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| Boilerpipe Text | Saint Patrick's Day
Saint Patrick depicted in a
stained-glass window
at
Saint Benin
's Church in
Kilbennen
, near
Tuam
, in
County Galway
, Ireland
Official name
Saint Patrick's Day
Also called
Feast of Saint Patrick
Lá Fhéile Pádraig
Patrick's Day
(St.) Paddy's Day
(St.) Patty's Day (mainly North America)
[
1
]
[
2
]
[
3
]
[
4
]
Observed by
Irish people
and people of
Irish descent
Catholic Church
(see
calendar
)
Anglican Communion
(see
calendars
)
Eastern Orthodox Church
(see
calendar
)
Lutheran Church
(see
calendar
)
Type
Ethnic, national, Christian
Significance
Feast day
of
Saint Patrick
,
commemoration of the arrival of
Christianity in Ireland
[
5
]
[
6
]
Celebrations
Attending parades and a
céilí
Wearing green and
shamrocks
Eating
Irish food
Drinking
Irish beer
and
Irish whiskey
Observances
Christian processions
; attending
Mass
or
service
Date
17 March
Frequency
Annual
Saint Patrick's Day
, or the
Feast of Saint Patrick
(
Irish
:
Lá Fhéile Pádraig
,
lit.
'
the Day of the Festival of Patrick
'
), is a religious and cultural
holiday
held on 17 March, the traditional death date of
Saint Patrick
(
c.
385
– c.
461
), the foremost
patron saint
of
Ireland
.
Saint Patrick's Day was made an official Christian
feast day
in the early 17th century and is observed by the
Catholic Church
, the
Anglican Communion
(especially the
Church of Ireland
),
[
7
]
the
Eastern Orthodox Church
, and the
Lutheran Church
. The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of
Christianity in Ireland
, and, by extension, celebrates the
heritage and culture of the Irish
in general.
[
5
]
[
8
]
Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals,
céilithe
, and the wearing of green attire or
shamrocks
.
[
9
]
Christians who belong to liturgical denominations also attend
church services
.
[
8
]
[
10
]
Historically, the
Lenten
restrictions
on fasting
and
drinking alcohol
were lifted for the day, which has encouraged the holiday's tradition of revelry.
[
8
]
[
9
]
[
11
]
[
12
]
Saint Patrick's Day is a
public holiday
in the
Republic of Ireland
,
[
13
]
Northern Ireland
,
[
14
]
the Canadian province of
Newfoundland and Labrador
(for provincial government employees), and the British Overseas Territory of
Montserrat
. It is also widely celebrated in places with a large
Irish diaspora
community, such as
Great Britain
,
[
15
]
Canada
, the
United States
,
Australia
,
New Zealand
, and
South Africa
.
[
16
]
Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated in more countries than any other
national festival
.
[
17
]
Modern celebrations have been greatly influenced by those of the Irish diaspora, particularly those that developed in North America. However, there has been criticism of Saint Patrick's Day celebrations for having become too commercialised, for their connections to
drinking culture
, and for fostering negative stereotypes of the Irish people.
[
18
]
Saint Patrick was a 5th-century Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland. Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the
Declaration
, which was allegedly written by Patrick himself. It is believed that he was born in
Roman Britain
in the fourth century, into a wealthy
Romano-British
family. His father was a Christian
deacon
and his grandfather a
priest
. According to the
Declaration
, at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to
Gaelic Ireland
.
[
19
]
It says that he spent six years there working as a shepherd and that during this time he
found God
. The
Declaration
says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, where a ship would be waiting to take him home. After making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest.
[
20
]
According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the
pagan
Irish to Christianity. The
Declaration
says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and converted thousands.
Tradition holds that he died on 17 March and was buried at
Downpatrick
. Over the following centuries, many legends grew up around Patrick and he became Ireland's foremost saint.
Celebration and traditions
[
edit
]
Traditional Saint Patrick's Day badges from the early 20th century,
Museum of Country Life
in
County Mayo
According to legend, Saint Patrick used the three-leaved
shamrock
to explain the
Holy Trinity
to
Irish pagans
.
Sydney Opera House lit up green in honour of Saint Patrick in
Sydney
, Australia
Present day Saint Patrick's Day celebrations have been greatly influenced by those that developed among the Irish diaspora, especially in North America. Until the late 20th century, Saint Patrick's Day was often a bigger celebration among the diaspora than it was in Ireland.
[
17
]
Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, Irish traditional music sessions (
céilithe
), and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks.
[
9
]
There are also formal gatherings such as banquets and dances, although these were more common in the past. Saint Patrick's Day parades began in North America in the 18th century but did not spread to Ireland until the 20th century.
[
21
]
The participants generally include marching bands, the military, fire brigades, cultural organisations, charitable organisations,
voluntary associations
,
youth groups
,
fraternities
, and so on. However, over time, many of the parades have become more akin to a
carnival
. More effort is made to use the
Irish language
, especially in Ireland, where 1 March to St Patrick's Day on 17 March is Seachtain na Gaeilge ("
Irish language week
").
[
22
]
Since 2010, famous landmarks have been lit up in green on Saint Patrick's Day as part of
Tourism Ireland
's "Global Greening Initiative" or "Going Green for St Patrick's Day".
[
23
]
[
24
]
The
Sydney Opera House
and the
Sky Tower
in
Auckland
were the first landmarks to participate and since then over 300 landmarks in fifty countries across the globe have gone green for Saint Patrick's Day.
[
25
]
[
26
]
Many Irish people also attend
church services
with their families,
[
8
]
[
10
]
and the
Lenten
restrictions
on eating
and
drinking alcohol
are lifted for the day. Perhaps because of this, drinking alcohol – particularly Irish whiskey, beer, or cider – has become an integral part of the celebrations.
[
8
]
[
9
]
[
11
]
[
12
]
In Ireland, this relaxation of fasting rules is notably marked by the consumption of stout, a dark ale beer that is a key part of the celebration, with breweries preparing months in advance for the demand.
[
27
]
The Saint Patrick's Day custom of "drowning the shamrock" or "wetting the shamrock" was historically popular. At the end of the celebrations, especially in Ireland, a shamrock is put into the bottom of a cup, which is then filled with whiskey, beer, or cider. It is then drunk as a
toast
to Saint Patrick, Ireland, or those present. The shamrock would either be swallowed with the drink or taken out and tossed over the shoulder for good luck.
[
28
]
[
29
]
[
30
]
Irish Government ministers travel abroad on official visits to various countries around Saint Patrick's Day to promote Ireland.
[
31
]
[
32
]
Wearing green and shamrocks
[
edit
]
A Saint Patrick's Day greeting card from 1907
On Saint Patrick's Day, it is customary to wear
shamrocks
, green clothing or green accessories. Saint Patrick is said to have used the shamrock, a three-leaved plant, to explain the
Holy Trinity
to the
pagan Irish
.
[
33
]
[
34
]
This story first appears in writing in 1726, though it may be older. In pagan Ireland, three was a significant number and the Irish had many
triple deities
, which may have aided St Patrick in his
evangelisation
efforts.
[
35
]
[
36
]
Roger Homan writes, "We can perhaps see St Patrick drawing upon the visual concept of the
triskele
when he uses the shamrock to explain the Trinity".
[
37
]
Patricia Monaghan
says there is no evidence the shamrock was sacred to the pagan Irish.
[
35
]
Jack Santino
speculates that it may have represented the regenerative powers of nature, and was recast in a Christian context—
icons
of Saint Patrick often depict the saint "with a
cross
in one hand and a sprig of shamrocks in the other".
[
38
]
The first association of the colour green with Ireland is from a legend in the 11th century
Lebor Gabála Érenn
(The Book of the Taking of Ireland). It tells of
Goídel Glas
(Goídel the green), the
eponymous ancestor
of the
Gaels
and creator of the
Goidelic languages
(
Irish
,
Scottish Gaelic
,
Manx
).
[
39
]
[
40
]
Goídel is bitten by a venomous snake but saved from death by
Moses
placing his staff on the snakebite, leaving him with a green mark. His descendants settle in Ireland, a land free of snakes.
[
41
]
One of the first,
Íth
, visits Ireland after climbing the
Tower of Hercules
and being captivated by the sight of a beautiful green island in the distance.
[
39
]
[
40
]
[
41
]
The colour green was further associated with Ireland from the 1640s, when the
green harp flag
was used by the
Irish Catholic Confederation
. Later,
James Connolly
described this flag as representing "the sacred emblem of Ireland's unconquered soul".
[
42
]
Green ribbons and shamrocks have been worn on Saint Patrick's Day since at least the 1680s.
[
43
]
Since then, the colour green and its association with St Patrick's Day have grown.
[
44
]
The Friendly Brothers of St Patrick, an Irish
fraternity
founded in about 1750,
[
45
]
adopted green as its colour.
[
46
]
The
Order of St Patrick
, an Anglo-Irish
chivalric order
founded in 1783, instead adopted blue as its colour, which led to blue being
associated with Saint Patrick
. In the 1790s, the colour green was adopted by the
United Irishmen
. This was a
republican
organisation—founded mostly by Protestants but with a mainly Catholic membership—who launched a
rebellion in 1798
against British rule. Ireland was first called "the Emerald Isle" in "When Erin First Rose" (1795), a poem by a co-founder of the United Irishmen,
William Drennan
, which stresses the historical importance of green to the Irish.
[
47
]
[
48
]
[
49
]
[
50
]
The phrase "wearing of the green" comes from a
song of the same name
about United Irishmen being persecuted for wearing green. The
flags
of the 1916
Easter Rising
featured green, such as the
Starry Plough banner
and the
Proclamation Flag of the Irish Republic
. When the
Irish Free State
was founded in 1922, the government ordered all
post boxes
be painted green, with the slogan "green paint for a green people";
[
51
]
[
52
]
in 1924, the government introduced a green
Irish passport
.
[
53
]
[
54
]
[
55
]
The wearing of the 'St Patrick's Day Cross' was also a popular custom in Ireland until the early 20th century. These were a
Celtic Christian cross
made of paper that was "covered with silk or ribbon of different colours, and a bunch or rosette of green silk in the centre".
[
56
]
Saint Patrick's
feast day
, as a kind of national day, was already being celebrated by the Irish in Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries.
[
57
]
Saint Patrick's feast day was finally placed on the
liturgical calendar
of the Catholic Church in the early 1600s, due to the influence of
Waterford
-born
Franciscan
scholar
Luke Wadding
.
[
58
]
Saint Patrick's Day thus became a
holy day of obligation
for Catholics in Ireland. It is also a feast day in the
Church of Ireland
, part of the
Anglican Communion
. The church calendar avoids the observance of saints' feasts during certain solemnities, moving the saint's day to a time outside those periods. Saint Patrick's Day is occasionally affected by this requirement, when 17 March falls during
Holy Week
. This happened in 1940, when Saint Patrick's Day was officially observed on 3 April to avoid it coinciding with
Palm Sunday
, and again in 2008, where it was officially observed on 15 March.
[
59
]
Saint Patrick's Day will not fall within Holy Week again until 2160.
[
60
]
[
61
]
However, the popular festivities may still be held on 17 March or on a weekend near to the feast day.
[
62
]
Saint Patrick's was perceived as the middle day of
spring
in the
Irish calendar
. People expected that weather would be improved following the festival, and farmers would begin planting potato.
[
63
]
Buí Bolg at the St. Patrick's Day parade in
Dublin
Dublin's
General Post Office
and the Spire on O'Connell Street on Saint Patrick's Day
In 1903, Saint Patrick's Day became an official public holiday in Ireland due to the
Bank Holiday
(Ireland) Act 1903, an
Act
of the
Parliament of the United Kingdom
introduced by
James O'Mara
, an MP from the
Irish Parliamentary Party
(IPP).
[
64
]
The first Saint Patrick's Day parade in Ireland was held in
Waterford
in 1903, hundreds of years after the first parade in North America. The week of Saint Patrick's Day 1903 had been declared Irish Language Week by the
Gaelic League
and in Waterford they opted to have a procession on Sunday 15 March. The procession comprised the Mayor and members of Waterford Corporation, the Trades Hall, the various trade unions and bands who included the 'Barrack St Band' and the '
Thomas Francis Meagher
Band'.
[
65
]
The parade began at the premises of the Gaelic League in George's St and finished in the Peoples Park, where the public were addressed by the Mayor and other dignitaries.
[
66
]
[
67
]
On Tuesday 17 March, most Waterford businesses—including public houses—were closed and marching bands paraded as they had two days previously.
[
68
]
On Saint Patrick's Day 1916, the
Irish Volunteers
—an Irish nationalist paramilitary organisation—held parades throughout Ireland. The authorities recorded 38 St Patrick's Day parades, involving 6,000 marchers, almost half of whom were reported to be armed.
[
69
]
The following month, the Irish Volunteers launched the
Easter Rising
against British rule. This marked the beginning of the
Irish revolutionary period
and led to the
Irish War of Independence
and
Civil War
. During this time, Saint Patrick's Day celebrations in Ireland were muted, although the day was sometimes chosen to hold large political rallies.
[
70
]
The celebrations remained low-key after the creation of the
Irish Free State
in 1922; the only state-organized observance was a military procession and
trooping of the colours
, and an Irish-language
mass
attended by government ministers.
[
71
]
In 1927, the Irish Free State government
banned the selling of alcohol
on St Patrick's Day, although it remained legal in
Northern Ireland
. The ban was not repealed until 1961.
[
72
]
The first official, state-sponsored Saint Patrick's Day parade in
Dublin
took place in 1931.
[
73
]
Public St Patrick's Day festivities in Ireland have been cancelled three times, all for public health reasons.
[
74
]
[
75
]
In 2001, celebrations were postponed to May due to the
foot-and-mouth outbreak
,
[
76
]
[
77
]
[
78
]
while in 2020 and 2021 they were cancelled outright due to the
COVID-19 pandemic
.
[
79
]
[
80
]
[
81
]
[
82
]
[
83
]
[
84
]
[
85
]
A Saint Patrick's Day
Christian procession
in
Downpatrick
, where Saint Patrick is said to be buried
In
Ulster
, especially within
Northern Ireland
and
County Donegal
(particularly East Donegal), the celebration of Saint Patrick's Day was affected by sectarian divisions.
[
86
]
Up until the late twentieth century, a majority of the population in Ulster, the northern
province
in Ireland, were
Protestant
Ulster unionists
who saw themselves primarily as British, while a substantial minority were Catholic Irish nationalists who saw themselves primarily as Irish. Although it was a public holiday, Northern Ireland's
Unionist
government did not officially observe St Patrick's Day.
[
86
]
During the conflict in Northern Ireland known as
the Troubles
(late 1960s–late 1990s), public St Patrick's Day celebrations were rare and tended to be associated with the Catholic community.
[
86
]
In 1976,
loyalists
detonated a car bomb
outside a pub crowded with Catholics celebrating St Patrick's Day in
Dungannon
in the south-east of
County Tyrone
; four civilians were killed and many injured. However, some Protestant unionists attempted to 're-claim' the festival, and in 1985 the
Orange Order
held its own Saint Patrick's Day parade.
[
86
]
Since the end of the conflict in 1998 there have been cross-community St Patrick's Day parades in towns throughout Northern Ireland, which have attracted thousands of spectators.
[
86
]
In Belfast,
Belfast City Hall
flies the
St Patrick's Saltire
alongside the Union Jack on St Patrick's Day.
[
87
]
In the mid-1990s the government of the
Republic of Ireland
began a campaign to use Saint Patrick's Day to showcase Ireland and its culture.
[
88
]
The government set up a group called
St. Patrick's Festival
, with the aims of creating a world-class national festival and "to project, internationally, an accurate image of Ireland as a creative, professional and sophisticated country with wide appeal".
[
89
]
The first Saint Patrick's Festival was held on 17 March 1996. In 1997, it became a three-day event, and by 2006, the festival was five days long. More than 675,000 people attended the 2009 parade, and that year's festival saw almost 1 million visitors, who took part in festivities that included concerts, outdoor theatre performances, and fireworks.
[
90
]
From 2006 to 2012 the
Skyfest
formed the centrepiece of the Saint Patrick's Festival.
[
91
]
[
92
]
The week around Saint Patrick's Day is
Seachtain na Gaeilge
("Irish Language Week"), when more
Irish language
events are held and there is more effort to use the language.
[
93
]
Christian leaders in Ireland have expressed concern about the secularisation of Saint Patrick's Day. In
The Word
magazine's March 2007 issue, Fr
Vincent Twomey
wrote, "It is time to reclaim St Patrick's Day as a church festival". He questioned the need for "mindless alcohol-fuelled revelry" and concluded that "it is time to bring the piety and the fun together".
[
94
]
One of the biggest celebrations outside the cities is in
Downpatrick
,
County Down
, where Saint Patrick is said to be buried. The shortest Saint Patrick's Day parade in the world formerly took place in
Dripsey
,
County Cork
. The parade lasted just 23.4 metres and traveled between the village's two pubs. The tradition began in 1999, but ended after five years when one of the pubs closed.
[
95
]
The current shortest Saint Paddy's Day parade has been held in Little Compton,
Rhode Island
, since 2022. The parade lasts only 89 feet. The title is disputed by Hot Springs,
Arkansas
, which has hosted the shortest St. Patrick's Day parade since 2004, measuring at 98 feet.
[
96
]
Celebrations elsewhere
[
edit
]
Saint Patrick's Day 2016 in an
Irish pub
in
Hamburg
, Germany
Saint Patrick's Day celebration at
Trafalgar Square
in London, 2006
In England, the Royal Colonel or
Colonel-in-chief
traditionally present bowls of shamrock to members of the
Irish Guards
, a regiment in the
British Army
, following
Queen Alexandra
introducing the tradition in 1901.
[
97
]
Since 2012,
Catherine, Princess of Wales
has presented the bowls of shamrock to the Irish Guards. While female royals are often tasked with presenting the bowls of shamrock, male royals have also undertaken the role, such as
King George VI
in 1950 to mark the 50th anniversary of the formation of the Irish Guards, and in 2016 the
Duke of Cambridge
in place of his wife.
[
98
]
[
99
]
Fresh Shamrocks are presented to the Irish Guards, regardless of where they are stationed, and are flown in from Ireland.
[
100
]
While some Saint Patrick's Day celebrations could be conducted openly in Britain pre 1960s, this would change following the commencement by the IRA's bombing campaign on
mainland Britain
and as a consequence this resulted in a suspicion of all things Irish and those who supported them which led to people of Irish descent wearing a sprig of shamrock on Saint Patrick's day in private or attending specific events.
[
101
]
Today, after many years following the
Good Friday Agreement
, people of Irish descent openly wear a sprig of shamrock to celebrate their Irishness.
[
101
]
Christian denominations in Great Britain observing his
feast day
include the
Church of England
and the Roman Catholic Church.
[
102
]
Birmingham
holds the largest Saint Patrick's Day parade in Britain with a city centre parade
[
103
]
over a two-mile (3 km) route through the city centre. The organisers describe it as the third biggest parade in the world after Dublin and New York.
[
104
]
London, since 2002, has had an annual Saint Patrick's Day parade which takes place on weekends around the 17th, usually in Trafalgar Square. In 2008, the water in the Trafalgar Square fountains was dyed green. In 2020, the parade was cancelled due to the
COVID-19 pandemic
.
[
105
]
[
106
]
Liverpool
has the highest proportion of residents with Irish ancestry of any English city.
[
107
]
This has led to a long-standing celebration on Saint Patrick's Day in terms of music, cultural events and the parade.
[
108
]
[
109
]
Manchester
hosts a two-week Irish festival in the weeks prior to Saint Patrick's Day. The festival includes an Irish Market based at the city's town hall which flies the Irish tricolour opposite the Union Flag, a large parade as well as a large number of cultural and learning events throughout the two-week period.
[
110
]
2009
Saint Patrick's Day festival
celebration in
Coatbridge
, Scotland
The Scottish town of
Coatbridge
, where the majority of the town's population are of Irish descent,
[
111
]
[
112
]
also has
a Saint Patrick's Day Festival
which includes celebrations and parades in the town centre.
[
112
]
[
113
]
Glasgow
has a considerably large Irish population; due, for the most part, to the Irish immigration during the 19th century. This immigration was the main cause in raising the population of Glasgow by over 100,000 people.
[
114
]
Due to this large Irish population, there are many Irish-themed pubs and Irish interest groups who hold yearly celebrations on Saint Patrick's day in Glasgow. Glasgow has held a yearly Saint Patrick's Day parade and festival since 2007.
[
115
]
Porte des Bombes
illuminated in green on Saint Patrick's Day of 2014
The first Saint Patrick's Day celebrations in Malta took place in the early 20th century by soldiers of the
Royal Dublin Fusiliers
who were stationed in
Floriana
. Celebrations were held in the Balzunetta area of the town, which contained a number of bars and was located close to the barracks. The Irish diaspora in Malta continued to celebrate the feast annually.
[
116
]
Today, Saint Patrick's Day is mainly celebrated in Spinola Bay and
Paceville
areas of
St Julian's
,
[
117
]
although other celebrations still occur at Floriana
[
116
]
and other locations.
[
118
]
[
119
]
Thousands of Maltese attend the celebrations, "which are more associated with drinking beer than traditional Irish culture."
[
120
]
[
121
]
Moscow
hosts an annual Saint Patrick's Day festival
The first Saint Patrick's Day parade in Russia took place in 1992.
[
122
]
Since 1999, there has been a yearly "Saint Patrick's Day" festival in Moscow and other Russian cities.
[
123
]
The official part of the Moscow parade is a military-style parade and is held in collaboration with the Moscow government and the Irish embassy in Moscow. The unofficial parade is held by volunteers and resembles a carnival. In 2014, Moscow Irish Week was celebrated from 12 to 23 March, which includes Saint Patrick's Day on 17 March. Over 70 events celebrating Irish culture in Moscow, St Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Voronezh, and Volgograd were sponsored by the Irish Embassy, the Moscow City Government, and other organisations.
[
124
]
In 2017, the
Russian Orthodox Church
added the feast day of Saint Patrick to
its liturgical calendar
, to be celebrated on 30 March [
O.S.
17 March].
[
125
]
Madrid
,
[
126
]
Barcelona
,
[
127
]
A Coruña
and
Benidorm
are the biggest cities where great celebrations take place in Spain, but some other smaller cities have started to host Saint Patrick's Day in recent years, such as
El Espinar
,
[
128
]
Caldas de Reyes
,
Pontevedra
,
Salamanca
,
Elda
,
Valladolid
[
129
]
and
Maspalomas
.
Other European countries
[
edit
]
Sarajevo
, the capital city of
Bosnia and Herzegovina
has an Irish expatriate community.
[
130
]
[
131
]
The community established the
Sarajevo Irish Festival
in 2015, which is held for three days around and including Saint Patrick's Day. The festival organizes an annual parade, hosts Irish theatre companies, screens Irish films and organizes concerts of Irish folk musicians. The festival has hosted numerous Irish artists, filmmakers, theatre directors and musicians such as
Conor Horgan
, Ailis Ni Riain,
Dermot Dunne
,
Mick Moloney
,
Chloë Agnew
and others.
[
132
]
[
133
]
[
134
]
Although it is not a national holiday in
Lithuania
, the
Vilnia River
is dyed green every year on the Saint Patrick's Day in the capital
Vilnius
.
[
135
]
Norway
has had a Saint Patrick's Day parade in Oslo since 2000, first organized by Irish expatriates living in Norway, and partially coordinated with the Irish embassy in Oslo.
[
136
]
While Saint Patrick's Day in
Switzerland
is commonly celebrated on 17 March with festivities similar to those in neighbouring central European countries, it is not unusual for Swiss students to organise celebrations in their own living spaces on Saint Patrick's Eve. Most popular are usually those in Zurich's
Kreis 4
. Traditionally, guests also contribute with beverages and dress in green.
[
137
]
In
Germany
since 1996 the city of
Munich
holds a parade on the weekend before the 17th of March, which has turned into one of the biggest St. Patrck's Day celebrations in continental Europe. In 2026, 30 years after the first parade, around 70 groups comprising together of 1,500 participants marched in the parade and attracted 45,000 spectators.
[
138
]
Saint Patrick's Day is a government holiday in
Newfoundland and Labrador
.
[
139
]
The island Newfoundland has strong historic and cultural ties to Ireland and is cited as the most Irish place outside of Ireland.
[
140
]
Approximately 20% of Newfoundland's population consists of
Irish Newfoundlanders
.
Montreal hosts one of the longest-running and largest Saint Patrick's Day parades in North America
One of the longest-running and largest Saint Patrick's Day (
French
:
le jour de la Saint-Patrick
) parades in North America occurs each year in
Montreal
,
[
141
]
whose
city flag
includes a
shamrock
in its lower-right quadrant. The yearly celebration has been organised by the United Irish Societies of Montreal since 1929. The parade has been held yearly without interruption since 1824. Saint Patrick's Day itself, however, has been celebrated in Montreal since as far back as 1759 by Irish soldiers in the Montreal Garrison following the British conquest of New France.
In
Saint John, New Brunswick
Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated as a week-long celebration. Shortly after the JP Collins Celtic Festival is an Irish festival celebrating Saint John's Irish heritage. The festival is named for a young Irish doctor James Patrick Collins who worked on
Partridge Island (Saint John County)
quarantine station tending to sick Irish immigrants before he died there himself.
In
Manitoba
, the Irish Association of Manitoba runs a yearly three-day festival of music and culture based around Saint Patrick's Day.
[
142
]
In 2004, the CelticFest Vancouver Society organised its first yearly festival in downtown
Vancouver
to celebrate the
Celtic Nations
and their cultures. This event, which includes a parade, occurs each year during the weekend nearest Saint Patrick's Day.
[
143
]
In
Quebec City
, there was a parade from 1837 to 1926. The
Quebec City St-Patrick Parade
returned in 2010 after more than 84 years. For the occasion, a portion of the
New York Police Department
Pipes and Drums were present as special guests.
There has been a parade held in
Toronto
since at least 1863.
[
144
]
The
Toronto Maple Leafs
hockey team was known as the
Toronto St. Patricks
from 1919 to 1927, and wore green jerseys. In 1999, when the Maple Leafs played on Saint Patrick's Day, they wore green St Patrick's retro uniforms.
[
citation needed
]
Some groups, notably
Guinness
, have lobbied to make Saint Patrick's Day a national holiday.
[
145
]
In March 2009, the
Calgary Tower
changed its top exterior lights to new green CFL bulbs just in time for Saint Patrick's Day. Part of an environmental non-profit organisation's campaign (Project Porchlight), the green represented environmental concerns. Approximately 210 lights were changed in time for Saint Patrick's Day, and resembled a
Leprechaun
's hat. After a week, white CFLs took their place. The change was estimated to save the Calgary Tower some $12,000 and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 104 tonnes.
[
146
]
Since 2019, the City of
Waterloo, Ontario
has had to contend with an ever-growing massive street party that has coincided with the Saint Patrick's Day celebrations. In 2023, police could be seen putting fences up on Ezra Avenue to discourage partiers to participate in the unauthorized event that has cost the city as much as $750,000 a year for police, paramedics, and municipal services.
[
147
]
The
Chicago River dyed green
[
148
]
Saint Patrick's Day, while not a legal holiday in the United States, is nonetheless widely recognised and observed throughout the country as a celebration of Irish and
Irish-American
culture. Celebrations include prominent displays of the colour green, religious observances, numerous parades, and copious consumption of alcohol.
[
11
]
The holiday has been celebrated in what is now the U.S. since 1600, with the first parade occurring in 1601.
[
149
]
It is customary for the Irish
Taoiseach
(Irish Prime Minister) to meet with the
President of the United States
on or around Saint Patrick's Day.
[
150
]
[
151
]
Traditionally, the Taoiseach presents the US president a
Waterford Crystal
bowl filled with shamrocks.
[
152
]
This tradition began in 1952 when the Irish Ambassador to the US,
John Hearne
, sent a box of shamrocks to President
Harry S. Truman
. From then, it became a yearly custom for the Irish ambassador to send Saint Patrick's Day shamrocks to an official in the US President's administration, although on some occasions the shamrocks were given personally by the Irish Taoiseach or Irish President to the US president in Washington.
[
150
]
[
152
]
After the meeting between Taoiseach
Albert Reynolds
and President
Bill Clinton
in 1994, the presenting of the shamrocks became a yearly custom.
[
150
]
[
153
]
The
Saint Patrick's Battalion
is honored in Mexico on Saint Patrick's Day.
[
154
]
Celebrations in
Buenos Aires
centre on Reconquista street
In Buenos Aires, a party is held in the downtown street of Reconquista, where there are several Irish pubs;
[
155
]
[
156
]
in 2006, there were 50,000 people in this street and the pubs nearby.
[
157
]
Neither the Catholic Church nor the
Irish community
, the fifth largest in the world outside Ireland,
[
158
]
take part in the organisation of the parties.
The island of
Montserrat
is known as the "Emerald Island of the
Caribbean
" because of its founding by
Irish refugees from Saint Kitts and Nevis
. Montserrat is one of three places where Saint Patrick's Day is a public holiday, along with Ireland and the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The holiday in Montserrat also commemorates a failed slave uprising that occurred on 17 March 1768.
[
159
]
Saint Patrick's Parade in Brisbane
Saint Patrick's Day is not a public holiday in Australia, although it is celebrated each year across the country's states and territories.
[
160
]
[
161
]
[
162
]
Festivals and parades are often held on weekends around 17 March in cities such as
Sydney
,
[
163
]
Brisbane
,
[
164
]
Adelaide
,
[
165
]
and
Melbourne
.
[
166
]
On occasion, festivals and parades are cancelled. For instance, Melbourne's 2006 and 2007 Saint Patrick's Day festivals and parades were cancelled due to sporting events (
Commonwealth Games
and
Australian Grand Prix
) being booked on and around the planned Saint Patrick's Day festivals and parades in the city.
[
167
]
In Sydney the parade and family day was cancelled in 2016 due to financial problems.
[
168
]
[
169
]
However, Brisbane's Saint Patrick's Day parade, which was cancelled at the outbreak of
World War II
and wasn't revived until 1990,
[
170
]
was not called off in 2020 as precaution for the
COVID-19 pandemic
, in contrast to many other Saint Patrick's Day parades around the world.
[
171
]
The first mention of Saint Patrick's Day being celebrated in Australia was in 1795, when Irish convicts and administrators, Catholic and Protestant, in the
penal colony
came together to celebrate the day as a national holiday, despite a ban against assemblies being in place at the time.
