "Extreme skiing") [Freeriding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeriding_$winter_sport$ "Freeriding (winter sport)") [Freestyle skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing "Freestyle skiing") [Speed skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skiing "Speed skiing") [Ski mountaineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_mountaineering "Ski mountaineering") \| \| [Sledding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sledding "Sledding") \| [Bobsleigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh "Bobsleigh") [Luge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge "Luge") [Skeleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_$sport$ "Skeleton (sport)") \| \| Others \| [Adventure racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_racing "Adventure racing") [Caving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caving "Caving") [Cheese rolling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper%27s_Hill_Cheese-Rolling_and_Wake "Cooper's Hill Cheese-Rolling and Wake") [Extreme ironing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_ironing "Extreme ironing") [Extreme Pogo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_Pogo "Extreme Pogo") [Fell running](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fell_running "Fell running") [Obstacle racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstacle_racing "Obstacle racing") [Orienteering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienteering "Orienteering") [Powerbocking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumping_stilts "Jumping stilts") [Slacklining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slacklining "Slacklining") [Ultramarathon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramarathon "Ultramarathon") [Zip-lining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_line "Zip line") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Skiing_and_snowboarding "Template:Skiing and snowboarding") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Skiing_and_snowboarding "Template talk:Skiing and snowboarding") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Skiing_and_snowboarding "Special:EditPage/Template:Skiing and snowboarding")[Skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiing "Skiing") and [snowboarding]() \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [History of skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_skiing "History of skiing") [Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_skiing_and_snowboarding_terms "Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms") \| \| \| [Nordic skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_skiing "Nordic skiing") \| \| \| \| \| \| Competitive \| [Cross-country skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_$sport$ "Cross-country skiing (sport)") [Paralympic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic_cross-country_skiing "Paralympic cross-country skiing") [Ski jumping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping "Ski jumping") [Ski flying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_flying "Ski flying") [Nordic combined](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined "Nordic combined") \| \| Endurance \| [Ski marathon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_marathon "Ski marathon") [Ski orienteering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_orienteering "Ski orienteering") [Ski touring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_touring "Ski touring") \| \| Recreational \| [Cross-country skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing "Cross-country skiing") [Backcountry skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backcountry_skiing "Backcountry skiing") [Roller skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_skiing "Roller skiing") [Skijoring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skijoring "Skijoring") \| \| [Alpine skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing "Alpine skiing") \| \| \| \| \| \| Olympic disciplines \| [Slalom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_skiing "Slalom skiing") [Giant slalom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_slalom "Giant slalom") [Super-G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-G "Super-G") [Downhill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_$ski_competition$ "Downhill (ski competition)") [Combined](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_combined "Alpine skiing combined") \| \| Other disciplines \| [Extreme skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_skiing "Extreme skiing") [Glade skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glade_skiing "Glade skiing") [Heliskiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliskiing "Heliskiing") [Para-alpine skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-alpine_skiing "Para-alpine skiing") [Speed skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skiing "Speed skiing") \| \| Other skiing \| [Biathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon "Biathlon") [Indoor skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_skiing "Indoor skiing") [Night skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_skiing "Night skiing") [Ski archery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_competitive_archery#Ski_archery "Modern competitive archery") [Para biathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para_biathlon "Para biathlon") [Ski mountaineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_mountaineering "Ski mountaineering") [Telemark skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemark_skiing "Telemark skiing") \| \| [Freestyle skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing "Freestyle skiing") \| [Aerial skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_skiing "Aerial skiing") [Big air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_air "Big air") [Freeriding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeriding_$winter_sport$ "Freeriding (winter sport)") [Freeskiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeskiing "Freeskiing") [Half-pipe skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-pipe_skiing "Half-pipe skiing") [Mogul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogul_skiing "Mogul skiing") [Ski ballet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_ballet "Ski ballet") [Ski cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_cross "Ski cross") [Slopestyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slopestyle "Slopestyle") \| \| [Snowboarding]() \| [Alpine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_snowboarding "Alpine snowboarding") [Backcountry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backcountry_snowboarding "Backcountry snowboarding") [Big air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_air "Big air") [Freeriding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeriding_$winter_sport$ "Freeriding (winter sport)") [Freestyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_snowboarding "Freestyle snowboarding") [Half-pipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-pipe "Half-pipe") [Para snowboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para_snowboard "Para