🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa011)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1","crawl_time":1774062100,"first_indexed_time":1429284966,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Salyut_1 s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Salyut 1 - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nSalyut 1 (DOS-1)\nSalyut 1 as seen from the departing\nSoyuz 11\nStation statistics\nCOSPAR ID\n1971-032A\nSATCAT\nno.\n05160\nCall sign\nSalyut 1\nCrew\n3\nLaunch\nApril 19, 1971, 01:40:00\n \nUTC\n[\n1\n]\nCarrier rocket\nProton-K\nNo. 254-01\nLaunch pad\nBaikonur\n,\nSite 81\/24\nReentry\nOctober 11, 1971\nMission status\nDe-orbited\nMass\n18,425 kg (40,620 lb)\nLength\n~20 m (66 ft)\nDiameter\n~4 m (13 ft)\nPressurized\nvolume\n99 m\n3\n(3,500 cu ft)\nPerigee altitude\n200 km (124 mi; 108 nmi)\nApogee altitude\n222 km (138 mi; 120 nmi)\nOrbital inclination\n51.6°\nOrbital period\n88.5 minutes\nDays in orbit\n175 days\nDays occupied\n24 days\nNo.\nof orbits\n2,929\nDistance traveled\n118,602,524 km (73,696,192 mi)\nConfiguration\nSoyuz docking with Salyut 1\nSalyut 1\n(\nRussian\n:\nСалют-1\n,\nlit.\n \n'\nSalute 1\n'\n), also known as\nDOS-1\n(Durable Orbital Station 1), was the world's first\nspace station\n. It was launched into\nlow Earth orbit\nby the\nSoviet Union\non April 19, 1971. The\nSalyut\nprogram\nsubsequently achieved five more successful launches of seven additional stations. The program's final module,\nZvezda\n(DOS-8), became the core of the\nRussian Orbital Segment\nof the\nInternational Space Station\nand remains in orbit today.\nSalyut 1 was adapted from an\nAlmaz\nairframe and comprised five components: a transfer compartment, a main compartment, two auxiliary compartments, and the\nOrion 1 Space Observatory\n. It was visited by the\nSoyuz 10\nand\nSoyuz 11\nmissions. While the crew of Soyuz 10 was able to soft dock, the\nhard-docking\nfailed, forcing the crew to abort their mission. The Soyuz 11 crew successfully docked, spending 23 days aboard Salyut 1 conducting experiments. The Soyuz 11 crew died of asphyxia caused by a valve failure just before reentry, making them the only humans to have died above the\nKármán line\n.\nFollowing the deaths, the mission of Salyut 1 was terminated, and the station reentered Earth's atmosphere, burning up on October 11, 1971.\nSalyut 1 originated as a modification of the Soviet military's\nAlmaz\nspace station program that was then in development.\n[\n2\n]\nAfter the landing of\nApollo 11\non the Moon in July 1969, the Soviets began shifting the primary emphasis of their crewed space program to orbiting space stations, with a possible lunar landing later in the 1970s if the\nN-1 rocket\nbecame flight-worthy.\n[\n3\n]\nLeonid Brezhnev\ncanceled the lunar landing program in 1974 after four catastrophic N-1 launch failures. One other motivation for the space station program was a desire to one-up the US\nSkylab\nprogram then in development. The basic structure of Salyut 1 was adapted from the Almaz with a few modifications and would form the basis of all Soviet space stations through\nMir\n.\n[\n2\n]\nCivilian Soviet space stations were internally referred to as DOS (Durable Orbital Station), although publicly, the Salyut name was used for the first six DOS stations (\nMir\nwas internally known as DOS-7).\n[\n2\n]\nSeveral military experiments were nonetheless carried on Salyut 1, including the OD-4 optical visual ranger,\n[\n4\n]\nthe Orion ultraviolet instrument for characterizing rocket exhaust plumes,\n[\n5\n]\nand the highly classified Svinets\nradiometer\n.\n[\n6\n]\n[\nself-published source\n]\nConstruction and operational history\n[\nedit\n]\nConstruction of Salyut 1 began in early 1970, and after nearly a year it was shipped to the\nBaikonur Cosmodrome\n. Some remaining assembly had yet to be done, and this was completed at the launch center. The Salyut programme was managed by\nKerim Kerimov\n,\n[\n7\n]\nchairman of the state commission for Soyuz missions.\n[\n8\n]\nLaunch was planned for April 12, 1971 to coincide with the 10th anniversary of\nYuri Gagarin\n's flight on\nVostok 1\n, but technical problems delayed it until April 19.\n[\n9\n]\nThe first crew launched later in the\nSoyuz 10\nmission, but they ran into troubles while docking and were unable to enter the station; the Soyuz 10 mission was aborted and the crew returned safely to Earth. A replacement crew launched on\nSoyuz 11\nand remained on board for 23 days. This was the first time in the history of spaceflight that a space station had been occupied, and a new record was set for time spent in space. This success was, however, short-lived when the crew was killed during\nreentry\n, as a pressure-equalization valve in the Soyuz 11 reentry capsule had opened prematurely, causing the crew to asphyxiate. They were the first and, as of 2026, only humans to have died in space. After this accident, all missions were suspended while the Soyuz spacecraft was redesigned. The station was intentionally destroyed by\nde-orbiting\nafter six months in orbit, because it ran out of fuel before a redesigned Soyuz spacecraft could be launched to it.\n[\n10\n]\nAt launch, the announced purpose of Salyut was to test the elements of the systems of a space station and to conduct scientific research and experiments. The craft was described as being 20 m (66 ft) in length, 4 m (13 ft) in maximum diameter, and 99 m\n3\n(3,500 cu ft) in interior space with an on-orbit dry mass of 18,425 kg (40,620 lb). Of its several compartments, three were pressurized (100 m\n3\ntotal), and two could be entered by the crew.\n[\n1\n]\nTransfer compartment\n[\nedit\n]\nThe transfer compartment was equipped with the only\ndocking port\nof Salyut 1, which allowed one\nSoyuz 7K-OKS\nspacecraft to dock. It was the first use of the Soviet\nSSVP docking system\nthat allowed internal crew transfer, a system that is in use today. The docking cone had a 2 m (6.6 ft) front diameter and a 3 m (9.8 ft) aft diameter.\n[\n1\n]\nThe second and main compartment was about 4 m (13 ft) in diameter. Televised views showed enough space for eight large chairs (seven at work consoles), several control panels, and 20 portholes (some obstructed by instruments).\n[\n1\n]\nThe interior design used various colors (light and dark gray, apple green, light yellow) for supporting the cosmonauts’ orientation in weightlessness.\n[\n11\n]\nAuxiliary compartments\n[\nedit\n]\nThe third pressurized compartment contained the control and communications equipment, the power supply, the\nlife support system\n, and other auxiliary equipment. The fourth and final unpressurized compartment was about 2 m in diameter and contained the engine installations and associated control equipment. Salyut had buffer chemical batteries, reserve supplies of oxygen and water, and regeneration systems. Externally mounted were two double sets of\nsolar cell\npanels that extended like wings from the smaller compartments at each end, the heat regulation system's\nradiators\n, and orientation and control devices.\n[\n1\n]\nSalyut 1 was modified from one of the\nAlmaz\nairframes. The unpressurized service module was the modified service module of a Soyuz craft.\n[\n2\n]\nOrion 1 Space Observatory\n[\nedit\n]\nThe astrophysical\nOrion 1 Space Observatory\ndesigned by\nGrigor Gurzadyan\nof\nByurakan Observatory\nin\nArmenia\n, was installed in Salyut 1.\nUltraviolet spectrograms\nof stars were obtained with the help of a mirror telescope of the\nMersenne\nsystem\nand a\nspectrograph\nof the\nWadsworth system\nusing film sensitive to the far ultraviolet. The dispersion of the spectrograph was 32 \nÅ\n\/mm (3.2 nm\/mm), while the resolution of the spectrograms derived was about 5 Å at 2600 Å (0.5 nm at 260 nm).\nSlitless spectrograms\nwere obtained of the stars\nVega\nand\nBeta Centauri\nbetween 2000 and 3800 Å (200 and 380 nm).\n[\n12\n]\nThe telescope was operated by crew member\nViktor Patsayev\n, who became the first man to operate a telescope outside of the Earth's atmosphere.\n[\n13\n]\nLength: 15.8 metres (52 ft)\nMaximum diameter: 4.15 metres (13.6 ft)\nHabitable volume: 90 cubic metres (3,200 cu ft)\nMass at launch: 18,900 kilograms (41,700 lb)\nLaunch vehicle:\nProton-K\n(Serial No. 254-01)\nSpan across solar arrays: ~10 metres (33 ft)\nArea of solar arrays: 28 square metres (300 sq ft)\nNumber of solar arrays: 4\nResupply carriers: Salyut 1-type Soyuz (redesigned Soyuz missions were intended to take place, but this did not occur)\nNumber of docking ports: 1\nTotal crewed missions: 2\nTotal long-duration crewed missions: 1\n[\n2\n]\nVisiting spacecraft and crews\n[\nedit\n]\nThe only spacecraft that ever docked to Salyut 1 were\nSoyuz 10\nand\nSoyuz 11\n. Soyuz 10 failed to hard-dock with Salyut 1 and had to abort the mission. Soyuz 11 conducted experiments in Salyut 1 for 23 days, however the cosmonauts later died during reentry in their Soyuz capsule.\nStill frame from an animation of Salyut 1 with attached Soyuz.\nSoyuz 10\nwas launched on April 22, 1971, carrying cosmonauts\nVladimir Shatalov\n,\nAleksei Yeliseyev\n, and\nNikolai Rukavishnikov\n. After taking 24 hours for rendezvous and approach, Soyuz 10 soft-docked with Salyut 1 on April 24 at 01:47 UTC and remained for 5.5 h.\n[\n1\n]\nHard-docking was unsuccessful due to technical malfunctions. The crew could not enter the station and had to return to Earth on April 24.\n[\n14\n]\nThe Soyuz 11 crew with the Salyut station in the background, in a Soviet commemorative stamp\nSoyuz 11\nwas launched on June 6, 1971 at 04:55:09 UTC and took 3 hours and 19 minutes on June 7 to complete docking.\n[\n15\n]\nThe cosmonauts\nGeorgy Dobrovolsky\n,\nViktor Patsayev\n, and\nVladislav Volkov\nentered to Salyut 1 and their mission was announced as:\n[\n1\n]\nChecking the design, units, onboard systems, and equipment of the orbital piloted station.\nTesting the station's manual and autonomous procedures for orientation and navigation, as well as the control systems for maneuvering the space complex in orbit.\nStudying Earth's surface geology, geography, meteorology, and snow and ice cover.\nStudying physical characteristics, processes, and phenomena in the atmosphere and outer space in various regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.\nConducting medico-biological studies to determine the feasibility of having cosmonauts in the station perform various tasks, and studying the influence of space flight on the human organism.\nOn June 29, after 23 days and flying 362 orbits, the mission was cut short due to problems aboard the station, including an electrical fire. The crew transferred back to Soyuz 11 and reentered the Earth's atmosphere. The capsule parachuted to a soft landing at 23:16:52 UTC in\nKazakhstan\n, but the recovery team opened the hatch to find all three crew members dead in their couches. An inquest found that a pressure relief valve had malfunctioned during reentry leading to a loss of cabin atmosphere.\n[\n16\n]\nThe crew were not wearing\npressure suits\n, and it was decreed by the TsKBEM (the team of engineers who investigated the tragedy) that all further Soyuz missions would require the use of them.\n[\n17\n]\nReentry of Salyut 1\n[\nedit\n]\nSalyut 1 was moved to a higher orbit in July–August 1971 to ensure that it would not be destroyed prematurely through\norbital decay\n. In the meantime, Soyuz capsules were being substantially redesigned to allow pressure suits to be worn during launch, docking maneuvers, and re-entry.\n[\n18\n]\nThe Soyuz redesign effort took too long however, and by September, Salyut 1 was running out of fuel.\n[\n10\n]\nIt was decided to conclude the station's mission and on October 11, the main engines were fired for a deorbit maneuver. After 175 days, the world's first space station burned up over the\nPacific Ocean\n.\n[\n1\n]\nPravda\n(October 26, 1971) reported that 75% of Salyut 1's studies were carried out by optical means and 20% by radio-technical means, while the remainder involved magnetometrical, gravitational, or other measurements. Synoptic readings were taken in both the visible and invisible parts of the\nelectromagnetic spectrum\n.\n[\n1\n]\nSalyut 6\n – Soviet space station (1977–1982)\nSoviet space program\n – Space exploration program conducted by the Soviet Union from 1951 to 1991\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\ng\nh\ni\n\"Salyut 1\"\n.\nNSSDC ID: 1971-032A\n. NASA\n. Retrieved\nMarch 24,\n2012\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nPortree 1995\n.\n^\nBaker 2007\n, p. 18.\n^\nIvanovich 2008\n, p. 9.\n^\nIvanovich 2008\n, p. 29.\n^\nOberg, James\n(December 18, 2016).\n\"Have cosmonauts seen launches?\"\n(PDF)\n. p. 4\n. Retrieved\nApril 18,\n2018\n.\n^\nChladek, Jay (2017).\nOutposts on the Frontier: A Fifty-Year History of Space Stations\n.\nUniversity of Nebraska Press\n. pp. \n85–\n86.\nISBN\n \n978-0-8032-2292-2\n.\n^\nIvanovich 2008\n, p. 56.\n^\nMcNamara, Bernard (2001).\nInto the Final Frontier: The Human Exploration of Space\n. Harcourt College Publishers. p. 223.\nISBN\n \n9780030320163\n.\n^\na\nb\nShayler & Hall 2003\n, p. 179.\n^\nHäuplik-Meusburger, Sandra (2011).\nArchitecture for Astronauts: An Activity-based Approach\n. Vienna: Springer. p. 47.\nISBN\n \n9783709106679\n.\nOCLC\n \n759926461\n.\n^\nGurzadyan, G. A.; Ohanesyan, J. B. (September 1972).\n\"Observed Energy Distribution of α Lyra and β Cen at 2000–3800 Å\"\n.\nNature\n.\n239\n(5367): 90.\nBibcode\n:\n1972Natur.239...90G\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/239090a0\n.\nS2CID\n \n4265702\n.\n^\nMarett-Crosby, Michael (June 28, 2013).\nTwenty-Five Astronomical Observations That Changed the World: And How To Make Them Yourself\n. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 282.\nISBN\n \n9781461468004\n. Retrieved\nApril 18,\n2018\n.\n^\nShayler & Hall 2003\n, p. 174.\n^\n\"Soyuz 11\"\n.\nNSSDC ID: 1971-035A\n. NASA\n. Retrieved\nMarch 24,\n2012\n.\n^\nBaker 2007\n, pp. 23–25.\n^\nShayler & Hall 2003\n, p. 180.\n^\nBaker 2007\n, p. 25.\nBaker, Philip (2007).\nThe Story of Manned Space Stations: An Introduction\n. Springer-Praxis Books in Astronomy and Space Sciences.\nSpringer Science+Business Media\n.\nISBN\n \n978-0-387-30775-6\n.\nIvanovich, Grujica S. (2008).\nSalyut – The First Space Station: Triumph and Tragedy\n. Springer-Praxis Books in Astronomy and Space Sciences.\nSpringer Science+Business Media\n.\nISBN\n \n978-0-387-73585-6\n.\nPortree, David S. F. (March 1995).\n\"Part 2 – Almaz, Salyut, and Mir\" \n.\nMir Hardware Heritage\n \n. Johnson Space Center Reference Series. NASA. NASA Reference Publication 1357 – via\nWikisource\n.\nShayler, David J.; Hall, Rex D. (2003).\nSoyuz: A Universal Spacecraft\n. Springer-Praxis Books in Astronomy and Space Sciences.\nSpringer Science+Business Media\n.\nISBN\n \n1-85233-657-9\n.\nSalyut 1 chronology\nat Zarya.info","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Salyut+1 \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Salyut+1 \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPersonal tools\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Salyut+1 \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Salyut+1 \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1)\n- [1 Background](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#Background)\n- [2 Construction and operational history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#Construction_and_operational_history)\n- [3 Structure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#Structure)\n  Toggle Structure subsection\n  - [3\\.1 Transfer compartment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#Transfer_compartment)\n  - [3\\.2 Main compartment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#Main_compartment)\n  - [3\\.3 Auxiliary compartments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#Auxiliary_compartments)\n  - [3\\.4 Orion 1 Space Observatory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#Orion_1_Space_Observatory)\n- [4 Specifications](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#Specifications)\n- [5 Visiting spacecraft and crews](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#Visiting_spacecraft_and_crews)\n  Toggle Visiting spacecraft and crews subsection\n  - [5\\.1 Soyuz 10](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#Soyuz_10)\n  - [5\\.2 Soyuz 11](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#Soyuz_11)\n- [6 Reentry of Salyut 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#Reentry_of_Salyut_1)\n- [7 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#See_also)\n- [8 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#References)\n  Toggle References subsection\n  - [8\\.1 Citations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#Citations)\n  - [8\\.2 Sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#Sources)\n- [9 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Salyut 1\n41 languages\n\n- [Afrikaans](https:\/\/af.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saljoet_1 \"Saljoet 1 – Afrikaans\")\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA_1 \"ساليوت 1 – Arabic\")\n- [Azərbaycanca](https:\/\/az.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1 \"Salyut 1 – Azerbaijani\")\n- [Български](https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82-1 \"Салют-1 – Bulgarian\")\n- [Català](https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saliut_1 \"Saliut 1 – Catalan\")\n- [Čeština](https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saljut_1 \"Saljut 1 – Czech\")\n- [Cymraeg](https:\/\/cy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1 \"Salyut 1 – Welsh\")\n- [Deutsch](https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saljut_1 \"Saljut 1 – German\")\n- [Esperanto](https:\/\/eo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salut_1 \"Salut 1 – Esperanto\")\n- [Español](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saliut_1 \"Saliut 1 – Spanish\")\n- [Eesti](https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saljut_1 \"Saljut 1 – Estonian\")\n- [Euskara](https:\/\/eu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saliut_1 \"Saliut 1 – Basque\")\n- [فارسی](https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA_%DB%B1 \"سالیوت ۱ – Persian\")\n- [Suomi](https:\/\/fi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saljut_1 \"Saljut 1 – Finnish\")\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saliout_1 \"Saliout 1 – French\")\n- [Galego](https:\/\/gl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saliut_1 \"Saliut 1 – Galician\")\n- [עברית](https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98_1 \"סאליוט 1 – Hebrew\")\n- [Hrvatski](https:\/\/hr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saljut_1 \"Saljut 1 – Croatian\")\n- [Magyar](https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Szaljut%E2%80%931 \"Szaljut–1 – Hungarian\")\n- [Bahasa Indonesia](https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1 \"Salyut 1 – Indonesian\")\n- [Ido](https:\/\/io.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1 \"Salyut 1 – Ido\")\n- [Italiano](https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saljut_1 \"Saljut 1 – Italian\")\n- [日本語](https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%881%E5%8F%B7 \"サリュート1号 – Japanese\")\n- [ქართული](https:\/\/ka.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2-1 \"სალუტ-1 – Georgian\")\n- [한국어](https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%EC%82%B4%EB%A5%98%ED%8A%B8_1%ED%98%B8 \"살류트 1호 – Korean\")\n- [Lëtzebuergesch](https:\/\/lb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saljut_1 \"Saljut 1 – Luxembourgish\")\n- [Latviešu](https:\/\/lv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saljut-1 \"Saljut-1 – Latvian\")\n- [Bahasa Melayu](https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1 \"Salyut 1 – Malay\")\n- [Nederlands](https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saljoet_1 \"Saljoet 1 – Dutch\")\n- [Norsk nynorsk](https:\/\/nn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saljut_1 \"Saljut 1 – Norwegian Nynorsk\")\n- [Norsk bokmål](https:\/\/no.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saljut_1 \"Saljut 1 – Norwegian Bokmål\")\n- [Polski](https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salut_1 \"Salut 1 – Polish\")\n- [Português](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1 \"Salyut 1 – Portuguese\")\n- [Русский](https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82-1 \"Салют-1 – Russian\")\n- [Simple English](https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1 \"Salyut 1 – Simple English\")\n- [Slovenčina](https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sa%C4%BEut_1 \"Saľut 1 – Slovak\")\n- [Српски \/ srpski](https:\/\/sr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%99%D1%83%D1%82_1 \"Саљут 1 – Serbian\")\n- [Svenska](https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saljut_1 \"Saljut 1 – Swedish\")\n- [Türkçe](https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1 \"Salyut 1 – Turkish\")\n- [Українська](https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82-1 \"Салют-1 – Ukrainian\")\n- [中文](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A6%AE%E7%82%AE1%E8%99%9F \"禮炮1號 – Chinese\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q211761#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1 \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Salyut_1 \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/Salyut_1 \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/Salyut_1 \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent 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Commons](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Salyut_1)\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q211761 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nSoviet space station (1971)\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/c\/cc\/Salyut_1.jpg\/330px-Salyut_1.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Salyut_1.jpg)Salyut 1 as seen from the departing [Soyuz 11](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_11 \"Soyuz 11\") |   |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1c\/Salyut_program_insignia.svg\/250px-Salyut_program_insignia.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Salyut_program_insignia.svg) |   |\n| Station statistics |   |\n| [COSPAR ID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Designator \"International Designator\") | [1971-032A](https:\/\/nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/nmc\/spacecraft\/display.action?id=1971-032A) |\n| [SATCAT no.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Satellite_Catalog_Number \"Satellite Catalog Number\") | 05160[![Edit this on Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q211761?uselang=en#P377 \"Edit this on Wikidata\") |\n| [Call sign](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Call_sign \"Call sign\") | Salyut 1 |\n| Crew | 3 |\n| [Launch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rocket_launch \"Rocket launch\") | April 19, 1971, 01:40:00 (1971-04-19UTC01:40) [UTC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coordinated_Universal_Time \"Coordinated Universal Time\")[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) |\n| [Carrier rocket](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Launch_vehicle \"Launch vehicle\") | [Proton-K](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proton-K \"Proton-K\") No. 254-01 |\n| [Launch pad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Launch_pad \"Launch pad\") | [Baikonur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome \"Baikonur Cosmodrome\"), [Site 81\/24](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_81 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81\") |\n| [Reentry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atmospheric_reentry \"Atmospheric reentry\") | October 11, 1971 (1971-10-12) |\n| Mission status | [De-orbited](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atmospheric_entry#Deorbit_disposal \"Atmospheric entry\") |\n| [Mass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mass \"Mass\") | 18,425 kg (40,620 lb) |\n| Length | ~20 m (66 ft) |\n| Diameter | ~4 m (13 ft) |\n| Pressurized [volume](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Volume \"Volume\") | 99 m3 (3,500 cu ft) |\n| [Perigee altitude](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apsis \"Apsis\") | 200 km (124 mi; 108 nmi) |\n| [Apogee altitude](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apsis \"Apsis\") | 222 km (138 mi; 120 nmi) |\n| [Orbital inclination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orbital_inclination \"Orbital inclination\") | 51\\.6° |\n| [Orbital period](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orbital_period \"Orbital period\") | 88\\.5 minutes |\n| Days in orbit | 175 days |\n| Days occupied | 24 days |\n| No. of orbits | 2,929 |\n| Distance traveled | 118,602,524 km (73,696,192 mi) |\n| Configuration |   |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/19\/RP1357_p64_Salyut_1.svg\/250px-RP1357_p64_Salyut_1.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:RP1357_p64_Salyut_1.svg)Soyuz docking with Salyut 1 |   |\n\n**Salyut 1** ([Russian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_language \"Russian language\"): Салют-1, [lit.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Literal_translation \"Literal translation\")'Salute 1'), also known as **DOS-1** (Durable Orbital Station 1), was the world's first [space station](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_station \"Space station\"). It was launched into [low Earth orbit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Low_Earth_orbit \"Low Earth orbit\") by the [Soviet Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") on April 19, 1971. The [*Salyut* program](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_programme \"Salyut programme\") subsequently achieved five more successful launches of seven additional stations. The program's final module, [*Zvezda*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zvezda_\\(ISS_module\\) \"Zvezda (ISS module)\") (DOS-8), became the core of the [Russian Orbital Segment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Orbital_Segment \"Russian Orbital Segment\") of the [International Space Station](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Space_Station \"International Space Station\") and remains in orbit today.\n\nSalyut 1 was adapted from an [Almaz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Almaz \"Almaz\") airframe and comprised five components: a transfer compartment, a main compartment, two auxiliary compartments, and the [Orion 1 Space Observatory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orion_\\(space_telescope\\) \"Orion (space telescope)\"). It was visited by the [Soyuz 10](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_10 \"Soyuz 10\") and [Soyuz 11](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_11 \"Soyuz 11\") missions. While the crew of Soyuz 10 was able to soft dock, the [hard-docking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft#Docking_states \"Docking and berthing of spacecraft\") failed, forcing the crew to abort their mission. The Soyuz 11 crew successfully docked, spending 23 days aboard Salyut 1 conducting experiments. The Soyuz 11 crew died of asphyxia caused by a valve failure just before reentry, making them the only humans to have died above the [Kármán line](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line \"Kármán line\").\n\nFollowing the deaths, the mission of Salyut 1 was terminated, and the station reentered Earth's atmosphere, burning up on October 11, 1971.\n\n## Background\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Background\")\\]\n\nSalyut 1 originated as a modification of the Soviet military's [Almaz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Almaz \"Almaz\") space station program that was then in development.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree1995-2) After the landing of [Apollo 11](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apollo_11 \"Apollo 11\") on the Moon in July 1969, the Soviets began shifting the primary emphasis of their crewed space program to orbiting space stations, with a possible lunar landing later in the 1970s if the [N-1 rocket](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N1_\\(rocket\\) \"N1 (rocket)\") became flight-worthy.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200718-3) [Leonid Brezhnev](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leonid_Brezhnev \"Leonid Brezhnev\") canceled the lunar landing program in 1974 after four catastrophic N-1 launch failures. One other motivation for the space station program was a desire to one-up the US [Skylab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skylab \"Skylab\") program then in development. The basic structure of Salyut 1 was adapted from the Almaz with a few modifications and would form the basis of all Soviet space stations through [Mir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mir \"Mir\").[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree1995-2)\n\nCivilian Soviet space stations were internally referred to as DOS (Durable Orbital Station), although publicly, the Salyut name was used for the first six DOS stations (*[Mir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mir \"Mir\")* was internally known as DOS-7).[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree1995-2) Several military experiments were nonetheless carried on Salyut 1, including the OD-4 optical visual ranger,[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanovich20089-4) the Orion ultraviolet instrument for characterizing rocket exhaust plumes,[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanovich200829-5) and the highly classified Svinets [radiometer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radiometer \"Radiometer\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-6)\\[*[self-published source](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources \"Wikipedia:Verifiability\")*\\]\n\n## Construction and operational history\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Construction and operational history\")\\]\n\nConstruction of Salyut 1 began in early 1970, and after nearly a year it was shipped to the [Baikonur Cosmodrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome \"Baikonur Cosmodrome\"). Some remaining assembly had yet to be done, and this was completed at the launch center. The Salyut programme was managed by [Kerim Kerimov](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kerim_Kerimov \"Kerim Kerimov\"),[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-7) chairman of the state commission for Soyuz missions.