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URLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang
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Rendang Minangkabau randang from Padang Alternative names samba randang , riyandang Course Main course Place of origin Attributed to multiple regions. See the perspectives here Region or state Southeast Asia Associated cuisine Indonesia , [ 1 ] Malaysia , [ 2 ] Singapore Serving temperature Hot Main ingredients beef or chicken , chili pepper , turmeric , and coconut milk Variations rendang santan , rendang pedas , rendang kuning , rendang hitam , rendang tok , randang darek , randang pasisia Similar dishes basmah, kerutuk , kalio , beef fry , bafad Cookbook: Rendang   Media: Rendang Rendang [ n 1 ] is a fried meat [ 3 ] [ 4 ] or dry curry [ 5 ] made of meat stewed in coconut milk and spices, [ 6 ] widely popular across Brunei , Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , and the Philippines , where each version is considered local cuisine. It refers to both a cooking method of frying and the dish cooked in that way. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] The process involves slowly cooking meat in spiced coconut milk in an uncovered pot or pan until the oil separates, allowing the dish to fry in its own sauce, coating the meat in a rich, flavorful glaze. [ 10 ] Rooted in Malay and Minangkabau , rendang developed at the cultural crossroads of the Malacca Strait . The dish carries strong Indian influences, as many of its key ingredients are staples in Indian cooking. [ 11 ] The introduction of chili peppers by the Portuguese through the Columbian exchange after the capture of Malacca in 1511, played a key role in the evolution of rendang. [ 9 ] Malay and Minangkabau traders frequently carried rendang as provisions, allowing the dish to travel naturally through cultural exchange between the Sumatra and Malay Peninsula . In 20th century, the deeply rooted migratory tradition of the Minangkabau people further maintained and contributed to the dish's spread, as they introduced Minang-style rendang to the various places they settled. [ 9 ] As a signature dish in Southeast Asian Muslim cuisines—Malay, Minangkabau (as samba randang ), and Moro (as riyandang )—rendang is traditionally served at ceremonial occasions and festive gatherings, such as wedding feasts and Hari Raya ( Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha ). Nowadays, it is commonly served at food stalls and restaurants as a side dish with rice. In 2009, Malaysia recognized rendang as a heritage food. [ 2 ] Indonesia granted rendang cultural heritage status in 2013 [ 1 ] and officially declared it one of its national dishes in 2018. [ 12 ] Etymology and definitions Both the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia and Kamus Dewan define rendang as meat cooked with spices and coconut milk until completely dry; [ 13 ] [ 7 ] rendang is also a verb for the action of frying in a pan with or without oil (only in Kamus Dewan). Food historian Khir Johari explains that rendang had a broader meaning for frying in general before the prevalence of goreng . For instance, Munshi Abdullah in his 1838 travelogue to Kelantan described the people of Terengganu enjoying rendang pisang ( fried banana fritters ) — what the Malays now called goreng pisang or pisang goreng . [ 14 ] : 191–193  A 1960 article from Azizah Ja'afar in Berita Harian 's Dewan Wanita section [ n 2 ] lists rendang as "frying with a generous amount of oil", similar to merendang pisang or jemput-jemput (fried fritters), where the things being fried would float in the hot oil. This distinguishes rendang from goreng , which involves little to no oil, as seen in dishes like nasi goreng or mi goreng . Additionally, "rendang" is also the name of a traditional Malay dish known for its rich, spicy flavors, such as rendang santan (meat cooked in coconut milk), and rendang pedas (spiced meat). [ 8 ] The meanings of rendang from 17th-century Malay wordlists. [ 16 ] Year Author Description 1623 C. Wiltens, and S. Danckaerts to fry in butter or oil, to fry, to fricassee 1677 F. Gueynier to fry in a pan, to fricassee, to sautĂ© Linguist Tom G. Hoogervorst's etymological research traces rendang back to the 17th-century Malay wordlists. [ 16 ] The name rendang comes from the frying process; by the late 19th century, rendang was associated more specifically with a type of dry curry by British colonial officials in Malaya, where it is noted that Malays distinguished rendang as a dry curry and gulai as a wet curry. [ 5 ] In olden times, rendang was often translated to English as "fried meat" [ 3 ] or "dry curry". [ 5 ] Rendang entered Oxford English Dictionary through Malay and Indonesian rendang which also cognates with Minangkabau randang . [ 17 ] Gusti Asnan notes that the earliest recorded mention of randang in the Minangkabau context appears in J.L. van der Toorn's Minangkabau-Malay-Dutch dictionary published in 1891. [ 18 ] This word in turn comes from marandang , which means cooking food slowly until the food becomes dry. [ citation needed ] The Minangkabau people brought rendang as a provision because of its ability to last a long time when moving to other regions. History Timeline of documentation The first known use of the word Food historian Fadly Rahman traces the earliest reference to rendang to the early 16th-century Malay manuscript Hikayat Amir Hamzah associated with the Malacca Sultanate [ n 3 ] (1400–1528). [ 9 ] Written during the spread of Islam in the Malay world, this adaptation of the Persian Hamzanama was later compiled into Malay and intended to inspire Malacca's soldiers in their fight against the Portuguese in 1511. In Malay version, there mentioned the words "rendang" and "merendang" (roasting) which is quoted as follows: [ 9 ] ...Khoja Buzurjumhur Hakim pun pergi pula ke kedai orang merendang daging kambing, lalu ia berkata ‘beri apalah daging kambing rendang ini barang segumpal... Translation: ...Khoja Buzurjumhur Hakim went to the stall where people were merendang (roasting) goat meat and said, 'give me just a piece of this goat meat rendang ...' This passage suggests that merendang refers to a cooking technique, while rendang describes the resulting dish have been part of the Malay vocabulary since the 16th century. [ 9 ] Earliest references in European texts The Dutch-Malay dictionary from 1650 lists rendang as the translation for the Dutch word fricasseren , an archaic Dutch spelling of fricassee . [ n 4 ] [ 20 ] [ 9 ] Hoogervorst's research, traces the modern term rendang back to the Malay-Dutch dictionary first compiled in Ambon and published by Caspar Wiltens and Sebastiaan Danckaert in 1623, [ 19 ] [ 21 ] where it was defined as "to fry in butter or oil, to fry, to fricassee". [ 16 ] The dictionary was expanded and updated multiple times. According to Fadly Rahman, the author of the dictionary attempted to translate rendang using a European dish, something that his readers would be familiar with — fricassee , a French cooking method that involves cutting meat into pieces and braising it. [ 9 ] As a tradition in royal Malay banquets Khir Johari notes that rendang tumis is mentioned in the Hikayat Hang Tuah , a classic Malay literary masterpiece from around the 17th-century. [ 22 ] Another manuscript, Hikayat Awang Sulung Merah Muda , reflects 18th-century life and cooking traditions. In the narration, a prince hunts and captures a pelanduk (mouse deer), which is then prepared in various styles — tumis , rendang , and gulai . Tumis refers to a dish that is more like soup, while rendang resembles the slow-cooked dish we know today. These manuscripts offer a glimpse into the Malay cuisine of the 17th and 18th centuries. [ 23 ] Historical records from the 19th century, including newspaper reports and travelogues, often described the key ingredients of rempah (spice paste) used in rendang, as well as its regional variations. [ 6 ] Renowned for his refined taste and hospitality, Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor frequently hosted lavish banquets at his Istana Besar in Johor Bahru. [ n 5 ] In 1873, J.F.A. McNair described a royal Malay banquet featuring dishes such as rendang tenggiri and rendang chinchang Plentong . [ 14 ] : 457–460  In 1881, when King David Kalākaua of Hawaii visited Johor, Sultan Abu Bakar served rendang tenggiri as part of the royal reception. [ 24 ] Made popular through cookbooks and newspapers By the early 20th century, rendang recipes began appearing in published cookbooks and newspapers across British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies . On 2 February 1917, Soenting Melajoe featured an article by Datoek Soetan Maharadja, noting that Europeans residing in Palembang, Batavia, and Kupang had written to Minangkabau women, sending money through the magazine's editor to request the preparation and delivery of “rendang Alam Minangkabau”. [ 25 ] The "Mem's" Own Cookery Book: 420 Tried and Economical Recipes for Malaya (1920) by Mrs. Kinsey, published in Singapore, included a recipe for "rundang" that used curry powder and could be served with spaghetti. [ n 6 ] [ 27 ] In 1936, R.A. Kardinah's Cooking Guide for Ladies , published in Batavia, featured a chicken rendang recipe that emphasized slow cooking, though it adapted traditional ingredients. Contemporary era "Padang restaurant" in Surakarta. In Indonesia, rendang is mainly associated with Minangkabau. The popularity of rendang grew with the presence of Minangkabau-style lepau (food stalls) in areas where Minangkabau migrants settled. Their presence in new areas played a significant role in popularizing rendang as a signature dish of West Sumatra. Today, rendang stands as the iconic menu item in Minangkabau restaurants, often accompanied by other meat-based dishes. [ 9 ] In Malaysia and Singapore, rendang is often paired with iconic dishes such as nasi lemak — a national favorite — or lemang , Malay glutinous rice cooked in bamboo, particularly during festivals like Hari Raya. [ 28 ] However, rendang has also become a staple in Malay eateries. It even features on the menus of international restaurants, showcasing its enduring appeal and cultural significance. [ 14 ] Theories on origin From India Rendang, often regarded as an exclusive Malay, Minangkabau dish, is heavily influenced by Indian cuisine. Many of its ingredients, such as cardamom, coriander, garlic, shallots, chili, ginger, galangal, lemongrass, bay leaves, tamarind, and turmeric, are staples in Indian cooking. [ 11 ] Winarno and Agustinah believe rendang may have been inspired by curry, a dish combining meat and spices in North India. Indian traders who traveled to West Sumatra brought their culinary traditions with them, possibly influencing the development of rendang. [ 29 ] It likely traces its roots to Indian merchants, though it has undergone multiple layers of evolution over time. During this period, Malaysia and Indonesia had yet to emerge as distinct geographical entities, resulting in a deep shared culinary and cultural history. [ 30 ] From West Sumatra Gusti Asnan notes that the earliest mention of randang in Minangkabau culture appears in J.L. van der Toorn's dictionary from 1891. However, he believes that it had been familiar to the Minangkabau people long before this record. [ 18 ] Reconstruction of randang history by Gusti Asnan [ 18 ] [ 9 ] [ n 7 ] Randang has been known to Minang Argumentation since the 16th century (or earlier) based on the migration of Minang people to Peninsular Malaysia since the 1830s based on the information in H.J.J.L. Ridder de Stuers' report [ n 8 ] Fadly Rahman inferred that rendang is closely associated with the Islamic tradition, the migratory culture, and the commercial ethics of the Minangkabau people. An early reference to “Rendang Minang”, a dish renowned for its ability to last for months and favored by migrants and traders, dates to 1917. [ 9 ] Possible Portuguese influences Goa, Malacca, and Macau were key stops along the Portuguese spice trade routes (in blue) in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Portuguese also introduced chili to Asia, and these quickly became integral to local cuisines. [ 32 ] : 11–12  According to culinary historian Janet P. Boileau, Portuguese cooks had a unique method of frying meat after braising, unlike the Arab technique of frying before boiling. This approach, adopted by Luso-Asian cooks, may have influenced local culinary practices including rendang. [ 32 ] : 61  When the Portuguese ruled Malacca (1511–1641), they brought various cultural and culinary influences to the Malay Peninsula and neighboring Sumatra . Portuguese cuisine introduced preservation techniques and terms like acar , belacan , baulu , and mentega . [ 9 ] [ 33 ] After Malacca fell to the Dutch , the Kristang community — descendants of Malaccan Portuguese settlers — faced economic challenges and sought cost-effective ways to prepare food. They adopted techniques similar to those used by their counterparts in Portuguese Macau , such as frying meat with minimal water until it blackened, resembling bafado . ( Bafado is derived from the term abafado , which means "a dish of stew".) [ 9 ] This method led to the creation of the Kristang version of dry beef curry [ 30 ] and then spread to the Malay people and reached the Minangkabau. [ 9 ] In the early 16th century, the arrival of TomĂ© Pires and the writings of JoĂŁo de Barros marked the beginning of Portuguese influence in West Sumatra during the Portuguese control of Malacca. [ 25 ] This contact likely introduced culinary elements such as Abafado , meaning “a dish of stew,” which evolved into bafado [ 34 ] and was later adapted as balado in Minangkabau , which has since become a widely recognized culinary term in Minangkabau cuisine . [ 25 ] With both bafado and balado serving food preservation purposes, and considering the movement of Minangkabau traders across the Malacca Strait from Sumatra to Peninsula Malaysia , it reflects Luso's culinary influence may be spread due to human traffic activities between two regions. [ 25 ] Cultural significance Rendang was officially recognized by Malaysia as a National Heritage food in 2009, [ 2 ] celebrated for its rich diversity across the country. Rendang campur was declared in 2012. [ 35 ] Randang from West Sumatra was granted cultural heritage status in 2013 by the Indonesian government. [ 1 ] Rendang holds a special place in Malay and Minangkabau society, celebrated for its deep cultural significance and often reserved for special occasions such as Eid, weddings, and important gatherings. [ 31 ] [ 28 ] In villages, making rendang is a communal effort, with large amounts of meat being cooked in a giant cast-iron cauldron. During the final stage, people work together, stirring with a wooden oar-like spatula for hours to ensure even cooking. This slow frying removes moisture, allowing the meat to absorb the spices while preventing burning or breaking. [ 10 ] Oil gives rendang its signature glossy finish. [ 14 ] : 351  Turmeric leaves are sliced as garnishes. The essence of rendang lies in its meticulous cooking process, where meat or chicken is slow-cooked with fresh coconut milk, aromatic spices, and herbs. This harmonious blend of ingredients represents unity and balance within the Malay community. Beyond its exquisite taste, rendang embodies hospitality, cultural pride, and a connection to heritage. [ 36 ] Malay food traditions make the most of coconuts, knowing that the best coconut milk comes from mature coconuts. People with coconut palms could easily choose the right coconut for rendang the next day. [ 14 ] : 204–205  Oil plays an important role in the dish's presentation, adding a glossy finish whether used for sautĂ©ing or naturally released during cooking. [ 14 ] : 351  Rendang is traditionally associated with festive occasions and ceremonial meals. For example, it took center stage in the royal celebration during the Santapan Nasi Berastakona at Istana Iskandariah following the Perak Sultan 's coronation. Various styles of rendang were served alongside layers of yellow, white, and black glutinous rice in an intricately carved silver octagonal vessel called the Astakona , symbolizing sustenance and harmony. Notable Perak variations of rendang such as rendang tok , rendang ayam , and rendang udang , were thoughtfully prepared and arranged around the rice centerpiece, showcasing the dish's ceremonial importance. [ 37 ] A group of women preparing randang in West Sumatra. In Minangkabau culture, there are three types of food: makanan adat (traditional ceremonial food), samba adat (ceremonial dishes), and makan beradat (formal dining traditions). Rendang belongs to the category of samba adat , which is essential for traditional ceremonies. One key example is rendang daging kerbau (buffalo meat rendang), which symbolizes legitimacy in cultural rituals. Buffalo meat is particularly significant and cannot be substituted, as it is tied to the recognition of a tribal leader's title. [ 31 ] : 16  Rendang, a celebrated dish from the Minangkabau region, is tied to a folk tale about Princess Puti Ranti, a humble and skilled cook. In a royal cooking competition, jealous rivals sabotaged her gulai , causing it to blacken. Despite this, the dish turned out delicious, and Puti Ranti won the contest. The delighted king named the dish rendang , combining her name and that of her future fiancĂ©, Danggala. This story reflects Rendang's significance as a symbol of heritage and pride in Minangkabau culture. [ 31 ] : 5–7  Each ingredient in rendang is reported to carry philosophical symbolism in Minangkabau culture and represents its key values and principles that reflect the way of life and social structure of the people. Rendang has a special position in the culture of the Minangkabau people . The Minangkabau people are famous for their Merantau culture, which is to leave their hometowns in West Sumatra . Minang people in the land area used to travel to the Strait of Malacca to Singapore which took about a month through the river, because along the way there were no villages, the nomads prepared a long-lasting food supply, namely Rendang. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] CNN International conducted a worldwide poll in 2011; it named rendang as the world's most delicious dish, ranking first among 50 dishes. [ 40 ] [ 31 ] : 1–2  Just prior to that ranking, the staff had put rendang at number eleven. [ 41 ] The published article called rendang an " Indonesian dish ". According to Fadly Rahman, many Indonesians don't just see this ranking as proof of rendang's exceptional taste; rather, it has been widely used by the government and culinary communities to reinforce that rendang is an Indonesian dish, not Malaysian . However, what often goes unnoticed is how this claim transforms rendang from a symbol of culinary excellence into a dish laden with political significance. [ 9 ] In 2018, a judge on MasterChef UK sparked controversy by criticizing a contestant's rendang for not being "crispy enough". The remark drew strong reactions from Malaysians, Singaporeans, and Indonesians, leading to widespread debate. In response, some local eateries even created their own crispy versions of rendang. [ 6 ] Philosophy Rendang holds deep philosophical significance for the Minang people of West Sumatra , embodying the values of deliberation and consensus ( musyawarah dan mufakat ). It is rooted in four key ingredients, each symbolizing an essential pillar of Minangkabau society. Dagiang (beef) represents the niniak mamak (traditional tribal leaders), karambia (coconut) symbolizes the cadiak pandai (intellectuals), lado (chili) stands for the alim ulama (religious scholars who strictly uphold teachings), and cook (spices) represents the broader Minangkabau community. [ 38 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Symbolism behind randang ingredients in Minangkabau culture [ 31 ] : 21–27  [ 38 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Ingredient Symbolism Description meat (dagiang) niniak mamak , datuak , or pangulu all three terms refer to tribal or community leaders who are believed to bring prosperity to future generations. They are also seen as unifying figures for all members of the community. coconut milk (karambia) cadiak pandai These intellectuals foster unity among groups and individuals, resolve conflicts, and act as protectors. They also serve as lawmakers for Minangkabau tribes. chili (lado) alim ulama Religious scholars symbolize firmness and dedication in teaching and upholding religious values. spice mixture (pemasak) dubalang , manti , or bundo kanduang In Minangkabau society, every individual has a distinct role, each contributing to the promotion and preservation of Minangkabau culture. This collective participation is a cornerstone of social life. The Minangkabau philosophy in cooking rendang includes three main values: patience, wisdom, and perseverance. The cooking process that requires careful selection of ingredients reflects the good values of the human being. [ 44 ] Composition and cooking method A rendang cooking festival in West Sumatra Rendang is most often described as meat slow-cooked in coconut milk and spices until it becomes tender. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] If cooked properly, dry rendang can last for as long as four weeks. [ 47 ] Prior to refrigeration technology, this style of cooking enabled preservation of large amounts of meat in the tropical climate, [ 48 ] and therefore became a popular cooking technique. [ 49 ] Its durability is one of the reasons that today, prepackaged rendang is sent as food aid relief for natural disaster survivors in Indonesia. [ 46 ] The preferred cut of beef for rendang is lean meat of the rear leg; i.e. topside or round beef, which is considered perfect for slow cooking. [ 50 ] Rendang is rich in spices. Along with the main meat ingredient, rendang uses coconut milk and a paste of mixed ground spices, including ginger , galangal , turmeric leaves, lemongrass , garlic, shallots , chillis and other spices. This spice mixture is called pemasak in Minangkabau. The spices, garlic, shallot, ginger and galangal used in rendang have antimicrobial properties and serve as natural organic preservatives. [ 51 ] Although some culinary experts describe rendang as a curry , [ 45 ] [ 52 ] [ 47 ] the dish is usually not considered as such in Indonesia or Malaysia since it is richer and contains less liquid than is normal for curries . [ 53 ] Traditionally the term rendang does not refer to a certain type of dish. The verb merendang actually refers to a method of slow cooking; continuously churning the ingredients in a pot or frying pan, on a small fire, until all of the liquids evaporate and the meat is well done. [ 54 ] Traditional Padang rendang takes hours to cook. Cooking rendang involves pounding and grinding ingredients as well as slow cooking, and so is time-consuming and requires patience. [ 55 ] The meat pieces are slowly cooked in coconut milk and spices until almost all the liquid is gone, allowing the meat to become tender and absorb the condiments. The cooking process changes from boiling to frying, as the liquid evaporates and the coconut milk turns to coconut oil. [ 56 ] Cooking the meat until tender with almost all the liquid evaporated requires great care, keeping it from getting burnt. Because of its generous use of numerous spices, rendang is known for having a complex and unique taste. Rendang is often served with steamed rice , ketupat (a compressed rice cake) or lemang (glutinous rice cooked in bamboo tubes), accompanied with vegetable side dishes such as boiled cassava leaf, cubadak [ 57 ] (young jackfruit gulai ), cabbage gulai and lado (red or green chilli pepper sambal ). Cooking process - merendang Azizah Ja'afar describes the cooking process of rendang (merendang) as involves simmering the meat in spiced coconut milk in an uncovered pot or pan until the coconut milk's oil separates and coats the meat, giving it a rich, glossy finish. [ 8 ] With a slow fire and constant stirring, it takes around three hours for five kilograms of meat to reduce from a broth (when all the ingredients come together in a wok). From there, it requires an additional two hours before reaching the traditional rendang consistency. [ 10 ] Three stages of merendang cooking [ 10 ] Stages Description First Stage The meat slowly simmers in a rich blend of coconut milk and spices, starting with a gentle boil in the creamy broth. Second Stage As the liquid gradually reduces, the coconut milk releases its natural oils, causing the cooking process to shift from simmering to slow frying. Third and Final Stage: Rendang Over time, the meat deepens in color, frying in its own thickened sauce until it's coated in a dark, flavorful paste. Types Types of rendang in Malay Peninsula and Singapore Betty Yew's cookbook Rasa Malaysia , published in 1982, features 16 rendang recipes that highlight regional nuances. [ 58 ] [ better source needed ] Rendang can be made with a variety of proteins, including buffalo, chicken, duck, mutton, venison, shellfish, birds, and grasshoppers. Popular regional variations include rendang kerbau ( buffalo rendang) from Rembau [ 59 ] and rendang udang galah (giant freshwater prawn rendang) from Lenggong. [ 60 ] Vegetable ingredients like jackfruit , pucuk teh , [ further explanation needed ] pucuk lampin , [ further explanation needed ] and pucuk maman ( Cleome gynandra ) are often added, reflecting the ingenuity of Malay communities in utilizing local resources. [ 59 ] Rendang tok served with ketupat palas . In Perak, rendang is deeply rooted in royal culinary traditions. Notable varieties include rendang tok , rendang ayam (chicken rendang), and rendang udang (shrimp rendang). [ 37 ] Rendang tok , a specialty from Bukit Chandan, is a dry curry made with cubed beef, coconut milk, and a rich blend of spices such as cloves, star anise, cumin, cinnamon, chilies, and turmeric. It is enhanced with pan-toasted desiccated coconut and thin strips of coconut flesh, giving it a unique texture and aroma. The final dish is dark and intensely flavorful. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Perak's rendang recipes also incorporate unique ingredients like forest fruits, including kelepong (a seasonal plant from the fig family). [ further explanation needed ] [ 63 ] In Lenggong, popular rendang varieties include rendang dendeng , and rendang pedas daging dengan lambuk (spicy beef with lambuk yam [ further explanation needed ] rendang). [ 60 ] [ page needed ] There is also rendang daging masak hitam that is commonly served at Malay weddings. This version stands out from other rendang dishes in the region because it's made without coconut milk, giving it a distinct flavor and appearance. [ 64 ] Negeri Sembilan is known for two main types of rendang: rendang kuning (yellow rendang) and rendang hitam (black rendang). Both are cooked until completely dry. Rendang kuning shares ingredients with the region's signature dish, gulai kuning , such as cili api , turmeric, and coconut milk. [ 65 ] In Negeri Sembilan, beef is less commonly used due to its higher water content, which makes it harder to achieve the desired dryness. [ 59 ] A traditional recipe also features pucuk ubi (young tapioca leaves), cooked until the mixture is dry and the leaves turn a deep brown color. [ 63 ] : 116–117  [ 66 ] Rendang daun puding is a type of rendang kuning that incorporates daun puding [ further explanation needed ] while rendang kacang includes chicken organs and long beans for added flavor and texture. [ 65 ] In Tebing Tinggi, Bintong, Perlis, there's a unique dish called rendang serai , where the main ingredient is thinly sliced lemongrass. It's cooked with a blend of ingredients like belimbing buluh (a sour local fruit), coconut milk, kurma spices, onions, and either fresh or dried prawns. [ 67 ] In Malacca, a fiery version called rendang cili api , made with bird's eye chilies, coconut milk, and spices, often features unique ingredients like cockles (rendang kerang) . [ 68 ] In Johor, the traditional rendang asli includes bird's eye chilies and thick soy sauce for a distinctive flavor profile. [ 69 ] [ page needed ] Basmah, a dish popular in Penang and Kedah, closely resembles rendang as it also uses coconut milk and toasted coconut gratings. However, it stands out for its use of a greater variety of fresh spices. [ 69 ] In Terengganu and Kelantan, a dish called kerutuk is made from meat mixed with spices and cooked until thick, also said to resemble rendang. [ 70 ] The Kristang also has their version of dry beef curry. [ 30 ] Among older generations of Singapore Malays, rendang wasn't limited to just the classic meat version either. Variations included cattle liver rendang, pigeon rendang, eel rendang, shellfish rendang, jackfruit rendang (prized for its fibrous, meat-like texture), and banana blossom rendang. Some recipes even incorporated petite potatoes to add a carbohydrate element to balance the dish's rich protein and fat content. For extra depth of flavor, a few tablespoons of kerisik (toasted, grated coconut) could be mixed in. Rendang hijau (green rendang), once a prized dish among the Riau-Singapore nobility, can still be found in the homes of some descendants, though it is becoming increasingly rare. [ 10 ] Types of rendang in West Sumatra Nasi ramas served with rendang, and other side dishes. Today, rendang is widely enjoyed beyond ceremonial settings and has become a popular souvenir in Padang. While traditionally made with buffalo meat or beef, rendang now features a variety of ingredients. These include chicken, which cooks faster and is more economical; duck, common in areas like Payakumbuh; goat meat, often enjoyed in Agam; and seafood options like shellfish and salted fish. Other creative versions include randang talua , made with tapioca flour and eggs, and shredded beef or chicken rendang, which resembles meat floss but with thicker fibers. [ 31 ] : 33–43  In Minangkabau, randang is broadly categorized into two styles based on regional influences: randang darek and randang pasisia . These variations reflect the geographical and cultural diversity of the highland (darek) and coastal (pasisia) areas of West Sumatra. Each variation of Rendang highlights the versatility of its signature spices, adapting to the availability of ingredients across different regions. [ 71 ] Two types of Minangkabau randang [ 71 ] Characteristics Randang Darek Randang Pasisia Shape cut into smaller pieces cut into larger pieces Color long cooking process gives a darker, blackish-brown color has a lighter brown color due to shorter cooking times Aroma smoky, fragrant aroma aroma of spices, which are more abundant and prominent Texture tender, and its bran (caramelized coconut) is crunchy more tender, with the bran being crunchier and oilier Flavor natural ingredients, resulting in a slightly sweet flavor richer in herbs and spices, creating an aromatic taste Randang darek focuses on long cooking times, smaller pieces, and a smoky flavor, while randang pasisia highlights spice richness, tenderness, and suitability as a daily dish. Both offer unique qualities that reflect their regional culinary traditions. Variations Indonesia Randang daging or beef rendang Chicken rendang Randang hati or beef liver rendang Randang limpo or beef spleen rendang Randang talua kariang or dry egg rendang Randang lokan or clam rendang Rendang is made from beef (or occasionally beef liver , chicken , duck , mutton , water buffalo , or vegetables like jackfruit or cassava ). Chicken or duck rendang also contains tamarind and is usually not cooked for as long as beef rendang. [ 72 ] The original Minangkabau rendang has two categories, rendang darek and rendang pesisir . Rendang darek (‘land rendang’) is an umbrella term for dishes from old regions in mountainous areas of the Minangkabau Highlands such as Batusangkar , Agam , Lima Puluh Kota , Payakumbuh , Padang Panjang and Bukittinggi . It mainly consists of beef, offal, poultry products, jackfruit, and many other vegetables and animal products that are found in these places. Rendang pesisir ('coastal rendang') is from the coastal regions of Minangkabau such as Pariaman , Padang , Painan and Pasaman . It mainly consists of seafood, although it is not unusual for it to include beef or water buffalo meat. Minangkabau Rendang variations: [ 49 ] [ 73 ] [ 74 ] Rendang ayam : chicken rendang, speciality of Batusangkar and Bukittinggi . [ 73 ] Rendang ati ampela : rendang made of chicken innards; liver and gizzard . [ 75 ] Rendang babat : tripe rendang, made of tripes of cattle. [ 76 ] Rendang baluik (rendang belut) : eel rendang, speciality of Solok . In the Solok dialect, it is also called ‘ randang baluk ’. Rendang bilih (bilis) : bilis fish rendang, specialty of Padang Panjang . In Sumatra , ikan bilis refers distinctly to Mystacoleucus padangensis , a small freshwater fish endemic to Sumatra . In other places, bilis might refer to sea anchovy instead. [ 77 ] Rendang cubadak (rendang nangka) : unripe jackfruit rendang, speciality of Payakumbuh . [ 78 ] [ 79 ] Rendang cumi : squid rendang, a seafood variant of rendang usually consumed in coastal area. [ 80 ] Rendang daging : meat rendang. The most common rendang is made from beef, but may also be from water buffalo , goat, mutton or lamb , speciality of Padang . [ 73 ] Rendang datuk (rendang kering) : dried beef rendang, that instead of using fresh beef cuts, the pieces of meat are dried for four days prior of cooking. Specialty of Muara Enim in South Sumatra . [ 81 ] Rendang daun kayu (samba buruk) : rendang made of various edible leaves, usually leaves of ubi kayu , jirak , mali , rambai , daun arbai , mixed with ikan haruan ( snakehead fish), specialty of Payakumbuh. [ 82 ] Rendang daun pepaya : young papaya leaf rendang. [ 83 ] Rendang dendeng : Dendeng rendang, thinly sliced dried and fried beef cooked in rendang spice. Also can be made from readily available processed beef jerky . [ 84 ] Rendang gabus (rendang ikan haruan) : Snakehead fish rendang, popular in Payakumbuh. [ 85 ] Rendang gadih , rendang tumbuk or rendang payakumbuh : Minced beef rendang, tumbuk or pounded beef shaped into balls mixed with coconut, specialty of Payakumbuh , West Sumatra . [ 86 ] [ 75 ] Rendang hati : cow liver rendang, speciality of Minangkabau . [ 74 ] Rendang ikan asap (rendang ikan salai) : smoked fish rendang, usually made of smoked ikan pari or ray fish, specialty of Minangkabau . [ 87 ] [ 88 ] Rendang itiak (rendang bebek) : duck rendang, speciality of Bukittinggi and Payakumbuh . [ 73 ] Rendang jamur : mushroom rendang. [ 79 ] Rendang jantung pisang : banana blossom rendang, speciality of Minangkabau . [ 89 ] [ 85 ] Rendang jariang (rendang jengkol) : jengkol rendang, commonly popular in West Sumatran towns, especially Bukittinggi , Payakumbuh , Pasaman and Lubuk Basung . [ 74 ] [ 90 ] Rendang kambing : goat meat redang. [ 75 ] Rendang jo kantang : beef rendang with baby potatoes, speciality of Kapau . Rendang kepiting (rendang ketam) : crab rendang, which is crab cooked in rendang spices with sweet soy sauce. [ 91 ] Rendang lele : Catfish rendang. [ 85 ] Rendang lidah : beef tongue cooked as rendang. [ 92 ] Rendang limpa : offal rendang made of cattle spleen . [ 93 ] Rendang lokan (rendang tiram) : marsh clam rendang, speciality of coastal Minangkabau regions such as Pariaman , Painan and Pesisir Selatan . [ 74 ] Rendang maco : rendang that uses a type of salted fish , specialty of Limapuluh Koto . [ 89 ] [ 73 ] Rendang medan : rendang variant from Medan in North Sumatra , slightly different to Minangkabau rendang. It is more fatty and wet akin to kalio and usually less hot and spicy. [ 94 ] Rendang padang : Padang rendang commonly sold in Padang restaurants nationwide, dry rendang that uses lean fatless meat. [ 75 ] Rendang pakis (rendang pucuk paku) : vegetable rendang made from pakis or fern leaf, specialty of Pasaman . [ 73 ] [ 79 ] Rendang paru : cow's lung rendang, speciality of Payakumbuh . Rendang patin : Pangasius catfish rendang. [ 95 ] Rendang petai : stir fried petai and common green beans in rendang spices. [ 96 ] Rendang pucuak ubi (rendang daun singkong) : cassava leaf rendang, speciality of Minangkabau . [ 89 ] Rendang punai (rendang burung dara) : rendang made of burung punai or green pigeon . Rendang puyuh : rendang made of burung puyuh or quail . [ 97 ] Rendang rawit : an extra hot and spicy dried rendang spices mixed with dried cabai rawit ( bird's eye chili ). Not exactly a dish, but more a condiment akin to serundeng , bawang goreng or chili powder that sprinkled upon steamed rice or noodle. [ 98 ] Rendang rebung : rendang made of bamboo shoot . Rendang runtiah (rendang suir) : (lit: "shredded rendang") shredded beef or poultry rendang, speciality of Payakumbuh. [ 99 ] Rendang sapuluik itam (rendang pulut hitam) : dough made of ground black sticky rice cooked and served in rendang spice, specialty of Simalanggang. [ 82 ] Rendang selais : rendang made of selais ( Kryptopterus ) fish, a genus of catfish found in rivers of Sumatra, popular in Pekanbaru , Riau. [ 100 ] Rendang tahu : tofu rendang, a vegetarian variant that uses tofu beancurd instead of meat. [ 101 ] Rendang talua (rendang telur) : egg rendang, speciality of Payakumbuh . [ 73 ] Rendang tempe : tempe rendang, a vegetarian variant that uses tempeh soybean cake instead of meat. [ 102 ] Rendang teri : anchovy rendang. [ 103 ] Rendang tongkol : mackerel tuna rendang, speciality of coastal Minangkabau regions. [ 104 ] Rendang tuna : tuna rendang. [ 105 ] Rendang tunjang (rendang kikil) : rendang made of cartilage and tendons of cow's trotters . [ 106 ] Rendang ubi : made of ubi kayu or singkong (cassava). [ 79 ] Rendang udang : shrimp rendang. [ 107 ] Rendang usus : intestine rendang, made of offals ; the intestines of either poultry or cattle. The cattle intestine rendang is quite similar with gulai tambusu , gulai iso or gulai usus . [ 108 ] Rendang outside West Sumatra Today, rendang is quite widespread in Indonesia, mainly because of the proliferation of Padang restaurants, which caused rendang to become popular in Indonesian households of various ethnic backgrounds. This has led to the development of variants to accommodate regional preferences. For example, in Java , the rendang—aside from the Padang variety sold in Padang restaurants—tends to be wetter, slightly sweeter, and less spicy to accommodate Javanese tastes. Rendang variations outside by the Minangkabau: Rendang kelinci : rabbit meat rendang, popular in Aceh . [ 109 ] Rendang babi : pork rendang, the adaptation of rendang by non- Muslim population of Indonesia . [ 110 ] Usually consumed in Christian -majority Batak region of North Sumatra and Hindu -majority island of Bali . In Bali , the popularity of rendang has led to this adaptation, since some Balinese Hindus do not consume beef. [ 111 ] Rendang jawa : Javanese adoption of Minang rendang, which is more soft and moist suited to Javanese taste, usually rather sweet and less spicy compared to Sumatran rendang. [ 75 ] Outside of Indonesia , rendang is also known in Malaysia , Singapore , Brunei , southern Thailand , and the southern Philippines as well as in the Netherlands , Australia , Taiwan , Belgium , [ 112 ] [ 113 ] and New Zealand . [ 114 ] In Malaysia Rendang has a long history in Malaysia with distinct versions unique to individual Malaysian states. The different versions of rendang use different ingredients for the spice mix, resulting in differing flavors to the meat. [ 115 ] Rendang ayam : chicken rendang. Rendang ayam goreng : fried chicken rendang. [ 116 ] The popularity of this rendang skyrocketed mainly due to the "rendangate" controversy in 2018. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] Rendang daging or Rendang Rembau : dark, woody coloured meat rendang. Traditionally made using water buffalo meat. These days, beef is commonly used instead. Rendang daging hitam : Kicap manis -based black-coloured beef rendang, a specialty of Sarawak . Rendang dendeng : thinly sliced dried meat rendang. [ 119 ] Rendang ikan : fish rendang. [ 120 ] Rendang ikan pari : stingray rendang, a specialty of Perak . [ 121 ] Rendang itik : duck rendang, a specialty of Negeri Sembilan and Sarawak . In Sarawak, the duck is roasted first so that the meat is soft and not sticky. [ 122 ] In Negeri Sembilan, the duck is preferred to be smoked first. Rendang puyuh : quail rendang. [ 123 ] Rendang kupang : mussels rendang. [ 124 ] Rendang rusa : venison rendang. Rendang udang : prawn rendang, a specialty of Perak. [ 125 ] Rendang kambing : goat rendang. Rendang kerang : cockle rendang. Commonly served as a side dish for nasi lemak . Rendang ketam : crab rendang. [ 126 ] Rendang kijing : kijing , a type of shellfish, cooked with rendang spices. [ 119 ] Rendang hati : beef liver rendang, a specialty of Johor . [ 127 ] Rendang telur : boiled egg rendang. [ 128 ] Rendang kunyit or rendang Kuala Pilah or rendang kuning : yellow-hued rendang, uses fresh turmeric , lemongrass , and coconut milk but with no onion added at all. [ 129 ] Rendang landak : porcupine rendang, an exotic meat rendang, a specialty of Sekinchan , Selangor . [ 130 ] [ 131 ] Rendang babi : pork rendang. Non-halal rendang that is eaten only by the Chinese and Peranakan community in Malaysia. [ 132 ] Rendang lengkuas or nasu likku : galangal -based rendang, a specialty of Bugis people in Sabah . Two versions exist in Sabah, wet and dry; both are considered rendang in Malaysia. [ 133 ] Rendang lokan : lokan rendang, a specialty of Sungai Petani , Kedah . [ 134 ] Rendang berempah : spice rendang. Emphasizes the abundance of spices in the rendang. [ 135 ] Rendang paru : beef lung rendang. Rendang daun maman : vegetable rendang made from braised Cleome gynandra ( maman ) leaves, specialty of Gemencheh , Negeri Sembilan , [ 136 ] [ 137 ] [ page needed ] Rendang daun pegaga : vegetable rendang made from pegaga leaf. Rendang daun puding : vegetable rendang made from the edible leaves of the garden croton , a speciality of Negeri Sembilan . [ 138 ] Rendang daun ubi kayu : vegetable rendang made from cassava leaf. Rendang jantung pisang : banana blossom rendang. [ 116 ] [ 139 ] Rendang serundeng : dry meat floss, derived from rendang. It has a long shelf-life and needs no refrigeration, a specialty of Kelantan. [ 140 ] Rendang Minang : originated from the Minangkabau people who settled in Negeri Sembilan during the 16th century, but has since evolved from the Sumatran rendang version of the recipe. [ 141 ] Rendang cili api or Rendang Negeri Sembilan or Rendang hijau : greenish-hued rendang, uses cili api instead of red chili that is normally used in other rendang versions, a specialty of Negeri Sembilan . [ 142 ] Rendang Tok : dry beef rendang created by the royal cooks of Perak, incorporates spices that were typically inaccessible to the general population. [ 143 ] Rendang Pahang or opor daging : dark red meat stew cooked with rich spice mix. [ 144 ] Rendang Perak : simpler version of Rendang Tok, a specialty of Perak. Rendang Rawa : Rawa version of rendang, less complicated in terms of ingredients. [ 145 ] Rendang Kedah : reddish-hued rendang, incorporates the use of red sugar, turmeric leaves, kaffir lime leaves due to the Thai influence on the state cuisine, a specialty of Kedah . [ 146 ] Rendang Kelantan/Terengganu or kerutuk daging : slow-cooked meat mixed with a unique spice known as kerutub, coconut milk, kerisik and some palm sugar. [ 143 ] Rendang Nyonya : Peranakan version of rendang, a specialty of Peranakan . [ 147 ] Rendang Sabah : uses white cumin to replace cinnamon and cloves, a specialty of Sabah . [ 148 ] Rendang Sarawak : incorporates the use of turmeric leaves, a specialty of Sarawak . Rendang Siam : Malay-Siamese version of rendang, incorporates the use of Thai inspired ingredients. Others In the Netherlands The Dutch are familiar with rendang through colonial ties and often serve the wet kalio version in the Netherlands —usually as part of a rijsttafel . Indonesian dishes, including rendang, are served in numbers of Indonesian restaurants in Dutch cities, especially The Hague , Utrecht , Rotterdam and Amsterdam . [ 149 ] In the Philippines In the Philippines, rendang is most commonly associated with the cuisine of the Muslim Maranao people of Mindanao . It differs from the Indonesian versions in the use of the native spice mix palapa as well as the addition of muscovado sugar. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] [ 152 ] Fusion rendang Spaghetti rendang sold in a 7-Eleven convenience store in Jakarta Rendang bumbu is sometimes used as the base of other fusion dishes . Some chefs in Indonesian sushi establishments, for example, have developed a Japanese-Indonesian fusion cuisine with recipes for krakatau roll, gado-gado roll, rendang roll [ 153 ] and gulai ramen. [ 154 ] Several chefs and food industries have experimented with fusing rendang with sandwiches , burgers and spaghetti . Burger King at one time served a rendang-flavoured burger in their Singapore and Indonesia chains for a limited promotion period. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] Spaghetti with rendang could also be found in 7-Eleven convenience stores across Indonesia. Rendang is also a popular flavour in Indonesian instant noodle variants, such as Indomie Goreng Rendang. [ 157 ] Most recently, there were Taiwanese baozis with rendang fillings sold at Neo Soho Mall in West Jakarta. [ 158 ] See also Rendang at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject Cuisine of Indonesia Minangkabau cuisine Kalio , Indonesian dish Similar dishes: Kala bhuna Saksang Dinuguan Svartsoppa Sarapatel Notes ^ Jawi script : Ű±Ù†ŰŻÚ . In Za'aba spelling : rěndang . Malay pronunciation: [rənˈdaƋ] ^ Azizah Ja'afar was head of the Rural Industrial Development Authority 's Taman Asuhan Wanita who compiled terms that according to her were used at the Sekolah Mentadbir Rumah Tangga in Johor Bahru and at the Taman Asuhan Wanita in Kuala Lumpur. [ 15 ] ^ In the 15th and 16th centuries, at the height of the Malacca Sultanate's power, its capital became a key Asian port, controlling much of the region along the Malacca Straits (Malay Peninsula and Sumatra). ^ The Vocabularium, ofte Woorden-boek, in 't Duytsch en Maleysch was first compiled and published by Caspar Wiltens and Sebastiaan Danckaerts in 1623. In 1650, it was significantly expanded in Amsterdam by Justus Heurnius, with contributions from Jan van Hasel and Albert Ruyl. Further revisions were made by Frederik Gueynier in Batavia in 1677, and it was updated again by Petrus van der Vorm in 1708, also in Batavia. [ 19 ] ^ By the 19th century, much of the Malay Peninsula was under British control. However, Johor remained independent under Sultan Abu Bakar, who maintained the state's autonomy through strategic ties with European aristocrats. [ 14 ] ^ The "Mem's" Own Cookery Book was first published in 1920 by Mrs. Kinsey, wife of British colonial official William Edward Kinsey, who was based in Malaya. In the preface, she notes that she tested the recipes in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan between 1915 and 1919. The cookbook features dishes like rendang, reflecting the flavors that were familiar to the British colonial palate. [ 26 ] ^ Gusti Asnan acknowledges that his claims about the history of rendang are interpretative, where it is a normal part of historical reconstruction and an essential aspect of historical research methods. [ 18 ] ^ However, Fadly Rahman’s analysis of de Stuers' book found no explicit mention of rendang. [ 9 ] The Dutch record describes a "blackened, charred dish". [ 31 ] : 13  References ^ a b c "Warisan Budaya Tak Benda (WBTB) Indonesia" (PDF) . kwriu.kemdikbud.go.id . ^ a b c "Warisan Kebangsaan 2009" . heritage.gov.my . ^ a b " 'Rendang Daging' " . Singapore Standard . 4 November 1957. p. 5. ^ Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1991: Public Eating : Proceedings. (1991) . United Kingdom: Prospect Books. p. 94. ^ a b c Clifford, Hugh Charles; Swettenham, Frank Athelstane (1894). A Dictionary of the Malay Language . authors at the Government's printing Office. p. 504. ^ a b c "Rendang" . 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Kajian Malaysia : 277– 278. ^ a b Nur Hidayah Abd Rahman; Baiduri Zaiyyanna Mohd Farudz; Siti Salwa Md. Sawari (2022). "Exploring the Potential of Rendang to be Promoted as the Local Food Heritage Product for Tourism in Negeri Sembilan" . Journal of Ethnic Foods : 857– 870. ISBN   978-605-4444-24-3 . ^ "Rendang Pucuk Ubi" . Pemetaan Budaya . National Department for Culture and Arts Malaysia. ^ Hazman Hassan; Mohd Kasturi Nor Abd Aziz; Juliana Ahmad; Mohd Nazim Mohd Noor (2024). "MENCARI JATI DIRI MAKANAN MELAYU PERLIS: SUATU CATATAN AWAL" (PDF) . Asian Journal of Environment, History and Heritage : 6. ^ "Rendang Kerang dari Melaka" . Resep Hari ini. Berita Harian . 6 April 1969. p. 8. ^ a b Taib, Kalsom; Abdul Hamid, Hamidah (2015). Johor Palate: Tanjung Puteri Recipes . ISBN   9789675859137 . ^ "Maklumat Kata Kamus Bahasa Melayu" . prpm.dbp.gov.my (in Malay). ^ a b Yuliana; Intan Sari, Yolanda; Harmawan, Violintikha (2023). "Comparing the Quality of West Sumatra's Rendang: Rendang Darek vs Rendang Pasisia" . Journal of Applied Food Technology . 10 (1): 2– 3. doi : 10.17728/jaft.17378 . ^ Owen, Sri (1999). Indonesian Regional Food and Cookery . Frances Lincoln Ltd. ISBN   0-7112-1273-2 . ^ a b c d e f g Minangkabaunews. "Inilah 11 Ragam Rendang Minang yang Patut Diketahui - Minangkabaunews" . minangkabaunews.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 6 August 2020 . Retrieved 23 April 2020 . ^ a b c d Muslim AR (14 January 2016). "11 Ragam Rendang yang Patut Diketahui" . liputan6.com (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 16 June 2020 . ^ a b c d e Mardatila, Ani (21 May 2020). "10 Cara Membuat Rendang Sapi Ala Jawa Hingga Padang yang Empuk, Mudah Dibuat Semua Halaman" . merdeka.com . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ "Resep Rendang Babat" . Cookpad (in Indonesian). 2 December 2017 . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ "Cara Untuk Memasak Rendang Ikan Bili Khas Padang Panjang. yang Lezat" . resep-rendang-bunda.web.app . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ "Resep Rendang Nangka" . hana . ^ a b c d Setya, Devi. "5 Rendang Nabati Ini Tak Kalah Enak dari Rendang Daging" . detikfood (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ Rahman, Naufal Al. "Cara Membuat Cumi Bumbu Rendang, Bumbunya Meresap Sempurna" . IDN Times (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ Kompas Cyber Media (24 October 2010). "Rendang Kering Khas Sumatera Selatan" . KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ a b Margaretta, Yosia; Nursastri, Sri Anindiati (25 July 2016). "Aneka Rendang "Vegetarian", dari Daun Kayu sampai Ketan Hitam" . KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ Irmawati (20 December 2017). "Resep Rendang Daun Pepaya" . Cookpad (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ "Resep Dendeng Sapi Bumbu Rendang oleh Erlyn Damay Agoeng" . Cookpad (in Indonesian). 14 February 2017 . Retrieved 7 October 2020 . ^ a b c "InfoPublik - Puluhan Varian Rendang di Payakumbuh" . infopublik.id . Retrieved 7 October 2020 . ^ "Resep Rendang Gadih ( Tumbuk ) Khas Payakumbuh Enak Gurih" . Craftlog.com (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ "Sajian Rendang Ikan Asap yang Sedap dan Gurih Pengin Nambah Terus, Cobain Yuk Resepnya!" . Bangka Pos (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ "Resep Rendang Ikan Asap, Hidangan Istimewa Dari Minangkabau" . Sajian Sedap (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ a b c Angie, Birgitta (13 September 2018). "15 Jenis Rendang Paling Enak di Dunia, Ada yang Crispy Gak Ya?" . IDN Times (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 7 October 2020 . ^ Kompas Cyber Media (10 June 2013). "Membuat Rendang Jengkol yang Nikmat" . KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 23 April 2020 . ^ "Kepiting Bumbu Rendang Kecap" . Sajian Sedap . 25 November 2010. ^ "Resep Rendang lidah sapi oleh Ayun Hudiawang" . Cookpad (in Indonesian). 4 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ "10 resep rendang limpa enak dan sederhana ala rumahan" . Cookpad (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ "7 resep rendang medan enak dan sederhana ala rumahan" . Cookpad (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ "Patin Bumbu Rendang, Kreasi Olahan Ikan yang Tak Kalah Lezat dengan Rendang Daging - Sajian Sedap" . sajiansedap.grid.id (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ "Lezat! Intip Kreasi Buncis Rendang Petai William Wongso" . KOMPAS.tv (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ Lim, Marco (23 June 2010). "Rendang Puyuh" . KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ "Rendang Rawit: Pedas Gurih Bumbu Rendang Tabur untuk Nasi dan Mi" . detikfood (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ Fikkry (30 October 2016). "Di Balik Rendang yang Mendunia, Terdapat 6 Variasi Rendang yang Tersembunyi" . Hipwee (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ Rizky, Theo (11 November 2018). Dani, Candra (ed.). "Satu-satunya di Pekanbaru, Menu Rendang Ikan Selais, Bisa Anda Dapatkan di Pusat Perbelanjaan Ini" . Tribun Pekanbaru (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ "Vegetarian Rendang Tofu Recipe" . Vegetarian Recipes and Cooking . Retrieved 23 April 2020 . ^ "Resep Rendang Tempe - Rasanya Tak Kalah Lezat Dengan Rendang Daging" . Tribun Pontianak (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 23 April 2020 . ^ Fandizal, Muhammad (7 August 2018). "Rendang Ikan Kriwil (Ikan Teri dengan Daun Singkong)" . Primarasa (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 16 March 2023 . ^ Fimela (18 July 2017). "Resep Praktis Rendang Tongkol Pedas Manis Enak Banget" . fimela.com (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ "Resep Masak Tuna Masak Rendang, Kenikmatannya Pasti Jadi Boros Nasi" . Sajian Sedap (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ Priatmojo, Galih (7 August 2016). Aji, Rustam (ed.). "Empuknya Rendang Kikil ala Hotel Crowne Plaza Semarang" . Tribun Jateng (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ Bramasti, Ika Putri (16 January 2018). Hutomo, Dimas Setiawan (ed.). "Resep Rendang Udang - Hidangan Istimewa Untuk Makan Bersama Keluarga Tercinta" . TribunStyle.com (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ "10 resep rendang usus enak dan sederhana ala rumahan" . Cookpad (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ "Lezat, Ini Dia Olahan Daging Kelinci yang Kaya Protein dan Rendah Kolesterol" . portalsatu.com (in Indonesian). 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ Arofani, Prila (5 October 2020). "Resep Rendang Babi yang Gurih, Gak Kalah Nikmat Dibanding Daging Sapi" . IDN Times (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ Rahadi, Gde (30 September 2018). "Rendang Babi, Lebih Lembut dari Daging Sapi" . Bisnis Bali (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ "Should chicken in rendang curry be crispy? Masterchef U.K. sparks debate" . Canoe. Associated Press. 3 April 2018. Archived from the original on 5 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . The curry ( rendang ), which originates from West Sumatra in Indonesia, is popular in Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei and southern Thailand. ^ Thomas, Amanda. "Regional Cuisine of Mindanao" . Balay.ph . Archived from the original on 25 March 2019 . Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ Lucy Anderson (1 September 2022). "Auckland Malaysian restaurant hailed as one of world's best" . 1 News. ^ "Past and Present Practices of the Malay Food Heritage and Culture in Malaysia" . Retrieved 29 April 2022 . ^ a b "8 Jenis Rendang Yang Anda Wajib Cuba" . iCookAsia | Asian Recipe & Food Channel . 9 July 2019. ^ "Ayam Rendang Goreng" . 8 July 2022. ^ Bedi, Rashvinjeet (3 April 2018). "Four nations unite against MasterChef UK judge over Rendangate | The Star" . www.thestar.com.my . ^ a b "Koleksi 10 Resipi Rendang Sesuai Masak Di Hujung Minggu" . 7 February 2020. ^ "Rendang Ikan Tongkol" . 11 October 2021. ^ "Rendang Ikan Pari Perak – Stingray Rendang" . 13 August 2013. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020 . Retrieved 7 October 2020 . ^ "18 Makanan Tradisional Sarawak Kena TRY (UNIK Tapi Sedap)" . 30 April 2019. ^ "resepi Rendang Burung Puyuh" . tumis.my. 17 February 2016. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020 . Retrieved 29 April 2022 . ^ "Rendang Kupang. Ringkas Tapi Bercitarasa Mewah" . 19 October 2017. ^ Mohamed, Noor Ainon (30 April 2020). "Rendang udang galah penambat selera MB Perak" . Sinarharian . ^ Menon, Priya (20 June 2016). "Spicing it up with 12 types of rendang | The Star" . www.thestar.com.my . ^ Edi, Mas Idayu (28 May 2019). "Kenali Rendang Malaysia Sempena Sambutan Hari Raya Aidilfitri 2019" . Murai MY . ^ Wahab, Suhaidah Abd (29 May 2019). "Rendang Telur Makan Dengan Nasi Lemak & Pulut Kuning Memang Sedap!" . ^ Durai, Abirami (19 September 2016). "Great Malaysian dishes: Negri Sembilan – Rendang | The Star" . www.thestar.com.my . ^ "Makanan eksotik dipaparkan dalam bentuk setem" . Berita Harian . 15 February 2019. ^ "Porcupine rendang stamp, anyone? Pos Malaysia celebrates exotic local food | Malay Mail" . www.malaymail.com . 15 February 2019. ^ Pork, Australian (24 May 2017). "Malaysian pork rendang curry" . ^ "Senarai 5 Jenis Rendang Mengikut Negeri. Yang Mana Paling Sedap?" . Murai MY . 27 June 2020. ^ "Lokan Semeling" . Sinarharian . 24 July 2020. ^ "Rendang Daging Berempah Sedap - Azie Kitchen" . www.aziekitchen.com . 16 June 2018. ^ Lim May Lee (8 October 2017). "Maman-mia, maman leaves averted war" . R.AGE . The Star . Retrieved 14 February 2024 . ^ Nor Azihan Md Ghazali (3 June 2019). "Resepi rendang maman yang enak" . Sinar Harian . ^ Rodzi, Tuty Haryanti Ahmad (2 September 2015). "Rendang ayam daun puding enak" . Berita Harian . ^ "rendang jantung pisang kakbesah" . 8 July 2022. ^ "Beef Serunding" . Archived from the original on 30 November 2022 . Retrieved 22 January 2021 . ^ "How rendang got its name and other things to know about rendang | The Star" . www.thestar.com.my . 19 May 2020. ^ "8 Makanan Tradisional Negeri Sembilan Yang Wajib Anda Cuba (Dijamin ENAK)" . 28 April 2019. ^ a b "Rendang | Infopedia" . eresources.nlb.gov.sg . ^ "Koleksi 10 Menu Tradisi Negeri Pahang Yang Sedap, Memang Berbaloi Cuba Ni" . 17 December 2018. ^ "Rendang Daging" . Simply Enak . ^ "Rendang Ayam Kedah" . 7 April 2023. ^ "RENDANG NYONYA" . ^ "Rendang daging Sabah" . Berita Harian . 8 July 2017. ^ Awesome Amsterdam. "A guide to Dutch-Indonesian food" . Expatica . Retrieved 18 June 2019 . ^ Fenix, Micky (22 August 2018). "Kitchens of Mindanao: Durian custard, 'piyaparan a manok,' Tausug 'tiyula' " . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ Argie (28 June 2017). "Popular Muslim Cuisine and Delicacies in CdeO" . About Cagayan de Oro . Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "How to Cook Beef Rendang of The Maranao People" . Lyn Sojor . 17 February 2019 . Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "Suntiang: Saat Rendang Daging Berkolaborasi Dalam Gulungan Sushi" . detikfood (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ "New: Suntiang, When Padang Marries Japanese Food" . Culinary Bonanza. 6 February 2014. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . ^ "Rendang Beef" . Burger King . Archived from the original on 30 November 2022 . Retrieved 12 July 2020 . ^ Rian Farisa (17 September 2013). "Flavor Updates: Rendang Burger (Burger King Indonesia)" . The Gastronomy Aficionado . ^ "Indomie Goreng Rendang" . Indomie . Archived from the original on 29 April 2017 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . ^ "Hu Jiao Bao: Mantap! Bakpao Khas Taiwan Isi Daging Rendang hingga Cokelat" . DetikFood. 17 July 2023 . Retrieved 22 November 2023 . External links Media related to Rendang at Wikimedia Commons CNN Indonesia Documentary of Rendang (in Indonesian)