snowboard") [Slopestyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slopestyle "Slopestyle") [Snowboard cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard_cross "Snowboard cross") [Snowboard racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard_racing "Snowboard racing") \| \| Technique / learning \| [Carved turn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carved_turn "Carved turn") [Jump turn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_turn "Jump turn") [Parallel turn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_turn "Parallel turn") [Pivot turn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivot_turn_$skiing$ "Pivot turn (skiing)") [Snowplough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowplough_turn "Snowplough turn") [Stem christie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_christie "Stem christie") [Ski school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_school "Ski school") [Ski simulator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_simulator "Ski simulator") [Skate skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate_skiing "Skate skiing") \| \| Equipment \| [Bindings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_binding "Ski binding") [Boots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_boot "Ski boot") [Helmet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_helmet "Ski helmet") [Monoski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoski "Monoski") [Poles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_pole "Ski pole") [Skins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_skins "Ski skins") [Skis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski "Ski") [List of ski brands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ski_brands "List of ski brands") [Snowboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard "Snowboard") [Pulk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulk "Pulk") [Airboard (sled)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airboard_$sled$ "Airboard (sled)") [Bum slider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bum_slider "Bum slider") [Flexible Flyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_Flyer "Flexible Flyer") [Foam slider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foam_slider "Foam slider") [Saucer sled](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saucer_sled "Saucer sled") [Toboggan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toboggan "Toboggan") [Suit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_suit "Ski suit") [Wax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_wax "Ski wax") \| \| [Resort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_resort "Ski resort") amenities \| \| \| \| \| \| [Ski lifts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_lift "Ski lift") \| [Aerial tramway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_tramway "Aerial tramway") [Chairlift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairlift "Chairlift") [detachable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detachable_chairlift "Detachable chairlift") [Funicular](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funicular "Funicular") [Funifor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funifor "Funifor") [Funitel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funitel "Funitel") [Gondola lift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondola_lift "Gondola lift") 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Readable Markdown	\| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Snowboarding.jpg/250px-Snowboarding.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowboarding.jpg)A snowboarder making a turn in fresh snow \| \| \| First played \| 1979, [Muskegon, Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan "Muskegon, Michigan"), US \| \| Characteristics \| \| \| Type \| Outdoor \| \| Equipment \| [Snowboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard "Snowboard"), [bindings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard#Bindings "Snowboard"), [boots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard_boots "Snowboard boots"), [Helmet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_helmet "Ski helmet"), [Wrist Guards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrist_guard "Wrist guard"), [Goggles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_goggles "Ski goggles"), [Binding Rotating Device](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard_binding_rotating_device "Snowboard binding rotating device") \| \| Presence \| \| \| [Olympic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games "Olympic Games") \| Since [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the 1998 Winter Olympics") \| \| [Paralympic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic_Games "Paralympic Games") \| part of the [Alpine skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing "Alpine skiing") programme in [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2014_Winter_Paralympics "Alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Paralympics") Officially added in [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2018_Winter_Paralympics "Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Paralympics"). Part of [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2022_Winter_Paralympics "Snowboarding at the 2022 Winter Paralympics"). \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Snowboarding_pictogram.svg/250px-Snowboarding_pictogram.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowboarding_pictogram.svg) Pictogram for [Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics") Snowboarding is a recreational and competitive activity that involves descending a snow-covered surface while standing on a [snowboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard "Snowboard") with bindings securing the rider's feet to the board. Snowboarding was first developed in 1965 in the United States. Over time, several riding styles have developed, and the sport has featured in the [Winter Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games "Winter Olympic Games") since [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics "1998 Winter Olympics") and [Winter Paralympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Paralympic_Games "Winter Paralympic Games") since [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Paralympics "2018 Winter Paralympics"). Snowboarding became popular around the world in the late 20th century. The sport features both recreational and competitive participation. Snowboarding has influenced and developed its own distinct culture. It has become a globally practiced activity with snowboarders using specialized equipment and techniques to navigate diverse terrain and conditions. Snowboarding in [Valfréjus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modane "Modane"), France [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Squaw3.jpg/250px-Squaw3.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Squaw3.jpg) Snowboarder riding off of a [cornice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_cornice "Snow cornice") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Snowboarder_in_the_trees.jpg/250px-Snowboarder_in_the_trees.