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanovich200856-8)\n\nLaunch was planned for April 12, 1971 to coincide with the 10th anniversary of [Yuri Gagarin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yuri_Gagarin \"Yuri Gagarin\")'s flight on [Vostok 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vostok_1 \"Vostok 1\"), but technical problems delayed it until April 19.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-9) The first crew launched later in the [Soyuz 10](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_10 \"Soyuz 10\") mission, but they ran into troubles while docking and were unable to enter the station; the Soyuz 10 mission was aborted and the crew returned safely to Earth. A replacement crew launched on [Soyuz 11](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_11 \"Soyuz 11\") and remained on board for 23 days. This was the first time in the history of spaceflight that a space station had been occupied, and a new record was set for time spent in space. This success was, however, short-lived when the crew was killed during [reentry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atmospheric_entry \"Atmospheric entry\"), as a pressure-equalization valve in the Soyuz 11 reentry capsule had opened prematurely, causing the crew to asphyxiate. They were the first and, as of 2026, only humans to have died in space. After this accident, all missions were suspended while the Soyuz spacecraft was redesigned. The station was intentionally destroyed by [de-orbiting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atmospheric_re-entry \"Atmospheric re-entry\") after six months in orbit, because it ran out of fuel before a redesigned Soyuz spacecraft could be launched to it.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003179-10)\n\n## Structure\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Structure\")\\]\n\nAt launch, the announced purpose of Salyut was to test the elements of the systems of a space station and to conduct scientific research and experiments. The craft was described as being 20 m (66 ft) in length, 4 m (13 ft) in maximum diameter, and 99 m3 (3,500 cu ft) in interior space with an on-orbit dry mass of 18,425 kg (40,620 lb). Of its several compartments, three were pressurized (100 m3 total), and two could be entered by the crew.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1)\n\n### Transfer compartment\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Transfer compartment\")\\]\n\nThe transfer compartment was equipped with the only [docking port](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft \"Docking and berthing of spacecraft\") of Salyut 1, which allowed one [Soyuz 7K-OKS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_7K-OKS \"Soyuz 7K-OKS\") spacecraft to dock. It was the first use of the Soviet [SSVP docking system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SSVP_docking_system \"SSVP docking system\") that allowed internal crew transfer, a system that is in use today. The docking cone had a 2 m (6.6 ft) front diameter and a 3 m (9.8 ft) aft diameter.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1)\n\n### Main compartment\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Main compartment\")\\]\n\nThe second and main compartment was about 4 m (13 ft) in diameter. Televised views showed enough space for eight large chairs (seven at work consoles), several control panels, and 20 portholes (some obstructed by instruments).[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) The interior design used various colors (light and dark gray, apple green, light yellow) for supporting the cosmonauts’ orientation in weightlessness.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-11)\n\n### Auxiliary compartments\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Auxiliary compartments\")\\]\n\nThe third pressurized compartment contained the control and communications equipment, the power supply, the [life support system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Life_support_system \"Life support system\"), and other auxiliary equipment. The fourth and final unpressurized compartment was about 2 m in diameter and contained the engine installations and associated control equipment. Salyut had buffer chemical batteries, reserve supplies of oxygen and water, and regeneration systems. Externally mounted were two double sets of [solar cell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solar_cell \"Solar cell\") panels that extended like wings from the smaller compartments at each end, the heat regulation system's [radiators](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radiator \"Radiator\"), and orientation and control devices.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1)\n\nSalyut 1 was modified from one of the [Almaz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Almaz \"Almaz\") airframes. The unpressurized service module was the modified service module of a Soyuz craft.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree1995-2)\n\n### Orion 1 Space Observatory\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Orion 1 Space Observatory\")\\]\n\nThe astrophysical [Orion 1 Space Observatory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orion_1_Space_Observatory \"Orion 1 Space Observatory\") designed by [Grigor Gurzadyan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grigor_Gurzadyan \"Grigor Gurzadyan\") of [Byurakan Observatory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Byurakan_Observatory \"Byurakan Observatory\") in [Armenia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenia \"Armenia\"), was installed in Salyut 1. [Ultraviolet spectrograms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UV_astronomy \"UV astronomy\") of stars were obtained with the help of a mirror telescope of the [Mersenne](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marin_Mersenne \"Marin Mersenne\") [system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Three-mirror_anastigmat \"Three-mirror anastigmat\") and a [spectrograph](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spectrograph \"Spectrograph\") of the [Wadsworth system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wadsworth_constant_deviation_system \"Wadsworth constant deviation system\") using film sensitive to the far ultraviolet. The dispersion of the spectrograph was 32 [Å](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angstrom \"Angstrom\")\/mm (3.2 nm\/mm), while the resolution of the spectrograms derived was about 5 Å at 2600 Å (0.5 nm at 260 nm). [Slitless spectrograms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Slitless_spectrograms&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Slitless spectrograms (page does not exist)\") were obtained of the stars *[Vega](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vega \"Vega\")* and *[Beta Centauri](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beta_Centauri \"Beta Centauri\")* between 2000 and 3800 Å (200 and 380 nm).[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-12) The telescope was operated by crew member [Viktor Patsayev](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viktor_Patsayev \"Viktor Patsayev\"), who became the first man to operate a telescope outside of the Earth's atmosphere.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-Marett-Crosby2013-13)\n\n## Specifications\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Specifications\")\\]\n\n- Length: 15.8 metres (52 ft)\n- Maximum diameter: 4.15 metres (13.6 ft)\n- Habitable volume: 90 cubic metres (3,200 cu ft)\n- Mass at launch: 18,900 kilograms (41,700 lb)\n- Launch vehicle: [Proton-K](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proton-K \"Proton-K\") (Serial No. 254-01)\n- Span across solar arrays: ~10 metres (33 ft)\n- Area of solar arrays: 28 square metres (300 sq ft)\n- Number of solar arrays: 4\n- Resupply carriers: Salyut 1-type Soyuz (redesigned Soyuz missions were intended to take place, but this did not occur)\n- Number of docking ports: 1\n- Total crewed missions: 2\n- Total long-duration crewed missions: 1[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree1995-2)\n\n## Visiting spacecraft and crews\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Visiting spacecraft and crews\")\\]\n\nThe only spacecraft that ever docked to Salyut 1 were [Soyuz 10](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_10 \"Soyuz 10\") and [Soyuz 11](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_11 \"Soyuz 11\"). Soyuz 10 failed to hard-dock with Salyut 1 and had to abort the mission. Soyuz 11 conducted experiments in Salyut 1 for 23 days, however the cosmonauts later died during reentry in their Soyuz capsule.\n\n### Soyuz 10\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: Soyuz 10\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/d\/d5\/Salyut1_with_docked_Soyuz_spacecraft.jpg\/250px-Salyut1_with_docked_Soyuz_spacecraft.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Salyut1_with_docked_Soyuz_spacecraft.jpg)\n\nStill frame from an animation of Salyut 1 with attached Soyuz.\n\n[Soyuz 10](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_10 \"Soyuz 10\") was launched on April 22, 1971, carrying cosmonauts [Vladimir Shatalov](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vladimir_Shatalov \"Vladimir Shatalov\"), [Aleksei Yeliseyev](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aleksei_Yeliseyev \"Aleksei Yeliseyev\"), and [Nikolai Rukavishnikov](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nikolai_Rukavishnikov \"Nikolai Rukavishnikov\"). After taking 24 hours for rendezvous and approach, Soyuz 10 soft-docked with Salyut 1 on April 24 at 01:47 UTC and remained for 5.5 h.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) Hard-docking was unsuccessful due to technical malfunctions. The crew could not enter the station and had to return to Earth on April 24.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003174-14)\n\n### Soyuz 11\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: Soyuz 11\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/71\/The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_4060_stamp_%28Cosmonauts_Georgy_Dobrovolsky%2C_Vladislav_Volkov_and_Viktor_Patsayev%29.jpg\/250px-The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_4060_stamp_%28Cosmonauts_Georgy_Dobrovolsky%2C_Vladislav_Volkov_and_Viktor_Patsayev%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_4060_stamp_\\(Cosmonauts_Georgy_Dobrovolsky,_Vladislav_Volkov_and_Viktor_Patsayev\\).jpg)\n\nThe Soyuz 11 crew with the Salyut station in the background, in a Soviet commemorative stamp\n\n[Soyuz 11](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_11 \"Soyuz 11\") was launched on June 6, 1971 at 04:55:09 UTC and took 3 hours and 19 minutes on June 7 to complete docking.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-15) The cosmonauts [Georgy Dobrovolsky](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georgy_Dobrovolsky \"Georgy Dobrovolsky\"), [Viktor Patsayev](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viktor_Patsayev \"Viktor Patsayev\"), and [Vladislav Volkov](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vladislav_Volkov \"Vladislav Volkov\") entered to Salyut 1 and their mission was announced as:[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1)\n\n- Checking the design, units, onboard systems, and equipment of the orbital piloted station.\n- Testing the station's manual and autonomous procedures for orientation and navigation, as well as the control systems for maneuvering the space complex in orbit.\n- Studying Earth's surface geology, geography, meteorology, and snow and ice cover.\n- Studying physical characteristics, processes, and phenomena in the atmosphere and outer space in various regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.\n- Conducting medico-biological studies to determine the feasibility of having cosmonauts in the station perform various tasks, and studying the influence of space flight on the human organism.\n\nOn June 29, after 23 days and flying 362 orbits, the mission was cut short due to problems aboard the station, including an electrical fire. The crew transferred back to Soyuz 11 and reentered the Earth's atmosphere. The capsule parachuted to a soft landing at 23:16:52 UTC in [Kazakhstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazakhstan \"Kazakhstan\"), but the recovery team opened the hatch to find all three crew members dead in their couches. An inquest found that a pressure relief valve had malfunctioned during reentry leading to a loss of cabin atmosphere.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200723%E2%80%9325-16) The crew were not wearing [pressure suits](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pressure_suit \"Pressure suit\"), and it was decreed by the TsKBEM (the team of engineers who investigated the tragedy) that all further Soyuz missions would require the use of them.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003180-17)\n\n## Reentry of Salyut 1\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: Reentry of Salyut 1\")\\]\n\nSalyut 1 was moved to a higher orbit in July–August 1971 to ensure that it would not be destroyed prematurely through [orbital decay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orbital_decay \"Orbital decay\"). In the meantime, Soyuz capsules were being substantially redesigned to allow pressure suits to be worn during launch, docking maneuvers, and re-entry.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200725-18) The Soyuz redesign effort took too long however, and by September, Salyut 1 was running out of fuel.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003179-10) It was decided to conclude the station's mission and on October 11, the main engines were fired for a deorbit maneuver. After 175 days, the world's first space station burned up over the [Pacific Ocean](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pacific_Ocean \"Pacific Ocean\").[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1)\n\n*[Pravda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pravda \"Pravda\")* (October 26, 1971) reported that 75% of Salyut 1's studies were carried out by optical means and 20% by radio-technical means, while the remainder involved magnetometrical, gravitational, or other measurements. Synoptic readings were taken in both the visible and invisible parts of the [electromagnetic spectrum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electromagnetic_spectrum \"Electromagnetic spectrum\").[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1)\n\n## See also\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=13 \"Edit section: See also\")\\]\n\n- ![flag](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a9\/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg\/40px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png)[Soviet Union portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Soviet_Union \"Portal:Soviet Union\")\n- ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d6\/RocketSunIcon.svg\/40px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png)[Spaceflight portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Spaceflight \"Portal:Spaceflight\")\n\n- [Salyut 6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_6 \"Salyut 6\") – Soviet space station (1977–1982)\n- [Soviet space program](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_space_program \"Soviet space program\") – Space exploration program conducted by the Soviet Union from 1951 to 1991\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=14 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n### Citations\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=15 \"Edit section: Citations\")\\]\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-8)\n   [\"Salyut 1\"](https:\/\/nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/nmc\/spacecraft\/display.action?id=1971-032A). *NSSDC ID: 1971-032A*. NASA. Retrieved March 24, 2012.\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortree1995_2-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortree1995_2-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortree1995_2-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortree1995_2-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortree1995_2-4) [Portree 1995](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#CITEREFPortree1995).\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200718_3-0)** [Baker 2007](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#CITEREFBaker2007), p. 18.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanovich20089_4-0)** [Ivanovich 2008](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#CITEREFIvanovich2008), p. 9.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanovich200829_5-0)** [Ivanovich 2008](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#CITEREFIvanovich2008), p. 29.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-6)**\n   [Oberg, James](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Oberg \"James Oberg\") (December 18, 2016). [\"Have cosmonauts seen launches?\"](http:\/\/www.jamesoberg.com\/cosmonauts-see-launches.pdf) (PDF). p. 4. Retrieved April 18, 2018.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-7)**\n   Chladek, Jay (2017). [*Outposts on the Frontier: A Fifty-Year History of Space Stations*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=V60oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85). [University of Nebraska Press](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Nebraska_Press \"University of Nebraska Press\"). pp. 85–86\\. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-0-8032-2292-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-8032-2292-2 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-8032-2292-2\")\n   \n   .\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanovich200856_8-0)** [Ivanovich 2008](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#CITEREFIvanovich2008), p. 56.\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-9)**\n   McNamara, Bernard (2001). [*Into the Final Frontier: The Human Exploration of Space*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=JIAgAQAAIAAJ&q=salyut+1+april+12+1971). Harcourt College Publishers. p. 223. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [9780030320163](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780030320163 \"Special:BookSources\/9780030320163\")\n   \n   .\n10. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003179_10-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003179_10-1) [Shayler & Hall 2003](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#CITEREFShaylerHall2003), p. 179.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-11)**\n    Häuplik-Meusburger, Sandra (2011). [*Architecture for Astronauts: An Activity-based Approach*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=8RWKOxH1c8sC&pg=PA47). Vienna: Springer. p. 47. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [9783709106679](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9783709106679 \"Special:BookSources\/9783709106679\")\n    \n    . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\\(identifier\\) \"OCLC (identifier)\") [759926461](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/759926461).\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-12)**\n    Gurzadyan, G. A.; Ohanesyan, J. B. (September 1972). [\"Observed Energy Distribution of α Lyra and β Cen at 2000–3800 Å\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2F239090a0). *[Nature](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nature_\\(journal\\) \"Nature (journal)\")*. **239** (5367): 90. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\\(identifier\\) \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[1972Natur.239...90G](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1972Natur.239...90G). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1038\/239090a0](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2F239090a0). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\\(identifier\\) \"S2CID (identifier)\") [4265702](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:4265702).\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Marett-Crosby2013_13-0)**\n    Marett-Crosby, Michael (June 28, 2013). [*Twenty-Five Astronomical Observations That Changed the World: And How To Make Them Yourself*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=0KRSphlvsqgC&pg=PA282). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 282. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [9781461468004](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781461468004 \"Special:BookSources\/9781461468004\")\n    \n    . Retrieved April 18, 2018.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003174_14-0)** [Shayler & Hall 2003](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#CITEREFShaylerHall2003), p. 174.\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-15)**\n    [\"Soyuz 11\"](https:\/\/nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/nmc\/spacecraft\/display.action?id=1971-053A). *NSSDC ID: 1971-035A*. NASA. Retrieved March 24, 2012.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200723%E2%80%9325_16-0)** [Baker 2007](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#CITEREFBaker2007), pp. 23–25.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003180_17-0)** [Shayler & Hall 2003](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#CITEREFShaylerHall2003), p. 180.\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200725_18-0)** [Baker 2007](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#CITEREFBaker2007), p. 25.\n\n### Sources\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=16 \"Edit section: Sources\")\\]\n\n- Baker, Philip (2007). [*The Story of Manned Space Stations: An Introduction*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=gWkD52bxQYQC). Springer-Praxis Books in Astronomy and Space Sciences. [Springer Science+Business Media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media \"Springer Science+Business Media\"). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-0-387-30775-6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-387-30775-6 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-387-30775-6\")\n  \n  .\n- Ivanovich, Grujica S. (2008). [*Salyut – The First Space Station: Triumph and Tragedy*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=EbDGMiXvdG0C). Springer-Praxis Books in Astronomy and Space Sciences. [Springer Science+Business Media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media \"Springer Science+Business Media\"). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-0-387-73585-6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-387-73585-6 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-387-73585-6\")\n  \n  .\n- Portree, David S. F. (March 1995). [\"Part 2 – Almaz, Salyut, and Mir\"](https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Mir_Hardware_Heritage\/Part_2_%E2%80%93_Almaz,_Salyut,_and_Mir) . [*Mir Hardware Heritage*](https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Mir_Hardware_Heritage) . Johnson Space Center Reference Series. NASA. NASA Reference Publication 1357 – via [Wikisource](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikisource \"Wikisource\").\n- Shayler, David J.; Hall, Rex D. (2003). [*Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=dbGchpi1HP8C&pg=PA172). Springer-Praxis Books in Astronomy and Space Sciences. [Springer Science+Business Media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media \"Springer Science+Business Media\"). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [1-85233-657-9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-85233-657-9 \"Special:BookSources\/1-85233-657-9\")\n  \n  .\n\n## External links\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=17 \"Edit section: External links\")\\]\n\n- [Salyut 1 chronology](http:\/\/www.zarya.info\/Diaries\/StationsDOS\/Salyut1.php) at Zarya.info\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Salyut_programme \"Template:Salyut programme\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Salyut_programme \"Template talk:Salyut programme\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Salyut_programme \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Salyut programme\")[Salyut programme](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_programme \"Salyut programme\") |   |   |\n|---|---|---|\n| [Salyut stations (DOS)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_programme \"Salyut programme\") | [Salyut 1 (DOS-1)]() [DOS-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DOS-2 \"DOS-2\") [Kosmos 557 (DOS-3)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_557 \"Kosmos 557\") [Salyut 4 (DOS-4)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_4 \"Salyut 4\") [Salyut 6 (DOS-5)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_6 \"Salyut 6\") [Salyut 7 (DOS-6)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_7 \"Salyut 7\") | [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1c\/Salyut_program_insignia.svg\/120px-Salyut_program_insignia.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Salyut_program_insignia.svg) |\n| [Almaz stations (OPS)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Almaz \"Almaz\") | [Salyut 2 (OPS-1)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_2 \"Salyut 2\") [Salyut 3 (OPS-2)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_3 \"Salyut 3\") [Salyut 5 (OPS-3)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_5 \"Salyut 5\") [OPS-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OPS-4_\\(Almaz_program\\) \"OPS-4 (Almaz program)\") (not flown) |   |\n| Successors | [*Mir* (DOS-7)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mir_Core_Module \"Mir Core Module\") [*Zvezda* (DOS-8)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zvezda_\\(ISS_module\\) \"Zvezda (ISS module)\") |   |\n| [TKS spacecraft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TKS_\\(spacecraft\\) \"TKS (spacecraft)\") | [Kosmos 1267 (TKS-2)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_1267 \"Kosmos 1267\") [Kosmos 1443 (TKS-3)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_1443 \"Kosmos 1443\") [Kosmos 1686 (TKS-4)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_1686 \"Kosmos 1686\") |   |\n| Support craft | [Soyuz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_\\(spacecraft\\) \"Soyuz (spacecraft)\") [Progress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Progress_\\(spacecraft\\) \"Progress (spacecraft)\") [TKS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TKS_spacecraft \"TKS spacecraft\") [VA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VA_spacecraft \"VA spacecraft\") [FGB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Functional_Cargo_Block \"Functional Cargo Block\") |   |\n| Lists | [Expeditions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Salyut_expeditions \"List of Salyut expeditions\") Spaceflights [crewed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_Salyut_space_stations \"List of human spaceflights to Salyut space stations\") [uncrewed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_uncrewed_spaceflights_to_Salyut_space_stations \"List of uncrewed spaceflights to Salyut space stations\") [Visitors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Salyut_visitors \"List of Salyut visitors\") [Spacewalks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Salyut_spacewalks \"List of Salyut spacewalks\") |   |\n| Related | *[Return from Orbit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Return_from_Orbit \"Return from Orbit\")* (1984 film) |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1971 \"Template:Orbital launches in 1971\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1971 \"Template talk:Orbital launches in 1971\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1971 \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Orbital launches in 1971\")[← 1970](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1970_in_spaceflight \"1970 in spaceflight\") [Orbital launches in 1971](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1971_in_spaceflight \"1971 in spaceflight\") [1972 →](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1972_in_spaceflight \"1972 in spaceflight\") |\n|---|\n| [Kosmos 390](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_390&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 390 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 391](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_391 \"Kosmos 391\") [Meteor 1-07](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Meteor_1-07&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Meteor 1-07 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 392](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_392&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 392 (page does not exist)\") [OPS 7776](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OPS_7776&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OPS 7776 (page does not exist)\") [Intelsat IV F-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intelsat_IV_F-2 \"Intelsat IV F-2\") [Kosmos 393](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_393 \"Kosmos 393\") [Apollo 14](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apollo_14 \"Apollo 14\") [NATO-2B](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=NATO-2B&action=edit&redlink=1 \"NATO-2B (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 394](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_394 \"Kosmos 394\") [Tansei 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Tansei_1&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Tansei 1 (page does not exist)\") [OPS 5268](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OPS_5268&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OPS 5268 (page does not exist)\") [Calsphere 