[
172
]
This unified day of Irish nationalist observance would soon dissipate over time, with celebrations on Saint Patrick's Day becoming divisive between religions and social classes, representative more of Australianness than of Irishness and held intermittingly throughout the years.
[
172
]
[
173
]
[
174
]
Historian
Patrick O'Farrell
credits the
1916 Easter Rising
in
Dublin
and
Archbishop Daniel Mannix
of
Melbourne
for re-igniting St Patrick's Day celebrations in Australia and reviving the sense of Irishness amongst those with Irish heritage.
[
172
]
The organisers of the Saint Patrick's festivities in the past were, more often than not, the Catholic clergy
[
175
]
which often courted controversy.
[
176
]
[
177
]
Bishop Patrick Phelan
of
Sale
described in 1921 how the authorities in
Victoria
had ordered that a
Union Jack
be flown at the front of the Saint Patrick's Day parade and following the refusal by Irishmen and
Irish-Australians
to do so, the authorities paid for an individual to carry the flag at the head of the parade.
[
178
]
[
179
]
This individual was later assaulted by two men who were later fined in court.
[
180
]
[
181
]
From 1878 to 1955, Saint Patrick's Day was recognised as a public holiday in New Zealand, together with
St George's Day
(England) and
St Andrew's Day
(Scotland).
[
182
]
[
183
]
[
184
]
Auckland
attracted many Irish migrants in the 1850s and 1860s, and it was here where some of the earliest Saint Patrick's Day celebrations took place, which often entailed the hosting of community picnics.
[
185
]
However, this rapidly evolved from the late 1860s onwards to include holding parades with pipe bands and marching children wearing green, sporting events, concerts, balls and other social events, where people displayed their Irishness with pride.
[
185
]
While Saint Patrick's Day is no longer recognised as a public holiday, it continues to be celebrated across New Zealand with festivals and parades at weekends on or around 17 March.
[
186
]
[
187
]
Saint Patrick's Day in
Motomachi, Yokohama
Saint Patrick's parades are now held in many locations across Japan.
[
188
]
The first parade, in Tokyo, was organised by The Irish Network Japan (INJ) in 1992.
The Irish Association of Korea has celebrated Saint Patrick's Day since 1976 in
Seoul
, the capital city of
Korea
and
Busan
, second largest city in Korea. The plaxe of the parade and festivals are
Itaewon
of Seoul and
Seomyeon
of Busan. It is sponsored by Embassy of Ireland in Korea.
[
189
]
In
Malaysia
, the St Patrick's Society of Selangor, founded in 1925, organises a yearly St Patrick's Ball, described as the biggest Saint Patrick's Day celebration in Asia.
Guinness Anchor Berhad
also organises 36 parties across the country in places like the
Klang Valley
,
Penang
,
Johor Bahru
, Malacca,
Ipoh
,
Kuantan
,
Kota Kinabalu
,
Miri
and
Kuching
.
UN Peacekeeping missions
[
edit
]
Irish
United Nations
(UN) peacekeepers outside Ireland also celebrate Saint Patrick's Day. For example, in 2021, the
United Nations Disengagement Observer Force
's Irish contingent led a parade in Syria where members received shamrocks and 35 personnel were presented with the
UN Peacekeeping Medal
.
[
190
]
International Space Station
[
edit
]
Astronaut
Chris Hadfield
wearing green in the
International Space Station
on Saint Patrick's Day, 2013
Astronauts on board the
International Space Station
have celebrated the festival in different ways. Irish-American
Catherine Coleman
played a hundred-year-old flute belonging to
Matt Molloy
and a
tin whistle
belonging to
Paddy Moloney
, both members of the Irish music group
The Chieftains
, while floating weightless in the space station on Saint Patrick's Day in 2011.
[
191
]
[
192
]
[
193
]
Her performance was later included in a track called "The Chieftains in Orbit" on the group's 2012 album,
Voice of Ages
.
[
194
]
Chris Hadfield
took photographs of Ireland from Earth orbit, and a picture of himself wearing green clothing in the space station, and posted them online on Saint Patrick's Day in 2013. He also posted online a recording of himself singing "
Danny Boy
" in space.
[
195
]
[
196
]
Saint Patrick's Day celebrations have been criticised, particularly for their association with
public drunkenness
and
disorderly conduct
. Some argue that the festivities have become too
commercialised
and tacky,
[
197
]
[
198
]
and have strayed from their original purpose of honouring Saint Patrick and Irish heritage.
[
199
]
[
200
]
[
197
]
Irish American journalist
Niall O'Dowd
has criticised attempts to recast Saint Patrick's Day as a celebration of
multiculturalism
rather than a celebration of Irishness.
[
201
]
Man in a
leprechaun
outfit on Saint Patrick's Day
Saint Patrick's Day celebrations have also been criticised for fostering demeaning stereotypes of Ireland and
Irish people
.
[
197
]
An example is the wearing of '
leprechaun
outfits',
[
202
]
which are based on derogatory 19th century caricatures of the Irish.
[
203
]
In the run up to Saint Patrick's Day 2014, the
Ancient Order of Hibernians
successfully campaigned to stop major American retailers from selling novelty merchandise that promoted negative Irish stereotypes.
[
204
]
Saint Patrick's Day celebrations outside Ireland have been described by critics as displays of "
Plastic Paddyness
"; where foreigners
appropriate
and misrepresent
Irish culture
, claim Irish identity, and enact Irish stereotypes.
[
205
]
LGBTQ groups in the US
were long banned from marching in Saint Patrick's Day parades in
New York City
and
Boston
. In 1995, the
Supreme Court
's landmark decision in
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
affirmed event organizers' rights to determine the messages that their events conveyed, effectively permitting the exclusion of LGBTQ groups. The bans on LGBTQ group participation in New York City and Boston were lifted in 2014 and 2015, respectively.
[
206
]
[
207
]
However, LGBTQ groups still experience barriers to participation
[
208
]
and have organized alternative, inclusive events such as
St. Pat's for All
in
Queens
.
Traditionally the finals of the
All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship
and
All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship
were held on Saint Patrick's Day in
Croke Park
, Dublin, but since 2020 these now take place in January. The
Interprovincial Championship
was previously held on 17 March but this was switched to games being played in Autumn.
The
Leinster Schools Rugby Senior Cup
,
Munster Schools Rugby Senior Cup
and
Ulster Schools Senior Cup
finals are held on Saint Patrick's Day. The
Connacht Schools Rugby Senior Cup
final is held on the weekend before Saint Patrick's Day.
Horse racing at the
Cheltenham Festival
attracts large numbers of Irish people, both residents of Britain and many who travel from Ireland, and usually coincides with Saint Patrick's Day.
[
209
]
The
Six Nations Championship
is an annual international rugby Union tournament competed by
England
,
France
,
Ireland
,
Italy
,
Scotland
, and
Wales
and reaches its climax on or around Saint Patrick's Day.
[
210
]
[
211
]
On
St Patrick's Day 2018
, Ireland defeated England 24–15 at
Twickenham
,
London
to claim the third
Grand Slam
in their history.
[
212
]
[
213
]
The
Saint Patrick's Day Test
is an international
rugby league
tournament that is played between the
US
and
Ireland
. The competition was first started in 1995 and continued in 1996, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2011, and 2012. Ireland won the first two tests as well as the one in 2011, with the US winning the remaining 5. The game is usually held on or around 17 March to coincide with Saint Patrick's Day.
[
214
]
The
major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada
that play during March often wear special
third jerseys
to acknowledge the holiday. Examples include the
Buffalo Sabres
(who have worn special Irish-themed practice jerseys),
Toronto Maple Leafs
(who wear
Toronto St. Patricks
throwbacks),
New York Knicks
,
Toronto Raptors
, and most
Major League Baseball
teams. The
New Jersey Devils
have worn their green-and-red throwback jerseys on or around Saint Patrick's Day in recent years.
[
215
]
Gaelic calendar
, also known as Irish calendar
"
It's a Great Day for the Irish
"
Order of St. Patrick
Saint Patrick's Breastplate
St. Patrick's Day Snowstorm
of 1892
Saint Brigid of Ireland
Saint Urho
Unofficial Saint Patrick's Day
Saint Andrew's Day
Saint David's Day
Saint George's Day
^
Bolton, Doug (16 March 2016).
"One Irish creative agency is leading the charge against 'St. Patty's Day'
"
.
The Independent
.
Archived
from the original on 12 March 2018
. Retrieved
12 March
2018
.
That's the thinking behind the No More Patty Google Chrome extension, created by Dublin-based creative agency in the Company of Huskies. The extension can be installed in a few clicks, and automatically replaces every online mention of the "very wrong" 'Patty' with the "absolutely right" 'Paddy'.
^
Jenkins, Aric (15 March 2017).
"Why Some Irish People Don't Want You to Call It St. Patty's Day"
.
Time
.
Archived
from the original on 10 May 2019
. Retrieved
26 November
2019
.
^
"Is It "St. Patrick's Day" Or "St. Patricks Day"?"
.
dictionary.com
. 17 March 2021.
Archived
from the original on 18 March 2020
. Retrieved
28 March
2020
.
^
Jordan Valinsky. (8 January 2015).
"Dublin Airport would like to remind you it's St. Paddy's Day, not St. Patty's Day"
.
The Week
.
Archived
from the original on 28 March 2020
. Retrieved
28 March
2020
.
^
a
b
Ritschel, Chelsea; Michallon, Clémence (17 March 2022).
"What is the meaning behind St Patrick's Day?"
.
The Independent
. Retrieved
17 March
2022
.
The day of celebration, which marks the day of St Patrick's death, is a religious holiday meant to celebrate the arrival of Christianity in Ireland, and made official by the Catholic Church in the early 17th century. Observed by the Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Lutheran Church, the day was typically observed with services, feasts and alcohol.
^
Ariel, Shlomo (2018).
Multi-Dimensional Therapy with Families, Children and Adults: The Diamond Model
.
Routledge
.
ISBN
978-1-351-58794-5
.
In many culture, identity perception is supported by constitutive myths, traditions and rituals (e.g. the Jewish Passover, the myth of the foundation of Rome [the tale of Romulus and Remus] and St. Patrick's Day, which commemorates the arrival of Christianity to Ireland and celebrates the heritage and culture of the Irish in general).
^
"St Patrick's Day celebrations"
.
Church of Ireland
. The Irish Times. 12 March 2011. Archived from
the original
on 15 May 2011
. Retrieved
17 March
2013
– via ireland.anglican.org.
^
a
b
c
d
e
Willard Burgess Moore (1989).
Circles of Tradition: Folk Arts in Minnesota
. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p.
52
.
ISBN
9780873512398
. Retrieved
13 November
2010
.
In nineteenth-century America it became a celebration of Irishness, more than a religious occasion, though attending Mass continues as an essential part of the day.
^
a
b
c
d
Willard Burgess Moore (1989).
Circles of Tradition: Folk Arts in Minnesota
. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p.
52
.
ISBN
9780873512398
. Retrieved
13 November
2010
.
The religious occasion did involve the wearing of shamrocks, an Irish symbol of the Holy Trinity, and the lifting of Lenten restrictions on drinking.
^
a
b
Barth, Edna (2001).
Shamrocks, Harps, and Shillelaghs: The Story of the St. Patrick's Day Symbols
. Sandpiper. p. 7.
ISBN
0618096515
.
Archived
from the original on 21 November 2015
. Retrieved
13 November
2010
.
For most Irish-Americans, this holiday (from holy day) is partially religious but overwhelmingly festive. For most Irish people in Ireland the day has little to do with religion at all and St. Patrick's Day church services are followed by parades and parties, the latter being the best attended. The festivities are marked by Irish music, songs, and dances.
^
a
b
c
Nagle, John (2009).
Multiculturalism's Double-Bind
.
Ashgate Publishing
.
ISBN
978-0-754-67607-2
.
Archived
from the original on 19 August 2020
. Retrieved
13 November
2010
.
Like many other forms of carnival, St. Patrick's Day is a feast day, a break from Lent in which adherents are allowed to temporarily abandon rigorous fasting by indulging the forbidden. Since alcohol is often proscribed during Lent the copious consumption of alcohol is seen as an integral part of St. Patrick's day.
^
a
b
James Terence Fisher (2007).
Communion of Immigrants: A History of Catholics in America
.
Oxford University Press
.
ISBN
9780199842254
.
Archived
from the original on 6 October 2015
. Retrieved
13 November
2010
.
The 40-day period (not counting Sundays) prior to Easter is known as Lent, a time of prayer and fasting. Pastors of Irish-American parishes often supplied "dispensations" for St. Patrick s Day, enabling parishioners to forego Lenten sacrifices in order to celebrate the feast of their patron saint.
^
"Public holidays in Ireland"
. Citizens Information Board.
Archived
from the original on 17 November 2010
. Retrieved
13 November
2010
.
There is only one place outside of Ireland that celebrates St. Patrick's Day as a national public holiday: the island of Montserrat. The small pear-shaped island is about 40 square miles and is located just south of Antigua. It's known as the Emerald Isle of the Caribbean.
^
"Bank holidays"
. NI Direct. Archived from
the original
on 22 November 2010
. Retrieved
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2010
.
^
Ritschel, Chelsea (17 March 2019).
"St Patrick's Day 2019: When is it and where can I celebrate?"
.
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.
Archived
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. Retrieved
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2019
.
^
"St Patrick's Day – Department of Foreign Affairs"
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www.dfa.ie
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, p. 242
[1]
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Varin, Andra.
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. Christian Classics Ethereal Library at Calvin College.
Archived
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Bridgwater, William; Kurtz, Seymour, eds. (1963). "Saint Patrick".
The Columbia Encyclopedia
(3rd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. pp.
1611–
12.
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Cronin & Adair (2002)
, p. xxiii.
^
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(in Irish).
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St Patrick's Day: Globe Goes Green. (17 March 2018).
BBC News
. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
^
The World Goes Green for St Patrick's Day. (16 March 2018)
RTE News
. Retrieved 8 January 2019
^
Global Greening Campaign 2018. (2018)
Tourism Ireland
. Retrieved 8 January 2019
^
Ó Conghaile, Pól. (16 March 2018). Green Lights: See the Landmarks Going Green for St Patrick's Day!.
Independent.ie
Retrieved 8 January 2019
^
Lucy Price (18 January 2024).
"How is St. Patrick's Day Celebrated in Ireland in 2024?"
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www.travellertoday.com
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Cronin & Adair (2002)
, p. 26.
^
Santino, Jack (1995).
All Around the Year: Holidays and Celebrations in American Life
. University of Illinois Press. p. 82.
^
Hickey, Donal (17 March 2014).
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.
Irish Examiner
.
Archived
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. Retrieved
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.
^
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Archived
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(9 March 2018)
The Economist
Retrieved 8 January 2019
^
Doyle, Kevin. (16 January 2018).
St Patrick's Day Exodus to See Ministers Travel to 35 Countries
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The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore
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ISBN
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.
There is no evidence that the clover or wood sorrel (both of which are called shamrocks) were sacred to the Celts in any way. However, the Celts had a philosophical and cosmological vision of triplicity, with many of their divinities appearing in three. Thus when St Patrick, attempting to convert the Druids on Beltane, held up a shamrock and discoursed on the Christian Trinity, the three-in-one god, he was doing more than finding a homely symbol for a complex religious concept. He was indicating knowledge of the significance of three in the Celtic realm, a knowledge that probably made his mission far easier and more successful than if he had been unaware of that number's meaning.
^
Hegarty, Neil (24 April 2012).
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ISBN
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.
In some ways, though, the Christian mission resonated: pre-Christian devotion was characterized by, for example, the worship of gods in groups of three, by sayings collected in threes (triads), and so on – from all of which the concept of the Holy Trinity was not so very far removed. Against this backdrop the myth of Patrick and his three-leafed shamrock fits quite neatly.
^
Homan, Roger (2006).
The Art of the Sublime: Principles of Christian Art and Architecture
. Ashgate Publishing. p. 37.
^
Santino, Jack (1995).
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Phelan, Rachel, (May/June 2016).
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{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (
link
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^
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. Routledge.
ISBN
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.
Saint Patrick's Day History
– slideshow by
The Huffington Post |
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day)
- [1 Saint Patrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Saint_Patrick)
- [2 Celebration and traditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Celebration_and_traditions)
Toggle Celebration and traditions subsection
- [2\.1 Wearing green and shamrocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Wearing_green_and_shamrocks)
- [3 In Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#In_Ireland)
Toggle In Ireland subsection
- [3\.1 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#History)
- [3\.2 Modern era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Modern_era)
- [4 Celebrations elsewhere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Celebrations_elsewhere)
Toggle Celebrations elsewhere subsection
- [4\.1 Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Europe)
- [4\.1.1 England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#England)
- [4\.1.2 Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Scotland)
- [4\.1.3 Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Malta)
- [4\.1.4 Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Russia)
- [4\.1.5 Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Spain)
- [4\.1.6 Other European countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Other_European_countries)
- [4\.2 Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Americas)
- [4\.2.1 Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Canada)
- [4\.2.2 United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#United_States)
- [4\.2.3 Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Mexico)
- [4\.2.4 Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Argentina)
- [4\.2.5 Montserrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Montserrat)
- [4\.3 Oceania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Oceania)
- [4\.3.1 Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Australia)
- [4\.3.2 New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#New_Zealand)
- [4\.4 Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Asia)
- [4\.5 UN Peacekeeping missions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#UN_Peacekeeping_missions)
- [4\.6 International Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#International_Space_Station)
- [5 Criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Criticism)
- [6 Sports events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Sports_events)
- [7 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#See_also)
- [8 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#References)
- [9 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#External_links)
Toggle the table of contents
# Saint Patrick's Day
79 languages
- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Patricksdag "Sint Patricksdag – Afrikaans")
- [Alemannisch](https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%E2%80%99s_Day "St. Patrick’s Day – Alemannic")
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83 "يوم القديس باتريك – Arabic")
- [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83 "يوم القديس باتريك – Egyptian Arabic")
- [Bikol Central](https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldaw_ni_San_Patricio "Aldaw ni San Patricio – Central Bikol")
- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0 "Дзень сьвятога Патрыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)")
- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0 "Дзень Святога Патрыка – Belarusian")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA "Ден на свети Патрик – Bulgarian")
- [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouel_Sant_Padrig "Gouel Sant Padrig – Breton")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_svetog_Patrika "Dan svetog Patrika – Bosnian")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diada_de_Sant_Patrici "Diada de Sant Patrici – Catalan")
- [Нохчийн](https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5 "Сийдолу Патрикан де – Chechen")
- [ᏣᎳᎩ](https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%A4_%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%B3%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97_%E1%8E%A2%E1%8E%A6 "ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ – Cherokee")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9 "ڕۆژی سەینت پاتریک – Central Kurdish")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_svat%C3%A9ho_Patrika "Den svatého Patrika – Czech")
- [Чӑвашла](https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%C4%95 "Сăваплă Патрик кунĕ – Chuvash")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skt._Patricks_dag "Skt. Patricks dag – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%E2%80%99s_Day "Saint Patrick’s Day – German")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85 "Ημέρα του Αγίου Πατρικίου – Greek")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tago_de_Sankta_Patriko "Tago de Sankta Patriko – Esperanto")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADa_de_San_Patricio "Día de San Patricio – Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCha_Patricku_p%C3%A4ev "Püha Patricku päev – Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Patrizio_eguna "San Patrizio eguna – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9 "روز سنت پاتریک – Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyh%C3%A4n_Patrickin_p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4 "Pyhän Patrickin päivä – Finnish")
- [Føroyskt](https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1triksmessa "Pátriksmessa – Faroese")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_Saint-Patrick "Fête de la Saint-Patrick – French")
- [Arpetan](https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9ta_de_la_Sent-Patrick "Féta de la Sent-Patrick – Arpitan")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1_Fh%C3%A9ile_P%C3%A1draig "Lá Fhéile Pádraig – Irish")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADa_de_San_Patricio "Día de San Patricio – Galician")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9 "יום פטריק הקדוש – Hebrew")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8 "सैंट पैट्रिक दिवस – Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_svetog_Patrika "Dan svetog Patrika – Croatian")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szent_Patrik_napja "Szent Patrik napja – Hungarian")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D6%85%D6%80 "Սուրբ Պատրիկի օր – Armenian")
- [Jaku Iban](https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Sante_Patrick "Hari Sante Patrick – Iban")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Santo_Patrick "Hari Santo Patrick – Indonesian")
- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio_di_Santa_Patrik "Dio di Santa Patrik – Ido")
- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagur_heilags_Patreks "Dagur heilags Patreks – Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festa_di_san_Patrizio "Festa di san Patrizio – Italian")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E3%83%91%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%81%AE%E7%A5%9D%E6%97%A5 "聖パトリックの祝日 – Japanese")
- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%96 "Әулие Патрик күні – Kazakh")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1_%ED%8C%8C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%98%EC%98%A4_%EC%B6%95%EC%9D%BC "성 파트리치오 축일 – Korean")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festum_Sancti_Patrici "Festum Sancti Patrici – Latin")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v._Patriko_diena "Šv. Patriko diena – Lithuanian")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%93t%C4%81_Patrika_diena "Svētā Patrika diena – Latvian")
- [Malagasy](https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andron%27ny_Fetin%27i_Patrisy "Andron'ny Fetin'i Patrisy – Malagasy")
- [Кырык мары](https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D3%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%87%D3%B9%D0%B6%D3%B9 "Валгыды Патрикӹн кечӹжӹ – Western Mari")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Santo_Patrick "Hari Santo Patrick – Malay")
- [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7 "စိန့်ပတ်ထရစ်နေ့ – Burmese")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day "Saint Patrick's Day – Dutch")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patricks_dag "St. Patricks dag – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzie%C5%84_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tego_Patryka "Dzień Świętego Patryka – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia_de_S%C3%A3o_Patr%C3%ADcio "Dia de São Patrício – Portuguese")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziua_Sf%C3%A2ntului_Patriciu "Ziua Sfântului Patriciu – Romanian")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0 "День святого Патрика – Russian")
- [Sardu](https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_de_Santu_Patr%C3%ACtziu "Die de Santu Patrìtziu – Sardinian")
- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunt_Petherick%27s_Day "Saunt Petherick's Day – Scots")
- [سنڌي](https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%BD_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%BD%D8%B1%DA%AA_%D8%AC%D9%88_%DA%8F%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D9%86 "سينٽ پيٽرڪ جو ڏينهن – Sindhi")
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_svetog_Patrika "Dan svetog Patrika – Serbo-Croatian")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day "Saint Patrick's Day – Simple English")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C5%88_sv%C3%A4t%C3%A9ho_Patrika "Deň svätého Patrika – Slovak")
- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_svetega_Patrika "Dan svetega Patrika – Slovenian")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0 "Дан Светог Патрика – Serbian")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%E2%80%99s_Day "Saint Patrick’s Day – Swedish")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D "புனித பேட்ரிக்கின் நாள் – Tamil")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81 "วันนักบุญแพทริก – Thai")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Patrik_G%C3%BCn%C3%BC "Aziz Patrik Günü – Turkish")
- [Татарча / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B5 "Изге Патрик көне – Tatar")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0 "День святого Патрика – Ukrainian")
- [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3_%DA%88%DB%92 "سینٹ پیٹرکس ڈے – Urdu")
- [Vepsän kel’](https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph._Patrikan_p%C3%A4iv "Ph. Patrikan päiv – Veps")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A0y_th%C3%A1nh_Patrici%C3%B4 "Ngày thánh Patriciô – Vietnamese")
- [Walon](https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Patrick_\(crustinne_fiesse\) "Sint Patrick (crustinne fiesse) – Walloon")
- [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlaw_ni_San_Patricio "Adlaw ni San Patricio – Waray")
- [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E8%8A%82 "圣帕特里克节 – Wu")
- [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8ng_Patrick_Ji%CC%8Dt "Sèng Patrick Ji̍t – Minnan")
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%9F%8F%E5%BE%B7%E6%AD%B7%E7%AF%80 "聖柏德歷節 – Cantonese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E8%8A%82 "圣帕特里克节 – Chinese")
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
## Page version status
This is an accepted version of this page
This is the [latest accepted revision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes "Wikipedia:Pending changes"), [reviewed](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day) on *28 March 2026*.
Cultural and religious celebration on 17 March
For other uses, see [Saint Patrick's Day (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_\(disambiguation\) "Saint Patrick's Day (disambiguation)").
| Saint Patrick's Day | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kilbennan_St._Benin%27s_Church_Window_St._Patrick_Detail_2010_09_16.jpg)Saint Patrick depicted in a [stained-glass window](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained-glass_window "Stained-glass window") at [Saint Benin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benignus_of_Armagh "Benignus of Armagh")'s Church in [Kilbennen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilbennen "Kilbennen"), near [Tuam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuam "Tuam"), in [County Galway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway "County Galway"), Ireland | |
| Official name | Saint Patrick's Day |
| Also called | Feast of Saint Patrick *Lá Fhéile Pádraig* Patrick's Day (St.) Paddy's Day (St.) Patty's Day (mainly North America)[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-4) |
| Observed by | [Irish people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people "Irish people") and people of [Irish descent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_diaspora "Irish diaspora") [Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church "Catholic Church") (see [calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar "General Roman Calendar")) [Anglican Communion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion "Anglican Communion") (see [calendars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars "List of Anglican Church calendars")) [Eastern Orthodox Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church "Eastern Orthodox Church") (see [calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar "Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar")) [Lutheran Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism "Lutheranism") (see [calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_\(Lutheran\) "Calendar of saints (Lutheran)")) |
| Type | Ethnic, national, Christian |
| Significance | [Feast day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_day "Feast day") of [Saint Patrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick "Saint Patrick"), commemoration of the arrival of [Christianity in Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Ireland "Christianity in Ireland")[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-RitschelMichallon2022-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Ariel2018-6) |
| Celebrations | Attending parades and a [céilí](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9il%C3%AD "Céilí") Wearing green and [shamrocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock#Symbol_of_Ireland "Shamrock") Eating [Irish food](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_cuisine "Irish cuisine") Drinking [Irish beer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_Ireland "Beer in Ireland") and [Irish whiskey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_whiskey "Irish whiskey") |
| Observances | [Christian processions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_procession "Christian procession"); attending [Mass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_\(liturgy\) "Mass (liturgy)") or [service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_service "Church service") |
| Date | 17 March |
| Frequency | Annual |
**Saint Patrick's Day**, or the **Feast of Saint Patrick** ([Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language "Irish language"): *Lá Fhéile Pádraig*, [lit.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation "Literal translation")'the Day of the Festival of Patrick'), is a religious and cultural [holiday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday "Holiday") held on 17 March, the traditional death date of [Saint Patrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick "Saint Patrick") (c. 385 – c. 461), the foremost [patron saint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint "Patron saint") of [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland "Ireland").
Saint Patrick's Day was made an official Christian [feast day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_day "Feast day") in the early 17th century and is observed by the [Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church "Catholic Church"), the [Anglican Communion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion "Anglican Communion") (especially the [Church of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland "Church of Ireland")),[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-7) the [Eastern Orthodox Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church "Eastern Orthodox Church"), and the [Lutheran Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism "Lutheranism"). The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of [Christianity in Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Ireland "Christianity in Ireland"), and, by extension, celebrates the [heritage and culture of the Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland "Culture of Ireland") in general.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-RitschelMichallon2022-5)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_1-8) Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, [céilithe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9ilithe "Céilithe"), and the wearing of green attire or [shamrocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock "Shamrock").[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_2-9) Christians who belong to liturgical denominations also attend [church services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_service "Church service").[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_1-8)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_5-10) Historically, the [Lenten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenten "Lenten") restrictions [on fasting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_fasting "Christian fasting") and [drinking alcohol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_alcohol "Christianity and alcohol") were lifted for the day, which has encouraged the holiday's tradition of revelry.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_1-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_2-9)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_3-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_4-12)
Saint Patrick's Day is a [public holiday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holiday "Public holiday") in the [Republic of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland"),[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-13) [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland"),[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-14) the Canadian province of [Newfoundland and Labrador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Newfoundland and Labrador") (for provincial government employees), and the British Overseas Territory of [Montserrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat "Montserrat"). It is also widely celebrated in places with a large [Irish diaspora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_diaspora "Irish diaspora") community, such as [Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain "Great Britain"),[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-15) [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada"), the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States"), [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia"), [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand"), and [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-16) Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated in more countries than any other [national festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Day "National Day").[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002242-17) Modern celebrations have been greatly influenced by those of the Irish diaspora, particularly those that developed in North America. However, there has been criticism of Saint Patrick's Day celebrations for having become too commercialised, for their connections to [drinking culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_culture "Drinking culture"), and for fostering negative stereotypes of the Irish people.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-18)
## Saint Patrick
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: Saint Patrick")\]
Main article: [Saint Patrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick "Saint Patrick")
Saint Patrick was a 5th-century Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland. Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the *Declaration*, which was allegedly written by Patrick himself. It is believed that he was born in [Roman Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain "Roman Britain") in the fourth century, into a wealthy [Romano-British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano-British_culture "Romano-British culture") family. His father was a Christian [deacon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon "Deacon") and his grandfather a [priest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest "Priest"). According to the *Declaration*, at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to [Gaelic Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland "Gaelic Ireland").[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-19) It says that he spent six years there working as a shepherd and that during this time he [found God](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_conversion "Religious conversion"). The *Declaration* says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, where a ship would be waiting to take him home. After making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-20)
According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the [pagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_polytheism "Celtic polytheism") Irish to Christianity. The *Declaration* says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and converted thousands.
Tradition holds that he died on 17 March and was buried at [Downpatrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downpatrick "Downpatrick"). Over the following centuries, many legends grew up around Patrick and he became Ireland's foremost saint.