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowboarder_in_the_trees.jpg) Freeride snowboarding, in areas off of the main trails The first snowboards were developed in 1965 when [Sherm Poppen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherm_Poppen "Sherm Poppen"), an engineer in [Muskegon, Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan "Muskegon, Michigan"), invented a toy for his daughters by fastening two skis together and attaching a rope to one end so he would have some control as they stood on the board and glided downhill. Dubbed the "[snurfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snurfer "Snurfer")" (combining snow and surfer) by his wife Nancy, the toy proved so popular among his daughters' friends that Poppen licensed the idea to a manufacturer, [Brunswick Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Corporation "Brunswick Corporation"), that sold about a million snurfers over the next decade.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-1) And, in 1966 alone, over half a million snurfers were sold.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-2) Modern snowboarding was pioneered by [Tom Sims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sims "Tom Sims") and [Jake Burton Carpenter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Burton_Carpenter "Jake Burton Carpenter"). In February 1968, Poppen organized the first snurfing competition at a Michigan ski resort that attracted enthusiasts from all over the country.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-3) One of those early pioneers was [Tom Sims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sims "Tom Sims"), a devotee of [skateboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarding "Skateboarding") (a sport born in the 1950s when kids attached roller skate wheels to small boards that they steered by shifting their weight). In the 1960s, as an eighth grader in [Haddonfield, New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddonfield,_New_Jersey "Haddonfield, New Jersey"), Sims crafted a snowboard in his school shop class by gluing carpet to the top of a piece of wood and attaching aluminum sheeting to the bottom.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-4) He produced commercial snowboards in the mid-70s including the Skiboard (also known as the Lonnie Toft flying banana) a molded polyethylene bottom with a [Lonnie Toft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonnie_Toft "Lonnie Toft") signature skateboard deck attached to the top.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-6) Others experimented with board-on-snow configurations at this time, including Welsh skateboard enthusiasts Jon Roberts and Pete Matthews developed their own snowboards to use at their local [dry ski slope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_ski_slope "Dry ski slope").[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-8) Also during this same period, in 1977, [Jake Burton Carpenter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Burton_Carpenter "Jake Burton Carpenter"), a Vermont native who had enjoyed snurfing since the age of 14, impressed the crowd at a Michigan snurfing competition with bindings he had designed to secure his feet to the board. That same year, he founded [Burton Snowboards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Snowboards "Burton Snowboards") in [Londonderry, Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonderry,_Vermont "Londonderry, Vermont").[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-9) The "snowboards" were made of wooden planks that were flexible and had water ski foot traps. Very few people picked up snowboarding because the price of the board was considered too high at \$38 and were not allowed on many ski hills, but eventually Burton would become the biggest snowboarding company in the business.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-10) Burton's created the early designs for boards with bindings. Later on, various versions of bindings became a common feature in most snowboards.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-11) As snowboarding became more popular in the 1970s and 1980s, pioneers such as Dimitrije Milovich (founder of Winterstick out of Salt Lake City, Utah), [Jake Burton Carpenter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Burton_Carpenter "Jake Burton Carpenter") (founder of Burton Snowboards from Londonderry, Vermont), [Tom Sims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sims "Tom Sims") (founder of [Sims Snowboards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sims_Snowboards "Sims Snowboards")), David Kemper (founder of [Kemper Snowboards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemper_Snowboards "Kemper Snowboards")) and Mike Olson (founder of [Gnu Snowboards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervin_Manufacturing "Mervin Manufacturing")) came up with new designs for boards and mechanisms that slowly developed into the snowboards and other related equipment.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-firststoke-12) From these developments, modern snowboarding equipment usually consists of a snowboard with specialized bindings[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-13) and boots.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-14) In the early 1980s, Aleksey Ostatnigrosh and Alexei Melnikov, two Snurfers from the Soviet Union, patented design changes to the Snurfer to allow jumping by attaching a bungee cord, a single footed binding to the Snurfer tail, and a two-foot binding design for improved control.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-16)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-17) Initially, ski areas adopted the sport at a much slower pace than the winter sports public. Indeed, for many years, there was animosity between skiers and snowboarders, which led to an ongoing skier vs snowboarder feud.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-18) Early snowboards were banned from the slopes by park officials. For several years snowboarders would have to take a small skills assessment prior to being allowed to ride the chairlifts. It was thought that an unskilled snowboarder would wipe the snow off the mountain. In 1985, only seven percent of U.S. ski areas allowed snowboarding,[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-19) with a similar proportion in Europe.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-20) As equipment and skills improved, gradually snowboarding became more accepted. In 1990, most major ski areas had separate slopes for snowboarders. Now, approximately 97% of all ski areas in North America and Europe allow snowboarding, and more than half have jumps, rails and half pipes.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-21) In 2008, snowboarding had over 5 million participants, most aged between 18 and 24, with women comprising 25% of participants.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-USN080929-22) There were 8.2 million snowboarders in the US and Canada for the 2009–2010 season. There was a 10% increase over the previous season, accounting for more than 30% of all snow sports participants.