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[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Rendang "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rendang "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang) - [1 Etymology and definitions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#Etymology_and_definitions) - [2 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#History) Toggle History subsection - [2\.1 Timeline of documentation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#Timeline_of_documentation) - [2\.1.1 The first known use of the word](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#The_first_known_use_of_the_word) - [2\.1.2 Earliest references in European texts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#Earliest_references_in_European_texts) - [2\.1.3 As a tradition in royal Malay banquets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#As_a_tradition_in_royal_Malay_banquets) - [2\.1.4 Made popular through cookbooks and newspapers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#Made_popular_through_cookbooks_and_newspapers) - [2\.1.5 Contemporary era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#Contemporary_era) - [2\.2 Theories on origin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#Theories_on_origin) - [2\.2.1 From India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#From_India) - [2\.2.2 From West Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#From_West_Sumatra) - [2\.3 Possible Portuguese influences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#Possible_Portuguese_influences) - [3 Cultural significance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#Cultural_significance) Toggle Cultural significance subsection - [3\.1 Philosophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#Philosophy) - [4 Composition and cooking method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#Composition_and_cooking_method) Toggle Composition and cooking method subsection - [4\.1 Cooking process - *merendang*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#Cooking_process_-_merendang) - [5 Types](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#Types) Toggle Types subsection - [5\.1 Types of *rendang* in Malay Peninsula and Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#Types_of_rendang_in_Malay_Peninsula_and_Singapore) - [5\.2 Types of *rendang* in West Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#Types_of_rendang_in_West_Sumatra) - [6 Variations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#Variations) Toggle Variations subsection - [6\.1 Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#Indonesia) - [6\.1.1 Rendang outside West Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#Rendang_outside_West_Sumatra) - [6\.2 In Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#In_Malaysia) - [6\.3 Others](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#Others) - [6\.3.1 In the Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#In_the_Netherlands) - [6\.3.2 In the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#In_the_Philippines) - [6\.4 Fusion rendang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#Fusion_rendang) - [7 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#See_also) - [8 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#Notes) - [9 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#References) - [10 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # Rendang 35 languages - [Ű§Ù„ŰčŰ±ŰšÙŠŰ©](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA "Ű±ÙŠÙ†ŰŻŰ§Ù†Űș – Arabic") - [àŠ…àŠžàŠźà§€àŠŻàŠŒàŠŸ](https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82 "à§°à§‡àŠšàŠĄàŠŸàŠ‚ – Assamese") - [à€…à€”à€§à„€](https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97 "à€°à„‡à€‚à€Ąà€Ÿà€‚à€— – Awadhi") - [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang "Rendang – Balinese") - [Bikol Central](https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang "Rendang – Central Bikol") - [ČeĆĄtina](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang "Rendang – Czech") - [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang "Rendang – German") - [Kadazandusun](https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang "Rendang – Central Dusun") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang "Rendang – Spanish") - [ÙŰ§Ű±ŰłÛŒ](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF "Ű±Ù†ŰŻŰ§Ù†ÚŻ – Persian") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang "Rendang – French") - [Jaku Iban](https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang "Rendang – Iban") - [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang "Rendang – Indonesian") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang "Rendang – Italian") - [æ—„æœŹèȘž](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3 "ăƒ«ăƒłăƒ€ăƒł – Japanese") - [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendhang "Rendhang – Javanese") - [Kumoring](https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang "Rendang – Komering") - [한ꔭ얎](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A5%B8%EB%8B%B9 "ë„žë‹č – Korean") - [MadhurĂą](https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%E1%B8%8Dang "Renឍang – Madurese") - [Minangkabau](https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randang "Randang – Minangkabau") - [àŽźàŽČàŽŻàŽŸàŽłàŽ‚](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D "àŽ±à”†à”»àŽĄàŽŸàŽ™à” – Malayalam") - [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang "Rendang – Malay") - [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang_\(gerecht\) "Rendang (gerecht) – Dutch") - [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang "Rendang – Polish") - [PortuguĂȘs](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang "Rendang – Portuguese") - [РуссĐșĐžĐč](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3 "Đ Đ”ĐœĐŽĐ°ĐœĐł – Russian") - [Sunda](https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang "Rendang – Sundanese") - [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang "Rendang – Swedish") - [àč„àž—àžą](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87 "àč€àžŁàžŽàž™àž”àž±àž‡ – Thai") - [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang "Rendang – Tagalog") - [ĐŁĐșŃ€Đ°Ń—ĐœŃŃŒĐșĐ°](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3 "Đ Đ”ĐœĐŽĐ°ĐœĐł – Ukrainian") - [OÊ»zbekcha / ўзбДĐșча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang "Rendang – Uzbek") - [Tiáșżng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang "Rendang – Vietnamese") - [çČ”èȘž](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%9D%B1%E7%89%9B%E8%82%89 "ć·Žæ±ç‰›è‚‰ – Cantonese") - [äž­æ–‡](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%81%E5%BD%93 "ä»ćœ“ – Chinese") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1520293#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Rendang "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang) - [View source](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rendang&action=edit "This page is protected. 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[See the perspectives here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#History) | | Region or state | Southeast Asia | | Associated [cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cuisines "List of cuisines") | [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine "Indonesian cuisine"),[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Randang_2013-1) [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine "Malaysian cuisine"),[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_2009-2) [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine "Singaporean cuisine") | | Serving temperature | Hot | | Main ingredients | [beef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef "Beef") or [chicken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken "Chicken"), [chili pepper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper "Chili pepper"), [turmeric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric "Turmeric"), and [coconut milk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_milk "Coconut milk") | | Variations | *rendang santan*, *rendang pedas*, *rendang kuning*, *rendang hitam*, *rendang tok*, *randang darek*, *randang pasisia* | | Similar dishes | basmah, [kerutuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerutuk_daging "Kerutuk daging"), [kalio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalio "Kalio"), [beef fry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_beef_fry "Kerala beef fry"), [bafad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafat "Bafat") | | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/20px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg) [Cookbook: Rendang](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Rendang_\(Indonesian_Beef_and_Coconut_Stew\) "b:Cookbook:Rendang (Indonesian Beef and Coconut Stew)") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) [Media: Rendang](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rendang "commons:Category:Rendang") | | **Rendang**[\[n 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-3) is a fried meat[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Malay_Fried_Meat-4)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-5) or dry [curry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry#Southeast_Asia "Curry")[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Malay_Dry_Curry-6) made of meat stewed in coconut milk and spices,[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Singapore_Infopedia-7) widely popular across [Brunei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei "Brunei"), [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia"), [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia"), [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"), and the [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), where each version is considered local cuisine. It refers to both a cooking method of [frying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frying "Frying") and the dish cooked in that way.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_DBP-8)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Istilah_Rumah_Tangga-9)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) The process involves slowly cooking meat in spiced coconut milk in an uncovered pot or pan until the oil separates, allowing the dish to fry in its own sauce, coating the meat in a rich, flavorful glaze.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Singapura_Stories-11) Rooted in [Malay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_cuisine "Malay cuisine") and [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_cuisine "Minangkabau cuisine"), rendang developed at the cultural crossroads of the [Malacca Strait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca "Strait of Malacca"). The dish carries strong Indian influences, as many of its key ingredients are staples in Indian cooking.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Treasures_of_Sumatra-12) The introduction of chili peppers by the Portuguese through the [Columbian exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_exchange "Columbian exchange") after the [capture of Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_\(1511\) "Capture of Malacca (1511)") in 1511, played a key role in the evolution of rendang.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) Malay and Minangkabau traders frequently carried rendang as provisions, allowing the dish to travel naturally through cultural exchange between the [Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra "Sumatra") and [Malay Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula "Malay Peninsula"). In 20th century, the deeply rooted migratory tradition of the [Minangkabau people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") further maintained and contributed to the dish's spread, as they introduced Minang-style rendang to the various places they settled.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) As a signature dish in Southeast Asian Muslim cuisines—Malay, Minangkabau (as *samba randang*), and [Moro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_cuisine#Regional_dishes#Mindanao "Filipino cuisine") (as *riyandang*)—rendang is traditionally served at ceremonial occasions and festive gatherings, such as wedding feasts and *Hari Raya* ([Eid al-Fitr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr "Eid al-Fitr") and [Eid al-Adha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Adha "Eid al-Adha")). Nowadays, it is commonly served at food stalls and restaurants as a side dish with rice. In 2009, Malaysia recognized rendang as a heritage food.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_2009-2) Indonesia granted rendang cultural heritage status in 2013[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Randang_2013-1) and officially declared it one of its national dishes in 2018.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-13) ## Etymology and definitions Both the *[Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamus_Besar_Bahasa_Indonesia "Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia")* and *[Kamus Dewan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamus_Dewan "Kamus Dewan")* define *rendang* as meat cooked with spices and coconut milk until completely dry;[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-14)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_DBP-8) *rendang* is also a verb for the action of frying in a pan with or without oil (only in Kamus Dewan). Food historian Khir Johari explains that *rendang* had a broader meaning for frying in general before the prevalence of *goreng*. For instance, [Munshi Abdullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Abdul_Kadir "Abdullah Abdul Kadir") in his 1838 [travelogue to Kelantan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisah_Pelayaran_Abdullah_ke_Kelantan "Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Kelantan") described the [people of Terengganu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganuan_Malays "Terengganuan Malays") enjoying **rendang pisang** ([fried banana fritters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_fritter "Banana fritter")) — what the Malays now called *goreng pisang* or *pisang goreng*.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Khir_Johari_Book-15): 191–193 A 1960 article from Azizah Ja'afar in [Berita Harian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berita_Harian "Berita Harian")'s Dewan Wanita section[\[n 2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-17) lists *rendang* as "frying with a generous amount of oil", similar to **merendang pisang** or *[jemput-jemput](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemput-jemput "Jemput-jemput")* (fried fritters), where the things being fried would float in the hot oil. This distinguishes *rendang* from *goreng*, which involves little to no oil, as seen in dishes like *[nasi goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_goreng "Nasi goreng")* or *[mi goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_goreng "Mee goreng")*. Additionally, "rendang" is also the name of a traditional Malay dish known for its rich, spicy flavors, such as *rendang santan* (meat cooked in coconut milk), and *rendang pedas* (spiced meat).[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Istilah_Rumah_Tangga-9) | Year | Author | Description | |---|---|---| | 1623 | C. Wiltens, and S. Danckaerts | to fry in butter or oil, to fry, to fricassee | | 1677 | F. Gueynier | to fry in a pan, to fricassee, to sautĂ© | Linguist Tom G. Hoogervorst's etymological research traces *rendang* back to the 17th-century Malay wordlists.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Hoogervorst_Journal-18) The name *rendang* comes from the frying process; by the late 19th century, *rendang* was associated more specifically with a type of dry curry by British colonial officials in Malaya, where it is noted that Malays distinguished *rendang* as a dry curry and *[gulai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulai "Gulai")* as a wet curry.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Malay_Dry_Curry-6) In olden times, *rendang* was often translated to English as "fried meat"[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Malay_Fried_Meat-4) or "dry curry".[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Malay_Dry_Curry-6) *Rendang* entered *[Oxford English Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary "Oxford English Dictionary")* through Malay and Indonesian *rendang* which also cognates with [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_language "Minangkabau language") *randang*.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_OED-19) Gusti Asnan notes that the earliest recorded mention of *randang* in the Minangkabau context appears in J.L. van der Toorn's Minangkabau-Malay-Dutch dictionary published in 1891.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Gusti_Asnan-20) This word in turn comes from *marandang*, which means cooking food slowly until the food becomes dry.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] The [Minangkabau people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") brought rendang as a provision because of its ability to last a long time when moving to other regions. ## History ### Timeline of documentation #### The first known use of the word Food historian Fadly Rahman traces the earliest reference to rendang to the early 16th-century Malay manuscript *[Hikayat Amir Hamzah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikayat_Amir_Hamzah "Hikayat Amir Hamzah")* associated with the [Malacca Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate "Malacca Sultanate")[\[n 3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-21) (1400–1528).[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) Written during the spread of Islam in the Malay world, this adaptation of the Persian [Hamzanama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamzanama "Hamzanama") was later compiled into Malay and intended to inspire Malacca's soldiers in their fight against the Portuguese in 1511. In Malay version, there mentioned the words "rendang" and "merendang" (roasting) which is quoted as follows:[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) > ...Khoja Buzurjumhur Hakim pun pergi pula ke kedai orang merendang daging kambing, lalu ia berkata ‘beri apalah daging kambing rendang ini barang segumpal... Translation: > ...Khoja Buzurjumhur Hakim went to the stall where people were *merendang* (roasting) goat meat and said, 'give me just a piece of this goat meat *rendang*...' This passage suggests that *merendang* refers to a cooking technique, while *rendang* describes the resulting dish have been part of the Malay vocabulary since the 16th century.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) #### Earliest references in European texts [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vocabularium%2C_ofte_Woordenboek%2C_in_%27t_Duytsch_en_Maleys_%28IA_vocabulariumoft00dancgoog%29.djvu/page67-350px-Vocabularium%2C_ofte_Woordenboek%2C_in_%27t_Duytsch_en_Maleys_%28IA_vocabulariumoft00dancgoog%29.djvu.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vocabularium,_ofte_Woordenboek,_in_%27t_Duytsch_en_Maleys_\(IA_vocabulariumoft00dancgoog\).djvu&page=67) The Dutch-Malay dictionary from 1650 lists *rendang* as the translation for the Dutch word *fricasseren*, an archaic Dutch spelling of [fricassee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricassee "Fricassee").[\[n 4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-23)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-24)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) Hoogervorst's research, traces the modern term *rendang* back to the Malay-Dutch dictionary first compiled in [Ambon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambon_Island "Ambon Island") and published by Caspar Wiltens and Sebastiaan Danckaert in 1623,[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Pedoman_Bahasa_dan_Sastra_Melayu-22)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-25) where it was defined as "to fry in butter or oil, to fry, to fricassee".[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Hoogervorst_Journal-18) The dictionary was expanded and updated multiple times. According to Fadly Rahman, the author of the dictionary attempted to translate *rendang* using a European dish, something that his readers would be familiar with — [fricassee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricassee "Fricassee"), a French cooking method that involves cutting meat into pieces and braising it.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) #### As a tradition in royal Malay banquets Khir Johari notes that *rendang tumis* is mentioned in the *[Hikayat Hang Tuah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikayat_Hang_Tuah "Hikayat Hang Tuah")*, a classic Malay literary masterpiece from around the 17th-century.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-26) Another manuscript, *[Hikayat Awang Sulung Merah Muda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikayat_Awang_Sulung_Merah_Muda "Hikayat Awang Sulung Merah Muda")*, reflects 18th-century life and cooking traditions. In the narration, a prince hunts and captures a *[pelanduk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragulus "Tragulus")* (mouse deer), which is then prepared in various styles — *tumis*, *rendang*, and *gulai*. Tumis refers to a dish that is more like soup, while rendang resembles the slow-cooked dish we know today. These manuscripts offer a glimpse into the Malay cuisine of the 17th and 18th centuries.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Abd._Razak-27) Historical records from the 19th century, including newspaper reports and travelogues, often described the key ingredients of *rempah* (spice paste) used in rendang, as well as its regional variations.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Singapore_Infopedia-7) Renowned for his refined taste and hospitality, [Sultan Abu Bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakar_of_Johor "Abu Bakar of Johor") of [Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Sultanate "Johor Sultanate") frequently hosted lavish banquets at his [Istana Besar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Besar "Istana Besar") in Johor Bahru.[\[n 5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-28) In 1873, [J.F.A. McNair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frederick_Adolphus_McNair "John Frederick Adolphus McNair") described a royal Malay banquet featuring dishes such as *rendang [tenggiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_mackerel "Spanish mackerel")* and *rendang chinchang [Plentong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plentong "Plentong")*.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Khir_Johari_Book-15): 457–460 In 1881, when [King David Kalākaua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua "Kalākaua") of [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom "Hawaiian Kingdom") visited Johor, Sultan Abu Bakar served *rendang tenggiri* as part of the royal reception.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Maharajah_Abu_Bakar_1881-29) #### Made popular through cookbooks and newspapers By the early 20th century, rendang recipes began appearing in published cookbooks and newspapers across [British Malaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malaya "British Malaya") and the [Dutch East Indies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies "Dutch East Indies"). On 2 February 1917, [Soenting Melajoe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soenting_Melajoe "Soenting Melajoe") featured an article by Datoek Soetan Maharadja, noting that Europeans residing in Palembang, Batavia, and Kupang had written to Minangkabau women, sending money through the magazine's editor to request the preparation and delivery of “rendang Alam Minangkabau”.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Tracing_the_origins_of_rendang_and-30) *The "Mem's" Own Cookery Book: 420 Tried and Economical Recipes for Malaya* (1920) by Mrs. Kinsey, published in Singapore, included a recipe for "rundang" that used curry powder and could be served with spaghetti.[\[n 6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-32)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-33) In 1936, R.A. Kardinah's *Cooking Guide for Ladies*, published in Batavia, featured a chicken rendang recipe that emphasized slow cooking, though it adapted traditional ingredients. #### Contemporary era [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sari_Bundo_Surakarta.JPG/250px-Sari_Bundo_Surakarta.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sari_Bundo_Surakarta.JPG) "Padang restaurant" in Surakarta. In Indonesia, rendang is mainly associated with Minangkabau. The popularity of rendang grew with the presence of Minangkabau-style *lepau* (food stalls) in areas where Minangkabau migrants settled. Their presence in new areas played a significant role in popularizing rendang as a signature dish of West Sumatra. Today, rendang stands as the iconic menu item in Minangkabau restaurants, often accompanied by other meat-based dishes.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) In Malaysia and Singapore, rendang is often paired with iconic dishes such as [nasi lemak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_lemak "Nasi lemak") — a national favorite — or [lemang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemang "Lemang"), Malay glutinous rice cooked in bamboo, particularly during festivals like Hari Raya.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Lemang_dan_ketupat_pembuka_selera_sa-tiap_pagi_raya-34) However, rendang has also become a staple in Malay eateries. It even features on the menus of international restaurants, showcasing its enduring appeal and cultural significance.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Khir_Johari_Book-15) ### Theories on origin #### From India Rendang, often regarded as an exclusive Malay, Minangkabau dish, is heavily influenced by Indian cuisine. Many of its ingredients, such as cardamom, coriander, garlic, shallots, chili, ginger, galangal, lemongrass, bay leaves, tamarind, and turmeric, are staples in Indian cooking.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Treasures_of_Sumatra-12) Winarno and Agustinah believe rendang may have been inspired by curry, a dish combining meat and spices in North India. Indian traders who traveled to West Sumatra brought their culinary traditions with them, possibly influencing the development of rendang.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-The_treasure_of_Minangkabau-35) It likely traces its roots to Indian merchants, though it has undergone multiple layers of evolution over time. During this period, Malaysia and Indonesia had yet to emerge as distinct geographical entities, resulting in a deep shared culinary and cultural history.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Kristang-36) #### From West Sumatra Gusti Asnan notes that the earliest mention of *randang* in Minangkabau culture appears in J.L. van der Toorn's dictionary from 1891. However, he believes that it had been familiar to the Minangkabau people long before this record.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Gusti_Asnan-20) | *Randang* has been known to Minang | Argumentation | |---|---| | since the 16th century (or earlier) | based on the migration of Minang people to Peninsular Malaysia | | since the 1830s | based on the information in H.J.J.L. Ridder de Stuers' report[\[n 8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-39) | Fadly Rahman inferred that rendang is closely associated with the Islamic tradition, the migratory culture, and the commercial ethics of the Minangkabau people. An early reference to “Rendang Minang”, a dish renowned for its ability to last for months and favored by migrants and traders, dates to 1917.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) ### Possible Portuguese influences [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png/960px-Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png) Goa, Malacca, and Macau were key stops along the Portuguese spice trade routes (in blue) in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Portuguese also introduced [chili](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_peppers "Chili peppers") to Asia, and these quickly became integral to local cuisines.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Boileau-40): 11–12 According to culinary historian Janet P. Boileau, Portuguese cooks had a unique method of frying meat after braising, unlike the Arab technique of frying before boiling. This approach, adopted by Luso-Asian cooks, may have influenced local culinary practices including rendang.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Boileau-40): 61 When the [Portuguese ruled Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca "Portuguese Malacca") (1511–1641), they brought various cultural and culinary influences to the [Malay Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula "Malay Peninsula") and neighboring [Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra "Sumatra"). Portuguese cuisine introduced preservation techniques and terms like *[acar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acar "Acar")*, *[belacan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_paste "Shrimp paste")*, *[baulu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge_cake "Sponge cake")*, and *[mentega](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter "Butter")*.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10)[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Book-41) After [Malacca fell to the Dutch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_\(1641\) "Siege of Malacca (1641)"), the [Kristang community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristang_people "Kristang people") — descendants of Malaccan Portuguese settlers — faced economic challenges and sought cost-effective ways to prepare food. They adopted techniques similar to those used by their counterparts in [Portuguese Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Macau "Portuguese Macau"), such as frying meat with minimal water until it blackened, resembling *bafado*. (*Bafado* is derived from the term *abafado*, which means "a dish of stew".)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) This method led to the creation of the Kristang version of dry beef curry[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Kristang-36) and then spread to the Malay people and reached the Minangkabau.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) In the early 16th century, the arrival of [TomĂ© Pires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires "TomĂ© Pires") and the writings of [JoĂŁo de Barros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros "JoĂŁo de Barros") marked the beginning of Portuguese influence in [West Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra "West Sumatra") during the Portuguese control of Malacca.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Tracing_the_origins_of_rendang_and-30) This contact likely introduced culinary elements such as *Abafado*, meaning “a dish of stew,” which evolved into *bafado*[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-42) and was later adapted as *balado* in [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_language "Minangkabau language"), which has since become a widely recognized culinary term in [Minangkabau cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang_cuisine "Padang cuisine").[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Tracing_the_origins_of_rendang_and-30) With both *bafado* and *balado* serving food preservation purposes, and considering the movement of [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") traders across the [Malacca Strait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca "Strait of Malacca") from [Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra "Sumatra") to [Peninsula Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia "Peninsular Malaysia"), it reflects Luso's culinary influence may be spread due to human traffic activities between two regions.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Tracing_the_origins_of_rendang_and-30) ## Cultural significance Rendang was officially recognized by Malaysia as a National Heritage food in 2009,[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_2009-2) celebrated for its rich diversity across the country. *Rendang campur* was declared in 2012.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-43) *Randang* from West Sumatra was granted cultural heritage status in 2013 by the Indonesian government.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Randang_2013-1) Rendang holds a special place in Malay and Minangkabau society, celebrated for its deep cultural significance and often reserved for special occasions such as Eid, weddings, and important gatherings.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu-38)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Lemang_dan_ketupat_pembuka_selera_sa-tiap_pagi_raya-34) In villages, making rendang is a communal effort, with large amounts of meat being cooked in a giant cast-iron cauldron. During the final stage, people work together, stirring with a wooden oar-like spatula for hours to ensure even cooking. This slow frying removes moisture, allowing the meat to absorb the spices while preventing burning or breaking.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Singapura_Stories-11) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/RENDANG_AYAM.jpg/250px-RENDANG_AYAM.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RENDANG_AYAM.jpg) Oil gives rendang its signature glossy finish.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Khir_Johari_Book-15): 351 Turmeric leaves are sliced as garnishes. The essence of rendang lies in its meticulous cooking process, where meat or chicken is slow-cooked with fresh coconut milk, aromatic spices, and herbs. This harmonious blend of ingredients represents unity and balance within the Malay community. Beyond its exquisite taste, rendang embodies hospitality, cultural pride, and a connection to heritage.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-KTM-44) Malay food traditions make the most of coconuts, knowing that the best coconut milk comes from mature coconuts. People with coconut palms could easily choose the right coconut for *rendang* the next day.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Khir_Johari_Book-15): 204–205 Oil plays an important role in the dish's presentation, adding a glossy finish whether used for sautĂ©ing or naturally released during cooking.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Khir_Johari_Book-15): 351 Rendang is traditionally associated with festive occasions and ceremonial meals. For example, it took center stage in the royal celebration during the *Santapan Nasi Berastakona* at [Istana Iskandariah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Iskandariah "Istana Iskandariah") following the [Perak Sultan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Perak "Sultan of Perak")'s coronation. Various styles of rendang were served alongside layers of yellow, white, and black glutinous rice in an intricately carved silver octagonal vessel called the *Astakona*, symbolizing sustenance and harmony. Notable Perak variations of rendang such as *rendang tok*, *rendang ayam*, and *rendang udang*, were thoughtfully prepared and arranged around the rice centerpiece, showcasing the dish's ceremonial importance.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-JPM_Book-45) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Memasak_Rendang.jpg/250px-Memasak_Rendang.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memasak_Rendang.jpg) A group of women preparing *randang* in West Sumatra. In Minangkabau culture, there are three types of food: *makanan adat* (traditional ceremonial food), *samba adat* (ceremonial dishes), and *makan beradat* (formal dining traditions). Rendang belongs to the category of *samba adat*, which is essential for traditional ceremonies. One key example is *rendang daging kerbau* (buffalo meat rendang), which symbolizes legitimacy in cultural rituals. Buffalo meat is particularly significant and cannot be substituted, as it is tied to the recognition of a tribal leader's title.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu-38): 16 Rendang, a celebrated dish from the Minangkabau region, is tied to a folk tale about Princess Puti Ranti, a humble and skilled cook. In a royal cooking competition, jealous rivals sabotaged her *gulai*, causing it to blacken. Despite this, the dish turned out delicious, and Puti Ranti won the contest. The delighted king named the dish *rendang*, combining her name and that of her future fiancĂ©, Danggala. This story reflects Rendang's significance as a symbol of heritage and pride in Minangkabau culture.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu-38): 5–7 Each ingredient in rendang is reported to carry philosophical symbolism in Minangkabau culture and represents its key values and principles that reflect the way of life and social structure of the people. Rendang has a special position in the culture of the [Minangkabau people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people"). The [Minangkabau people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") are famous for their [Merantau](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merantau "id:Merantau") culture, which is to leave their hometowns in [West Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra "West Sumatra"). Minang people in the land area used to travel to the [Strait of Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca "Strait of Malacca") to [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") which took about a month through the river, because along the way there were no villages, the nomads prepared a long-lasting food supply, namely Rendang.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Sejarah_Rendang_Merantau-46)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-binus_makna-dibalik-kenikmatan-sepotong-rendang-47) [CNN International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_International "CNN International") conducted a worldwide poll in 2011; it named rendang as the world's most delicious dish, ranking first among 50 dishes.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-CNNGo-48)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu-38): 1–2 Just prior to that ranking, the staff had put rendang at number eleven.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-49) The published article called rendang an "[Indonesian dish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine "Indonesian cuisine")". According to Fadly Rahman, many Indonesians don't just see this ranking as proof of rendang's exceptional taste; rather, it has been widely used by the government and culinary communities to reinforce that rendang is an Indonesian dish, not [Malaysian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine "Malaysian cuisine"). However, what often goes unnoticed is how this claim transforms rendang from a symbol of culinary excellence into a dish laden with political significance.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) In 2018, a judge on [MasterChef UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MasterChef_UK "MasterChef UK") sparked controversy by criticizing a contestant's rendang for not being "crispy enough". The remark drew strong reactions from Malaysians, Singaporeans, and Indonesians, leading to widespread debate. In response, some local eateries even created their own crispy versions of rendang.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Singapore_Infopedia-7) ### Philosophy Rendang holds deep philosophical significance for the Minang people of [West Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra "West Sumatra"), embodying the values of deliberation and consensus (*musyawarah dan mufakat*). It is rooted in four key ingredients, each symbolizing an essential pillar of Minangkabau society. *Dagiang* (beef) represents the *niniak mamak* (traditional tribal leaders), *karambia* (coconut) symbolizes the *cadiak pandai* (intellectuals), *lado* (chili) stands for the *alim ulama* (religious scholars who strictly uphold teachings), and *cook* (spices) represents the broader [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") community.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Sejarah_Rendang_Merantau-46)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-pesankubah.com-50)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Filosofi-51) | Ingredient | Symbolism | Description | |---|---|---| | meat *(dagiang)* | *niniak mamak*, *datuak*, or *pangulu* | all three terms refer to tribal or community leaders who are believed to bring prosperity to future generations. They are also seen as unifying figures for all members of the community. | | coconut milk *(karambia)* | *cadiak pandai* | These intellectuals foster unity among groups and individuals, resolve conflicts, and act as protectors. They also serve as lawmakers for Minangkabau tribes. | | chili *(lado)* | *alim ulama* | Religious scholars symbolize firmness and dedication in teaching and upholding religious values. | | spice mixture *(pemasak)* | *dubalang*, *manti*, or *bundo kanduang* | In Minangkabau society, every individual has a distinct role, each contributing to the promotion and preservation of Minangkabau culture. This collective participation is a cornerstone of social life. | The [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") philosophy in cooking rendang includes three main values: patience, wisdom, and perseverance. The cooking process that requires careful selection of ingredients reflects the good values of the human being.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Filosofi_Rendang-52) ## Composition and cooking method [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/D2D_9828_wikimedia2020_deni_dahniel_marandang_dagiang.jpg/250px-D2D_9828_wikimedia2020_deni_dahniel_marandang_dagiang.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D2D_9828_wikimedia2020_deni_dahniel_marandang_dagiang.jpg) A rendang cooking festival in [West Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra "West Sumatra") Rendang is most often described as meat [slow-cooked](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow-cooked "Slow-cooked") in coconut milk and spices until it becomes tender.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Roast-53)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-JP-Rendang1-54) If cooked properly, dry rendang can last for as long as four weeks.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-William_Wongso-55) Prior to [refrigeration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration "Refrigeration") technology, this style of cooking enabled preservation of large amounts of meat in the tropical climate,[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-56) and therefore became a popular cooking technique.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-urangminang.com-57) Its durability is one of the reasons that today, prepackaged rendang is sent as food aid relief for natural disaster survivors in Indonesia.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-JP-Rendang1-54) The preferred [cut of beef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_of_beef "Cut of beef") for rendang is lean meat of the rear leg; i.e. topside or [round](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_steak "Round steak") beef, which is considered perfect for slow cooking.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-58) Rendang is rich in spices. Along with the main [meat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef "Beef") ingredient, rendang uses [coconut milk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_milk "Coconut milk") and a paste of mixed ground spices, including [ginger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger "Ginger"), [galangal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galangal "Galangal"), [turmeric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric "Turmeric") leaves, [lemongrass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemongrass "Lemongrass"), garlic, [shallots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallot "Shallot"), [chillis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper "Chili pepper") and other spices. This spice mixture is called *pemasak* in Minangkabau. The spices, garlic, shallot, ginger and galangal used in rendang have [antimicrobial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial "Antimicrobial") properties and serve as natural organic preservatives.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-59) Although some [culinary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culinary_arts "Culinary arts") experts describe rendang as a [curry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry "Curry"),[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Roast-53)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rice93-60)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-William_Wongso-55) the dish is usually not considered as such in Indonesia or Malaysia since it is richer and contains less liquid than is normal for [curries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_curry "Indonesian curry").