3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Calsphere_3&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Calsphere 3 (page does not exist)\") [Calsphere 4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Calsphere_4&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Calsphere 4 (page does not exist)\") [Calsphere 5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Calsphere_5&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Calsphere 5 (page does not exist)\") *[KH-4B No.1113](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=KH-4B_No.1113&action=edit&redlink=1 \"KH-4B No.1113 (page does not exist)\")* [Kosmos 395](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_395&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 395 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 396](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_396 \"Kosmos 396\") [Kosmos 397](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_397&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 397 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 398](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_398 \"Kosmos 398\") [Kosmos 399](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_399&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 399 (page does not exist)\") [Shijian I](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Shijian_I&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Shijian I (page does not exist)\") *[DS-P1-Yu No.39](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=DS-P1-Yu_No.39&action=edit&redlink=1 \"DS-P1-Yu No.39 (page does not exist)\")* *[Zenit-2M](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=March_1971_Voskhod_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1 \"March 1971 Voskhod launch failure (page does not exist)\")* *[Nauka 2KS No.3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Nauka_2KS_No.3&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Nauka 2KS No.3 (page does not exist)\")* [Explorer 43](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Explorer_43 \"Explorer 43\") [Kosmos 400](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_400 \"Kosmos 400\") [OPS 4788](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OPS_4788&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OPS 4788 (page does not exist)\") [OPS 5300](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OPS_5300&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OPS 5300 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 401](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_401&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 401 (page does not exist)\") [ISIS 2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=ISIS_2&action=edit&redlink=1 \"ISIS 2 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 402](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_402&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 402 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 403](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_403&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 403 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 404](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_404&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 404 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 405](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_405&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 405 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 406](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_406&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 406 (page does not exist)\") [Tournesol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Tournesol_\\(satellite\\)&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Tournesol (satellite) (page does not exist)\") [Meteor 1-08](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Meteor_1-08&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Meteor 1-08 (page does not exist)\") [Salyut 1]() [OPS 7899](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OPS_7899&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OPS 7899 (page does not exist)\") [Soyuz 10](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_10 \"Soyuz 10\") [Kosmos 407](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_407&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 407 (page does not exist)\") [San Marco 3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=San_Marco_3&action=edit&redlink=1 \"San Marco 3 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 408](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_408 \"Kosmos 408\") [Kosmos 409](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_409&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 409 (page does not exist)\") [OPS 3811](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OPS_3811&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OPS 3811 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 410](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_410&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 410 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 411](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_411&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 411 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 412](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_412&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 412 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 413](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_413&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 413 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 414](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_414&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 414 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 415](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_415&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 415 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 416](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_416&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 416 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 417](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_417&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 417 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 418](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_418&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 418 (page does not exist)\") *[Mariner 8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mariner_8 \"Mariner 8\")* [Kosmos 419](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_419 \"Kosmos 419\") [Kosmos 420](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_420&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 420 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 421](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_421 \"Kosmos 421\") [Mars 2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mars_2 \"Mars 2\") [Kosmos 422](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_422&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 422 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 423](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_423 \"Kosmos 423\") [Kosmos 424](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_424&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 424 (page does not exist)\") [Mars 3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mars_3 \"Mars 3\") [Kosmos 424](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_424&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 424 (page does not exist)\") [Mariner 9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mariner_9 \"Mariner 9\") [Kosmos 426](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_426 \"Kosmos 426\") [Soyuz 11](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_11 \"Soyuz 11\") [SESP-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SESP-1&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SESP-1 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 427](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_427&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 427 (page does not exist)\") [OPS 8709](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OPS_8709&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OPS 8709 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 428](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_428&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 428 (page does not exist)\") *[Zenit-2M](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=June_1975_Voskhod_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1 \"June 1975 Voskhod launch failure (page does not exist)\")* *[Soyuz 7K-LOK mockup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=N1_N6L&action=edit&redlink=1 \"N1 N6L (page does not exist)\")* [Explorer 44](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Explorer_44 \"Explorer 44\") [Meteor 1-09](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Meteor_1-09&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Meteor 1-09 (page does not exist)\") [OPS 8373](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OPS_8373&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OPS 8373 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 429](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_429&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 429 (page does not exist)\") *[Tselina-OM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos-3M_Yu149-32&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos-3M Yu149-32 (page does not exist)\")* [Kosmos 430](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_430&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 430 (page does not exist)\") [Apollo 15](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apollo_15 \"Apollo 15\") ([PFS-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PFS-1 \"PFS-1\")) [Molniya 1-18](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Molniya_1-18&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Molniya 1-18 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 431](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_431&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 431 (page does not exist)\") *[DS-P1-Yu No.33](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=DS-P1-Yu_No.33&action=edit&redlink=1 \"DS-P1-Yu No.33 (page does not exist)\")* [Kosmos 432](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_432&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 432 (page does not exist)\") [OV1-20](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OV1-20&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OV1-20 (page does not exist)\") ([LOADS-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=LOADS-2&action=edit&redlink=1 \"LOADS-2 (page does not exist)\")) [OV1-21](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OV1-21&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OV1-21 (page does not exist)\") ([RTDS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Radar_Tracking_Density_Satellite&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Radar Tracking Density Satellite (page does not exist)\"), [LCS 4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Lincoln_Calibration_Sphere&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Lincoln Calibration Sphere (page does not exist)\"), [Gridsphere 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Gridsphere_1&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Gridsphere 1 (page does not exist)\"), [Gridsphere 2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Gridsphere_2&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Gridsphere 2 (page does not exist)\"), [Gridsphere B](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Gridsphere_B&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Gridsphere B (page does not exist)\"), [Rigidsphere](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Rigidsphere&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Rigidsphere (page does not exist)\")) [Kosmos 433](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_433&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 433 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 434](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_434 \"Kosmos 434\") [OPS 8607](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OPS_8607&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OPS 8607 (page does not exist)\") [Eole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Eole_\\(satellite\\)&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Eole (satellite) (page does not exist)\") *[Zenit-4M](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=August_1971_Voskhod_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1 \"August 1971 Voskhod launch failure (page does not exist)\")* [Kosmos 435](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_435 \"Kosmos 435\") [Luna 18](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luna_18 \"Luna 18\") [Kosmos 436](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_436&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 436 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 437](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_437&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 437 (page does not exist)\") [OPS 5454](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OPS_5454&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OPS 5454 (page does not exist)\") [OPS 7681](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OPS_7681&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OPS 7681 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 438](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_438&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 438 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 439](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_439&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 439 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 440](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_440 \"Kosmos 440\") [Shinsei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Shinsei_\\(satellite\\)&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Shinsei (satellite) (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 441](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_441&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 441 (page does not exist)\") [Luna 19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luna_19 \"Luna 19\") [OSO 7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OSO_7 \"OSO 7\") [TETR-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=TETR-4&action=edit&redlink=1 \"TETR-4 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 442](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_442&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 442 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 443](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_443&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 443 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 444](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_444&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 444 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 445](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_445&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 445 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 446](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_446&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 446 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 447](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_447&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 447 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 448](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_448&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 448 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 449](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_449&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 449 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 450](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_450&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 450 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 451](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_451&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 451 (page does not exist)\") [OPS 4311](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OPS_4311&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OPS 4311 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 452](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_452&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 452 (page does not exist)\") [ASTEX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Advanced_Space_Technology_Experiment&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Advanced Space Technology Experiment (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 453](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_453 \"Kosmos 453\") [ITOS-B](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ITOS-B \"ITOS-B\") [OPS 7616](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OPS_7616&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OPS 7616 (page does not exist)\") [Prospero](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prospero_\\(satellite\\) \"Prospero (satellite)\") [Kosmos 454](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_454&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 454 (page does not exist)\") [OPS 3431](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OPS_3431&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OPS 3431 (page does not exist)\") [OPS 9432](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OPS_9432&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OPS 9432 (page does not exist)\") *[STV-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=STV-4&action=edit&redlink=1 \"STV-4 (page does not exist)\")* [Explorer 45](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Explorer_45 \"Explorer 45\") [Kosmos 455](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_455 \"Kosmos 455\") [Kosmos 456](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_456&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 456 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 457](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_457&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 457 (page does not exist)\") [Molniya 2-01](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Molniya_2-01&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Molniya 2-01 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 458](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_458 \"Kosmos 458\") [Kosmos 459](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_459 \"Kosmos 459\") [Kosmos 460](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_460&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 460 (page does not exist)\") [Interkosmos 5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Interkosmos_5&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Interkosmos 5 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 461](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_461 \"Kosmos 461\") [Kosmos 462](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_462&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 462 (page does not exist)\") *[Zenit-2M](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=December_1971_Voskhod_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1 \"December 1971 Voskhod launch failure (page does not exist)\")* *[Nauka 5KS No.2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Nauka_5KS_No.2&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Nauka 5KS No.2 (page does not exist)\")* *[Canyon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Atlas-Agena_5503A&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Atlas-Agena 5503A (page does not exist)\")* [Polaire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Polaire_\\(satellite\\)&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Polaire (satellite) (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 463](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_463&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 463 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 464](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_464&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 464 (page does not exist)\") [Ariel 4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ariel_4 \"Ariel 4\") [OPS 7898 PL-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OPS_7898_Payload_2&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OPS 7898 Payload 2 (page does not exist)\") [OPS 7898 PL-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OPS_7898_Payload_1&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OPS 7898 Payload 1 (page does not exist)\") [OPS 7898 PL-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OPS_7898_Payload_3&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OPS 7898 Payload 3 (page does not exist)\") [OPS 7898 PL-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OPS_7898_Payload_4&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OPS 7898 Payload 4 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 465](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_465&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 465 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 466](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_466&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 466 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 467](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_467 \"Kosmos 467\") [Kosmos 468](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_468&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 468 (page does not exist)\") [Molniya 1-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Molniya_1-19&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Molniya 1-19 (page does not exist)\") [Intelsat IV F-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intelsat_IV_F-3 \"Intelsat IV F-3\") [Kosmos 469](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_469&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 469 (page does not exist)\") [Kosmos 470](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kosmos_470&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Kosmos 470 (page does not exist)\") [Oreol 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Oreol_1&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Oreol 1 (page does not exist)\") [Meteor 1-10](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Meteor_1-10&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Meteor 1-10 (page does not exist)\") |\n| Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( \\| ). Crewed flights are indicated in underline . Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in *italics*. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets). |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Space_stations \"Template:Space stations\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Space_stations \"Template talk:Space stations\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Space_stations \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Space stations\")[Space stations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_station \"Space station\") and [settlements](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_settlement \"Space settlement\") |   |   |\n|---|---|---|\n| [List of space stations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_space_stations \"List of space stations\") [List of commercial space stations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_commercial_space_stations \"List of commercial space stations\") |   |   |\n| Current | [International Space Station (ISS)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Space_Station \"International Space Station\") [Tiangong space station (TSS)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiangong_space_station \"Tiangong space station\") | [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3d\/Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg\/120px-Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg) |\n| Past |   |   |\n|   |   |   |\n| Russia \/ Soviet Union | [Salyut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_programme \"Salyut programme\") [Salyut 1]() [DOS-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DOS-2 \"DOS-2\")† [Salyut 2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_2 \"Salyut 2\")† ‡ [Cosmos 557](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos_557 \"Kosmos 557\")† [Salyut 3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_3 \"Salyut 3\")‡ [Salyut 4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_4 \"Salyut 4\") [Salyut 5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_5 \"Salyut 5\")‡ [Salyut 6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_6 \"Salyut 6\") [Salyut 7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_7 \"Salyut 7\") *[Mir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mir \"Mir\")* |   |\n| United States | [OPS 0855](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OPS_0855 \"OPS 0855\")° [Skylab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skylab \"Skylab\") |   |\n| China | [Tiangong program](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiangong_program \"Tiangong program\") [Tiangong-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiangong-1 \"Tiangong-1\") [Tiangong-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiangong-2 \"Tiangong-2\") |   |\n| Private | [Genesis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genesis_I \"Genesis I\") [I](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genesis_I \"Genesis I\")° [II](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genesis_II_\\(space_habitat\\) \"Genesis II (space habitat)\")° |   |\n| Canceled |   |   |\n|   |   |   |\n| Individual projects | [Aurora Station](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aurora_Space_Station \"Aurora Space Station\") [Bigelow Commercial Space Station](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bigelow_Commercial_Space_Station \"Bigelow Commercial Space Station\") [Deep Space Habitat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deep_Space_Habitat \"Deep Space Habitat\") [Excalibur Almaz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Excalibur_Almaz \"Excalibur Almaz\") [Exploration Gateway Platform](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exploration_Gateway_Platform \"Exploration Gateway Platform\") [Galaxy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galaxy_\\(spacecraft\\) \"Galaxy (spacecraft)\") [Industrial Space Facility](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Industries_Incorporated \"Space Industries Incorporated\") [Manned Orbiting Laboratory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory \"Manned Orbiting Laboratory\") [Nautilus-X](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nautilus-X \"Nautilus-X\") [OPSEK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex \"Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex\") [Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orbital_Technologies_Commercial_Space_Station \"Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station\") *[Skylab II](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skylab_II \"Skylab II\")* ([FlexCraft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FlexCraft \"FlexCraft\")) [Skylab B](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skylab_B \"Skylab B\") [Sundancer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sundancer \"Sundancer\") [Tiangong-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiangong-3 \"Tiangong-3\") |   |\n| Incorporated into [ISS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Space_Station \"International Space Station\") | [Space Station *Freedom*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Station_Freedom \"Space Station Freedom\") [USOS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/US_Orbital_Segment \"US Orbital Segment\") [*Columbus* MTFF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer \"Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer\") [*Columbus* (ISS module)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Columbus_\\(ISS_module\\) \"Columbus (ISS module)\") *[Mir-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mir-2 \"Mir-2\")* [ROS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Orbital_Segment \"Russian Orbital Segment\") |   |\n| In development |   |   |\n|   |   |   |\n| Russia | [Russian Orbital Service Station](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Orbital_Service_Station \"Russian Orbital Service Station\") |   |\n| Private | [Axiom Station](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Axiom_Station \"Axiom Station\") [Haven-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haven-1 \"Haven-1\") [Orbital Reef](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orbital_Reef \"Orbital Reef\") [Starlab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Starlab_\\(space_station\\) \"Starlab (space station)\") |   |\n| International | [Lunar Gateway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lunar_Gateway \"Lunar Gateway\") |   |\n| Proposed | [Bharatiya Antariksh Station](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bharatiya_Antariksh_Station \"Bharatiya Antariksh Station\") [Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_Space_Station_Module_\\(Mitsui\\) \"Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)\") [Voyager Station](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voyager_Station \"Voyager Station\") |   |\n| Concepts | [Bernal sphere](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bernal_sphere \"Bernal sphere\") [Bishop Ring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bishop_Ring_\\(habitat\\) \"Bishop Ring (habitat)\") [McKendree cylinder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/McKendree_cylinder \"McKendree cylinder\") [O'Neill cylinder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/O%27Neill_cylinder \"O'Neill cylinder\") [Rotating wheel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rotating_wheel_space_station \"Rotating wheel space station\") [Space settlement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_settlement \"Space settlement\") [Stanford torus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanford_torus \"Stanford torus\") [Wet workshop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wet_workshop \"Wet workshop\") |   |\n| Related | [List of films featuring space stations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_films_featuring_space_stations \"List of films featuring space stations\") [Space stations and habitats in fiction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction \"Space stations and habitats in fiction\") *[Mission to Mir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mission_to_Mir \"Mission to Mir\")* (1997 documentary) *[Space Station 3D](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Station_3D \"Space Station 3D\")* (2002 documentary) *[Orphans of Apollo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orphans_of_Apollo \"Orphans of Apollo\")* (2008 documentary) *[Space Tourists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Tourists \"Space Tourists\")* (2009 documentary) *[A Beautiful Planet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/A_Beautiful_Planet \"A Beautiful Planet\")* (2016 documentary) *[Searching for Skylab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Searching_for_Skylab \"Searching for Skylab\")* (2019 documentary) |   |\n| Notes: † Never inhabited due to launch or on-orbit failure, ‡ Part of the [Almaz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Almaz \"Almaz\") military program, ° Never inhabited, lacks docking mechanism. |   |   |\n\n![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1)\n\nRetrieved from \"<https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&oldid=1331305072>\"\n\n[Categories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Category \"Help:Category\"):\n\n- [Salyut programme](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Salyut_programme \"Category:Salyut programme\")\n- [1971 in the Soviet Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:1971_in_the_Soviet_Union \"Category:1971 in the Soviet Union\")\n- 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2022\")\n\n- This page was last edited on 5 January 2026, at 18:02 (UTC).