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-23) ### Competitive history \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Competitive history")\] The first competitions to offer prize money were the National Snurfing Championship, held at Muskegon State Park in [Muskegon, Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan "Muskegon, Michigan").[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-24) In 1979, [Jake Burton Carpenter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Burton_Carpenter "Jake Burton Carpenter") came from Vermont to compete with a snowboard of his own design. There were protests about Jake entering with a non-snurfer board. Paul Graves, and others, advocated that Jake be allowed to race. A "modified" "Open" division was created and won by Jake as the sole entrant. That race was considered the first competition for snowboarding and is the start of what became competitive snowboarding. Ken Kampenga, John Asmussen and Jim Trim placed first, second and third respectively in the Standard competition with best two combined times of 24.71, 25.02 and 25.41; and Jake Carpenter won prize money as the sole entrant in the "open" division with a time of 26.35.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-25) In 1980 the event moved to Pando Winter Sports Park near [Grand Rapids, Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan "Grand Rapids, Michigan"), because of a lack of snow that year at the original venue.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-26)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-pando-27) In April 1981, the "King of the Mountain" Snowboard competition was held at [Ski Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_Cooper "Ski Cooper") in Colorado.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-28) Tom Sims along with an assortment of other snowboarders of the time were present.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-29) One entrant showed up on a homemade snowboard with a formica bottom that turned out to not slide so well on the snow. In 1982, the first USA National Snowboard race was held near [Woodstock, Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock,_Vermont "Woodstock, Vermont"), at [Suicide Six](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_Six "Suicide Six"). The race, organized by Graves, was won by Burton's first team rider Doug Bouton.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-SBH-30) In 1983, the first World Championship [halfpipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfpipe "Halfpipe") competition was held at [Soda Springs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda_Springs,_Nevada_County,_California "Soda Springs, Nevada County, California"), California. [Tom Sims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sims "Tom Sims"), founder of Sims Snowboards, organized the event with the help of Mike Chantry, a snowboard instructor at Soda Springs.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-Transworld_article-31) In 1985, the first World Cup was held in [Zürs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrs "Zürs"), Austria,[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-32) further cementing snowboarding's recognition as an official international competitive sport. In 1990, the [International Snowboard Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Snowboard_Federation "International Snowboard Federation") (ISF) was founded to provide universal contest regulations.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-33) In addition, the United States of America Snowboard Association (USASA) provides instructing guidelines and runs snowboard competitions in the U.S. today, high-profile snowboarding events like the [Winter X Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_X_Games "Winter X Games"), [Air & Style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_%26_Style "Air & Style"), US Open, Olympic Games and other events are broadcast worldwide. Many alpine resorts have [terrain parks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrain_park "Terrain park"). At the [1998 Winter Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympic_Games "1998 Winter Olympic Games") in Nagano, Japan, Snowboarding became an official Olympic event.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-34) France's [Karine Ruby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karine_Ruby "Karine Ruby") was the first to win an Olympic gold medal for Woman's Snowboarding,[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-35) while Canadian [Ross Rebagliati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Rebagliati "Ross Rebagliati") was the first for Men's Snowboarding.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-36) On 2 May 2012, the [International Paralympic Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee "International Paralympic Committee") announced that adaptive snowboarding (dubbed "para-snowboarding") would debut as a men's and women's medal event in the 2014 Paralympic Winter Games taking place in Sochi, Russia.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-37) Since snowboarding's inception as an established winter sport, it has developed various styles, each with its own specialized equipment and technique. The most common styles today are: freeride, freestyle, and freecarve/race. These styles are used for both recreational and professional snowboarding. While each style is unique, there is overlap between them. "Jibbing" is the term for technical riding on non-standard surfaces. The word "jib" is both a noun and a verb, depending on the usage of the word. As a noun: a jib includes metal rails, boxes, benches, concrete ledges, walls, vehicles, rocks and logs. As a verb: to jib is referring to the action of jumping, sliding, or riding on top of objects other than snow.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-38) It is directly influenced by grinding a skateboard. Jibbing is a freestyle snowboarding technique of riding. Typically jibbing occurs in a snowboard resort park but can also be done in urban environments. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Snowboarding_in_Hippach%2C_Austria.jpg/250px-Snowboarding_in_Hippach%2C_Austria.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowboarding_in_Hippach,_Austria.jpg) Freeriding snowboarding Freeriding is a style without a set of governing rules or set course, typically on natural, un-groomed terrain. The basic allows for various snowboarding styles in a fluid motion and spontaneity through naturally rugged terrain. It can be like freestyle with the exception that no man-made features are utilized. See also [Backcountry snowboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backcountry_snowboarding "Backcountry snowboarding"). [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Snowboarding1.jpg/250px-Snowboarding1.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowboarding1.jpg) Freestyle snowboarding Freestyle snowboarding is any riding that includes performing tricks. In freestyle, the rider utilizes natural and man-made features such as rails, jumps, boxes, and innumerable others to perform tricks. It is a popular all-inclusive concept that distinguishes the creative aspects of snowboarding, in contrast to a style like alpine snowboarding. ### Alpine snowboarding \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Alpine snowboarding")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Alpine_boarder.JPG/250px-Alpine_boarder.