## Celebration and traditions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Celebration and traditions")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traditional-irish-stipatricksidayibadges.jpg)
Traditional Saint Patrick's Day badges from the early 20th century, [Museum of Country Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Country_Life "Museum of Country Life") in [County Mayo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Mayo "County Mayo")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irish_clover.jpg)
According to legend, Saint Patrick used the three-leaved [shamrock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock "Shamrock") to explain the [Holy Trinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity "Holy Trinity") to [Irish pagans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion "Ancient Celtic religion").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sydney_Opera_House_on_St._Patrick%27s_Day_\(41260243671\).jpg)
Sydney Opera House lit up green in honour of Saint Patrick in [Sydney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney "Sydney"), Australia
Present day Saint Patrick's Day celebrations have been greatly influenced by those that developed among the Irish diaspora, especially in North America. Until the late 20th century, Saint Patrick's Day was often a bigger celebration among the diaspora than it was in Ireland.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002242-17)
Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, Irish traditional music sessions ([céilithe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9ilidh "Céilidh")), and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_2-9) There are also formal gatherings such as banquets and dances, although these were more common in the past. Saint Patrick's Day parades began in North America in the 18th century but did not spread to Ireland until the 20th century.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002xxiii-21) The participants generally include marching bands, the military, fire brigades, cultural organisations, charitable organisations, [voluntary associations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_association "Voluntary association"), [youth groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_organization "Youth organization"), [fraternities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternity "Fraternity"), and so on. However, over time, many of the parades have become more akin to a [carnival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival "Carnival"). More effort is made to use the [Irish language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language "Irish language"), especially in Ireland, where 1 March to St Patrick's Day on 17 March is Seachtain na Gaeilge ("[Irish language week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seachtain_na_Gaeilge "Seachtain na Gaeilge")").[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-22)
Since 2010, famous landmarks have been lit up in green on Saint Patrick's Day as part of [Tourism Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_Ireland "Tourism Ireland")'s "Global Greening Initiative" or "Going Green for St Patrick's Day".[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-23)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-24) The [Sydney Opera House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House "Sydney Opera House") and the [Sky Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Tower_\(Auckland\) "Sky Tower (Auckland)") in [Auckland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland "Auckland") were the first landmarks to participate and since then over 300 landmarks in fifty countries across the globe have gone green for Saint Patrick's Day.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-25)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-26)
Many Irish people also attend [church services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_service "Church service") with their families,[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_1-8)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_5-10) and the [Lenten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenten "Lenten") restrictions [on eating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_fasting "Christian fasting") and [drinking alcohol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_alcohol "Christianity and alcohol") are lifted for the day. Perhaps because of this, drinking alcohol – particularly Irish whiskey, beer, or cider – has become an integral part of the celebrations.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_1-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_2-9)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_3-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_4-12) In Ireland, this relaxation of fasting rules is notably marked by the consumption of stout, a dark ale beer that is a key part of the celebration, with breweries preparing months in advance for the demand.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-27) The Saint Patrick's Day custom of "drowning the shamrock" or "wetting the shamrock" was historically popular. At the end of the celebrations, especially in Ireland, a shamrock is put into the bottom of a cup, which is then filled with whiskey, beer, or cider. It is then drunk as a [toast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toast_\(honor\) "Toast (honor)") to Saint Patrick, Ireland, or those present. The shamrock would either be swallowed with the drink or taken out and tossed over the shoulder for good luck.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair200226-28)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-29)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-30)
Irish Government ministers travel abroad on official visits to various countries around Saint Patrick's Day to promote Ireland.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-31)[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-32)
### Wearing green and shamrocks
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Wearing green and shamrocks")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22The_Wearing_of_the_Green.%22.jpg)
A Saint Patrick's Day greeting card from 1907
On Saint Patrick's Day, it is customary to wear [shamrocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock "Shamrock"), green clothing or green accessories. Saint Patrick is said to have used the shamrock, a three-leaved plant, to explain the [Holy Trinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity "Holy Trinity") to the [pagan Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_polytheism "Celtic polytheism").[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-natgeo-33)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-34) This story first appears in writing in 1726, though it may be older. In pagan Ireland, three was a significant number and the Irish had many [triple deities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_deity "Triple deity"), which may have aided St Patrick in his [evangelisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelism "Evangelism") efforts.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Monaghan2009-35)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Hegarty2012-36) Roger Homan writes, "We can perhaps see St Patrick drawing upon the visual concept of the *[triskele](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_spiral "Triple spiral")* when he uses the shamrock to explain the Trinity".[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-37) [Patricia Monaghan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Monaghan "Patricia Monaghan") says there is no evidence the shamrock was sacred to the pagan Irish.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Monaghan2009-35) [Jack Santino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Santino "Jack Santino") speculates that it may have represented the regenerative powers of nature, and was recast in a Christian context—[icons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon "Icon") of Saint Patrick often depict the saint "with a [cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_cross "Christian cross") in one hand and a sprig of shamrocks in the other".[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Santino1995-38)
The first association of the colour green with Ireland is from a legend in the 11th century *[Lebor Gabála Érenn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn "Lebor Gabála Érenn")* (The Book of the Taking of Ireland). It tells of [Goídel Glas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%ADdel_Glas "Goídel Glas") (Goídel the green), the [eponymous ancestor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponymous_ancestor "Eponymous ancestor") of the [Gaels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaels "Gaels") and creator of the [Goidelic languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goidelic_languages "Goidelic languages") ([Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language "Irish language"), [Scottish Gaelic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic "Scottish Gaelic"), [Manx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manx_language "Manx language")).[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Koch2005-39)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-MacKillop2005-40) Goídel is bitten by a venomous snake but saved from death by [Moses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses "Moses") placing his staff on the snakebite, leaving him with a green mark. His descendants settle in Ireland, a land free of snakes.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Macalister1939-41) One of the first, [Íth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milesians_\(Irish\) "Milesians (Irish)"), visits Ireland after climbing the [Tower of Hercules](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_Hercules "Tower of Hercules") and being captivated by the sight of a beautiful green island in the distance.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Koch2005-39)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-MacKillop2005-40)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Macalister1939-41)
The colour green was further associated with Ireland from the 1640s, when the [green harp flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_harp_flag "Green harp flag") was used by the [Irish Catholic Confederation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Ireland "Confederate Ireland"). Later, [James Connolly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Connolly "James Connolly") described this flag as representing "the sacred emblem of Ireland's unconquered soul".[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-42) Green ribbons and shamrocks have been worn on Saint Patrick's Day since at least the 1680s.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002-43) Since then, the colour green and its association with St Patrick's Day have grown.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-history.com-44)
The Friendly Brothers of St Patrick, an Irish [fraternity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternity "Fraternity") founded in about 1750,[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-45) adopted green as its colour.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-46) The [Order of St Patrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Patrick "Order of St Patrick"), an Anglo-Irish [chivalric order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalric_order "Chivalric order") founded in 1783, instead adopted blue as its colour, which led to blue being [associated with Saint Patrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_blue "St. Patrick's blue"). In the 1790s, the colour green was adopted by the [United Irishmen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Irishmen "United Irishmen"). This was a [republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_republicanism "Irish republicanism") organisation—founded mostly by Protestants but with a mainly Catholic membership—who launched a [rebellion in 1798](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798 "Irish Rebellion of 1798") against British rule. Ireland was first called "the Emerald Isle" in "When Erin First Rose" (1795), a poem by a co-founder of the United Irishmen, [William Drennan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Drennan "William Drennan"), which stresses the historical importance of green to the Irish.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-47)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-48)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-49)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-50) The phrase "wearing of the green" comes from a [song of the same name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wearing_of_the_Green "The Wearing of the Green") about United Irishmen being persecuted for wearing green. The [flags](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland#Political_flags "List of flags of Ireland") of the 1916 [Easter Rising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising "Easter Rising") featured green, such as the [Starry Plough banner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starry_Plough_\(flag\) "Starry Plough (flag)") and the [Proclamation Flag of the Irish Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republic "Irish Republic"). When the [Irish Free State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_State "Irish Free State") was founded in 1922, the government ordered all [post boxes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillar_box#Ireland "Pillar box") be painted green, with the slogan "green paint for a green people";[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Ferguson2016-51)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-52) in 1924, the government introduced a green [Irish passport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_passport "Irish passport").[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-53)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-EUED-54)[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-EURes1981-55)
The wearing of the 'St Patrick's Day Cross' was also a popular custom in Ireland until the early 20th century. These were a [Celtic Christian cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_cross "Celtic cross") made of paper that was "covered with silk or ribbon of different colours, and a bunch or rosette of green silk in the centre".[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair200225%E2%80%9326-56)
## In Ireland
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: In Ireland")\]
### History
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: History")\]
Saint Patrick's [feast day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_day "Feast day"), as a kind of national day, was already being celebrated by the Irish in Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-57) Saint Patrick's feast day was finally placed on the [liturgical calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_calendar "Liturgical calendar") of the Catholic Church in the early 1600s, due to the influence of [Waterford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford "Waterford")\-born [Franciscan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan "Franciscan") scholar [Luke Wadding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Wadding "Luke Wadding").[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-58) Saint Patrick's Day thus became a [holy day of obligation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_day_of_obligation "Holy day of obligation") for Catholics in Ireland. It is also a feast day in the [Church of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland "Church of Ireland"), part of the [Anglican Communion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion "Anglican Communion"). The church calendar avoids the observance of saints' feasts during certain solemnities, moving the saint's day to a time outside those periods. Saint Patrick's Day is occasionally affected by this requirement, when 17 March falls during [Holy Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Week "Holy Week"). This happened in 1940, when Saint Patrick's Day was officially observed on 3 April to avoid it coinciding with [Palm Sunday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Sunday "Palm Sunday"), and again in 2008, where it was officially observed on 15 March.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-59) Saint Patrick's Day will not fall within Holy Week again until 2160.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-60)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-61) However, the popular festivities may still be held on 17 March or on a weekend near to the feast day.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-62)
Saint Patrick's was perceived as the middle day of [spring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_\(season\) "Spring (season)") in the [Irish calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_calendar "Irish calendar"). People expected that weather would be improved following the festival, and farmers would begin planting potato.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Danaher-63)
### Modern era
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Modern era")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WILD_FOLK_BY_BUI_BOLG_FROM_WEXFORD_-ST._PATRICK%27S_DAY_PARADE_IN_DUBLIN_-_17_MARCH_2019--150353_\(47413724761\).jpg)
Buí Bolg at the St. Patrick's Day parade in [Dublin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin "Dublin")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ST._PATRICK%27S_SPIRE_OF_LIGHT_ON_O%27CONNELL_STREET_IN_DUBLIN_REF-102056_\(16650284488\).jpg)
Dublin's [General Post Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Dublin "General Post Office, Dublin") and the Spire on O'Connell Street on Saint Patrick's Day
In 1903, Saint Patrick's Day became an official public holiday in Ireland due to the [Bank Holiday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Holiday "Bank Holiday") (Ireland) Act 1903, an [Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_parliament "Act of parliament") of the [Parliament of the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom "Parliament of the United Kingdom") introduced by [James O'Mara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_O%27Mara "James O'Mara"), an MP from the [Irish Parliamentary Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party "Irish Parliamentary Party") (IPP).[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-omara1-64)
The first Saint Patrick's Day parade in Ireland was held in [Waterford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford "Waterford") in 1903, hundreds of years after the first parade in North America. The week of Saint Patrick's Day 1903 had been declared Irish Language Week by the [Gaelic League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_League "Gaelic League") and in Waterford they opted to have a procession on Sunday 15 March. The procession comprised the Mayor and members of Waterford Corporation, the Trades Hall, the various trade unions and bands who included the 'Barrack St Band' and the '[Thomas Francis Meagher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Meagher "Thomas Francis Meagher") Band'.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-65) The parade began at the premises of the Gaelic League in George's St and finished in the Peoples Park, where the public were addressed by the Mayor and other dignitaries.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-munster_express-66)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-67) On Tuesday 17 March, most Waterford businesses—including public houses—were closed and marching bands paraded as they had two days previously.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-68)
On Saint Patrick's Day 1916, the [Irish Volunteers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Volunteers "Irish Volunteers")—an Irish nationalist paramilitary organisation—held parades throughout Ireland. The authorities recorded 38 St Patrick's Day parades, involving 6,000 marchers, almost half of whom were reported to be armed.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002105-69) The following month, the Irish Volunteers launched the [Easter Rising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising "Easter Rising") against British rule. This marked the beginning of the [Irish revolutionary period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period "Irish revolutionary period") and led to the [Irish War of Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence "Irish War of Independence") and [Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Civil_War "Irish Civil War"). During this time, Saint Patrick's Day celebrations in Ireland were muted, although the day was sometimes chosen to hold large political rallies.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002108-70)
The celebrations remained low-key after the creation of the [Irish Free State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_State "Irish Free State") in 1922; the only state-organized observance was a military procession and [trooping of the colours](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trooping_the_colours "Trooping the colours"), and an Irish-language [mass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_\(Catholic_Church\) "Mass (Catholic Church)") attended by government ministers.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002134-71) In 1927, the Irish Free State government [banned the selling of alcohol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition "Prohibition") on St Patrick's Day, although it remained legal in [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland"). The ban was not repealed until 1961.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002135%E2%80%93136-72)
The first official, state-sponsored Saint Patrick's Day parade in [Dublin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin "Dublin") took place in 1931.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-73) Public St Patrick's Day festivities in Ireland have been cancelled three times, all for public health reasons.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-74)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-75) In 2001, celebrations were postponed to May due to the [foot-and-mouth outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_foot-and-mouth_outbreak "2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak"),[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-76)[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-77)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-78) while in 2020 and 2021 they were cancelled outright due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-79)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-80)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-81)[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-82)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-83)[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-84)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-85)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Patricks_Day_Inter_Church_Procession,_Downpatrick,_March_2010_\(03\).JPG)
A Saint Patrick's Day [Christian procession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_procession "Christian procession") in [Downpatrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downpatrick "Downpatrick"), where Saint Patrick is said to be buried
In [Ulster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster "Ulster"), especially within [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland") and [County Donegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Donegal "County Donegal") (particularly East Donegal), the celebration of Saint Patrick's Day was affected by sectarian divisions.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002175%E2%80%93177-86) Up until the late twentieth century, a majority of the population in Ulster, the northern [province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland "Provinces of Ireland") in Ireland, were [Protestant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Protestants "Ulster Protestants") [Ulster unionists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland "Unionism in Ireland") who saw themselves primarily as British, while a substantial minority were Catholic Irish nationalists who saw themselves primarily as Irish. Although it was a public holiday, Northern Ireland's [Unionist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party "Ulster Unionist Party") government did not officially observe St Patrick's Day.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002175%E2%80%93177-86) During the conflict in Northern Ireland known as [the Troubles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles "The Troubles") (late 1960s–late 1990s), public St Patrick's Day celebrations were rare and tended to be associated with the Catholic community.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002175%E2%80%93177-86) In 1976, [loyalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_loyalism "Ulster loyalism") [detonated a car bomb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillcrest_Bar_bombing "Hillcrest Bar bombing") outside a pub crowded with Catholics celebrating St Patrick's Day in [Dungannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungannon "Dungannon") in the south-east of [County Tyrone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tyrone "County Tyrone"); four civilians were killed and many injured. However, some Protestant unionists attempted to 're-claim' the festival, and in 1985 the [Orange Order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Order "Orange Order") held its own Saint Patrick's Day parade.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002175%E2%80%93177-86) Since the end of the conflict in 1998 there have been cross-community St Patrick's Day parades in towns throughout Northern Ireland, which have attracted thousands of spectators.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002175%E2%80%93177-86) In Belfast, [Belfast City Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_City_Hall "Belfast City Hall") flies the [St Patrick's Saltire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Saltire "St Patrick's Saltire") alongside the Union Jack on St Patrick's Day.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-87)
In the mid-1990s the government of the [Republic of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland") began a campaign to use Saint Patrick's Day to showcase Ireland and its culture.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-hist-88) The government set up a group called [St. Patrick's Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Festival "St. Patrick's Festival"), with the aims of creating a world-class national festival and "to project, internationally, an accurate image of Ireland as a creative, professional and sophisticated country with wide appeal".[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-festival-89) The first Saint Patrick's Festival was held on 17 March 1996. In 1997, it became a three-day event, and by 2006, the festival was five days long. More than 675,000 people attended the 2009 parade, and that year's festival saw almost 1 million visitors, who took part in festivities that included concerts, outdoor theatre performances, and fireworks.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-90) From 2006 to 2012 the [Skyfest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyfest "Skyfest") formed the centrepiece of the Saint Patrick's Festival.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-91)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-92)
The week around Saint Patrick's Day is *[Seachtain na Gaeilge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seachtain_na_Gaeilge "Seachtain na Gaeilge")* ("Irish Language Week"), when more [Irish language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language "Irish language") events are held and there is more effort to use the language.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-93)
Christian leaders in Ireland have expressed concern about the secularisation of Saint Patrick's Day. In *The Word* magazine's March 2007 issue, Fr [Vincent Twomey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Twomey "Vincent Twomey") wrote, "It is time to reclaim St Patrick's Day as a church festival". He questioned the need for "mindless alcohol-fuelled revelry" and concluded that "it is time to bring the piety and the fun together".[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-94)
One of the biggest celebrations outside the cities is in [Downpatrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downpatrick "Downpatrick"), [County Down](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Down "County Down"), where Saint Patrick is said to be buried. The shortest Saint Patrick's Day parade in the world formerly took place in [Dripsey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dripsey "Dripsey"), [County Cork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork "County Cork"). The parade lasted just 23.4 metres and traveled between the village's two pubs. The tradition began in 1999, but ended after five years when one of the pubs closed.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-95) The current shortest Saint Paddy's Day parade has been held in Little Compton, [Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island "Rhode Island"), since 2022. The parade lasts only 89 feet. The title is disputed by Hot Springs, [Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas "Arkansas"), which has hosted the shortest St. Patrick's Day parade since 2004, measuring at 98 feet.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-96)
## Celebrations elsewhere
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Celebrations elsewhere")\]
### Europe
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Europe")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:388-0049-hinnerk-ruemenapf_01.jpg)
Saint Patrick's Day 2016 in an [Irish pub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_pub "Irish pub") in [Hamburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg"), Germany
#### England
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: England")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Patrick%27s_Day_-_Trafalgar_Square_March_2006.jpg)
Saint Patrick's Day celebration at [Trafalgar Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square "Trafalgar Square") in London, 2006
In England, the Royal Colonel or [Colonel-in-chief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel-in-chief "Colonel-in-chief") traditionally present bowls of shamrock to members of the [Irish Guards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Guards "Irish Guards"), a regiment in the [British Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army "British Army"), following [Queen Alexandra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Alexandra "Queen Alexandra") introducing the tradition in 1901.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-97) Since 2012, [Catherine, Princess of Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales "Catherine, Princess of Wales") has presented the bowls of shamrock to the Irish Guards. While female royals are often tasked with presenting the bowls of shamrock, male royals have also undertaken the role, such as [King George VI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_VI "King George VI") in 1950 to mark the 50th anniversary of the formation of the Irish Guards, and in 2016 the [Duke of Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales "William, Prince of Wales") in place of his wife.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-98)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-99) Fresh Shamrocks are presented to the Irish Guards, regardless of where they are stationed, and are flown in from Ireland.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-100)
While some Saint Patrick's Day celebrations could be conducted openly in Britain pre 1960s, this would change following the commencement by the IRA's bombing campaign on [mainland Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain "Great Britain") and as a consequence this resulted in a suspicion of all things Irish and those who supported them which led to people of Irish descent wearing a sprig of shamrock on Saint Patrick's day in private or attending specific events.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Pages_180%E2%80%93183-101) Today, after many years following the [Good Friday Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement "Good Friday Agreement"), people of Irish descent openly wear a sprig of shamrock to celebrate their Irishness.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Pages_180%E2%80%93183-101)
Christian denominations in Great Britain observing his [feast day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_day "Feast day") include the [Church of England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England "Church of England") and the Roman Catholic Church.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_and_non-Irish_celebrants-102)
[Birmingham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham "Birmingham") holds the largest Saint Patrick's Day parade in Britain with a city centre parade[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-103) over a two-mile (3 km) route through the city centre. The organisers describe it as the third biggest parade in the world after Dublin and New York.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-104)
London, since 2002, has had an annual Saint Patrick's Day parade which takes place on weekends around the 17th, usually in Trafalgar Square. In 2008, the water in the Trafalgar Square fountains was dyed green. In 2020, the parade was cancelled due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-105)[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-106)
[Liverpool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool") has the highest proportion of residents with Irish ancestry of any English city.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-107) This has led to a long-standing celebration on Saint Patrick's Day in terms of music, cultural events and the parade.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-108)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-109)
[Manchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester "Manchester") hosts a two-week Irish festival in the weeks prior to Saint Patrick's Day. The festival includes an Irish Market based at the city's town hall which flies the Irish tricolour opposite the Union Flag, a large parade as well as a large number of cultural and learning events throughout the two-week period.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-110)
#### Scotland
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: Scotland")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stpatricksdayfestivalcbridge.JPG)
2009 [Saint Patrick's Day festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day_festival_Coatbridge "St. Patrick's Day festival Coatbridge") celebration in [Coatbridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatbridge "Coatbridge"), Scotland
The Scottish town of [Coatbridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatbridge "Coatbridge"), where the majority of the town's population are of Irish descent,[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-ScotGov-Immigration-111)[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-CoatbridgeFestival-112) also has [a Saint Patrick's Day Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day_festival_Coatbridge "St. Patrick's Day festival Coatbridge") which includes celebrations and parades in the town centre.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-CoatbridgeFestival-112)[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-113)
[Glasgow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow "Glasgow") has a considerably large Irish population; due, for the most part, to the Irish immigration during the 19th century. This immigration was the main cause in raising the population of Glasgow by over 100,000 people.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-114) Due to this large Irish population, there are many Irish-themed pubs and Irish interest groups who hold yearly celebrations on Saint Patrick's day in Glasgow. Glasgow has held a yearly Saint Patrick's Day parade and festival since 2007.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-115)
#### Malta
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: Malta")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Porte_des_Bombes_on_St_Patrick%27s_Night.jpg)
[Porte des Bombes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_des_Bombes "Porte des Bombes") illuminated in green on Saint Patrick's Day of 2014
The first Saint Patrick's Day celebrations in Malta took place in the early 20th century by soldiers of the [Royal Dublin Fusiliers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Fusiliers "Royal Dublin Fusiliers") who were stationed in [Floriana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floriana "Floriana"). Celebrations were held in the Balzunetta area of the town, which contained a number of bars and was located close to the barracks. The Irish diaspora in Malta continued to celebrate the feast annually.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-maltaindependent2018-03-18-116)
Today, Saint Patrick's Day is mainly celebrated in Spinola Bay and [Paceville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paceville "Paceville") areas of [St Julian's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Julian%27s "St Julian's"),[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-117) although other celebrations still occur at Floriana[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-maltaindependent2018-03-18-116) and other locations.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-118)[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-119) Thousands of Maltese attend the celebrations, "which are more associated with drinking beer than traditional Irish culture."[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-120)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-121)
#### Russia
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: Russia")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Patrick%27s_Day_2012_in_Moscow.jpg)
[Moscow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow "Moscow") hosts an annual Saint Patrick's Day festival
The first Saint Patrick's Day parade in Russia took place in 1992.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-122) Since 1999, there has been a yearly "Saint Patrick's Day" festival in Moscow and other Russian cities.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-123) The official part of the Moscow parade is a military-style parade and is held in collaboration with the Moscow government and the Irish embassy in Moscow. The unofficial parade is held by volunteers and resembles a carnival. In 2014, Moscow Irish Week was celebrated from 12 to 23 March, which includes Saint Patrick's Day on 17 March. Over 70 events celebrating Irish culture in Moscow, St Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Voronezh, and Volgograd were sponsored by the Irish Embassy, the Moscow City Government, and other organisations.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-124)
In 2017, the [Russian Orthodox Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church "Russian Orthodox Church") added the feast day of Saint Patrick to [its liturgical calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar "Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar"), to be celebrated on 30 March \[[O.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates "Old Style and New Style dates") 17 March\].[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-125)
#### Spain
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Spain")\]
[Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid "Madrid"),[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-126) [Barcelona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona "Barcelona"),[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-127) [A Coruña](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a "A Coruña") and [Benidorm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benidorm "Benidorm") are the biggest cities where great celebrations take place in Spain, but some other smaller cities have started to host Saint Patrick's Day in recent years, such as [El Espinar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Espinar "El Espinar"),[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-128) [Caldas de Reyes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldas_de_Reyes "Caldas de Reyes"), [Pontevedra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontevedra "Pontevedra"), [Salamanca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca "Salamanca"), [Elda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elda "Elda"), [Valladolid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid "Valladolid")[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-129) and [Maspalomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maspalomas "Maspalomas").
#### Other European countries
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Other European countries")\]
[Sarajevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo "Sarajevo"), the capital city of [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Bosnia and Herzegovina") has an Irish expatriate community.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-130)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-131) The community established the [Sarajevo Irish Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_Irish_Festival "Sarajevo Irish Festival") in 2015, which is held for three days around and including Saint Patrick's Day. The festival organizes an annual parade, hosts Irish theatre companies, screens Irish films and organizes concerts of Irish folk musicians. The festival has hosted numerous Irish artists, filmmakers, theatre directors and musicians such as [Conor Horgan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conor_Horgan "Conor Horgan"), Ailis Ni Riain, [Dermot Dunne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermot_Dunne "Dermot Dunne"), [Mick Moloney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Moloney "Mick Moloney"), [Chloë Agnew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlo%C3%AB_Agnew "Chloë Agnew") and others.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-132)[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-133)[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-134)
Although it is not a national holiday in [Lithuania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania "Lithuania"), the [Vilnia River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnia_River "Vilnia River") is dyed green every year on the Saint Patrick's Day in the capital [Vilnius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius "Vilnius").[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-135)
[Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway "Norway") has had a Saint Patrick's Day parade in Oslo since 2000, first organized by Irish expatriates living in Norway, and partially coordinated with the Irish embassy in Oslo.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-136)
While Saint Patrick's Day in [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") is commonly celebrated on 17 March with festivities similar to those in neighbouring central European countries, it is not unusual for Swiss students to organise celebrations in their own living spaces on Saint Patrick's Eve. Most popular are usually those in Zurich's [Kreis 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aussersihl "Aussersihl"). Traditionally, guests also contribute with beverages and dress in green.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-137)
In [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") since 1996 the city of [Munich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich "Munich") holds a parade on the weekend before the 17th of March, which has turned into one of the biggest St. Patrck's Day celebrations in continental Europe. In 2026, 30 years after the first parade, around 70 groups comprising together of 1,500 participants marched in the parade and attracted 45,000 spectators.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-138)
### Americas
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: Americas")\]
#### Canada
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: Canada")\]
Saint Patrick's Day is a government holiday in [Newfoundland and Labrador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Newfoundland and Labrador").[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-139) The island Newfoundland has strong historic and cultural ties to Ireland and is cited as the most Irish place outside of Ireland.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-140) Approximately 20% of Newfoundland's population consists of [Irish Newfoundlanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Newfoundlanders "Irish Newfoundlanders").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Patrick%27s_Day_Montreal_2007.jpg)
Montreal hosts one of the longest-running and largest Saint Patrick's Day parades in North America
One of the longest-running and largest Saint Patrick's Day ([French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language "French language"): *le jour de la Saint-Patrick*) parades in North America occurs each year in [Montreal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal "Montreal"),[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-141) whose [city flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Montreal "Flag of Montreal") includes a [shamrock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock "Shamrock") in its lower-right quadrant. The yearly celebration has been organised by the United Irish Societies of Montreal since 1929. The parade has been held yearly without interruption since 1824. Saint Patrick's Day itself, however, has been celebrated in Montreal since as far back as 1759 by Irish soldiers in the Montreal Garrison following the British conquest of New France.
In [Saint John, New Brunswick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick "Saint John, New Brunswick") Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated as a week-long celebration. Shortly after the JP Collins Celtic Festival is an Irish festival celebrating Saint John's Irish heritage. The festival is named for a young Irish doctor James Patrick Collins who worked on [Partridge Island (Saint John County)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partridge_Island_\(Saint_John_County\) "Partridge Island (Saint John County)") quarantine station tending to sick Irish immigrants before he died there himself.
In [Manitoba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba "Manitoba"), the Irish Association of Manitoba runs a yearly three-day festival of music and culture based around Saint Patrick's Day.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-142)
In 2004, the CelticFest Vancouver Society organised its first yearly festival in downtown [Vancouver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver") to celebrate the [Celtic Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Nations "Celtic Nations") and their cultures. This event, which includes a parade, occurs each year during the weekend nearest Saint Patrick's Day.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-143)
In [Quebec City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City "Quebec City"), there was a parade from 1837 to 1926. The [Quebec City St-Patrick Parade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City_St-Patrick_Parade "Quebec City St-Patrick Parade") returned in 2010 after more than 84 years. For the occasion, a portion of the [New York Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department "New York City Police Department") Pipes and Drums were present as special guests.
There has been a parade held in [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto "Toronto") since at least 1863.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-144)
The [Toronto Maple Leafs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs "Toronto Maple Leafs") hockey team was known as the [Toronto St. Patricks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_St._Patricks "Toronto St. Patricks") from 1919 to 1927, and wore green jerseys. In 1999, when the Maple Leafs played on Saint Patrick's Day, they wore green St Patrick's retro uniforms.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Some groups, notably [Guinness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness "Guinness"), have lobbied to make Saint Patrick's Day a national holiday.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-145)
In March 2009, the [Calgary Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Tower "Calgary Tower") changed its top exterior lights to new green CFL bulbs just in time for Saint Patrick's Day. Part of an environmental non-profit organisation's campaign (Project Porchlight), the green represented environmental concerns. Approximately 210 lights were changed in time for Saint Patrick's Day, and resembled a [Leprechaun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprechaun "Leprechaun")'s hat. After a week, white CFLs took their place. The change was estimated to save the Calgary Tower some \$12,000 and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 104 tonnes.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-146)
Since 2019, the City of [Waterloo, Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo,_Ontario "Waterloo, Ontario") has had to contend with an ever-growing massive street party that has coincided with the Saint Patrick's Day celebrations. In 2023, police could be seen putting fences up on Ezra Avenue to discourage partiers to participate in the unauthorized event that has cost the city as much as \$750,000 a year for police, paramedics, and municipal services.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-147)
#### United States
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: United States")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChicagoStPatricksDay2015.jpg)
The [Chicago River dyed green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_River#Saint_Patrick's_Day "Chicago River")[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-148)
Main article: [Saint Patrick's Day in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_in_the_United_States "Saint Patrick's Day in the United States")
Saint Patrick's Day, while not a legal holiday in the United States, is nonetheless widely recognised and observed throughout the country as a celebration of Irish and [Irish-American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish-American "Irish-American") culture. Celebrations include prominent displays of the colour green, religious observances, numerous parades, and copious consumption of alcohol.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_3-11) The holiday has been celebrated in what is now the U.S. since 1600, with the first parade occurring in 1601.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-149)
It is customary for the Irish [Taoiseach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoiseach "Taoiseach") (Irish Prime Minister) to meet with the [President of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") on or around Saint Patrick's Day.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-irishtimes.com-150)[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-151) Traditionally, the Taoiseach presents the US president a [Waterford Crystal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Crystal "Waterford Crystal") bowl filled with shamrocks.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-irishexaminer.com-152) This tradition began in 1952 when the Irish Ambassador to the US, [John Hearne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hearne_\(lawyer\) "John Hearne (lawyer)"), sent a box of shamrocks to President [Harry S. Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman"). From then, it became a yearly custom for the Irish ambassador to send Saint Patrick's Day shamrocks to an official in the US President's administration, although on some occasions the shamrocks were given personally by the Irish Taoiseach or Irish President to the US president in Washington.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-irishtimes.com-150)[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-irishexaminer.com-152) After the meeting between Taoiseach [Albert Reynolds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Reynolds "Albert Reynolds") and President [Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") in 1994, the presenting of the shamrocks became a yearly custom.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-irishtimes.com-150)[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-153)
#### Mexico
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: Mexico")\]
The [Saint Patrick's Battalion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Battalion "Saint Patrick's Battalion") is honored in Mexico on Saint Patrick's Day.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-154)
#### Argentina
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: Argentina")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D%C3%ADa_de_San_Patricio_Buenos_Aires_2.jpg)
Celebrations in [Buenos Aires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires") centre on Reconquista street
In Buenos Aires, a party is held in the downtown street of Reconquista, where there are several Irish pubs;[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-155)[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-156) in 2006, there were 50,000 people in this street and the pubs nearby.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-157) Neither the Catholic Church nor the [Irish community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_settlement_in_Argentina "Irish settlement in Argentina"), the fifth largest in the world outside Ireland,[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-158) take part in the organisation of the parties.