\n- Text is available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License \"Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License\"); additional terms may apply. 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Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/), a non-profit organization.\n\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy)\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About)\n- [Disclaimers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)\n- [Contact Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us)\n- [Legal & safety contacts](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information)\n- [Code of Conduct](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)\n- [Developers](https:\/\/developer.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/stats.wikimedia.org\/#\/en.wikipedia.org)\n- [Cookie statement](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Cookie_statement)\n- [Mobile view](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)\n\n- [![Wikimedia Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/footer\/wikimedia.svg)](https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [![Powered by MediaWiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/resources\/assets\/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/)\n\nSearch\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\nSalyut 1\n\n41 languages\n\n[Add topic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1)","attrs_readable_markdown":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/c\/cc\/Salyut_1.jpg\/330px-Salyut_1.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Salyut_1.jpg)Salyut 1 as seen from the departing [Soyuz 11](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_11 \"Soyuz 11\") |   |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1c\/Salyut_program_insignia.svg\/250px-Salyut_program_insignia.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Salyut_program_insignia.svg) |   |\n| Station statistics |   |\n| [COSPAR ID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Designator \"International Designator\") | [1971-032A](https:\/\/nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/nmc\/spacecraft\/display.action?id=1971-032A) |\n| [SATCAT no.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Satellite_Catalog_Number \"Satellite Catalog Number\") | 05160[![Edit this on Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q211761?uselang=en#P377 \"Edit this on Wikidata\") |\n| [Call sign](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Call_sign \"Call sign\") | Salyut 1 |\n| Crew | 3 |\n| [Launch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rocket_launch \"Rocket launch\") | April 19, 1971, 01:40:00 [UTC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coordinated_Universal_Time \"Coordinated Universal Time\")[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) |\n| [Carrier rocket](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Launch_vehicle \"Launch vehicle\") | [Proton-K](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proton-K \"Proton-K\") No. 254-01 |\n| [Launch pad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Launch_pad \"Launch pad\") | [Baikonur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome \"Baikonur Cosmodrome\"), [Site 81\/24](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_81 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81\") |\n| [Reentry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atmospheric_reentry \"Atmospheric reentry\") | October 11, 1971 |\n| Mission status | [De-orbited](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atmospheric_entry#Deorbit_disposal \"Atmospheric entry\") |\n| [Mass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mass \"Mass\") | 18,425 kg (40,620 lb) |\n| Length | ~20 m (66 ft) |\n| Diameter | ~4 m (13 ft) |\n| Pressurized [volume](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Volume \"Volume\") | 99 m3 (3,500 cu ft) |\n| [Perigee altitude](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apsis \"Apsis\") | 200 km (124 mi; 108 nmi) |\n| [Apogee altitude](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apsis \"Apsis\") | 222 km (138 mi; 120 nmi) |\n| [Orbital inclination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orbital_inclination \"Orbital inclination\") | 51\\.6° |\n| [Orbital period](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orbital_period \"Orbital period\") | 88\\.5 minutes |\n| Days in orbit | 175 days |\n| Days occupied | 24 days |\n| No. of orbits | 2,929 |\n| Distance traveled | 118,602,524 km (73,696,192 mi) |\n| Configuration |   |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/19\/RP1357_p64_Salyut_1.svg\/250px-RP1357_p64_Salyut_1.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:RP1357_p64_Salyut_1.svg)Soyuz docking with Salyut 1 |   |\n\n**Salyut 1** ([Russian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_language \"Russian language\"): Салют-1, [lit.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Literal_translation \"Literal translation\")'Salute 1'), also known as **DOS-1** (Durable Orbital Station 1), was the world's first [space station](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_station \"Space station\"). It was launched into [low Earth orbit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Low_Earth_orbit \"Low Earth orbit\") by the [Soviet Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") on April 19, 1971. The [*Salyut* program](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_programme \"Salyut programme\") subsequently achieved five more successful launches of seven additional stations. The program's final module, [*Zvezda*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zvezda_\\(ISS_module\\) \"Zvezda (ISS module)\") (DOS-8), became the core of the [Russian Orbital Segment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Orbital_Segment \"Russian Orbital Segment\") of the [International Space Station](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Space_Station \"International Space Station\") and remains in orbit today.\n\nSalyut 1 was adapted from an [Almaz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Almaz \"Almaz\") airframe and comprised five components: a transfer compartment, a main compartment, two auxiliary compartments, and the [Orion 1 Space Observatory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orion_\\(space_telescope\\) \"Orion (space telescope)\"). It was visited by the [Soyuz 10](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_10 \"Soyuz 10\") and [Soyuz 11](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_11 \"Soyuz 11\") missions. While the crew of Soyuz 10 was able to soft dock, the [hard-docking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft#Docking_states \"Docking and berthing of spacecraft\") failed, forcing the crew to abort their mission. The Soyuz 11 crew successfully docked, spending 23 days aboard Salyut 1 conducting experiments. The Soyuz 11 crew died of asphyxia caused by a valve failure just before reentry, making them the only humans to have died above the [Kármán line](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line \"Kármán line\").\n\nFollowing the deaths, the mission of Salyut 1 was terminated, and the station reentered Earth's atmosphere, burning up on October 11, 1971.\n\nSalyut 1 originated as a modification of the Soviet military's [Almaz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Almaz \"Almaz\") space station program that was then in development.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree1995-2) After the landing of [Apollo 11](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apollo_11 \"Apollo 11\") on the Moon in July 1969, the Soviets began shifting the primary emphasis of their crewed space program to orbiting space stations, with a possible lunar landing later in the 1970s if the [N-1 rocket](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N1_\\(rocket\\) \"N1 (rocket)\") became flight-worthy.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200718-3) [Leonid Brezhnev](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leonid_Brezhnev \"Leonid Brezhnev\") canceled the lunar landing program in 1974 after four catastrophic N-1 launch failures. One other motivation for the space station program was a desire to one-up the US [Skylab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skylab \"Skylab\") program then in development. The basic structure of Salyut 1 was adapted from the Almaz with a few modifications and would form the basis of all Soviet space stations through [Mir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mir \"Mir\").[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree1995-2)\n\nCivilian Soviet space stations were internally referred to as DOS (Durable Orbital Station), although publicly, the Salyut name was used for the first six DOS stations (*[Mir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mir \"Mir\")* was internally known as DOS-7).[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree1995-2) Several military experiments were nonetheless carried on Salyut 1, including the OD-4 optical visual ranger,[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanovich20089-4) the Orion ultraviolet instrument for characterizing rocket exhaust plumes,[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanovich200829-5) and the highly classified Svinets [radiometer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radiometer \"Radiometer\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-6)\\[*[self-published source](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources \"Wikipedia:Verifiability\")*\\]\n\n## Construction and operational history\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Construction and operational history\")\\]\n\nConstruction of Salyut 1 began in early 1970, and after nearly a year it was shipped to the [Baikonur Cosmodrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome \"Baikonur Cosmodrome\"). Some remaining assembly had yet to be done, and this was completed at the launch center. The Salyut programme was managed by [Kerim Kerimov](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kerim_Kerimov \"Kerim Kerimov\"),[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-7) chairman of the state commission for Soyuz missions.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanovich200856-8)\n\nLaunch was planned for April 12, 1971 to coincide with the 10th anniversary of [Yuri Gagarin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yuri_Gagarin \"Yuri Gagarin\")'s flight on [Vostok 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vostok_1 \"Vostok 1\"), but technical problems delayed it until April 19.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-9) The first crew launched later in the [Soyuz 10](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_10 \"Soyuz 10\") mission, but they ran into troubles while docking and were unable to enter the station; the Soyuz 10 mission was aborted and the crew returned safely to Earth. A replacement crew launched on [Soyuz 11](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_11 \"Soyuz 11\") and remained on board for 23 days. This was the first time in the history of spaceflight that a space station had been occupied, and a new record was set for time spent in space. This success was, however, short-lived when the crew was killed during [reentry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atmospheric_entry \"Atmospheric entry\"), as a pressure-equalization valve in the Soyuz 11 reentry capsule had opened prematurely, causing the crew to asphyxiate. They were the first and, as of 2026, only humans to have died in space. After this accident, all missions were suspended while the Soyuz spacecraft was redesigned. The station was intentionally destroyed by [de-orbiting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atmospheric_re-entry \"Atmospheric re-entry\") after six months in orbit, because it ran out of fuel before a redesigned Soyuz spacecraft could be launched to it.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003179-10)\n\nAt launch, the announced purpose of Salyut was to test the elements of the systems of a space station and to conduct scientific research and experiments. The craft was described as being 20 m (66 ft) in length, 4 m (13 ft) in maximum diameter, and 99 m3 (3,500 cu ft) in interior space with an on-orbit dry mass of 18,425 kg (40,620 lb). Of its several compartments, three were pressurized (100 m3 total), and two could be entered by the crew.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1)\n\n### Transfer compartment\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Transfer compartment\")\\]\n\nThe transfer compartment was equipped with the only [docking port](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft \"Docking and berthing of spacecraft\") of Salyut 1, which allowed one [Soyuz 7K-OKS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_7K-OKS \"Soyuz 7K-OKS\") spacecraft to dock. It was the first use of the Soviet [SSVP docking system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SSVP_docking_system \"SSVP docking system\") that allowed internal crew transfer, a system that is in use today. The docking cone had a 2 m (6.6 ft) front diameter and a 3 m (9.8 ft) aft diameter.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1)\n\nThe second and main compartment was about 4 m (13 ft) in diameter. Televised views showed enough space for eight large chairs (seven at work consoles), several control panels, and 20 portholes (some obstructed by instruments).[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) The interior design used various colors (light and dark gray, apple green, light yellow) for supporting the cosmonauts’ orientation in weightlessness.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-11)\n\n### Auxiliary compartments\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Auxiliary compartments\")\\]\n\nThe third pressurized compartment contained the control and communications equipment, the power supply, the [life support system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Life_support_system \"Life support system\"), and other auxiliary equipment. The fourth and final unpressurized compartment was about 2 m in diameter and contained the engine installations and associated control equipment. Salyut had buffer chemical batteries, reserve supplies of oxygen and water, and regeneration systems. Externally mounted were two double sets of [solar cell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solar_cell \"Solar cell\") panels that extended like wings from the smaller compartments at each end, the heat regulation system's [radiators](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radiator \"Radiator\"), and orientation and control devices.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1)\n\nSalyut 1 was modified from one of the [Almaz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Almaz \"Almaz\") airframes. The unpressurized service module was the modified service module of a Soyuz craft.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree1995-2)\n\n### Orion 1 Space Observatory\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Orion 1 Space Observatory\")\\]\n\nThe astrophysical [Orion 1 Space Observatory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orion_1_Space_Observatory \"Orion 1 Space Observatory\") designed by [Grigor Gurzadyan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grigor_Gurzadyan \"Grigor Gurzadyan\") of [Byurakan Observatory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Byurakan_Observatory \"Byurakan Observatory\") in [Armenia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenia \"Armenia\"), was installed in Salyut 1. [Ultraviolet spectrograms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UV_astronomy \"UV astronomy\") of stars were obtained with the help of a mirror telescope of the [Mersenne](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marin_Mersenne \"Marin Mersenne\") [system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Three-mirror_anastigmat \"Three-mirror anastigmat\") and a [spectrograph](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spectrograph \"Spectrograph\") of the [Wadsworth system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wadsworth_constant_deviation_system \"Wadsworth constant deviation system\") using film sensitive to the far ultraviolet. The dispersion of the spectrograph was 32 [Å](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angstrom \"Angstrom\")\/mm (3.2 nm\/mm), while the resolution of the spectrograms derived was about 5 Å at 2600 Å (0.5 nm at 260 nm). [Slitless spectrograms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Slitless_spectrograms&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Slitless spectrograms (page does not exist)\") were obtained of the stars *[Vega](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vega \"Vega\")* and *[Beta Centauri](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beta_Centauri \"Beta Centauri\")* between 2000 and 3800 Å (200 and 380 nm).[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-12) The telescope was operated by crew member [Viktor Patsayev](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viktor_Patsayev \"Viktor Patsayev\"), who became the first man to operate a telescope outside of the Earth's atmosphere.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-Marett-Crosby2013-13)\n\n- Length: 15.8 metres (52 ft)\n- Maximum diameter: 4.15 metres (13.6 ft)\n- Habitable volume: 90 cubic metres (3,200 cu ft)\n- Mass at launch: 18,900 kilograms (41,700 lb)\n- Launch vehicle: [Proton-K](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proton-K \"Proton-K\") (Serial No. 254-01)\n- Span across solar arrays: ~10 metres (33 ft)\n- Area of solar arrays: 28 square metres (300 sq ft)\n- Number of solar arrays: 4\n- Resupply carriers: Salyut 1-type Soyuz (redesigned Soyuz missions were intended to take place, but this did not occur)\n- Number of docking ports: 1\n- Total crewed missions: 2\n- Total long-duration crewed missions: 1[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree1995-2)\n\n## Visiting spacecraft and crews\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Visiting spacecraft and crews\")\\]\n\nThe only spacecraft that ever docked to Salyut 1 were [Soyuz 10](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_10 \"Soyuz 10\") and [Soyuz 11](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_11 \"Soyuz 11\"). Soyuz 10 failed to hard-dock with Salyut 1 and had to abort the mission. Soyuz 11 conducted experiments in Salyut 1 for 23 days, however the cosmonauts later died during reentry in their Soyuz capsule.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/d\/d5\/Salyut1_with_docked_Soyuz_spacecraft.jpg\/250px-Salyut1_with_docked_Soyuz_spacecraft.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Salyut1_with_docked_Soyuz_spacecraft.jpg)\n\nStill frame from an animation of Salyut 1 with attached Soyuz.\n\n[Soyuz 10](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_10 \"Soyuz 10\") was launched on April 22, 1971, carrying cosmonauts [Vladimir Shatalov](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vladimir_Shatalov \"Vladimir Shatalov\"), [Aleksei Yeliseyev](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aleksei_Yeliseyev \"Aleksei Yeliseyev\"), and [Nikolai Rukavishnikov](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nikolai_Rukavishnikov \"Nikolai Rukavishnikov\"). After taking 24 hours for rendezvous and approach, Soyuz 10 soft-docked with Salyut 1 on April 24 at 01:47 UTC and remained for 5.5 h.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) Hard-docking was unsuccessful due to technical malfunctions. The crew could not enter the station and had to return to Earth on April 24.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003174-14)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/71\/The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_4060_stamp_%28Cosmonauts_Georgy_Dobrovolsky%2C_Vladislav_Volkov_and_Viktor_Patsayev%29.jpg\/250px-The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_4060_stamp_%28Cosmonauts_Georgy_Dobrovolsky%2C_Vladislav_Volkov_and_Viktor_Patsayev%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_4060_stamp_\\(Cosmonauts_Georgy_Dobrovolsky,_Vladislav_Volkov_and_Viktor_Patsayev\\).jpg)\n\nThe Soyuz 11 crew with the Salyut station in the background, in a Soviet commemorative stamp\n\n[Soyuz 11](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_11 \"Soyuz 11\") was launched on June 6, 1971 at 04:55:09 UTC and took 3 hours and 19 minutes on June 7 to complete docking.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-15) The cosmonauts [Georgy Dobrovolsky](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georgy_Dobrovolsky \"Georgy Dobrovolsky\"), [Viktor Patsayev](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viktor_Patsayev \"Viktor Patsayev\"), and [Vladislav Volkov](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vladislav_Volkov \"Vladislav Volkov\") entered to Salyut 1 and their mission was announced as:[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1)\n\n- Checking the design, units, onboard systems, and equipment of the orbital piloted station.\n- Testing the station's manual and autonomous procedures for orientation and navigation, as well as the control systems for maneuvering the space complex in orbit.\n- Studying Earth's surface geology, geography, meteorology, and snow and ice cover.\n- Studying physical characteristics, processes, and phenomena in the atmosphere and outer space in various regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.\n- Conducting medico-biological studies to determine the feasibility of having cosmonauts in the station perform various tasks, and studying the influence of space flight on the human organism.\n\nOn June 29, after 23 days and flying 362 orbits, the mission was cut short due to problems aboard the station, including an electrical fire. The crew transferred back to Soyuz 11 and reentered the Earth's atmosphere. The capsule parachuted to a soft landing at 23:16:52 UTC in [Kazakhstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazakhstan \"Kazakhstan\"), but the recovery team opened the hatch to find all three crew members dead in their couches. An inquest found that a pressure relief valve had malfunctioned during reentry leading to a loss of cabin atmosphere.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200723%E2%80%9325-16) The crew were not wearing [pressure suits](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pressure_suit \"Pressure suit\"), and it was decreed by the TsKBEM (the team of engineers who investigated the tragedy) that all further Soyuz missions would require the use of them.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003180-17)\n\n## Reentry of Salyut 1\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: Reentry of Salyut 1\")\\]\n\nSalyut 1 was moved to a higher orbit in July–August 1971 to ensure that it would not be destroyed prematurely through [orbital decay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orbital_decay \"Orbital decay\"). In the meantime, Soyuz capsules were being substantially redesigned to allow pressure suits to be worn during launch, docking maneuvers, and re-entry.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200725-18) The Soyuz redesign effort took too long however, and by September, Salyut 1 was running out of fuel.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003179-10) It was decided to conclude the station's mission and on October 11, the main engines were fired for a deorbit maneuver. After 175 days, the world's first space station burned up over the [Pacific Ocean](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pacific_Ocean \"Pacific Ocean\").[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1)\n\n*[Pravda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pravda \"Pravda\")* (October 26, 1971) reported that 75% of Salyut 1's studies were carried out by optical means and 20% by radio-technical means, while the remainder involved magnetometrical, gravitational, or other measurements. Synoptic readings were taken in both the visible and invisible parts of the [electromagnetic spectrum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electromagnetic_spectrum \"Electromagnetic spectrum\").[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1)\n\n- [Salyut 6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_6 \"Salyut 6\") – Soviet space station (1977–1982)\n- [Soviet space program](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_space_program \"Soviet space program\") – Space exploration program conducted by the Soviet Union from 1951 to 1991\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-8)\n   [\"Salyut 1\"](https:\/\/nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/nmc\/spacecraft\/display.action?id=1971-032A). *NSSDC ID: 1971-032A*. NASA. Retrieved March 24, 2012.\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortree1995_2-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortree1995_2-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortree1995_2-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortree1995_2-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortree1995_2-4) [Portree 1995](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#CITEREFPortree1995).\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200718_3-0)** [Baker 2007](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#CITEREFBaker2007), p. 18.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanovich20089_4-0)** [Ivanovich 2008](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#CITEREFIvanovich2008), p. 9.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanovich200829_5-0)** [Ivanovich 2008](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#CITEREFIvanovich2008), p. 29.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-6)**\n   [Oberg, James](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Oberg \"James Oberg\") (December 18, 2016). [\"Have cosmonauts seen launches?\"](http:\/\/www.jamesoberg.com\/cosmonauts-see-launches.pdf) (PDF). p. 4. Retrieved April 18, 2018.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-7)**\n   Chladek, Jay (2017). [*Outposts on the Frontier: A Fifty-Year History of Space Stations*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=V60oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85). [University of Nebraska Press](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Nebraska_Press \"University of Nebraska Press\"). pp. 85–86\\. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-0-8032-2292-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-8032-2292-2 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-8032-2292-2\")\n   \n   .\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanovich200856_8-0)** [Ivanovich 2008](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#CITEREFIvanovich2008), p. 56.\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-9)**\n   McNamara, Bernard (2001). [*Into the Final Frontier: The Human Exploration of Space*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=JIAgAQAAIAAJ&q=salyut+1+april+12+1971). Harcourt College Publishers. p. 223. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [9780030320163](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780030320163 \"Special:BookSources\/9780030320163\")\n   \n   .\n10. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003179_10-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003179_10-1) [Shayler & Hall 2003](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#CITEREFShaylerHall2003), p. 179.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-11)**\n    Häuplik-Meusburger, Sandra (2011). [*Architecture for Astronauts: An Activity-based Approach*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=8RWKOxH1c8sC&pg=PA47). Vienna: Springer. p. 47. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [9783709106679](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9783709106679 \"Special:BookSources\/9783709106679\")\n    \n    . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\\(identifier\\) \"OCLC (identifier)\") [759926461](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/759926461).\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-12)**\n    Gurzadyan, G. A.; Ohanesyan, J. B. (September 1972). [\"Observed Energy Distribution of α Lyra and β Cen at 2000–3800 Å\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2F239090a0). *[Nature](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nature_\\(journal\\) \"Nature (journal)\")*. **239** (5367): 90. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\\(identifier\\) \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[1972Natur.239...90G](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1972Natur.239...90G). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1038\/239090a0](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2F239090a0). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\\(identifier\\) \"S2CID (identifier)\") [4265702](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:4265702).\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Marett-Crosby2013_13-0)**\n    Marett-Crosby, Michael (June 28, 2013). [*Twenty-Five Astronomical Observations That Changed the World: And How To Make Them Yourself*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=0KRSphlvsqgC&pg=PA282). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 282. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [9781461468004](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781461468004 \"Special:BookSources\/9781461468004\")\n    \n    . Retrieved April 18, 2018.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003174_14-0)** [Shayler & Hall 2003](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#CITEREFShaylerHall2003), p. 174.\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-15)**\n    [\"Soyuz 11\"](https:\/\/nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/nmc\/spacecraft\/display.action?id=1971-053A). *NSSDC ID: 1971-035A*. NASA. Retrieved March 24, 2012.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200723%E2%80%9325_16-0)** [Baker 2007](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#CITEREFBaker2007), pp. 23–25.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003180_17-0)** [Shayler & Hall 2003](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#CITEREFShaylerHall2003), p. 180.\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200725_18-0)** [Baker 2007](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_1#CITEREFBaker2007), p. 25.\n\n- Baker, Philip (2007). [*The Story of Manned Space Stations: An Introduction*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=gWkD52bxQYQC). Springer-Praxis Books in Astronomy and Space Sciences. [Springer Science+Business Media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media \"Springer Science+Business Media\"). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-0-387-30775-6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-387-30775-6 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-387-30775-6\")\n  \n  .\n- Ivanovich, Grujica S. (2008). [*Salyut – The First Space Station: Triumph and Tragedy*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=EbDGMiXvdG0C). Springer-Praxis Books in Astronomy and Space Sciences. [Springer Science+Business Media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media \"Springer Science+Business Media\"). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-0-387-73585-6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-387-73585-6 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-387-73585-6\")\n  \n  .\n- Portree, David S. F. (March 1995). [\"Part 2 – Almaz, Salyut, and Mir\"](https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Mir_Hardware_Heritage\/Part_2_%E2%80%93_Almaz,_Salyut,_and_Mir) . [*Mir Hardware Heritage*](https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Mir_Hardware_Heritage) . Johnson Space Center Reference Series. NASA. NASA Reference Publication 1357 – via [Wikisource](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikisource \"Wikisource\").\n- Shayler, David J.; Hall, Rex D. (2003). [*Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=dbGchpi1HP8C&pg=PA172). Springer-Praxis Books in Astronomy and Space Sciences. [Springer Science+Business Media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media \"Springer Science+Business Media\"). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [1-85233-657-9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-85233-657-9 \"Special:BookSources\/1-85233-657-9\")\n  \n  .\n\n- [Salyut 1 chronology](http:\/\/www.zarya.info\/Diaries\/StationsDOS\/Salyut1.php) at Zarya.info","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Salyut 1 (DOS-1) Salyut 1 as seen from the departing Soyuz 11 Station statistics COSPAR ID 1971-032A SATCAT no. 05160 Call sign Salyut 1 Crew 3 Launch April 19, 1971, 01:40:00 UTC [ 1 ] Carrier rocket Proton-K No. 254-01 Launch pad Baikonur , Site 81/24 Reentry October 11, 1971 Mission status De-orbited Mass 18,425 kg (40,620 lb) Length ~20 m (66 ft) Diameter ~4 m (13 ft) Pressurized volume 99 m 3 (3,500 cu ft) Perigee altitude 200 km (124 mi; 108 nmi) Apogee altitude 222 km (138 mi; 120 nmi) Orbital inclination 51.6° Orbital period 88.5 minutes Days in orbit 175 days Days occupied 24 days No. of orbits 2,929 Distance traveled 118,602,524 km (73,696,192 mi) Configuration Soyuz docking with Salyut 1 Salyut 1 ( Russian : Салют-1 , lit. ' Salute 1 ' ), also known as DOS-1 (Durable Orbital Station 1), was the world's first space station . It was launched into low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on April 19, 1971. The Salyut program subsequently achieved five more successful launches of seven additional stations. The program's final module, Zvezda (DOS-8), became the core of the Russian Orbital Segment of the International Space Station and remains in orbit today. Salyut 1 was adapted from an Almaz airframe and comprised five components: a transfer compartment, a main compartment, two auxiliary compartments, and the Orion 1 Space Observatory . It was visited by the Soyuz 10 and Soyuz 11 missions. While the crew of Soyuz 10 was able to soft dock, the hard-docking failed, forcing the crew to abort their mission. The Soyuz 11 crew successfully docked, spending 23 days aboard Salyut 1 conducting experiments. The Soyuz 11 crew died of asphyxia caused by a valve failure just before reentry, making them the only humans to have died above the Kármán line . Following the deaths, the mission of Salyut 1 was terminated, and the station reentered Earth's atmosphere, burning up on October 11, 1971. Salyut 1 originated as a modification of the Soviet military's Almaz space station program that was then in development. [ 2 ] After the landing of Apollo 11 on the Moon in July 1969, the Soviets began shifting the primary emphasis of their crewed space program to orbiting space stations, with a possible lunar landing later in the 1970s if the N-1 rocket became flight-worthy. [ 3 ] Leonid Brezhnev canceled the lunar landing program in 1974 after four catastrophic N-1 launch failures. One other motivation for the space station program was a desire to one-up the US Skylab program then in development. The basic structure of Salyut 1 was adapted from the Almaz with a few modifications and would form the basis of all Soviet space stations through Mir . [ 2 ] Civilian Soviet space stations were internally referred to as DOS (Durable Orbital Station), although publicly, the Salyut name was used for the first six DOS stations ( Mir was internally known as DOS-7). [ 2 ] Several military experiments were nonetheless carried on Salyut 1, including the OD-4 optical visual ranger, [ 4 ] the Orion ultraviolet instrument for characterizing rocket exhaust plumes, [ 5 ] and the highly classified Svinets radiometer . [ 6 ] [ self-published source ] Construction and operational history [ edit ] Construction of Salyut 1 began in early 1970, and after nearly a year it was shipped to the Baikonur Cosmodrome . Some remaining assembly had yet to be done, and this was completed at the launch center. The Salyut programme was managed by Kerim Kerimov , [ 7 ] chairman of the state commission for Soyuz missions. [ 8 ] Launch was planned for April 12, 1971 to coincide with the 10th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin 's flight on Vostok 1 , but technical problems delayed it until April 19. [ 9 ] The first crew launched later in the Soyuz 10 mission, but they ran into troubles while docking and were unable to enter the station; the Soyuz 10 mission was aborted and the crew returned safely to Earth. A replacement crew launched on Soyuz 11 and remained on board for 23 days. This was the first time in the history of spaceflight that a space station had been occupied, and a new record was set for time spent in space. This success was, however, short-lived when the crew was killed during reentry , as a pressure-equalization valve in the Soyuz 11 reentry capsule had opened prematurely, causing the crew to asphyxiate. They were the first and, as of 2026, only humans to have died in space. After this accident, all missions were suspended while the Soyuz spacecraft was redesigned. The station was intentionally destroyed by de-orbiting after six months in orbit, because it ran out of fuel before a redesigned Soyuz spacecraft could be launched to it. [ 10 ] At launch, the announced purpose of Salyut was to test the elements of the systems of a space station and to conduct scientific research and experiments. The craft was described as being 20 m (66 ft) in length, 4 m (13 ft) in maximum diameter, and 99 m 3 (3,500 cu ft) in interior space with an on-orbit dry mass of 18,425 kg (40,620 lb). Of its several compartments, three were pressurized (100 m 3 total), and two could be entered by the crew. [ 1 ] Transfer compartment [ edit ] The transfer compartment was equipped with the only docking port of Salyut 1, which allowed one Soyuz 7K-OKS spacecraft to dock. It was the first use of the Soviet SSVP docking system that allowed internal crew transfer, a system that is in use today. The docking cone had a 2 m (6.6 ft) front diameter and a 3 m (9.8 ft) aft diameter. [ 1 ] The second and main compartment was about 4 m (13 ft) in diameter. Televised views showed enough space for eight large chairs (seven at work consoles), several control panels, and 20 portholes (some obstructed by instruments). [ 1 ] The interior design used various colors (light and dark gray, apple green, light yellow) for supporting the cosmonauts’ orientation in weightlessness. [ 11 ] Auxiliary compartments [ edit ] The third pressurized compartment contained the control and communications equipment, the power supply, the life support system , and other auxiliary equipment. The fourth and final unpressurized compartment was about 2 m in diameter and contained the engine installations and associated control equipment. Salyut had buffer chemical batteries, reserve supplies of oxygen and water, and regeneration systems. Externally mounted were two double sets of solar cell panels that extended like wings from the smaller compartments at each end, the heat regulation system's radiators , and orientation and control devices. [ 1 ] Salyut 1 was modified from one of the Almaz airframes. The unpressurized service module was the modified service module of a Soyuz craft. [ 2 ] Orion 1 Space Observatory [ edit ] The astrophysical Orion 1 Space Observatory designed by Grigor Gurzadyan of Byurakan Observatory in Armenia , was installed in Salyut 1. Ultraviolet spectrograms of stars were obtained with the help of a mirror telescope of the Mersenne system and a spectrograph of the Wadsworth system using film sensitive to the far ultraviolet. The dispersion of the spectrograph was 32 Å /mm (3.2 nm/mm), while the resolution of the spectrograms derived was about 5 Å at 2600 Å (0.5 nm at 260 nm). Slitless spectrograms were obtained of the stars Vega and Beta Centauri between 2000 and 3800 Å (200 and 380 nm). [ 12 ] The telescope was operated by crew member Viktor Patsayev , who became the first man to operate a telescope outside of the Earth's atmosphere. [ 13 ] Length: 15.8 metres (52 ft) Maximum diameter: 4.15 metres (13.6 ft) Habitable volume: 90 cubic metres (3,200 cu ft) Mass at launch: 18,900 kilograms (41,700 lb) Launch vehicle: Proton-K (Serial No. 254-01) Span across solar arrays: ~10 metres (33 ft) Area of solar arrays: 28 square metres (300 sq ft) Number of solar arrays: 4 Resupply carriers: Salyut 1-type Soyuz (redesigned Soyuz missions were intended to take place, but this did not occur) Number of docking ports: 1 Total crewed missions: 2 Total long-duration crewed missions: 1 [ 2 ] Visiting spacecraft and crews [ edit ] The only spacecraft that ever docked to Salyut 1 were Soyuz 10 and Soyuz 11 . Soyuz 10 failed to hard-dock with Salyut 1 and had to abort the mission. Soyuz 11 conducted experiments in Salyut 1 for 23 days, however the cosmonauts later died during reentry in their Soyuz capsule. Still frame from an animation of Salyut 1 with attached Soyuz. Soyuz 10 was launched on April 22, 1971, carrying cosmonauts Vladimir Shatalov , Aleksei Yeliseyev , and Nikolai Rukavishnikov . After taking 24 hours for rendezvous and approach, Soyuz 10 soft-docked with Salyut 1 on April 24 at 01:47 UTC and remained for 5.5 h. [ 1 ] Hard-docking was unsuccessful due to technical malfunctions. The crew could not enter the station and had to return to Earth on April 24. [ 14 ] The Soyuz 11 crew with the Salyut station in the background, in a Soviet commemorative stamp Soyuz 11 was launched on June 6, 1971 at 04:55:09 UTC and took 3 hours and 19 minutes on June 7 to complete docking. [ 15 ] The cosmonauts Georgy Dobrovolsky , Viktor Patsayev , and Vladislav Volkov entered to Salyut 1 and their mission was announced as: [ 1 ] Checking the design, units, onboard systems, and equipment of the orbital piloted station. Testing the station's manual and autonomous procedures for orientation and navigation, as well as the control systems for maneuvering the space complex in orbit. Studying Earth's surface geology, geography, meteorology, and snow and ice cover. Studying physical characteristics, processes, and phenomena in the atmosphere and outer space in various regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Conducting medico-biological studies to determine the feasibility of having cosmonauts in the station perform various tasks, and studying the influence of space flight on the human organism. On June 29, after 23 days and flying 362 orbits, the mission was cut short due to problems aboard the station, including an electrical fire. The crew transferred back to Soyuz 11 and reentered the Earth's atmosphere. The capsule parachuted to a soft landing at 23:16:52 UTC in Kazakhstan , but the recovery team opened the hatch to find all three crew members dead in their couches. An inquest found that a pressure relief valve had malfunctioned during reentry leading to a loss of cabin atmosphere. [ 16 ] The crew were not wearing pressure suits , and it was decreed by the TsKBEM (the team of engineers who investigated the tragedy) that all further Soyuz missions would require the use of them. [ 17 ] Reentry of Salyut 1 [ edit ] Salyut 1 was moved to a higher orbit in July–August 1971 to ensure that it would not be destroyed prematurely through orbital decay . In the meantime, Soyuz capsules were being substantially redesigned to allow pressure suits to be worn during launch, docking maneuvers, and re-entry. [ 18 ] The Soyuz redesign effort took too long however, and by September, Salyut 1 was running out of fuel. [ 10 ] It was decided to conclude the station's mission and on October 11, the main engines were fired for a deorbit maneuver. After 175 days, the world's first space station burned up over the Pacific Ocean . [ 1 ] Pravda (October 26, 1971) reported that 75% of Salyut 1's studies were carried out by optical means and 20% by radio-technical means, while the remainder involved magnetometrical, gravitational, or other measurements. Synoptic readings were taken in both the visible and invisible parts of the electromagnetic spectrum . [ 1 ] Salyut 6 – Soviet space station (1977–1982) Soviet space program – Space exploration program conducted by the Soviet Union from 1951 to 1991 ^ a b c d e f g h i "Salyut 1" . NSSDC ID: 1971-032A . NASA . Retrieved March 24, 2012 . ^ a b c d e Portree 1995 . ^ Baker 2007 , p. 18. ^ Ivanovich 2008 , p. 9. ^ Ivanovich 2008 , p. 29. ^ Oberg, James (December 18, 2016). "Have cosmonauts seen launches?" (PDF) . p. 4 . Retrieved April 18, 2018 . ^ Chladek, Jay (2017). Outposts on the Frontier: A Fifty-Year History of Space Stations . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 85– 86. ISBN 978-0-8032-2292-2 . ^ Ivanovich 2008 , p. 56. ^ McNamara, Bernard (2001). Into the Final Frontier: The Human Exploration of Space . Harcourt College Publishers. p. 223. ISBN 9780030320163 . ^ a b Shayler & Hall 2003 , p. 179. ^ Häuplik-Meusburger, Sandra (2011). Architecture for Astronauts: An Activity-based Approach . Vienna: Springer. p. 47. ISBN 9783709106679 . OCLC 759926461 . ^ Gurzadyan, G. A.; Ohanesyan, J. B. (September 1972). "Observed Energy Distribution of α Lyra and β Cen at 2000–3800 Å" . Nature . 239 (5367): 90. Bibcode : 1972Natur.239...90G . doi : 10.1038/239090a0 . S2CID 4265702 . ^ Marett-Crosby, Michael (June 28, 2013). Twenty-Five Astronomical Observations That Changed the World: And How To Make Them Yourself . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 282. ISBN 9781461468004 . Retrieved April 18, 2018 . ^ Shayler & Hall 2003 , p. 174. ^ "Soyuz 11" . NSSDC ID: 1971-035A . NASA . Retrieved March 24, 2012 . ^ Baker 2007 , pp. 23–25. ^ Shayler & Hall 2003 , p. 180. ^ Baker 2007 , p. 25. Baker, Philip (2007). The Story of Manned Space Stations: An Introduction . Springer-Praxis Books in Astronomy and Space Sciences. Springer Science+Business Media . ISBN 978-0-387-30775-6 . Ivanovich, Grujica S. (2008). Salyut – The First Space Station: Triumph and Tragedy . Springer-Praxis Books in Astronomy and Space Sciences. Springer Science+Business Media . ISBN 978-0-387-73585-6 . Portree, David S. F. (March 1995). "Part 2 – Almaz, Salyut, and Mir" . Mir Hardware Heritage . Johnson Space Center Reference Series. NASA. NASA Reference Publication 1357 – via Wikisource . Shayler, David J.; Hall, Rex D. (2003). Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft . Springer-Praxis Books in Astronomy and Space Sciences. Springer Science+Business Media . ISBN 1-85233-657-9 . Salyut 1 chronology at Zarya.info
Markdown	[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Salyut+1 "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Salyut+1 "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1) - [1 Background](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#Background) - [2 Construction and operational history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#Construction_and_operational_history) - [3 Structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#Structure) Toggle Structure subsection - [3\.1 Transfer compartment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#Transfer_compartment) - [3\.2 Main compartment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#Main_compartment) - [3\.3 Auxiliary compartments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#Auxiliary_compartments) - [3\.4 Orion 1 Space Observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#Orion_1_Space_Observatory) - [4 Specifications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#Specifications) - [5 Visiting spacecraft and crews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#Visiting_spacecraft_and_crews) Toggle Visiting spacecraft and crews subsection - [5\.1 Soyuz 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#Soyuz_10) - [5\.2 Soyuz 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#Soyuz_11) - [6 Reentry of Salyut 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#Reentry_of_Salyut_1) - [7 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#See_also) - [8 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#References) Toggle References subsection - [8\.1 Citations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#Citations) - [8\.2 Sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#Sources) - [9 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # Salyut 1 41 languages - [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saljoet_1 "Saljoet 1 – Afrikaans") - [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA_1 "ساليوت 1 – Arabic") - [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1 "Salyut 1 – Azerbaijani") - [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82-1 "Салют-1 – Bulgarian") - [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliut_1 "Saliut 1 – Catalan") - [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saljut_1 "Saljut 1 – Czech") - [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1 "Salyut 1 – Welsh") - [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saljut_1 "Saljut 1 – German") - [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salut_1 "Salut 1 – Esperanto") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliut_1 "Saliut 1 – Spanish") - [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saljut_1 "Saljut 1 – Estonian") - [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliut_1 "Saliut 1 – Basque") - [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA_%DB%B1 "سالیوت ۱ – Persian") - [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saljut_1 "Saljut 1 – Finnish") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliout_1 "Saliout 1 – French") - [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliut_1 "Saliut 1 – Galician") - [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98_1 "סאליוט 1 – Hebrew") - [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saljut_1 "Saljut 1 – Croatian") - [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szaljut%E2%80%931 "Szaljut–1 – Hungarian") - [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1 "Salyut 1 – Indonesian") - [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1 "Salyut 1 – Ido") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saljut_1 "Saljut 1 – Italian") - [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%881%E5%8F%B7 "サリュート1号 – Japanese") - [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2-1 "სალუტ-1 – Georgian") - [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B4%EB%A5%98%ED%8A%B8_1%ED%98%B8 "살류트 1호 – Korean") - [Lëtzebuergesch](https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saljut_1 "Saljut 1 – Luxembourgish") - [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saljut-1 "Saljut-1 – Latvian") - [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1 "Salyut 1 – Malay") - [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saljoet_1 "Saljoet 1 – Dutch") - [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saljut_1 "Saljut 1 – Norwegian Nynorsk") - [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saljut_1 "Saljut 1 – Norwegian Bokmål") - [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salut_1 "Salut 1 – Polish") - [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1 "Salyut 1 – Portuguese") - [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82-1 "Салют-1 – Russian") - [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1 "Salyut 1 – Simple English") - [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C4%BEut_1 "Saľut 1 – Slovak") - [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%99%D1%83%D1%82_1 "Саљут 1 – Serbian") - [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saljut_1 "Saljut 1 – Swedish") - [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1 "Salyut 1 – Turkish") - [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82-1 "Салют-1 – Ukrainian") - [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%AE%E7%82%AE1%E8%99%9F "禮炮1號 – Chinese") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q211761#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - 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[Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q211761 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Soviet space station (1971) \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/Salyut_1.jpg/330px-Salyut_1.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salyut_1.jpg)Salyut 1 as seen from the departing [Soyuz 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_11 "Soyuz 11") \| \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Salyut_program_insignia.svg/250px-Salyut_program_insignia.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salyut_program_insignia.svg) \| \| \| Station statistics \| \| \| [COSPAR ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Designator "International Designator") \| [1971-032A](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-032A) \| \| [SATCAT no.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number "Satellite Catalog Number") \| 05160[![Edit this on Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211761?uselang=en#P377 "Edit this on Wikidata") \| \| [Call sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign "Call sign") \| Salyut 1 \| \| Crew \| 3 \| \| [Launch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_launch "Rocket launch") \| April 19, 1971, 01:40:00 (1971-04-19UTC01:40) [UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time "Coordinated Universal Time")[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) \| \| [Carrier rocket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_vehicle "Launch vehicle") \| [Proton-K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-K "Proton-K") No. 254-01 \| \| [Launch pad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_pad "Launch pad") \| [Baikonur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome "Baikonur Cosmodrome"), [Site 81/24](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_81 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81") \| \| [Reentry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_reentry "Atmospheric reentry") \| October 11, 1971 (1971-10-12) \| \| Mission status \| [De-orbited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_entry#Deorbit_disposal "Atmospheric entry") \| \| [Mass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass "Mass") \| 18,425 kg (40,620 lb) \| \| Length \| ~20 m (66 ft) \| \| Diameter \| ~4 m (13 ft) \| \| Pressurized [volume](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume "Volume") \| 99 m3 (3,500 cu ft) \| \| [Perigee altitude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsis "Apsis") \| 200 km (124 mi; 108 nmi) \| \| [Apogee altitude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsis "Apsis") \| 222 km (138 mi; 120 nmi) \| \| [Orbital inclination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_inclination "Orbital inclination") \| 51\.6° \| \| [Orbital period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_period "Orbital period") \| 88\.5 minutes \| \| Days in orbit \| 175 days \| \| Days occupied \| 24 days \| \| No. of orbits \| 2,929 \| \| Distance traveled \| 118,602,524 km (73,696,192 mi) \| \| Configuration \| \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/RP1357_p64_Salyut_1.svg/250px-RP1357_p64_Salyut_1.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RP1357_p64_Salyut_1.svg)Soyuz docking with Salyut 1 \| \| Salyut 1 ([Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language"): Салют-1, [lit.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation "Literal translation")'Salute 1'), also known as DOS-1 (Durable Orbital Station 1), was the world's first [space station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_station "Space station"). It was launched into [low Earth orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit "Low Earth orbit") by the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") on April 19, 1971. The [Salyut program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_programme "Salyut programme") subsequently achieved five more successful launches of seven additional stations. The program's final module, [Zvezda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezda_\(ISS_module\) "Zvezda (ISS module)") (DOS-8), became the core of the [Russian Orbital Segment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment "Russian Orbital Segment") of the [International Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station "International Space Station") and remains in orbit today. Salyut 1 was adapted from an [Almaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz "Almaz") airframe and comprised five components: a transfer compartment, a main compartment, two auxiliary compartments, and the [Orion 1 Space Observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_\(space_telescope\) "Orion (space telescope)"). It was visited by the [Soyuz 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_10 "Soyuz 10") and [Soyuz 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_11 "Soyuz 11") missions. While the crew of Soyuz 10 was able to soft dock, the [hard-docking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft#Docking_states "Docking and berthing of spacecraft") failed, forcing the crew to abort their mission. The Soyuz 11 crew successfully docked, spending 23 days aboard Salyut 1 conducting experiments. The Soyuz 11 crew died of asphyxia caused by a valve failure just before reentry, making them the only humans to have died above the [Kármán line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line "Kármán line"). Following the deaths, the mission of Salyut 1 was terminated, and the station reentered Earth's atmosphere, burning up on October 11, 1971. ## Background \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Background")\] Salyut 1 originated as a modification of the Soviet military's [Almaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz "Almaz") space station program that was then in development.