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alpine_boarder.JPG) An Alpine snowboarder executes a heel-side [carved turn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carved_turn "Carved turn"), the typical style in alpine snowboarding. Video of a snowboarder practicing carving on a hard slope, equipped with a boardercross board and hard boots. Alpine snowboarding is a discipline within the sport of snowboarding. It is practiced on [groomed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_grooming "Snow grooming") [pistes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piste "Piste"). It has been an Olympic event since [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the 1998 Winter Olympics"). [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/UTAH_Snowboarding_2001.jpg/250px-UTAH_Snowboarding_2001.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UTAH_Snowboarding_2001.jpg) Freestyle snowboarder Matty Shaffer performs a 50-50 on a handrail while filming for a movie in Utah. Sometimes called freecarving or hardbooting (due to the equipment used), this discipline usually takes place on hard packed snow or groomed runs (although it can be practiced in any and all conditions) and focuses on carving linked turns, much like surfing or longboarding. Little or no jumping takes place in this discipline. Alpine Snowboarding consists of a small portion of the general snowboard population, that has a well connected social community and its own specific board manufacturers, most situated in Europe. Alpine Snowboard equipment includes a ski-like hardshell boot and plate binding system with a true directional snowboard that is stiffer and narrower to manage linking turns with greater forces and speed.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-39) Shaped skis can thank these "freecarve" snowboards for the cutting-edge technology leading to their creation.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-bomberonline-40) A skilled alpine snowboarder can link numerous turns into a run placing their body very close to the ground each turn, similar to a motocross turn or waterski carve. Depending on factors including stiffness, turning radius and personality this can be done slowly or fast. Carvers make perfect half-circles out of each turn, changing edges when the snowboard is perpendicular to the fall line and starting every turn on the downhill edge. Carving on a snowboard is like riding a roller coaster, because the board will lock into a turn radius and provide what feels like multiple Gs of acceleration.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-41) Alpine snowboarding shares more visual similarities with skiing equipment than it does with snowboarding equipment.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-help-42) Compared to freestyle snowboarding gear:[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-43) - Boards are narrower, longer, and stiffer to improve [carving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carve_turn#Snowboarding "Carve turn") performance - [Boots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_boot "Ski boot") are made from a hard plastic shell, making it flex differently from a regular snowboard boot and is designed differently to ski boots although they look similar. - [Bindings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_binding "Ski binding") have a bail or step-in design and are sometimes placed on suspension plates to provide a layer of isolation between an alpine snowboarder and the board, to decrease the level of vibrations felt by the rider, creating a better overall experience when carving, and to give extra weight to the board among other uses. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Snowboarder_in_flight_%28Tannheim%2C_Austria%29.jpg/250px-Snowboarder_in_flight_%28Tannheim%2C_Austria%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowboarder_in_flight_$Tannheim,_Austria$.jpg) Snowboarder in [Tannheim, Tyrol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannheim,_Tyrol "Tannheim, Tyrol"), Austria Competitors perform tricks while descending a course, moving around, over, across, up, or down terrain features. The course is full of obstacles including boxes, rails, jumps, jibs, or anything else the board or rider can slide across. Slopestyle is a judged event and winning a Slopestyle contest usually comes from successfully executing the most difficult line in the terrain park while having a smooth flowing line of difficult, mistake-free tricks performed on the obstacles. However, overall impression and style can play a factor in winning a Slopestyle contest and the rider who lands the hardest tricks will not always win over the rider who lands easier tricks on more difficult paths. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Big_air_Qu%C3%A9bec_2011.jpg/250px-Big_air_Qu%C3%A9bec_2011.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big_air_Qu%C3%A9bec_2011.jpg) [Sebastien Toutant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastien_Toutant "Sebastien Toutant") at the downtown Québec big air competition Big air competitions are contests where riders perform tricks after launching off a man-made jump built specifically for the event.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-44) Competitors perform tricks in the air, aiming to attain sizable height and distance, all while securing a clean landing. Many competitions also require the rider to do a complex trick. Not all competitions call for a trick to win the gold; some intermittent competitions are based solely on height and distance of the launch of the snowboarder. Some competitions also require the rider to do a specific trick to win the major prize.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-45) One of the first snowboard competitions where Travis Rice attempted and landed a "double back flip backside 180" took place at the 2006 Red Bull Gap Session.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-46) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Snowboarder_in_halfpipe.jpg/250px-Snowboarder_in_halfpipe.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowboarder_in_halfpipe.jpg) Snowboarder in the [halfpipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfpipe "Halfpipe") The half-pipe is a semi-circular ditch dug into the mountain or purpose-built ramp made up of snow, with walls between 8 and 23 feet (7.0 m). Competitors perform tricks while going from one side to the other and while in the air above the sides of the pipe. Snowboard cross, also known as "boardercross", "boarder X", or "snowboard X", and commonly abbreviated as "SBX", or just "BX", is a snowboarding discipline consisting of several (typically 4 to 6) riders racing head-to-head down a course with jumps, berms and other obstacles constructed out of snow. Snowboard cross began in the 1980s, earning its place as an official Winter Olympic event in the 2006 Turin games. Unlike other snowboard racing disciplines such as parallel giant slalom, competitors race on a single course together. In snowboard racing, riders must complete a downhill course constructed of a series of turning color indicators (gates) placed in the snow