#### Montserrat
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: Montserrat")\]
The island of [Montserrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat "Montserrat") is known as the "Emerald Island of the [Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea "Caribbean Sea")" because of its founding by [Irish refugees from Saint Kitts and Nevis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_immigration_to_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis "Irish immigration to Saint Kitts and Nevis"). Montserrat is one of three places where Saint Patrick's Day is a public holiday, along with Ireland and the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The holiday in Montserrat also commemorates a failed slave uprising that occurred on 17 March 1768.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-159)
### Oceania
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: Oceania")\]
#### Australia
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: Australia")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Patrick%27s_Parade_Brisbane-13_\(8562155117\).jpg)
Saint Patrick's Parade in Brisbane
Saint Patrick's Day is not a public holiday in Australia, although it is celebrated each year across the country's states and territories.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-160)[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-161)[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-162) Festivals and parades are often held on weekends around 17 March in cities such as [Sydney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney "Sydney"),[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-163) [Brisbane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane"),[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-164) [Adelaide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide "Adelaide"),[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-165) and [Melbourne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne").[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-166) On occasion, festivals and parades are cancelled. For instance, Melbourne's 2006 and 2007 Saint Patrick's Day festivals and parades were cancelled due to sporting events ([Commonwealth Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games "Commonwealth Games") and [Australian Grand Prix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Grand_Prix "Australian Grand Prix")) being booked on and around the planned Saint Patrick's Day festivals and parades in the city.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-167) In Sydney the parade and family day was cancelled in 2016 due to financial problems.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-168)[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-169) However, Brisbane's Saint Patrick's Day parade, which was cancelled at the outbreak of [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") and wasn't revived until 1990,[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-170) was not called off in 2020 as precaution for the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), in contrast to many other Saint Patrick's Day parades around the world.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-171)
The first mention of Saint Patrick's Day being celebrated in Australia was in 1795, when Irish convicts and administrators, Catholic and Protestant, in the [penal colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_colony "Penal colony") came together to celebrate the day as a national holiday, despite a ban against assemblies being in place at the time.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-O'Farrell-172) This unified day of Irish nationalist observance would soon dissipate over time, with celebrations on Saint Patrick's Day becoming divisive between religions and social classes, representative more of Australianness than of Irishness and held intermittingly throughout the years.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-O'Farrell-172)[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-173)[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-174) Historian [Patrick O'Farrell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_O%27Farrell "Patrick O'Farrell") credits the [1916 Easter Rising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising "Easter Rising") in [Dublin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin "Dublin") and [Archbishop Daniel Mannix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_Daniel_Mannix "Archbishop Daniel Mannix") of [Melbourne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne") for re-igniting St Patrick's Day celebrations in Australia and reviving the sense of Irishness amongst those with Irish heritage.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-O'Farrell-172) The organisers of the Saint Patrick's festivities in the past were, more often than not, the Catholic clergy[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-175) which often courted controversy.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-176)[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-177) [Bishop Patrick Phelan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Phelan_\(Bishop_of_Sale\) "Patrick Phelan (Bishop of Sale)") of [Sale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sale "Roman Catholic Diocese of Sale") described in 1921 how the authorities in [Victoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_\(Australia\) "Victoria (Australia)") had ordered that a [Union Jack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Jack "Union Jack") be flown at the front of the Saint Patrick's Day parade and following the refusal by Irishmen and [Irish-Australians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish-Australians "Irish-Australians") to do so, the authorities paid for an individual to carry the flag at the head of the parade.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-178)[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-179) This individual was later assaulted by two men who were later fined in court.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-180)[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-181)
#### New Zealand
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: New Zealand")\]
From 1878 to 1955, Saint Patrick's Day was recognised as a public holiday in New Zealand, together with [St George's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Day "St George's Day") (England) and [St Andrew's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Day "St Andrew's Day") (Scotland).[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-182)[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-183)[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-184) [Auckland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland "Auckland") attracted many Irish migrants in the 1850s and 1860s, and it was here where some of the earliest Saint Patrick's Day celebrations took place, which often entailed the hosting of community picnics.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Bueltmann-185) However, this rapidly evolved from the late 1860s onwards to include holding parades with pipe bands and marching children wearing green, sporting events, concerts, balls and other social events, where people displayed their Irishness with pride.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Bueltmann-185) While Saint Patrick's Day is no longer recognised as a public holiday, it continues to be celebrated across New Zealand with festivals and parades at weekends on or around 17 March.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-186)[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-187)
### Asia
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: Asia")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Patricks_Day_in_Motomachi_Yokohama.jpg)
Saint Patrick's Day in [Motomachi, Yokohama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motomachi,_Yokohama "Motomachi, Yokohama")
Saint Patrick's parades are now held in many locations across Japan.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-url2013_St_Patricks_Day_Parades_in_Japan-188) The first parade, in Tokyo, was organised by The Irish Network Japan (INJ) in 1992.
The Irish Association of Korea has celebrated Saint Patrick's Day since 1976 in [Seoul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul "Seoul"), the capital city of [Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea") and [Busan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busan "Busan"), second largest city in Korea. The plaxe of the parade and festivals are [Itaewon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaewon "Itaewon") of Seoul and [Seomyeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seo-myeon,_Busan "Seo-myeon, Busan") of Busan. It is sponsored by Embassy of Ireland in Korea.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-189)
In [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia"), the St Patrick's Society of Selangor, founded in 1925, organises a yearly St Patrick's Ball, described as the biggest Saint Patrick's Day celebration in Asia. [Guinness Anchor Berhad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Anchor_Berhad "Guinness Anchor Berhad") also organises 36 parties across the country in places like the [Klang Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_Valley "Klang Valley"), [Penang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang "Penang"), [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru"), Malacca, [Ipoh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipoh "Ipoh"), [Kuantan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuantan "Kuantan"), [Kota Kinabalu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu "Kota Kinabalu"), [Miri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miri,_Malaysia "Miri, Malaysia") and [Kuching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuching "Kuching").
### UN Peacekeeping missions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: UN Peacekeeping missions")\]
Irish [United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") (UN) peacekeepers outside Ireland also celebrate Saint Patrick's Day. For example, in 2021, the [United Nations Disengagement Observer Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Disengagement_Observer_Force "United Nations Disengagement Observer Force")'s Irish contingent led a parade in Syria where members received shamrocks and 35 personnel were presented with the [UN Peacekeeping Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1 "United Nations Peacekeeping Medal (page does not exist)").[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-190)
### International Space Station
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: International Space Station")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chris_Hadfield_in_the_Space_Station_on_Saint_Patrick%27s_Day.jpg)
Astronaut [Chris Hadfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hadfield "Chris Hadfield") wearing green in the [International Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station "International Space Station") on Saint Patrick's Day, 2013
Astronauts on board the [International Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station "International Space Station") have celebrated the festival in different ways. Irish-American [Catherine Coleman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Coleman "Catherine Coleman") played a hundred-year-old flute belonging to [Matt Molloy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Molloy "Matt Molloy") and a [tin whistle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_whistle "Tin whistle") belonging to [Paddy Moloney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Moloney "Paddy Moloney"), both members of the Irish music group [The Chieftains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chieftains "The Chieftains"), while floating weightless in the space station on Saint Patrick's Day in 2011.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-191)[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-192)[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-193) Her performance was later included in a track called "The Chieftains in Orbit" on the group's 2012 album, *[Voice of Ages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_Ages "Voice of Ages")*.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-194)
[Chris Hadfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hadfield "Chris Hadfield") took photographs of Ireland from Earth orbit, and a picture of himself wearing green clothing in the space station, and posted them online on Saint Patrick's Day in 2013. He also posted online a recording of himself singing "[Danny Boy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Boy "Danny Boy")" in space.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-195)[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-196)
## Criticism
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: Criticism")\]
Saint Patrick's Day celebrations have been criticised, particularly for their association with [public drunkenness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_drunkenness "Public drunkenness") and [disorderly conduct](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disorderly_conduct "Disorderly conduct"). Some argue that the festivities have become too [commercialised](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercialism "Commercialism") and tacky,[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002240-197)[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-198) and have strayed from their original purpose of honouring Saint Patrick and Irish heritage.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-199)[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-200)[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002240-197) Irish American journalist [Niall O'Dowd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_O%27Dowd "Niall O'Dowd") has criticised attempts to recast Saint Patrick's Day as a celebration of [multiculturalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism "Multiculturalism") rather than a celebration of Irishness.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-201)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Man_in_Leprechaun_Outfit_on_St_Patrick%27s_Day.jpg)
Man in a [leprechaun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprechaun "Leprechaun") outfit on Saint Patrick's Day
Saint Patrick's Day celebrations have also been criticised for fostering demeaning stereotypes of Ireland and [Irish people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people "Irish people").[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002240-197) An example is the wearing of '[leprechaun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprechaun "Leprechaun") outfits',[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-202) which are based on derogatory 19th century caricatures of the Irish.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-203) In the run up to Saint Patrick's Day 2014, the [Ancient Order of Hibernians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Order_of_Hibernians "Ancient Order of Hibernians") successfully campaigned to stop major American retailers from selling novelty merchandise that promoted negative Irish stereotypes.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-204)
Saint Patrick's Day celebrations outside Ireland have been described by critics as displays of "[Plastic Paddyness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_Paddy "Plastic Paddy")"; where foreigners [appropriate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_appropriation "Cultural appropriation") and misrepresent [Irish culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_culture "Irish culture"), claim Irish identity, and enact Irish stereotypes.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-205)
[LGBTQ groups in the US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States "LGBTQ rights in the United States") were long banned from marching in Saint Patrick's Day parades in [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") and [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston "Boston"). In 1995, the [Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "Supreme Court of the United States")'s landmark decision in *[Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurley_v._Irish-American_Gay,_Lesbian,_and_Bisexual_Group_of_Boston "Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston")* affirmed event organizers' rights to determine the messages that their events conveyed, effectively permitting the exclusion of LGBTQ groups. The bans on LGBTQ group participation in New York City and Boston were lifted in 2014 and 2015, respectively.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-206)[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-207) However, LGBTQ groups still experience barriers to participation[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-208) and have organized alternative, inclusive events such as [St. Pat's for All](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Pat%27s_for_All "St. Pat's for All") in [Queens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens "Queens").
## Sports events
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: Sports events")\]
- Traditionally the finals of the [All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Club_Football_Championship "All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship") and [All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Club_Hurling_Championship "All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship") were held on Saint Patrick's Day in [Croke Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croke_Park "Croke Park"), Dublin, but since 2020 these now take place in January. The [Interprovincial Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interprovincial_Championship "Interprovincial Championship") was previously held on 17 March but this was switched to games being played in Autumn.
- The [Leinster Schools Rugby Senior Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster_Schools_Rugby_Senior_Cup "Leinster Schools Rugby Senior Cup"), [Munster Schools Rugby Senior Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster_Schools_Rugby_Senior_Cup "Munster Schools Rugby Senior Cup") and [Ulster Schools Senior Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Schools_Senior_Cup "Ulster Schools Senior Cup") finals are held on Saint Patrick's Day. The [Connacht Schools Rugby Senior Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connacht_Schools_Rugby_Senior_Cup "Connacht Schools Rugby Senior Cup") final is held on the weekend before Saint Patrick's Day.
- Horse racing at the [Cheltenham Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham_Festival "Cheltenham Festival") attracts large numbers of Irish people, both residents of Britain and many who travel from Ireland, and usually coincides with Saint Patrick's Day.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-209)
- The [Six Nations Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship "Six Nations Championship") is an annual international rugby Union tournament competed by [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team "England national rugby union team"), [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team "France national rugby union team"), [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team "Ireland national rugby union team"), [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_rugby_union_team "Italy national rugby union team"), [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team "Scotland national rugby union team"), and [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team "Wales national rugby union team") and reaches its climax on or around Saint Patrick's Day.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-210)[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-211) On [St Patrick's Day 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Six_Nations_Championship "2018 Six Nations Championship"), Ireland defeated England 24–15 at [Twickenham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium "Twickenham Stadium"), [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London "London") to claim the third [Grand Slam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_\(rugby_union\) "Grand Slam (rugby union)") in their history.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-212)[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-213)
- The [Saint Patrick's Day Test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_Test "Saint Patrick's Day Test") is an international [rugby league](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league "Rugby league") tournament that is played between the [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_league_team "United States national rugby league team") and [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_league_team "Ireland national rugby league team"). The competition was first started in 1995 and continued in 1996, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2011, and 2012. Ireland won the first two tests as well as the one in 2011, with the US winning the remaining 5. The game is usually held on or around 17 March to coincide with Saint Patrick's Day.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-214)
- The [major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_of_the_United_States_and_Canada "Major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada") that play during March often wear special [third jerseys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_jersey "Third jersey") to acknowledge the holiday. Examples include the [Buffalo Sabres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres "Buffalo Sabres") (who have worn special Irish-themed practice jerseys), [Toronto Maple Leafs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs "Toronto Maple Leafs") (who wear [Toronto St. Patricks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_St._Patricks "Toronto St. Patricks") throwbacks), [New York Knicks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Knicks "New York Knicks"), [Toronto Raptors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Raptors "Toronto Raptors"), and most [Major League Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball "Major League Baseball") teams. The [New Jersey Devils](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils "New Jersey Devils") have worn their green-and-red throwback jerseys on or around Saint Patrick's Day in recent years.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-215)
## See also
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: See also")\]
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calendar_icon.svg)[Holidays portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Holidays "Portal:Holidays")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Four_Provinces_Flag.svg)[Ireland portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ireland "Portal:Ireland")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg)[Christianity portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity "Portal:Christianity")
- [Gaelic calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_calendar "Gaelic calendar"), also known as Irish calendar
- "[It's a Great Day for the Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Great_Day_for_the_Irish "It's a Great Day for the Irish")"
- [Order of St. Patrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Patrick "Order of St. Patrick")
- [Saint Patrick's Breastplate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Breastplate "Saint Patrick's Breastplate")
- [St. Patrick's Day Snowstorm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day_Snowstorm "St. Patrick's Day Snowstorm") of 1892
- [Saint Brigid of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Brigid_of_Ireland "Saint Brigid of Ireland")
- [Saint Urho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Urho "Saint Urho")
- [Unofficial Saint Patrick's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unofficial_Saint_Patrick%27s_Day "Unofficial Saint Patrick's Day")
- [Saint Andrew's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Andrew%27s_Day "Saint Andrew's Day")
- [Saint David's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_David%27s_Day "Saint David's Day")
- [Saint George's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day_in_England "Saint George's Day in England")
## References
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=30 "Edit section: References")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-1)**
Bolton, Doug (16 March 2016). ["One Irish creative agency is leading the charge against 'St. Patty's Day'"](https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/st-patricks-day-2016-pattys-day-name-google-chrome-extension-a6935141.html). *The Independent*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180312211704/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/st-patricks-day-2016-pattys-day-name-google-chrome-extension-a6935141.html) from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018. "That's the thinking behind the No More Patty Google Chrome extension, created by Dublin-based creative agency in the Company of Huskies. The extension can be installed in a few clicks, and automatically replaces every online mention of the "very wrong" 'Patty' with the "absolutely right" 'Paddy'."
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-2)**
Jenkins, Aric (15 March 2017). ["Why Some Irish People Don't Want You to Call It St. Patty's Day"](https://time.com/4703066/st-patricks-day-paddys-pattys-dublin-ireland/). *Time*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190510120240/http://time.com/4703066/st-patricks-day-paddys-pattys-dublin-ireland/) from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-3)**
["Is It "St. Patrick's Day" Or "St. Patricks Day"?"](https://www.dictionary.com/e/st-patricks-day-apostrophe/). *dictionary.com*. 17 March 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200318055949/https://www.dictionary.com/e/st-patricks-day-apostrophe/) from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-4)**
Jordan Valinsky. (8 January 2015). ["Dublin Airport would like to remind you it's St. Paddy's Day, not St. Patty's Day"](https://theweek.com/speedreads/456377/dublin-airport-like-remind-st-paddys-day-not-st-pattys-day). *The Week*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200328154635/https://theweek.com/speedreads/456377/dublin-airport-like-remind-st-paddys-day-not-st-pattys-day) from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-RitschelMichallon2022_5-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-RitschelMichallon2022_5-1)
Ritschel, Chelsea; Michallon, Clémence (17 March 2022). ["What is the meaning behind St Patrick's Day?"](https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/st-patricks-day-ireland-history-b2037858.html). *[The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")*. Retrieved 17 March 2022. "The day of celebration, which marks the day of St Patrick's death, is a religious holiday meant to celebrate the arrival of Christianity in Ireland, and made official by the Catholic Church in the early 17th century. Observed by the Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Lutheran Church, the day was typically observed with services, feasts and alcohol."
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Ariel2018_6-0)**
Ariel, Shlomo (2018). *Multi-Dimensional Therapy with Families, Children and Adults: The Diamond Model*. [Routledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge "Routledge"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-351-58794-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-58794-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-351-58794-5")
. "In many culture, identity perception is supported by constitutive myths, traditions and rituals (e.g. the Jewish Passover, the myth of the foundation of Rome \[the tale of Romulus and Remus\] and St. Patrick's Day, which commemorates the arrival of Christianity to Ireland and celebrates the heritage and culture of the Irish in general)."
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-7)**
["St Patrick's Day celebrations"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110515055936/http://www.ireland.anglican.org/index.php?do=news&newsid=3496). *Church of Ireland*. The Irish Times. 12 March 2011. Archived from [the original](http://www.ireland.anglican.org/index.php?do=news&newsid=3496) on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2013 – via ireland.anglican.org.
8. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_1_8-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_1_8-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_1_8-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_1_8-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_1_8-4)
Willard Burgess Moore (1989). [*Circles of Tradition: Folk Arts in Minnesota*](https://archive.org/details/circlesoftraditi00moor). Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. [52](https://archive.org/details/circlesoftraditi00moor/page/52). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780873512398](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873512398 "Special:BookSources/9780873512398")
. Retrieved 13 November 2010. "In nineteenth-century America it became a celebration of Irishness, more than a religious occasion, though attending Mass continues as an essential part of the day."
9. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_2_9-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_2_9-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_2_9-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_2_9-3)
Willard Burgess Moore (1989). [*Circles of Tradition: Folk Arts in Minnesota*](https://archive.org/details/circlesoftraditi00moor). Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. [52](https://archive.org/details/circlesoftraditi00moor/page/52). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780873512398](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873512398 "Special:BookSources/9780873512398")
. Retrieved 13 November 2010. "The religious occasion did involve the wearing of shamrocks, an Irish symbol of the Holy Trinity, and the lifting of Lenten restrictions on drinking."
10. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_5_10-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_5_10-1)
Barth, Edna (2001). [*Shamrocks, Harps, and Shillelaghs: The Story of the St. Patrick's Day Symbols*](https://books.google.com/books?id=7FleEqDJZD8C&pg=PA7). Sandpiper. p. 7. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0618096515](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0618096515 "Special:BookSources/0618096515")
. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151121192012/https://books.google.com/books?id=7FleEqDJZD8C&pg=PA7) from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2010. "For most Irish-Americans, this holiday (from holy day) is partially religious but overwhelmingly festive. For most Irish people in Ireland the day has little to do with religion at all and St. Patrick's Day church services are followed by parades and parties, the latter being the best attended. The festivities are marked by Irish music, songs, and dances."
11. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_3_11-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_3_11-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_3_11-2)
Nagle, John (2009). [*Multiculturalism's Double-Bind*](https://books.google.com/books?id=f-HhnQEACAAJ). [Ashgate Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing "Ashgate Publishing"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-754-67607-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-754-67607-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-754-67607-2")
. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200819064358/https://books.google.com/books?id=f-HhnQEACAAJ) from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2010. "Like many other forms of carnival, St. Patrick's Day is a feast day, a break from Lent in which adherents are allowed to temporarily abandon rigorous fasting by indulging the forbidden. Since alcohol is often proscribed during Lent the copious consumption of alcohol is seen as an integral part of St. Patrick's day."
12. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_4_12-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_4_12-1)
James Terence Fisher (2007). [*Communion of Immigrants: A History of Catholics in America*](https://books.google.com/books?id=voeg2IjM4YAC&pg=PA88). [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780199842254](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199842254 "Special:BookSources/9780199842254")
. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151006103354/https://books.google.com/books?id=voeg2IjM4YAC&pg=PA88) from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2010. "The 40-day period (not counting Sundays) prior to Easter is known as Lent, a time of prayer and fasting. Pastors of Irish-American parishes often supplied "dispensations" for St. Patrick s Day, enabling parishioners to forego Lenten sacrifices in order to celebrate the feast of their patron saint."
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-13)**
["Public holidays in Ireland"](http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/employment/employment_rights_and_conditions/leave_and_holidays/public_holidays_in_ireland.html). Citizens Information Board. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101117072632/http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/employment/employment_rights_and_conditions/leave_and_holidays/public_holidays_in_ireland.html) from the original on 17 November 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2010. "There is only one place outside of Ireland that celebrates St. Patrick's Day as a national public holiday: the island of Montserrat. The small pear-shaped island is about 40 square miles and is located just south of Antigua. It's known as the Emerald Isle of the Caribbean."
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-14)**
["Bank holidays"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101122114013/http://www.nidirect.gov.uk/index/government-citizens-and-rights/living-in-northern-ireland/bank-holidays.htm). NI Direct. Archived from [the original](http://www.nidirect.gov.uk/index/government-citizens-and-rights/living-in-northern-ireland/bank-holidays.htm) on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-15)**
Ritschel, Chelsea (17 March 2019). ["St Patrick's Day 2019: When is it and where can I celebrate?"](https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/st-patricks-day-2019-when-where-events-history-fancy-dress-costume-a8818061.html). *The Independent*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190423230741/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/st-patricks-day-2019-when-where-events-history-fancy-dress-costume-a8818061.html) from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-16)**
["St Patrick's Day – Department of Foreign Affairs"](https://www.dfa.ie/irish-embassy/south-africa/our-role/irish-community/st-patricks-day/). *www.dfa.ie*.
17. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002242_17-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002242_17-1) [Cronin & Adair (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#CITEREFCroninAdair2002), p. 242[\[1\]](https://books.google.com/books?id=5TYHqrao2PwC&pg=SL26-PA42)
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-18)**
Varin, Andra. ["The Americanization of St. Patrick's Day"](https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=91823). *ABC News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200417133943/https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=91823) from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-19)**
["Confession of St. Patrick"](http://www.ccel.org/ccel/patrick/confession.ii.html). Christian Classics Ethereal Library at Calvin College. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20091216091245/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/patrick/confession.ii.html) from the original on 16 December 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-20)**
Bridgwater, William; Kurtz, Seymour, eds. (1963). "Saint Patrick". *The Columbia Encyclopedia* (3rd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 1611–12\.
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002xxiii_21-0)** [Cronin & Adair (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#CITEREFCroninAdair2002), p. xxiii.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-22)**
["Seachtain na Gaeilge – 1 – 17 MARCH 2021"](https://snag.ie/) (in Irish). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210310110330/https://snag.ie/) from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-23)** St Patrick's Day: Globe Goes Green. (17 March 2018). [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News"). Retrieved 8 January 2019.
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-24)** The World Goes Green for St Patrick's Day. (16 March 2018) [RTE News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTE_News "RTE News"). Retrieved 8 January 2019
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-25)** Global Greening Campaign 2018. (2018) [Tourism Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_Ireland "Tourism Ireland"). Retrieved 8 January 2019
26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-26)** Ó Conghaile, Pól. (16 March 2018). Green Lights: See the Landmarks Going Green for St Patrick's Day!. [Independent.ie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent.ie "Independent.ie") Retrieved 8 January 2019
27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-27)**
Lucy Price (18 January 2024). ["How is St. Patrick's Day Celebrated in Ireland in 2024?"](https://www.travellertoday.com/best-places-celebrate-st-patricks-day/). *www.travellertoday.com*. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair200226_28-0)** [Cronin & Adair (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#CITEREFCroninAdair2002), p. 26.
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-29)**
Santino, Jack (1995). *All Around the Year: Holidays and Celebrations in American Life*. University of Illinois Press. p. 82.
30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-30)**
Hickey, Donal (17 March 2014). ["The facts about shamrock"](http://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/outdoors/donal-hickey/the-facts-about-shamrock-262195.html). *[Irish Examiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Examiner "Irish Examiner")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160312072313/http://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/outdoors/donal-hickey/the-facts-about-shamrock-262195.html) from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-31)** [How St Patrick's Day Celebrations Went Global](https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/03/09/how-st-patricks-day-celebrations-went-global) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190109011907/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/03/09/how-st-patricks-day-celebrations-went-global) 9 January 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") (9 March 2018) [The Economist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist "The Economist") Retrieved 8 January 2019
32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-32)** Doyle, Kevin. (16 January 2018). [St Patrick's Day Exodus to See Ministers Travel to 35 Countries](https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/politics/st-patricks-day-exodus-to-see-ministers-travel-to-35-countries-36495240.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190108202901/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/politics/st-patricks-day-exodus-to-see-ministers-travel-to-35-countries-36495240.html) 8 January 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). [Irish Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Independent "Irish Independent"). Retrieved 8 January 2019
33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-natgeo_33-0)**
Vernon, Jennifer (15 March 2004). ["St. Patrick's Day: Fact vs. Fiction"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081202063415/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/03/0312_040312_stpatrick_2.html). *National Geographic News*. p. 2. Archived from [the original](http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/03/0312_040312_stpatrick_2.html) on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-34)**
Newell, Jill (16 March 2000). ["Holiday has history"](http://www.csulb.edu/~d49er/spring00/news/v7n91-holiday.html). *Daily Forty-Niner*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090316052428/http://www.csulb.edu/~d49er/spring00/news/v7n91-holiday.html) from the original on 16 March 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
35. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Monaghan2009_35-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Monaghan2009_35-1)
Monaghan, Patricia (1 January 2009). *The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore*. Infobase Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-438-11037-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-438-11037-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-438-11037-0")
. "There is no evidence that the clover or wood sorrel (both of which are called shamrocks) were sacred to the Celts in any way. However, the Celts had a philosophical and cosmological vision of triplicity, with many of their divinities appearing in three. Thus when St Patrick, attempting to convert the Druids on Beltane, held up a shamrock and discoursed on the Christian Trinity, the three-in-one god, he was doing more than finding a homely symbol for a complex religious concept. He was indicating knowledge of the significance of three in the Celtic realm, a knowledge that probably made his mission far easier and more successful than if he had been unaware of that number's meaning."
36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Hegarty2012_36-0)**
Hegarty, Neil (24 April 2012). *Story of Ireland*. Ebury Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-448-14039-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-448-14039-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-448-14039-8")
. "In some ways, though, the Christian mission resonated: pre-Christian devotion was characterized by, for example, the worship of gods in groups of three, by sayings collected in threes (triads), and so on – from all of which the concept of the Holy Trinity was not so very far removed. Against this backdrop the myth of Patrick and his three-leafed shamrock fits quite neatly."
37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-37)**
Homan, Roger (2006). *The Art of the Sublime: Principles of Christian Art and Architecture*. Ashgate Publishing. p. 37.
38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Santino1995_38-0)**
Santino, Jack (1995). [*All Around the Year: Holidays and Celebrations in American Life*](https://archive.org/details/allaroundyear00jack/page/80). University of Illinois Press. p. [80](https://archive.org/details/allaroundyear00jack/page/80). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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39. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Koch2005_39-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Koch2005_39-1)
Koch, John T. (2005). [*Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&q=Go%C3%ADdel+Glas&pg=PA830). Vol. 1 A-Celti. Oxford: ABC-Clio. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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40. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-MacKillop2005_40-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-MacKillop2005_40-1)
Mackillop, James (2005). [*Myths and Legends of the Celts*](https://books.google.com/books?id=HI5yXNhbebYC&pg=PT215). London: Penguin Books. pp. 145–146\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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41. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Macalister1939_41-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Macalister1939_41-1)
Macalister, Robert Alexander Stewart (1939). [*Lebor Gabála Érenn: The Book of the Taking of Ireland*](https://archive.org/details/LeborGablarennTheBookOfTheTakingOfIreland-Volume21939). Vol. 2. Dublin: Irish Texts Society by the Educational Co. of Ireland. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
42. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-42)** Phelan, Rachel, (May/June 2016). ["James Connolly's ‘Green Flag of Ireland'"](https://www.historyireland.com/volume-24/james-connollys-green-flag-ireland/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201111175128/https://www.historyireland.com/volume-24/james-connollys-green-flag-ireland/) 11 November 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") [History Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Ireland "History Ireland") Vol. 24 Issue 3, pp. 8–9. Retrieved from History Ireland on 26 March 2018
43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002_43-0)** [Cronin & Adair (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#CITEREFCroninAdair2002).
44. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-history.com_44-0)**
[*St. Patrick: Why Green? – video*](https://web.archive.org/web/20100307170353/http://www.history.com/topics/st-patricks-day/videos). *History.com*. A\&E Television Networks. Archived from [the original](http://www.history.com/topics/st-patricks-day/videos#green) on 7 March 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
45. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-45)** Kelly, James. *That Damn'd Thing Called Honour: Duelling in Ireland, 1570–1860*. Cork University Press, 1995. p.65
46. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-46)** *The Fundamental Laws, Statutes and Constitutions of the Ancient Order of the Friendly Brothers of Saint Patrick*. 1751.
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54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-EUED_54-0)**
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56. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair200225%E2%80%9326_56-0)** [Cronin & Adair (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#CITEREFCroninAdair2002), pp. 25–26[\[2\]](https://books.google.com/books?id=5TYHqrao2PwC&pg=PA25)
57. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-57)** Liam de Paor: *St. Patrick's World, The Christian Culture of Ireland's Apostolic Age.* Four Courts Press, Dublin, 1993
58. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-58)**
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60. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-60)**
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61. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-61)**
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62. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-62)**
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63. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Danaher_63-0)**
Danaher, Kevin (1972) *The Year in Ireland: Irish Calendar Customs* Dublin, Mercier.
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64. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-omara1_64-0)**
["James O'Mara"](http://humphrysfamilytree.com/OMara/james.html). HumphrysFamilyTree.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140326112636/http://humphrysfamilytree.com/OMara/james.html) from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
65. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-65)** Munster Express, 14 March 1903 \[*[full citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\]
66. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-munster_express_66-0)** Munster Express, 21 March 1903, p.3\[*[full citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\]
67. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-67)** Waterford Chronicle, 18 March 1903\[*[full citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\]
68. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-68)** Waterford News, 20 March 1903\[*[full citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\]
69. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002105_69-0)** [Cronin & Adair (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#CITEREFCroninAdair2002), p. 105.
70. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002108_70-0)** [Cronin & Adair (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#CITEREFCroninAdair2002), p. 108.
71. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002134_71-0)** [Cronin & Adair (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#CITEREFCroninAdair2002), p. 134.
72. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002135%E2%80%93136_72-0)** [Cronin & Adair (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#CITEREFCroninAdair2002), pp. 135–136.
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74. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-74)** Kelly, Fiach, Wall, Martin, & Cullen, Paul (9 March 2020). [Coronavirus: Three New Irish Cases Confirmed as St Patrick's Day Parades Cancelled](https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/coronavirus-three-new-irish-cases-confirmed-as-st-patrick-s-day-parades-cancelled-1.4197325) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200309224934/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/coronavirus-three-new-irish-cases-confirmed-as-st-patrick-s-day-parades-cancelled-1.4197325) 9 March 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). [The Irish Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times "The Irish Times"). Retrieved 9 March 2020.
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76. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-76)** [RTE News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTE_News "RTE News"). (2016). [St Patrick's Day In May](https://www.rte.ie/archives/2016/0418/782638-st-patricks-day-in-may/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191218155751/https://www.rte.ie/archives/2016/0418/782638-st-patricks-day-in-may/) 18 December 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). [RTE Archives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_Libraries_and_Archives "RTÉ Libraries and Archives"). Retrieved 9 March 2020.
77. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-77)** [CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN"). (18 May 2001). [Late St. Patrick's Day for Ireland](https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/05/18/saint.patrick/index.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190909210528/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/05/18/saint.patrick/index.html) 9 September 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). Retrieved 9 March 2020.
78. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-78)** Reid, Lorna. (2 March 2001) [St Patrick's Day Parade 'Postponed'](https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/st-patricks-day-parade-postponed-26092049.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200420223404/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/st-patricks-day-parade-postponed-26092049.html) 20 April 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") [Irish Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Independent "Irish Independent"). Retrieved 9 March 2020.
79. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-79)** BBC News. (9 March 2020). [Coronavirus: Irish St Patrick's Day Parades Cancelled](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51806551) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200501174913/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51806551) 1 May 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News"). Retrieved 9 March 2020.
80. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-80)** Bain, Mark. (9 March 2020). [Coronavirus: Dublin St Patrick's Day Parade Cancelled as Belfast Council Considers Own Event.](https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/republic-of-ireland/coronavirus-dublin-st-patricks-day-parade-cancelled-as-belfast-council-considers-own-event-39028475.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200310231347/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/republic-of-ireland/coronavirus-dublin-st-patricks-day-parade-cancelled-as-belfast-council-considers-own-event-39028475.html) 10 March 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") [Belfast Telegraph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph "Belfast Telegraph") Retrieved 9 March 2020.
81. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-81)** [RTE News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTE_News "RTE News"). (9 March 2020). [What is cancelled and what is going ahead on St Patrick's Day?](https://www.rte.ie/news/ireland/2020/0309/1121215-patricks-day-parades/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200310211048/https://www.rte.ie/news/ireland/2020/0309/1121215-patricks-day-parades/) 10 March 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). RTE News. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
82. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-82)** O'Loughlin, Ciara. (20 January 2021). [National St Patrick's Day parade cancelled for second year in a row](https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/national-st-patricks-day-parade-cancelled-for-second-year-in-a-row-39989631.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210121102022/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/national-st-patricks-day-parade-cancelled-for-second-year-in-a-row-39989631.html) 21 January 2021 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") [Irish Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Independent "Irish Independent"). Retrieved 2 February 2021.
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86. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002175%E2%80%93177_86-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002175%E2%80%93177_86-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002175%E2%80%93177_86-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002175%E2%80%93177_86-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002175%E2%80%93177_86-4) [Cronin & Adair (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#CITEREFCroninAdair2002), pp. 175–177.
87. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-87)**
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88. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-hist_88-0)**
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89. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-festival_89-0)**
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Cooney, John (12 March 2007). ["More piety, fewer pints 'best way to celebrate'"](https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/more-piety-fewer-pints-best-way-to-celebrate-26270094.html). *The Irish Independent*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210601064951/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/more-piety-fewer-pints-best-way-to-celebrate-26270094.html) from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
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96. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-96)**
Perry, Jack. ["Peace in the streets: Arkansas and RI settle world's shortest St. Patrick's parade battle"](https://www.providencejournal.com/story/news/good-news/2024/02/15/shortest-st-patricks-day-parade-dispute-ends-with-truce/72595866007/). *Providence Journal*. Retrieved 11 February 2025.
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101. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Pages_180%E2%80%93183_101-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Pages_180%E2%80%93183_101-1)
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[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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Mcbrien, Richard P. (2009). [*Lives of the Saints: From Mary and St. Francis of Assisi to John XXIII and Mother Teresa*](https://books.google.com/books?id=IuOlQJPbycwC&pg=PA135). [HarperOne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperOne "HarperOne"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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Micallef, Roberta (18 March 2018). ["St Patrick's Day in Malta – how it started, and where it's going"](http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2018-03-18/local-news/St-Patrick-s-Day-in-Malta-how-it-started-and-where-it-s-going-6736186439). *[The Malta Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malta_Independent "The Malta Independent")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180318121643/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2018-03-18/local-news/St-Patrick-s-Day-in-Malta-how-it-started-and-where-it-s-going-6736186439) from the original on 18 March 2018.
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Azzopardi, Karl (17 March 2018). ["Thousands take to the street of St Julian's for St Patrick's Day celebrations"](https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/85371/thousands_take_to_the_street_of_st_julians_for_st_patricks_day_celebrations_). *[Malta Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_Today "Malta Today")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180317221548/https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/85371/thousands_take_to_the_street_of_st_julians_for_st_patricks_day_celebrations_) from the original on 17 March 2018.
118. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-118)**
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119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-119)**
Grech Urpani, David (8 March 2018). ["Finally: A Fresh Take On St. Patrick's Day Celebrations Is Coming To Malta"](https://lovinmalta.com/sponsored/sponsored-announcement/finally-a-fresh-take-on-st-patricks-day-celebrations-is-coming-to-malta). *Lovin Malta*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180316004114/https://lovinmalta.com/sponsored/sponsored-announcement/finally-a-fresh-take-on-st-patricks-day-celebrations-is-coming-to-malta) from the original on 16 March 2018.
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Micallef, Roberta (17 March 2018). ["More than 20,000 people expected to celebrate St Patrick's Day in St Julian's"](http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2018-03-17/local-news/More-than-20-000-people-expected-to-celebrate-St-Patrick-s-Day-in-Paceville-6736186410). *[The Malta Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malta_Independent "The Malta Independent")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180317113614/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2018-03-17/local-news/More-than-20-000-people-expected-to-celebrate-St-Patrick-s-Day-in-Paceville-6736186410) from the original on 17 March 2018.
121. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-121)**
["Thousands flock to St Julian's to celebrate St Patrick's feast"](http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2018-03-17/local-news/Thousands-flock-to-St-Julian-s-to-celebrate-St-Patrick-s-feast-6736186436). *[The Malta Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malta_Independent "The Malta Independent")*. 17 March 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180317210613/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2018-03-17/local-news/Thousands-flock-to-St-Julian-s-to-celebrate-St-Patrick-s-feast-6736186436) from the original on 17 March 2018.
122. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-122)**
[Москва. День Св. Патрика](https://web.archive.org/web/20120417183918/http://www.stpatrick.ru/russian/index.htm)
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207. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-207)**
Worland, Justin (15 March 2015). ["Boston Sees Historic St. Patrick's Day Parade"](https://time.com/3745215/gay-groups-boston-st-patricks-parade/). *Time*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190910193051/https://time.com/3745215/gay-groups-boston-st-patricks-parade/) from the original on 10 September 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
208. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-208)**
Fitzgerald, Jim (3 September 2014). ["Gays Scoff at NY St. Patrick's Day Parade Decision"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160324104033/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20140903/us--nyc-st-patrick-s-day-parade-gays/). *Huffington Post*. Archived from [the original](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20140903/us--nyc-st-patrick-s-day-parade-gays/) on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
209. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-209)**
["The day the world turns green"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/03/98/stpatrick/64867.stm). *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*. 17 March 1998. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20040705083914/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/03/98/stpatrick/64867.stm) from the original on 5 July 2004. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
210. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-210)** Carey, Tom. (10 March 2018). [Ireland will chase a Grand Slam at Twickenham on St Patrick's Day after claiming Six Nations title in Dublin](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/rugby-union/2018/03/10/ireland-vs-scotland-six-nations-2018-live-score-updates/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190108200912/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/rugby-union/2018/03/10/ireland-vs-scotland-six-nations-2018-live-score-updates/) 8 January 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). *[The Telegraph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph "The Daily Telegraph")*. Retrieved on 8 January 2018
211. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-211)** Tevlin, Rory (17 March 2018)['On St Patrick's Day and After Cheltenham – This is the Icing on the Cake' – Ireland Rugby Fans Paint London Green](https://www.independent.ie/sport/rugby/six-nations/on-st-patricks-day-and-after-cheltenham-this-is-the-icing-on-the-cake-ireland-rugby-fans-paint-london-green-36714831.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190109011747/https://www.independent.ie/sport/rugby/six-nations/on-st-patricks-day-and-after-cheltenham-this-is-the-icing-on-the-cake-ireland-rugby-fans-paint-london-green-36714831.html) 9 January 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). [Independent.ie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent.ie "Independent.ie"). Retrieved 8 January 2018
212. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-212)** Fordyce, Tom. (17 March 2018). [Six Nations: Ireland beat England 24–15 to win Grand Slam.](https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/43414537) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190417034411/https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/43414537) 17 April 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") [BBC Sport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport "BBC Sport"). Retrieved 8 January 2018
213. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-213)** Godwin, Hugh. (17 March 2018). [Six Nations: Ireland Complete the Third Grand Slam in Their History with 24–15 Victory Over England](https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-union/international/six-nations-2018-ireland-beat-england-grand-slam-2415-match-report-video-a8261221.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200330083426/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-union/international/six-nations-2018-ireland-beat-england-grand-slam-2415-match-report-video-a8261221.html) 30 March 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") *[The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")*. Retrieved 8 January 2018
214. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-214)**
Lowe, Brian (9 December 2010). ["Tomahawks To Host Ireland"](http://www.wearerugby.com/news/articles/tomahawks-host-ireland). *We Are Rugby*. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"))
215. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-215)**
Chere, Rich (16 March 2015). ["How do the Devils feel about wearing the green and red retro jerseys?"](http://www.nj.com/devils/index.ssf/2015/03/how_do_the_devils_feel_about_wearing_the_green_and.html). *NJ.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170803223803/http://www.nj.com/devils/index.ssf/2015/03/how_do_the_devils_feel_about_wearing_the_green_and.html) from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
- Cronin, Mike; Adair, Daryl (2002). *The Wearing of the Green: A History of St. Patrick's Day*. Routledge. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-415-18004-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18004-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18004-7")
.
## External links
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=31 "Edit section: External links")\]
- [Saint Patrick's Day History](https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/17/st-patricks-day-history-m_n_502386.html) – slideshow by *[The Huffington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post "The Huffington Post")*
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Template:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Template talk:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland") [Public holidays in Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ireland "Public holidays in Ireland") |
|---|
| [New Year's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day "New Year's Day") [Saint Brigid's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc "Imbolc") [Saint Patrick's Day]() [Easter Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Monday "Easter Monday") [May Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day "May Day") [June Holiday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Holiday "June Holiday") [August Holiday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Holiday "August Holiday") [October Holiday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Holiday "October Holiday") [Christmas Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas "Christmas") [Saint Stephen's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day "Saint Stephen's Day") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States "Template:Public holidays in the United States") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States "Template talk:Public holidays in the United States") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States "Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in the United States")Holidays, observances, and celebrations in the United States | |
|---|---|
| January | [New Year's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day "New Year's Day") (federal) [Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day "Martin Luther King Jr. Day") (federal) [Birthday of Eugenio María de Hostos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Hostos "Eugenio María de Hostos") (PR) [Confederate Heroes Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day "Confederate Memorial Day") (TX) [Eve of Three Kings' Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_\(holiday\) "Epiphany (holiday)") (PR, religious) [Feast of Epiphany / Feast of Theophany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_\(holiday\) "Epiphany (holiday)") (religious) [Fred Korematsu Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Korematsu_Day "Fred Korematsu Day") (AZ, CA, FL, HI, VA) [Idaho Human Rights Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Human_Rights_Day "Idaho Human Rights Day") (ID) [Inauguration Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration "United States presidential inauguration") (federal quadrennial) [Kansas Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Day "Kansas Day") (KS) [Makar Sankranti / Pongal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makar_Sankranti "Makar Sankranti") (religious) [Robert E. Lee Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day "Robert E. Lee Day") (FL) [Stephen Foster Memorial Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Foster_Memorial_Day "Stephen Foster Memorial Day") (36) [National Religious Freedom Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Religious_Freedom_Day "National Religious Freedom Day") [The Eighth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eighth_\(United_States\) "The Eighth (United States)") (LA) [Three Kings' Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_\(holiday\) "Epiphany (holiday)") (PR, VI, religious) [World Religion Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Religion_Day "World Religion Day") (religious) |
| January–February | [Chinese New Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_New_Year "Chinese New Year") / [Lunar New Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_New_Year "Lunar New Year") (NY, cultural, religious) [Vasant Panchami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasant_Panchami "Vasant Panchami") (religious) |
| February [American Heart Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Month "American Heart Month") [Black History Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_History_Month "Black History Month") | [Washington's Birthday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidents%27_Day "Presidents' Day") (federal) [Valentine's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day "Valentine's Day") [Birthday of Luis Muñoz Marín](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Mar%C3%ADn "Luis Muñoz Marín") (PR) [Candlemas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlemas "Candlemas") (religious) [Charles Darwin Day / Darwin Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_Day "Darwin Day") (CA, DE) [Day of Remembrance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Remembrance_\(Japanese_Americans\) "Day of Remembrance (Japanese Americans)") (CA, OR, WA, cultural) [Georgia Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Day "Georgia Day") (GA) [Groundhog Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundhog_Day "Groundhog Day") [Imbolc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc "Imbolc") (religious) [Lincoln's Birthday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Birthday "Lincoln's Birthday") (CA, CT, IL, IN, MO, NY, WV) [National Girls and Women in Sports Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Girls_and_Women_in_Sports_Day "National Girls and Women in Sports Day") [National Freedom Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Freedom_Day "National Freedom Day") (36) [Nirvana Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parinirvana_Day "Parinirvana Day") (religious) [Presentation of Our Lord to the Temple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple "Presentation of Jesus at the Temple") (religious) [Promised Reformer Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promised_Reformer_Day "Promised Reformer Day") (religious) [Ronald Reagan Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Day "Ronald Reagan Day") (CA) [Rosa Parks Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Parks_Day "Rosa Parks Day") (CA, MO) [Saviours' Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saviours%27_Day "Saviours' Day") (religious) [Susan B. Anthony Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day "Susan B. Anthony Day") (CA, FL, NY, WI, WV, proposed federal) [Tu B’shvat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_BiShvat "Tu BiShvat") (religious) |
| February–March | [Mardi Gras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras "Mardi Gras") [Ash Wednesday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Wednesday "Ash Wednesday") (PR, religious) [Carnival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival "Carnival") (PR, VI, religious) [Clean Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Monday "Clean Monday") (religious) [Courir de Mardi Gras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courir_de_Mardi_Gras "Courir de Mardi Gras") (religious) [Intercalary Days](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayy%C3%A1m-i-H%C3%A1 "Ayyám-i-Há") (religious) [Mahashivaratri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri "Maha Shivaratri") (religious) [Purim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim "Purim") (religious) [Shrove Tuesday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday "Shrove Tuesday") (religious) [Super Tuesday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Tuesday "Super Tuesday") |
| March [Irish-American Heritage Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish-American_Heritage_Month "Irish-American Heritage Month") [Colon Cancer Awareness Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Colon_Cancer_Awareness_Month "National Colon Cancer Awareness Month") [Women's History Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_History_Month "Women's History Month") | [Saint Patrick's Day]() (ethnic) [Spring break](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_break "Spring break") (week) [Annunciation of the Virgin Mary / Annunciation of the Theotokos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation "Annunciation") (religious) [Casimir Pulaski Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski_Day "Casimir Pulaski Day") (IL) [Cesar Chavez Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Chavez_Day "Cesar Chavez Day") (CA, CO, TX, proposed federal) [Emancipation Day in Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Day#Puerto_Rico "Emancipation Day") (PR, cultural) [Evacuation Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuation_Day_\(Massachusetts\) "Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)") (Suffolk County, MA) [Harriet Tubman Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Day "Harriet Tubman Day") (NY) [Hola Mohalla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hola_Mohalla "Hola Mohalla") (religious) [Holi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi "Holi") (NY, religious) [Lailat al-Mi'raj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj#Modern_Muslim_observance "Isra and Mi'raj") (religious) [Liberation and Freedom Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_and_Freedom_Day "Liberation and Freedom Day") (Charlottesville, VA, cultural) [Mardi Gras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_the_United_States "Mardi Gras in the United States") (AL (in two counties), LA) [Maryland Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Day "Maryland Day") (MD) [Medal of Honor Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor_Day "Medal of Honor Day") [National Poison Prevention Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Poison_Prevention_Week "National Poison Prevention Week") (week) [Nowruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz "Nowruz") (cultural, religious) [Ostara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92ostre "Ēostre") (religious) [Pi Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_Day "Pi Day") [Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_K%C5%ABhi%C5%8D_Day "Prince Kūhiō Day") (HI) [Promised Messiah Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promised_Messiah_Day "Promised Messiah Day") (religious) [Saint Joseph's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day "Saint Joseph's Day") (religious) [Seward's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seward%27s_Day "Seward's Day") (AK) [Texas Independence Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Independence_Day "Texas Independence Day") (TX) [Town Meeting Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_meeting#Vermont "Town meeting") (VT) [Transfer Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_Day "Transfer Day") (VI) [U.S. Hostage and Wrongful Detainee Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Hostage_and_Wrongful_Detainee_Day "U.S. Hostage and Wrongful Detainee Day") (36) [Trans Day of Visibility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility "International Transgender Day of Visibility") (cultural) |
| March–April | [Easter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter "Easter") (religious) [Good Friday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday "Good Friday") (CT, NC, PR, NJ, VI, religious) [Hanuman Jayanti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti "Hanuman Jayanti") (religious) [Holy Thursday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maundy_Thursday "Maundy Thursday") (PR, VI, religious) [Holy Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Week "Holy Week") (PR, religious, week) [Lazarus Saturday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_Saturday "Lazarus Saturday") (religious) [Mahavir Janma Kalyanak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak "Mahavir Janma Kalyanak") (religious) [Mesha Sankranti / Hindu New Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesha_Sankranti "Mesha Sankranti") (religious) [Palm Sunday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Sunday "Palm Sunday") (PR, religious) [Passover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover "Passover") (religious, week) [Easter Monday / Bright Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Monday "Easter Monday") (VI, religious) [Ramnavami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_Navami "Rama Navami") (religious) [Chandramana Uugadi / Souramana Uugadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugadi "Ugadi") (religious) |
| April [Arab American Heritage Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Arab_American_Heritage_Month "National Arab American Heritage Month") [Confederate History Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_History_Month "Confederate History Month") | [420](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/420_\(cannabis_culture\) "420 (cannabis culture)") [April Fools' Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day "April Fools' Day") [Arbor Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day "Arbor Day") [Birthday of José de Diego](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Diego "José de Diego") (PR) [Confederate Memorial Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day "Confederate Memorial Day") (AL, MS) [Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Remembrance_of_the_Victims_of_the_Holocaust "Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust") (week) [DNA Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_Day "DNA Day") [Earth Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day "Earth Day") [Emancipation Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Day "Emancipation Day") (cultural) [Thomas Jefferson's Birthday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday "Jefferson's Birthday") (AL) [Lag B’Omer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lag_BaOmer "Lag BaOmer") (religious) [Last Friday of Great Lent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lent "Great Lent") (religious) [National First Ladies Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_First_Ladies_Day "National First Ladies Day") [Pascua Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascua_Florida "Pascua Florida") (FL) [Patriots' Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriots%27_Day "Patriots' Day") (MA, ME) [Ridván](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridv%C3%A1n "Ridván") (religious) [San Jacinto Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jacinto_Day "San Jacinto Day") (TX) [Siblings Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siblings_Day "Siblings Day") [Walpurgis Night](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walpurgis_Night "Walpurgis Night") (religious) [Yom Ha'atzmaut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_\(Israel\) "Independence Day (Israel)") (cultural, religious) |
| May [Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islander_Heritage_Month "Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month") [Jewish American Heritage Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_American_Heritage_Month "Jewish American Heritage Month") [Military Appreciation Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Military_Appreciation_Month "National Military Appreciation Month") | [Memorial Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day "Memorial Day") (federal) [Mother's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_\(United_States\) "Mother's Day (United States)") (36) [Cinco de Mayo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo "Cinco de Mayo") [Ascension of Baháʼu'lláh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Holy_Days "Baháʼí Holy Days") (religious) [Ascension of Our Lord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Day "Ascension Day") (religious) [Caliphate Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate_Day "Caliphate Day") (religious) [Declaration of the Bab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Holy_Days "Baháʼí Holy Days") (religious) [Harvey Milk Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Milk_Day "Harvey Milk Day") (CA) [International Workers' Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day "International Workers' Day") / [May Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day "May Day") (CA, unofficial, proposed state) [Law Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Day_\(United_States\) "Law Day (United States)") (36) [Loyalty Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalty_Day "Loyalty Day") (36) [Malcolm X Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X_Day "Malcolm X Day") (CA, IL, proposed federal) [Military Spouse Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Spouse_Day "Military Spouse Day") [National Day of Prayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Day_of_Prayer "National Day of Prayer") (36) [National Day of Reason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Day_of_Reason "National Day of Reason") [National Defense Transportation Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Transportation_Day "National Defense Transportation Day") (36) [National Maritime Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Maritime_Day "United States National Maritime Day") (36) [Peace Officers Memorial Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Officers_Memorial_Day "Peace Officers Memorial Day") (36) [Pentecost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost "Pentecost") (religious) [Shavuot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavuot "Shavuot") (religious) [Truman Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Day "Truman Day") (MO) [Vesak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesak "Vesak") / [Buddha's Birthday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday "Buddha's Birthday") (religious) |
| June [Pride Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_Month "Pride Month") | [Juneteenth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneteenth "Juneteenth") (federal, cultural) [Father's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father%27s_Day_\(United_States\) "Father's Day (United States)") (36) [Bunker Hill Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Day "Bunker Hill Day") (Suffolk County, MA) [Carolina Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Day "Carolina Day") (SC) [Don Young Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Young_Day "Don Young Day") (AK) [Fast of the Holy Apostles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast "Apostles' Fast") (religious) [Flag Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Day_\(United_States\) "Flag Day (United States)") (36, proposed federal) [Helen Keller Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Keller_Day "Helen Keller Day") (PA) [Honor America Days](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_America_Days "Honor America Days") (3 weeks) [Jefferson Davis Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Day "Jefferson Davis Day") (AL, FL) [Kamehameha Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_Day "Kamehameha Day") (HI) [Litha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsummer "Midsummer") (religious) [Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Sahib](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Arjan "Guru Arjan") (religious) [Odunde Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odunde_Festival "Odunde Festival") (Philadelphia, PA, cultural) [Senior Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Week "Senior Week") (week) [Saint John's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist#Celebration "Nativity of Saint John the Baptist") (PR, religious) [West Virginia Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_Day "West Virginia Day") (WV) [Women Veterans Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_Veterans_Day "Women Veterans Day") |
| July | [Independence Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_\(United_States\) "Independence Day (United States)") (federal) [Asalha Puja Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asalha_Puja "Asalha Puja") (religious) [Birthday of Don Luis Muñoz Rivera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Rivera "Luis Muñoz Rivera") (PR) [Birthday of Dr. José Celso Barbosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Celso_Barbosa "José Celso Barbosa") (PR) [Emancipation Day in the U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Day#United_States_Virgin_Islands "Emancipation Day") (VI, cultural) [Guru Purnima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Purnima "Guru Purnima") (religious) [Khordad Sal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khordad_Sal "Khordad Sal") (religious) [Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty_Restoration_Day "Sovereignty Restoration Day") (HI, unofficial, cultural) [Martyrdom of the Báb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_of_the_B%C3%A1b "Execution of the Báb") (religious) [Parents' Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents%27_Day "Parents' Day") (36) [Pioneer Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Day "Pioneer Day") (UT) [Puerto Rico Constitution Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Constitution_Day "Puerto Rico Constitution Day") (PR) |
| July–August | [Summer vacation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_vacation "Summer vacation") [Tisha B'Av](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av "Tisha B'Av") (religious) |
| August | [American Family Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Family_Day "American Family Day") (AZ) [Barack Obama Day in Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day "Barack Obama Day") (IL) [Bennington Battle Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennington_Battle_Day "Bennington Battle Day") (VT) [Dormition of the Theotokos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God#Dormition_versus_Assumption "Dormition of the Mother of God") (religious) [Eid-e-Ghadeer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadir "Eid al-Ghadir") (religious) [Fast in Honor of the Holy Mother of Lord Jesus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God#Dormition_fast "Dormition of the Mother of God") (religious) [Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary#Feasts "Assumption of Mary") (religious) [Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statehood_Day_\(Hawaii\) "Statehood Day (Hawaii)") (HI) [Krishna Janmashtami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami "Krishna Janmashtami") (religious) [Lammas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lammas "Lammas") (religious) [Lyndon Baines Johnson Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Day "Lyndon Baines Johnson Day") (TX) [Naga Panchami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_Panchami "Naga Panchami") (religious) [National Aviation Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aviation_Day "National Aviation Day") (36) [Paryushana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paryushana "Paryushana") (religious) [Raksha Bandhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan "Raksha Bandhan") (religious) [Transfiguration of the Lord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration "Feast of the Transfiguration") (religious) [Victory Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Day_\(United_States\) "Victory Day (United States)") (RI) [Women's Equality Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day "Women's Equality Day") (36) |
| September [Prostate Cancer Awareness Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Prostate_Cancer_Awareness_Month "National Prostate Cancer Awareness Month") [Childhood Cancer Awareness Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Childhood_Cancer_Awareness_Month "National Childhood Cancer Awareness Month") [Gospel Music Heritage Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_Music_Heritage_Month "Gospel Music Heritage Month") | [Labor Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day "Labor Day") (federal) [Brazilian Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Day "Brazilian Day") (NY, cultural) [California Admission Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Admission_Day "California Admission Day") (CA) [Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Garner_Federal_Lands_Cleanup_Day "Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day") (36) [Constitution Day and Citizenship Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Day_and_Citizenship_Day "Constitution Day and Citizenship Day") (36) [Constitution Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Week "Constitution Week") [Defenders Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenders_Day_\(Maryland\) "Defenders Day (Maryland)") (MD) [Elevation of the Holy Cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation_of_the_Holy_Cross "Elevation of the Holy Cross") (religious) [Feast of San Gennaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_San_Gennaro "Feast of San Gennaro") (NY, cultural, religious) [Ganesh Chaturthi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi "Ganesh Chaturthi") (religious) [Gold Star Mother's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Star_Mother%27s_Day "Gold Star Mother's Day") (36) [His Holiness Sakya Trizin's Birthday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakya_Trizin_Ngawang_Kunga "Sakya Trizin Ngawang Kunga") (religious) [Mabon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_equinox "September equinox") (religious) [National Grandparents Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandparents%27_Day "Grandparents' Day") (36) [National Payroll Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Payroll_Week "National Payroll Week") (week) [Nativity of Mary / Nativity of the Theotokos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary "Nativity of Mary") (religious) [Native American Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_Day "Native American Day") (proposed federal) [Patriot Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Day "Patriot Day") (36) [Von Steuben Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day "Von Steuben Day") |