[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-61) Traditionally the term *rendang* does not refer to a certain type of dish. The verb *merendang* actually refers to a method of slow cooking; continuously churning the ingredients in a pot or frying pan, on a small fire, until all of the liquids evaporate and the meat is well done.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-62) Traditional Padang rendang takes hours to cook. Cooking rendang involves pounding and grinding ingredients as well as slow cooking, and so is time-consuming and requires patience.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-63) The meat pieces are slowly cooked in [coconut milk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_milk "Coconut milk") and spices until almost all the liquid is gone, allowing the meat to become tender and absorb the condiments. The cooking process changes from boiling to frying, as the liquid evaporates and the coconut milk turns to coconut oil.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-64) Cooking the meat until tender with almost all the liquid evaporated requires great care, keeping it from getting burnt. Because of its generous use of numerous spices, rendang is known for having a complex and unique taste. Rendang is often served with [steamed rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamed_rice "Steamed rice"), *[ketupat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketupat "Ketupat")* (a compressed rice cake) or *[lemang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemang "Lemang")* (glutinous rice cooked in bamboo tubes), accompanied with vegetable side dishes such as boiled [cassava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava "Cassava") leaf, *cubadak*[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-65) (young [jackfruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit "Jackfruit") *[gulai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulai "Gulai")*), [cabbage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbage "Cabbage") *gulai* and *lado* (red or green chilli pepper [sambal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambal "Sambal")). ### Cooking process - *merendang* Azizah Ja'afar describes the cooking process of *rendang* (merendang) as involves simmering the meat in spiced coconut milk in an uncovered pot or pan until the coconut milk's oil separates and coats the meat, giving it a rich, glossy finish.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Istilah_Rumah_Tangga-9) With a slow fire and constant stirring, it takes around three hours for five kilograms of meat to reduce from a broth (when all the ingredients come together in a wok). From there, it requires an additional two hours before reaching the traditional rendang consistency.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Singapura_Stories-11) | Stages | Description | |---|---| | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Rendang_1.JPG/250px-Rendang_1.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rendang_1.JPG) First Stage | The meat slowly simmers in a rich blend of coconut milk and spices, starting with a gentle boil in the creamy broth. | | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Rendang_2.JPG/250px-Rendang_2.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rendang_2.JPG) Second Stage | As the liquid gradually reduces, the coconut milk releases its natural oils, causing the cooking process to shift from simmering to slow frying. | | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Rendang.JPG/250px-Rendang.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rendang.JPG) Third and Final Stage: Rendang | Over time, the meat deepens in color, frying in its own thickened sauce until it's coated in a dark, flavorful paste. | ## Types ### Types of *rendang* in Malay Peninsula and Singapore Betty Yew's cookbook *Rasa Malaysia*, published in 1982, features 16 rendang recipes that highlight regional nuances.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-66)\[*[better source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\] Rendang can be made with a variety of proteins, including buffalo, chicken, duck, mutton, venison, shellfish, birds, and grasshoppers. Popular regional variations include *rendang kerbau* ([buffalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_buffalo "Water buffalo") rendang) from Rembau[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-LMN9-67) and *rendang udang galah* (giant freshwater prawn rendang) from Lenggong.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Lenggong-68) Vegetable ingredients like [jackfruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit "Jackfruit"), *pucuk teh*,\[*[further explanation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\] *pucuk lampin*,\[*[further explanation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\] and *pucuk maman* (*[Cleome gynandra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_gynandra "Cleome gynandra")*) are often added, reflecting the ingenuity of Malay communities in utilizing local resources.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-LMN9-67) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rendang_Tok_%26_Ketupat_Palas.jpg/250px-Rendang_Tok_%26_Ketupat_Palas.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rendang_Tok_%26_Ketupat_Palas.jpg) *Rendang tok* served with *ketupat palas*. In Perak, rendang is deeply rooted in royal culinary traditions. Notable varieties include *rendang tok*, *rendang ayam* (chicken rendang), and *rendang udang* (shrimp rendang).[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-JPM_Book-45) *Rendang tok*, a specialty from Bukit Chandan, is a dry curry made with cubed beef, coconut milk, and a rich blend of spices such as cloves, star anise, cumin, cinnamon, chilies, and turmeric. It is enhanced with pan-toasted desiccated coconut and thin strips of coconut flesh, giving it a unique texture and aroma. The final dish is dark and intensely flavorful.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Tok-69)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-70) Perak's rendang recipes also incorporate unique ingredients like forest fruits, including *kelepong* (a seasonal plant from the fig family).\[*[further explanation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\][\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-JWN_Book-71) In Lenggong, popular rendang varieties include *rendang [dendeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendeng "Dendeng")*, and *rendang pedas daging dengan lambuk* (spicy beef with *lambuk* yam\[*[further explanation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\] rendang).[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Lenggong-68)\[*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\] There is also *rendang daging masak hitam* that is commonly served at Malay weddings. This version stands out from other rendang dishes in the region because it's made without coconut milk, giving it a distinct flavor and appearance.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Daging_Masak_Hitam-72) Negeri Sembilan is known for two main types of rendang: *rendang kuning* (yellow rendang) and *rendang hitam* (black rendang). Both are cooked until completely dry. *Rendang kuning* shares ingredients with the region's signature dish, *[gulai kuning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masak_lemak_lada_api "Masak lemak lada api")*, such as *[cili api](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%27s_eye_chili "Bird's eye chili")*, turmeric, and coconut milk.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_N9-73) In Negeri Sembilan, beef is less commonly used due to its higher water content, which makes it harder to achieve the desired dryness.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-LMN9-67) A traditional recipe also features *pucuk ubi* (young tapioca leaves), cooked until the mixture is dry and the leaves turn a deep brown color.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-JWN_Book-71): 116–117 [\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-74) *Rendang daun puding* is a type of *rendang kuning* that incorporates *daun puding*\[*[further explanation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\] while *rendang kacang* includes chicken organs and long beans for added flavor and texture.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_N9-73) In Tebing Tinggi, Bintong, Perlis, there's a unique dish called *rendang serai*, where the main ingredient is thinly sliced lemongrass. It's cooked with a blend of ingredients like *belimbing buluh* (a sour local fruit), coconut milk, kurma spices, onions, and either fresh or dried prawns.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Perlis-75) In Malacca, a fiery version called *rendang cili api*, made with bird's eye chilies, coconut milk, and spices, often features unique ingredients like cockles *(rendang kerang)*.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-76) In Johor, the traditional *rendang asli* includes bird's eye chilies and thick soy sauce for a distinctive flavor profile.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Johor_Palate-77)\[*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\] Basmah, a dish popular in Penang and Kedah, closely resembles rendang as it also uses coconut milk and toasted coconut gratings. However, it stands out for its use of a greater variety of fresh spices.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Johor_Palate-77) In Terengganu and Kelantan, a dish called kerutuk is made from meat mixed with spices and cooked until thick, also said to resemble rendang.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Kerutuk_DBP-78) The Kristang also has their version of dry beef curry.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Kristang-36) Among older generations of Singapore Malays, rendang wasn't limited to just the classic meat version either. Variations included cattle liver rendang, pigeon rendang, eel rendang, shellfish rendang, jackfruit rendang (prized for its fibrous, meat-like texture), and banana blossom rendang. Some recipes even incorporated petite potatoes to add a carbohydrate element to balance the dish's rich protein and fat content. For extra depth of flavor, a few tablespoons of *[kerisik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerisik "Kerisik")* (toasted, grated coconut) could be mixed in. *Rendang hijau* (green rendang), once a prized dish among the Riau-Singapore nobility, can still be found in the homes of some descendants, though it is becoming increasingly rare.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Singapura_Stories-11) ### Types of *rendang* in West Sumatra [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nasi_ramas_rendang.JPG/250px-Nasi_ramas_rendang.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nasi_ramas_rendang.JPG) *Nasi ramas* served with rendang, and other side dishes. Today, rendang is widely enjoyed beyond ceremonial settings and has become a popular souvenir in Padang. While traditionally made with buffalo meat or beef, rendang now features a variety of ingredients. These include chicken, which cooks faster and is more economical; duck, common in areas like Payakumbuh; goat meat, often enjoyed in Agam; and seafood options like shellfish and salted fish. Other creative versions include *randang talua*, made with tapioca flour and eggs, and shredded beef or chicken rendang, which resembles meat floss but with thicker fibers.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu-38): 33–43 In Minangkabau, *randang* is broadly categorized into two styles based on regional influences: *randang darek* and *randang pasisia*. These variations reflect the geographical and cultural diversity of the highland (darek) and coastal (pasisia) areas of West Sumatra. Each variation of Rendang highlights the versatility of its signature spices, adapting to the availability of ingredients across different regions.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-West_Sumatra%E2%80%99s_Rendang-79) | Characteristics | *Randang Darek* | *Randang Pasisia* | |---|---|---| | Shape | cut into smaller pieces | cut into larger pieces | | Color | long cooking process gives a darker, blackish-brown color | has a lighter brown color due to shorter cooking times | | Aroma | smoky, fragrant aroma | aroma of spices, which are more abundant and prominent | | Texture | tender, and its bran (caramelized coconut) is crunchy | more tender, with the bran being crunchier and oilier | | Flavor | natural ingredients, resulting in a slightly sweet flavor | richer in herbs and spices, creating an aromatic taste | *Randang darek* focuses on long cooking times, smaller pieces, and a smoky flavor, while *randang pasisia* highlights spice richness, tenderness, and suitability as a daily dish. Both offer unique qualities that reflect their regional culinary traditions. ## Variations ### Indonesia Variations of Rendang [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sepotong_rendang2.jpg/250px-Sepotong_rendang2.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sepotong_rendang2.jpg) *Randang daging* or beef rendang [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Rendang_Chicken_and_Biriyani_Rice_-_AirAsiaX_Airbus_D72725_MEL-KUL.jpg/250px-Rendang_Chicken_and_Biriyani_Rice_-_AirAsiaX_Airbus_D72725_MEL-KUL.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rendang_Chicken_and_Biriyani_Rice_-_AirAsiaX_Airbus_D72725_MEL-KUL.jpg) Chicken rendang [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Rendang_hati.JPG/250px-Rendang_hati.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rendang_hati.JPG) *Randang hati* or beef liver rendang [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Randang_Limpo_%28rendang_limpa%29.jpg/250px-Randang_Limpo_%28rendang_limpa%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Randang_Limpo_\(rendang_limpa\).jpg) *Randang limpo* or beef spleen rendang [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Randang_talua_kariang2.jpg/250px-Randang_talua_kariang2.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Randang_talua_kariang2.jpg) *Randang talua kariang* or dry egg rendang [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Randang_maco.jpg/250px-Randang_maco.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Randang_maco.jpg) *Randang maco* or [salted fish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salted_fish "Salted fish") with diced cassava rendang [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Randang_Jariang_3.jpg/250px-Randang_Jariang_3.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Randang_Jariang_3.jpg) *Randang jariang* or [jengkol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jengkol "Jengkol") rendang [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Randang_Lokan_1.jpg/250px-Randang_Lokan_1.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Randang_Lokan_1.jpg) *Randang lokan* or clam rendang Rendang is made from beef (or occasionally [beef liver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_liver "Beef liver"), [chicken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_\(food\) "Chicken (food)"), [duck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_\(food\) "Duck (food)"), [mutton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutton "Mutton"), [water buffalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_buffalo "Domestic buffalo"), or vegetables like [jackfruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit "Jackfruit") or [cassava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava "Cassava")). Chicken or duck rendang also contains [tamarind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarind "Tamarind") and is usually not cooked for as long as beef rendang.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-80) The [original Minangkabau rendang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang_cuisine "Padang cuisine") has two categories, *rendang darek* and *rendang pesisir*. *Rendang darek* (‘land rendang’) is an umbrella term for dishes from old regions in mountainous areas of the [Minangkabau Highlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_Highlands "Minangkabau Highlands") such as [Batusangkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batusangkar "Batusangkar"), [Agam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agam_Regency "Agam Regency"), [Lima Puluh Kota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limapuluh_Koto_Regency "Limapuluh Koto Regency"), [Payakumbuh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payakumbuh "Payakumbuh"), [Padang Panjang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang_Panjang "Padang Panjang") and [Bukittinggi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukittinggi "Bukittinggi"). It mainly consists of beef, offal, poultry products, jackfruit, and many other vegetables and animal products that are found in these places. *Rendang pesisir* ('coastal rendang') is from the coastal regions of Minangkabau such as [Pariaman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariaman "Pariaman"), [Padang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang "Padang"), [Painan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painan "Painan") and [Pasaman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaman "Pasaman"). It mainly consists of seafood, although it is not unusual for it to include beef or water buffalo meat. Minangkabau Rendang variations:[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-urangminang.com-57)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-minangkabaunews-81)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-liputan6-82) - *Rendang ayam*: chicken rendang, speciality of [Batusangkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batusangkar "Batusangkar") and [Bukittinggi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukittinggi "Bukittinggi").[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-minangkabaunews-81) - *Rendang ati ampela*: rendang made of chicken innards; [liver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_\(food\) "Liver (food)") and [gizzard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizzard "Gizzard").[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Merdeka-Rendang-83) - *Rendang babat*: [tripe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripe "Tripe") rendang, made of tripes of cattle.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-84) - *Rendang baluik (rendang belut)*: [eel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel_as_food "Eel as food") rendang, speciality of [Solok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solok "Solok"). In the Solok dialect, it is also called ‘*randang baluk*’. - *Rendang bilih (bilis)*: [bilis fish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystacoleucus_padangensis "Mystacoleucus padangensis") rendang, specialty of [Padang Panjang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang_Panjang "Padang Panjang"). In [Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra "Sumatra"), *ikan bilis* refers distinctly to *Mystacoleucus padangensis*, a small freshwater fish endemic to [Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra "Sumatra"). In other places, *bilis* might refer to sea [anchovy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchovies_as_food "Anchovies as food") instead.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-85) - *Rendang cubadak (rendang nangka)*: unripe [jackfruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit "Jackfruit") rendang, speciality of [Payakumbuh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payakumbuh "Payakumbuh").[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-86)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang-Nabati-87) - *Rendang cumi*: [squid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_as_food "Squid as food") rendang, a seafood variant of rendang usually consumed in coastal area.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-88) - *Rendang daging*: meat rendang. The most common rendang is made from beef, but may also be from [water buffalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_buffalo "Water buffalo"), goat, [mutton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutton "Mutton") or [lamb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton "Lamb and mutton"), speciality of [Padang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang "Padang").[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-minangkabaunews-81) - *Rendang datuk (rendang kering)*: dried beef rendang, that instead of using fresh beef cuts, the pieces of meat are dried for four days prior of cooking. Specialty of [Muara Enim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muara_Enim "Muara Enim") in [South Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sumatra "South Sumatra").[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-89) - *Rendang daun kayu (samba buruk)*: rendang made of various edible leaves, usually leaves of *ubi kayu*, *jirak*, *mali*, *rambai*, *daun arbai*, mixed with *ikan haruan* ([snakehead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakehead_\(fish\) "Snakehead (fish)") fish), specialty of Payakumbuh.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang-Vegetarian-90) - *Rendang daun pepaya*: young [papaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya "Papaya") leaf rendang.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-91) - *Rendang dendeng*: [Dendeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendeng "Dendeng") rendang, thinly sliced dried and fried beef cooked in rendang spice. Also can be made from readily available processed [beef jerky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_jerky "Beef jerky").[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-92) - *Rendang gabus (rendang ikan haruan)*: [Snakehead fish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakehead_\(fish\) "Snakehead (fish)") rendang, popular in Payakumbuh.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Payakumbuh-Rendang-93) - *Rendang gadih*, *rendang tumbuk* or *rendang payakumbuh*: [Minced beef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minced_beef "Minced beef") rendang, *tumbuk* or pounded beef shaped into balls mixed with coconut, specialty of [Payakumbuh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payakumbuh "Payakumbuh"), [West Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra "West Sumatra").[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-94)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Merdeka-Rendang-83) - *Rendang hati*: cow liver rendang, speciality of [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people").[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-liputan6-82) - *Rendang ikan asap (rendang ikan salai)*: [smoked fish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoked_fish "Smoked fish") rendang, usually made of smoked *ikan pari* or ray fish, specialty of [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people").[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-95)[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-96) - *Rendang itiak (rendang bebek)*: duck rendang, speciality of [Bukittinggi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukittinggi "Bukittinggi") and [Payakumbuh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payakumbuh "Payakumbuh").[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-minangkabaunews-81) - *Rendang jamur*: mushroom rendang.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang-Nabati-87) - *Rendang jantung pisang*: [banana blossom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_blossom "Banana blossom") rendang, speciality of [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people").[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-IDN-Rendang-97)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Payakumbuh-Rendang-93) - *Rendang jariang (rendang jengkol)*: *[jengkol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archidendron_pauciflorum "Archidendron pauciflorum")* rendang, commonly popular in [West Sumatran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra "West Sumatra") towns, especially [Bukittinggi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukittinggi "Bukittinggi"), [Payakumbuh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payakumbuh "Payakumbuh"), [Pasaman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaman "Pasaman") and [Lubuk Basung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubuk_Basung "Lubuk Basung").[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-liputan6-82)[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-98) - *Rendang kambing*: [goat meat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat_meat "Goat meat") redang.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Merdeka-Rendang-83) - *Rendang jo kantang*: beef rendang with baby potatoes, speciality of [Kapau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapau "Kapau"). - *Rendang kepiting (rendang ketam)*: [crab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_meat "Crab meat") rendang, which is crab cooked in rendang spices with sweet soy sauce.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-99) - *Rendang lele*: [Catfish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish "Catfish") rendang.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Payakumbuh-Rendang-93) - *Rendang lidah*: [beef tongue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_tongue "Beef tongue") cooked as rendang.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-100) - *Rendang limpa*: offal rendang made of cattle [spleen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleen "Spleen").[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-101) - *Rendang lokan (rendang tiram)*: marsh clam rendang, speciality of coastal [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") regions such as [Pariaman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariaman "Pariaman"), [Painan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painan "Painan") and [Pesisir Selatan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesisir_Selatan "Pesisir Selatan").[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-liputan6-82) - *Rendang maco*: rendang that uses a type of [salted fish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salted_fish "Salted fish"), specialty of [Limapuluh Koto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_Puluh_Kota_Regency "Lima Puluh Kota Regency").[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-IDN-Rendang-97)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-minangkabaunews-81) - *Rendang medan*: rendang variant from [Medan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medan "Medan") in [North Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sumatra "North Sumatra"), slightly different to [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") rendang. It is more fatty and wet akin to kalio and usually less hot and spicy.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-102) - *Rendang padang*: [Padang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang "Padang") rendang commonly sold in [Padang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang "Padang") restaurants nationwide, dry rendang that uses lean fatless meat.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Merdeka-Rendang-83) - *Rendang pakis (rendang pucuk paku)*: vegetable rendang made from *pakis* or [fern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern "Fern") leaf, specialty of [Pasaman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaman_Regency "Pasaman Regency").[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-minangkabaunews-81)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang-Nabati-87) - *Rendang paru*: cow's lung rendang, speciality of [Payakumbuh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payakumbuh "Payakumbuh"). - *Rendang patin*: *[Pangasius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangasius "Pangasius")* catfish rendang.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-103) - *Rendang petai*: stir fried *[petai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkia_speciosa "Parkia speciosa")* and common [green beans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_bean "Green bean") in rendang spices.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-104) - *Rendang pucuak ubi (rendang daun singkong)*: cassava leaf rendang, speciality of [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people").[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-IDN-Rendang-97) - *Rendang punai (rendang burung dara)*: rendang made of *burung punai* or [green pigeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_pigeon "Green pigeon"). - *Rendang puyuh*: rendang made of *burung puyuh* or [quail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quail_as_food "Quail as food").[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-105) - *Rendang rawit*: an extra hot and spicy dried rendang spices mixed with dried *cabai rawit* ([bird's eye chili](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%27s_eye_chili "Bird's eye chili")). Not exactly a dish, but more a [condiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condiment "Condiment") akin to [serundeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serundeng "Serundeng"), [bawang goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawang_goreng "Bawang goreng") or [chili powder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_powder "Chili powder") that sprinkled upon steamed rice or noodle.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-106) - *Rendang rebung*: rendang made of [bamboo shoot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_shoot "Bamboo shoot"). - *Rendang runtiah (rendang suir)*: (lit: "shredded rendang") shredded beef or poultry rendang, speciality of Payakumbuh.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-107) - *Rendang sapuluik itam (rendang pulut hitam)*: dough made of ground black [sticky rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_rice "Sticky rice") cooked and served in rendang spice, specialty of Simalanggang.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang-Vegetarian-90) - *Rendang selais*: rendang made of *selais* (*[Kryptopterus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptopterus "Kryptopterus")*) fish, a genus of catfish found in rivers of Sumatra, popular in [Pekanbaru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekanbaru "Pekanbaru"), Riau.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-108) - *Rendang tahu*: tofu rendang, a vegetarian variant that uses [tofu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofu "Tofu") beancurd instead of meat.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-109) - *Rendang talua (rendang telur)*: egg rendang, speciality of [Payakumbuh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payakumbuh "Payakumbuh").[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-minangkabaunews-81) - *Rendang tempe*: [*tempe*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempeh "Tempeh") rendang, a vegetarian variant that uses tempeh soybean cake instead of meat.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-110) - *Rendang teri*: [anchovy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchovies_as_food "Anchovies as food") rendang.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-111) - *Rendang tongkol*: [mackerel tuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackerel_tuna "Mackerel tuna") rendang, speciality of coastal [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") regions.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-112) - *Rendang tuna*: [tuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna_as_food "Tuna as food") rendang.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-113) - *Rendang tunjang (rendang kikil)*: rendang made of cartilage and tendons of [cow's trotters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow%27s_trotters "Cow's trotters").[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-114) - *Rendang ubi*: made of *ubi kayu* or *singkong* (cassava).[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang-Nabati-87) - *Rendang udang*: [shrimp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food "Shrimp and prawn as food") rendang.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-115) - *Rendang usus*: intestine rendang, made of [offals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offal "Offal"); the intestines of either poultry or cattle. The cattle intestine rendang is quite similar with *gulai tambusu*, *gulai iso* or *gulai usus*.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-116) #### Rendang outside West Sumatra Today, rendang is quite widespread in Indonesia, mainly because of the proliferation of [Padang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang "Padang") restaurants, which caused rendang to become popular in Indonesian households of various ethnic backgrounds. This has led to the development of variants to accommodate regional preferences. For example, in [Java](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java "Java"), the rendang—aside from the Padang variety sold in Padang restaurants—tends to be wetter, slightly sweeter, and less spicy to accommodate [Javanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people "Javanese people") tastes. Rendang variations outside by the Minangkabau: - *Rendang kelinci*: [rabbit meat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit_meat "Rabbit meat") rendang, popular in [Aceh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh "Aceh").[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-117) - *Rendang babi*: [pork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork "Pork") rendang, the adaptation of rendang by non-[Muslim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim "Muslim") population of [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia").[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-118) Usually consumed in [Christian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity "Christianity")\-majority Batak region of [North Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sumatra "North Sumatra") and [Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism "Hinduism")\-majority island of [Bali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali "Bali"). In [Bali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali "Bali"), the popularity of rendang has led to this adaptation, since some [Balinese Hindus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism "Balinese Hinduism") do not consume beef.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-119) - *Rendang jawa*: [Javanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people "Javanese people") adoption of [Minang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") rendang, which is more soft and moist suited to [Javanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people "Javanese people") taste, usually rather sweet and less spicy compared to [Sumatran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra "Sumatra") rendang.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Merdeka-Rendang-83) Outside of [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia"), rendang is also known in [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia"), [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"), [Brunei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei "Brunei"), southern [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand "Thailand"), and the southern [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines") as well as in the [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands"), [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia"), [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan"), [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium "Belgium"),[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-rendang_origin_and_popularity-120)[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-thomas-121) and [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand").[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-122) ### In Malaysia Rendang has a long history in Malaysia with distinct versions unique to individual Malaysian states. The different versions of rendang use different ingredients for the spice mix, resulting in differing flavors to the meat.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-123) - *Rendang ayam*: [chicken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_as_food "Chicken as food") rendang. - *Rendang ayam goreng*: fried chicken rendang.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-icookasia.com-124) The popularity of this rendang skyrocketed mainly due to the "rendangate" controversy in 2018.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-125)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-126) - *Rendang daging* or *Rendang [Rembau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembau_District "Rembau District")*: dark, woody coloured meat rendang. Traditionally made using [water buffalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_buffalo "Water buffalo") meat. These days, beef is commonly used instead. - *Rendang daging hitam*: [Kicap manis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_soy_sauce "Sweet soy sauce")\-based black-coloured beef rendang, a specialty of [Sarawak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak "Sarawak"). - *Rendang dendeng*: thinly sliced dried meat rendang.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-rasa.my-127) - *Rendang ikan*: fish rendang.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-128) - *Rendang ikan pari*: [stingray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stingray "Stingray") rendang, a specialty of [Perak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak "Perak").[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-129) - *Rendang itik*: [duck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_as_food "Duck as food") rendang, a specialty of [Negeri Sembilan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan "Negeri Sembilan") and [Sarawak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak "Sarawak"). In Sarawak, the duck is roasted first so that the meat is soft and not sticky.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-130) In Negeri Sembilan, the duck is preferred to be smoked first. - *Rendang puyuh*: [quail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quail_as_food "Quail as food") rendang.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-131) - *Rendang kupang*: [mussels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussel#As_food "Mussel") rendang.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-132) - *Rendang rusa*: [venison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venison "Venison") rendang. - *Rendang udang*: [prawn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawn_as_food "Prawn as food") rendang, a specialty of Perak.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-133) - *Rendang kambing*: [goat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat_meat "Goat meat") rendang. - *Rendang kerang*: [cockle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockle_\(bivalve\) "Cockle (bivalve)") rendang. Commonly served as a side dish for *[nasi lemak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_lemak "Nasi lemak")*. - *Rendang ketam*: [crab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_as_food "Crab as food") rendang.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-134) - *Rendang kijing*: [kijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilsbryoconcha "Pilsbryoconcha"), a type of shellfish, cooked with rendang spices.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-rasa.my-127) - *Rendang hati*: beef liver rendang, a specialty of [Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor").[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-135) - *Rendang telur*: boiled egg rendang.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-136) - *Rendang kunyit* or *rendang [Kuala Pilah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Pilah "Kuala Pilah")* or *rendang kuning*: yellow-hued rendang, uses fresh [turmeric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric "Turmeric"), [lemongrass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemongrass "Lemongrass"), and coconut milk but with no onion added at all.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-137) - *Rendang landak*: [porcupine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupine "Porcupine") rendang, an exotic meat rendang, a specialty of [Sekinchan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekinchan "Sekinchan"), [Selangor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor "Selangor").[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-138)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-139) - *Rendang babi*: [pork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork "Pork") rendang. Non-halal rendang that is eaten only by the Chinese and Peranakan community in Malaysia.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-140) - *Rendang lengkuas* or *nasu likku*: [galangal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galangal "Galangal")\-based rendang, a specialty of [Bugis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugis "Bugis") people in [Sabah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah "Sabah"). Two versions exist in Sabah, wet and dry; both are considered rendang in Malaysia.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-141) - *Rendang lokan*: [lokan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymesoda "Polymesoda") rendang, a specialty of [Sungai Petani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Petani "Sungai Petani"), [Kedah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah "Kedah").[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-142) - *Rendang berempah*: spice rendang. Emphasizes the abundance of spices in the rendang.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-143) - *Rendang paru*: beef lung rendang. - *Rendang daun maman*: vegetable rendang made from braised *[Cleome gynandra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_gynandra "Cleome gynandra")* (*maman*) leaves, specialty of [Gemencheh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemencheh "Gemencheh"), [Negeri Sembilan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan "Negeri Sembilan"),[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-144)[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-145)\[*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\] - *Rendang daun pegaga*: vegetable rendang made from [pegaga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegaga "Pegaga") leaf. - *Rendang daun puding*: vegetable rendang made from the edible leaves of the [garden croton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_croton "Garden croton"), a speciality of [Negeri Sembilan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan "Negeri Sembilan").[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-146) - *Rendang daun ubi kayu*: vegetable rendang made from cassava leaf. - *Rendang jantung pisang*: banana blossom rendang.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-icookasia.com-124)[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-147) - *Rendang [serundeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serundeng "Serundeng")*: dry meat floss, derived from rendang. It has a long shelf-life and needs no refrigeration, a specialty of Kelantan.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-148) - *Rendang Minang*: originated from the [Minangkabau people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") who settled in Negeri Sembilan during the 16th century, but has since evolved from the Sumatran rendang version of the recipe.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-149) - *Rendang cili api* or *Rendang Negeri Sembilan* or *Rendang hijau*: greenish-hued rendang, uses [cili api](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%27s_eye_chili "Bird's eye chili") instead of red chili that is normally used in other rendang versions, a specialty of [Negeri Sembilan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan "Negeri Sembilan").[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-150) - *Rendang Tok*: dry beef rendang created by the royal cooks of Perak, incorporates spices that were typically inaccessible to the general population.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-eresources.nlb.gov.sg-151) - *Rendang Pahang* or *opor daging*: dark red meat stew cooked with rich spice mix.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-152) - *Rendang Perak*: simpler version of Rendang Tok, a specialty of Perak. - *Rendang Rawa*: Rawa version of rendang, less complicated in terms of ingredients.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-153) - *Rendang Kedah*: reddish-hued rendang, incorporates the use of red sugar, turmeric leaves, kaffir lime leaves due to the Thai influence on the state cuisine, a specialty of [Kedah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah "Kedah").[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-154) - *Rendang Kelantan/Terengganu* or *[kerutuk daging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerutuk_daging "Kerutuk daging")*: slow-cooked meat mixed with a unique spice known as kerutub, coconut milk, [kerisik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerisik "Kerisik") and some palm sugar.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-eresources.nlb.gov.sg-151) - *Rendang Nyonya*: Peranakan version of rendang, a specialty of [Peranakan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peranakan "Peranakan").[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-155) - *Rendang Sabah*: uses white cumin to replace cinnamon and cloves, a specialty of [Sabah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah "Sabah").[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-156) - *Rendang Sarawak*: incorporates the use of turmeric leaves, a specialty of [Sarawak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak "Sarawak"). - *Rendang Siam*: Malay-Siamese version of rendang, incorporates the use of Thai inspired ingredients. ### Others #### In the Netherlands The Dutch are familiar with rendang through colonial ties and often serve the wet *kalio* version in the [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands")—usually as part of a *[rijsttafel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijsttafel "Rijsttafel")*. Indonesian dishes, including rendang, are served in numbers of Indonesian restaurants in Dutch cities, especially [The Hague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague "The Hague"), [Utrecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht "Utrecht"), [Rotterdam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam "Rotterdam") and [Amsterdam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam").[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-157) #### In the Philippines In the Philippines, rendang is most commonly associated with the cuisine of the Muslim [Maranao people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranao_people "Maranao people") of [Mindanao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao "Mindanao"). It differs from the Indonesian versions in the use of the native spice mix *[palapa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palapa_\(condiment\) "Palapa (condiment)")* as well as the addition of *[muscovado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovado "Muscovado")* sugar.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-158)[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-159)[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-160) ### Fusion rendang [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/7-Eleven_Frozen_Spaghetti_Rendang.JPG/250px-7-Eleven_Frozen_Spaghetti_Rendang.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7-Eleven_Frozen_Spaghetti_Rendang.JPG) Spaghetti rendang sold in a [7-Eleven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Eleven "7-Eleven") convenience store in Jakarta Rendang *[bumbu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumbu_\(seasoning\) "Bumbu (seasoning)")* is sometimes used as the base of other [fusion dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_cuisine "Fusion cuisine"). Some chefs in Indonesian [sushi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushi "Sushi") establishments, for example, have developed a Japanese-Indonesian fusion cuisine with recipes for krakatau roll, [gado-gado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gado-gado "Gado-gado") roll, rendang roll[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-161) and [gulai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulai "Gulai") ramen.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-162) Several chefs and food industries have experimented with fusing rendang with [sandwiches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich "Sandwich"), [burgers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger "Hamburger") and [spaghetti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaghetti "Spaghetti"). [Burger King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burger_King "Burger King") at one time served a rendang-flavoured burger in their Singapore and Indonesia chains for a limited promotion period.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-163)[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-164) Spaghetti with rendang could also be found in [7-Eleven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Eleven "7-Eleven") convenience stores across Indonesia. Rendang is also a popular flavour in Indonesian [instant noodle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_noodle "Instant noodle") variants, such as [Indomie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indomie "Indomie") Goreng Rendang.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-165) Most recently, there were Taiwanese [baozis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baozi "Baozi") with rendang fillings sold at Neo Soho Mall in West Jakarta.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-166) ## See also - [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/40px-Foodlogo2.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg)[Food portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food "Portal:Food") - ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png)[Indonesia portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Indonesia "Portal:Indonesia") - ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png)[Malaysia portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Malaysia "Portal:Malaysia") - ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/40px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png)[Singapore portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Singapore "Portal:Singapore") - ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png)[Philippines portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philippines "Portal:Philippines") - [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/20px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg) [Rendang](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Rendang "wikibooks:Cookbook:Rendang") at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject - [Cuisine of Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Indonesia "Cuisine of Indonesia") - [Minangkabau cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang_cuisine "Padang cuisine") - [Kalio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalio "Kalio"), Indonesian dish - Similar dishes: - [Kala bhuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala_bhuna "Kala bhuna") - [Saksang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksang "Saksang") - [Dinuguan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinuguan "Dinuguan") - [Svartsoppa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartsoppa "Svartsoppa") - [Sarapatel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarapatel "Sarapatel") ## Notes 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-3)** [Jawi script](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_script "Jawi script"): Ű±Ù†ŰŻÚ . In [Za'aba spelling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%27aba_Spelling "Za'aba Spelling"): *rěndang*. Malay pronunciation: [\[rənˈdaƋ\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay "Help:IPA/Malay") 2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-17)** Azizah Ja'afar was head of the [Rural Industrial Development Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_Amanah_Rakyat "Majlis Amanah Rakyat")'s Taman Asuhan Wanita who compiled terms that according to her were used at the Sekolah Mentadbir Rumah Tangga in Johor Bahru and at the Taman Asuhan Wanita in Kuala Lumpur.