at prescribed distances apart. A gate consists of a tall pole and a short pole, connected by a triangular panel. The racer must pass around the short side of the gate, passing the long side of the gate doesn't count. There are 3 main formats used in snowboard racing including single person, parallel courses or multiple people on the course at the same time (SBX). Snowboarding contests are held throughout the world and range from grassroots competitions to professional events contested worldwide. [![2016 Winter X Games in Aspen, Colorado](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Winter_X_Games_%284309318283%29.jpg/250px-Winter_X_Games_%284309318283%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winter_X_Games_$4309318283$.jpg) 2016 Winter X Games in Aspen, Colorado Some of the larger snowboarding contests include: the European [Air & Style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_%26_Style "Air & Style"), the Japanese [X-Trail Jam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Trail_Jam "X-Trail Jam"), Burton Global Open Series, [Shakedown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakedown_$Snowboard_Games$ "Shakedown (Snowboard Games)"), [FIS World Championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Snowboard_World_Championships "FIS Snowboard World Championships"), the annual [FIS World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Snowboard_World_Cup "FIS Snowboard World Cup"), the [Winter X Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_X_Games "Winter X Games"), [Freeride World Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeride_World_Tour "Freeride World Tour") and the [Winter Dew Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Dew_Tour "Winter Dew Tour"). [Snowboarding has been a Winter Olympic sport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics") since [1998 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics "1998 Winter Olympics") in Japan. Since its inauguration, Olympic snowboarding has seen many additions and removals of events. During the [2018 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics "2018 Winter Olympics"), snowboarding events contested included big air, halfpipe, parallel giant slalom, slopestyle and snowboard cross. [Snowboarder Magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarder_Magazine "Snowboarder Magazine")'s Superpark[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-47) event was created in 1996. Over 150 of the World's top pros are invited to advance freestyle snowboarding on the most progressive terrain parks.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-48) Part of the snowboarding approach is to ensure maximum fun, friendship and event quality. Reflecting this perspective of snowboarding, there are "Anti Contests" which are an important part of its identity.\[[according to whom?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch")\] These include the Holy Oly Revival at [The Summit at Snoqualmie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Summit_at_Snoqualmie "The Summit at Snoqualmie"), The Nate Chute Hawaiian Classic at Whitefish, the original anti-contest, the World Quarterpipe Championships and the Grenade Games.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-49) The United States of America Snowboarding and Freeski Association (USASA), the first governing body for grassroots snowboarding,[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-50) runs 30 regional series and national championships in the US.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-51) Snowboarding subculture originated as the sport was rejected in ski resorts.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-52) Both the skiing and snowboarding cultures contrasted with each other in language, behavior, and dress. Snowboarding subculture was frequently associated with a rebellious or outsider identity and incorporated elements of both urban and suburban cultures.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-Heino,_Rebecca_20002-53) In recent decades, snowboarding has expanded into a diverse international participant base. Skiers and snowboarders have increasingly shared slopes and facilities. As of 2026, three resorts which do not allow snowboarding in North America: [Alta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Ski_Area "Alta Ski Area"), [Deer Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_Valley "Deer Valley"), and [Mad River Glen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_River_Glen "Mad River Glen"). The most common type of injury for snowboarders is injury to the upper body. Some injuries that are seen are "wrist injuries, shoulder soft tissue injuries, ankle injuries, concussions, and clavicle fractures".[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-:1-54) Some major injuries that occur during snowboarding are head, and spinal injuries, "the main cause of spinal fractures in snowboarders was jump landing failure and compression type fractures occur in about 80% of snowboarders with vertebral fractures because they frequently fall backwards, and this can cause axial loading and anterior compression fractures".[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-:02-55) Injuries also differ between professional and recreational snowboarding. Among professional snowboarders, injuries to the lower half, specifically the knee joint, are more likely to occur. When injured, snowboarders are twice as likely to get a fracture as skiers. Injuries to the upper body are much less common among professional snowboarders. Most of the professionals and elite snowboarders frequently sustain injuries when trying to execute challenging tricks at high speeds and with increased levels of force to the lower limbs.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-56) In recreational snowboarding, wrist injuries are more likely to occur. Most injuries to snowboarders occurred more often while they were traveling at reckless speed on moderate slopes.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-:3-57) Another way injuries happen is because they try sticking with someone that is a higher skill level, which they are not capable of handling because of the lack of skill they possess. ## Safety and precautions \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=21 "Edit section: Safety and precautions")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Snowboard_gloves_with_integrated_wrist_protection.jpg/250px-Snowboard_gloves_with_integrated_wrist_protection.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowboard_gloves_with_integrated_wrist_protection.jpg) Gloves with an integrated plastic element, seen left partially pulled out, as a [wrist guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrist_guard "Wrist guard"). The element is pressed tightly to the wrist with a wide, all-around [velcro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook-and-loop_fastener "Hook-and-loop fastener")\-fastened strap, which can be seen in loose state on the left and tightened on the right glove. This stabilizes the wrist and thus avoids its damage when falling onto the hands. Like some other winter sports, snowboarding comes with a certain level of risk.