| September–October [Hispanic Heritage Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hispanic_Heritage_Month "National Hispanic Heritage Month") | [Chehlum Imam Hussain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arba%27een "Arba'een") (religious) [Oktoberfest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest_celebrations "Oktoberfest celebrations") [Pitri Paksha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitri_Paksha "Pitri Paksha") (religious) [Rosh Hashanah / Feast of Trumpets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah "Rosh Hashanah") (TX, NY, religious) [Shemini Atzeret](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret "Shemini Atzeret") (religious) [Simchat Torah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simchat_Torah "Simchat Torah") (religious) [Vijaya Dashami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayadashami "Vijayadashami") (religious) [Yom Kippur / Day of Atonement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur "Yom Kippur") (TX, NY, religious) |
| October [Breast Cancer Awareness Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Breast_Cancer_Awareness_Month "National Breast Cancer Awareness Month") [Disability Employment Awareness Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Disability_Employment_Awareness_Month "National Disability Employment Awareness Month") [Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian-American_Heritage_and_Culture_Month "Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month") [Filipino American History Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_American_History_Month "Filipino American History Month") [LGBT History Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_History_Month "LGBT History Month") | [Columbus Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Day "Columbus Day") (federal) [Halloween](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween "Halloween") [Alaska Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Day "Alaska Day") (AK) [Child Health Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Health_Day "Child Health Day") (36) [General Pulaski Memorial Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day "General Pulaski Memorial Day") [German-American Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-American_Day "German-American Day") [Indigenous Peoples' Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples%27_Day_\(United_States\) "Indigenous Peoples' Day (United States)") [International Day of Non-Violence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence "International Day of Non-Violence") [Leif Erikson Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leif_Erikson_Day "Leif Erikson Day") (36) [Missouri Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Day "Missouri Day") (MO) [Nanomonestotse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomonestotse "Nanomonestotse") (cultural) [National School Lunch Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Week "National School Lunch Week") (week) [Native American Day in South Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_Day "Native American Day") (SD) [Nevada Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Day "Nevada Day") (NV) [Spirit Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_Day "Spirit Day") (cultural) [Sweetest Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetest_Day "Sweetest Day") [Sukkot / Feast of Tabernacles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkot "Sukkot") (religious, week) [Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Islands%E2%80%93Puerto_Rico_Friendship_Day "Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day") (PR, VI) [White Cane Safety Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Cane_Safety_Day "White Cane Safety Day") (36) |
| October–November | [Birth of the Báb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Holy_Birthdays "Twin Holy Birthdays") (religious) [Birth of Baháʼu'lláh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h "Birth of Baháʼu'lláh") (religious) [Day of the Dead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead "Day of the Dead") (VI) [Diwali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali "Diwali") (NY, religious) [Mawlid al-Nabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawlid "Mawlid") (religious) |
| November [Native American Indian Heritage Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_Indian_Heritage_Month "Native American Indian Heritage Month") | [Veterans Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_Day "Veterans Day") (federal) [Thanksgiving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_\(United_States\) "Thanksgiving (United States)") (federal) [Ascension of ‘Abdu’l Baha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1 "ʻAbdu'l-Bahá") (religious) [All Saints' Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day "All Saints' Day") (religious) [Beginning of the Nativity Fast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_Fast "Nativity Fast") (religious) [Beltane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane "Beltane") / [Samhain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhain "Samhain") (religious) [Barack Obama Day in Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day "Barack Obama Day") (Perry County, AL) [D. Hamilton Jackson Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Hamilton_Jackson "D. Hamilton Jackson") (VI) [Day after Thanksgiving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\) "Black Friday (shopping)") (24) [Day of the Covenant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Covenant_\(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD\) "Day of the Covenant (Baháʼí)") (religious) [Discovery of Puerto Rico Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_of_Puerto_Rico "Discovery of Puerto Rico") (PR) [Election Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Day_\(United_States\) "Election Day (United States)") (CA, DE, HI, KY, MT, NJ, NY, OH, PR, VA, WV, proposed federal) [Family Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Day "Family Day") (NV) [Friendsgiving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendsgiving "Friendsgiving") [Guru Nanak Gurpurab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Gurpurab "Guru Nanak Gurpurab") (religious) [Hanukkah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah "Hanukkah") (religious) [Lā Kūʻokoʻa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_\(Hawaii\) "Independence Day (Hawaii)") (HI, unofficial, cultural) [Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur "Guru Tegh Bahadur") (religious) [Native American Heritage Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_Heritage_Day "Native American Heritage Day") (MD, WA, cultural) [Presentation of the Theotokos to the Temple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary "Presentation of Mary") (religious) [Trans Day of Remembrance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance "Transgender Day of Remembrance") (cultural) [Unthanksgiving Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unthanksgiving_Day "Unthanksgiving Day") (cultural) |
| December | [Christmas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas "Christmas") (religious, federal) [New Year's Eve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve "New Year's Eve") [Advent Sunday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent_Sunday "Advent Sunday") (religious) [Alabama Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Day "Alabama Day") (AL) [Birthday of Guru Gobind Singh Sahib](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh "Guru Gobind Singh") (religious) [Bodhi Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi_Day "Bodhi Day") (religious) [Chalica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalica "Chalica") (religious) [Christmas Eve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve "Christmas Eve") (KY, NC, SC, PR, VI) [Day after Christmas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_Day "Boxing Day") (KY, NC, SC, TX, VI) [Festivus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festivus "Festivus") [HumanLight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HumanLight "HumanLight") [Hanukkah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah "Hanukkah") (religious, week) [Immaculate Conception](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conception "Immaculate Conception") (religious) [Indiana Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Day "Indiana Day") (IN) [Kwanzaa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwanzaa "Kwanzaa") (cultural, week) [Milad Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Burhanuddin "Mohammed Burhanuddin") (religious) [National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Pearl_Harbor_Remembrance_Day "National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day") (36) [Nativity of Jesus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus "Nativity of Jesus") (religious) [Old Year's Night](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve "New Year's Eve") (VI) [Pan American Aviation Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Aviation_Day "Pan American Aviation Day") (36) [Pancha Ganapati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivaya_Subramuniyaswami "Sivaya Subramuniyaswami") (religious, week) [Rosa Parks Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Parks_Day "Rosa Parks Day") (OH, OR) [Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God "Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God") (religious) [Wright Brothers Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Brothers_Day "Wright Brothers Day") (36) [Yule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule "Yule") (religious) [Zartosht No-Diso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zartosht_No-Diso "Zartosht No-Diso") (religious) |
| Varies (year round) | [Eid al-Adha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Adha "Eid al-Adha") (NY, religious) [Eid al-Fitr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr "Eid al-Fitr") (NY, religious) [Islamic New Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_New_Year "Islamic New Year") (religious) [Yawm al-Arafa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Arafah "Day of Arafah") (religious) [Laylat al-Qadr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr "Laylat al-Qadr") (religious) [Navaratri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navaratri "Navaratri") (religious, four times a year) [Obon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Festival "Bon Festival") (religious) [Onam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onam "Onam") (religious) [Ramadan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan "Ramadan") (religious, month) [Ghost Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Festival "Ghost Festival") (religious) [Yawm Aashura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashura "Ashura") (religious) |
| Legend: (federal) = federal holidays, (abbreviation) = state/territorial holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (cultural) = holiday related to a specific [racial/ethnic group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States census") or [sexual minority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_minority "Sexual minority"), (week) = week-long holidays, (month) = month-long holidays, (36) = [Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_36_of_the_United_States_Code "Title 36 of the United States Code") See also: [Lists of holidays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_holidays "Lists of holidays"), [Hallmark holidays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_holiday "Hallmark holiday"), [Public holidays in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States "Public holidays in the United States"), [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Puerto_Rico "Public holidays in Puerto Rico") and the [United States Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands "Public holidays in the United States Virgin Islands"). | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom "Template:Public holidays in the United Kingdom") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom "Template talk:Public holidays in the United Kingdom") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom "Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in the United Kingdom") [Public holidays in the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom "Public holidays in the United Kingdom") | |
|---|---|
| [All regions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") | [New Year's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day "New Year's Day") [May Bank Holiday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day "May Day") [August Bank Holiday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Bank_Holiday "August Bank Holiday") [Christmas Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas "Christmas") [Boxing Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_Day "Boxing Day") |
| [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England "England") and [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales "Wales") | [Good Friday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday "Good Friday") [Easter Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Monday "Easter Monday") Spring Bank Holiday |
| [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland") | [Saint Patrick's Day]() [Easter Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Monday "Easter Monday") [Easter Tuesday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Tuesday "Easter Tuesday") Spring Bank Holiday [Battle of the Boyne (Orangemen's Day)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelfth "The Twelfth") |
| [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland "Scotland") | 2nd January [Good Friday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday "Good Friday") [St Andrew's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Day "St. Andrew's Day") (optional) |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ireland_topics "Template:Ireland topics") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ireland_topics "Template talk:Ireland topics") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland_topics "Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland topics")[Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland "Ireland") [topics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics "List of Ireland-related topics") | |
|---|---|
| [Republic of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland") [topics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Outline of the Republic of Ireland") [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland") [topics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics "List of Northern Ireland–related topics") | |
| [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ireland "History of Ireland") | |
| | |
| [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history "Timeline of Irish history") | [Prehistory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland "Prehistoric Ireland") [Protohistory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland "Protohistory of Ireland") [Early history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ireland_\(400%E2%80%93800\) "History of Ireland (400–800)") [Gaelic Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland "Gaelic Ireland") / [Lordship of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland "Lordship of Ireland") [800–1169](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ireland_\(800%E2%80%931169\) "History of Ireland (800–1169)") [1169–1536](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ireland_\(1169%E2%80%931536\) "History of Ireland (1169–1536)") [Kingdom of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland "Kingdom of Ireland") [1536–1691](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ireland_\(1536%E2%80%931691\) "History of Ireland (1536–1691)") [1691–1800](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ireland_\(1691%E2%80%931800\) "History of Ireland (1691–1800)") [United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland") [1801–1923](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ireland_\(1801%E2%80%931923\) "History of Ireland (1801–1923)") [Irish Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republic "Irish Republic") [Southern Ireland (1921–1922)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ireland_\(1921%E2%80%931922\) "Southern Ireland (1921–1922)") [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland") (1921–present) [United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [since 1922](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland "History of Northern Ireland") [Irish Free State (1922–1937)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_State "Irish Free State") [Ireland (since 1922)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland "History of the Republic of Ireland") |
| Events | [Battles of Tara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_\(Ireland\) "Battle of Tara (Ireland)") / [Glenmama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama "Battle of Glenmama") / [Clontarf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf "Battle of Clontarf") [Norman invasion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland "Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland") [Bruce campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland "Bruce campaign in Ireland") [Black Death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death "Black Death") [Tudor conquest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland "Tudor conquest of Ireland") [Desmond Rebellions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions "Desmond Rebellions") [Spanish Armada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland "Spanish Armada in Ireland") [Tyrone's Rebellion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_\(Ireland\) "Nine Years' War (Ireland)") [Flight of the Earls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls "Flight of the Earls") [Plantation of Ulster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster "Plantation of Ulster") [1641 Rebellion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641 "Irish Rebellion of 1641") / [Confederate War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars "Irish Confederate Wars") [Cromwellian conquest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland "Cromwellian conquest of Ireland") / [Settlement of 1652](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652 "Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652") [Williamite War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland "Williamite War in Ireland") [Penal Laws](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_laws_\(Ireland\) "Penal laws (Ireland)") [First Great Famine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Famine_\(1740%E2%80%931741\) "Irish Famine (1740–1741)") [1798 Rebellion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798 "Irish Rebellion of 1798") [Act of Union (1800)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800 "Acts of Union 1800") [1803 Rebellion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803 "Irish rebellion of 1803") [Tithe War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithe_War "Tithe War") [Second Great Famine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_\(Ireland\) "Great Famine (Ireland)") [Land War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_War "Land War") [Fenian Rising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenian_Rising "Fenian Rising") [Dublin lock-out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_lock-out "Dublin lock-out") [Home Rule crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914 "Government of Ireland Act 1914") [Easter Rising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising "Easter Rising") [War of Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence "Irish War of Independence") [Anglo-Irish Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty "Anglo-Irish Treaty") [Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Civil_War "Irish Civil War") [The Emergency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emergency_\(Ireland\) "The Emergency (Ireland)") [IRA Northern Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_campaign_\(Irish_Republican_Army\) "Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)") [IRA Border Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_campaign_\(Irish_Republican_Army\) "Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)") [The Troubles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles "The Troubles") [Peace process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process "Northern Ireland peace process") [Economy of the Republic of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Economy of the Republic of Ireland") [Celtic Tiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Tiger "Celtic Tiger") [Post-2008 Irish economic downturn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn "Post-2008 Irish economic downturn") [Post-2008 Irish banking crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis "Post-2008 Irish banking crisis") |
| Other topics | [List of conflicts in Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland "List of conflicts in Ireland") [List of Irish tribes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians "List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes") [List of Irish kingdoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms "List of Irish kingdoms") [List of High Kings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland "List of High Kings of Ireland") [Gaelic clothing and fashion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress "Gaelic Ireland") [List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland") |
| [Geography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland "Geography of Ireland") | |
| | |
| Natural | [Climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland "Climate of Ireland") [Climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Climate change in the Republic of Ireland") [Coastline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland "Coastal landforms of Ireland") [Extreme points](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland "Extreme points of Ireland") [Fauna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland "Fauna of Ireland") [Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland "List of islands of Ireland") [Loughs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland "List of loughs of Ireland") [Mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland "Lists of mountains in Ireland") [Rivers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland "Rivers of Ireland") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland "List of rivers of Ireland") [List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland "List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland") / [in Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland "National parks of the United Kingdom") |
| Human | [Architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland "Architecture of Ireland") [Notable buildings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland "List of buildings in Ireland") [Tallest buildings and structures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland "List of tallest structures in Ireland") [Cities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland "City status in Ireland") [Counties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland "Counties of Ireland") [Demographics of the Republic of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Demographics of the Republic of Ireland") / [of Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland "Demographics of Northern Ireland") [Ports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland "List of ports in Ireland") [Provinces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland "Provinces of Ireland") [ROI–UK border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border "Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border") [Towns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland "Lists of towns in Ireland") [Tourism in the Republic of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Tourism in the Republic of Ireland") [Tourist attractions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland "List of tourist attractions in Ireland") [Transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland "Transport in Ireland") |
| [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Politics of the Republic of Ireland") | |
| | |
| Ideologies | [Nationalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_nationalism "Irish nationalism") [Republicanism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_republicanism "Irish republicanism") [Ulster loyalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_loyalism "Ulster loyalism") [Unionism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland "Unionism in Ireland") |
| [Republic of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Politics of the Republic of Ireland") | [Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland "Constitution of Ireland") [Economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Economy of the Republic of Ireland") [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Education in the Republic of Ireland") [Foreign relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland "Foreign relations of Ireland") [Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ireland "Government of Ireland") [local](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Local government in the Republic of Ireland") [Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Law of the Republic of Ireland") [LGBT rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland") [*Oireachtas* parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oireachtas "Oireachtas") [*Dáil Éireann* (lower house)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann "Dáil Éireann") [*Seanad Éireann* (upper house)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann "Seanad Éireann") [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ireland "President of Ireland") [Taxation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Taxation in the Republic of Ireland") |
| [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland "Politics of Northern Ireland") | [Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly "Northern Ireland Assembly") [D'Hondt method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Hondt_method "D'Hondt method") [Economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland "Economy of Northern Ireland") [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland "Education in Northern Ireland") [Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive "Northern Ireland Executive") [local](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland "Local government in Northern Ireland") [LGBT rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland "LGBT rights in Northern Ireland") [Peace process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process "Northern Ireland peace process") |
| [Culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland "Culture of Ireland") | |
| | |
| [Cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_cuisine "Irish cuisine") | |
| | |
| Food | [List of dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes "List of Irish dishes") [Barmbrack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barmbrack "Barmbrack") [Bacon and cabbage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage "Bacon and cabbage") [Boxty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxty "Boxty") [Champ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ_\(food\) "Champ (food)") [Coddle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coddle "Coddle") [Colcannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colcannon "Colcannon") [Drisheen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drisheen "Drisheen") [Irish fry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland "Full breakfast") [Skirts and kidneys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys "Skirts and kidneys") [Soda bread](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda_bread "Soda bread") [Spice Bag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_bag "Spice bag") [Stew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_stew "Irish stew") [Three-in-One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-in-1_\(fast_food_dish\) "3-in-1 (fast food dish)") |
| Drinks | [Coffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_coffee "Irish coffee") [Cream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_cream "Irish cream") [Guinness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness "Guinness") [Mist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Mist "Irish Mist") [Poitín](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn "Poitín") [Tea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea "Irish breakfast tea") [Whiskey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_whiskey "Irish whiskey") |
| [Dance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_dance "Irish dance") | [Jig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jig "Jig") *[Sean-nós](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance "Sean-nós dance")* [Set dancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_set_dancing "Irish set dancing") [Stepdance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_stepdance "Irish stepdance") |
| Festivals | [Imbolc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc "Imbolc") [Saint Patrick's Day]() [Bealtaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane "Beltane") [The Twelfth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelfth "The Twelfth") [Lúnasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lughnasadh "Lughnasadh") [Rose of Tralee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_\(festival\) "Rose of Tralee (festival)") [Samhain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhain "Samhain") / [Halloween](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween "Halloween") [Wren Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wren_Day "Wren Day") |
| [Languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland "Languages of Ireland") | [Hiberno-English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberno-English "Hiberno-English") [Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language "Irish language") [Shelta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelta "Shelta") [Ulster Scots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect "Ulster Scots dialect") |
| [Literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_literature "Irish literature") | [Annals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_annals "Irish annals") [Fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction "Irish prose fiction") *[Gaeilge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish "Modern literature in Irish")* [Poetry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_poetry "Irish poetry") [Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_theatre "Irish theatre") [Triads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triads_of_Ireland "Triads of Ireland") |
| [Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Ireland "Music of Ireland") | [Ballads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads "List of Irish ballads") *[Céilí](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh "Cèilidh")* [Folk music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_traditional_music "Irish traditional music") [session](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session "Irish traditional music session") [Instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Irish_musical_instruments "Category:Irish musical instruments") [Rock music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland "Rock music in Ireland") [Traditional singing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing "Traditional Irish singing") |
| [Mythology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_mythology "Irish mythology") | [Cycles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_mythology#Mythological_cycle "Irish mythology") [Mythological](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythological_Cycle "Mythological Cycle") [Fenian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenian_Cycle "Fenian Cycle") [Ulster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Cycle "Ulster Cycle") [Kings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings "Cycles of the Kings") *[Aos Sí](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD "Aos Sí")* *[Echtrai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echtra "Echtra")* *[Immrama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immram "Immram")* *[Tuatha Dé Danann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann "Tuatha Dé Danann")* *[Firbolg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firbolg "Firbolg")* *[Fomorians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomorians "Fomorians")* [Legendary creatures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Irish_legendary_creatures "Category:Irish legendary creatures") |
| [People](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people "Irish people") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Template:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Template talk:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland")[Immigration to the Republic of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Immigration "Demographics of the Republic of Ireland") | |
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Saint Patrick's Day
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| Readable Markdown | | Saint Patrick's Day | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kilbennan_St._Benin%27s_Church_Window_St._Patrick_Detail_2010_09_16.jpg)Saint Patrick depicted in a [stained-glass window](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained-glass_window "Stained-glass window") at [Saint Benin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benignus_of_Armagh "Benignus of Armagh")'s Church in [Kilbennen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilbennen "Kilbennen"), near [Tuam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuam "Tuam"), in [County Galway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway "County Galway"), Ireland | |
| Official name | Saint Patrick's Day |
| Also called | Feast of Saint Patrick *Lá Fhéile Pádraig* Patrick's Day (St.) Paddy's Day (St.) Patty's Day (mainly North America)[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-4) |
| Observed by | [Irish people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people "Irish people") and people of [Irish descent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_diaspora "Irish diaspora") [Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church "Catholic Church") (see [calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar "General Roman Calendar")) [Anglican Communion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion "Anglican Communion") (see [calendars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars "List of Anglican Church calendars")) [Eastern Orthodox Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church "Eastern Orthodox Church") (see [calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar "Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar")) [Lutheran Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism "Lutheranism") (see [calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_\(Lutheran\) "Calendar of saints (Lutheran)")) |
| Type | Ethnic, national, Christian |
| Significance | [Feast day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_day "Feast day") of [Saint Patrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick "Saint Patrick"), commemoration of the arrival of [Christianity in Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Ireland "Christianity in Ireland")[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-RitschelMichallon2022-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Ariel2018-6) |
| Celebrations | Attending parades and a [céilí](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9il%C3%AD "Céilí") Wearing green and [shamrocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock#Symbol_of_Ireland "Shamrock") Eating [Irish food](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_cuisine "Irish cuisine") Drinking [Irish beer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_Ireland "Beer in Ireland") and [Irish whiskey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_whiskey "Irish whiskey") |
| Observances | [Christian processions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_procession "Christian procession"); attending [Mass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_\(liturgy\) "Mass (liturgy)") or [service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_service "Church service") |
| Date | 17 March |
| Frequency | Annual |
**Saint Patrick's Day**, or the **Feast of Saint Patrick** ([Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language "Irish language"): *Lá Fhéile Pádraig*, [lit.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation "Literal translation")'the Day of the Festival of Patrick'), is a religious and cultural [holiday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday "Holiday") held on 17 March, the traditional death date of [Saint Patrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick "Saint Patrick") (c. 385 – c. 461), the foremost [patron saint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint "Patron saint") of [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland "Ireland").
Saint Patrick's Day was made an official Christian [feast day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_day "Feast day") in the early 17th century and is observed by the [Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church "Catholic Church"), the [Anglican Communion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion "Anglican Communion") (especially the [Church of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland "Church of Ireland")),[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-7) the [Eastern Orthodox Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church "Eastern Orthodox Church"), and the [Lutheran Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism "Lutheranism"). The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of [Christianity in Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Ireland "Christianity in Ireland"), and, by extension, celebrates the [heritage and culture of the Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland "Culture of Ireland") in general.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-RitschelMichallon2022-5)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_1-8) Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, [céilithe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9ilithe "Céilithe"), and the wearing of green attire or [shamrocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock "Shamrock").[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_2-9) Christians who belong to liturgical denominations also attend [church services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_service "Church service").[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_1-8)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_5-10) Historically, the [Lenten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenten "Lenten") restrictions [on fasting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_fasting "Christian fasting") and [drinking alcohol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_alcohol "Christianity and alcohol") were lifted for the day, which has encouraged the holiday's tradition of revelry.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_1-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_2-9)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_3-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_4-12)
Saint Patrick's Day is a [public holiday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holiday "Public holiday") in the [Republic of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland"),[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-13) [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland"),[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-14) the Canadian province of [Newfoundland and Labrador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Newfoundland and Labrador") (for provincial government employees), and the British Overseas Territory of [Montserrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat "Montserrat"). It is also widely celebrated in places with a large [Irish diaspora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_diaspora "Irish diaspora") community, such as [Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain "Great Britain"),[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-15) [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada"), the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States"), [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia"), [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand"), and [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-16) Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated in more countries than any other [national festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Day "National Day").[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002242-17) Modern celebrations have been greatly influenced by those of the Irish diaspora, particularly those that developed in North America. However, there has been criticism of Saint Patrick's Day celebrations for having become too commercialised, for their connections to [drinking culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_culture "Drinking culture"), and for fostering negative stereotypes of the Irish people.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-18)
Saint Patrick was a 5th-century Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland. Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the *Declaration*, which was allegedly written by Patrick himself. It is believed that he was born in [Roman Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain "Roman Britain") in the fourth century, into a wealthy [Romano-British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano-British_culture "Romano-British culture") family. His father was a Christian [deacon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon "Deacon") and his grandfather a [priest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest "Priest"). According to the *Declaration*, at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to [Gaelic Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland "Gaelic Ireland").[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-19) It says that he spent six years there working as a shepherd and that during this time he [found God](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_conversion "Religious conversion"). The *Declaration* says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, where a ship would be waiting to take him home. After making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-20)
According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the [pagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_polytheism "Celtic polytheism") Irish to Christianity. The *Declaration* says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and converted thousands.
Tradition holds that he died on 17 March and was buried at [Downpatrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downpatrick "Downpatrick"). Over the following centuries, many legends grew up around Patrick and he became Ireland's foremost saint.