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Azizah_Ja'afar-16) 3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-21)** In the 15th and 16th centuries, at the height of the Malacca Sultanate's power, its capital became a key Asian port, controlling much of the region along the Malacca Straits (Malay Peninsula and Sumatra). 4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-23)** The *Vocabularium, ofte Woorden-boek, in 't Duytsch en Maleysch* was first compiled and published by Caspar Wiltens and Sebastiaan Danckaerts in 1623. In 1650, it was significantly expanded in Amsterdam by Justus Heurnius, with contributions from Jan van Hasel and Albert Ruyl. Further revisions were made by Frederik Gueynier in Batavia in 1677, and it was updated again by Petrus van der Vorm in 1708, also in Batavia.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Pedoman_Bahasa_dan_Sastra_Melayu-22) 5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-28)** By the 19th century, much of the Malay Peninsula was under British control. However, Johor remained independent under Sultan Abu Bakar, who maintained the state's autonomy through strategic ties with European aristocrats.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Khir_Johari_Book-15) 6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-32)** *The "Mem's" Own Cookery Book* was first published in 1920 by Mrs. Kinsey, wife of British colonial official William Edward Kinsey, who was based in Malaya. In the preface, she notes that she tested the recipes in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan between 1915 and 1919. The cookbook features dishes like rendang, reflecting the flavors that were familiar to the British colonial palate.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-31) 7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-37)** Gusti Asnan acknowledges that his claims about the history of rendang are interpretative, where it is a normal part of historical reconstruction and an essential aspect of historical research methods.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Gusti_Asnan-20) 8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-39)** However, Fadly Rahman’s analysis of de Stuers' book found no explicit mention of rendang.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) The Dutch record describes a "blackened, charred dish".[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu-38): 13 ## References 1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Randang_2013_1-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Randang_2013_1-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Randang_2013_1-2) ["Warisan Budaya Tak Benda (WBTB) Indonesia"](https://kwriu.kemdikbud.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/MINISTERIAL-DECREE-OF-THE-MEC-NUMBER-238-OF-2013-ICHI-2013.pdf) (PDF). *kwriu.kemdikbud.go.id*. 2. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_2009_2-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_2009_2-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_2009_2-2) ["Warisan Kebangsaan 2009"](https://www.heritage.gov.my/en/pengisytiharan-2009.html). *heritage.gov.my*. 3. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Malay_Fried_Meat_4-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Malay_Fried_Meat_4-1) ["'Rendang Daging'"](https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/singstandard19571104-1.1.5). *Singapore Standard*. 4 November 1957. p. 5. 4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-5)** [Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1991: Public Eating : Proceedings. (1991)](https://www.google.com.my/books/edition/Oxford_Symposium_on_Food_and_Cookery_199/FrWgDRkS90EC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=daging%20rendang&pg=PA94&printsec=frontcover). United Kingdom: Prospect Books. p. 94. 5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Malay_Dry_Curry_6-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Malay_Dry_Curry_6-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Malay_Dry_Curry_6-2) Clifford, Hugh Charles; Swettenham, Frank Athelstane (1894). [*A Dictionary of the Malay Language*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0Q8AAAAMAAJ). authors at the Government's printing Office. p. 504. 6. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Singapore_Infopedia_7-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Singapore_Infopedia_7-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Singapore_Infopedia_7-2) ["Rendang"](https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=0f09b507-3994-4487-8f70-6c82037846a1). *National Library Board*. 7. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_DBP_8-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_DBP_8-1) ["Rendang"](https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=rendang). *prpm.dbp.gov.my*. 8. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Istilah_Rumah_Tangga_9-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Istilah_Rumah_Tangga_9-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Istilah_Rumah_Tangga_9-2) Azizah Ja'afar (8 February 1960). ["Istilah Rumah Tangga"](https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/beritaharian19600208-1.1.6). *Berita Harian*. p. 6. 9. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-8) [***j***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-9) [***k***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-10) [***l***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-11) [***m***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-12) [***n***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-13) [***o***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-14) [***p***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-15) Rahman, Fadly (1 September 2020). ["Tracing the origins of rendang and its development"](https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs42779-020-00065-1). *Journal of Ethnic Foods*. **7** (28) 28. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1186/s42779-020-00065-1](https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs42779-020-00065-1). 10. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Singapura_Stories_11-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Singapura_Stories_11-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Singapura_Stories_11-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Singapura_Stories_11-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Singapura_Stories_11-4) ["'Slow food before it became Slow Food – THE STORY OF RENDANG' by Khir Johari"](https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/webarchives/2021-05-14%2010:26:45.000/wp/details/http:%2F%2Fsingapurastories.com%2F2015%2F07%2Fslow-food-before-it-became-slow-food-the-story-of-rendang-by-khir-johari%2F). *eresources.nlb.gov.sg*. 11. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Treasures_of_Sumatra_12-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Treasures_of_Sumatra_12-1) Utomo, Bambang Budi; Karim, Mulyawan; Sundari, Ekowati (2009). *Treasures of Sumatra*. Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. p. 24. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9786024372255](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786024372255 "Special:BookSources/9786024372255") . 12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-13)** ["Tourism Ministry declares five dishes national food"](https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2018/09/20/tourism-ministry-declares-five-dishes-national-food.html). *www.thejakartapost.com*. 13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-14)** ["Rendang"](https://kbbi.web.id/rendang). *kbbi.web.id*. 14. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Khir_Johari_Book_15-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Khir_Johari_Book_15-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Khir_Johari_Book_15-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Khir_Johari_Book_15-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Khir_Johari_Book_15-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Khir_Johari_Book_15-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Khir_Johari_Book_15-6) Johari, Khir (2021). *The Food of Singapore Malays: Gastronomic Travels Through the Archipelago*. Marshall Cavendish Editions. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9789814841924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814841924 "Special:BookSources/9789814841924") . 15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Azizah_Ja'afar_16-0)** ["DALAM LAPANGAN MASAK MEMASAK PUN PERLU DI-AKUI"](https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/beritaharian19600201-1.2.54). *eresources.nlb.gov.sg*. 16. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Hoogervorst_Journal_18-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Hoogervorst_Journal_18-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Hoogervorst_Journal_18-2) G. Hoogervorst, Tom (2024). ["Seventeenth-century Malay wordlists and their potential for etymological scholarship"](https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1782&context=wacana). *Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia*: 567. 17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_OED_19-0)** ["Rendang"](https://www.oed.com/dictionary/rendang_n?tab=etymology&tl=true#1211422760). *Oxford English Dictionary*. 18. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Gusti_Asnan_20-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Gusti_Asnan_20-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Gusti_Asnan_20-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Gusti_Asnan_20-3) Asnan, Gusti (2021), [*Sejarah Rendang Disajikan pada "Semiloka Penyusunan Naskah Akademik Randang Menuju Warisan Dunia"*](http://repo.unand.ac.id/45069/1/Bahan%20Presentasi%20%28PPT%29%20Semiloka%20Penyusunan%20Naskah%20Akademik%20Randang%20Menuju%20Warisan%20Dunia.pdf) (PDF) 19. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Pedoman_Bahasa_dan_Sastra_Melayu_22-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Pedoman_Bahasa_dan_Sastra_Melayu_22-1) J. J. de Hollander (1984). *Pedoman Bahasa dan Sastra Melayu*. Balai Pustaka. p. 332. 20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-24)** Wiltens, C., Danckaerts, S., & Heurnius, J. (1650). [Vocabularium, ofte Woorden-Boeck: nae ordre van den Alphabeth in't Duytsch en Maleys](https://books.google.com.my/books?id=3GcTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false). Ghedruckt door ordre van de E.E. heeren bewinthehebberen der Geoctroyeerde Oost-Indische Compagnie. 21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-25)** Wiltens, C.; Danckaerts, S. (1623). [*Vocabularium, ofte woort-boeck, naer ordre vanden alphabet in 't Duytsch-Maleysch, ende Maleysch-Duytsch*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqsnzOpsZ9oC&dq=rindang&pg=PA106) (in Dutch). National Library of the Netherlands: De weduwe, ende erfghenamen van wijlen Hillebrant Jacobssz van Wouw. 22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-26)** Hooker, Virginia Matheson (2016). Fleet, Kate (ed.). ["Hang Tuah, Hikayat"](https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_30299). *Encyclopaedia of Islam* (3 ed.). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1163/1573-3912\_ei3\_COM\_30299](https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_30299). Retrieved 20 June 2023 – via Brill. 23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Abd._Razak_27-0)** Aziz, Abd. Razak (2018). [*Hibridisasi Masakan Melayu: Kajian Kes di Kuala Lumpur*](https://web.archive.org/web/20250204084213/http://malrep.uum.edu.my/rep/Record/my.um.stud.8760) (Thesis). p. 70. Archived from [the original](http://malrep.uum.edu.my/rep/Record/my.um.stud.8760) on 4 February 2025. Retrieved 3 February 2025. 24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Maharajah_Abu_Bakar_1881_29-0)** ["'Straits Times Overland Journal"](https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/stoverland18811031-1.1.9). *eresources.nlb.gov.sg*. 25. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Tracing_the_origins_of_rendang_and_30-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Tracing_the_origins_of_rendang_and_30-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Tracing_the_origins_of_rendang_and_30-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Tracing_the_origins_of_rendang_and_30-3) Rahman, Fadly (1 September 2020). ["Tracing the origins of rendang and its development"](https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs42779-020-00065-1). *Journal of Ethnic Foods*. **7** 28. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1186/s42779-020-00065-1](https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs42779-020-00065-1). 26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-31)** ["Senior Librarian Bonny Tan delves into *The "Mem's" Own Cookery Book* (1929)"](https://biblioasia.nlb.gov.sg/vol-7/issue-3/oct-dec-2011/malayan-cookery-book/). *BiblioAsia*. **7** (3). National Library of Singapore. October–December 2011. 27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-33)** ["The Curry Chronicles"](https://biblioasia.nlb.gov.sg/videos/curry-chronicles/). *BiblioAsia*. 28. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Lemang_dan_ketupat_pembuka_selera_sa-tiap_pagi_raya_34-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Lemang_dan_ketupat_pembuka_selera_sa-tiap_pagi_raya_34-1) ["Lemang dan ketupat pembuka selera sa-tiap pagi raya"](https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/beritaharian19671226-1.2.77). *eresources.nlb.gov.sg*. [Berita Harian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berita_Harian "Berita Harian"). 26 December 1967. p. 10. Retrieved 29 March 2025. Microflim: NL5342. 29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-The_treasure_of_Minangkabau_35-0)** Nurmufida, Muthia; Wangrimen, Gervasius H.; Reinalta, Risty; Leonardi, Kevin (2017). ["Rendang: The treasure of Minangkabau"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2017.10.005). *Journal of Ethnic Foods*. **4** (4): 232–235\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.jef.2017.10.005](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2017.10.005). 30. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Kristang_36-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Kristang_36-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Kristang_36-2) Jackson, Annabel (2020). *The Making of Macau's Fusion Cuisine From Family Table to World Stage*. Hong Kong University Press. p. 70. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9789888528349](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789888528349 "Special:BookSources/9789888528349") . 31. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu_38-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu_38-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu_38-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu_38-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu_38-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu_38-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu_38-6) S. Metron Masdison (2018). [*Rendang nan Enak itu*](https://web.archive.org/web/20250204132726/https://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/resource/doc/files/Rendang_nan_Enak_Itu-S_Metron_Masdison-Final_0.pdf) (PDF). Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9786024372255](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786024372255 "Special:BookSources/9786024372255") . Archived from [the original](https://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/resource/doc/files/Rendang_nan_Enak_Itu-S_Metron_Masdison-Final_0.pdf) (PDF) on 4 February 2025. Retrieved 3 February 2025. 32. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Boileau_40-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Boileau_40-1) Boileau, Janet (2010). *A culinary history of the Portuguese Eurasians: the origins of Luso-Asian cuisine in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries* (Thesis). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [166582078](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166582078). 33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Book_41-0)** Rahman, Fadly (2023). *Jejak rasa Nusantara sejarah makanan Indonesia*. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. pp. 51–52\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9786020335216](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786020335216 "Special:BookSources/9786020335216") . 34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-42)** Dalgado, SebastiĂŁo Rodolfo. ["Influence of Portuguese vocables in Asiatic languages. \[trans.\]"](https://ia801400.us.archive.org/28/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.84109/2015.84109.Portuguese-Vocables-Asiatic-Languages.pdf) (PDF). *Internet Archive*. Oriental Institute Baroda. 35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-43)** ["Warisan Kebangsaan 2012"](https://www.heritage.gov.my/en/pengisytiharan-2012.html). *heritage.gov.my*. 36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-KTM_44-0)** Panel Penulis The Patriots (2019). *Kitab Tamadun Melayu*. Patriots Publishing Sdn Bhd. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9789671652893](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789671652893 "Special:BookSources/9789671652893") . 37. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-JPM_Book_45-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-JPM_Book_45-1) [*Pertabalan DYMM Paduka Seri Sultan Perak XXXV*](https://dbook.penerangan.gov.my/dbook/dmdocuments/pertabalan_sultan_perak/mobile/index.html#p=1). Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia. 2017. p. 78. 38. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Sejarah_Rendang_Merantau_46-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Sejarah_Rendang_Merantau_46-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Sejarah_Rendang_Merantau_46-2) Media, Kompas Cyber (6 January 2022). ["Sejarah Rendang, Berkaitan dengan Tradisi Merantau Orang Minangkabau"](https://www.kompas.com/food/read/2022/01/06/113400575/sejarah-rendang-berkaitan-dengan-tradisi-merantau-orang-minangkabau). *kompas.com*. 39. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-binus_makna-dibalik-kenikmatan-sepotong-rendang_47-0)** ["MAKNA DIBALIK KENIKMATAN SEPOTONG RENDANG"](https://binus.ac.id/character-building/2021/01/makna-dibalik-kenikmatan-sepotong-rendang/). *binus.ac.id*. 40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-CNNGo_48-0)** Tim Cheung (7 September 2011). ["Your pick: World's 50 best foods"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121111184944/http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/eat/readers-choice-worlds-50-most-delicious-foods-012321). CNNGo. Archived from [the original](http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/eat/readers-choice-worlds-50-most-delicious-foods-012321) on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2015. 41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-49)** ["World's 50 most delicious foods"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111009033820/http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/eat/worlds-50-most-delicious-foods-067535?page=0%2C0). *CNNGo*. Cable News Network. 21 July 2011. Archived from [the original](http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/eat/worlds-50-most-delicious-foods-067535?page=0,0) on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011. 42. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-pesankubah.com_50-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-pesankubah.com_50-1) [Pesankubah.com: Menyelisik Arti Masakan Rendang Minangkabau Dalam Maknanya](https://www.pesankubah.com/2023/05/arti-masakan-rendang-minangkabau.html) 43. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Filosofi_51-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Filosofi_51-1) ["Filosofi Rendang yang Mengandung Arti Kehidupan Mendalam"](https://kumparan.com/sejarah-dan-sosial/filosofi-rendang-yang-mengandung-arti-kehidupan-mendalam-20GFQGiQAUH/full). *kumparan.com*. 44. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Filosofi_Rendang_52-0)** ["Rendang: Lezatnya Sebuah Filosofi dan Warisan Budaya Minangkabau"](https://www.jambione.com/kuliner/1363349429/rendang-lezatnya-sebuah-filosofi-dan-warisan-budaya-minangkabau). *jambione.com*. 45. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Roast_53-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Roast_53-1) ["Malaysians roast MasterChef over chicken rendang elimination"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43624632). *BBC News*. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2020. 46. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-JP-Rendang1_54-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-JP-Rendang1_54-1) Kautsar, Muthi Achadiat (2 September 2018). ["Why beef rendang is the right food to send to natural disaster victims"](https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2018/09/01/why-beef-rendang-is-the-right-food-to-send-to-natural-disaster-victims.html). *The Jakarta Post*. Retrieved 10 December 2019. 47. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-William_Wongso_55-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-William_Wongso_55-1) ["William Wongso: Duta Rendang di Dunia Kuliner Internasional"](http://indonesiaproud.wordpress.com/2010/11/23/william-wongso-duta-rendang-di-dunia-kuliner-internasional/). Indonesia Proud. 23 November 2010. 48. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-56)** Brissenden, Rosemary (2007). [*Southeast Asian Food, Classic and modern dishes from Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam*](https://books.google.com/books?id=AzIfdz0M0JEC). Periplus. p. 102. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0794604882](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0794604882 "Special:BookSources/978-0794604882") . Retrieved 31 October 2014. 49. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-urangminang.com_57-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-urangminang.com_57-1) ["Inilah Rendang Minang Juara dunia itu"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140422152011/http://www.urangminang.com/berita/berita-dari-rantau/347-inilah-rendang-minang-juara-dunia-itu). Urang Minang.com. 12 September 2011. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. 50. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-58)** Cornish, Richard (22 July 2019). ["The best cuts of beef for slow-cooked dishes"](https://www.goodfood.com.au/recipes/news/the-best-cuts-of-beef-for-slowcooked-dishes-20190716-h1g9lk). *Good Food*. Retrieved 11 December 2019. 51. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-59)** Winiati Pudji Rahayu (2000). ["Aktivitas Antimikroba Bumbu Masakan Tradisional Hasil Olahan Industri Terhadap Bakteri Patogen Perusak"](http://repository.ipb.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/41871/BULETIN%20TEKNOLOGI%20&%20INDUSTRI%20PANGAN%20XI\(f\).pdf;jsessionid=1E28C1190C9C6D6416C3F8B0DE7F5726?sequence=1). *Bul. Teknol. Dun Zndustri Pangan* (in Indonesian). Retrieved 20 September 2015. 52. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rice93_60-0)** Owen, Sri (1993). *The Rice Book*. [Doubleday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_\(publisher\) "Doubleday (publisher)"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-7112-2260-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7112-2260-6 "Special:BookSources/0-7112-2260-6") . 53. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-61)** ["Arti Dibalik Masakan Rendang"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140913110011/http://www.rendangnaniko.com/blog/arti-diabalik-masakan-rendang/) (in Indonesian). Rendang Naniko. 30 April 2014. Archived from [the original](http://www.rendangnaniko.com/blog/arti-diabalik-masakan-rendang/) on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014. 54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-62)** Media, Kompas Cyber (20 July 2012). ["Rendang Ternyata Bukan Nama Masakan"](http://bola.kompas.com/read/2012/07/20/1533551/Rendang.Ternyata.Bukan.Nama.Masakan). *Kompas.com*. 55. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-63)** Asli, Pelaminan Minang Buchyar-Pernikahan Adat Minangkabau. ["Rendang Padang Ikon Masakan Indonesia Hadir Di Pameran Wisata Berlin - Pelaminan Minang Buchyar Pernikahan Adat Minangkabau Asli Sumatera Barat"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220926122234/https://pelaminanminang.com/dapur-minang/rendang-padang-ikon-masakan-indonesia-hadir-di-pameran-wisata-berlin.html). Archived from [the original](https://pelaminanminang.com/dapur-minang/rendang-padang-ikon-masakan-indonesia-hadir-di-pameran-wisata-berlin.html) on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2021. 56. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-64)** ["Rendang, Hidangan Terlezat di Dunia"](http://female.kompas.com/read/2011/09/10/20395488/Rendang.Hidangan.Terlezat.di.Dunia). *Female Kompas.com*. 10 September 2011. 57. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-65)** ["Gulai Cubadak \| Online Indonesian Food and Recipes"](http://indonesiaeats.com/gulai-cubadak-nangka-minang-padang-jackfruit-curry/). *IndonesiaEats.com*. 13 September 2010. 58. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-66)** ["Malaysian cuisine state by state"](https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19821121-1.2.80). *eresources.nlb.gov.sg*. 59. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-LMN9_67-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-LMN9_67-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-LMN9_67-2) *Traditional Dishes of Negeri Sembilan*. Lembaga Muzium Negeri Sembilan. 2008. pp. 7–8\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9789832877097](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789832877097 "Special:BookSources/9789832877097") . 60. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Lenggong_68-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Lenggong_68-1) *Resepi Masakan Warisan Lenggong*. Jabatan Warisan Negara. 2016. 61. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Tok_69-0)** Prats, LluĂ­s (2011). *Researching Coastal and Resort Destination Management: Cultures and Histories of Tourism*. Palibrio. p. 242. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9781463305505](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463305505 "Special:BookSources/9781463305505") . 62. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-70)** ["Rendang Tok"](https://pemetaanbudaya.jkkn.gov.my/senibudaya/detail/740/pengenalan). *Pemetaan Budaya*. National Department for Culture and Arts Malaysia. 63. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-JWN_Book_71-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-JWN_Book_71-1) Jabatan Warisan Negara (2016). *Endangered Heritage Food*. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9789833862375](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789833862375 "Special:BookSources/9789833862375") . 64. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Daging_Masak_Hitam_72-0)** Mohd Nazri Abdul Raji; Shahrim Ab. Karim; Jamilah Hani Esa (2024). ["PENGARUH ALAM DAN BUDAYA DALAM PEMBENTUKAN MAKANAN TRADISIONAL DI LEMBAH LENGGONG, PERAK"](http://web.usm.my/km/42\(2\)2024/KM42022024_12.pdf) (PDF). *Kajian Malaysia*: 277–278\. 65. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_N9_73-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_N9_73-1) Nur Hidayah Abd Rahman; Baiduri Zaiyyanna Mohd Farudz; Siti Salwa Md. Sawari (2022). ["Exploring the Potential of Rendang to be Promoted as the Local Food Heritage Product for Tourism in Negeri Sembilan"](http://irep.iium.edu.my/101764/). *Journal of Ethnic Foods*: 857–870\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-605-4444-24-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-4444-24-3 "Special:BookSources/978-605-4444-24-3") . 66. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-74)** ["Rendang Pucuk Ubi"](https://pemetaanbudaya.jkkn.gov.my/senibudaya/detail/733/pengenalan). *Pemetaan Budaya*. [National Department for Culture and Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Department_for_Culture_and_Arts "National Department for Culture and Arts") Malaysia. 67. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Perlis_75-0)** Hazman Hassan; Mohd Kasturi Nor Abd Aziz; Juliana Ahmad; Mohd Nazim Mohd Noor (2024). ["MENCARI JATI DIRI MAKANAN MELAYU PERLIS: SUATU CATATAN AWAL"](https://journalarticle.ukm.my/25005/1/1-10%20-.pdf) (PDF). *Asian Journal of Environment, History and Heritage*: 6. 68. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-76)** ["Rendang Kerang dari Melaka"](https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/beritaharian19690406-1.2.49). Resep Hari ini. *[Berita Harian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berita_Harian "Berita Harian")*. 6 April 1969. p. 8. 69. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Johor_Palate_77-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Johor_Palate_77-1) Taib, Kalsom; Abdul Hamid, Hamidah (2015). *Johor Palate: Tanjung Puteri Recipes*. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9789675859137](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789675859137 "Special:BookSources/9789675859137") . 70. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Kerutuk_DBP_78-0)** ["Maklumat Kata Kamus Bahasa Melayu"](https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=kerutuk). *prpm.dbp.gov.my* (in Malay). 71. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-West_Sumatra%E2%80%99s_Rendang_79-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-West_Sumatra%E2%80%99s_Rendang_79-1) Yuliana; Intan Sari, Yolanda; Harmawan, Violintikha (2023). ["Comparing the Quality of West Sumatra's Rendang: Rendang Darek vs Rendang Pasisia"](https://ejournal2.undip.ac.id/index.php/jaft/article/view/17378/9965). *Journal of Applied Food Technology*. **10** (1): 2–3\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.17728/jaft.17378](https://doi.org/10.17728%2Fjaft.17378). 72. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-80)** Owen, Sri (1999). *Indonesian Regional Food and Cookery*. Frances Lincoln Ltd. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-7112-1273-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7112-1273-2 "Special:BookSources/0-7112-1273-2") . 73. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-minangkabaunews_81-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-minangkabaunews_81-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-minangkabaunews_81-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-minangkabaunews_81-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-minangkabaunews_81-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-minangkabaunews_81-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-minangkabaunews_81-6) Minangkabaunews. ["Inilah 11 Ragam Rendang Minang yang Patut Diketahui - Minangkabaunews"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200806181705/https://minangkabaunews.com/artikel-7591-inilah-11-ragam-rendang-minang-yang-patut-diketahui.html). *minangkabaunews.com* (in Indonesian). Archived from [the original](https://minangkabaunews.com/artikel-7591-inilah-11-ragam-rendang-minang-yang-patut-diketahui.html) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020. 74. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-liputan6_82-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-liputan6_82-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-liputan6_82-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-liputan6_82-3) Muslim AR (14 January 2016). ["11 Ragam Rendang yang Patut Diketahui"](https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/2410237/11-ragam-rendang-yang-patut-diketahui). *liputan6.com* (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 June 2020. 75. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Merdeka-Rendang_83-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Merdeka-Rendang_83-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Merdeka-Rendang_83-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Merdeka-Rendang_83-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Merdeka-Rendang_83-4) Mardatila, Ani (21 May 2020). ["10 Cara Membuat Rendang Sapi Ala Jawa Hingga Padang yang Empuk, Mudah Dibuat Semua Halaman"](https://www.merdeka.com/sumut/10-cara-membuat-rendang-sapi-ala-jawa-hingga-padang-yang-empuk-dan-gurih-kln.html). *merdeka.com*. Retrieved 6 October 2020. 76. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-84)** ["Resep Rendang Babat"](https://cookpad.com/id/resep/3775509-rendang-babat-tips-trik-dan-saran). *Cookpad* (in Indonesian). 2 December 2017. 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[The Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_\(Malaysia\) "The Star (Malaysia)"). Retrieved 14 February 2024. 137. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-145)** Nor Azihan Md Ghazali (3 June 2019). ["Resepi rendang maman yang enak"](https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/31241/LIFESTYLE/Femina/Resepi-rendang-maman-yang-enak). *Sinar Harian*. 138. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-146)** Rodzi, Tuty Haryanti Ahmad (2 September 2015). ["Rendang ayam daun puding enak"](https://www.bharian.com.my/bhplus-old/2015/09/78905/rendang-ayam-daun-puding-enak). *Berita Harian*. 139. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-147)** ["rendang jantung pisang kakbesah"](https://myresipi.com/recipes/rendang-jantung-pisang-kakbesah/). 8 July 2022. 140. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-148)** ["Beef Serunding"](https://web.archive.org/web/20221130182236/https://www.kuali.com/recipe/beef-dishes/beef-serunding-2/). Archived from [the original](https://www.kuali.com/recipe/beef-dishes/beef-serunding-2/) on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2021. 141. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-149)** ["How rendang got its name and other things to know about rendang \| The Star"](https://www.thestar.com.my/food/food-news/2020/05/19/how-rendang-got-its-name-and-other-things-to-know-about-rendang). *www.thestar.com.my*. 19 May 2020. 142. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-150)** ["8 Makanan Tradisional Negeri Sembilan Yang Wajib Anda Cuba (Dijamin ENAK)"](https://saji.my/makanan-negeri-sembilan/). 28 April 2019. 143. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-eresources.nlb.gov.sg_151-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-eresources.nlb.gov.sg_151-1) ["Rendang \| Infopedia"](https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1767_2011-02-11.html). *eresources.nlb.gov.sg*. 144. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-152)** ["Koleksi 10 Menu Tradisi Negeri Pahang Yang Sedap, Memang Berbaloi Cuba Ni"](https://www.rasa.my/koleksi-10-menu-tradisi-negeri-pahang-yang-sedap-memang-berbaloi-cuba-ni/). 17 December 2018. 145. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-153)** ["Rendang Daging"](https://simplyenak.com/stories/rendang-daging/). *Simply Enak*. 146. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-154)** ["Rendang Ayam Kedah"](https://myresipi.com/recipes/rendang-ayam-kedah/). 7 April 2023. 147. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-155)** ["RENDANG NYONYA"](https://www.tiffinbiru.com/2008/02/rendang-nyonya.html). 148. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-156)** ["Rendang daging Sabah"](https://www.bharian.com.my/taxonomy/term/1303/2017/07/299983/rendang-daging-sabah). *Berita Harian*. 8 July 2017. 149. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-157)** Awesome Amsterdam. ["A guide to Dutch-Indonesian food"](https://www.expatica.com/nl/lifestyle/food-drink/dutch-indonesian-food-505212/). *Expatica*. Retrieved 18 June 2019. 150. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-158)** Fenix, Micky (22 August 2018). ["Kitchens of Mindanao: Durian custard, 'piyaparan a manok,' Tausug 'tiyula'"](https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/303843/kitchens-mindanao-durian-custard-piyaparan-manok-tausug-tiyula/). *Philippine Daily Inquirer*. Retrieved 20 April 2019. 151. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-159)** Argie (28 June 2017). ["Popular Muslim Cuisine and Delicacies in CdeO"](http://aboutcagayandeoro.com/popular-muslim-cuisine-delicacies-cdeo/). *About Cagayan de Oro*. Retrieved 20 April 2019. 152. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-160)** ["How to Cook Beef Rendang of The Maranao People"](https://lynsojor.wordpress.com/2019/02/17/how-to-cook-beef-rendang-of-the-maranao-people/). *Lyn Sojor*. 17 February 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019. 153. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-161)** ["Suntiang: Saat Rendang Daging Berkolaborasi Dalam Gulungan Sushi"](https://food.detik.com/resto-dan-kafe/d-2499808/suntiang-saat-rendang-daging-berkolaborasi-dalam-gulungan-sushi). *detikfood* (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 October 2020. 154. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-162)** ["New: Suntiang, When Padang Marries Japanese Food"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140505062029/http://www.culinarybonanza.com/2014/02/suntiang-the-first-padang-japanese-fusion-restaurant.html). Culinary Bonanza. 6 February 2014. Archived from [the original](http://www.culinarybonanza.com/2014/02/suntiang-the-first-padang-japanese-fusion-restaurant.html) on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2015. 155. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-163)** ["Rendang Beef"](https://web.archive.org/web/20221130182236/https://www.burgerking.com.sg/Menu/Item/%2076). *Burger King*. Archived from [the original](https://www.burgerking.com.sg/Menu/Item/%2076) on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2020. 156. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-164)** Rian Farisa (17 September 2013). ["Flavor Updates: Rendang Burger (Burger King Indonesia)"](http://gastronomy-aficionado.com/2013/09/17/rendang-burger-from-bk-indonesia/). *The Gastronomy Aficionado*. 157. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-165)** ["Indomie Goreng Rendang"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170429062437/http://www.indomie.com/Product/Category/1). *Indomie*. Archived from [the original](http://www.indomie.com/Product/Category/1) on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2018. 158. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-166)** ["Hu Jiao Bao: Mantap! Bakpao Khas Taiwan Isi Daging Rendang hingga Cokelat"](https://food.detik.com/resto-dan-kafe/d-6827577/hu-jiao-bao-mantap-bakpao-khas-taiwan-isi-daging-rendang-hingga-cokelat?single=1). DetikFood. 17 July 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023. ## External links - [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Media related to [Rendang](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rendang "commons:Category:Rendang") at Wikimedia Commons - CNN Indonesia [Documentary of Rendang (in Indonesian)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a3gBM9FBn_4) | Articles related to rendang | | | |---|---|---| | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Beef "Template:Beef") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Beef "Template talk:Beef") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beef "Special:EditPage/Template:Beef")[Beef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef "Beef") and [veal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veal "Veal") | | | | Production | [Argentine beef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_beef "Argentine beef") [Beef cattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_cattle "Beef cattle") [Cow–calf operation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow%E2%80%93calf_operation "Cow–calf operation") [Feeder cattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeder_cattle "Feeder cattle") [Kobe beef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe_beef "Kobe beef") [Organic beef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_beef "Organic beef") [Osorno Steer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osorno_Steer "Osorno Steer") | | | Products | | | | | | | | [Cuts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_of_beef "Cut of beef") | [Baseball steak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_steak "Baseball steak") [Blade steak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_steak "Blade steak") [Brisket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisket "Brisket") [Chateaubriand steak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateaubriand_\(dish\) "Chateaubriand (dish)") [Chuck steak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_steak "Chuck steak") [Fajita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajita "Fajita") [Filet mignon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filet_mignon "Filet mignon") [Filet medallion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medallion_\(food\) "Medallion (food)") [Flank steak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flank_steak "Flank steak") [Flap steak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_steak "Flap steak") [Hanger steak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanger_steak "Hanger steak") [Plate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_plate "Beef plate") [Picanha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picanha "Picanha") [Ranch steak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_steak "Ranch steak") [Restructured steak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restructured_steak "Restructured steak") [Rib eye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rib_eye_steak "Rib eye steak") [Rib steak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rib_steak "Rib steak") [Round](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_steak "Round steak") [Rump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rump_steak "Rump steak") [Short loin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_loin "Short loin") [Short ribs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_ribs "Short ribs") [Shoulder tender](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_tender "Shoulder tender") [Silverside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverside_\(beef\) "Silverside (beef)") [Sirloin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirloin_steak "Sirloin steak") [Top sirloin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_sirloin "Top sirloin") [Skirt steak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirt_steak "Skirt steak") [Standing rib roast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_rib_roast "Standing rib roast") [Strip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_steak "Strip steak") [Shank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_shank "Beef shank") [T-bone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-bone_steak "T-bone steak") [Tenderloin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_tenderloin "Beef tenderloin") [Tri-tip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-tip "Tri-tip") [Trotters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow%27s_trotters "Cow's trotters") [Tail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxtail "Oxtail") | | | Processed | [Jerky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerky "Jerky") [Aged](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_aging "Beef aging") [Bresaola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresaola "Bresaola") [Cabeza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabeza "Cabeza") [Corned beef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corned_beef "Corned beef") [Frankfurter Rindswurst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Rindswurst "Frankfurter Rindswurst") [Ground](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_beef "Ground beef") [Montreal smoked](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal-style_smoked_meat "Montreal-style smoked meat") [Pastrami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastrami "Pastrami") [Meat extract](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_extract "Meat extract") | | | [Offal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offal "Offal") | [Brain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_brain "Beef brain") [Heart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart#Food "Heart") [Tongue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_tongue "Beef tongue") [Tendon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon_as_food "Tendon as food") [Tripas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripas "Tripas") [Tripe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripe "Tripe") [Testicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_oysters "Rocky Mountain oysters") | | | [Dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_beef_dishes "List of beef dishes") | [Beefsteak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beefsteak "Beefsteak") [List of steak dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_steak_dishes "List of steak dishes") [Balbacua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbacua "Balbacua") [Blanquette de veau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanquette_de_veau "Blanquette de veau") [Beef olives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_olives "Beef olives") [Beef Wellington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_Wellington "Beef Wellington") [Beef bourguignon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_bourguignon "Beef bourguignon") [Beef bun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_bun "Beef bun") [Beef Manhattan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_Manhattan "Beef Manhattan") [Beef noodle soup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_noodle_soup "Beef noodle soup") [Beef on weck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_on_weck "Beef on weck") [Beef Stroganoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_Stroganoff "Beef Stroganoff") [Bistek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistek "Bistek") [Boiled beef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiled_beef "Boiled beef") [Bruscitti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruscitti "Bruscitti") [Bulgogi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgogi "Bulgogi") [Bulalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulalo "Bulalo") [Cachopo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachopo_\(dish\) "Cachopo (dish)") [Calf's liver and bacon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calf%27s_liver_and_bacon "Calf's liver and bacon") [Calf's liver in French cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calf%27s_liver_in_French_cuisine "Calf's liver in French cuisine") [Cansi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cansi "Cansi") [Chateaubriand (dish)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateaubriand_\(dish\) "Chateaubriand (dish)") [Cheesesteak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheesesteak "Cheesesteak") [Chicken-fried steak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken-fried_steak "Chicken-fried steak") [Cordon bleu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordon_bleu_\(dish\) "Cordon bleu (dish)") [Daube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daube "Daube") [Dendeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendeng "Dendeng") [Feu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feu_\(food\) "Feu (food)") [French dip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_dip "French dip") [Ginger beef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_beef "Ginger beef") [Galbi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galbi "Galbi") [Gored gored](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gored_gored "Gored gored") [GyĆ«don](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C5%ABdon "GyĆ«don") [Hayashi rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi_rice "Hayashi rice") [Hamburg steak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_steak "Hamburg steak") [HortobĂĄgyi palacsinta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortob%C3%A1gyi_palacsinta "HortobĂĄgyi palacsinta") [Iga penyet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iga_penyet "Iga penyet") [Italian beef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_beef "Italian beef") [Jellied veal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellied_veal "Jellied veal") [Kalio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalio "Kalio") [Karađorđeva ĆĄnicla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91eva_%C5%A1nicla "Karađorđeva ĆĄnicla") [Kare-kare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kare-kare "Kare-kare") [Kitfo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitfo "Kitfo") [London broil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_broil "London broil") [Mechado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechado "Mechado") [Mongolian beef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_beef "Mongolian beef") [Neobiani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neobiani "Neobiani") [Nilagang baka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilaga "Nilaga") [Ossobuco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossobuco "Ossobuco") [Pares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pares_\(food\) "Pares (food)") [Pho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pho "Pho") [Pot roast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot_roast "Pot roast") [Pozharsky cutlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozharsky_cutlet "Pozharsky cutlet") [Puchero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puchero "Puchero") [P'tcha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%27tcha "P'tcha") [Ragout fin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragout_fin "Ragout fin") [Rawon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawon "Rawon") [Rendang]() [Roast beef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roast_beef "Roast beef") [Roast beef sandwich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roast_beef_sandwich "Roast beef sandwich") [Ropa vieja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropa_vieja "Ropa vieja") [Salisbury steak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_steak "Salisbury steak") [Saltimbocca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltimbocca "Saltimbocca") [Selat solo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selat_solo "Selat solo") [Sha cha beef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_cha_beef "Sha cha beef") [Suea rong hai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suea_rong_hai "Suea rong hai") [Shooter's sandwich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooter%27s_sandwich "Shooter's sandwich") [Soup Number Five](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup_Number_Five "Soup Number Five") [Steak and kidney pudding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steak_and_kidney_pudding "Steak and kidney pudding") [Steak Diane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steak_Diane "Steak Diane") [Steak and eggs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steak_and_eggs "Steak and eggs") [Steak and oyster pie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steak_and_oyster_pie "Steak and oyster pie") [Steak au poivre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steak_au_poivre "Steak au poivre") [Tapa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapa_\(Filipino_cuisine\) "Tapa (Filipino cuisine)") [Tartare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steak_tartare "Steak tartare") [Tafelspitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafelspitz "Tafelspitz") [Tiyula itum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiyula_itum "Tiyula itum") [Tongseng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongseng "Tongseng") [Veal Milanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veal_Milanese "Veal Milanese") [Veal Orloff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veal_Orloff "Veal Orloff") [Veal Oscar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veal_Oscar "Veal Oscar") [Vitello tonnato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitello_tonnato "Vitello tonnato") [Wallenbergare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallenbergare "Wallenbergare") | | | Related meats | [American bison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_bison "American bison") [Beefalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beefalo "Beefalo") [Water buffalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_buffalo "Water buffalo") [Ć»ubroƄ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBubro%C5%84 "Ć»ubroƄ") | | | Other | | | | | | | | US beef imports | [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_beef_imports_in_Japan "United States beef imports in Japan") [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_beef_imports_in_Taiwan "United States beef imports in Taiwan") [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_beef_imports_in_South_Korea "United States beef imports in South Korea") ([2008 US beef protest in South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_US_beef_protest_in_South_Korea "2008 US beef protest in South Korea")) | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Indonesian_cuisine "Template:Indonesian cuisine") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Indonesian_cuisine "Template talk:Indonesian cuisine") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesian_cuisine "Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesian cuisine")[![Indonesia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia") [Indonesian cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine "Indonesian cuisine") | | | | Dishes | | | | | | | | Common Indonesian dishes | [Abon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rousong "Rousong") [Acar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acar "Acar") [Ayam bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_bakar "Ayam bakar") [Ayam goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_goreng "Ayam goreng") [Ayam kecap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_kecap "Ayam kecap") [Ayam kodok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_kodok "Ayam kodok") [Bakmi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakmi "Bakmi") [Bakpau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakpau "Bakpau") [Bakso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakso "Bakso") [Bakwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakwan "Bakwan") [Bihun goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihun_goreng "Bihun goreng") [Bubur ayam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubur_ayam "Bubur ayam") [Bubur kacang hijau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubur_kacang_hijau "Bubur kacang hijau") [Bubur ketan hitam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubur_ketan_hitam "Bubur ketan hitam") Bubur sumsum [Gado-gado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gado-gado "Gado-gado") [Gorengan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritter "Fritter") [Gulai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulai "Gulai") [Ikan asin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried_fish "Dried fish") [Ikan bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan_bakar "Ikan bakar") [Ikan goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan_goreng "Ikan goreng") [Jagung rebus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corncob "Corncob") [Kacang rebus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut#Food "Peanut") [Kari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry "Curry") [Kari ayam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_curry "Chicken curry") [Kari domba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutton_curry "Mutton curry") [Kari kambing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat_curry "Goat curry") [Kari udang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_curry "Shrimp curry") [Kuaci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guazi "Guazi") [Ketupat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketupat "Ketupat") [Laksa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksa "Laksa") [Lontong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontong "Lontong") [Macaroni schotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroni_schotel "Macaroni schotel") [Martabak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtabak "Murtabak") [Mi bakso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_bakso "Mie bakso") [Mi goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_goreng "Mie goreng") [Mi kuah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_rebus "Mee rebus") [Nasi campur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_campur "Nasi campur") [Nasi goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_goreng "Nasi goreng") [Nasi kari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kari "Nasi kari") [Nasi kuning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kuning "Nasi kuning") [Nasi bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_bakar "Nasi bakar") [Otak-otak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak-otak "Otak-otak") [Panekuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannenkoek "Pannenkoek") [Pastel tutup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%27s_pie "Shepherd's pie") [Perkedel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkedel "Perkedel") [Perkedel jagung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_fritter "Corn fritter") [Pindang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindang "Pindang") [Rendang]() [Rijsttafel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijsttafel "Rijsttafel") [Roti bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_bakar "Roti bakar") [Roti bolen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_bolen "Roti bolen") [Roti meses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprinkles#Uses "Sprinkles") [Rujak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojak "Rojak") [Sambal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambal "Sambal") [Sambal goreng udang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udang_balado "Udang balado") [Satay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay "Satay") [Sayur bayam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayur_bayam "Sayur bayam") [Sayur sop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayur_sop "Sayur sop") [Semur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semur_\(Indonesian_stew\) "Semur (Indonesian stew)") [Serundeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serundeng "Serundeng") [Sop buntut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxtail_soup "Oxtail soup") [Soto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_\(food\) "Soto (food)") [Soto ayam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_ayam "Soto ayam") [Soto mi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_mie "Soto mie") [Sup ayam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_soup#Indonesia "Chicken soup") [Sup ercis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea_soup "Pea soup") [Sup makaroni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroni_soup "Macaroni soup") [Sup wortel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot_soup "Carrot soup") [Tahu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofu "Tofu") [Tahu goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahu_goreng "Tahu goreng") [Telur asin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salted_duck_egg "Salted duck egg") [Telur pindang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telur_pindang "Telur pindang") [Tempeh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempeh "Tempeh") [Tumis kangkung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stir_fried_water_spinach "Stir fried water spinach") [Tumpeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumpeng "Tumpeng") | | | [Acehnese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine "Acehnese cuisine") | Ayam Tangkap Bhoi Kanji asyura Keukarah [Keumamah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keumamah "Keumamah") [Meuseukat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuseukat "Meuseukat") [Mi aceh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_aceh "Mie aceh") [Mi caluk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_caluk "Mie caluk") [Nasi gurih](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_gurih "Nasi gurih") [Roti Jala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_Jala "Roti Jala") [Sate matang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sate_matang "Sate matang") Sie Reuboh | | | [Arab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine "Arab Indonesian cuisine") | [Asida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asida "Asida") [Fahsa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahsa "Fahsa") [Falafel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falafel "Falafel") [Hummus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummus "Hummus") [Kofta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofta "Kofta") [Manakish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manakish "Manakish") [Katayef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katayef "Katayef") [Nasi kabsah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabsa "Kabsa") [Nasi kebuli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kebuli "Nasi kebuli") [Nasi mandi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_mandi "Nasi mandi") [Maamoul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27amoul "Ma'amoul") [Marak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraq_\(dish\) "Maraq (dish)") [Murtabak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtabak "Murtabak") [Roti maryam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_canai "Roti canai") [Roti pita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pita "Pita") [Saltah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltah "Saltah") [Shawarma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawarma "Shawarma") [Tabbouleh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabbouleh "Tabbouleh") [Tharid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharid "Tharid") | | | [Balinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_cuisine "Balinese cuisine") | [Babi guling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_roast#Indonesia "Pig roast") [Betutu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betutu "Betutu") [Be urutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saucisson "Saucisson") [Iga babi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_ribs "Pork ribs") [Laklak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laklak_\(food\) "Laklak (food)") [Lawar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawar_\(food\) "Lawar (food)") [Matah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambal#Indonesia "Sambal") [Nasi bali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_campur#Bali "Nasi campur") [Nasi jinggo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_jinggo "Nasi jinggo") [Pai susu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_pie "Milk pie") [Rawon babi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawon#Variants "Rawon") [Rujak kuah pindang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojak#Rujak_Kuah_Pindang "Rojak") [Sate babi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay#Pork "Satay") [Sate lilit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sate_Lilit "Sate Lilit") [Soto babi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_\(food\)#By_primary_ingredient "Soto (food)") [Tipat cantok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipat_cantok "Tipat cantok") | | | [Banjarese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjar_cuisine "Banjar cuisine") | [Bingka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_bingka "Kue bingka") [Laksa banjar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksa#Curry_laksa "Laksa") [Pekasam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekasam "Pekasam") [Pundut Nasi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundut_Nasi "Pundut Nasi") [Soto banjar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_\(food\)#By_regions "Soto (food)") | | | Bantenese | [Angeun Lada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angeun_Lada "Angeun Lada") | | | [Batak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batak_cuisine "Batak cuisine") | [Arsik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsik "Arsik") [Babi panggang Karo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_panggang#Batak_babi_panggang "Babi panggang") [Dali ni horbo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dali_ni_horbo "Dali ni horbo") [Dengke mas na niura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengke_mas_na_niura "Dengke mas na niura") [Itak gurgur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itak_gurgur "Itak gurgur") [Lampet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampet "Lampet") [Manuk napinadar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuk_napinadar "Manuk napinadar") [Mi gomak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_gomak "Mie gomak") [Na tinombur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_tinombur "Na tinombur") [Ombusombus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombusombus "Ombusombus") [Pagit-pagit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagit-pagit "Pagit-pagit") [Pohulpohul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohulpohul "Pohulpohul") [Saksang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksang "Saksang") [Sasagun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasagun "Sasagun") [Sate kerang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay#Fish_and_seafood "Satay") [Tipatipa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipatipa "Tipatipa") [Tuktuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambal_tuktuk "Sambal tuktuk") | | | [Betawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betawi_cuisine "Betawi cuisine") | [Asinan betawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asinan "Asinan") [Bubur cha cha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubur_cha_cha "Bubur cha cha") [Kerak telor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak_telor "Kerak telor") [Ketoprak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoprak_\(dish\) "Ketoprak (dish)") [Ketupat sayur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketupat#Ketupat_sayur "Ketupat") [Laksa betawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksa#Curry_laksa "Laksa") [Lontong sayur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontong_sayur "Lontong sayur") [Mi kangkung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_kangkung "Mie kangkung") [Nasi goreng kambing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_goreng#Indonesia "Nasi goreng") [Nasi kebuli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kebuli "Nasi kebuli") [Nasi uduk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_uduk "Nasi uduk") [Nasi ulam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_ulam "Nasi ulam") [Pindang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindang "Pindang") [Roti buaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_buaya "Roti buaya") [Roti gambang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_gambang "Roti gambang") [Rujak juhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rujak#Rujak_Juhi "Rujak") [Sate taichan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sate_taichan "Sate taichan") [Sayur asem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayur_asem "Sayur asem") [Semur jengkol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archidendron_pauciflorum#Food "Archidendron pauciflorum") [Soto betawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_\(food\)#Varieties "Soto (food)") [Soto kaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_\(food\)#By_primary_ingredient "Soto (food)") [Soto tangkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_\(food\)#By_primary_ingredient "Soto (food)") [Sup kambing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sup_kambing "Sup kambing") | | | [Buginese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugis#Culinary_traditions "Bugis") and [Makassar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar_cuisine "Makassar cuisine") | Ayam goreng Sulawesi [Burasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burasa "Burasa") [Coto makassar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coto_makassar "Coto makassar") [Dangke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangke "Dangke") [Jalangkote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalangkote "Jalangkote") [Kaledo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaledo_\(soup\) "Kaledo (soup)") [Kapurung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapurung "Kapurung") [Konro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konro "Konro") [Mi kering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_kering "Mie kering") [Pallubasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallubasa "Pallubasa") [Sop saudara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sop_saudara "Sop saudara") | | | [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine "Chinese Indonesian cuisine") | [Babi hong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_hong "Babi hong") [Babi kecap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_kecap "Babi kecap") [Bak kut teh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bak_kut_teh "Bak kut teh") [Bakkwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakkwa "Bakkwa") [Bakwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakwan "Bakwan") [Banmian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banmian "Banmian") [Bihun goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihun_goreng "Bihun goreng") [Cakwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youtiao "Youtiao") [Cap cai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_cai "Cap cai") [Chai tow kway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chai_tow_kway "Chai tow kway") [Char kway teow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_kway_teow "Char kway teow") [Cha sio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_siu "Char siu") [Fu yung hai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_foo_young "Egg foo young") [Fish ball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_ball "Fish ball") [Haisom cah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_cucumber_as_food "Sea cucumber as food") [Ifumi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifumi "Ifumi") [Kembang tahu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douhua "Douhua") [Kepiting saus tiram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_in_oyster_sauce "Crab in oyster sauce") [Kuaci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guazi "Guazi") [Kwetiau ayam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwetiau_ayam "Kwetiau ayam") [Kwetiau goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwetiau_goreng "Kwetiau goreng") [Kwetiau siram sapi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_kway_teow "Beef kway teow") [Lapchiong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_sausage "Chinese sausage") [Locupan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_needle_noodles "Silver needle noodles") [Lontong cap go meh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontong_cap_go_meh "Lontong cap go meh") [Lumpia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpia "Lumpia") [Mi ayam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_ayam "Mie ayam") [Mi lor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lor_mee "Lor mee") [Mi pangsit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonton_noodles "Wonton noodles") [Mi tarik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomian "Lomian") [Mun tahu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mun_tahu "Mun tahu") [Nasi ayam hainan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanese_chicken_rice "Hainanese chicken rice") [Nasi bebek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_rice "Duck rice") [Nasi campur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_campur "Nasi campur") [Nasi tim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_tim "Nasi tim") [Ngo hiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngo_hiang "Ngo hiang") [Pangsit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonton "Wonton") [Popiah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popiah "Popiah") [Rujak shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rujak#Rujak_Shanghai "Rujak") [Sapo tahu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapo_tahu "Sapo tahu") [Sate babi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay#Pork "Satay") [Sekba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekba "Sekba") [Siomay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siomay "Siomay") [Soto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_\(food\) "Soto (food)") [Sup hisit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_fin_soup "Shark fin soup") [Sup sarang burung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%27s_nest_soup "Bird's nest soup") [Swikee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swikee "Swikee") [Tahu sumedang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahu_sumedang "Tahu sumedang") [Tauge ayam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean_sprouts_chicken "Bean sprouts chicken") [Tee long pan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_noodle_roll "Rice noodle roll") [Telur pitan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_egg "Century egg") [Telur teh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_egg "Tea egg") [Tong sui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong_sui "Tong sui") [Yong tau fu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yong_tau_foo "Yong tau foo") [Yusheng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusheng "Yusheng") | | | [Cirebonese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirebonese_people#Cuisine "Cirebonese people") | [Empal gentong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empal_gentong "Empal gentong") [Docang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docang "Docang") [Kue gapit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_gapit "Kue gapit") [Mi koclok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_koclok "Mie koclok") [Nasi jamblang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_jamblang "Nasi jamblang") [Nasi lengko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_lengko "Nasi lengko") [Tahu gejrot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahu_gejrot "Tahu gejrot") | | | [Gorontalese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorontalo_cuisine "Gorontalo cuisine") | [Binte biluhuta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binte_biluhuta "Binte biluhuta") [Sate Tuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sate_Tuna "Sate Tuna") Ayam iloni Sagela Ilahe Bilentango Sate Balanga Ilabulo Nasi kuning cakalang Buburu Bubur sagela Nasi goreng sagela Tabu Moitomo Ikan iloni Pilitode | | | [Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine "Indian Indonesian cuisine") | [Appam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appam "Appam") [Ayam mentega](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter_chicken "Butter chicken") [Ayam tandori](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandoori_chicken "Tandoori chicken") [Chapati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapati "Chapati") [Chutney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chutney "Chutney") [Dosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosa_\(food\) "Dosa (food)") [Idli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idli "Idli") [Laddu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laddu "Laddu") [Kari kambing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutton_curry "Mutton curry") [Kari kepala ikan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_head_curry "Fish head curry") [Korma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korma "Korma") [Modak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modak "Modak") [Naan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naan "Naan") [Nasi biryani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biryani "Biryani") [Pakora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakora "Pakora") [Puttu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puttu "Puttu") [Raita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raita "Raita") [Roti canai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_canai "Roti canai") [Satti Sorru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satti_Sorru "Satti Sorru") [Sambar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambar_\(dish\) "Sambar (dish)") [Samosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samosa "Samosa") [Satti Sorru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satti_Sorru "Satti Sorru") | | | [Indo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo_cuisine "Indo cuisine") | [Ayam kodok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_kodok "Ayam kodok") [Babi panggang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_panggang#Dutch_babi_pangang "Babi panggang") [Bitterballen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitterballen "Bitterballen") [Erwtensoep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwtensoep#Indonesia "Erwtensoep") [Hutspot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutspot "Hutspot") [Lapis legit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis_legit "Lapis legit") [Makaroni schotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroni_casserole#Indonesia "Macaroni casserole") [Oliebol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliebol "Oliebol") [Ontbijtkoek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontbijtkoek "Ontbijtkoek") [Pannenkoek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannenkoek "Pannenkoek") [Poffertjes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poffertjes "Poffertjes") [Shepherd's pie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%27s_pie "Shepherd's pie") | | | [Javanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_cuisine "Javanese cuisine") | [Apem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appam "Appam") [Arem-arem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arem-arem "Arem-arem") [Ayam bumbu rujak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_bumbu_rujak "Ayam bumbu rujak") [Ayam geprek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_geprek "Ayam geprek") [Ayam goreng kalasan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_goreng_kalasan "Ayam goreng kalasan") [Ayam penyet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_penyet "Ayam penyet") [Bakso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakso "Bakso") [Bakpia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakpia "Bakpia") [Bakpia pathok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakpia_pathok "Bakpia pathok") [Botok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botok "Botok") [Brongkos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brongkos "Brongkos") [Buntil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buntil "Buntil") [Gudeg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudeg "Gudeg") [Iga penyet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iga_penyet "Iga penyet") [Kamir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamir "Kamir") [Kelan antep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelan_antep "Kelan antep") [Krechek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krechek "Krechek") [Kuluban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuluban "Kuluban") [Lepet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepet "Lepet") [Lontong balap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontong_balap "Lontong balap") [Lontong dekem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontong_dekem "Lontong dekem") [Lontong kupang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontong#Lontong_kupang "Lontong") [Lumpia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpia "Lumpia") [Lumpia goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpia_goreng "Lumpia goreng") [Lumpia semarang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpia_semarang "Lumpia semarang") [Sumpia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumpia "Sumpia") [Mendoan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendoan "Mendoan") [Mi bakso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_bakso "Mie bakso") [Mi goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_goreng "Mie goreng") [Mi jawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_jawa "Mie jawa") [Mi rebus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_rebus "Mie rebus") [Nasi ambeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_ambeng "Nasi ambeng") [Nasi bebek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_rice "Duck rice") [Nasi bogana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_bogana "Nasi bogana") [Nasi empal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gepuk#Ingredients "Gepuk") [Nasi gandul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_gandul "Nasi gandul") [Nasi goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_goreng "Nasi goreng") [Nasi goreng jawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_fried_rice "Javanese fried rice") [Nasi kare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kari "Nasi kari") [Nasi kucing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kucing "Nasi kucing") [Nasi liwet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_liwet "Nasi liwet") [Nasi megono](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_megono "Nasi megono") [Nasi pecel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_pecel "Nasi pecel") [Nasi tempong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_tempong "Nasi tempong") [Opor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opor "Opor") [Opor ayam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opor_ayam "Opor ayam") [Orem-orem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orem-orem "Orem-orem") [Pecel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecel "Pecel") [Pecel ayam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecel_ayam "Pecel ayam") [Pecel lele](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecel_lele "Pecel lele") [Rambak petis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambak_petis "Rambak petis") [Rawon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawon "Rawon") [Roti ganjel rel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_gambang "Roti gambang") [Roti konde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_canai "Roti canai") [Rujak cingur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rujak#Rujak_Cingur "Rujak") [Rujak soto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rujak#Rujak_Soto "Rujak") [Sambal ulek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambal#Indonesia "Sambal") [Sate ambal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay#Chicken "Satay") [Sate blora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay#Chicken "Satay") [Sate kambing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sate_kambing "Sate kambing") [Sate hati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay#Offals "Satay") [Sate kelinci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay#Others "Satay") [Sate kikil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay#Offals "Satay") [Sate klatak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sate_klatak "Sate klatak") [Sate madura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay#Chicken "Satay") [Sate ponorogo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay#Chicken "Satay") [Sate tegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay#Other_red_meats "Satay") [Sate udang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay#Fish_and_seafood "Satay") [Sayur lodeh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayur_lodeh "Sayur lodeh") [Selat solo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selat_solo "Selat solo") [Serundeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serundeng "Serundeng") [Soto babat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_\(food\)#By_primary_ingredient "Soto (food)") [Soto ceker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_\(food\)#By_primary_ingredient "Soto (food)") [Tahu campur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahu_campur "Tahu campur") [Telur pindang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telur_pindang "Telur pindang") [Tempe bacem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempeh#Cooking_methods_and_recipes "Tempeh") [Tempe goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempeh#Cooking_methods_and_recipes "Tempeh") [Tempe mendoan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempeh#Cooking_methods_and_recipes "Tempeh") [Timlo](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timlo&action=edit&redlink=1 "Timlo (page does not exist)") [Tongseng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongseng "Tongseng") [Trancam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trancam "Trancam") [Tumpeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumpeng "Tumpeng") [Urap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urap "Urap") | | | [Madurese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurese_cuisine "Madurese cuisine") | [Rujak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rujak "Rujak") [Rujak cingur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rujak#Rujak_Cingur "Rujak") [Sate madura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay#Chicken "Satay") [Serundeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serundeng "Serundeng") [Soto madura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_\(food\)#By_regions "Soto (food)") | | | [Malay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_cuisine "Malay cuisine") | [Amplang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplang "Amplang") [Ayam goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_goreng "Ayam goreng") [Ayam pansuh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_pansuh "Ayam pansuh") [Bubur cha cha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubur_cha_cha "Bubur cha cha") [Bubur pedas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubur_pedas "Bubur pedas") [Cincalok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincalok "Cincalok") [Epok-epok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_puff "Curry puff") [Gulai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulai "Gulai") [Ikan bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan_bakar "Ikan bakar") [Ikan patin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangasius "Pangasius") [Kangkung belacan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangkung_belacan "Kangkung belacan") [Kari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry "Curry") [Kemplang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemplang "Kemplang") [Laksa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksa "Laksa") [Mi kari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_kari "Mie kari") [Mi rebus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_kuah "Mie kuah") [Nasi berlauk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_campur "Nasi campur") [Nasi briyani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biryani "Biryani") [Nasi dagang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_dagang "Nasi dagang") [Nasi goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_goreng "Nasi goreng") [Nasi goreng pattaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_goreng_pattaya "Nasi goreng pattaya") [Nasi lemak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_lemak "Nasi lemak") [Nasi minyak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_minyak "Nasi minyak") [Otak-otak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak-otak "Otak-otak") [Pekasam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekasam "Pekasam") [Pulut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutinous_rice "Glutinous rice") [Roti canai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_canai "Roti canai") [Roti jala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_jala "Roti jala") [Roti john](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_john "Roti john") [Roti tisu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_tissue "Roti tissue") [Sayur lodeh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayur_lodeh "Sayur lodeh") [Siput gonggong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laevistrombus_canarium "Laevistrombus canarium") [Soto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_\(food\) "Soto (food)") [Sup kambing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sup_kambing "Sup kambing") [Tahu goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahu_goreng "Tahu goreng") [Tempoyak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempoyak "Tempoyak") [Ulam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulam_\(salad\) "Ulam (salad)") | | | [Minahasan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine "Minahasan cuisine") | [Ayam rica-rica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_rica-rica "Ayam rica-rica") [Brenebon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenebon "Brenebon") [Cakalang fufu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakalang_fufu "Cakalang fufu") [Dabu-dabu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabu-dabu "Dabu-dabu") [Klappertaart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klappertaart "Klappertaart") [Mi cakalang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_cakalang "Mie cakalang") [Nasi kuning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kuning "Nasi kuning") [Panada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empanada "Empanada") [Paniki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paniki_\(food\) "Paniki (food)") [Rica-rica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rica-rica "Rica-rica") [Rintek wuuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_meat#Indonesia "Dog meat") [Tinorangsak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinorangsak "Tinorangsak") [Tinutuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinutuan "Tinutuan") [Woku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woku "Woku") | | | [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang_cuisine "Padang cuisine") | [Asam pedas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_pedas "Asam pedas") [Ayam pop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_pop "Ayam pop") [Balado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balado_\(food\) "Balado (food)") [Daun ubi tumbuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daun_ubi_tumbuk "Daun ubi tumbuk") [Dendeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendeng "Dendeng") [Gulai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulai "Gulai") [Gulai ayam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulai_ayam "Gulai ayam") [Gulai kambing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulai_kambing "Gulai kambing") [Gulai otak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulai_otak "Gulai otak") [Kalio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalio "Kalio") [Kepiting saus padang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_in_Padang_sauce "Crab in Padang sauce") [Keripik sanjai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keripik_sanjai "Keripik sanjai") [Lemang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemang "Lemang") [Lontong gulai pakis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontong#Lontong_gulai_pakis "Lontong") [Nasi kapau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kapau "Nasi kapau") [Nasi kari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kari "Nasi kari") [Nasi padang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_padang "Nasi padang") Palai bada [Rendang]() [Sambal lada muda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambal#Indonesia "Sambal") [Sate padang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sate_padang "Sate padang") [Soto padang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_padang "Soto padang") [Udang balado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udang_balado "Udang balado") | | | [Moluccan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluccans "Moluccans") and [Papuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Papuans "Indonesian Papuans") | [Asida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_asida "Kue asida") [Babi bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_roast "Pig roast") [Bibingka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibingka "Bibingka") [Colo-colo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colo-colo_\(condiment\) "Colo-colo (condiment)") [Papeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papeda_\(food\) "Papeda (food)") [Puding sagu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sago_pudding "Sago pudding") [Sagu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sago "Sago") [Soto ambon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_\(food\)#By_regions "Soto (food)") | | | [Palembang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang_cuisine "Palembang cuisine") | [Burgo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgo_\(food\) "Burgo (food)") [Gulai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulai "Gulai") [Kemplang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemplang "Kemplang") [Laksan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksa#Curry_laksa "Laksa") [Lakso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakso "Lakso") [Malbi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbi "Malbi") [Mi celor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_celor "Mie celor") [Nasi minyak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_minyak "Nasi minyak") [Otak-otak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak-otak "Otak-otak") [Pempek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pempek "Pempek") [Pindang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindang "Pindang") [Tekwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekwan "Tekwan") [Tempoyak ikan patin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempoyak#Indonesia "Tempoyak") | | | [Peranakan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine "Peranakan cuisine") | [Bubur cha cha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubur_cha_cha "Bubur cha cha") [Cincalok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincalok "Cincalok") [Laksa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksa "Laksa") [Pai ti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_tee "Pie tee") [Swikee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swikee "Swikee") | | | [Sasak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasak_people "Sasak people") | [Ayam taliwang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_Taliwang "Ayam Taliwang") [Plecing kangkung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plecing_kangkung "Plecing kangkung") [Sate ampet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay#Offals "Satay") [Sate belut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay#Fish_and_seafood "Satay") [Sate pusut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay#Mixture "Satay") | | | [Sundanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine "Sundanese cuisine") | [Asinan bogor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asinan "Asinan") [Batagor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batagor "Batagor") [Empal gepuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empal_gepuk "Empal gepuk") [Karedok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karedok "Karedok") [Kupat tahu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupat_tahu "Kupat tahu") [Laksa bogor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksa#Bogor_laksa "Laksa") [Laksa tangerang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksa#Tangerang_Laksa "Laksa") [Lalab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalab "Lalab") [Mi kocok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_kocok "Mie kocok") [Nasi timbel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_timbel "Nasi timbel") [Nasi tutug oncom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_tutug_oncom "Nasi tutug oncom") [Oncom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncom "Oncom") [Pepes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepes "Pepes") [Rujak tumbuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojak#Rujak_Tumbuk_\(Rujak_B%C4%93b%C4%93k\) "Rojak") [Sate bandeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sate_bandeng "Sate bandeng") [Sate maranggi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay#Beef "Satay") [Sayur asem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayur_asem "Sayur asem") [Seblak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seblak "Seblak") [Soto bandung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_\(food\)#By_regions "Soto (food)") [Tauge goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauge_goreng "Tauge goreng") [Uli bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutinous_rice#Indonesian "Glutinous rice") | | | [Timorese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor "Timor") | [Feijoada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feijoada "Feijoada") [Ikan bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan_bakar "Ikan bakar") [Katemak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katemak "Katemak") [Pastel de nata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel_de_nata "Pastel de nata") [Se'i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%27i "Se'i") | | | Snacks | | | | | | | | [Krupuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupuk "Krupuk") | [Amplang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplang "Amplang") [Emping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emping "Emping") [Kemplang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemplang "Kemplang") [Krupuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupuk "Krupuk") [Krupuk ikan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_cracker#Indonesia "Fish cracker") [Krupuk kulit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupuk_kulit "Krupuk kulit") [Krupuk udang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawn_cracker#Indonesia "Prawn cracker") [Kripik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kripik "Kripik") [Kripik sanjai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keripik_sanjai "Keripik sanjai") [Rempeyek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rempeyek "Rempeyek") [Rengginang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rengginang "Rengginang") | | | [Kue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue "Kue") | [Agar-agar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar "Agar") [Apam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appam "Appam") [Ape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_ape "Kue ape") [Arem-arem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arem-arem "Arem-arem") [Asida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_asida "Kue asida") [Bagea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_bagea "Kue bagea") [Bahulu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_bahulu "Kue bahulu") [Bakcang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zongzi "Zongzi") [Bakpau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakpau "Bakpau") [Bakpia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakpia "Bakpia") [Bakpia pathok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakpia_pathok "Bakpia pathok") [Bangkit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_bangkit "Kue bangkit") [Bibingka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibingka "Bibingka") [Bika ambon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bika_ambon "Bika ambon") [Bingka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_bingka "Kue bingka") [Bitterballen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitterballen "Bitterballen") [Bolen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_bolen "Roti bolen") [Bolu gulung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_roll "Swiss roll") [Bolu kukus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolu_kukus "Bolu kukus") [Bolu pandan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandan_cake "Pandan cake") [Bugis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_bugis "Kue bugis") [Meuseukat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuseukat "Meuseukat") [Bulan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooncake "Mooncake") [Busa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meringue "Meringue") [Cakwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youtiao "Youtiao") [Cilok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilok "Cilok") [Clorot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorot "Clorot") [Cubit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_cubit "Kue cubit") [Cucur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_cucur "Kue cucur") [Dadar gulung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadar_gulung "Dadar gulung") [Dodol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodol "Dodol") [Donat jawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_doughnut "Javanese doughnut") [Donat kentang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_doughnut "Potato doughnut") [Gapit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_gapit "Kue gapit") [Geplak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geplak "Geplak") [Gethuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gethuk "Gethuk") [Jalangkote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalangkote "Jalangkote") [Jemput-jemput](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemput-jemput "Jemput-jemput") [Kaak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahk "Kahk") [Kaasstengels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaasstengels "Kaasstengels") [Kamir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamir "Kamir") [Karipap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_puff "Curry puff") [Kembang goyang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_kembang_goyang "Kue kembang goyang") [Keranjang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nian_gao "Nian gao") [Klappertaart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klappertaart "Klappertaart") [Klepon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klepon "Klepon") [Kochi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_kochi "Kue kochi") [Kroket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquette "Croquette") [Ku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_tortoise_cake "Red tortoise cake") [Kukis jagung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_cookie "Corn cookie") [Laddu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laddu "Laddu") [Laklak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laklak_\(food\) "Laklak (food)") [Lapis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_lapis "Kue lapis") [Lapis legit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spekkoek "Spekkoek") [Leker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_leker "Kue leker") [Lemper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemper "Lemper") [Lidah kucing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_lidah_kucing "Kue lidah kucing") [Lumpia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpia "Lumpia") [Lumpia goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpia_goreng "Lumpia goreng") [Lumpia semarang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpia_semarang "Lumpia semarang") [Sumpia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumpia "Sumpia") [Lupis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupis_\(food\) "Lupis (food)") [Madumongso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madumongso "Madumongso") [Makmur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_makmur "Kue makmur") [Martabak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtabak "Murtabak") [Mangkok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_mangkok "Kue mangkok") [Mochi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochi "Mochi") [Modak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modak "Modak") [Nagasari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasari "Nagasari") [Nastar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple_tart "Pineapple tart") [Ombusombus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombusombus "Ombusombus") [Onde-onde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_deui "Jin deui") [Pai susu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_pie "Milk pie") [Pai ti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_tee "Pie tee") [Panada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empanada "Empanada") [Pancong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_pancong "Kue pancong") [Pastel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel_\(food\) "Pastel (food)") [Pastel de nata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel_de_nata "Pastel de nata") [Pinyaram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyaram "Pinyaram") [Pisang cokelat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisang_cokelat "Pisang cokelat") [Pisang goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisang_goreng "Pisang goreng") [Poffertjes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poffertjes "Poffertjes") [Popiah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popiah "Popiah") [Pukis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_pukis "Kue pukis") [Putri salju](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_putri_salju "Kue putri salju") [Putu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_putu "Kue putu") [Putu mangkok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_putu_mangkok "Kue putu mangkok") [Putu mayang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_putu_mayang "Kue putu mayang") [Rangi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_rangi "Kue rangi") [Rempah udang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rempah_udang "Rempah udang") [Risoles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rissole "Rissole") [Samosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samosa "Samosa") [Satu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_satu "Kue satu") [Semar mendem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemper#Semar_mendem "Lemper") [Semprit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_semprit "Kue semprit") [Semprong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_semprong "Kue semprong") [Serabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serabi "Serabi") [Seri muka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_seri_muka "Kue seri muka") [Sus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profiterole "Profiterole") [Spekulaas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculaas "Speculaas") [Stroopwafel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroopwafel "Stroopwafel") [Talam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_talam "Kue talam") [Tapai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapai "Tapai") [Timphan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timphan "Timphan") [Terang bulan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martabak_manis "Martabak manis") [Untir-untir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untir-untir "Untir-untir") [Wajik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajik "Wajik") [Wingko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingko "Wingko") | | | Beverages | | | | | | | | [Alcoholic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_in_Indonesia "Alcohol in Indonesia") | [Arak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrack "Arrack") [Beer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_Indonesia "Beer in Indonesia") [Brem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brem "Brem") Cap tikus Ciu Lapen Saguer Sopi [Tuak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuak "Tuak") | | | Non-alcoholic | Adon-adon coro Angsle [Bajigur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajigur "Bajigur") [Bandrek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandrek "Bandrek") Bir jawa Bir kocok [Bir pletok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_pletok "Bir pletok") [Cendol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cendol "Cendol") [Chocolate milk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_milk "Chocolate milk") [Cincau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_jelly "Grass jelly") [Dadiah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadiah "Dadiah") [Es asam jawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarind_juice "Tamarind juice") [Es buah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es_buah "Es buah") [Es campur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es_campur "Es campur") [Es doger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es_doger "Es doger") [Es durian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durian#Culinary "Durian") [Es goyobod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es_goyobod "Es goyobod") [Es kelapa muda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es_kelapa_muda "Es kelapa muda") [Es kopyor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopyor_coconut "Kopyor coconut") Es selendang mayang Es tebak [Es tebu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane_juice#Indonesia "Sugarcane juice") [Es teler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es_teler "Es teler") [Hot chocolate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_chocolate "Hot chocolate") Jahe telur [Jamu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamu "Jamu") [Java coffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Indonesia#Java "Coffee production in Indonesia") [Kembang tahu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douhua "Douhua") Kopi aceh Kopi gayo [Kopi luwak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopi_luwak "Kopi luwak") Kopi sanger [Kopi susu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_au_lait "CafĂ© au lait") Kopi tarik [Kopi tiam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopi_tiam "Kopi tiam") [Kopi tubruk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopi_tubruk "Kopi tubruk") [Lahang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahang "Lahang") [Laksamana mengamuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksamana_mengamuk "Laksamana mengamuk") Legen [Milo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo_\(drink\) "Milo (drink)") [Moke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moke_\(beverage\) "Moke (beverage)") [Ronde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangyuan "Tangyuan") [Sarsi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarsi_\(drink\) "Sarsi (drink)") [Badak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarsaparilla_\(soft_drink\)#Indonesia "Sarsaparilla (soft drink)") [Indo saparelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarsaparilla_\(soft_drink\)#Indonesia "Sarsaparilla (soft drink)") [Sekoteng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekoteng "Sekoteng") [Soda gembira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda_gembira "Soda gembira") [Susu kedelai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_milk "Soy milk") [Sweet tea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_tea "Sweet tea") [Teh botol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teh_botol "Teh botol") [Teh krisan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum_tea "Chrysanthemum tea") Teh liang Teh poci [Teh jahe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_tea#Indonesia "Ginger tea") [Teh tarik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teh_tarik "Teh tarik") [Teh talua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teh_Talua "Teh Talua") [Wedang jahe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedang_Jahe "Wedang Jahe") Wedang uwuh | | | [Bumbu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumbu_\(seasoning\) "Bumbu (seasoning)") | | | | | | | | Spices | [Adas manis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anise "Anise") [Andaliman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_pepper "Sichuan pepper") [Asam jawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarind "Tamarind") [Bawang bombai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion "Onion") [Bawang merah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallot "Shallot") [Bawang perei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leek "Leek") [Bawang putih](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic "Garlic") [Bunga lawang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_anise "Star anise") [Bunga pala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_\(spice\) "Mace (spice)") [Cabai rawit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%27s_eye_chilli "Bird's eye chilli") [Cabai merah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilli_pepper "Chilli pepper") [Cengkih](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove "Clove") [Daun bawang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scallion "Scallion") Daun jeruk [Daun kari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_tree "Curry tree") [Daun kemangi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil "Basil") [Daun pandan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandanus_amaryllifolius "Pandanus amaryllifolius") [Daun salam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_leaf "Bay leaf") [Jahe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger "Ginger") [Jeruk purut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffir_lime "Kaffir lime") [Jeruk nipis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_lime "Key lime") [Jintan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caraway "Caraway") [Kapulaga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom "Cardamom") [Kayu manis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon "Cinnamon") [Kecombrang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etlingera_elatior "Etlingera elatior") [Kencur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kencur "Kencur") [Kemiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlenut "Candlenut") [Ketumbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriander "Coriander") [Keluak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangium_edule "Pangium edule") [Kunyit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric "Turmeric") [Lengkuas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galangal "Galangal") [Lada hitam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper "Black pepper") [Lada putih](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_pepper "White pepper") [Lokio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chives "Chives") [Pala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg "Nutmeg") [Peterseli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsley "Parsley") [Seledri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celery "Celery") [Serai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemongrass "Lemongrass") [Temu kunci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boesenbergia_rotunda "Boesenbergia rotunda") [Temu lawak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcuma_zanthorrhiza "Curcuma zanthorrhiza") | | | Seasonings and condiments | [Abon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rousong "Rousong") [Acar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acar "Acar") [Balado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balado_\(food\) "Balado (food)") [Bawang goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawang_goreng "Bawang goreng") [Budu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budu_\(sauce\) "Budu (sauce)") [Coconut jam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_jam "Coconut jam") [Cuka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegar "Vinegar") [Dabu-dabu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabu-dabu "Dabu-dabu") [Hagelslag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagelslag "Hagelslag") [Kecap asin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_sauce "Soy sauce") [Kecap ikan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_sauce "Fish sauce") [Kecap inggris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire_sauce "Worcestershire sauce") [Kecap manis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_soy_sauce "Sweet soy sauce") [Kerisik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerisik "Kerisik") [Lalab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalab "Lalab") [Mayones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayonnaise "Mayonnaise") [Minyak samin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghee "Ghee") [Minyak wijen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_oil "Sesame oil") [Minyak zaitun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oil "Olive oil") [Moster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_\(condiment\) "Mustard (condiment)") [Muisjes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisjes "Muisjes") [Nata de coco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata_de_coco "Nata de coco") [Peanut sauce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_sauce "Peanut sauce") [Petis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_paste "Shrimp paste") [Petis ikan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_paste "Fish paste") [Rica-rica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rica-rica "Rica-rica") [Sambal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambal "Sambal") Sambal goreng teri [Serundeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serundeng "Serundeng") [Saus tiram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_sauce "Oyster sauce") [Saus tomat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato_ketchup "Tomato ketchup") [Tapai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapai "Tapai") [Tauco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauco "Tauco") [Tempoyak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempoyak "Tempoyak") [Terasi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_paste "Shrimp paste") [Tongcai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin_preserved_vegetable "Tianjin preserved vegetable") [Tuktuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambal_tuktuk "Sambal tuktuk") [Vlokken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlokken "Vlokken") | | | [Influences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine#Influence_abroad "Indonesian cuisine") and [overseas dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Indonesians "Overseas Indonesians") | [Achat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_salads "Thai salads") [Asam pedas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_pedas "Asam pedas") [Ayam penyet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_penyet "Ayam penyet") [Babi pangang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_panggang "Babi panggang") [Bami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakmi "Bakmi") [Bamischijf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamischijf "Bamischijf") [Begedil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkedel "Perkedel") [Biryani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biryani "Biryani") [Bobotie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobotie "Bobotie") [Bobotok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botok "Botok") [Boeber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeber "Boeber") [Dendeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendeng "Dendeng") [Kalu dodol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalu_dodol "Kalu dodol") [Koe'sister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koe%27sister "Koe'sister") [Lumpia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpia "Lumpia") [Martabak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtabak "Murtabak") [Mie bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_Bangladesh "Mie Bangladesh") [Mie goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_goreng "Mie goreng") [Mie rebus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_kuah "Mie kuah") [Nasi ambeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_ambeng "Nasi ambeng") [Nasi goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_goreng "Nasi goreng") [Nasi kuning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kuning "Nasi kuning") [Nasischijf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasischijf "Nasischijf") [Pechal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecel "Pecel") [Pisang goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisang_goreng "Pisang goreng") [Rawon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawon "Rawon") [Rendang]() [Rojak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojak "Rojak") [Roti canai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_canai "Roti canai") [Satay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay "Satay") [Sayur lodeh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayur_lodeh "Sayur lodeh") [Serundeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serundeng "Serundeng") [Sosatie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosatie "Sosatie") [Soto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_\(food\) "Soto (food)") [Telur pindang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telur_pindang "Telur pindang") [Tempeh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempeh "Tempeh") [Tomato bredie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato_bredie "Tomato bredie") | | | List articles | [Indonesian beverages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_beverages "List of Indonesian beverages") [Indonesian condiments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_condiments "List of Indonesian condiments") [Indonesian desserts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_desserts "List of Indonesian desserts") [Indonesian dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_dishes "List of Indonesian dishes") [Indonesian noodles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_noodles "Indonesian noodles") [Indonesian snacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_snacks "List of Indonesian snacks") [Indonesian soups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_soups "List of Indonesian soups") | | | Related topics | [List of Indonesian dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_dishes "List of Indonesian dishes") [Alcohol in Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_in_Indonesia "Alcohol in Indonesia") [Jamu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamu "Jamu") [Bumbu (seasoning)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumbu_\(seasoning\) "Bumbu (seasoning)") [Street food of Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_food_of_Indonesia "Street food of Indonesia") [Jajan pasar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajan_pasar "Jajan pasar") [Sri Owen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Owen "Sri Owen") [Nunuk Nuraini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunuk_Nuraini "Nunuk Nuraini") | | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category: Indonesian cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indonesian_cuisine "Category:Indonesian cuisine") | | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bruneian_cuisine "Template:Bruneian cuisine") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bruneian_cuisine "Template talk:Bruneian cuisine") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bruneian_cuisine "Special:EditPage/Template:Bruneian cuisine")[![Brunei](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei "Brunei") [Bruneian cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine "Bruneian cuisine") | | | | Dishes | | | | | | | | National dishes | [Ambuyat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambuyat "Ambuyat") [Nasi katok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_katok "Nasi katok") | | | | | | | Rice dishes | [Bubur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubur "Bubur") [Kelupis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelupis "Kelupis") [Ketupat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketupat "Ketupat") [Lamban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamban "Lamban") [Lemang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemang "Lemang") [Lontong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontong "Lontong") [Nasi campur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_campur "Nasi campur") [Nasi goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_goreng "Nasi goreng") [Nasi kuning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kuning "Nasi kuning") [Nasi lemak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_lemak "Nasi lemak") [Pulut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulut "Pulut") [Punjung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjung "Punjung") | | | | | | | Noodle dishes | [Kway teow goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kway_teow_goreng "Kway teow goreng") [Mee goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_goreng "Mee goreng") [Mee kari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_kari "Mee kari") [Mee rebus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_rebus "Mee rebus") [Soto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_\(food\) "Soto (food)") | | | | | | | Other dishes | [Asam pedas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_pedas "Asam pedas") [Ayam pansuh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_pansuh "Ayam pansuh") [Ayam bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_bakar "Ayam bakar") [Ayam goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_goreng "Ayam goreng") [Belutak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belutak "Belutak") [Gulai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulai "Gulai") [Ikan bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan_bakar "Ikan bakar") [Ikan goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan_goreng "Ikan goreng") [Kari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry "Curry") [Kerisik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerisik "Kerisik") [Perkasam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkasam "Perkasam") [Rendang]() [Sambal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambal "Sambal") [Sambal goreng udang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambal_goreng_udang "Sambal goreng udang") [Satay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay "Satay") [Serunding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serunding "Serunding") [Tauhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofu "Tofu") [Tempoyak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempoyak "Tempoyak") [Telur masin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salted_duck_egg "Salted duck egg") | | | Snacks | | | | | | | | Savoury | [Cucur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucur "Cucur") [Cucur pisang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_fritter "Banana fritter") [Goyang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goyang_\(kuih\) "Goyang (kuih)") [Jala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jala_\(kuih\) "Jala (kuih)") [Karipap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_puff "Curry puff") [Keropok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keropok "Keropok") [Kue Malaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apam_balik "Apam balik") [Martabak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtabak "Murtabak") [Penyaram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjaram "Pinjaram") [Pisang goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_fritter "Banana fritter") [Roti john](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_john "Roti john") | | | | | | | [Kuih](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuih "Kuih") | [Bahulu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahulu "Bahulu") [Batik cake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik_cake "Batik cake") [Bingka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingka_\(kuih\) "Bingka (kuih)") [Cincin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincin "Cincin") [Jelurut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorot "Clorot") [Kochi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi_\(kuih\) "Kochi (kuih)") [Gelang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_doughnut_varieties#Variations_and_specialties_by_region "List of doughnut varieties") [Gulung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadar_gulung "Dadar gulung") [Kuih mor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makmur_\(kuih\) "Makmur (kuih)") [Laddu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laddu "Laddu") [Lidah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidah "Lidah") [Modak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modak "Modak") [Pais](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pais_\(kuih\) "Pais (kuih)") [Pancut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klepon "Klepon") [Roti kuning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_kuning "Roti kuning") [Sapit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapit "Sapit") [Tapai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapai "Tapai") [Wajid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajik "Wajik") | | | Drinks | | | | | | | | Drinks | [Bandung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung_\(drink\) "Bandung (drink)") [Kopi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopi_\(drink\) "Kopi (drink)") [Milo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo_\(drink\) "Milo (drink)") [Teh tarik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teh_tarik "Teh tarik") [Teh C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_tea "Milk tea") | | | | | | | Desserts | [ABC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ais_kacang "Ais kacang") [Cendol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cendol "Cendol") [Cincau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_jelly "Grass jelly") | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dutch_cuisine "Template:Dutch cuisine") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Dutch_cuisine "Template talk:Dutch cuisine") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch_cuisine "Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch cuisine")[![Netherlands](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") [Dutch cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_cuisine "Dutch cuisine") | | | | Dishes | [Babi ketjap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_kecap "Babi kecap") [Babi pangang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_panggang "Babi panggang") [Balkenbrij](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkenbrij "Balkenbrij") [Bami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakmi "Bakmi") [Bami goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_goreng "Mie goreng") [Bamischijf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamischijf "Bamischijf") [Bapao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakpau "Bakpau") [Biefstuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirloin_steak "Sirloin steak") [Boerewors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boerewors "Boerewors") [Bokkoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokkoms "Bokkoms") [Bruinebonensoep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenebon "Brenebon") [Doner kebab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doner_kebab "Doner kebab") [DroĂ«wors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dro%C3%ABwors "DroĂ«wors") [Erwtensoep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea_soup "Pea soup") [Foeyonghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_foo_young "Egg foo young") [Friet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_fries "French fries") [Frikandel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frikandel "Frikandel") [Gadogado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gado-gado "Gado-gado") [Gehaktbrood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meatloaf "Meatloaf") [Hachee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachee "Hachee") [Hutspot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutspot "Hutspot") [Kalio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalio "Kalio") [Kapsalon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapsalon "Kapsalon") [Kebab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebab "Kebab") [Kerststol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerststol "Kerststol") [Krentenbollen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currant_bun "Currant bun") [Macaroni schotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroni_schotel "Macaroni schotel") [Mihoen goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihun_goreng "Bihun goreng") [Moules-frites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moules-frites "Moules-frites") [Nasi goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_goreng "Nasi goreng") [Nasi kuning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kuning "Nasi kuning") [Nasi rames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_campur "Nasi campur") [Nasischijf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasischijf "Nasischijf") [Nasi uduk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_uduk "Nasi uduk") [Ontbijtkoek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontbijtkoek "Ontbijtkoek") [Ossenhaas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_tenderloin "Beef tenderloin") [Pannenkoek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannenkoek "Pannenkoek") [Potbrood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potbrood "Potbrood") [Rendang]() [Roggebrood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye_bread "Rye bread") [Rookworst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rookworst "Rookworst") [Roti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti "Roti") [Satay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay "Satay") [Saucijzenbroodje](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausage_roll "Sausage roll") [Selat solo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selat_solo "Selat solo") [Shawarma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawarma "Shawarma") [Slavink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavink "Slavink") [Smoor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semur_\(Indonesian_stew\) "Semur (Indonesian stew)") [Soto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_\(food\) "Soto (food)") [Stamppot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamppot "Stamppot") [Stroopwafel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroopwafel "Stroopwafel") [Suikerbrood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suikerbrood "Suikerbrood") [Tempeh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempeh "Tempeh") [Tofoe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofu "Tofu") [Varkenshaas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_tenderloin "Pork tenderloin") [Wantan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonton "Wonton") [Zuurkool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauerkraut "Sauerkraut") | | | Snacks and koeĂ© | [Bitterballen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitterballen "Bitterballen") [Broeder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broeder "Broeder") [Falafel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falafel "Falafel") [Janhagel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janhagel "Janhagel") [KaassoufflĂ©](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaassouffl%C3%A9 "KaassoufflĂ©") [Kaasstengels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaasstengels "Kaasstengels") [Katte tong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_lidah_kucing "Kue lidah kucing") [Kibbeling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibbeling "Kibbeling") [Klappertaart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klappertaart "Klappertaart") [Klepon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klepon "Klepon") [Kroepoek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupuk "Krupuk") [Kroket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquette "Croquette") [Kruidnoten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruidnoten "Kruidnoten") [Lemper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemper "Lemper") [Loempia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpia "Lumpia") [Loempia goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpia_goreng "Lumpia goreng") [Murtabak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtabak "Murtabak") [Nonnevot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonnevot "Nonnevot") [Oliebol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliebol "Oliebol") [Pisang goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisang_goreng "Pisang goreng") [Pepernoot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepernoot "Pepernoot") [PfeffernĂŒsse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfeffern%C3%BCsse "PfeffernĂŒsse") [Poffertjes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poffertjes "Poffertjes") [Rissole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rissole "Rissole") [Semprong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_semprong "Kue semprong") [Soempia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumpia "Sumpia") [Speculaas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculaas "Speculaas") | | | Desserts | [Appeltaart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_pie "Apple pie") [Banket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_letter "Dutch letter") [Bossche bol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossche_bol "Bossche bol") [Dadar gulung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadar_gulung "Dadar gulung") [KoeĂ© lapis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_lapis "Kue lapis") [Koeksister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koeksister "Koeksister") [Krentjebrij](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krentjebrij "Krentjebrij") [Melktert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melktert "Melktert") [Pandan cake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandan_cake "Pandan cake") [Rijstevlaai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijstevlaai "Rijstevlaai") [Spekkoek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis_legit "Lapis legit") [Tompouce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tompouce "Tompouce") [Vla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vla "Vla") [Vlaai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaai "Vlaai") | | | Condiments and boemboe | [Atjar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acar "Acar") [Balado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balado_\(food\) "Balado (food)") [Curry ketchup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_ketchup "Curry ketchup") [Fritessaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritessaus "Fritessaus") [Hagelslag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprinkles "Sprinkles") [Joppiesaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joppiesaus "Joppiesaus") [Ketjap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_soy_sauce "Sweet soy sauce") [Muisjes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisjes "Muisjes") [Piccalilli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccalilli "Piccalilli") [Sambal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambal "Sambal") [Satay sauce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_sauce "Peanut sauce") [Seroendeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serundeng "Serundeng") [Trassi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terasi "Terasi") [Treacle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treacle "Treacle") [Vlokken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlokken "Vlokken") | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Philippine_cuisine "Template:Philippine cuisine") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_cuisine "Template talk:Philippine cuisine") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_cuisine "Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine cuisine")[![Philippines](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines") [Filipino cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_cuisine "Filipino cuisine") | | | | [Main dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Philippine_dishes "List of Philippine dishes") | | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Philippine_Food.jpg/250px-Philippine_Food.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philippine_Food.jpg) | | | | | | **Braised dishes and stews** | [Adobo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_adobo "Philippine adobo") [Afritada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afritada "Afritada") [Asado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_asado#Asado_de_carajay "Philippine asado") [matua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_asado#Pork_asado "Philippine asado") [pork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_asado#Pork_asado "Philippine asado") [Balbacua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbacua "Balbacua") [Bicol express/Sinilihan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicol_express "Bicol express") [Binagoongan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binagoongan "Binagoongan") [Kangkong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stir_fried_water_spinach#Water_spinach_with_shrimp_paste "Stir fried water spinach") [Bistek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistek "Bistek") [Carne norte guisado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne_norte_guisado "Carne norte guisado") [Chicken galantina/Relyenong manok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_galantina "Chicken galantina") [Chicken pastel/Pastel de pollo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_pastel "Chicken pastel") [Dinuguan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinuguan "Dinuguan") [Estofadong baboy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estofadong_baboy "Estofadong baboy") [Giniling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picadillo "Picadillo") [Ginisang kangkĂłng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stir_fried_water_spinach "Stir fried water spinach") [Hamonado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamonado "Hamonado") [HumbĂ ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humba "Humba") [Igado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igado "Igado") [Kaldereta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldereta "Kaldereta") [Kare-kare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kare-kare "Kare-kare") [Laing/Pinangat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laing_\(food\) "Laing (food)") [Inulukan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laing_\(food\)#Inulukan "Laing (food)") [Linapay/Tinamuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linapay "Linapay") [Tinumok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laing_\(food\)#Tinumok "Laing (food)") [Lengua estofado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_estofado "Lengua estofado") [Lengua Sevillana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_Sevillana "Lengua Sevillana") [Linarang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linarang "Linarang") [Linat-an](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linat-an "Linat-an") [Mechado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechado "Mechado") [Menudo/Ginamay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menudo_\(stew\) "Menudo (stew)") [MorcĂłn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morc%C3%B3n_\(Filipino_cuisine\) "MorcĂłn (Filipino cuisine)") [Paklay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paklay "Paklay") [Pares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pares_\(food\) "Pares (food)") [Pares kanto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pares_kanto "Pares kanto") [Pata tim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pata_tim "Pata tim") [Piaparan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piaparan "Piaparan") [Pinais](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinais "Pinais") [Pinakbet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinakbet "Pinakbet") [Pinapaitan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinapaitan "Pinapaitan") [Pinatisan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinatisan "Pinatisan") [Pininyahang hipon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pininyahang_hipon "Pininyahang hipon") [Pininyahang manok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pininyahang_manok "Pininyahang manok") [Piyanggang manok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyanggang_manok "Piyanggang manok") [Putsero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puchero#Philippine_puchero "Puchero") [Rendang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#In_other_countries) [Ropa vieja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropa_vieja "Ropa vieja") [Sarsa na uyang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarsa_na_uyang "Sarsa na uyang") [Talunan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talunan "Talunan") | | | **Grilled dishes *(inihaw)*** | [Dinakdakan/Warek-Warek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinakdakan "Dinakdakan") [Inihaw/Filipino barbecue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inihaw "Inihaw") [Inasal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_inasal "Chicken inasal") [Isaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaw "Isaw") [Lechon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_lechon "Philippine lechon") [baboy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_lechon "Philippine lechon") [baka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechon_baka "Lechon baka") [manok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechon_manok "Lechon manok") [Tapa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapa_\(Filipino_cuisine\) "Tapa (Filipino cuisine)") [Satti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay "Satay") [Tinapa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinapa "Tinapa") | | | **Fried dishes** | [Bagnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagnet "Bagnet") [Calamares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamares "Calamares") [Camaron rebosado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camaron_rebosado "Camaron rebosado") [Carne frita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milanesa "Milanesa") [Chicharon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicharr%C3%B3n#Philippines "ChicharrĂłn") [Crispy kangkĂłng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispy_kangk%C3%B3ng "Crispy kangkĂłng") [Crispy pata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispy_pata "Crispy pata") [Crispy tadyang ng baka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispy_tadyang_ng_baka "Crispy tadyang ng baka") [Daing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daing "Daing") [Fish balls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_ball "Fish ball") [Kikiam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngo_hiang "Ngo hiang") [Lechon kawali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechon_kawali "Lechon kawali") [Nilasing na hipon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilasing_na_hipon "Nilasing na hipon") [Okoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okoy "Okoy") [Pudpod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudpod "Pudpod") [Sisig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisig "Sisig") [Tapa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapa_\(Filipino_cuisine\) "Tapa (Filipino cuisine)") [Tocino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocino "Tocino") [Tokneneng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokneneng "Tokneneng") [Kwek kwek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwek_kwek "Kwek kwek") [Tokwa't baboy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokwa%27t_baboy "Tokwa't baboy") Torta [carne norte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortang_carne_norte "Tortang carne norte") [kalabasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortang_kalabasa "Tortang kalabasa") [sardinas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortang_sardinas "Tortang sardinas") [talong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortang_talong "Tortang talong") | | | **Rice dishes** | [Aligue fried rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligue_fried_rice "Aligue fried rice") [Arroz a la cubana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroz_a_la_cubana "Arroz a la cubana") [Arroz a la valenciana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroz_a_la_valenciana "Arroz a la valenciana") [Arroz caldo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroz_caldo "Arroz caldo") [Bagoong fried rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoong_fried_rice "Bagoong fried rice") [Balao-balao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balao-balao "Balao-balao") [Binalot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binalot "Binalot") [Java rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_rice "Java rice") [Junay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junay_\(food\) "Junay (food)") [Kiampong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiampong "Kiampong") [Kuning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuning "Kuning") [Lugaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugaw "Lugaw") [Morisqueta tostada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morisqueta_tostada "Morisqueta tostada") [Oko-oko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko-oko "Oko-oko") [Paelya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paelya "Paelya") [Bringhe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bringhe "Bringhe") [Nasing biringyi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasing_biringyi "Nasing biringyi") [Pastil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastil "Pastil") [PusĂŽ/Tamu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pus%C3%B4 "PusĂŽ") [Silog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silog_\(dish\) "Silog (dish)") [Sinangag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinangag "Sinangag") [Sinigapuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinigapuna "Sinigapuna") | | | **Soups** | [Batchoy Tagalog/Batsoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batchoy_Tagalog "Batchoy Tagalog") [Binakol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binakol "Binakol") [Bulalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulalo "Bulalo") [Cansi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cansi "Cansi") [Ginataan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataan "Ginataan") [ampalaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataang_ampalaya "Ginataang ampalaya") [hipon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataang_hipon "Ginataang hipon") [isda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataang_isda "Ginataang isda") [kalabasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataang_kalabasa "Ginataang kalabasa") [kuhol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataang_kuhol "Ginataang kuhol") [labong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataang_labong "Ginataang labong") [langka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataang_langka "Ginataang langka") [manok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataang_manok "Ginataang manok") [sugpo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataang_hipon "Ginataang hipon") [ubod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataang_ubod "Ginataang ubod") [Ginisang munggo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginisang_munggo "Ginisang munggo") [Gising-gising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gising-gising "Gising-gising") [Kadyos, baboy, kag langka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadyos,_baboy,_kag_langka "Kadyos, baboy, kag langka") [Kadyos, manok, kag ubad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadyos,_manok,_kag_ubad "Kadyos, manok, kag ubad") [Kinamatisang manok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinamatisang_manok "Kinamatisang manok") (Sarciadong manok) [Nilaga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilaga "Nilaga") [Paksiw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paksiw "Paksiw") [Inun-unan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paksiw#Inun-unan "Paksiw") [Pinikpikan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinikpikan "Pinikpikan") [Sarsiado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarsiado "Sarsiado") [Sinabawang corned beef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinabawang_corned_beef "Sinabawang corned beef") [Sinabawang gulay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinabawang_gulay "Sinabawang gulay") [Sinampalukan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinampalukan "Sinampalukan") [Sinigang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinigang "Sinigang") [Sorol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorol_\(food\) "Sorol (food)") [Soup Number Five](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup_Number_Five "Soup Number Five") [Suam na mais](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suam_na_mais "Suam na mais") [Tinola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinola "Tinola") [Tiyula itum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiyula_itum "Tiyula itum") | | | Noodles and pasta | [Balbacua con misua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbacua "Balbacua") [Batchoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batchoy "Batchoy") [Batchoy Tagalog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batchoy_Tagalog "Batchoy Tagalog") [Filipino spaghetti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_spaghetti "Filipino spaghetti") [Kinalas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinalas "Kinalas") [Macaroni salad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroni_salad "Macaroni salad") [Maki mi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maki_mi "Maki mi") [Odong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odong "Odong") [Pancit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancit "Pancit") [bihon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancit_bihon "Pancit bihon") [buko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancit_buko "Pancit buko") [canton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancit_canton "Pancit canton") [choca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancit_choca "Pancit choca") [estacion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancit_estacion "Pancit estacion") [lomi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomi "Lomi") [luglug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancit_luglug "Pancit luglug") [Malabon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancit_Malabon "Pancit Malabon") [mami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mami_soup "Mami soup") [miki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancit_miki "Pancit miki") [Molo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancit_Molo "Pancit Molo") [palabok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancit_palabok "Pancit palabok") [sotanghon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotanghon "Sotanghon") [Pares mami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pares_mami "Pares mami") [Sopa de fideo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopa_de_fideo "Sopa de fideo") [Sopas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopas "Sopas") | | | [Sausages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longaniza#Philippines "Longaniza") | [Longganisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longaniza#Philippines "Longaniza") [Alaminos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaminos_longganisa "Alaminos longganisa") [Baguio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baguio_longganisa "Baguio longganisa") [Cabanatuan/Batutay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabanatuan_longganisa "Cabanatuan longganisa") [Calumpit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumpit_longganisa "Calumpit longganisa") [Chicken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_longganisa "Chicken longganisa") [Fish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_longganisa "Fish longganisa") [Guagua/Candaba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guagua_longganisa "Guagua longganisa") [Guinobatan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longganisa_de_Guinobatan "Longganisa de Guinobatan") [Longganisang dugo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sausage#Philippines "Blood sausage") [Lucban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucban_longganisa "Lucban longganisa") [Pampanga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampanga_longganisa "Pampanga longganisa") [Tuguegarao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuguegarao_longganisa "Tuguegarao longganisa") [Vigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigan_longganisa "Vigan longganisa") Chorizo [de Bilbao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo_de_Bilbao "Chorizo de Bilbao") [de Cebu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo_de_Cebu "Chorizo de Cebu") [de Macao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo_de_Macao "Chorizo de Macao") [Negrense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo_Negrense "Chorizo Negrense") [pudpud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo_pudpud "Chorizo pudpud") [Pinuneg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinuneg "Pinuneg") | | | [Lumpia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpia "Lumpia") and [turĂłn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turon_\(food\) "Turon (food)") | [Daral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daral_\(food\) "Daral (food)") [Dinamita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamita "Dinamita") [Lumpia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpia "Lumpia") [adobo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpiang_adobo "Lumpiang adobo") [gulay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpiang_gulay "Lumpiang gulay") [hubad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpiang_hubad "Lumpiang hubad") [isda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpiang_isda "Lumpiang isda") [keso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpiang_keso "Lumpiang keso") [labong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpiang_labong "Lumpiang labong") [prito](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpiang_prito "Lumpiang prito") [sariwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpiang_sariwa "Lumpiang sariwa") [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpiang_Shanghai "Lumpiang Shanghai") [singkamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpiang_singkamas "Lumpiang singkamas") [togue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpiang_gulay#Lumpiang_togue "Lumpiang gulay") [ubod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpiang_ubod "Lumpiang ubod") [Vegetarian lumpia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpiang_gulay#Vegetarian_lumpia "Lumpiang gulay") [Ngohiong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngohiong "Ngohiong") [TurĂłn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turon_\(food\) "Turon (food)") | | | Breads, cakes, and pastries | | | | | | | | **Biscuits/cookies** | [Aparon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparon "Aparon") [Apas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apas_\(biscuit\) "Apas (biscuit)") [Barquillos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscuit_roll "Biscuit roll") [Barquiron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barquiron "Barquiron") [Camachile cookies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camachile_cookie "Camachile cookie") [Caycay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caycay "Caycay") Galletas [de bato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galletas_de_bato "Galletas de bato") [de patatas/Egg cracklets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galletas_de_patatas "Galletas de patatas") [del Carmen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galletas_del_Carmen "Galletas del Carmen") [pesquera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galletas_pesquera "Galletas pesquera") [Gorgoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgoria "Gorgoria") [Jacobina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobina_\(food\) "Jacobina (food)") [Lengua de gato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_de_gato "Lengua de gato") [Linga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linga_\(cookie\) "Linga (cookie)") [Masa podrida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_podrida "Masa podrida") [Otap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otap_\(food\) "Otap (food)") [Paciencia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paciencia_\(cookie\) "Paciencia (cookie)") [Paborita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paborita "Paborita") [Puto seco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puto_seco "Puto seco") [Roscas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscas_\(Filipino_cuisine\) "Roscas (Filipino cuisine)") [Rosquillo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosquillo "Rosquillo") [Ugoy-ugoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugoy-ugoy "Ugoy-ugoy") [UrarĂł/Arrowroot cookies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraro "Uraro") | | | [Desserts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Philippine_desserts "List of Philippine desserts") | | | | | | | | **Candies and confections** | [Pastillas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastillas "Pastillas") [Balikucha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balikucha "Balikucha") [Belekoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belekoy "Belekoy") [Coconut toffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_toffee "Coconut toffee") [Peanut Brittle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittle_\(food\) "Brittle (food)") [Panocha mani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panocha_mani "Panocha mani") [Sampalok candy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiamoy "Kiamoy") [Yema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yema_\(candy\) "Yema (candy)") | | | **Chips and crackers** | [Banana chips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_chip "Banana chip") [Kabkab/Cassava cracker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabkab "Kabkab") [Kropek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawn_cracker "Prawn cracker") [Kiping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiping "Kiping") [Pinasugbo/Consilva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinasugbo "Pinasugbo") | | | **Frozen desserts** | [Avocado and milk in ice/Abukado lamaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_and_milk_in_ice "Avocado and milk in ice") [Guinomis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinomis "Guinomis") [Halo-halo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo-halo "Halo-halo") [Ice buko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_buko "Ice buko") [Ice scramble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_scramble "Ice scramble") [Knickerbocker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knickerbocker_\(Zamboanga\) "Knickerbocker (Zamboanga)") [MaĂ­z con hielo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%ADz_con_hielo "MaĂ­z con hielo") [Queso ice cream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queso_ice_cream "Queso ice cream") [Saba con hielo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minatamis_na_saging "Minatamis na saging") [Sili ice cream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sili_ice_cream "Sili ice cream") [Sorbetes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbetes "Sorbetes") [Ube ice cream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ube_ice_cream "Ube ice cream") | | | **[Kakanin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakanin "Kakanin") (ricecakes)** | [Bibingka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibingka "Bibingka") [Bibingkoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibingkoy "Bibingkoy") [Binakle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binakle "Binakle") [Biko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biko_\(food\) "Biko (food)") [Espasol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espasol "Espasol") [Kutsinta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutsinta "Kutsinta") [Mache](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mache_\(food\) "Mache (food)") [Masi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masi_\(food\) "Masi (food)") [Moche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche_\(food\) "Moche (food)") [MorĂłn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor%C3%B3n_\(food\) "MorĂłn (food)") [Palitaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palitaw "Palitaw") [Panyalam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panyalam "Panyalam") [Putli mandi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putli_mandi "Putli mandi") [Puto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puto_\(food\) "Puto (food)") [Bumbong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puto_bumbong "Puto bumbong") [Calasiao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puto_Calasiao "Puto Calasiao") [Maya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_sticky_rice "Mango sticky rice") [Sapin-sapin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapin-sapin "Sapin-sapin") [Sayongsong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayongsong "Sayongsong") [Suman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suman_\(food\) "Suman (food)") [Tikoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nian_gao#Philippines "Nian gao") [Tupig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupig "Tupig") | | | **Soup desserts** | [Bilo-bilo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilo-bilo "Bilo-bilo") [Binatog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binatog "Binatog") [Binignit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binignit "Binignit") [Champorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champorado "Champorado") Ginataan [mais](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataang_mais "Ginataang mais") [munggo/Lelot balatong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataang_munggo "Ginataang munggo") [saba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataang_saba "Ginataang saba") [Lamaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamaw "Lamaw") | | | [Condiments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_condiments "Philippine condiments") and ingredients | [Agre dulce/sweet and sour sauce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agre_dulce "Agre dulce") [Achuete](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatto "Anatto") [AsĂ­n tibuok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%ADn_tibuok "AsĂ­n tibuok") [Atchara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atchara "Atchara") [Bagoong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoong "Bagoong") [alamang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoong_alamang "Bagoong alamang") [monamon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoong_monamon "Bagoong monamon") [terong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoong_terong "Bagoong terong") [Banana ketchup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_ketchup "Banana ketchup") [Biasong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_micrantha "Citrus micrantha") [Bukayo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukayo "Bukayo") [BurĂŽ/tapay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapai "Tapai") [Calamansi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamansi "Calamansi") [Dayap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_lime "Key lime") [Dayok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayok "Dayok") [Dungon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritiera_littoralis "Heritiera littoralis") [GalapĂłng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galap%C3%B3ng "GalapĂłng") [Gamet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamet "Gamet") [GatĂą](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_milk "Coconut milk") [Giniling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_meat "Ground meat") [Gulaman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulaman "Gulaman") [GusĂŽ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucheuma "Eucheuma") [Kakang gatĂą](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_cream "Coconut cream") [Kamias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilimbi "Bilimbi") [Kaong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenga_pinnata "Arenga pinnata") [Kasubha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safflower "Safflower") [Keso de bola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edam_cheese "Edam cheese") [Kesong puti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesong_puti "Kesong puti") [LabĂłng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_shoot "Bamboo shoot") [Landang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landang "Landang") [Latik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latik "Latik") [LatĂŽ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulerpa_lentillifera "Caulerpa lentillifera") [Lemongrass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemongrass "Lemongrass") [Liver spread/Lechon sauce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_spread "Liver spread") [Luyang dilaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric "Turmeric") [Macapuno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macapuno "Macapuno") [MinatamĂ­s na bĂĄo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_jam "Coconut jam") [Muscovado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovado "Muscovado") [Nata de coco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata_de_coco "Nata de coco") [Nata de piña](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata_de_pi%C3%B1a "Nata de piña") [PakĂŽ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplazium_esculentum "Diplazium esculentum") [Palapa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palapa_\(condiment\) "Palapa (condiment)") [Pandan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandanus "Pandanus") [Panutsa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggery "Jaggery") [Patis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patis_\(sauce\) "Patis (sauce)") [Pili nut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pili_nut "Pili nut") [Saba banana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba_banana "Saba banana") [Sago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sago "Sago") [Sakurab/Sibujing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakurab "Sakurab") [Siling haba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siling_haba "Siling haba") [Siling labuyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siling_labuyo "Siling labuyo") [Taba ng talangka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taba_ng_talangka "Taba ng talangka") [Tabon-tabon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabon-tabon "Tabon-tabon") [Toyomansi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyomansi "Toyomansi") [Toyo, suka, at sili](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyo,_suka,_at_sili "Toyo, suka, at sili") [TĂșltul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%ADn_tibuok "AsĂ­n tibuok") [Ube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_yam "Purple yam") [Ubad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_pith "Banana pith") [Ubod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_palm "Heart of palm") Vinegar [cane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane_vinegar "Cane vinegar") [coconut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_vinegar "Coconut vinegar") [kaong palm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaong_palm_vinegar "Kaong palm vinegar") [nipa palm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipa_palm_vinegar "Nipa palm vinegar") [spiced](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiced_vinegar "Spiced vinegar") | | | Beverages | | | | | | | | **Non-alcoholic** | [Avocado milkshake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_milkshake "Avocado milkshake") [Calamansi juice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamansi_juice "Calamansi juice") Coffee [Barako](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapeng_barako "Kapeng barako") [Benguet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benguet_coffee "Benguet coffee") [Sagada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagada_coffee "Sagada coffee") [Sulu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahawa_Sug "Kahawa Sug") [Salabat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_tea#Philippines "Ginger tea") [Samalamig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samalamig "Samalamig") [Buko pandan drink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buko_pandan_drink "Buko pandan drink") [Sago at gulaman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sago_at_gulaman "Sago at gulaman") [Tsokolate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsokolate "Tsokolate") [Tubho tea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubho_tea "Tubho tea") | | | **Alcoholic** | [Agkud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agkud "Agkud") [Anisado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisette "Anisette") [Bahalina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahalina "Bahalina") [Bais](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bais_\(wine\) "Bais (wine)") [Basi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basi "Basi") [Bignay wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignay_wine "Bignay wine") [Byais](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byais "Byais") [Dubado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubado "Dubado") [Duhat wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhat_wine "Duhat wine") [Intus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intus "Intus") [Kabarawan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabarawan "Kabarawan") [Kinutil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinutil "Kinutil") [Laksoy/Dalisay de nipa/Barik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksoy "Laksoy") [Lambanog/Dalisay de coco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambanog "Lambanog") [Mallorca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisette "Anisette") [Palek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palek "Palek") [Pangasi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangasi "Pangasi") [Tapuy/Baya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapuy "Tapuy") [TubĂą](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tub%C3%A2 "TubĂą") [Tuhak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhak "Tuhak") [Tunggang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunggang "Tunggang") | | | [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/20px-Foodlogo2.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg) [Food portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food "Portal:Food") **See also:** [Philippine condiments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_condiments "Philippine condiments") [Filipino Chinese cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine "Filipino Chinese cuisine") [Kamayan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamayan "Kamayan") [Kapampangan cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine "Kapampangan cuisine") [List of Filipino restaurants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Filipino_restaurants "List of Filipino restaurants") [List of restaurant chains in the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_restaurant_chains_in_the_Philippines "List of restaurant chains in the Philippines") | | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Malaysian_cuisine "Template:Malaysian cuisine") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Malaysian_cuisine "Template talk:Malaysian cuisine") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Malaysian_cuisine "Special:EditPage/Template:Malaysian cuisine")[![Malaysia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia") [Malaysian cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine "Malaysian cuisine") by [ethnicity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group "Ethnic group") | | | | Common dishes | | | | | | | | [Malay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_cuisine "Malay cuisine") | [Asam pedas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_pedas "Asam pedas") [Ayam bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_bakar "Ayam bakar") [Ayam goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_goreng "Ayam goreng") [Ayam masak kicap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_masak_kicap "Ayam masak kicap") [Ayam masak merah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_masak_merah "Ayam masak merah") [Ayam penyet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_penyet "Ayam penyet") [Bubur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porridge "Porridge") [Bubur asyura](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bubur_asyura&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bubur asyura (page does not exist)") [Bubur ayam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubur_ayam "Bubur ayam") [Bubur kacang hijau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubur_kacang_hijau "Bubur kacang hijau") [Bubur lambuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubur_lambuk "Bubur lambuk") [Bubur pedas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubur_pedas "Bubur pedas") [Bubur pulut hitam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubur_ketan_hitam "Bubur ketan hitam") [Dendeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendeng "Dendeng") [Gulai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulai "Gulai") [Ikan bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan_bakar "Ikan bakar") [Ikan goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan_goreng "Ikan goreng") [Kangkung belacan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangkung_belacan "Kangkung belacan") [Ketupat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketupat "Ketupat") [Kway teow goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwetiau_goreng "Kwetiau goreng") [Laksa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksa "Laksa") [Lemang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemang "Lemang") [Lontong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontong "Lontong") [Masak lemak lada api](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masak_lemak_lada_api "Masak lemak lada api") [Mee bakso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_bakso "Mee bakso") [Mee bandung Muar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_bandung "Mee bandung") [Mee goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_goreng "Mee goreng") [Mee jawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_jawa "Mie jawa") [Curry mee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_mee "Curry mee") [Mee rebus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_kuah "Mie kuah") [Mee siam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_siam "Mee siam") [Nasi ambeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_ambeng "Nasi ambeng") [Nasi campur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_campur "Nasi campur") [Nasi dagang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_dagang "Nasi dagang") [Nasi goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_goreng "Nasi goreng") [American fried rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_fried_rice "American fried rice") [Nasi goreng pattaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_goreng_pattaya "Nasi goreng pattaya") [Nasi katok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_katok "Nasi katok") [Nasi kerabu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kerabu "Nasi kerabu") [Nasi kuning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kuning "Nasi kuning") [Nasi lemak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_lemak "Nasi lemak") [Nasi minyak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_minyak "Nasi minyak") [Nasi paprik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_paprik "Nasi paprik") [Nasi tumpang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_tumpang "Nasi tumpang") [Nasi ulam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_ulam "Nasi ulam") [Otak-otak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak-otak "Otak-otak") [Pais](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepes "Pepes") [Pecal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecel "Pecel") [Pekasam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekasam "Pekasam") [Pindang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindang "Pindang") [Pulot tartal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulot_tartal "Pulot tartal") [Ramly burger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramly_Group#Ramly_Burger "Ramly Group") [Roti canai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_canai "Roti canai") [Roti Jala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_Jala "Roti Jala") [Rendang]() [Rojak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojak "Rojak") [Rojak bandung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojak_bandung "Rojak bandung") [Sayur lodeh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayur_lodeh "Sayur lodeh") [Sata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sata_\(food\) "Sata (food)") [Satay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay "Satay") [Satay celup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay_celup "Satay celup") [Serundeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serundeng "Serundeng") [Soto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_\(food\) "Soto (food)") [Soto ayam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_ayam "Soto ayam") [Mee soto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_mie "Soto mie") [Sup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup "Soup") [Soup kambing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sup_kambing "Sup kambing") [Sup tulang](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sup_tulang&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sup tulang (page does not exist)") [Tauhu goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahu_goreng "Tahu goreng") [Telur pindang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telur_pindang "Telur pindang") [Tongmo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_lamaow "Tung lamaow") [Ulam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulam_\(salad\) "Ulam (salad)") | | | [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine "Malaysian Chinese cuisine") | [Bakkwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakkwa "Bakkwa") [Bak kut teh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bak_kut_teh "Bak kut teh") [Banmian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banmian "Banmian") [Bean sprouts chicken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean_sprouts_chicken "Bean sprouts chicken") [Beef kway teow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_kway_teow "Beef kway teow") [Chai tow kway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chai_tow_kway "Chai tow kway") [Char kway teow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_kway_teow "Char kway teow") [Char siu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_siu "Char siu") [Cha siu bao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha_siu_bao "Cha siu bao") [Chee cheong fun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_noodle_roll "Rice noodle roll") [Chicken chop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_chop "Chicken chop") [Chwee kueh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chwee_kueh "Chwee kueh") [Claypot chicken rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claypot_chicken_rice "Claypot chicken rice") [Curry Mee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_Mee "Curry Mee") [Duck rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_rice "Duck rice") [Duck soup noodles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_soup_noodles "Duck soup noodles") [Economy rice/Mixed rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_rice "Economy rice") [Egg tart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_tart "Egg tart") [Fish ball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_ball "Fish ball") [Fish head bee hoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_soup_bee_hoon "Fish soup bee hoon") [Hae mee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hae_mee "Hae mee") [Hainanese chicken rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanese_chicken_rice "Hainanese chicken rice") [Heong Peng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heong_Peng "Heong Peng") [Hokkien mee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien_mee "Hokkien mee") [Kolo mee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolo_mee "Kolo mee") [Kway chap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kway_chap "Kway chap") [Kway Teow Th'ng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahe_fen "Shahe fen") [Lei cha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_cha "Lei cha") [Lo mai gai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_mai_gai "Lo mai gai") [Loh bak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngo_hiang "Ngo hiang") [Lor mee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lor_mee "Lor mee") [Mee pok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_pok "Mee pok") [Oyster omelette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_omelette "Oyster omelette") [Pan mee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_mee "Pan mee") [Pao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baozi "Baozi") [Popiah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popiah "Popiah") [Sar Hor Fun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahe_fen "Shahe fen") [Lou Shee Fun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_needle_noodles "Silver needle noodles") [Teochew Porridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew_Porridge "Teochew Porridge") [Tong sui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong_sui "Tong sui") [Wonton mee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonton_noodles "Wonton noodles") [Tambun biscuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambun_biscuit "Tambun biscuit") [Yee Foo Mee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_mein "Yi mein") [Yong tau foo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yong_tau_foo "Yong tau foo") [You char kway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_char_kway "You char kway") [Yusheng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusheng "Yusheng") [Zongzi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zongzi "Zongzi") | | | [Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine "Malaysian Indian cuisine") | [Banana leaf rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_leaf_rice "Banana leaf rice") [Butter chicken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter_chicken "Butter chicken") [Dalcha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalcha "Dalcha") [Puliyodarai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puliyodarai "Puliyodarai") [Curd rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curd_rice "Curd rice") [Chapati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapati "Chapati") [Fish molee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_moolie "Fish moolie") [Dosai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosa_\(food\) "Dosa (food)") [Idli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idli "Idli") [Laddu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laddu "Laddu") [Mee goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_goreng "Mie goreng") [Maggi goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggi_goreng "Maggi goreng") [Mee goreng mamak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_goreng#Malaysia "Mie goreng") [Mee rebus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_kuah "Mie kuah") [Mamak Rojak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojak#Mamak_rojak,_or_Indian_rojak_\(Pasembor\) "Rojak") ([Rojak Klang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojak_Klang "Rojak Klang")) [Modak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modak "Modak") [Murtabak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtabak "Murtabak") [Mutton curry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutton_curry "Mutton curry") [Nasi biryani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biryani "Biryani") [Nasi kandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kandar "Nasi kandar") [Korma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korma "Korma") [Pasembur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasembur "Pasembur") [Puri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puri_\(food\) "Puri (food)") [Putu mayam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putu_mayam "Putu mayam") [Roti canai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_canai "Roti canai") [Roti tissue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_tissue "Roti tissue") [Naan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naan "Naan") [Sup kambing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sup_kambing "Sup kambing") [Satti Sorru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satti_Sorru "Satti Sorru") [Appam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appam "Appam") [Payasam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payasam "Payasam") [Upma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upma "Upma") [Paniyaram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paniyaram "Paniyaram") [Pongal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongal_\(dish\) "Pongal (dish)") [Vadai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadai "Vadai") [Adhirasam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhirasam "Adhirasam") [Murukku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murukku "Murukku") [Bajji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajji "Bajji") [Rasam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasam_\(dish\) "Rasam (dish)") [Sambar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambar_\(dish\) "Sambar (dish)") [Papadum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papadum "Papadum") [Tandoori chicken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandoori_chicken "Tandoori chicken") | | | East Malaysian ([Sabah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine "Sabahan cuisine") and [Sarawak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine "Sarawakian cuisine")) | [Ambuyat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambuyat "Ambuyat") [Bosou](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bosou&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bosou (page does not exist)") [Hinava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinava "Hinava") [Linatan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linatan "Linatan") [Linongot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linongot "Linongot") [Manok pansoh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manok_pansoh "Manok pansoh") [Mee tauhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_tauhu "Mee tauhu") [Midin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Midin (page does not exist)") [Nasi kombos](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasi_kombos&action=edit&redlink=1 "Nasi kombos (page does not exist)") [Nasi laru](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasi_laru&action=edit&redlink=1 "Nasi laru (page does not exist)") [Nasik aruk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasik_aruk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Nasik aruk (page does not exist)") [Sinalau bakas](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinalau_bakas&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sinalau bakas (page does not exist)") [Tonokon](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonokon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tonokon (page does not exist)") [Tuhau](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuhau&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tuhau (page does not exist)") [Umai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umai_\(food\) "Umai (food)") | | | [Peranakan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine "Peranakan cuisine") | [Acar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acar "Acar") [Asam laksa/Laksa lemak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksa "Laksa") [Buah keluak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_buah_keluak "Ayam buah keluak") [Bubur cha cha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubur_cha_cha "Bubur cha cha") [Cap cai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_cai "Cap cai") [Kerabu Bihun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_siam "Mee siam") [Perut Ikan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaeng_tai_pla "Kaeng tai pla") [Pie tee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_tee "Pie tee") [Pongteh](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pongteh&action=edit&redlink=1 "Pongteh (page does not exist)") [Nyonya Bak Chang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zongzi "Zongzi") | | | [Eurasian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_cuisine_of_Singapore_and_Malaysia "Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia") | [Shepherd's pie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%27s_pie "Shepherd's pie") [Oxtail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxtail "Oxtail") [stew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stew "Stew") [Chicken chop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_chop "Chicken chop") [Devil's curry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_curry "Devil's curry") [Semur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semur_\(Indonesian_stew\) "Semur (Indonesian stew)") | | | [Snacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snack "Snack") | | | | | | | | [Cake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cake "Cake") and [pastries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastries "Pastries") | [Bahulu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahulu "Bahulu") [Batik cake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik_cake "Batik cake") [Heong peng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heong_Peng "Heong Peng") [Roti bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_bakar "Roti bakar") ([Kaya toast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaya_toast "Kaya toast")) [Sarawak layer cake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak_layer_cake "Sarawak layer cake") | | | [Keropok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupuk "Krupuk"), [crackers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracker_\(food\) "Cracker (food)") | [Amplang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplang "Amplang") [Lekor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lekor "Lekor") [Rempeyek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rempeyek "Rempeyek") [Mee Siput Muar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_Siput_Muar "Mee Siput Muar") | | | [Kuih](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuih "Kuih") | [Apam balik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martabak_manis "Martabak manis") [Akok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akok_\(food\) "Akok (food)") [Bingka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingka "Bingka") [Borasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borasa&action=edit&redlink=1 "Borasa (page does not exist)") [Cakoi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youtiao#Malaysia_and_Singapore "Youtiao") [Cincin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincin "Cincin") [Cucur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuih_cucur "Kuih cucur") [Jemput-jemput](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemput-jemput "Jemput-jemput") [Penyaram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjaram "Pinjaram") [Pisang goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisang_goreng "Pisang goreng") [Dodol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodol "Dodol") [Jala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jala_\(kuih\) "Jala (kuih)") [Jelurut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelurut "Jelurut") [Karipap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_puff "Curry puff") [Kelupis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelupis "Kelupis") [Kochi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi_\(kuih\) "Kochi (kuih)") [Gelang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_doughnut_varieties#Variations_and_specialties_by_region "List of doughnut varieties") [Kue kembang goyang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_kembang_goyang "Kue kembang goyang") [Gulung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuih_gulung "Kuih gulung") [Kosui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuih_kosui "Kuih kosui") [Laddu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laddu "Laddu") [Lapis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_lapis "Kue lapis") [Lepat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepet "Lepet") [Lidah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidah "Lidah") [Makmur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makmur "Makmur") [Modak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modak "Modak") [Mooncake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooncake "Mooncake") [Ondeh-ondeh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondeh-ondeh "Ondeh-ondeh") [Otokon](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otokon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otokon (page does not exist)") [Pais](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pais "Pais") [Red peach cake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_peach_cake "Red peach cake") [Red tortoise cake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_tortoise_cake "Red tortoise cake") [Pie tee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_tee "Pie tee") [Pulut inti](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulut_inti&action=edit&redlink=1 "Pulut inti (page does not exist)") [Pulut panggang](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulut_panggang&action=edit&redlink=1 "Pulut panggang (page does not exist)") [Puto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puto_\(food\) "Puto (food)") [Putu bambu/Putu bumbong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuih_putu "Kuih putu") [Putu mangkuk/piring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuih_putu_mangkuk "Kuih putu mangkuk") [Qasidah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue_asida "Kue asida") [Sapit/Gulong/Kapit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semprong "Semprong") [Seri Muka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seri_Muka "Seri Muka") [Soon kueh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soon_kueh "Soon kueh") [Tat/Tae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple_tart "Pineapple tart") | | | [Desserts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessert "Dessert") | [Lamban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamban "Lamban") [Punjung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjung "Punjung") [Roti tisu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_tisu "Roti tisu") [Sagu Gula Melaka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sago_pudding "Sago pudding") [Tapai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapai "Tapai") [Wajid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajik "Wajik") | | | [Drinks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drink "Drink") | | | | | | | | [Non-alcoholic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-alcoholic_drink "Non-alcoholic drink") | [ABC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ais_kacang "Ais kacang") [Bandung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung_\(drink\) "Bandung (drink)") [Cendol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cendol "Cendol") [Cheng tng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng_tng "Cheng tng") [Cincau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_jelly "Grass jelly") [Chrysanthemum tea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum_tea "Chrysanthemum tea") [Ginger tea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_tea "Ginger tea") [Ipoh white coffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipoh_white_coffee "Ipoh white coffee") [Kopi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopi_\(drink\) "Kopi (drink)") [Janda pulang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janda_pulang_\(drink\) "Janda pulang (drink)") [Milo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo_\(drink\) "Milo (drink)") [Sarsi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarsi_\(drink\) "Sarsi (drink)") [Soy milk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_milk "Soy milk") [Teh tarik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teh_tarik "Teh tarik") | | | [Alcoholic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_in_Malaysia "Alcohol in Malaysia") | [Jaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaz_\(beer\) "Jaz (beer)") [Lihing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lihing "Lihing") [Montoku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montoku "Montoku") [Sikat](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikat&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sikat (page does not exist)") [Tapai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapai "Tapai") [Tuak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuak "Tuak") | | | [Condiments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condiment "Condiment") | [Acar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acar "Acar") [Kaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_jam "Coconut jam") [Sambal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambal#Malaysia "Sambal") [Belacan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_paste "Shrimp paste") [Budu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budu_\(sauce\) "Budu (sauce)") [Cincalok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincalok "Cincalok") [Tempoyak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempoyak "Tempoyak") [Taucu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauco "Tauco") [Tuhau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etlingera_coccinea "Etlingera coccinea") | | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category: Malaysian cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Malaysian_cuisine "Category:Malaysian cuisine") [List of Malaysian dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_dishes "List of Malaysian dishes") | | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Singaporean_cuisine "Template:Singaporean cuisine") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Singaporean_cuisine "Template talk:Singaporean cuisine") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Singaporean_cuisine "Special:EditPage/Template:Singaporean cuisine")[![Singapore](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/40px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") [Singaporean cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine "Singaporean cuisine") | | | | Articles | [Singaporean cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine "Singaporean cuisine") [List of Singaporean dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Singaporean_dishes "List of Singaporean dishes") | | | Dishes | | | | | | | | Noodle dishes | [Banmian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banmian "Banmian") [Beef kway teow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_kway_teow "Beef kway teow") [Beef noodle soup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_noodle_soup "Beef noodle soup") [Bee hoon goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihun_goreng "Bihun goreng") [Char kway teow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_kway_teow "Char kway teow") [Crab bee hoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_bee_hoon "Crab bee hoon") [Fish soup bee hoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_soup_bee_hoon "Fish soup bee hoon") [Hokkien mee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien_mee "Hokkien mee") [Laksa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksa "Laksa") [Katong laksa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katong_laksa "Katong laksa") [Kway chap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kway_chap "Kway chap") [Kway teow goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwetiau_goreng "Kwetiau goreng") [Mee bakso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_bakso "Mie bakso") [Mee goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_goreng "Mee goreng") [Mee rebus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_rebus "Mee rebus") [Mee pok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_pok "Mee pok") [Bak chor mee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_pok#Bak_chor_mee "Mee pok") [Mee siam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_siam "Mee siam") [Mee soto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_mie "Soto mie") [Satay bee hoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay_bee_hoon "Satay bee hoon") [Vegetarian bee hoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian_bee_hoon "Vegetarian bee hoon") | | | Rice dishes | [Biryani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biryani "Biryani") [Duck rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_rice "Duck rice") [Economy rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_rice "Economy rice") [Hainanese chicken rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanese_chicken_rice "Hainanese chicken rice") [Hainanese curry rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanese_curry_rice "Hainanese curry rice") [Ketupat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketupat "Ketupat") [Nasi goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_goreng "Nasi goreng") [Nasi kunyit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kunyit "Nasi kunyit") [Nasi lemak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_lemak "Nasi lemak") [Nasi padang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_padang "Nasi padang") [Nasi Rawon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawon "Rawon") [Teochew porridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew_porridge "Teochew porridge") | | | Other dishes | [Assam pedas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_pedas "Assam pedas") [Ayam goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_goreng "Ayam goreng") [Ayam penyet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_penyet "Ayam penyet") [Bak kut teh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bak_kut_teh "Bak kut teh") [Bakso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakso "Bakso") [Black pepper crab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper_crab "Black pepper crab") [Chai tow kway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chai_tow_kway "Chai tow kway") [Char siu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_siu "Char siu") [Chilli crab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilli_crab "Chilli crab") [Dendeng paru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendeng "Dendeng") [Fish head curry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_head_curry "Fish head curry") [Fish ball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_ball "Fish ball") [Gudeg putih](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudeg "Gudeg") [Gulai daun ubi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulai "Gulai") [Har cheong gai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har_cheong_gai "Har cheong gai") [Kerisik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerisik "Kerisik") [Naan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naan "Naan") [Oyster omelette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_omelette "Oyster omelette") [Pecel lele](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecel_lele "Pecel lele") [Pig fallopian tubes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_fallopian_tubes "Pig fallopian tubes") [Pig's organ soup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig%27s_organ_soup "Pig's organ soup") [Rojak bandung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojak_bandung "Rojak bandung") [Roti john](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_john "Roti john") [Roti prata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_prata "Roti prata") [Satay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay "Satay") [Sambal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambal "Sambal") [Sayur lodeh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayur_lodeh "Sayur lodeh") [Serunding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serunding "Serunding") [Sliced fish soup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliced_fish_soup "Sliced fish soup") [Soto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_\(food\) "Soto (food)") [Soto ayam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_ayam "Soto ayam") [Soup kambing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sup_kambing "Sup kambing") [Turtle soup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_soup "Turtle soup") | | | Snacks and desserts | [Ais kacang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ais_kacang "Ais kacang") [Apam balik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apam_balik "Apam balik") [Bubur cha cha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubur_cha_cha "Bubur cha cha") [Cendol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cendol "Cendol") [Cheng tng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng_tng "Cheng tng") [Curry puff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_puff "Curry puff") [Ham chim peng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham_chim_peng "Ham chim peng") [Kaya toast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaya_toast "Kaya toast") ([Roti bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_bakar "Roti bakar")) [Keropok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keropok "Keropok") [Kueh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuih "Kuih") [Laddu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laddu "Laddu") [Lepat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepet "Lepet") [Modak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modak "Modak") [Red peach cake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_peach_cake "Red peach cake") [Soon kueh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soon_kueh "Soon kueh") [Otak-otak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak-otak "Otak-otak") [Pisang goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisang_goreng "Pisang goreng") [Putugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putugal "Putugal") [Sugee cake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugee_cake "Sugee cake") [Satti Sorru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satti_Sorru "Satti Sorru") | | | Drinks | [Bandung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung_\(drink\) "Bandung (drink)") [Kopi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopi_\(drink\) "Kopi (drink)") [Milo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo_\(drink\) "Milo (drink)") [Milo dinosaur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo_dinosaur "Milo dinosaur") [Singapore Sling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Sling "Singapore Sling") [Teh tarik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teh_tarik "Teh tarik") | | ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rendang&oldid=1343104793>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - [Padang cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Padang_cuisine "Category:Padang cuisine") - [Bruneian cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bruneian_cuisine "Category:Bruneian cuisine") - [Malaysian cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Malaysian_cuisine "Category:Malaysian cuisine") - [Filipino cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Filipino_cuisine "Category:Filipino cuisine") - [Singaporean cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Singaporean_cuisine "Category:Singaporean cuisine") - [Beef dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Beef_dishes "Category:Beef dishes") - [Indonesian chicken dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indonesian_chicken_dishes "Category:Indonesian chicken dishes") - [Foods containing coconut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Foods_containing_coconut "Category:Foods containing coconut") - [Fur trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fur_trade "Category:Fur trade") - [Cocossian cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cocossian_cuisine "Category:Cocossian cuisine") - [Indonesian beef 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| | | |---|---| | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rendang_daging_sapi_asli_Padang.JPG/250px-Rendang_daging_sapi_asli_Padang.