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-58) The average snowboarder is a male in their early twenties, and there are three times as many men as there are women in the sport. Snowboarders have a 2.4 times greater risk of fractures than skiers, particularly in the upper extremities. Conversely, snowboarders have a lower risk of knee injuries than skiers.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-59) The injury rate for snowboarding is about four to six per thousand persons per day, which is around double the injury rate for alpine skiing.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-60) Injuries are more likely amongst beginners, especially those who do not take lessons with professional instructors. A quarter of all injuries occur to first-time riders and half of all injuries occur to those with less than a year of experience. Experienced riders are less likely to suffer injury, but the injuries that do occur tend to be more severe.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull555-61) Two-thirds of injuries occur to the upper body and one-third to the lower body. This contrasts with alpine skiing, where two-thirds of injuries are to the lower body. The most common types of injuries are sprains, which account for around 40% of injuries.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-62) The most common point of injury is the wrists – 40% of all snowboard injuries are to the wrists and 24% of all snowboard injuries are wrist fractures.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull555-61) There are around 100,000 wrist fractures worldwide among snowboarders each year.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-63) ### Protective equipment \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=23 "Edit section: Protective equipment")\] The risk of head injury is two to six times greater for snowboarders than for skiers and injuries follow the pattern of being rarer, but more severe, with experienced riders. Head injuries can occur both because of a collision and when failing to carry out a heel-side turn. The latter can result in the rider landing on their back and slamming the back of their head onto the ground, resulting in an occipital head injury.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull557-64) For this reason, helmets are widely recommended. Protective eyewear is also recommended as eye injury can be caused by impact and [snow blindness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_blindness "Snow blindness") can be a result of exposure to strong ultra-violet light in snow-covered areas. The wearing of ultra-violet-absorbing goggles is recommended even on hazy or cloudy days as ultra-violet light can penetrate clouds.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-65) Snowboarding boots should be well-fitted, with toes snug in the end of the boot when standing upright and slightly away from the end when in the snowboarding position.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-66) Padding or "armor" is recommended on other body parts such as hips, knees, spine, and shoulders. To further help avoid injury to body parts, especially knees, it is recommended to use the right technique. To acquire the right technique, one should be taught by a qualified instructor. Also, when snowboarding alone, precaution should be taken to avoid [tree wells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_well "Tree well"), a particularly dangerous area of loose snow that may form at the base of trees. The use of [wrist guards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrist_guard "Wrist guard"), either separate or built into gloves, is very strongly recommended. They are often compulsory in beginner's classes and their use reduces the likelihood of wrist injury by half.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-67) In addition it is important for snow boarders to learn how to fall without stopping the fall with their hand by trying to "push" the slope away, as landing a wrist which is bent at a 90-degree angle increase the chance of it breaking. Rather, landing with the arms stretched out (like a wing) and slapping the slope with the entire arm is an effective way to break a fall. This is the method used by practitioners of judo and other martial arts to break a fall when they are thrown against the floor by a training partner. Unlike ski bindings, snowboard bindings are not designed to release automatically in a fall. The mechanical support provided by the feet being locked to the board has the effect of reducing the likelihood of knee injury – 15% of snowboard injuries are to the knee, compared with 45% of all skiing injuries. Such injuries are typically to the knee ligaments, bone fractures are rare.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull555-61) Fractures to the lower leg are also rare but 20% of injuries are to the foot and ankle. Fractures of the [talus bone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talus_bone "Talus bone") are rare in other sports but account for 2% of snowboard injuries – a lateral process talus fracture is sometimes called "snowboarder's ankle" by medical staff. This injury results in persistent lateral pain in the affected ankle yet is difficult to spot in a plain X-ray image. It may be misdiagnosed as just a sprain, with possibly serious consequences as not treating the fracture can result in serious long-term damage to the ankle.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull555-61) The use of portable ultrasound for mountainside diagnostics has been reviewed and appears to be a plausible tool for diagnosing some of the common injuries associated with the sport.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-Nowak2009-68) Four to eight percent of snowboarding injuries take place while the person is waiting in ski-lift lines or entering and exiting ski lifts. Snowboarders push themselves forward with a free foot while in the ski-lift line, leaving the other foot (usually that of the lead leg) locked on the board at a 9–27 degree angle, placing a large torque force on this leg and predisposing the person to knee injury if a fall occurs.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-69)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-70) [Snowboard binding rotating devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard_binding_rotating_device "Snowboard binding rotating device") are designed to minimize the torque force, [Quick Stance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_Stance "Quick Stance")[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-71) being the first developed in 1995.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-72) They allow snowboarders to turn the locked foot straight into the direction of the tip of the snowboard without removing the boot from the boot binding. Avalanches are a clear danger when on snowy mountain slopes.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-73)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-74) Some care is also required when waxing a board as [fluorocarbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorocarbon "Fluorocarbon") waxes emit toxic fumes when overheated. Waxing is best performed in a ventilated area with care being taken to use the wax at the correct temperature – the wax should be melted but not smoking or smoldering.