## Celebration and traditions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Celebration and traditions")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traditional-irish-stipatricksidayibadges.jpg)
Traditional Saint Patrick's Day badges from the early 20th century, [Museum of Country Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Country_Life "Museum of Country Life") in [County Mayo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Mayo "County Mayo")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irish_clover.jpg)
According to legend, Saint Patrick used the three-leaved [shamrock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock "Shamrock") to explain the [Holy Trinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity "Holy Trinity") to [Irish pagans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion "Ancient Celtic religion").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sydney_Opera_House_on_St._Patrick%27s_Day_\(41260243671\).jpg)
Sydney Opera House lit up green in honour of Saint Patrick in [Sydney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney "Sydney"), Australia
Present day Saint Patrick's Day celebrations have been greatly influenced by those that developed among the Irish diaspora, especially in North America. Until the late 20th century, Saint Patrick's Day was often a bigger celebration among the diaspora than it was in Ireland.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002242-17)
Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, Irish traditional music sessions ([céilithe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9ilidh "Céilidh")), and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_2-9) There are also formal gatherings such as banquets and dances, although these were more common in the past. Saint Patrick's Day parades began in North America in the 18th century but did not spread to Ireland until the 20th century.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002xxiii-21) The participants generally include marching bands, the military, fire brigades, cultural organisations, charitable organisations, [voluntary associations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_association "Voluntary association"), [youth groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_organization "Youth organization"), [fraternities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternity "Fraternity"), and so on. However, over time, many of the parades have become more akin to a [carnival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival "Carnival"). More effort is made to use the [Irish language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language "Irish language"), especially in Ireland, where 1 March to St Patrick's Day on 17 March is Seachtain na Gaeilge ("[Irish language week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seachtain_na_Gaeilge "Seachtain na Gaeilge")").[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-22)
Since 2010, famous landmarks have been lit up in green on Saint Patrick's Day as part of [Tourism Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_Ireland "Tourism Ireland")'s "Global Greening Initiative" or "Going Green for St Patrick's Day".[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-23)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-24) The [Sydney Opera House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House "Sydney Opera House") and the [Sky Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Tower_\(Auckland\) "Sky Tower (Auckland)") in [Auckland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland "Auckland") were the first landmarks to participate and since then over 300 landmarks in fifty countries across the globe have gone green for Saint Patrick's Day.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-25)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-26)
Many Irish people also attend [church services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_service "Church service") with their families,[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_1-8)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_5-10) and the [Lenten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenten "Lenten") restrictions [on eating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_fasting "Christian fasting") and [drinking alcohol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_alcohol "Christianity and alcohol") are lifted for the day. Perhaps because of this, drinking alcohol – particularly Irish whiskey, beer, or cider – has become an integral part of the celebrations.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_1-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_2-9)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_3-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_4-12) In Ireland, this relaxation of fasting rules is notably marked by the consumption of stout, a dark ale beer that is a key part of the celebration, with breweries preparing months in advance for the demand.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-27) The Saint Patrick's Day custom of "drowning the shamrock" or "wetting the shamrock" was historically popular. At the end of the celebrations, especially in Ireland, a shamrock is put into the bottom of a cup, which is then filled with whiskey, beer, or cider. It is then drunk as a [toast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toast_\(honor\) "Toast (honor)") to Saint Patrick, Ireland, or those present. The shamrock would either be swallowed with the drink or taken out and tossed over the shoulder for good luck.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair200226-28)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-29)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-30)
Irish Government ministers travel abroad on official visits to various countries around Saint Patrick's Day to promote Ireland.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-31)[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-32)
### Wearing green and shamrocks
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Wearing green and shamrocks")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22The_Wearing_of_the_Green.%22.jpg)
A Saint Patrick's Day greeting card from 1907
On Saint Patrick's Day, it is customary to wear [shamrocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock "Shamrock"), green clothing or green accessories. Saint Patrick is said to have used the shamrock, a three-leaved plant, to explain the [Holy Trinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity "Holy Trinity") to the [pagan Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_polytheism "Celtic polytheism").[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-natgeo-33)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-34) This story first appears in writing in 1726, though it may be older. In pagan Ireland, three was a significant number and the Irish had many [triple deities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_deity "Triple deity"), which may have aided St Patrick in his [evangelisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelism "Evangelism") efforts.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Monaghan2009-35)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Hegarty2012-36) Roger Homan writes, "We can perhaps see St Patrick drawing upon the visual concept of the *[triskele](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_spiral "Triple spiral")* when he uses the shamrock to explain the Trinity".[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-37) [Patricia Monaghan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Monaghan "Patricia Monaghan") says there is no evidence the shamrock was sacred to the pagan Irish.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Monaghan2009-35) [Jack Santino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Santino "Jack Santino") speculates that it may have represented the regenerative powers of nature, and was recast in a Christian context—[icons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon "Icon") of Saint Patrick often depict the saint "with a [cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_cross "Christian cross") in one hand and a sprig of shamrocks in the other".[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Santino1995-38)
The first association of the colour green with Ireland is from a legend in the 11th century *[Lebor Gabála Érenn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn "Lebor Gabála Érenn")* (The Book of the Taking of Ireland). It tells of [Goídel Glas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%ADdel_Glas "Goídel Glas") (Goídel the green), the [eponymous ancestor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponymous_ancestor "Eponymous ancestor") of the [Gaels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaels "Gaels") and creator of the [Goidelic languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goidelic_languages "Goidelic languages") ([Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language "Irish language"), [Scottish Gaelic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic "Scottish Gaelic"), [Manx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manx_language "Manx language")).[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Koch2005-39)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-MacKillop2005-40) Goídel is bitten by a venomous snake but saved from death by [Moses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses "Moses") placing his staff on the snakebite, leaving him with a green mark. His descendants settle in Ireland, a land free of snakes.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Macalister1939-41) One of the first, [Íth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milesians_\(Irish\) "Milesians (Irish)"), visits Ireland after climbing the [Tower of Hercules](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_Hercules "Tower of Hercules") and being captivated by the sight of a beautiful green island in the distance.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Koch2005-39)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-MacKillop2005-40)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Macalister1939-41)
The colour green was further associated with Ireland from the 1640s, when the [green harp flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_harp_flag "Green harp flag") was used by the [Irish Catholic Confederation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Ireland "Confederate Ireland"). Later, [James Connolly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Connolly "James Connolly") described this flag as representing "the sacred emblem of Ireland's unconquered soul".[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-42) Green ribbons and shamrocks have been worn on Saint Patrick's Day since at least the 1680s.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002-43) Since then, the colour green and its association with St Patrick's Day have grown.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-history.com-44)
The Friendly Brothers of St Patrick, an Irish [fraternity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternity "Fraternity") founded in about 1750,[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-45) adopted green as its colour.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-46) The [Order of St Patrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Patrick "Order of St Patrick"), an Anglo-Irish [chivalric order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalric_order "Chivalric order") founded in 1783, instead adopted blue as its colour, which led to blue being [associated with Saint Patrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_blue "St. Patrick's blue"). In the 1790s, the colour green was adopted by the [United Irishmen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Irishmen "United Irishmen"). This was a [republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_republicanism "Irish republicanism") organisation—founded mostly by Protestants but with a mainly Catholic membership—who launched a [rebellion in 1798](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798 "Irish Rebellion of 1798") against British rule. Ireland was first called "the Emerald Isle" in "When Erin First Rose" (1795), a poem by a co-founder of the United Irishmen, [William Drennan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Drennan "William Drennan"), which stresses the historical importance of green to the Irish.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-47)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-48)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-49)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-50) The phrase "wearing of the green" comes from a [song of the same name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wearing_of_the_Green "The Wearing of the Green") about United Irishmen being persecuted for wearing green. The [flags](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland#Political_flags "List of flags of Ireland") of the 1916 [Easter Rising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising "Easter Rising") featured green, such as the [Starry Plough banner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starry_Plough_\(flag\) "Starry Plough (flag)") and the [Proclamation Flag of the Irish Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republic "Irish Republic"). When the [Irish Free State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_State "Irish Free State") was founded in 1922, the government ordered all [post boxes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillar_box#Ireland "Pillar box") be painted green, with the slogan "green paint for a green people";[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Ferguson2016-51)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-52) in 1924, the government introduced a green [Irish passport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_passport "Irish passport").[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-53)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-EUED-54)[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-EURes1981-55)
The wearing of the 'St Patrick's Day Cross' was also a popular custom in Ireland until the early 20th century. These were a [Celtic Christian cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_cross "Celtic cross") made of paper that was "covered with silk or ribbon of different colours, and a bunch or rosette of green silk in the centre".[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair200225%E2%80%9326-56)
Saint Patrick's [feast day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_day "Feast day"), as a kind of national day, was already being celebrated by the Irish in Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-57) Saint Patrick's feast day was finally placed on the [liturgical calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_calendar "Liturgical calendar") of the Catholic Church in the early 1600s, due to the influence of [Waterford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford "Waterford")\-born [Franciscan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan "Franciscan") scholar [Luke Wadding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Wadding "Luke Wadding").[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-58) Saint Patrick's Day thus became a [holy day of obligation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_day_of_obligation "Holy day of obligation") for Catholics in Ireland. It is also a feast day in the [Church of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland "Church of Ireland"), part of the [Anglican Communion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion "Anglican Communion"). The church calendar avoids the observance of saints' feasts during certain solemnities, moving the saint's day to a time outside those periods. Saint Patrick's Day is occasionally affected by this requirement, when 17 March falls during [Holy Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Week "Holy Week"). This happened in 1940, when Saint Patrick's Day was officially observed on 3 April to avoid it coinciding with [Palm Sunday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Sunday "Palm Sunday"), and again in 2008, where it was officially observed on 15 March.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-59) Saint Patrick's Day will not fall within Holy Week again until 2160.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-60)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-61) However, the popular festivities may still be held on 17 March or on a weekend near to the feast day.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-62)
Saint Patrick's was perceived as the middle day of [spring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_\(season\) "Spring (season)") in the [Irish calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_calendar "Irish calendar"). People expected that weather would be improved following the festival, and farmers would begin planting potato.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Danaher-63)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WILD_FOLK_BY_BUI_BOLG_FROM_WEXFORD_-ST._PATRICK%27S_DAY_PARADE_IN_DUBLIN_-_17_MARCH_2019--150353_\(47413724761\).jpg)
Buí Bolg at the St. Patrick's Day parade in [Dublin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin "Dublin")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ST._PATRICK%27S_SPIRE_OF_LIGHT_ON_O%27CONNELL_STREET_IN_DUBLIN_REF-102056_\(16650284488\).jpg)
Dublin's [General Post Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Dublin "General Post Office, Dublin") and the Spire on O'Connell Street on Saint Patrick's Day
In 1903, Saint Patrick's Day became an official public holiday in Ireland due to the [Bank Holiday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Holiday "Bank Holiday") (Ireland) Act 1903, an [Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_parliament "Act of parliament") of the [Parliament of the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom "Parliament of the United Kingdom") introduced by [James O'Mara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_O%27Mara "James O'Mara"), an MP from the [Irish Parliamentary Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party "Irish Parliamentary Party") (IPP).[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-omara1-64)
The first Saint Patrick's Day parade in Ireland was held in [Waterford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford "Waterford") in 1903, hundreds of years after the first parade in North America. The week of Saint Patrick's Day 1903 had been declared Irish Language Week by the [Gaelic League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_League "Gaelic League") and in Waterford they opted to have a procession on Sunday 15 March. The procession comprised the Mayor and members of Waterford Corporation, the Trades Hall, the various trade unions and bands who included the 'Barrack St Band' and the '[Thomas Francis Meagher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Meagher "Thomas Francis Meagher") Band'.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-65) The parade began at the premises of the Gaelic League in George's St and finished in the Peoples Park, where the public were addressed by the Mayor and other dignitaries.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-munster_express-66)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-67) On Tuesday 17 March, most Waterford businesses—including public houses—were closed and marching bands paraded as they had two days previously.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-68)
On Saint Patrick's Day 1916, the [Irish Volunteers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Volunteers "Irish Volunteers")—an Irish nationalist paramilitary organisation—held parades throughout Ireland. The authorities recorded 38 St Patrick's Day parades, involving 6,000 marchers, almost half of whom were reported to be armed.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002105-69) The following month, the Irish Volunteers launched the [Easter Rising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising "Easter Rising") against British rule. This marked the beginning of the [Irish revolutionary period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period "Irish revolutionary period") and led to the [Irish War of Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence "Irish War of Independence") and [Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Civil_War "Irish Civil War"). During this time, Saint Patrick's Day celebrations in Ireland were muted, although the day was sometimes chosen to hold large political rallies.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002108-70)
The celebrations remained low-key after the creation of the [Irish Free State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_State "Irish Free State") in 1922; the only state-organized observance was a military procession and [trooping of the colours](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trooping_the_colours "Trooping the colours"), and an Irish-language [mass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_\(Catholic_Church\) "Mass (Catholic Church)") attended by government ministers.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002134-71) In 1927, the Irish Free State government [banned the selling of alcohol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition "Prohibition") on St Patrick's Day, although it remained legal in [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland"). The ban was not repealed until 1961.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002135%E2%80%93136-72)
The first official, state-sponsored Saint Patrick's Day parade in [Dublin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin "Dublin") took place in 1931.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-73) Public St Patrick's Day festivities in Ireland have been cancelled three times, all for public health reasons.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-74)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-75) In 2001, celebrations were postponed to May due to the [foot-and-mouth outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_foot-and-mouth_outbreak "2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak"),[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-76)[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-77)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-78) while in 2020 and 2021 they were cancelled outright due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-79)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-80)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-81)[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-82)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-83)[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-84)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-85)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Patricks_Day_Inter_Church_Procession,_Downpatrick,_March_2010_\(03\).JPG)
A Saint Patrick's Day [Christian procession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_procession "Christian procession") in [Downpatrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downpatrick "Downpatrick"), where Saint Patrick is said to be buried
In [Ulster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster "Ulster"), especially within [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland") and [County Donegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Donegal "County Donegal") (particularly East Donegal), the celebration of Saint Patrick's Day was affected by sectarian divisions.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002175%E2%80%93177-86) Up until the late twentieth century, a majority of the population in Ulster, the northern [province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland "Provinces of Ireland") in Ireland, were [Protestant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Protestants "Ulster Protestants") [Ulster unionists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland "Unionism in Ireland") who saw themselves primarily as British, while a substantial minority were Catholic Irish nationalists who saw themselves primarily as Irish. Although it was a public holiday, Northern Ireland's [Unionist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party "Ulster Unionist Party") government did not officially observe St Patrick's Day.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002175%E2%80%93177-86) During the conflict in Northern Ireland known as [the Troubles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles "The Troubles") (late 1960s–late 1990s), public St Patrick's Day celebrations were rare and tended to be associated with the Catholic community.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002175%E2%80%93177-86) In 1976, [loyalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_loyalism "Ulster loyalism") [detonated a car bomb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillcrest_Bar_bombing "Hillcrest Bar bombing") outside a pub crowded with Catholics celebrating St Patrick's Day in [Dungannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungannon "Dungannon") in the south-east of [County Tyrone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tyrone "County Tyrone"); four civilians were killed and many injured. However, some Protestant unionists attempted to 're-claim' the festival, and in 1985 the [Orange Order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Order "Orange Order") held its own Saint Patrick's Day parade.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002175%E2%80%93177-86) Since the end of the conflict in 1998 there have been cross-community St Patrick's Day parades in towns throughout Northern Ireland, which have attracted thousands of spectators.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002175%E2%80%93177-86) In Belfast, [Belfast City Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_City_Hall "Belfast City Hall") flies the [St Patrick's Saltire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Saltire "St Patrick's Saltire") alongside the Union Jack on St Patrick's Day.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-87)
In the mid-1990s the government of the [Republic of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland") began a campaign to use Saint Patrick's Day to showcase Ireland and its culture.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-hist-88) The government set up a group called [St. Patrick's Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Festival "St. Patrick's Festival"), with the aims of creating a world-class national festival and "to project, internationally, an accurate image of Ireland as a creative, professional and sophisticated country with wide appeal".[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-festival-89) The first Saint Patrick's Festival was held on 17 March 1996. In 1997, it became a three-day event, and by 2006, the festival was five days long. More than 675,000 people attended the 2009 parade, and that year's festival saw almost 1 million visitors, who took part in festivities that included concerts, outdoor theatre performances, and fireworks.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-90) From 2006 to 2012 the [Skyfest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyfest "Skyfest") formed the centrepiece of the Saint Patrick's Festival.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-91)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-92)
The week around Saint Patrick's Day is *[Seachtain na Gaeilge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seachtain_na_Gaeilge "Seachtain na Gaeilge")* ("Irish Language Week"), when more [Irish language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language "Irish language") events are held and there is more effort to use the language.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-93)
Christian leaders in Ireland have expressed concern about the secularisation of Saint Patrick's Day. In *The Word* magazine's March 2007 issue, Fr [Vincent Twomey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Twomey "Vincent Twomey") wrote, "It is time to reclaim St Patrick's Day as a church festival". He questioned the need for "mindless alcohol-fuelled revelry" and concluded that "it is time to bring the piety and the fun together".[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-94)
One of the biggest celebrations outside the cities is in [Downpatrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downpatrick "Downpatrick"), [County Down](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Down "County Down"), where Saint Patrick is said to be buried. The shortest Saint Patrick's Day parade in the world formerly took place in [Dripsey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dripsey "Dripsey"), [County Cork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork "County Cork"). The parade lasted just 23.4 metres and traveled between the village's two pubs. The tradition began in 1999, but ended after five years when one of the pubs closed.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-95) The current shortest Saint Paddy's Day parade has been held in Little Compton, [Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island "Rhode Island"), since 2022. The parade lasts only 89 feet. The title is disputed by Hot Springs, [Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas "Arkansas"), which has hosted the shortest St. Patrick's Day parade since 2004, measuring at 98 feet.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-96)
## Celebrations elsewhere
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Celebrations elsewhere")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:388-0049-hinnerk-ruemenapf_01.jpg)
Saint Patrick's Day 2016 in an [Irish pub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_pub "Irish pub") in [Hamburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg"), Germany
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Patrick%27s_Day_-_Trafalgar_Square_March_2006.jpg)
Saint Patrick's Day celebration at [Trafalgar Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square "Trafalgar Square") in London, 2006
In England, the Royal Colonel or [Colonel-in-chief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel-in-chief "Colonel-in-chief") traditionally present bowls of shamrock to members of the [Irish Guards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Guards "Irish Guards"), a regiment in the [British Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army "British Army"), following [Queen Alexandra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Alexandra "Queen Alexandra") introducing the tradition in 1901.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-97) Since 2012, [Catherine, Princess of Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales "Catherine, Princess of Wales") has presented the bowls of shamrock to the Irish Guards. While female royals are often tasked with presenting the bowls of shamrock, male royals have also undertaken the role, such as [King George VI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_VI "King George VI") in 1950 to mark the 50th anniversary of the formation of the Irish Guards, and in 2016 the [Duke of Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales "William, Prince of Wales") in place of his wife.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-98)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-99) Fresh Shamrocks are presented to the Irish Guards, regardless of where they are stationed, and are flown in from Ireland.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-100)
While some Saint Patrick's Day celebrations could be conducted openly in Britain pre 1960s, this would change following the commencement by the IRA's bombing campaign on [mainland Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain "Great Britain") and as a consequence this resulted in a suspicion of all things Irish and those who supported them which led to people of Irish descent wearing a sprig of shamrock on Saint Patrick's day in private or attending specific events.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Pages_180%E2%80%93183-101) Today, after many years following the [Good Friday Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement "Good Friday Agreement"), people of Irish descent openly wear a sprig of shamrock to celebrate their Irishness.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Pages_180%E2%80%93183-101)
Christian denominations in Great Britain observing his [feast day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_day "Feast day") include the [Church of England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England "Church of England") and the Roman Catholic Church.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_and_non-Irish_celebrants-102)
[Birmingham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham "Birmingham") holds the largest Saint Patrick's Day parade in Britain with a city centre parade[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-103) over a two-mile (3 km) route through the city centre. The organisers describe it as the third biggest parade in the world after Dublin and New York.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-104)
London, since 2002, has had an annual Saint Patrick's Day parade which takes place on weekends around the 17th, usually in Trafalgar Square. In 2008, the water in the Trafalgar Square fountains was dyed green. In 2020, the parade was cancelled due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-105)[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-106)
[Liverpool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool") has the highest proportion of residents with Irish ancestry of any English city.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-107) This has led to a long-standing celebration on Saint Patrick's Day in terms of music, cultural events and the parade.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-108)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-109)
[Manchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester "Manchester") hosts a two-week Irish festival in the weeks prior to Saint Patrick's Day. The festival includes an Irish Market based at the city's town hall which flies the Irish tricolour opposite the Union Flag, a large parade as well as a large number of cultural and learning events throughout the two-week period.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-110)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stpatricksdayfestivalcbridge.JPG)
2009 [Saint Patrick's Day festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day_festival_Coatbridge "St. Patrick's Day festival Coatbridge") celebration in [Coatbridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatbridge "Coatbridge"), Scotland
The Scottish town of [Coatbridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatbridge "Coatbridge"), where the majority of the town's population are of Irish descent,[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-ScotGov-Immigration-111)[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-CoatbridgeFestival-112) also has [a Saint Patrick's Day Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day_festival_Coatbridge "St. Patrick's Day festival Coatbridge") which includes celebrations and parades in the town centre.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-CoatbridgeFestival-112)[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-113)
[Glasgow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow "Glasgow") has a considerably large Irish population; due, for the most part, to the Irish immigration during the 19th century. This immigration was the main cause in raising the population of Glasgow by over 100,000 people.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-114) Due to this large Irish population, there are many Irish-themed pubs and Irish interest groups who hold yearly celebrations on Saint Patrick's day in Glasgow. Glasgow has held a yearly Saint Patrick's Day parade and festival since 2007.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-115)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Porte_des_Bombes_on_St_Patrick%27s_Night.jpg)
[Porte des Bombes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_des_Bombes "Porte des Bombes") illuminated in green on Saint Patrick's Day of 2014
The first Saint Patrick's Day celebrations in Malta took place in the early 20th century by soldiers of the [Royal Dublin Fusiliers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Fusiliers "Royal Dublin Fusiliers") who were stationed in [Floriana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floriana "Floriana"). Celebrations were held in the Balzunetta area of the town, which contained a number of bars and was located close to the barracks. The Irish diaspora in Malta continued to celebrate the feast annually.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-maltaindependent2018-03-18-116)
Today, Saint Patrick's Day is mainly celebrated in Spinola Bay and [Paceville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paceville "Paceville") areas of [St Julian's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Julian%27s "St Julian's"),[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-117) although other celebrations still occur at Floriana[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-maltaindependent2018-03-18-116) and other locations.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-118)[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-119) Thousands of Maltese attend the celebrations, "which are more associated with drinking beer than traditional Irish culture."[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-120)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-121)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Patrick%27s_Day_2012_in_Moscow.jpg)
[Moscow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow "Moscow") hosts an annual Saint Patrick's Day festival
The first Saint Patrick's Day parade in Russia took place in 1992.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-122) Since 1999, there has been a yearly "Saint Patrick's Day" festival in Moscow and other Russian cities.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-123) The official part of the Moscow parade is a military-style parade and is held in collaboration with the Moscow government and the Irish embassy in Moscow. The unofficial parade is held by volunteers and resembles a carnival. In 2014, Moscow Irish Week was celebrated from 12 to 23 March, which includes Saint Patrick's Day on 17 March. Over 70 events celebrating Irish culture in Moscow, St Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Voronezh, and Volgograd were sponsored by the Irish Embassy, the Moscow City Government, and other organisations.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-124)
In 2017, the [Russian Orthodox Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church "Russian Orthodox Church") added the feast day of Saint Patrick to [its liturgical calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar "Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar"), to be celebrated on 30 March \[[O.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates "Old Style and New Style dates") 17 March\].[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-125)
[Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid "Madrid"),[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-126) [Barcelona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona "Barcelona"),[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-127) [A Coruña](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a "A Coruña") and [Benidorm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benidorm "Benidorm") are the biggest cities where great celebrations take place in Spain, but some other smaller cities have started to host Saint Patrick's Day in recent years, such as [El Espinar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Espinar "El Espinar"),[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-128) [Caldas de Reyes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldas_de_Reyes "Caldas de Reyes"), [Pontevedra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontevedra "Pontevedra"), [Salamanca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca "Salamanca"), [Elda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elda "Elda"), [Valladolid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid "Valladolid")[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-129) and [Maspalomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maspalomas "Maspalomas").
#### Other European countries
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Other European countries")\]
[Sarajevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo "Sarajevo"), the capital city of [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Bosnia and Herzegovina") has an Irish expatriate community.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-130)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-131) The community established the [Sarajevo Irish Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_Irish_Festival "Sarajevo Irish Festival") in 2015, which is held for three days around and including Saint Patrick's Day. The festival organizes an annual parade, hosts Irish theatre companies, screens Irish films and organizes concerts of Irish folk musicians. The festival has hosted numerous Irish artists, filmmakers, theatre directors and musicians such as [Conor Horgan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conor_Horgan "Conor Horgan"), Ailis Ni Riain, [Dermot Dunne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermot_Dunne "Dermot Dunne"), [Mick Moloney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Moloney "Mick Moloney"), [Chloë Agnew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlo%C3%AB_Agnew "Chloë Agnew") and others.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-132)[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-133)[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-134)
Although it is not a national holiday in [Lithuania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania "Lithuania"), the [Vilnia River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnia_River "Vilnia River") is dyed green every year on the Saint Patrick's Day in the capital [Vilnius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius "Vilnius").[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-135)
[Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway "Norway") has had a Saint Patrick's Day parade in Oslo since 2000, first organized by Irish expatriates living in Norway, and partially coordinated with the Irish embassy in Oslo.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-136)
While Saint Patrick's Day in [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") is commonly celebrated on 17 March with festivities similar to those in neighbouring central European countries, it is not unusual for Swiss students to organise celebrations in their own living spaces on Saint Patrick's Eve. Most popular are usually those in Zurich's [Kreis 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aussersihl "Aussersihl"). Traditionally, guests also contribute with beverages and dress in green.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-137)
In [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") since 1996 the city of [Munich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich "Munich") holds a parade on the weekend before the 17th of March, which has turned into one of the biggest St. Patrck's Day celebrations in continental Europe. In 2026, 30 years after the first parade, around 70 groups comprising together of 1,500 participants marched in the parade and attracted 45,000 spectators.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-138)
Saint Patrick's Day is a government holiday in [Newfoundland and Labrador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Newfoundland and Labrador").[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-139) The island Newfoundland has strong historic and cultural ties to Ireland and is cited as the most Irish place outside of Ireland.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-140) Approximately 20% of Newfoundland's population consists of [Irish Newfoundlanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Newfoundlanders "Irish Newfoundlanders").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Patrick%27s_Day_Montreal_2007.jpg)
Montreal hosts one of the longest-running and largest Saint Patrick's Day parades in North America
One of the longest-running and largest Saint Patrick's Day ([French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language "French language"): *le jour de la Saint-Patrick*) parades in North America occurs each year in [Montreal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal "Montreal"),[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-141) whose [city flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Montreal "Flag of Montreal") includes a [shamrock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock "Shamrock") in its lower-right quadrant. The yearly celebration has been organised by the United Irish Societies of Montreal since 1929. The parade has been held yearly without interruption since 1824. Saint Patrick's Day itself, however, has been celebrated in Montreal since as far back as 1759 by Irish soldiers in the Montreal Garrison following the British conquest of New France.
In [Saint John, New Brunswick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick "Saint John, New Brunswick") Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated as a week-long celebration. Shortly after the JP Collins Celtic Festival is an Irish festival celebrating Saint John's Irish heritage. The festival is named for a young Irish doctor James Patrick Collins who worked on [Partridge Island (Saint John County)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partridge_Island_\(Saint_John_County\) "Partridge Island (Saint John County)") quarantine station tending to sick Irish immigrants before he died there himself.
In [Manitoba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba "Manitoba"), the Irish Association of Manitoba runs a yearly three-day festival of music and culture based around Saint Patrick's Day.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-142)
In 2004, the CelticFest Vancouver Society organised its first yearly festival in downtown [Vancouver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver") to celebrate the [Celtic Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Nations "Celtic Nations") and their cultures. This event, which includes a parade, occurs each year during the weekend nearest Saint Patrick's Day.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-143)
In [Quebec City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City "Quebec City"), there was a parade from 1837 to 1926. The [Quebec City St-Patrick Parade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City_St-Patrick_Parade "Quebec City St-Patrick Parade") returned in 2010 after more than 84 years. For the occasion, a portion of the [New York Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department "New York City Police Department") Pipes and Drums were present as special guests.
There has been a parade held in [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto "Toronto") since at least 1863.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-144)
The [Toronto Maple Leafs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs "Toronto Maple Leafs") hockey team was known as the [Toronto St. Patricks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_St._Patricks "Toronto St. Patricks") from 1919 to 1927, and wore green jerseys. In 1999, when the Maple Leafs played on Saint Patrick's Day, they wore green St Patrick's retro uniforms.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Some groups, notably [Guinness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness "Guinness"), have lobbied to make Saint Patrick's Day a national holiday.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-145)
In March 2009, the [Calgary Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Tower "Calgary Tower") changed its top exterior lights to new green CFL bulbs just in time for Saint Patrick's Day. Part of an environmental non-profit organisation's campaign (Project Porchlight), the green represented environmental concerns. Approximately 210 lights were changed in time for Saint Patrick's Day, and resembled a [Leprechaun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprechaun "Leprechaun")'s hat. After a week, white CFLs took their place. The change was estimated to save the Calgary Tower some \$12,000 and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 104 tonnes.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-146)
Since 2019, the City of [Waterloo, Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo,_Ontario "Waterloo, Ontario") has had to contend with an ever-growing massive street party that has coincided with the Saint Patrick's Day celebrations. In 2023, police could be seen putting fences up on Ezra Avenue to discourage partiers to participate in the unauthorized event that has cost the city as much as \$750,000 a year for police, paramedics, and municipal services.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-147)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChicagoStPatricksDay2015.jpg)
The [Chicago River dyed green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_River#Saint_Patrick's_Day "Chicago River")[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-148)
Saint Patrick's Day, while not a legal holiday in the United States, is nonetheless widely recognised and observed throughout the country as a celebration of Irish and [Irish-American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish-American "Irish-American") culture. Celebrations include prominent displays of the colour green, religious observances, numerous parades, and copious consumption of alcohol.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Irish_Culture_3-11) The holiday has been celebrated in what is now the U.S. since 1600, with the first parade occurring in 1601.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-149)
It is customary for the Irish [Taoiseach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoiseach "Taoiseach") (Irish Prime Minister) to meet with the [President of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") on or around Saint Patrick's Day.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-irishtimes.com-150)[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-151) Traditionally, the Taoiseach presents the US president a [Waterford Crystal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Crystal "Waterford Crystal") bowl filled with shamrocks.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-irishexaminer.com-152) This tradition began in 1952 when the Irish Ambassador to the US, [John Hearne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hearne_\(lawyer\) "John Hearne (lawyer)"), sent a box of shamrocks to President [Harry S. Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman"). From then, it became a yearly custom for the Irish ambassador to send Saint Patrick's Day shamrocks to an official in the US President's administration, although on some occasions the shamrocks were given personally by the Irish Taoiseach or Irish President to the US president in Washington.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-irishtimes.com-150)[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-irishexaminer.com-152) After the meeting between Taoiseach [Albert Reynolds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Reynolds "Albert Reynolds") and President [Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") in 1994, the presenting of the shamrocks became a yearly custom.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-irishtimes.com-150)[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-153)
The [Saint Patrick's Battalion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Battalion "Saint Patrick's Battalion") is honored in Mexico on Saint Patrick's Day.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-154)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D%C3%ADa_de_San_Patricio_Buenos_Aires_2.jpg)
Celebrations in [Buenos Aires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires") centre on Reconquista street
In Buenos Aires, a party is held in the downtown street of Reconquista, where there are several Irish pubs;[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-155)[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-156) in 2006, there were 50,000 people in this street and the pubs nearby.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-157) Neither the Catholic Church nor the [Irish community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_settlement_in_Argentina "Irish settlement in Argentina"), the fifth largest in the world outside Ireland,[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-158) take part in the organisation of the parties.
The island of [Montserrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat "Montserrat") is known as the "Emerald Island of the [Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea "Caribbean Sea")" because of its founding by [Irish refugees from Saint Kitts and Nevis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_immigration_to_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis "Irish immigration to Saint Kitts and Nevis"). Montserrat is one of three places where Saint Patrick's Day is a public holiday, along with Ireland and the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The holiday in Montserrat also commemorates a failed slave uprising that occurred on 17 March 1768.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-159)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Patrick%27s_Parade_Brisbane-13_\(8562155117\).jpg)
Saint Patrick's Parade in Brisbane
Saint Patrick's Day is not a public holiday in Australia, although it is celebrated each year across the country's states and territories.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-160)[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-161)[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-162) Festivals and parades are often held on weekends around 17 March in cities such as [Sydney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney "Sydney"),[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-163) [Brisbane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane"),[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-164) [Adelaide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide "Adelaide"),[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-165) and [Melbourne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne").[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-166) On occasion, festivals and parades are cancelled. For instance, Melbourne's 2006 and 2007 Saint Patrick's Day festivals and parades were cancelled due to sporting events ([Commonwealth Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games "Commonwealth Games") and [Australian Grand Prix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Grand_Prix "Australian Grand Prix")) being booked on and around the planned Saint Patrick's Day festivals and parades in the city.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-167) In Sydney the parade and family day was cancelled in 2016 due to financial problems.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-168)[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-169) However, Brisbane's Saint Patrick's Day parade, which was cancelled at the outbreak of [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") and wasn't revived until 1990,[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-170) was not called off in 2020 as precaution for the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), in contrast to many other Saint Patrick's Day parades around the world.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-171)
The first mention of Saint Patrick's Day being celebrated in Australia was in 1795, when Irish convicts and administrators, Catholic and Protestant, in the [penal colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_colony "Penal colony") came together to celebrate the day as a national holiday, despite a ban against assemblies being in place at the time.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-O'Farrell-172) This unified day of Irish nationalist observance would soon dissipate over time, with celebrations on Saint Patrick's Day becoming divisive between religions and social classes, representative more of Australianness than of Irishness and held intermittingly throughout the years.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-O'Farrell-172)[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-173)[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-174) Historian [Patrick O'Farrell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_O%27Farrell "Patrick O'Farrell") credits the [1916 Easter Rising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising "Easter Rising") in [Dublin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin "Dublin") and [Archbishop Daniel Mannix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_Daniel_Mannix "Archbishop Daniel Mannix") of [Melbourne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne") for re-igniting St Patrick's Day celebrations in Australia and reviving the sense of Irishness amongst those with Irish heritage.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-O'Farrell-172) The organisers of the Saint Patrick's festivities in the past were, more often than not, the Catholic clergy[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-175) which often courted controversy.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-176)[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-177) [Bishop Patrick Phelan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Phelan_\(Bishop_of_Sale\) "Patrick Phelan (Bishop of Sale)") of [Sale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sale "Roman Catholic Diocese of Sale") described in 1921 how the authorities in [Victoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_\(Australia\) "Victoria (Australia)") had ordered that a [Union Jack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Jack "Union Jack") be flown at the front of the Saint Patrick's Day parade and following the refusal by Irishmen and [Irish-Australians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish-Australians "Irish-Australians") to do so, the authorities paid for an individual to carry the flag at the head of the parade.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-178)[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-179) This individual was later assaulted by two men who were later fined in court.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-180)[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-181)
From 1878 to 1955, Saint Patrick's Day was recognised as a public holiday in New Zealand, together with [St George's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Day "St George's Day") (England) and [St Andrew's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Day "St Andrew's Day") (Scotland).[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-182)[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-183)[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-184) [Auckland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland "Auckland") attracted many Irish migrants in the 1850s and 1860s, and it was here where some of the earliest Saint Patrick's Day celebrations took place, which often entailed the hosting of community picnics.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Bueltmann-185) However, this rapidly evolved from the late 1860s onwards to include holding parades with pipe bands and marching children wearing green, sporting events, concerts, balls and other social events, where people displayed their Irishness with pride.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-Bueltmann-185) While Saint Patrick's Day is no longer recognised as a public holiday, it continues to be celebrated across New Zealand with festivals and parades at weekends on or around 17 March.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-186)[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-187)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Patricks_Day_in_Motomachi_Yokohama.jpg)
Saint Patrick's Day in [Motomachi, Yokohama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motomachi,_Yokohama "Motomachi, Yokohama")
Saint Patrick's parades are now held in many locations across Japan.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-url2013_St_Patricks_Day_Parades_in_Japan-188) The first parade, in Tokyo, was organised by The Irish Network Japan (INJ) in 1992.
The Irish Association of Korea has celebrated Saint Patrick's Day since 1976 in [Seoul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul "Seoul"), the capital city of [Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea") and [Busan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busan "Busan"), second largest city in Korea. The plaxe of the parade and festivals are [Itaewon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaewon "Itaewon") of Seoul and [Seomyeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seo-myeon,_Busan "Seo-myeon, Busan") of Busan. It is sponsored by Embassy of Ireland in Korea.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-189)
In [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia"), the St Patrick's Society of Selangor, founded in 1925, organises a yearly St Patrick's Ball, described as the biggest Saint Patrick's Day celebration in Asia. [Guinness Anchor Berhad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Anchor_Berhad "Guinness Anchor Berhad") also organises 36 parties across the country in places like the [Klang Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_Valley "Klang Valley"), [Penang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang "Penang"), [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru"), Malacca, [Ipoh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipoh "Ipoh"), [Kuantan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuantan "Kuantan"), [Kota Kinabalu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu "Kota Kinabalu"), [Miri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miri,_Malaysia "Miri, Malaysia") and [Kuching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuching "Kuching").