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree1995-2) After the landing of [Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11") on the Moon in July 1969, the Soviets began shifting the primary emphasis of their crewed space program to orbiting space stations, with a possible lunar landing later in the 1970s if the [N-1 rocket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N1_\(rocket\) "N1 (rocket)") became flight-worthy.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200718-3) [Leonid Brezhnev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev "Leonid Brezhnev") canceled the lunar landing program in 1974 after four catastrophic N-1 launch failures. One other motivation for the space station program was a desire to one-up the US [Skylab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab "Skylab") program then in development. The basic structure of Salyut 1 was adapted from the Almaz with a few modifications and would form the basis of all Soviet space stations through [Mir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir "Mir").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree1995-2) Civilian Soviet space stations were internally referred to as DOS (Durable Orbital Station), although publicly, the Salyut name was used for the first six DOS stations ([Mir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir "Mir") was internally known as DOS-7).[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree1995-2) Several military experiments were nonetheless carried on Salyut 1, including the OD-4 optical visual ranger,[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanovich20089-4) the Orion ultraviolet instrument for characterizing rocket exhaust plumes,[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanovich200829-5) and the highly classified Svinets [radiometer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometer "Radiometer").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-6)\[[self-published source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources "Wikipedia:Verifiability")\] ## Construction and operational history \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Construction and operational history")\] Construction of Salyut 1 began in early 1970, and after nearly a year it was shipped to the [Baikonur Cosmodrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome "Baikonur Cosmodrome"). Some remaining assembly had yet to be done, and this was completed at the launch center. The Salyut programme was managed by [Kerim Kerimov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerim_Kerimov "Kerim Kerimov"),[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-7) chairman of the state commission for Soyuz missions.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanovich200856-8) Launch was planned for April 12, 1971 to coincide with the 10th anniversary of [Yuri Gagarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin "Yuri Gagarin")'s flight on [Vostok 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_1 "Vostok 1"), but technical problems delayed it until April 19.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-9) The first crew launched later in the [Soyuz 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_10 "Soyuz 10") mission, but they ran into troubles while docking and were unable to enter the station; the Soyuz 10 mission was aborted and the crew returned safely to Earth. A replacement crew launched on [Soyuz 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_11 "Soyuz 11") and remained on board for 23 days. This was the first time in the history of spaceflight that a space station had been occupied, and a new record was set for time spent in space. This success was, however, short-lived when the crew was killed during [reentry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_entry "Atmospheric entry"), as a pressure-equalization valve in the Soyuz 11 reentry capsule had opened prematurely, causing the crew to asphyxiate. They were the first and, as of 2026, only humans to have died in space. After this accident, all missions were suspended while the Soyuz spacecraft was redesigned. The station was intentionally destroyed by [de-orbiting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_re-entry "Atmospheric re-entry") after six months in orbit, because it ran out of fuel before a redesigned Soyuz spacecraft could be launched to it.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003179-10) ## Structure \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Structure")\] At launch, the announced purpose of Salyut was to test the elements of the systems of a space station and to conduct scientific research and experiments. The craft was described as being 20 m (66 ft) in length, 4 m (13 ft) in maximum diameter, and 99 m3 (3,500 cu ft) in interior space with an on-orbit dry mass of 18,425 kg (40,620 lb). Of its several compartments, three were pressurized (100 m3 total), and two could be entered by the crew.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) ### Transfer compartment \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Transfer compartment")\] The transfer compartment was equipped with the only [docking port](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft "Docking and berthing of spacecraft") of Salyut 1, which allowed one [Soyuz 7K-OKS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_7K-OKS "Soyuz 7K-OKS") spacecraft to dock. It was the first use of the Soviet [SSVP docking system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSVP_docking_system "SSVP docking system") that allowed internal crew transfer, a system that is in use today. The docking cone had a 2 m (6.6 ft) front diameter and a 3 m (9.8 ft) aft diameter.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) ### Main compartment \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Main compartment")\] The second and main compartment was about 4 m (13 ft) in diameter. Televised views showed enough space for eight large chairs (seven at work consoles), several control panels, and 20 portholes (some obstructed by instruments).[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) The interior design used various colors (light and dark gray, apple green, light yellow) for supporting the cosmonauts’ orientation in weightlessness.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-11) ### Auxiliary compartments \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Auxiliary compartments")\] The third pressurized compartment contained the control and communications equipment, the power supply, the [life support system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_support_system "Life support system"), and other auxiliary equipment. The fourth and final unpressurized compartment was about 2 m in diameter and contained the engine installations and associated control equipment. Salyut had buffer chemical batteries, reserve supplies of oxygen and water, and regeneration systems. Externally mounted were two double sets of [solar cell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell "Solar cell") panels that extended like wings from the smaller compartments at each end, the heat regulation system's [radiators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiator "Radiator"), and orientation and control devices.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) Salyut 1 was modified from one of the [Almaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz "Almaz") airframes. The unpressurized service module was the modified service module of a Soyuz craft.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree1995-2) ### Orion 1 Space Observatory \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Orion 1 Space Observatory")\] The astrophysical [Orion 1 Space Observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_1_Space_Observatory "Orion 1 Space Observatory") designed by [Grigor Gurzadyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigor_Gurzadyan "Grigor Gurzadyan") of [Byurakan Observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byurakan_Observatory "Byurakan Observatory") in [Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia "Armenia"), was installed in Salyut 1. [Ultraviolet spectrograms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV_astronomy "UV astronomy") of stars were obtained with the help of a mirror telescope of the [Mersenne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Mersenne "Marin Mersenne") [system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-mirror_anastigmat "Three-mirror anastigmat") and a [spectrograph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrograph "Spectrograph") of the [Wadsworth system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadsworth_constant_deviation_system "Wadsworth constant deviation system") using film sensitive to the far ultraviolet. The dispersion of the spectrograph was 32 [Å](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrom "Angstrom")/mm (3.2 nm/mm), while the resolution of the spectrograms derived was about 5 Å at 2600 Å (0.5 nm at 260 nm). [Slitless spectrograms](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slitless_spectrograms&action=edit&redlink=1 "Slitless spectrograms (page does not exist)") were obtained of the stars [Vega](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega "Vega") and [Beta Centauri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Centauri "Beta Centauri") between 2000 and 3800 Å (200 and 380 nm).[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-12) The telescope was operated by crew member [Viktor Patsayev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Patsayev "Viktor Patsayev"), who became the first man to operate a telescope outside of the Earth's atmosphere.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-Marett-Crosby2013-13) ## Specifications \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Specifications")\] - Length: 15.8 metres (52 ft) - Maximum diameter: 4.15 metres (13.6 ft) - Habitable volume: 90 cubic metres (3,200 cu ft) - Mass at launch: 18,900 kilograms (41,700 lb) - Launch vehicle: [Proton-K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-K "Proton-K") (Serial No. 254-01) - Span across solar arrays: ~10 metres (33 ft) - Area of solar arrays: 28 square metres (300 sq ft) - Number of solar arrays: 4 - Resupply carriers: Salyut 1-type Soyuz (redesigned Soyuz missions were intended to take place, but this did not occur) - Number of docking ports: 1 - Total crewed missions: 2 - Total long-duration crewed missions: 1[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree1995-2) ## Visiting spacecraft and crews \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Visiting spacecraft and crews")\] The only spacecraft that ever docked to Salyut 1 were [Soyuz 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_10 "Soyuz 10") and [Soyuz 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_11 "Soyuz 11"). Soyuz 10 failed to hard-dock with Salyut 1 and had to abort the mission. Soyuz 11 conducted experiments in Salyut 1 for 23 days, however the cosmonauts later died during reentry in their Soyuz capsule. ### Soyuz 10 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Soyuz 10")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/Salyut1_with_docked_Soyuz_spacecraft.jpg/250px-Salyut1_with_docked_Soyuz_spacecraft.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salyut1_with_docked_Soyuz_spacecraft.jpg) Still frame from an animation of Salyut 1 with attached Soyuz. [Soyuz 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_10 "Soyuz 10") was launched on April 22, 1971, carrying cosmonauts [Vladimir Shatalov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Shatalov "Vladimir Shatalov"), [Aleksei Yeliseyev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Yeliseyev "Aleksei Yeliseyev"), and [Nikolai Rukavishnikov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Rukavishnikov "Nikolai Rukavishnikov"). After taking 24 hours for rendezvous and approach, Soyuz 10 soft-docked with Salyut 1 on April 24 at 01:47 UTC and remained for 5.5 h.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) Hard-docking was unsuccessful due to technical malfunctions. The crew could not enter the station and had to return to Earth on April 24.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003174-14) ### Soyuz 11 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Soyuz 11")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_4060_stamp_%28Cosmonauts_Georgy_Dobrovolsky%2C_Vladislav_Volkov_and_Viktor_Patsayev%29.jpg/250px-The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_4060_stamp_%28Cosmonauts_Georgy_Dobrovolsky%2C_Vladislav_Volkov_and_Viktor_Patsayev%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_4060_stamp_\(Cosmonauts_Georgy_Dobrovolsky,_Vladislav_Volkov_and_Viktor_Patsayev\).jpg) The Soyuz 11 crew with the Salyut station in the background, in a Soviet commemorative stamp [Soyuz 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_11 "Soyuz 11") was launched on June 6, 1971 at 04:55:09 UTC and took 3 hours and 19 minutes on June 7 to complete docking.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-15) The cosmonauts [Georgy Dobrovolsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Dobrovolsky "Georgy Dobrovolsky"), [Viktor Patsayev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Patsayev "Viktor Patsayev"), and [Vladislav Volkov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_Volkov "Vladislav Volkov") entered to Salyut 1 and their mission was announced as:[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) - Checking the design, units, onboard systems, and equipment of the orbital piloted station. - Testing the station's manual and autonomous procedures for orientation and navigation, as well as the control systems for maneuvering the space complex in orbit. - Studying Earth's surface geology, geography, meteorology, and snow and ice cover. - Studying physical characteristics, processes, and phenomena in the atmosphere and outer space in various regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. - Conducting medico-biological studies to determine the feasibility of having cosmonauts in the station perform various tasks, and studying the influence of space flight on the human organism. On June 29, after 23 days and flying 362 orbits, the mission was cut short due to problems aboard the station, including an electrical fire. The crew transferred back to Soyuz 11 and reentered the Earth's atmosphere. The capsule parachuted to a soft landing at 23:16:52 UTC in [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan"), but the recovery team opened the hatch to find all three crew members dead in their couches. An inquest found that a pressure relief valve had malfunctioned during reentry leading to a loss of cabin atmosphere.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200723%E2%80%9325-16) The crew were not wearing [pressure suits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_suit "Pressure suit"), and it was decreed by the TsKBEM (the team of engineers who investigated the tragedy) that all further Soyuz missions would require the use of them.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003180-17) ## Reentry of Salyut 1 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Reentry of Salyut 1")\] Salyut 1 was moved to a higher orbit in July–August 1971 to ensure that it would not be destroyed prematurely through [orbital decay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_decay "Orbital decay"). In the meantime, Soyuz capsules were being substantially redesigned to allow pressure suits to be worn during launch, docking maneuvers, and re-entry.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200725-18) The Soyuz redesign effort took too long however, and by September, Salyut 1 was running out of fuel.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003179-10) It was decided to conclude the station's mission and on October 11, the main engines were fired for a deorbit maneuver. After 175 days, the world's first space station burned up over the [Pacific Ocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean "Pacific Ocean").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) [Pravda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravda "Pravda") (October 26, 1971) reported that 75% of Salyut 1's studies were carried out by optical means and 20% by radio-technical means, while the remainder involved magnetometrical, gravitational, or other measurements. Synoptic readings were taken in both the visible and invisible parts of the [electromagnetic spectrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum "Electromagnetic spectrum").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: See also")\] - ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png)[Soviet Union portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union "Portal:Soviet Union") - ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/40px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png)[Spaceflight portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight "Portal:Spaceflight") - [Salyut 6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_6 "Salyut 6") – Soviet space station (1977–1982) - [Soviet space program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_space_program "Soviet space program") – Space exploration program conducted by the Soviet Union from 1951 to 1991 ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: References")\] ### Citations \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Citations")\] 1. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-8) ["Salyut 1"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-032A). NSSDC ID: 1971-032A. NASA. Retrieved March 24, 2012. 2. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortree1995_2-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortree1995_2-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortree1995_2-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortree1995_2-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortree1995_2-4) [Portree 1995](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#CITEREFPortree1995). 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200718_3-0)* [Baker 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#CITEREFBaker2007), p. 18. 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanovich20089_4-0) [Ivanovich 2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#CITEREFIvanovich2008), p. 9. 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanovich200829_5-0) [Ivanovich 2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#CITEREFIvanovich2008), p. 29. 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-6) [Oberg, James](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Oberg "James Oberg") (December 18, 2016). ["Have cosmonauts seen launches?"](http://www.jamesoberg.com/cosmonauts-see-launches.pdf) (PDF). p. 4. Retrieved April 18, 2018. 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-7) Chladek, Jay (2017). [Outposts on the Frontier: A Fifty-Year History of Space Stations](https://books.google.com/books?id=V60oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85). [University of Nebraska Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press "University of Nebraska Press"). pp. 85–86\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-8032-2292-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2292-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2292-2") . 8. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanovich200856_8-0) [Ivanovich 2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#CITEREFIvanovich2008), p. 56. 9. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-9) McNamara, Bernard (2001). [Into the Final Frontier: The Human Exploration of Space](https://books.google.com/books?id=JIAgAQAAIAAJ&q=salyut+1+april+12+1971). Harcourt College Publishers. p. 223. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9780030320163](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780030320163 "Special:BookSources/9780030320163") . 10. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003179_10-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003179_10-1) [Shayler & Hall 2003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#CITEREFShaylerHall2003), p. 179. 11. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-11)* Häuplik-Meusburger, Sandra (2011). [Architecture for Astronauts: An Activity-based Approach](https://books.google.com/books?id=8RWKOxH1c8sC&pg=PA47). Vienna: Springer. p. 47. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9783709106679](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783709106679 "Special:BookSources/9783709106679") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [759926461](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/759926461). 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-12) Gurzadyan, G. A.; Ohanesyan, J. B. (September 1972). ["Observed Energy Distribution of α Lyra and β Cen at 2000–3800 Å"](https://doi.org/10.1038%2F239090a0). [Nature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_\(journal\) "Nature (journal)"). 239 (5367): 90. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[1972Natur.239...90G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972Natur.239...90G). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1038/239090a0](https://doi.org/10.1038%2F239090a0). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [4265702](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4265702). 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Marett-Crosby2013_13-0) Marett-Crosby, Michael (June 28, 2013). [Twenty-Five Astronomical Observations That Changed the World: And How To Make Them Yourself](https://books.google.com/books?id=0KRSphlvsqgC&pg=PA282). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 282. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9781461468004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461468004 "Special:BookSources/9781461468004") . Retrieved April 18, 2018. 14. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003174_14-0) [Shayler & Hall 2003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#CITEREFShaylerHall2003), p. 174. 15. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-15) ["Soyuz 11"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-053A). NSSDC ID: 1971-035A. NASA. Retrieved March 24, 2012. 16. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200723%E2%80%9325_16-0) [Baker 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#CITEREFBaker2007), pp. 23–25. 17. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003180_17-0) [Shayler & Hall 2003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#CITEREFShaylerHall2003), p. 180. 18. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200725_18-0) [Baker 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#CITEREFBaker2007), p. 25. ### Sources \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: Sources")\] - Baker, Philip (2007). [The Story of Manned Space Stations: An Introduction](https://books.google.com/books?id=gWkD52bxQYQC). Springer-Praxis Books in Astronomy and Space Sciences. [Springer Science+Business Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media "Springer Science+Business Media"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-387-30775-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-30775-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-387-30775-6") . - Ivanovich, Grujica S. (2008). [Salyut – The First Space Station: Triumph and Tragedy](https://books.google.com/books?id=EbDGMiXvdG0C). Springer-Praxis Books in Astronomy and Space Sciences. [Springer Science+Business Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media "Springer Science+Business Media"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-387-73585-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-73585-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-387-73585-6") . - Portree, David S. F. (March 1995). ["Part 2 – Almaz, Salyut, and Mir"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mir_Hardware_Heritage/Part_2_%E2%80%93_Almaz,_Salyut,_and_Mir) . [Mir Hardware Heritage](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mir_Hardware_Heritage) . Johnson Space Center Reference Series. NASA. NASA Reference Publication 1357 – via [Wikisource](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource "Wikisource"). - Shayler, David J.; Hall, Rex D. (2003). [Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft](https://books.google.com/books?id=dbGchpi1HP8C&pg=PA172). Springer-Praxis Books in Astronomy and Space Sciences. [Springer Science+Business Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media "Springer Science+Business Media"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [1-85233-657-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85233-657-9 "Special:BookSources/1-85233-657-9") . ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: External links")\] - [Salyut 1 chronology](http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/StationsDOS/Salyut1.php) at Zarya.info \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Salyut_programme "Template:Salyut programme") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Salyut_programme "Template talk:Salyut programme") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salyut_programme "Special:EditPage/Template:Salyut programme")[Salyut programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_programme "Salyut programme") \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| [Salyut stations (DOS)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_programme "Salyut programme") \| [Salyut 1 (DOS-1)]() [DOS-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS-2 "DOS-2") [Kosmos 557 (DOS-3)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_557 "Kosmos 557") [Salyut 4 (DOS-4)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_4 "Salyut 4") [Salyut 6 (DOS-5)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_6 "Salyut 6") [Salyut 7 (DOS-6)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_7 "Salyut 7") \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Salyut_program_insignia.svg/120px-Salyut_program_insignia.