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-bull557-64) The way in which a snowboarder normally rides most on their snowboard as determined by the placement of their feet and direction of travel.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#cite_note-75) Goofy Stance The stance of a snowboarder that normally rides with their right foot first. Regular Stance The stance of a snowboarder that normally rides with their left foot first. Switch Stance The opposite stance of what a snowboarder normally rides. ### Parts of a snowboard \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding&action=edit&section=29 "Edit section: Parts of a snowboard")\] Binding The portion of the board that attaches the riders' feet to the snowboard. Heel Edge The edge of the snowboard that the riders' heels rest on. Toe Edge The edge that the riders' toes rest on Nose Edge The forward edge of the snowboard. Tail Edge The trailing edge of the snowboard. Backside Rotation A flat rotation in which the back of the person's body is the first to intersect with the direction of travel; after 90 degrees of rotation, the person's back will be facing the direction of travel. Frontside Rotation A flat rotation in which the front of the person's body is the first to intersect with the direction of travel; after 90 degrees of rotation, the person's front will be facing the direction of travel. Back Flip A backwards somersault over the heel edge of the board. Front Flip A forwards somersault (i.e. face first) over the toe edge of the board. Tamedog A cartwheel over the nose edge of the board. Wildcat A cartwheel over the tail edge of the board. Off-Axis rotations combine flips and rotations; the naming convention is to first describe the horizontal rotation, followed by the number of off-axis rotations, terminated by the degree of total rotation (i.e. Backside Triple-Cork 1440). Cork A rotation in which the snowboard leads through the air in the direction of travel. Rodeo A rotation in which the person's head leads through the air in the direction of travel. - [Eva Adamczyková](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Adamczykov%C3%A1 "Eva Adamczyková") (born 1993), Czech snowboarder - [Jamie Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Anderson_$snowboarder$ "Jamie Anderson (snowboarder)") (born 1990), American snowboarder - [Jasey-Jay Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasey-Jay_Anderson "Jasey-Jay Anderson") (born 1975), Canadian snowboarder - [Josie Baff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josie_Baff "Josie Baff") (born 2003), Australian snowboarder - [Nick Baumgartner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Baumgartner "Nick Baumgartner") (born 1981), American snowboarder - [Torah Bright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah_Bright "Torah Bright") (born 1986), Australian snowboarder - [Callan Chythlook-Sifsof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callan_Chythlook-Sifsof "Callan Chythlook-Sifsof") (born 1989), American snowboarder - [Kelly Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Clark "Kelly Clark") (born 1983), American snowboarder - [Julia Dujmovits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Dujmovits "Julia Dujmovits") (born 1987), Austrian snowboarder - [Rosey Fletcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosey_Fletcher "Rosey Fletcher") (born 1975), American snowboarder - [Peter Foley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Foley_$snowboarding$ "Peter Foley (snowboarding)") (born 1965 or 1966), American former snowboarding coach; suspended for 10 years for sexual misconduct - [Anna Gasser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Gasser "Anna Gasser") (born 1991), Austrian snowboarder - [Red Gerard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Gerard "Red Gerard") (born 2000), American snowboarder - [Alessandro Hämmerle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_H%C3%A4mmerle "Alessandro Hämmerle") (born 1993), Austrian snowboarder - [Ayumu Hirano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumu_Hirano "Ayumu Hirano") (born 1998), Japanese snowboarder - [Lindsey Jacobellis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey_Jacobellis "Lindsey Jacobellis") (born 1985), American snowboarder - [Scotty James](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotty_James "Scotty James") (born 1994), Australian snowboarder - [Benjamin Karl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Karl "Benjamin Karl") (born 1985), Austrian snowboarder - [Craig Kelly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Kelly_$snowboarder$ "Craig Kelly (snowboarder)") (born 1966), American snowboarder - [Chloe Kim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloe_Kim "Chloe Kim") (born 2000), American snowboarder - [Ester Ledecká](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_Ledeck%C3%A1 "Ester Ledecká") (born 1995), Czech snowboarder and skier - [Michela Moioli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michela_Moioli "Michela Moioli") (born 1995), Italian snowboarder - [Max Parrot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Parrot "Max Parrot") (born 1994), Canadian snowboarder - [Iouri Podladtchikov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iouri_Podladtchikov "Iouri Podladtchikov") (born 1988), Swiss-Russian snowboarder - [Travis Rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Rice "Travis Rice") (born 1982), American snowboarder - [Maëlle Ricker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%ABlle_Ricker "Maëlle Ricker") (born 1978), Canadian snowboarder - [Zoi Sadowski-Synnott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoi_Sadowski-Synnott "Zoi Sadowski-Synnott") (born 2001), New Zealand snowboarder - [Hannah Teter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Teter "Hannah Teter") (born 1987), American snowboarder - [Sébastien Toutant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Toutant "Sébastien Toutant") (born 1992), Canadian snowboarder - [Pierre Vaultier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Vaultier "Pierre Vaultier") (born 1987), French snowboarder - [Ryan Wedding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Wedding "Ryan Wedding") (born 1981), Canadian snowboarder and alleged international drug trafficker - [Seth Wescott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Wescott "Seth Wescott") (born 1976), American snowboarder - [Shaun White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_White "Shaun White") (born 1986), American snowboarder and skateboarder - [Su Yiming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Yiming "Su Yiming") (born 2004), Chinese snowboarder - [American Association of Snowboard Instructors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Snowboard_Instructors "American Association of Snowboard Instructors") - [Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_skiing_and_snowboarding_terms "Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms") - [Lazboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazboard "Lazboard") - [Sandboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandboarding "Sandboarding") - [Skiboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiboarding "Skiboarding") 1. 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