### UN Peacekeeping missions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: UN Peacekeeping missions")\]
Irish [United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") (UN) peacekeepers outside Ireland also celebrate Saint Patrick's Day. For example, in 2021, the [United Nations Disengagement Observer Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Disengagement_Observer_Force "United Nations Disengagement Observer Force")'s Irish contingent led a parade in Syria where members received shamrocks and 35 personnel were presented with the [UN Peacekeeping Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1 "United Nations Peacekeeping Medal (page does not exist)").[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-190)
### International Space Station
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: International Space Station")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chris_Hadfield_in_the_Space_Station_on_Saint_Patrick%27s_Day.jpg)
Astronaut [Chris Hadfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hadfield "Chris Hadfield") wearing green in the [International Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station "International Space Station") on Saint Patrick's Day, 2013
Astronauts on board the [International Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station "International Space Station") have celebrated the festival in different ways. Irish-American [Catherine Coleman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Coleman "Catherine Coleman") played a hundred-year-old flute belonging to [Matt Molloy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Molloy "Matt Molloy") and a [tin whistle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_whistle "Tin whistle") belonging to [Paddy Moloney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Moloney "Paddy Moloney"), both members of the Irish music group [The Chieftains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chieftains "The Chieftains"), while floating weightless in the space station on Saint Patrick's Day in 2011.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-191)[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-192)[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-193) Her performance was later included in a track called "The Chieftains in Orbit" on the group's 2012 album, *[Voice of Ages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_Ages "Voice of Ages")*.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-194)
[Chris Hadfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hadfield "Chris Hadfield") took photographs of Ireland from Earth orbit, and a picture of himself wearing green clothing in the space station, and posted them online on Saint Patrick's Day in 2013. He also posted online a recording of himself singing "[Danny Boy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Boy "Danny Boy")" in space.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-195)[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-196)
Saint Patrick's Day celebrations have been criticised, particularly for their association with [public drunkenness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_drunkenness "Public drunkenness") and [disorderly conduct](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disorderly_conduct "Disorderly conduct"). Some argue that the festivities have become too [commercialised](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercialism "Commercialism") and tacky,[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002240-197)[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-198) and have strayed from their original purpose of honouring Saint Patrick and Irish heritage.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-199)[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-200)[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002240-197) Irish American journalist [Niall O'Dowd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_O%27Dowd "Niall O'Dowd") has criticised attempts to recast Saint Patrick's Day as a celebration of [multiculturalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism "Multiculturalism") rather than a celebration of Irishness.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-201)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Man_in_Leprechaun_Outfit_on_St_Patrick%27s_Day.jpg)
Man in a [leprechaun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprechaun "Leprechaun") outfit on Saint Patrick's Day
Saint Patrick's Day celebrations have also been criticised for fostering demeaning stereotypes of Ireland and [Irish people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people "Irish people").[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002240-197) An example is the wearing of '[leprechaun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprechaun "Leprechaun") outfits',[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-202) which are based on derogatory 19th century caricatures of the Irish.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-203) In the run up to Saint Patrick's Day 2014, the [Ancient Order of Hibernians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Order_of_Hibernians "Ancient Order of Hibernians") successfully campaigned to stop major American retailers from selling novelty merchandise that promoted negative Irish stereotypes.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-204)
Saint Patrick's Day celebrations outside Ireland have been described by critics as displays of "[Plastic Paddyness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_Paddy "Plastic Paddy")"; where foreigners [appropriate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_appropriation "Cultural appropriation") and misrepresent [Irish culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_culture "Irish culture"), claim Irish identity, and enact Irish stereotypes.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-205)
[LGBTQ groups in the US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States "LGBTQ rights in the United States") were long banned from marching in Saint Patrick's Day parades in [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") and [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston "Boston"). In 1995, the [Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "Supreme Court of the United States")'s landmark decision in *[Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurley_v._Irish-American_Gay,_Lesbian,_and_Bisexual_Group_of_Boston "Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston")* affirmed event organizers' rights to determine the messages that their events conveyed, effectively permitting the exclusion of LGBTQ groups. The bans on LGBTQ group participation in New York City and Boston were lifted in 2014 and 2015, respectively.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-206)[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-207) However, LGBTQ groups still experience barriers to participation[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-208) and have organized alternative, inclusive events such as [St. Pat's for All](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Pat%27s_for_All "St. Pat's for All") in [Queens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens "Queens").
- Traditionally the finals of the [All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Club_Football_Championship "All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship") and [All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Club_Hurling_Championship "All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship") were held on Saint Patrick's Day in [Croke Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croke_Park "Croke Park"), Dublin, but since 2020 these now take place in January. The [Interprovincial Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interprovincial_Championship "Interprovincial Championship") was previously held on 17 March but this was switched to games being played in Autumn.
- The [Leinster Schools Rugby Senior Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster_Schools_Rugby_Senior_Cup "Leinster Schools Rugby Senior Cup"), [Munster Schools Rugby Senior Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster_Schools_Rugby_Senior_Cup "Munster Schools Rugby Senior Cup") and [Ulster Schools Senior Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Schools_Senior_Cup "Ulster Schools Senior Cup") finals are held on Saint Patrick's Day. The [Connacht Schools Rugby Senior Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connacht_Schools_Rugby_Senior_Cup "Connacht Schools Rugby Senior Cup") final is held on the weekend before Saint Patrick's Day.
- Horse racing at the [Cheltenham Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham_Festival "Cheltenham Festival") attracts large numbers of Irish people, both residents of Britain and many who travel from Ireland, and usually coincides with Saint Patrick's Day.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-209)
- The [Six Nations Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship "Six Nations Championship") is an annual international rugby Union tournament competed by [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team "England national rugby union team"), [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team "France national rugby union team"), [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team "Ireland national rugby union team"), [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_rugby_union_team "Italy national rugby union team"), [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team "Scotland national rugby union team"), and [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team "Wales national rugby union team") and reaches its climax on or around Saint Patrick's Day.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-210)[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-211) On [St Patrick's Day 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Six_Nations_Championship "2018 Six Nations Championship"), Ireland defeated England 24–15 at [Twickenham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium "Twickenham Stadium"), [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London "London") to claim the third [Grand Slam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_\(rugby_union\) "Grand Slam (rugby union)") in their history.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-212)[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-213)
- The [Saint Patrick's Day Test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_Test "Saint Patrick's Day Test") is an international [rugby league](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league "Rugby league") tournament that is played between the [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_league_team "United States national rugby league team") and [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_league_team "Ireland national rugby league team"). The competition was first started in 1995 and continued in 1996, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2011, and 2012. Ireland won the first two tests as well as the one in 2011, with the US winning the remaining 5. The game is usually held on or around 17 March to coincide with Saint Patrick's Day.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-214)
- The [major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_of_the_United_States_and_Canada "Major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada") that play during March often wear special [third jerseys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_jersey "Third jersey") to acknowledge the holiday. Examples include the [Buffalo Sabres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres "Buffalo Sabres") (who have worn special Irish-themed practice jerseys), [Toronto Maple Leafs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs "Toronto Maple Leafs") (who wear [Toronto St. Patricks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_St._Patricks "Toronto St. Patricks") throwbacks), [New York Knicks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Knicks "New York Knicks"), [Toronto Raptors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Raptors "Toronto Raptors"), and most [Major League Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball "Major League Baseball") teams. The [New Jersey Devils](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils "New Jersey Devils") have worn their green-and-red throwback jerseys on or around Saint Patrick's Day in recent years.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_note-215)
- [Gaelic calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_calendar "Gaelic calendar"), also known as Irish calendar
- "[It's a Great Day for the Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Great_Day_for_the_Irish "It's a Great Day for the Irish")"
- [Order of St. Patrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Patrick "Order of St. Patrick")
- [Saint Patrick's Breastplate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Breastplate "Saint Patrick's Breastplate")
- [St. Patrick's Day Snowstorm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day_Snowstorm "St. Patrick's Day Snowstorm") of 1892
- [Saint Brigid of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Brigid_of_Ireland "Saint Brigid of Ireland")
- [Saint Urho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Urho "Saint Urho")
- [Unofficial Saint Patrick's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unofficial_Saint_Patrick%27s_Day "Unofficial Saint Patrick's Day")
- [Saint Andrew's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Andrew%27s_Day "Saint Andrew's Day")
- [Saint David's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_David%27s_Day "Saint David's Day")
- [Saint George's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day_in_England "Saint George's Day in England")
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-1)**
Bolton, Doug (16 March 2016). ["One Irish creative agency is leading the charge against 'St. Patty's Day'"](https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/st-patricks-day-2016-pattys-day-name-google-chrome-extension-a6935141.html). *The Independent*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180312211704/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/st-patricks-day-2016-pattys-day-name-google-chrome-extension-a6935141.html) from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018. "That's the thinking behind the No More Patty Google Chrome extension, created by Dublin-based creative agency in the Company of Huskies. The extension can be installed in a few clicks, and automatically replaces every online mention of the "very wrong" 'Patty' with the "absolutely right" 'Paddy'."
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-2)**
Jenkins, Aric (15 March 2017). ["Why Some Irish People Don't Want You to Call It St. Patty's Day"](https://time.com/4703066/st-patricks-day-paddys-pattys-dublin-ireland/). *Time*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190510120240/http://time.com/4703066/st-patricks-day-paddys-pattys-dublin-ireland/) from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-3)**
["Is It "St. Patrick's Day" Or "St. Patricks Day"?"](https://www.dictionary.com/e/st-patricks-day-apostrophe/). *dictionary.com*. 17 March 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200318055949/https://www.dictionary.com/e/st-patricks-day-apostrophe/) from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-4)**
Jordan Valinsky. (8 January 2015). ["Dublin Airport would like to remind you it's St. Paddy's Day, not St. Patty's Day"](https://theweek.com/speedreads/456377/dublin-airport-like-remind-st-paddys-day-not-st-pattys-day). *The Week*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200328154635/https://theweek.com/speedreads/456377/dublin-airport-like-remind-st-paddys-day-not-st-pattys-day) from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-RitschelMichallon2022_5-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-RitschelMichallon2022_5-1)
Ritschel, Chelsea; Michallon, Clémence (17 March 2022). ["What is the meaning behind St Patrick's Day?"](https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/st-patricks-day-ireland-history-b2037858.html). *[The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")*. Retrieved 17 March 2022. "The day of celebration, which marks the day of St Patrick's death, is a religious holiday meant to celebrate the arrival of Christianity in Ireland, and made official by the Catholic Church in the early 17th century. Observed by the Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Lutheran Church, the day was typically observed with services, feasts and alcohol."
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Ariel2018_6-0)**
Ariel, Shlomo (2018). *Multi-Dimensional Therapy with Families, Children and Adults: The Diamond Model*. [Routledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge "Routledge"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-351-58794-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-58794-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-351-58794-5")
. "In many culture, identity perception is supported by constitutive myths, traditions and rituals (e.g. the Jewish Passover, the myth of the foundation of Rome \[the tale of Romulus and Remus\] and St. Patrick's Day, which commemorates the arrival of Christianity to Ireland and celebrates the heritage and culture of the Irish in general)."
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-7)**
["St Patrick's Day celebrations"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110515055936/http://www.ireland.anglican.org/index.php?do=news&newsid=3496). *Church of Ireland*. The Irish Times. 12 March 2011. Archived from [the original](http://www.ireland.anglican.org/index.php?do=news&newsid=3496) on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2013 – via ireland.anglican.org.
8. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_1_8-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_1_8-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_1_8-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_1_8-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_1_8-4)
Willard Burgess Moore (1989). [*Circles of Tradition: Folk Arts in Minnesota*](https://archive.org/details/circlesoftraditi00moor). Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. [52](https://archive.org/details/circlesoftraditi00moor/page/52). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780873512398](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873512398 "Special:BookSources/9780873512398")
. Retrieved 13 November 2010. "In nineteenth-century America it became a celebration of Irishness, more than a religious occasion, though attending Mass continues as an essential part of the day."
9. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_2_9-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_2_9-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_2_9-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_2_9-3)
Willard Burgess Moore (1989). [*Circles of Tradition: Folk Arts in Minnesota*](https://archive.org/details/circlesoftraditi00moor). Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. [52](https://archive.org/details/circlesoftraditi00moor/page/52). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780873512398](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873512398 "Special:BookSources/9780873512398")
. Retrieved 13 November 2010. "The religious occasion did involve the wearing of shamrocks, an Irish symbol of the Holy Trinity, and the lifting of Lenten restrictions on drinking."
10. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_5_10-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_5_10-1)
Barth, Edna (2001). [*Shamrocks, Harps, and Shillelaghs: The Story of the St. Patrick's Day Symbols*](https://books.google.com/books?id=7FleEqDJZD8C&pg=PA7). Sandpiper. p. 7. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0618096515](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0618096515 "Special:BookSources/0618096515")
. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151121192012/https://books.google.com/books?id=7FleEqDJZD8C&pg=PA7) from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2010. "For most Irish-Americans, this holiday (from holy day) is partially religious but overwhelmingly festive. For most Irish people in Ireland the day has little to do with religion at all and St. Patrick's Day church services are followed by parades and parties, the latter being the best attended. The festivities are marked by Irish music, songs, and dances."
11. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_3_11-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_3_11-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_3_11-2)
Nagle, John (2009). [*Multiculturalism's Double-Bind*](https://books.google.com/books?id=f-HhnQEACAAJ). [Ashgate Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing "Ashgate Publishing"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-754-67607-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-754-67607-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-754-67607-2")
. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200819064358/https://books.google.com/books?id=f-HhnQEACAAJ) from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2010. "Like many other forms of carnival, St. Patrick's Day is a feast day, a break from Lent in which adherents are allowed to temporarily abandon rigorous fasting by indulging the forbidden. Since alcohol is often proscribed during Lent the copious consumption of alcohol is seen as an integral part of St. Patrick's day."
12. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_4_12-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Irish_Culture_4_12-1)
James Terence Fisher (2007). [*Communion of Immigrants: A History of Catholics in America*](https://books.google.com/books?id=voeg2IjM4YAC&pg=PA88). [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780199842254](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199842254 "Special:BookSources/9780199842254")
. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151006103354/https://books.google.com/books?id=voeg2IjM4YAC&pg=PA88) from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2010. "The 40-day period (not counting Sundays) prior to Easter is known as Lent, a time of prayer and fasting. Pastors of Irish-American parishes often supplied "dispensations" for St. Patrick s Day, enabling parishioners to forego Lenten sacrifices in order to celebrate the feast of their patron saint."
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-13)**
["Public holidays in Ireland"](http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/employment/employment_rights_and_conditions/leave_and_holidays/public_holidays_in_ireland.html). Citizens Information Board. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101117072632/http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/employment/employment_rights_and_conditions/leave_and_holidays/public_holidays_in_ireland.html) from the original on 17 November 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2010. "There is only one place outside of Ireland that celebrates St. Patrick's Day as a national public holiday: the island of Montserrat. The small pear-shaped island is about 40 square miles and is located just south of Antigua. It's known as the Emerald Isle of the Caribbean."
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-14)**
["Bank holidays"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101122114013/http://www.nidirect.gov.uk/index/government-citizens-and-rights/living-in-northern-ireland/bank-holidays.htm). NI Direct. Archived from [the original](http://www.nidirect.gov.uk/index/government-citizens-and-rights/living-in-northern-ireland/bank-holidays.htm) on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-15)**
Ritschel, Chelsea (17 March 2019). ["St Patrick's Day 2019: When is it and where can I celebrate?"](https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/st-patricks-day-2019-when-where-events-history-fancy-dress-costume-a8818061.html). *The Independent*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190423230741/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/st-patricks-day-2019-when-where-events-history-fancy-dress-costume-a8818061.html) from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-16)**
["St Patrick's Day – Department of Foreign Affairs"](https://www.dfa.ie/irish-embassy/south-africa/our-role/irish-community/st-patricks-day/). *www.dfa.ie*.
17. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002242_17-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002242_17-1) [Cronin & Adair (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#CITEREFCroninAdair2002), p. 242[\[1\]](https://books.google.com/books?id=5TYHqrao2PwC&pg=SL26-PA42)
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-18)**
Varin, Andra. ["The Americanization of St. Patrick's Day"](https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=91823). *ABC News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200417133943/https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=91823) from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-19)**
["Confession of St. Patrick"](http://www.ccel.org/ccel/patrick/confession.ii.html). Christian Classics Ethereal Library at Calvin College. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20091216091245/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/patrick/confession.ii.html) from the original on 16 December 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-20)**
Bridgwater, William; Kurtz, Seymour, eds. (1963). "Saint Patrick". *The Columbia Encyclopedia* (3rd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 1611–12\.
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002xxiii_21-0)** [Cronin & Adair (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#CITEREFCroninAdair2002), p. xxiii.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-22)**
["Seachtain na Gaeilge – 1 – 17 MARCH 2021"](https://snag.ie/) (in Irish). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210310110330/https://snag.ie/) from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-23)** St Patrick's Day: Globe Goes Green. (17 March 2018). [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News"). Retrieved 8 January 2019.
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-24)** The World Goes Green for St Patrick's Day. (16 March 2018) [RTE News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTE_News "RTE News"). Retrieved 8 January 2019
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-25)** Global Greening Campaign 2018. (2018) [Tourism Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_Ireland "Tourism Ireland"). Retrieved 8 January 2019
26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-26)** Ó Conghaile, Pól. (16 March 2018). Green Lights: See the Landmarks Going Green for St Patrick's Day!. [Independent.ie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent.ie "Independent.ie") Retrieved 8 January 2019
27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-27)**
Lucy Price (18 January 2024). ["How is St. Patrick's Day Celebrated in Ireland in 2024?"](https://www.travellertoday.com/best-places-celebrate-st-patricks-day/). *www.travellertoday.com*. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair200226_28-0)** [Cronin & Adair (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#CITEREFCroninAdair2002), p. 26.
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-29)**
Santino, Jack (1995). *All Around the Year: Holidays and Celebrations in American Life*. University of Illinois Press. p. 82.
30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-30)**
Hickey, Donal (17 March 2014). ["The facts about shamrock"](http://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/outdoors/donal-hickey/the-facts-about-shamrock-262195.html). *[Irish Examiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Examiner "Irish Examiner")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160312072313/http://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/outdoors/donal-hickey/the-facts-about-shamrock-262195.html) from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-31)** [How St Patrick's Day Celebrations Went Global](https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/03/09/how-st-patricks-day-celebrations-went-global) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190109011907/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/03/09/how-st-patricks-day-celebrations-went-global) 9 January 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") (9 March 2018) [The Economist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist "The Economist") Retrieved 8 January 2019
32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-32)** Doyle, Kevin. (16 January 2018). [St Patrick's Day Exodus to See Ministers Travel to 35 Countries](https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/politics/st-patricks-day-exodus-to-see-ministers-travel-to-35-countries-36495240.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190108202901/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/politics/st-patricks-day-exodus-to-see-ministers-travel-to-35-countries-36495240.html) 8 January 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). [Irish Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Independent "Irish Independent"). Retrieved 8 January 2019
33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-natgeo_33-0)**
Vernon, Jennifer (15 March 2004). ["St. Patrick's Day: Fact vs. Fiction"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081202063415/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/03/0312_040312_stpatrick_2.html). *National Geographic News*. p. 2. Archived from [the original](http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/03/0312_040312_stpatrick_2.html) on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-34)**
Newell, Jill (16 March 2000). ["Holiday has history"](http://www.csulb.edu/~d49er/spring00/news/v7n91-holiday.html). *Daily Forty-Niner*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090316052428/http://www.csulb.edu/~d49er/spring00/news/v7n91-holiday.html) from the original on 16 March 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
35. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Monaghan2009_35-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Monaghan2009_35-1)
Monaghan, Patricia (1 January 2009). *The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore*. Infobase Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-438-11037-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-438-11037-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-438-11037-0")
. "There is no evidence that the clover or wood sorrel (both of which are called shamrocks) were sacred to the Celts in any way. However, the Celts had a philosophical and cosmological vision of triplicity, with many of their divinities appearing in three. Thus when St Patrick, attempting to convert the Druids on Beltane, held up a shamrock and discoursed on the Christian Trinity, the three-in-one god, he was doing more than finding a homely symbol for a complex religious concept. He was indicating knowledge of the significance of three in the Celtic realm, a knowledge that probably made his mission far easier and more successful than if he had been unaware of that number's meaning."
36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Hegarty2012_36-0)**
Hegarty, Neil (24 April 2012). *Story of Ireland*. Ebury Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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. "In some ways, though, the Christian mission resonated: pre-Christian devotion was characterized by, for example, the worship of gods in groups of three, by sayings collected in threes (triads), and so on – from all of which the concept of the Holy Trinity was not so very far removed. Against this backdrop the myth of Patrick and his three-leafed shamrock fits quite neatly."
37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-37)**
Homan, Roger (2006). *The Art of the Sublime: Principles of Christian Art and Architecture*. Ashgate Publishing. p. 37.
38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Santino1995_38-0)**
Santino, Jack (1995). [*All Around the Year: Holidays and Celebrations in American Life*](https://archive.org/details/allaroundyear00jack/page/80). University of Illinois Press. p. [80](https://archive.org/details/allaroundyear00jack/page/80). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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39. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Koch2005_39-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Koch2005_39-1)
Koch, John T. (2005). [*Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&q=Go%C3%ADdel+Glas&pg=PA830). Vol. 1 A-Celti. Oxford: ABC-Clio. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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40. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-MacKillop2005_40-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-MacKillop2005_40-1)
Mackillop, James (2005). [*Myths and Legends of the Celts*](https://books.google.com/books?id=HI5yXNhbebYC&pg=PT215). London: Penguin Books. pp. 145–146\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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41. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Macalister1939_41-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Macalister1939_41-1)
Macalister, Robert Alexander Stewart (1939). [*Lebor Gabála Érenn: The Book of the Taking of Ireland*](https://archive.org/details/LeborGablarennTheBookOfTheTakingOfIreland-Volume21939). Vol. 2. Dublin: Irish Texts Society by the Educational Co. of Ireland. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
42. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-42)** Phelan, Rachel, (May/June 2016). ["James Connolly's ‘Green Flag of Ireland'"](https://www.historyireland.com/volume-24/james-connollys-green-flag-ireland/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201111175128/https://www.historyireland.com/volume-24/james-connollys-green-flag-ireland/) 11 November 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") [History Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Ireland "History Ireland") Vol. 24 Issue 3, pp. 8–9. Retrieved from History Ireland on 26 March 2018
43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002_43-0)** [Cronin & Adair (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#CITEREFCroninAdair2002).
44. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-history.com_44-0)**
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45. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-45)** Kelly, James. *That Damn'd Thing Called Honour: Duelling in Ireland, 1570–1860*. Cork University Press, 1995. p.65
46. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-46)** *The Fundamental Laws, Statutes and Constitutions of the Ancient Order of the Friendly Brothers of Saint Patrick*. 1751.
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58. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-58)**
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63. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Danaher_63-0)**
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64. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-omara1_64-0)**
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65. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-65)** Munster Express, 14 March 1903 \[*[full citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\]
66. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-munster_express_66-0)** Munster Express, 21 March 1903, p.3\[*[full citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\]
67. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-67)** Waterford Chronicle, 18 March 1903\[*[full citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\]
68. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-68)** Waterford News, 20 March 1903\[*[full citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\]
69. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002105_69-0)** [Cronin & Adair (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#CITEREFCroninAdair2002), p. 105.
70. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002108_70-0)** [Cronin & Adair (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#CITEREFCroninAdair2002), p. 108.
71. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002134_71-0)** [Cronin & Adair (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#CITEREFCroninAdair2002), p. 134.
72. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002135%E2%80%93136_72-0)** [Cronin & Adair (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#CITEREFCroninAdair2002), pp. 135–136.
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76. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-76)** [RTE News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTE_News "RTE News"). (2016). [St Patrick's Day In May](https://www.rte.ie/archives/2016/0418/782638-st-patricks-day-in-may/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191218155751/https://www.rte.ie/archives/2016/0418/782638-st-patricks-day-in-may/) 18 December 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). [RTE Archives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_Libraries_and_Archives "RTÉ Libraries and Archives"). Retrieved 9 March 2020.
77. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-77)** [CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN"). (18 May 2001). [Late St. Patrick's Day for Ireland](https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/05/18/saint.patrick/index.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190909210528/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/05/18/saint.patrick/index.html) 9 September 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). Retrieved 9 March 2020.
78. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-78)** Reid, Lorna. (2 March 2001) [St Patrick's Day Parade 'Postponed'](https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/st-patricks-day-parade-postponed-26092049.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200420223404/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/st-patricks-day-parade-postponed-26092049.html) 20 April 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") [Irish Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Independent "Irish Independent"). Retrieved 9 March 2020.
79. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-79)** BBC News. (9 March 2020). [Coronavirus: Irish St Patrick's Day Parades Cancelled](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51806551) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200501174913/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51806551) 1 May 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News"). Retrieved 9 March 2020.
80. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-80)** Bain, Mark. (9 March 2020). [Coronavirus: Dublin St Patrick's Day Parade Cancelled as Belfast Council Considers Own Event.](https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/republic-of-ireland/coronavirus-dublin-st-patricks-day-parade-cancelled-as-belfast-council-considers-own-event-39028475.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200310231347/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/republic-of-ireland/coronavirus-dublin-st-patricks-day-parade-cancelled-as-belfast-council-considers-own-event-39028475.html) 10 March 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") [Belfast Telegraph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph "Belfast Telegraph") Retrieved 9 March 2020.
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82. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-82)** O'Loughlin, Ciara. (20 January 2021). [National St Patrick's Day parade cancelled for second year in a row](https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/national-st-patricks-day-parade-cancelled-for-second-year-in-a-row-39989631.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210121102022/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/national-st-patricks-day-parade-cancelled-for-second-year-in-a-row-39989631.html) 21 January 2021 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") [Irish Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Independent "Irish Independent"). Retrieved 2 February 2021.
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84. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-84)** Bowers, Shauna. (20 January 2021). [St Patrick's Day parade cancelled for second year in a row due to Covid-19](https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/st-patrick-s-day-parade-cancelled-for-second-year-in-a-row-due-to-covid-19-1.4463077) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210123234455/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/st-patrick-s-day-parade-cancelled-for-second-year-in-a-row-due-to-covid-19-1.4463077) 23 January 2021 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") [The Irish Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times "The Irish Times"). Retrieved 2 February 2021.
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86. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002175%E2%80%93177_86-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002175%E2%80%93177_86-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002175%E2%80%93177_86-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002175%E2%80%93177_86-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninAdair2002175%E2%80%93177_86-4) [Cronin & Adair (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#CITEREFCroninAdair2002), pp. 175–177.
87. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-87)**
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88. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-hist_88-0)**
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89. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-festival_89-0)**
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90. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-90)**
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93. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-93)**
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94. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-94)**
Cooney, John (12 March 2007). ["More piety, fewer pints 'best way to celebrate'"](https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/more-piety-fewer-pints-best-way-to-celebrate-26270094.html). *The Irish Independent*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210601064951/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/more-piety-fewer-pints-best-way-to-celebrate-26270094.html) from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
95. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-95)**
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96. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-96)**
Perry, Jack. ["Peace in the streets: Arkansas and RI settle world's shortest St. Patrick's parade battle"](https://www.providencejournal.com/story/news/good-news/2024/02/15/shortest-st-patricks-day-parade-dispute-ends-with-truce/72595866007/). *Providence Journal*. Retrieved 11 February 2025.
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101. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Pages_180%E2%80%93183_101-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-Pages_180%E2%80%93183_101-1)
Cronin, Mike; Adair, Daryl (2002). *The Wearing of the Green: A History of St. Patrick's Day*. Routledge. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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Mcbrien, Richard P. (2009). [*Lives of the Saints: From Mary and St. Francis of Assisi to John XXIII and Mother Teresa*](https://books.google.com/books?id=IuOlQJPbycwC&pg=PA135). [HarperOne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperOne "HarperOne"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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104. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-104)**
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108. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-108)**
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112. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-CoatbridgeFestival_112-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-CoatbridgeFestival_112-1)
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116. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-maltaindependent2018-03-18_116-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-maltaindependent2018-03-18_116-1)
Micallef, Roberta (18 March 2018). ["St Patrick's Day in Malta – how it started, and where it's going"](http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2018-03-18/local-news/St-Patrick-s-Day-in-Malta-how-it-started-and-where-it-s-going-6736186439). *[The Malta Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malta_Independent "The Malta Independent")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180318121643/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2018-03-18/local-news/St-Patrick-s-Day-in-Malta-how-it-started-and-where-it-s-going-6736186439) from the original on 18 March 2018.
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Azzopardi, Karl (17 March 2018). ["Thousands take to the street of St Julian's for St Patrick's Day celebrations"](https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/85371/thousands_take_to_the_street_of_st_julians_for_st_patricks_day_celebrations_). *[Malta Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_Today "Malta Today")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180317221548/https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/85371/thousands_take_to_the_street_of_st_julians_for_st_patricks_day_celebrations_) from the original on 17 March 2018.
118. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-118)**
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119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#cite_ref-119)**
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Mitchell, Georgina (17 March 2018). ["St Patrick's day celebrations to turn Moore Park into the 'green quarter'"](https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/st-patrick-s-day-celebrations-to-turn-moore-park-into-the-green-quarter-20180317-p4z4ui.html). *[The Sydney Morning Herald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald "The Sydney Morning Herald")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210207091307/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/st-patrick-s-day-celebrations-to-turn-moore-park-into-the-green-quarter-20180317-p4z4ui.html) from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
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`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"))
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Chere, Rich (16 March 2015). ["How do the Devils feel about wearing the green and red retro jerseys?"](http://www.nj.com/devils/index.ssf/2015/03/how_do_the_devils_feel_about_wearing_the_green_and.html). *NJ.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170803223803/http://www.nj.com/devils/index.ssf/2015/03/how_do_the_devils_feel_about_wearing_the_green_and.html) from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
- Cronin, Mike; Adair, Daryl (2002). *The Wearing of the Green: A History of St. Patrick's Day*. Routledge. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-415-18004-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18004-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18004-7")
.
- [Saint Patrick's Day History](https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/17/st-patricks-day-history-m_n_502386.html) – slideshow by *[The Huffington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post "The Huffington Post")* |
| Shard | 152 (laksa) |
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