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salyut_program_insignia.svg) \| \| [Almaz stations (OPS)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz "Almaz") \| [Salyut 2 (OPS-1)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_2 "Salyut 2") [Salyut 3 (OPS-2)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_3 "Salyut 3") [Salyut 5 (OPS-3)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_5 "Salyut 5") [OPS-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPS-4_\(Almaz_program\) "OPS-4 (Almaz program)") (not flown) \| \| \| Successors \| [Mir (DOS-7)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Core_Module "Mir Core Module") [Zvezda (DOS-8)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezda_\(ISS_module\) "Zvezda (ISS module)") \| \| \| [TKS spacecraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TKS_\(spacecraft\) "TKS (spacecraft)") \| [Kosmos 1267 (TKS-2)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_1267 "Kosmos 1267") [Kosmos 1443 (TKS-3)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_1443 "Kosmos 1443") [Kosmos 1686 (TKS-4)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_1686 "Kosmos 1686") \| \| \| Support craft \| [Soyuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_\(spacecraft\) "Soyuz (spacecraft)") [Progress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_\(spacecraft\) "Progress (spacecraft)") [TKS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TKS_spacecraft "TKS spacecraft") [VA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VA_spacecraft "VA spacecraft") [FGB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_Cargo_Block "Functional Cargo Block") \| \| \| Lists \| [Expeditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Salyut_expeditions "List of Salyut expeditions") Spaceflights [crewed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_Salyut_space_stations "List of human spaceflights to Salyut space stations") [uncrewed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_spaceflights_to_Salyut_space_stations "List of uncrewed spaceflights to Salyut space stations") [Visitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Salyut_visitors "List of Salyut visitors") [Spacewalks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Salyut_spacewalks "List of Salyut spacewalks") \| \| \| Related \| [Return from Orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_from_Orbit "Return from Orbit") (1984 film) \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1971 "Template:Orbital launches in 1971") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1971 "Template talk:Orbital launches in 1971") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1971 "Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1971")[← 1970](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_in_spaceflight "1970 in spaceflight") [Orbital launches in 1971](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_in_spaceflight "1971 in spaceflight") [1972 →](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_in_spaceflight "1972 in spaceflight") \| \|---\| \| [Kosmos 390](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_390&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 390 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 391](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_391 "Kosmos 391") [Meteor 1-07](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meteor_1-07&action=edit&redlink=1 "Meteor 1-07 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 392](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_392&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 392 (page does not exist)") [OPS 7776](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_7776&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 7776 (page does not exist)") [Intelsat IV F-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelsat_IV_F-2 "Intelsat IV F-2") [Kosmos 393](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_393 "Kosmos 393") [Apollo 14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_14 "Apollo 14") [NATO-2B](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NATO-2B&action=edit&redlink=1 "NATO-2B (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 394](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_394 "Kosmos 394") [Tansei 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tansei_1&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tansei 1 (page does not exist)") [OPS 5268](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_5268&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 5268 (page does not exist)") [Calsphere 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calsphere_3&action=edit&redlink=1 "Calsphere 3 (page does not exist)") [Calsphere 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calsphere_4&action=edit&redlink=1 "Calsphere 4 (page does not exist)") [Calsphere 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calsphere_5&action=edit&redlink=1 "Calsphere 5 (page does not exist)") [KH-4B No.1113](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KH-4B_No.1113&action=edit&redlink=1 "KH-4B No.1113 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 395](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_395&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 395 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 396](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_396 "Kosmos 396") [Kosmos 397](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_397&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 397 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 398](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_398 "Kosmos 398") [Kosmos 399](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_399&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 399 (page does not exist)") [Shijian I](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shijian_I&action=edit&redlink=1 "Shijian I (page does not exist)") [DS-P1-Yu No.39](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DS-P1-Yu_No.39&action=edit&redlink=1 "DS-P1-Yu No.39 (page does not exist)") [Zenit-2M](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_1971_Voskhod_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1 "March 1971 Voskhod launch failure (page does not exist)") [Nauka 2KS No.3](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nauka_2KS_No.3&action=edit&redlink=1 "Nauka 2KS No.3 (page does not exist)") [Explorer 43](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explorer_43 "Explorer 43") [Kosmos 400](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_400 "Kosmos 400") [OPS 4788](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_4788&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 4788 (page does not exist)") [OPS 5300](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_5300&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 5300 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 401](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_401&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 401 (page does not exist)") [ISIS 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISIS_2&action=edit&redlink=1 "ISIS 2 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 402](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_402&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 402 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 403](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_403&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 403 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 404](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_404&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 404 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 405](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_405&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 405 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 406](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_406&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 406 (page does not exist)") [Tournesol](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tournesol_\(satellite\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tournesol (satellite) (page does not exist)") [Meteor 1-08](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meteor_1-08&action=edit&redlink=1 "Meteor 1-08 (page does not exist)") [Salyut 1]() [OPS 7899](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_7899&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 7899 (page does not exist)") [Soyuz 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_10 "Soyuz 10") [Kosmos 407](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_407&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 407 (page does not exist)") [San Marco 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Marco_3&action=edit&redlink=1 "San Marco 3 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 408](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_408 "Kosmos 408") [Kosmos 409](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_409&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 409 (page does not exist)") [OPS 3811](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_3811&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 3811 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 410](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_410&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 410 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 411](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_411&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 411 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 412](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_412&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 412 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 413](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_413&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 413 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 414](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_414&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 414 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 415](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_415&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 415 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 416](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_416&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 416 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 417](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_417&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 417 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 418](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_418&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 418 (page does not exist)") [Mariner 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_8 "Mariner 8") [Kosmos 419](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_419 "Kosmos 419") [Kosmos 420](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_420&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 420 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 421](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_421 "Kosmos 421") [Mars 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_2 "Mars 2") [Kosmos 422](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_422&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 422 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 423](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_423 "Kosmos 423") [Kosmos 424](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_424&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 424 (page does not exist)") [Mars 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_3 "Mars 3") [Kosmos 424](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_424&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 424 (page does not exist)") [Mariner 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_9 "Mariner 9") [Kosmos 426](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_426 "Kosmos 426") [Soyuz 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_11 "Soyuz 11") [SESP-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SESP-1&action=edit&redlink=1 "SESP-1 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 427](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_427&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 427 (page does not exist)") [OPS 8709](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_8709&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 8709 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 428](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_428&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 428 (page does not exist)") [Zenit-2M](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_1975_Voskhod_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1 "June 1975 Voskhod launch failure (page does not exist)") [Soyuz 7K-LOK mockup](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N1_N6L&action=edit&redlink=1 "N1 N6L (page does not exist)") [Explorer 44](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explorer_44 "Explorer 44") [Meteor 1-09](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meteor_1-09&action=edit&redlink=1 "Meteor 1-09 (page does not exist)") [OPS 8373](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_8373&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 8373 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 429](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_429&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 429 (page does not exist)") [Tselina-OM](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos-3M_Yu149-32&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos-3M Yu149-32 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 430](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_430&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 430 (page does not exist)") [Apollo 15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_15 "Apollo 15") ([PFS-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFS-1 "PFS-1")) [Molniya 1-18](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molniya_1-18&action=edit&redlink=1 "Molniya 1-18 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 431](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_431&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 431 (page does not exist)") [DS-P1-Yu No.33](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DS-P1-Yu_No.33&action=edit&redlink=1 "DS-P1-Yu No.33 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 432](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_432&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 432 (page does not exist)") [OV1-20](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OV1-20&action=edit&redlink=1 "OV1-20 (page does not exist)") ([LOADS-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LOADS-2&action=edit&redlink=1 "LOADS-2 (page does not exist)")) [OV1-21](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OV1-21&action=edit&redlink=1 "OV1-21 (page does not exist)") ([RTDS](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radar_Tracking_Density_Satellite&action=edit&redlink=1 "Radar Tracking Density Satellite (page does not exist)"), [LCS 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Calibration_Sphere&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lincoln Calibration Sphere (page does not exist)"), [Gridsphere 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gridsphere_1&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gridsphere 1 (page does not exist)"), [Gridsphere 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gridsphere_2&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gridsphere 2 (page does not exist)"), [Gridsphere B](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gridsphere_B&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gridsphere B (page does not exist)"), [Rigidsphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rigidsphere&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rigidsphere (page does not exist)")) [Kosmos 433](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_433&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 433 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 434](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_434 "Kosmos 434") [OPS 8607](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_8607&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 8607 (page does not exist)") [Eole](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eole_\(satellite\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eole (satellite) (page does not exist)") [Zenit-4M](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_1971_Voskhod_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1 "August 1971 Voskhod launch failure (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 435](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_435 "Kosmos 435") [Luna 18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_18 "Luna 18") [Kosmos 436](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_436&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 436 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 437](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_437&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 437 (page does not exist)") [OPS 5454](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_5454&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 5454 (page does not exist)") [OPS 7681](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_7681&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 7681 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 438](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_438&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 438 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 439](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_439&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 439 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 440](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_440 "Kosmos 440") [Shinsei](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shinsei_\(satellite\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Shinsei (satellite) (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 441](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_441&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 441 (page does not exist)") [Luna 19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_19 "Luna 19") [OSO 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSO_7 "OSO 7") [TETR-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TETR-4&action=edit&redlink=1 "TETR-4 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 442](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_442&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 442 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 443](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_443&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 443 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 444](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_444&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 444 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 445](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_445&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 445 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 446](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_446&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 446 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 447](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_447&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 447 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 448](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_448&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 448 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 449](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_449&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 449 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 450](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_450&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 450 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 451](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_451&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 451 (page does not exist)") [OPS 4311](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_4311&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 4311 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 452](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_452&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 452 (page does not exist)") [ASTEX](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Space_Technology_Experiment&action=edit&redlink=1 "Advanced Space Technology Experiment (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 453](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_453 "Kosmos 453") [ITOS-B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITOS-B "ITOS-B") [OPS 7616](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_7616&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 7616 (page does not exist)") [Prospero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospero_\(satellite\) "Prospero (satellite)") [Kosmos 454](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_454&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 454 (page does not exist)") [OPS 3431](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_3431&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 3431 (page does not exist)") [OPS 9432](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_9432&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 9432 (page does not exist)") [STV-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=STV-4&action=edit&redlink=1 "STV-4 (page does not exist)") [Explorer 45](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explorer_45 "Explorer 45") [Kosmos 455](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_455 "Kosmos 455") [Kosmos 456](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_456&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 456 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 457](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_457&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 457 (page does not exist)") [Molniya 2-01](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molniya_2-01&action=edit&redlink=1 "Molniya 2-01 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 458](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_458 "Kosmos 458") [Kosmos 459](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_459 "Kosmos 459") [Kosmos 460](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_460&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 460 (page does not exist)") [Interkosmos 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interkosmos_5&action=edit&redlink=1 "Interkosmos 5 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 461](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_461 "Kosmos 461") [Kosmos 462](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_462&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 462 (page does not exist)") [Zenit-2M](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=December_1971_Voskhod_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1 "December 1971 Voskhod launch failure (page does not exist)") [Nauka 5KS No.2](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nauka_5KS_No.2&action=edit&redlink=1 "Nauka 5KS No.2 (page does not exist)") [Canyon](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlas-Agena_5503A&action=edit&redlink=1 "Atlas-Agena 5503A (page does not exist)") [Polaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polaire_\(satellite\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Polaire (satellite) (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 463](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_463&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 463 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 464](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_464&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 464 (page does not exist)") [Ariel 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_4 "Ariel 4") [OPS 7898 PL-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_7898_Payload_2&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 7898 Payload 2 (page does not exist)") [OPS 7898 PL-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_7898_Payload_1&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 7898 Payload 1 (page does not exist)") [OPS 7898 PL-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_7898_Payload_3&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 7898 Payload 3 (page does not exist)") [OPS 7898 PL-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_7898_Payload_4&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 7898 Payload 4 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 465](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_465&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 465 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 466](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_466&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 466 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 467](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_467 "Kosmos 467") [Kosmos 468](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_468&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 468 (page does not exist)") [Molniya 1-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molniya_1-19&action=edit&redlink=1 "Molniya 1-19 (page does not exist)") [Intelsat IV F-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelsat_IV_F-3 "Intelsat IV F-3") [Kosmos 469](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_469&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 469 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 470](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_470&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 470 (page does not exist)") [Oreol 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oreol_1&action=edit&redlink=1 "Oreol 1 (page does not exist)") [Meteor 1-10](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meteor_1-10&action=edit&redlink=1 "Meteor 1-10 (page does not exist)") \| \| Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( \\| ). Crewed flights are indicated in underline . Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets). \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Space_stations "Template:Space stations") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Space_stations "Template talk:Space stations") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_stations "Special:EditPage/Template:Space stations")[Space stations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_station "Space station") and [settlements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_settlement "Space settlement") \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| [List of space stations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_stations "List of space stations") [List of commercial space stations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_commercial_space_stations "List of commercial space stations") \| \| \| \| Current \| [International Space Station (ISS)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station "International Space Station") [Tiangong space station (TSS)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiangong_space_station "Tiangong space station") \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg/120px-Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg) \| \| Past \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Russia / Soviet Union \| [Salyut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_programme "Salyut programme") [Salyut 1]() [DOS-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS-2 "DOS-2")† [Salyut 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_2 "Salyut 2")† ‡ [Cosmos 557](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_557 "Kosmos 557")† [Salyut 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_3 "Salyut 3")‡ [Salyut 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_4 "Salyut 4") [Salyut 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_5 "Salyut 5")‡ [Salyut 6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_6 "Salyut 6") [Salyut 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_7 "Salyut 7") [Mir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir "Mir") \| \| \| United States \| [OPS 0855](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPS_0855 "OPS 0855")° [Skylab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab "Skylab") \| \| \| China \| [Tiangong program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiangong_program "Tiangong program") [Tiangong-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiangong-1 "Tiangong-1") [Tiangong-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiangong-2 "Tiangong-2") \| \| \| Private \| [Genesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_I "Genesis I") [I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_I "Genesis I")° [II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_II_\(space_habitat\) "Genesis II (space habitat)")° \| \| \| Canceled \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Individual projects \| [Aurora Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Space_Station "Aurora Space Station") [Bigelow Commercial Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigelow_Commercial_Space_Station "Bigelow Commercial Space Station") [Deep Space Habitat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Space_Habitat "Deep Space Habitat") [Excalibur Almaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excalibur_Almaz "Excalibur Almaz") [Exploration Gateway Platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration_Gateway_Platform "Exploration Gateway Platform") [Galaxy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_\(spacecraft\) "Galaxy (spacecraft)") [Industrial Space Facility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Industries_Incorporated "Space Industries Incorporated") [Manned Orbiting Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory "Manned Orbiting Laboratory") [Nautilus-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus-X "Nautilus-X") [OPSEK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex "Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex") [Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_Technologies_Commercial_Space_Station "Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station") [Skylab II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab_II "Skylab II") ([FlexCraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlexCraft "FlexCraft")) [Skylab B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab_B "Skylab B") [Sundancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundancer "Sundancer") [Tiangong-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiangong-3 "Tiangong-3") \| \| \| Incorporated into [ISS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station "International Space Station") \| [Space Station Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom "Space Station Freedom") [USOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Orbital_Segment "US Orbital Segment") [Columbus MTFF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer "Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer") [Columbus (ISS module)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_\(ISS_module\) "Columbus (ISS module)") [Mir-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-2 "Mir-2") [ROS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment "Russian Orbital Segment") \| \| \| In development \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Russia \| [Russian Orbital Service Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Service_Station "Russian Orbital Service Station") \| \| \| Private \| [Axiom Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_Station "Axiom Station") [Haven-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haven-1 "Haven-1") [Orbital Reef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_Reef "Orbital Reef") [Starlab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlab_\(space_station\) "Starlab (space station)") \| \| \| International \| [Lunar Gateway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Gateway "Lunar Gateway") \| \| \| Proposed \| [Bharatiya Antariksh Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Antariksh_Station "Bharatiya Antariksh Station") [Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Space_Station_Module_\(Mitsui\) "Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)") [Voyager Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_Station "Voyager Station") \| \| \| Concepts \| [Bernal sphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernal_sphere "Bernal sphere") [Bishop Ring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Ring_\(habitat\) "Bishop Ring (habitat)") [McKendree cylinder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKendree_cylinder "McKendree cylinder") [O'Neill cylinder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_cylinder "O'Neill cylinder") [Rotating wheel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_wheel_space_station "Rotating wheel space station") [Space settlement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_settlement "Space settlement") [Stanford torus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_torus "Stanford torus") [Wet workshop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_workshop "Wet workshop") \| \| \| Related \| [List of films featuring space stations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_space_stations "List of films featuring space stations") [Space stations and habitats in fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction "Space stations and habitats in fiction") [Mission to Mir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_to_Mir "Mission to Mir") (1997 documentary) [Space Station 3D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Station_3D "Space Station 3D") (2002 documentary) [Orphans of Apollo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphans_of_Apollo "Orphans of Apollo") (2008 documentary) [Space Tourists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Tourists "Space Tourists") (2009 documentary) [A Beautiful Planet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Beautiful_Planet "A Beautiful Planet") (2016 documentary) [Searching for Skylab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searching_for_Skylab "Searching for Skylab") (2019 documentary) \| \| \| Notes: † Never inhabited due to launch or on-orbit failure, ‡ Part of the [Almaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz "Almaz") military program, ° Never inhabited, lacks docking mechanism. \| \| \| ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from 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Readable Markdown	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/Salyut_1.jpg/330px-Salyut_1.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salyut_1.jpg)Salyut 1 as seen from the departing [Soyuz 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_11 "Soyuz 11") \| \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Salyut_program_insignia.svg/250px-Salyut_program_insignia.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salyut_program_insignia.svg) \| \| \| Station statistics \| \| \| [COSPAR ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Designator "International Designator") \| [1971-032A](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-032A) \| \| [SATCAT no.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number "Satellite Catalog Number") \| 05160[![Edit this on Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211761?uselang=en#P377 "Edit this on Wikidata") \| \| [Call sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign "Call sign") \| Salyut 1 \| \| Crew \| 3 \| \| [Launch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_launch "Rocket launch") \| April 19, 1971, 01:40:00 [UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time "Coordinated Universal Time")[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) \| \| [Carrier rocket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_vehicle "Launch vehicle") \| [Proton-K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-K "Proton-K") No. 254-01 \| \| [Launch pad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_pad "Launch pad") \| [Baikonur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome "Baikonur Cosmodrome"), [Site 81/24](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_81 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81") \| \| [Reentry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_reentry "Atmospheric reentry") \| October 11, 1971 \| \| Mission status \| [De-orbited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_entry#Deorbit_disposal "Atmospheric entry") \| \| [Mass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass "Mass") \| 18,425 kg (40,620 lb) \| \| Length \| ~20 m (66 ft) \| \| Diameter \| ~4 m (13 ft) \| \| Pressurized [volume](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume "Volume") \| 99 m3 (3,500 cu ft) \| \| [Perigee altitude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsis "Apsis") \| 200 km (124 mi; 108 nmi) \| \| [Apogee altitude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsis "Apsis") \| 222 km (138 mi; 120 nmi) \| \| [Orbital inclination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_inclination "Orbital inclination") \| 51\.6° \| \| [Orbital period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_period "Orbital period") \| 88\.5 minutes \| \| Days in orbit \| 175 days \| \| Days occupied \| 24 days \| \| No. of orbits \| 2,929 \| \| Distance traveled \| 118,602,524 km (73,696,192 mi) \| \| Configuration \| \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/RP1357_p64_Salyut_1.svg/250px-RP1357_p64_Salyut_1.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RP1357_p64_Salyut_1.svg)Soyuz docking with Salyut 1 \| \| Salyut 1 ([Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language"): Салют-1, [lit.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation "Literal translation")'Salute 1'), also known as DOS-1 (Durable Orbital Station 1), was the world's first [space station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_station "Space station"). It was launched into [low Earth orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit "Low Earth orbit") by the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") on April 19, 1971. The [Salyut program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_programme "Salyut programme") subsequently achieved five more successful launches of seven additional stations. The program's final module, [Zvezda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezda_\(ISS_module\) "Zvezda (ISS module)") (DOS-8), became the core of the [Russian Orbital Segment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment "Russian Orbital Segment") of the [International Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station "International Space Station") and remains in orbit today. Salyut 1 was adapted from an [Almaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz "Almaz") airframe and comprised five components: a transfer compartment, a main compartment, two auxiliary compartments, and the [Orion 1 Space Observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_\(space_telescope\) "Orion (space telescope)"). It was visited by the [Soyuz 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_10 "Soyuz 10") and [Soyuz 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_11 "Soyuz 11") missions. While the crew of Soyuz 10 was able to soft dock, the [hard-docking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft#Docking_states "Docking and berthing of spacecraft") failed, forcing the crew to abort their mission. The Soyuz 11 crew successfully docked, spending 23 days aboard Salyut 1 conducting experiments. The Soyuz 11 crew died of asphyxia caused by a valve failure just before reentry, making them the only humans to have died above the [Kármán line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line "Kármán line"). Following the deaths, the mission of Salyut 1 was terminated, and the station reentered Earth's atmosphere, burning up on October 11, 1971. Salyut 1 originated as a modification of the Soviet military's [Almaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz "Almaz") space station program that was then in development.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree1995-2) After the landing of [Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11") on the Moon in July 1969, the Soviets began shifting the primary emphasis of their crewed space program to orbiting space stations, with a possible lunar landing later in the 1970s if the [N-1 rocket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N1_\(rocket\) "N1 (rocket)") became flight-worthy.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200718-3) [Leonid Brezhnev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev "Leonid Brezhnev") canceled the lunar landing program in 1974 after four catastrophic N-1 launch failures. One other motivation for the space station program was a desire to one-up the US [Skylab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab "Skylab") program then in development. The basic structure of Salyut 1 was adapted from the Almaz with a few modifications and would form the basis of all Soviet space stations through [Mir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir "Mir").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree1995-2) Civilian Soviet space stations were internally referred to as DOS (Durable Orbital Station), although publicly, the Salyut name was used for the first six DOS stations ([Mir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir "Mir") was internally known as DOS-7).[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree1995-2) Several military experiments were nonetheless carried on Salyut 1, including the OD-4 optical visual ranger,[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanovich20089-4) the Orion ultraviolet instrument for characterizing rocket exhaust plumes,[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanovich200829-5) and the highly classified Svinets [radiometer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometer "Radiometer").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-6)\[[self-published source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources "Wikipedia:Verifiability")\] ## Construction and operational history \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Construction and operational history")\] Construction of Salyut 1 began in early 1970, and after nearly a year it was shipped to the [Baikonur Cosmodrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome "Baikonur Cosmodrome"). Some remaining assembly had yet to be done, and this was completed at the launch center. The Salyut programme was managed by [Kerim Kerimov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerim_Kerimov "Kerim Kerimov"),[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-7) chairman of the state commission for Soyuz missions.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanovich200856-8) Launch was planned for April 12, 1971 to coincide with the 10th anniversary of [Yuri Gagarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin "Yuri Gagarin")'s flight on [Vostok 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_1 "Vostok 1"), but technical problems delayed it until April 19.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-9) The first crew launched later in the [Soyuz 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_10 "Soyuz 10") mission, but they ran into troubles while docking and were unable to enter the station; the Soyuz 10 mission was aborted and the crew returned safely to Earth. A replacement crew launched on [Soyuz 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_11 "Soyuz 11") and remained on board for 23 days. This was the first time in the history of spaceflight that a space station had been occupied, and a new record was set for time spent in space. This success was, however, short-lived when the crew was killed during [reentry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_entry "Atmospheric entry"), as a pressure-equalization valve in the Soyuz 11 reentry capsule had opened prematurely, causing the crew to asphyxiate. They were the first and, as of 2026, only humans to have died in space. After this accident, all missions were suspended while the Soyuz spacecraft was redesigned. The station was intentionally destroyed by [de-orbiting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_re-entry "Atmospheric re-entry") after six months in orbit, because it ran out of fuel before a redesigned Soyuz spacecraft could be launched to it.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003179-10) At launch, the announced purpose of Salyut was to test the elements of the systems of a space station and to conduct scientific research and experiments. The craft was described as being 20 m (66 ft) in length, 4 m (13 ft) in maximum diameter, and 99 m3 (3,500 cu ft) in interior space with an on-orbit dry mass of 18,425 kg (40,620 lb). Of its several compartments, three were pressurized (100 m3 total), and two could be entered by the crew.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) ### Transfer compartment \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Transfer compartment")\] The transfer compartment was equipped with the only [docking port](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft "Docking and berthing of spacecraft") of Salyut 1, which allowed one [Soyuz 7K-OKS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_7K-OKS "Soyuz 7K-OKS") spacecraft to dock. It was the first use of the Soviet [SSVP docking system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSVP_docking_system "SSVP docking system") that allowed internal crew transfer, a system that is in use today. The docking cone had a 2 m (6.6 ft) front diameter and a 3 m (9.8 ft) aft diameter.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) The second and main compartment was about 4 m (13 ft) in diameter. Televised views showed enough space for eight large chairs (seven at work consoles), several control panels, and 20 portholes (some obstructed by instruments).[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) The interior design used various colors (light and dark gray, apple green, light yellow) for supporting the cosmonauts’ orientation in weightlessness.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-11) ### Auxiliary compartments \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Auxiliary compartments")\] The third pressurized compartment contained the control and communications equipment, the power supply, the [life support system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_support_system "Life support system"), and other auxiliary equipment. The fourth and final unpressurized compartment was about 2 m in diameter and contained the engine installations and associated control equipment. Salyut had buffer chemical batteries, reserve supplies of oxygen and water, and regeneration systems. Externally mounted were two double sets of [solar cell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell "Solar cell") panels that extended like wings from the smaller compartments at each end, the heat regulation system's [radiators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiator "Radiator"), and orientation and control devices.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) Salyut 1 was modified from one of the [Almaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz "Almaz") airframes. The unpressurized service module was the modified service module of a Soyuz craft.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree1995-2) ### Orion 1 Space Observatory \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Orion 1 Space Observatory")\] The astrophysical [Orion 1 Space Observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_1_Space_Observatory "Orion 1 Space Observatory") designed by [Grigor Gurzadyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigor_Gurzadyan "Grigor Gurzadyan") of [Byurakan Observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byurakan_Observatory "Byurakan Observatory") in [Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia "Armenia"), was installed in Salyut 1. [Ultraviolet spectrograms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV_astronomy "UV astronomy") of stars were obtained with the help of a mirror telescope of the [Mersenne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Mersenne "Marin Mersenne") [system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-mirror_anastigmat "Three-mirror anastigmat") and a [spectrograph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrograph "Spectrograph") of the [Wadsworth system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadsworth_constant_deviation_system "Wadsworth constant deviation system") using film sensitive to the far ultraviolet. The dispersion of the spectrograph was 32 [Å](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrom "Angstrom")/mm (3.2 nm/mm), while the resolution of the spectrograms derived was about 5 Å at 2600 Å (0.5 nm at 260 nm). [Slitless spectrograms](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slitless_spectrograms&action=edit&redlink=1 "Slitless spectrograms (page does not exist)") were obtained of the stars [Vega](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega "Vega") and [Beta Centauri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Centauri "Beta Centauri") between 2000 and 3800 Å (200 and 380 nm).[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-12) The telescope was operated by crew member [Viktor Patsayev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Patsayev "Viktor Patsayev"), who became the first man to operate a telescope outside of the Earth's atmosphere.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-Marett-Crosby2013-13) - Length: 15.8 metres (52 ft) - Maximum diameter: 4.15 metres (13.6 ft) - Habitable volume: 90 cubic metres (3,200 cu ft) - Mass at launch: 18,900 kilograms (41,700 lb) - Launch vehicle: [Proton-K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-K "Proton-K") (Serial No. 254-01) - Span across solar arrays: ~10 metres (33 ft) - Area of solar arrays: 28 square metres (300 sq ft) - Number of solar arrays: 4 - Resupply carriers: Salyut 1-type Soyuz (redesigned Soyuz missions were intended to take place, but this did not occur) - Number of docking ports: 1 - Total crewed missions: 2 - Total long-duration crewed missions: 1[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree1995-2) ## Visiting spacecraft and crews \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Visiting spacecraft and crews")\] The only spacecraft that ever docked to Salyut 1 were [Soyuz 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_10 "Soyuz 10") and [Soyuz 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_11 "Soyuz 11"). Soyuz 10 failed to hard-dock with Salyut 1 and had to abort the mission. Soyuz 11 conducted experiments in Salyut 1 for 23 days, however the cosmonauts later died during reentry in their Soyuz capsule. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/Salyut1_with_docked_Soyuz_spacecraft.jpg/250px-Salyut1_with_docked_Soyuz_spacecraft.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salyut1_with_docked_Soyuz_spacecraft.jpg) Still frame from an animation of Salyut 1 with attached Soyuz. [Soyuz 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_10 "Soyuz 10") was launched on April 22, 1971, carrying cosmonauts [Vladimir Shatalov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Shatalov "Vladimir Shatalov"), [Aleksei Yeliseyev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Yeliseyev "Aleksei Yeliseyev"), and [Nikolai Rukavishnikov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Rukavishnikov "Nikolai Rukavishnikov"). After taking 24 hours for rendezvous and approach, Soyuz 10 soft-docked with Salyut 1 on April 24 at 01:47 UTC and remained for 5.5 h.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) Hard-docking was unsuccessful due to technical malfunctions. The crew could not enter the station and had to return to Earth on April 24.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003174-14) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_4060_stamp_%28Cosmonauts_Georgy_Dobrovolsky%2C_Vladislav_Volkov_and_Viktor_Patsayev%29.jpg/250px-The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_4060_stamp_%28Cosmonauts_Georgy_Dobrovolsky%2C_Vladislav_Volkov_and_Viktor_Patsayev%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_4060_stamp_\(Cosmonauts_Georgy_Dobrovolsky,_Vladislav_Volkov_and_Viktor_Patsayev\).jpg) The Soyuz 11 crew with the Salyut station in the background, in a Soviet commemorative stamp [Soyuz 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_11 "Soyuz 11") was launched on June 6, 1971 at 04:55:09 UTC and took 3 hours and 19 minutes on June 7 to complete docking.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-15) The cosmonauts [Georgy Dobrovolsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Dobrovolsky "Georgy Dobrovolsky"), [Viktor Patsayev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Patsayev "Viktor Patsayev"), and [Vladislav Volkov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_Volkov "Vladislav Volkov") entered to Salyut 1 and their mission was announced as:[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) - Checking the design, units, onboard systems, and equipment of the orbital piloted station. - Testing the station's manual and autonomous procedures for orientation and navigation, as well as the control systems for maneuvering the space complex in orbit. - Studying Earth's surface geology, geography, meteorology, and snow and ice cover. - Studying physical characteristics, processes, and phenomena in the atmosphere and outer space in various regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. - Conducting medico-biological studies to determine the feasibility of having cosmonauts in the station perform various tasks, and studying the influence of space flight on the human organism. On June 29, after 23 days and flying 362 orbits, the mission was cut short due to problems aboard the station, including an electrical fire. The crew transferred back to Soyuz 11 and reentered the Earth's atmosphere. The capsule parachuted to a soft landing at 23:16:52 UTC in [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan"), but the recovery team opened the hatch to find all three crew members dead in their couches. An inquest found that a pressure relief valve had malfunctioned during reentry leading to a loss of cabin atmosphere.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200723%E2%80%9325-16) The crew were not wearing [pressure suits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_suit "Pressure suit"), and it was decreed by the TsKBEM (the team of engineers who investigated the tragedy) that all further Soyuz missions would require the use of them.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003180-17) ## Reentry of Salyut 1 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salyut_1&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Reentry of Salyut 1")\] Salyut 1 was moved to a higher orbit in July–August 1971 to ensure that it would not be destroyed prematurely through [orbital decay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_decay "Orbital decay"). In the meantime, Soyuz capsules were being substantially redesigned to allow pressure suits to be worn during launch, docking maneuvers, and re-entry.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200725-18) The Soyuz redesign effort took too long however, and by September, Salyut 1 was running out of fuel.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003179-10) It was decided to conclude the station's mission and on October 11, the main engines were fired for a deorbit maneuver. After 175 days, the world's first space station burned up over the [Pacific Ocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean "Pacific Ocean").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) [Pravda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravda "Pravda") (October 26, 1971) reported that 75% of Salyut 1's studies were carried out by optical means and 20% by radio-technical means, while the remainder involved magnetometrical, gravitational, or other measurements. Synoptic readings were taken in both the visible and invisible parts of the [electromagnetic spectrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum "Electromagnetic spectrum").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_note-Nasa_1971-032A-1) - [Salyut 6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_6 "Salyut 6") – Soviet space station (1977–1982) - [Soviet space program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_space_program "Soviet space program") – Space exploration program conducted by the Soviet Union from 1951 to 1991 1. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Nasa_1971-032A_1-8) ["Salyut 1"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-032A). NSSDC ID: 1971-032A. NASA. Retrieved March 24, 2012. 2. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortree1995_2-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortree1995_2-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortree1995_2-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortree1995_2-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortree1995_2-4) [Portree 1995](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#CITEREFPortree1995). 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200718_3-0)* [Baker 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#CITEREFBaker2007), p. 18. 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanovich20089_4-0) [Ivanovich 2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#CITEREFIvanovich2008), p. 9. 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanovich200829_5-0) [Ivanovich 2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#CITEREFIvanovich2008), p. 29. 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-6) [Oberg, James](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Oberg "James Oberg") (December 18, 2016). ["Have cosmonauts seen launches?"](http://www.jamesoberg.com/cosmonauts-see-launches.pdf) (PDF). p. 4. Retrieved April 18, 2018. 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-7) Chladek, Jay (2017). [Outposts on the Frontier: A Fifty-Year History of Space Stations](https://books.google.com/books?id=V60oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85). [University of Nebraska Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press "University of Nebraska Press"). pp. 85–86\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-8032-2292-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2292-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2292-2") . 8. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanovich200856_8-0) [Ivanovich 2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#CITEREFIvanovich2008), p. 56. 9. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-9) McNamara, Bernard (2001). [Into the Final Frontier: The Human Exploration of Space](https://books.google.com/books?id=JIAgAQAAIAAJ&q=salyut+1+april+12+1971). Harcourt College Publishers. p. 223. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9780030320163](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780030320163 "Special:BookSources/9780030320163") . 10. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003179_10-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003179_10-1) [Shayler & Hall 2003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#CITEREFShaylerHall2003), p. 179. 11. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-11)* Häuplik-Meusburger, Sandra (2011). [Architecture for Astronauts: An Activity-based Approach](https://books.google.com/books?id=8RWKOxH1c8sC&pg=PA47). Vienna: Springer. p. 47. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9783709106679](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783709106679 "Special:BookSources/9783709106679") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [759926461](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/759926461). 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-12) Gurzadyan, G. A.; Ohanesyan, J. B. (September 1972). ["Observed Energy Distribution of α Lyra and β Cen at 2000–3800 Å"](https://doi.org/10.1038%2F239090a0). [Nature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_\(journal\) "Nature (journal)"). 239 (5367): 90. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[1972Natur.239...90G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972Natur.239...90G). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1038/239090a0](https://doi.org/10.1038%2F239090a0). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [4265702](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4265702). 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-Marett-Crosby2013_13-0) Marett-Crosby, Michael (June 28, 2013). [Twenty-Five Astronomical Observations That Changed the World: And How To Make Them Yourself](https://books.google.com/books?id=0KRSphlvsqgC&pg=PA282). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 282. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9781461468004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461468004 "Special:BookSources/9781461468004") . Retrieved April 18, 2018. 14. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003174_14-0) [Shayler & Hall 2003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#CITEREFShaylerHall2003), p. 174. 15. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-15) ["Soyuz 11"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-053A). NSSDC ID: 1971-035A. NASA. Retrieved March 24, 2012. 16. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200723%E2%80%9325_16-0) [Baker 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#CITEREFBaker2007), pp. 23–25. 17. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaylerHall2003180_17-0) [Shayler & Hall 2003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#CITEREFShaylerHall2003), p. 180. 18. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200725_18-0) [Baker 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1#CITEREFBaker2007), p. 25. - Baker, Philip (2007). [The Story of Manned Space Stations: An Introduction](https://books.google.com/books?id=gWkD52bxQYQC). Springer-Praxis Books in Astronomy and Space Sciences. [Springer Science+Business Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media "Springer Science+Business Media"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-387-30775-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-30775-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-387-30775-6") . - Ivanovich, Grujica S. (2008). [Salyut – The First Space Station: Triumph and Tragedy](https://books.google.com/books?id=EbDGMiXvdG0C). Springer-Praxis Books in Astronomy and Space Sciences. [Springer Science+Business Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media "Springer Science+Business Media"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-387-73585-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-73585-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-387-73585-6") . - Portree, David S. F. (March 1995). ["Part 2 – Almaz, Salyut, and Mir"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mir_Hardware_Heritage/Part_2_%E2%80%93_Almaz,_Salyut,_and_Mir) . [Mir Hardware Heritage](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mir_Hardware_Heritage) . Johnson Space Center Reference Series. NASA. NASA Reference Publication 1357 – via [Wikisource](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource "Wikisource"). - Shayler, David J.; Hall, Rex D. (2003). [Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft](https://books.google.com/books?id=dbGchpi1HP8C&pg=PA172). Springer-Praxis Books in Astronomy and Space Sciences. [Springer Science+Business Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media "Springer Science+Business Media"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [1-85233-657-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85233-657-9 "Special:BookSources/1-85233-657-9") . - [Salyut 1 chronology](http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/StationsDOS/Salyut1.php) at Zarya.info
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