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rendang_daging_sapi_asli_Padang.JPG)[Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") *randang* from [Padang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang "Padang") | | | Alternative names | *samba randang*, *riyandang* | | Course | Main course | | Place of origin | Attributed to multiple regions. [See the perspectives here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#History) | | Region or state | Southeast Asia | | Associated [cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cuisines "List of cuisines") | [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine "Indonesian cuisine"),[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Randang_2013-1) [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine "Malaysian cuisine"),[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_2009-2) [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine "Singaporean cuisine") | | Serving temperature | Hot | | Main ingredients | [beef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef "Beef") or [chicken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken "Chicken"), [chili pepper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper "Chili pepper"), [turmeric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric "Turmeric"), and [coconut milk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_milk "Coconut milk") | | Variations | *rendang santan*, *rendang pedas*, *rendang kuning*, *rendang hitam*, *rendang tok*, *randang darek*, *randang pasisia* | | Similar dishes | basmah, [kerutuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerutuk_daging "Kerutuk daging"), [kalio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalio "Kalio"), [beef fry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_beef_fry "Kerala beef fry"), [bafad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafat "Bafat") | | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/20px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg) [Cookbook: Rendang](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Rendang_\(Indonesian_Beef_and_Coconut_Stew\) "b:Cookbook:Rendang (Indonesian Beef and Coconut Stew)") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) [Media: Rendang](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rendang "commons:Category:Rendang") | | **Rendang**[\[n 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-3) is a fried meat[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Malay_Fried_Meat-4)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-5) or dry [curry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry#Southeast_Asia "Curry")[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Malay_Dry_Curry-6) made of meat stewed in coconut milk and spices,[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Singapore_Infopedia-7) widely popular across [Brunei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei "Brunei"), [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia"), [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia"), [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"), and the [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), where each version is considered local cuisine. It refers to both a cooking method of [frying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frying "Frying") and the dish cooked in that way.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_DBP-8)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Istilah_Rumah_Tangga-9)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) The process involves slowly cooking meat in spiced coconut milk in an uncovered pot or pan until the oil separates, allowing the dish to fry in its own sauce, coating the meat in a rich, flavorful glaze.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Singapura_Stories-11) Rooted in [Malay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_cuisine "Malay cuisine") and [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_cuisine "Minangkabau cuisine"), rendang developed at the cultural crossroads of the [Malacca Strait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca "Strait of Malacca"). The dish carries strong Indian influences, as many of its key ingredients are staples in Indian cooking.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Treasures_of_Sumatra-12) The introduction of chili peppers by the Portuguese through the [Columbian exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_exchange "Columbian exchange") after the [capture of Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_\(1511\) "Capture of Malacca (1511)") in 1511, played a key role in the evolution of rendang.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) Malay and Minangkabau traders frequently carried rendang as provisions, allowing the dish to travel naturally through cultural exchange between the [Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra "Sumatra") and [Malay Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula "Malay Peninsula"). In 20th century, the deeply rooted migratory tradition of the [Minangkabau people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") further maintained and contributed to the dish's spread, as they introduced Minang-style rendang to the various places they settled.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) As a signature dish in Southeast Asian Muslim cuisines—Malay, Minangkabau (as *samba randang*), and [Moro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_cuisine#Regional_dishes#Mindanao "Filipino cuisine") (as *riyandang*)—rendang is traditionally served at ceremonial occasions and festive gatherings, such as wedding feasts and *Hari Raya* ([Eid al-Fitr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr "Eid al-Fitr") and [Eid al-Adha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Adha "Eid al-Adha")). Nowadays, it is commonly served at food stalls and restaurants as a side dish with rice. In 2009, Malaysia recognized rendang as a heritage food.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_2009-2) Indonesia granted rendang cultural heritage status in 2013[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Randang_2013-1) and officially declared it one of its national dishes in 2018.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-13) Etymology and definitions Both the *[Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamus_Besar_Bahasa_Indonesia "Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia")* and *[Kamus Dewan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamus_Dewan "Kamus Dewan")* define *rendang* as meat cooked with spices and coconut milk until completely dry;[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-14)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_DBP-8) *rendang* is also a verb for the action of frying in a pan with or without oil (only in Kamus Dewan). Food historian Khir Johari explains that *rendang* had a broader meaning for frying in general before the prevalence of *goreng*. For instance, [Munshi Abdullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Abdul_Kadir "Abdullah Abdul Kadir") in his 1838 [travelogue to Kelantan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisah_Pelayaran_Abdullah_ke_Kelantan "Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Kelantan") described the [people of Terengganu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganuan_Malays "Terengganuan Malays") enjoying **rendang pisang** ([fried banana fritters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_fritter "Banana fritter")) — what the Malays now called *goreng pisang* or *pisang goreng*.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Khir_Johari_Book-15): 191–193 A 1960 article from Azizah Ja'afar in [Berita Harian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berita_Harian "Berita Harian")'s Dewan Wanita section[\[n 2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-17) lists *rendang* as "frying with a generous amount of oil", similar to **merendang pisang** or *[jemput-jemput](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemput-jemput "Jemput-jemput")* (fried fritters), where the things being fried would float in the hot oil. This distinguishes *rendang* from *goreng*, which involves little to no oil, as seen in dishes like *[nasi goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_goreng "Nasi goreng")* or *[mi goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_goreng "Mee goreng")*. Additionally, "rendang" is also the name of a traditional Malay dish known for its rich, spicy flavors, such as *rendang santan* (meat cooked in coconut milk), and *rendang pedas* (spiced meat).[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Istilah_Rumah_Tangga-9) | Year | Author | Description | |---|---|---| | 1623 | C. Wiltens, and S. Danckaerts | to fry in butter or oil, to fry, to fricassee | | 1677 | F. Gueynier | to fry in a pan, to fricassee, to sautĂ© | Linguist Tom G. Hoogervorst's etymological research traces *rendang* back to the 17th-century Malay wordlists.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Hoogervorst_Journal-18) The name *rendang* comes from the frying process; by the late 19th century, *rendang* was associated more specifically with a type of dry curry by British colonial officials in Malaya, where it is noted that Malays distinguished *rendang* as a dry curry and *[gulai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulai "Gulai")* as a wet curry.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Malay_Dry_Curry-6) In olden times, *rendang* was often translated to English as "fried meat"[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Malay_Fried_Meat-4) or "dry curry".[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Malay_Dry_Curry-6) *Rendang* entered *[Oxford English Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary "Oxford English Dictionary")* through Malay and Indonesian *rendang* which also cognates with [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_language "Minangkabau language") *randang*.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_OED-19) Gusti Asnan notes that the earliest recorded mention of *randang* in the Minangkabau context appears in J.L. van der Toorn's Minangkabau-Malay-Dutch dictionary published in 1891.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Gusti_Asnan-20) This word in turn comes from *marandang*, which means cooking food slowly until the food becomes dry.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] The [Minangkabau people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") brought rendang as a provision because of its ability to last a long time when moving to other regions. History Timeline of documentation The first known use of the word Food historian Fadly Rahman traces the earliest reference to rendang to the early 16th-century Malay manuscript *[Hikayat Amir Hamzah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikayat_Amir_Hamzah "Hikayat Amir Hamzah")* associated with the [Malacca Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate "Malacca Sultanate")[\[n 3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-21) (1400–1528).[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) Written during the spread of Islam in the Malay world, this adaptation of the Persian [Hamzanama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamzanama "Hamzanama") was later compiled into Malay and intended to inspire Malacca's soldiers in their fight against the Portuguese in 1511. In Malay version, there mentioned the words "rendang" and "merendang" (roasting) which is quoted as follows:[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) > ...Khoja Buzurjumhur Hakim pun pergi pula ke kedai orang merendang daging kambing, lalu ia berkata ‘beri apalah daging kambing rendang ini barang segumpal... Translation: > ...Khoja Buzurjumhur Hakim went to the stall where people were *merendang* (roasting) goat meat and said, 'give me just a piece of this goat meat *rendang*...' This passage suggests that *merendang* refers to a cooking technique, while *rendang* describes the resulting dish have been part of the Malay vocabulary since the 16th century.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) Earliest references in European texts [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vocabularium%2C_ofte_Woordenboek%2C_in_%27t_Duytsch_en_Maleys_%28IA_vocabulariumoft00dancgoog%29.djvu/page67-350px-Vocabularium%2C_ofte_Woordenboek%2C_in_%27t_Duytsch_en_Maleys_%28IA_vocabulariumoft00dancgoog%29.djvu.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vocabularium,_ofte_Woordenboek,_in_%27t_Duytsch_en_Maleys_\(IA_vocabulariumoft00dancgoog\).djvu&page=67) The Dutch-Malay dictionary from 1650 lists *rendang* as the translation for the Dutch word *fricasseren*, an archaic Dutch spelling of [fricassee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricassee "Fricassee").[\[n 4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-23)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-24)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) Hoogervorst's research, traces the modern term *rendang* back to the Malay-Dutch dictionary first compiled in [Ambon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambon_Island "Ambon Island") and published by Caspar Wiltens and Sebastiaan Danckaert in 1623,[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Pedoman_Bahasa_dan_Sastra_Melayu-22)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-25) where it was defined as "to fry in butter or oil, to fry, to fricassee".[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Hoogervorst_Journal-18) The dictionary was expanded and updated multiple times. According to Fadly Rahman, the author of the dictionary attempted to translate *rendang* using a European dish, something that his readers would be familiar with — [fricassee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricassee "Fricassee"), a French cooking method that involves cutting meat into pieces and braising it.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) As a tradition in royal Malay banquets Khir Johari notes that *rendang tumis* is mentioned in the *[Hikayat Hang Tuah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikayat_Hang_Tuah "Hikayat Hang Tuah")*, a classic Malay literary masterpiece from around the 17th-century.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-26) Another manuscript, *[Hikayat Awang Sulung Merah Muda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikayat_Awang_Sulung_Merah_Muda "Hikayat Awang Sulung Merah Muda")*, reflects 18th-century life and cooking traditions. In the narration, a prince hunts and captures a *[pelanduk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragulus "Tragulus")* (mouse deer), which is then prepared in various styles — *tumis*, *rendang*, and *gulai*. Tumis refers to a dish that is more like soup, while rendang resembles the slow-cooked dish we know today. These manuscripts offer a glimpse into the Malay cuisine of the 17th and 18th centuries.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Abd._Razak-27) Historical records from the 19th century, including newspaper reports and travelogues, often described the key ingredients of *rempah* (spice paste) used in rendang, as well as its regional variations.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Singapore_Infopedia-7) Renowned for his refined taste and hospitality, [Sultan Abu Bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakar_of_Johor "Abu Bakar of Johor") of [Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Sultanate "Johor Sultanate") frequently hosted lavish banquets at his [Istana Besar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Besar "Istana Besar") in Johor Bahru.[\[n 5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-28) In 1873, [J.F.A. McNair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frederick_Adolphus_McNair "John Frederick Adolphus McNair") described a royal Malay banquet featuring dishes such as *rendang [tenggiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_mackerel "Spanish mackerel")* and *rendang chinchang [Plentong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plentong "Plentong")*.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Khir_Johari_Book-15): 457–460 In 1881, when [King David Kalākaua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua "Kalākaua") of [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom "Hawaiian Kingdom") visited Johor, Sultan Abu Bakar served *rendang tenggiri* as part of the royal reception.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Maharajah_Abu_Bakar_1881-29) Made popular through cookbooks and newspapers By the early 20th century, rendang recipes began appearing in published cookbooks and newspapers across [British Malaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malaya "British Malaya") and the [Dutch East Indies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies "Dutch East Indies"). On 2 February 1917, [Soenting Melajoe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soenting_Melajoe "Soenting Melajoe") featured an article by Datoek Soetan Maharadja, noting that Europeans residing in Palembang, Batavia, and Kupang had written to Minangkabau women, sending money through the magazine's editor to request the preparation and delivery of “rendang Alam Minangkabau”.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Tracing_the_origins_of_rendang_and-30) *The "Mem's" Own Cookery Book: 420 Tried and Economical Recipes for Malaya* (1920) by Mrs. Kinsey, published in Singapore, included a recipe for "rundang" that used curry powder and could be served with spaghetti.[\[n 6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-32)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-33) In 1936, R.A. Kardinah's *Cooking Guide for Ladies*, published in Batavia, featured a chicken rendang recipe that emphasized slow cooking, though it adapted traditional ingredients. Contemporary era [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sari_Bundo_Surakarta.JPG/250px-Sari_Bundo_Surakarta.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sari_Bundo_Surakarta.JPG) "Padang restaurant" in Surakarta. In Indonesia, rendang is mainly associated with Minangkabau. The popularity of rendang grew with the presence of Minangkabau-style *lepau* (food stalls) in areas where Minangkabau migrants settled. Their presence in new areas played a significant role in popularizing rendang as a signature dish of West Sumatra. Today, rendang stands as the iconic menu item in Minangkabau restaurants, often accompanied by other meat-based dishes.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) In Malaysia and Singapore, rendang is often paired with iconic dishes such as [nasi lemak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_lemak "Nasi lemak") — a national favorite — or [lemang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemang "Lemang"), Malay glutinous rice cooked in bamboo, particularly during festivals like Hari Raya.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Lemang_dan_ketupat_pembuka_selera_sa-tiap_pagi_raya-34) However, rendang has also become a staple in Malay eateries. It even features on the menus of international restaurants, showcasing its enduring appeal and cultural significance.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Khir_Johari_Book-15) Theories on origin From India Rendang, often regarded as an exclusive Malay, Minangkabau dish, is heavily influenced by Indian cuisine. Many of its ingredients, such as cardamom, coriander, garlic, shallots, chili, ginger, galangal, lemongrass, bay leaves, tamarind, and turmeric, are staples in Indian cooking.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Treasures_of_Sumatra-12) Winarno and Agustinah believe rendang may have been inspired by curry, a dish combining meat and spices in North India. Indian traders who traveled to West Sumatra brought their culinary traditions with them, possibly influencing the development of rendang.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-The_treasure_of_Minangkabau-35) It likely traces its roots to Indian merchants, though it has undergone multiple layers of evolution over time. During this period, Malaysia and Indonesia had yet to emerge as distinct geographical entities, resulting in a deep shared culinary and cultural history.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Kristang-36) From West Sumatra Gusti Asnan notes that the earliest mention of *randang* in Minangkabau culture appears in J.L. van der Toorn's dictionary from 1891. However, he believes that it had been familiar to the Minangkabau people long before this record.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Gusti_Asnan-20) | *Randang* has been known to Minang | Argumentation | |---|---| | since the 16th century (or earlier) | based on the migration of Minang people to Peninsular Malaysia | | since the 1830s | based on the information in H.J.J.L. Ridder de Stuers' report[\[n 8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-39) | Fadly Rahman inferred that rendang is closely associated with the Islamic tradition, the migratory culture, and the commercial ethics of the Minangkabau people. An early reference to “Rendang Minang”, a dish renowned for its ability to last for months and favored by migrants and traders, dates to 1917.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) Possible Portuguese influences [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png/960px-Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png) Goa, Malacca, and Macau were key stops along the Portuguese spice trade routes (in blue) in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Portuguese also introduced [chili](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_peppers "Chili peppers") to Asia, and these quickly became integral to local cuisines.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Boileau-40): 11–12 According to culinary historian Janet P. Boileau, Portuguese cooks had a unique method of frying meat after braising, unlike the Arab technique of frying before boiling. This approach, adopted by Luso-Asian cooks, may have influenced local culinary practices including rendang.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Boileau-40): 61 When the [Portuguese ruled Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca "Portuguese Malacca") (1511–1641), they brought various cultural and culinary influences to the [Malay Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula "Malay Peninsula") and neighboring [Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra "Sumatra"). Portuguese cuisine introduced preservation techniques and terms like *[acar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acar "Acar")*, *[belacan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_paste "Shrimp paste")*, *[baulu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge_cake "Sponge cake")*, and *[mentega](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter "Butter")*.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10)[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Book-41) After [Malacca fell to the Dutch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_\(1641\) "Siege of Malacca (1641)"), the [Kristang community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristang_people "Kristang people") — descendants of Malaccan Portuguese settlers — faced economic challenges and sought cost-effective ways to prepare food. They adopted techniques similar to those used by their counterparts in [Portuguese Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Macau "Portuguese Macau"), such as frying meat with minimal water until it blackened, resembling *bafado*. (*Bafado* is derived from the term *abafado*, which means "a dish of stew".)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) This method led to the creation of the Kristang version of dry beef curry[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Kristang-36) and then spread to the Malay people and reached the Minangkabau.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) In the early 16th century, the arrival of [TomĂ© Pires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires "TomĂ© Pires") and the writings of [JoĂŁo de Barros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros "JoĂŁo de Barros") marked the beginning of Portuguese influence in [West Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra "West Sumatra") during the Portuguese control of Malacca.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Tracing_the_origins_of_rendang_and-30) This contact likely introduced culinary elements such as *Abafado*, meaning “a dish of stew,” which evolved into *bafado*[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-42) and was later adapted as *balado* in [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_language "Minangkabau language"), which has since become a widely recognized culinary term in [Minangkabau cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang_cuisine "Padang cuisine").[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Tracing_the_origins_of_rendang_and-30) With both *bafado* and *balado* serving food preservation purposes, and considering the movement of [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") traders across the [Malacca Strait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca "Strait of Malacca") from [Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra "Sumatra") to [Peninsula Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia "Peninsular Malaysia"), it reflects Luso's culinary influence may be spread due to human traffic activities between two regions.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Tracing_the_origins_of_rendang_and-30) Cultural significance Rendang was officially recognized by Malaysia as a National Heritage food in 2009,[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_2009-2) celebrated for its rich diversity across the country. *Rendang campur* was declared in 2012.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-43) *Randang* from West Sumatra was granted cultural heritage status in 2013 by the Indonesian government.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Randang_2013-1) Rendang holds a special place in Malay and Minangkabau society, celebrated for its deep cultural significance and often reserved for special occasions such as Eid, weddings, and important gatherings.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu-38)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Lemang_dan_ketupat_pembuka_selera_sa-tiap_pagi_raya-34) In villages, making rendang is a communal effort, with large amounts of meat being cooked in a giant cast-iron cauldron. During the final stage, people work together, stirring with a wooden oar-like spatula for hours to ensure even cooking. This slow frying removes moisture, allowing the meat to absorb the spices while preventing burning or breaking.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Singapura_Stories-11) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/RENDANG_AYAM.jpg/250px-RENDANG_AYAM.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RENDANG_AYAM.jpg) Oil gives rendang its signature glossy finish.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Khir_Johari_Book-15): 351 Turmeric leaves are sliced as garnishes. The essence of rendang lies in its meticulous cooking process, where meat or chicken is slow-cooked with fresh coconut milk, aromatic spices, and herbs. This harmonious blend of ingredients represents unity and balance within the Malay community. Beyond its exquisite taste, rendang embodies hospitality, cultural pride, and a connection to heritage.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-KTM-44) Malay food traditions make the most of coconuts, knowing that the best coconut milk comes from mature coconuts. People with coconut palms could easily choose the right coconut for *rendang* the next day.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Khir_Johari_Book-15): 204–205 Oil plays an important role in the dish's presentation, adding a glossy finish whether used for sautĂ©ing or naturally released during cooking.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Khir_Johari_Book-15): 351 Rendang is traditionally associated with festive occasions and ceremonial meals. For example, it took center stage in the royal celebration during the *Santapan Nasi Berastakona* at [Istana Iskandariah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Iskandariah "Istana Iskandariah") following the [Perak Sultan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Perak "Sultan of Perak")'s coronation. Various styles of rendang were served alongside layers of yellow, white, and black glutinous rice in an intricately carved silver octagonal vessel called the *Astakona*, symbolizing sustenance and harmony. Notable Perak variations of rendang such as *rendang tok*, *rendang ayam*, and *rendang udang*, were thoughtfully prepared and arranged around the rice centerpiece, showcasing the dish's ceremonial importance.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-JPM_Book-45) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Memasak_Rendang.jpg/250px-Memasak_Rendang.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memasak_Rendang.jpg) A group of women preparing *randang* in West Sumatra. In Minangkabau culture, there are three types of food: *makanan adat* (traditional ceremonial food), *samba adat* (ceremonial dishes), and *makan beradat* (formal dining traditions). Rendang belongs to the category of *samba adat*, which is essential for traditional ceremonies. One key example is *rendang daging kerbau* (buffalo meat rendang), which symbolizes legitimacy in cultural rituals. Buffalo meat is particularly significant and cannot be substituted, as it is tied to the recognition of a tribal leader's title.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu-38): 16 Rendang, a celebrated dish from the Minangkabau region, is tied to a folk tale about Princess Puti Ranti, a humble and skilled cook. In a royal cooking competition, jealous rivals sabotaged her *gulai*, causing it to blacken. Despite this, the dish turned out delicious, and Puti Ranti won the contest. The delighted king named the dish *rendang*, combining her name and that of her future fiancĂ©, Danggala. This story reflects Rendang's significance as a symbol of heritage and pride in Minangkabau culture.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu-38): 5–7 Each ingredient in rendang is reported to carry philosophical symbolism in Minangkabau culture and represents its key values and principles that reflect the way of life and social structure of the people. Rendang has a special position in the culture of the [Minangkabau people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people"). The [Minangkabau people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") are famous for their [Merantau](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merantau "id:Merantau") culture, which is to leave their hometowns in [West Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra "West Sumatra"). Minang people in the land area used to travel to the [Strait of Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca "Strait of Malacca") to [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") which took about a month through the river, because along the way there were no villages, the nomads prepared a long-lasting food supply, namely Rendang.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Sejarah_Rendang_Merantau-46)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-binus_makna-dibalik-kenikmatan-sepotong-rendang-47) [CNN International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_International "CNN International") conducted a worldwide poll in 2011; it named rendang as the world's most delicious dish, ranking first among 50 dishes.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-CNNGo-48)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu-38): 1–2 Just prior to that ranking, the staff had put rendang at number eleven.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-49) The published article called rendang an "[Indonesian dish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine "Indonesian cuisine")". According to Fadly Rahman, many Indonesians don't just see this ranking as proof of rendang's exceptional taste; rather, it has been widely used by the government and culinary communities to reinforce that rendang is an Indonesian dish, not [Malaysian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine "Malaysian cuisine"). However, what often goes unnoticed is how this claim transforms rendang from a symbol of culinary excellence into a dish laden with political significance.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) In 2018, a judge on [MasterChef UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MasterChef_UK "MasterChef UK") sparked controversy by criticizing a contestant's rendang for not being "crispy enough". The remark drew strong reactions from Malaysians, Singaporeans, and Indonesians, leading to widespread debate. In response, some local eateries even created their own crispy versions of rendang.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Singapore_Infopedia-7) Philosophy Rendang holds deep philosophical significance for the Minang people of [West Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra "West Sumatra"), embodying the values of deliberation and consensus (*musyawarah dan mufakat*). It is rooted in four key ingredients, each symbolizing an essential pillar of Minangkabau society. *Dagiang* (beef) represents the *niniak mamak* (traditional tribal leaders), *karambia* (coconut) symbolizes the *cadiak pandai* (intellectuals), *lado* (chili) stands for the *alim ulama* (religious scholars who strictly uphold teachings), and *cook* (spices) represents the broader [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") community.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Sejarah_Rendang_Merantau-46)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-pesankubah.com-50)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Filosofi-51) | Ingredient | Symbolism | Description | |---|---|---| | meat *(dagiang)* | *niniak mamak*, *datuak*, or *pangulu* | all three terms refer to tribal or community leaders who are believed to bring prosperity to future generations. They are also seen as unifying figures for all members of the community. | | coconut milk *(karambia)* | *cadiak pandai* | These intellectuals foster unity among groups and individuals, resolve conflicts, and act as protectors. They also serve as lawmakers for Minangkabau tribes. | | chili *(lado)* | *alim ulama* | Religious scholars symbolize firmness and dedication in teaching and upholding religious values. | | spice mixture *(pemasak)* | *dubalang*, *manti*, or *bundo kanduang* | In Minangkabau society, every individual has a distinct role, each contributing to the promotion and preservation of Minangkabau culture. This collective participation is a cornerstone of social life. | The [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") philosophy in cooking rendang includes three main values: patience, wisdom, and perseverance. The cooking process that requires careful selection of ingredients reflects the good values of the human being.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Filosofi_Rendang-52) Composition and cooking method [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/D2D_9828_wikimedia2020_deni_dahniel_marandang_dagiang.jpg/250px-D2D_9828_wikimedia2020_deni_dahniel_marandang_dagiang.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D2D_9828_wikimedia2020_deni_dahniel_marandang_dagiang.jpg) A rendang cooking festival in [West Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra "West Sumatra") Rendang is most often described as meat [slow-cooked](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow-cooked "Slow-cooked") in coconut milk and spices until it becomes tender.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Roast-53)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-JP-Rendang1-54) If cooked properly, dry rendang can last for as long as four weeks.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-William_Wongso-55) Prior to [refrigeration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration "Refrigeration") technology, this style of cooking enabled preservation of large amounts of meat in the tropical climate,[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-56) and therefore became a popular cooking technique.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-urangminang.com-57) Its durability is one of the reasons that today, prepackaged rendang is sent as food aid relief for natural disaster survivors in Indonesia.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-JP-Rendang1-54) The preferred [cut of beef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_of_beef "Cut of beef") for rendang is lean meat of the rear leg; i.e. topside or [round](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_steak "Round steak") beef, which is considered perfect for slow cooking.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-58) Rendang is rich in spices. Along with the main [meat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef "Beef") ingredient, rendang uses [coconut milk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_milk "Coconut milk") and a paste of mixed ground spices, including [ginger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger "Ginger"), [galangal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galangal "Galangal"), [turmeric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric "Turmeric") leaves, [lemongrass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemongrass "Lemongrass"), garlic, [shallots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallot "Shallot"), [chillis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper "Chili pepper") and other spices. This spice mixture is called *pemasak* in Minangkabau. The spices, garlic, shallot, ginger and galangal used in rendang have [antimicrobial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial "Antimicrobial") properties and serve as natural organic preservatives.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-59) Although some [culinary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culinary_arts "Culinary arts") experts describe rendang as a [curry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry "Curry"),[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Roast-53)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rice93-60)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-William_Wongso-55) the dish is usually not considered as such in Indonesia or Malaysia since it is richer and contains less liquid than is normal for [curries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_curry "Indonesian curry").[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-61) Traditionally the term *rendang* does not refer to a certain type of dish. The verb *merendang* actually refers to a method of slow cooking; continuously churning the ingredients in a pot or frying pan, on a small fire, until all of the liquids evaporate and the meat is well done.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-62) Traditional Padang rendang takes hours to cook. Cooking rendang involves pounding and grinding ingredients as well as slow cooking, and so is time-consuming and requires patience.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-63) The meat pieces are slowly cooked in [coconut milk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_milk "Coconut milk") and spices until almost all the liquid is gone, allowing the meat to become tender and absorb the condiments. The cooking process changes from boiling to frying, as the liquid evaporates and the coconut milk turns to coconut oil.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-64) Cooking the meat until tender with almost all the liquid evaporated requires great care, keeping it from getting burnt. Because of its generous use of numerous spices, rendang is known for having a complex and unique taste. Rendang is often served with [steamed rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamed_rice "Steamed rice"), *[ketupat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketupat "Ketupat")* (a compressed rice cake) or *[lemang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemang "Lemang")* (glutinous rice cooked in bamboo tubes), accompanied with vegetable side dishes such as boiled [cassava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava "Cassava") leaf, *cubadak*[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-65) (young [jackfruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit "Jackfruit") *[gulai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulai "Gulai")*), [cabbage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbage "Cabbage") *gulai* and *lado* (red or green chilli pepper [sambal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambal "Sambal")). Cooking process - *merendang* Azizah Ja'afar describes the cooking process of *rendang* (merendang) as involves simmering the meat in spiced coconut milk in an uncovered pot or pan until the coconut milk's oil separates and coats the meat, giving it a rich, glossy finish.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Istilah_Rumah_Tangga-9) With a slow fire and constant stirring, it takes around three hours for five kilograms of meat to reduce from a broth (when all the ingredients come together in a wok). From there, it requires an additional two hours before reaching the traditional rendang consistency.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Singapura_Stories-11) | Stages | Description | |---|---| | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Rendang_1.JPG/250px-Rendang_1.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rendang_1.JPG) First Stage | The meat slowly simmers in a rich blend of coconut milk and spices, starting with a gentle boil in the creamy broth. | | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Rendang_2.JPG/250px-Rendang_2.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rendang_2.JPG) Second Stage | As the liquid gradually reduces, the coconut milk releases its natural oils, causing the cooking process to shift from simmering to slow frying. | | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Rendang.JPG/250px-Rendang.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rendang.JPG) Third and Final Stage: Rendang | Over time, the meat deepens in color, frying in its own thickened sauce until it's coated in a dark, flavorful paste. | Types Types of *rendang* in Malay Peninsula and Singapore Betty Yew's cookbook *Rasa Malaysia*, published in 1982, features 16 rendang recipes that highlight regional nuances.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-66)\[*[better source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\] Rendang can be made with a variety of proteins, including buffalo, chicken, duck, mutton, venison, shellfish, birds, and grasshoppers. Popular regional variations include *rendang kerbau* ([buffalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_buffalo "Water buffalo") rendang) from Rembau[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-LMN9-67) and *rendang udang galah* (giant freshwater prawn rendang) from Lenggong.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Lenggong-68) Vegetable ingredients like [jackfruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit "Jackfruit"), *pucuk teh*,\[*[further explanation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\] *pucuk lampin*,\[*[further explanation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\] and *pucuk maman* (*[Cleome gynandra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_gynandra "Cleome gynandra")*) are often added, reflecting the ingenuity of Malay communities in utilizing local resources.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-LMN9-67) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rendang_Tok_%26_Ketupat_Palas.jpg/250px-Rendang_Tok_%26_Ketupat_Palas.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rendang_Tok_%26_Ketupat_Palas.jpg) *Rendang tok* served with *ketupat palas*. In Perak, rendang is deeply rooted in royal culinary traditions. Notable varieties include *rendang tok*, *rendang ayam* (chicken rendang), and *rendang udang* (shrimp rendang).[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-JPM_Book-45) *Rendang tok*, a specialty from Bukit Chandan, is a dry curry made with cubed beef, coconut milk, and a rich blend of spices such as cloves, star anise, cumin, cinnamon, chilies, and turmeric. It is enhanced with pan-toasted desiccated coconut and thin strips of coconut flesh, giving it a unique texture and aroma. The final dish is dark and intensely flavorful.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Tok-69)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-70) Perak's rendang recipes also incorporate unique ingredients like forest fruits, including *kelepong* (a seasonal plant from the fig family).\[*[further explanation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\][\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-JWN_Book-71) In Lenggong, popular rendang varieties include *rendang [dendeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendeng "Dendeng")*, and *rendang pedas daging dengan lambuk* (spicy beef with *lambuk* yam\[*[further explanation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\] rendang).[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Lenggong-68)\[*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\] There is also *rendang daging masak hitam* that is commonly served at Malay weddings. This version stands out from other rendang dishes in the region because it's made without coconut milk, giving it a distinct flavor and appearance.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Daging_Masak_Hitam-72) Negeri Sembilan is known for two main types of rendang: *rendang kuning* (yellow rendang) and *rendang hitam* (black rendang). Both are cooked until completely dry. *Rendang kuning* shares ingredients with the region's signature dish, *[gulai kuning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masak_lemak_lada_api "Masak lemak lada api")*, such as *[cili api](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%27s_eye_chili "Bird's eye chili")*, turmeric, and coconut milk.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_N9-73) In Negeri Sembilan, beef is less commonly used due to its higher water content, which makes it harder to achieve the desired dryness.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-LMN9-67) A traditional recipe also features *pucuk ubi* (young tapioca leaves), cooked until the mixture is dry and the leaves turn a deep brown color.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-JWN_Book-71): 116–117 [\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-74) *Rendang daun puding* is a type of *rendang kuning* that incorporates *daun puding*\[*[further explanation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\] while *rendang kacang* includes chicken organs and long beans for added flavor and texture.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_N9-73) In Tebing Tinggi, Bintong, Perlis, there's a unique dish called *rendang serai*, where the main ingredient is thinly sliced lemongrass. It's cooked with a blend of ingredients like *belimbing buluh* (a sour local fruit), coconut milk, kurma spices, onions, and either fresh or dried prawns.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Perlis-75) In Malacca, a fiery version called *rendang cili api*, made with bird's eye chilies, coconut milk, and spices, often features unique ingredients like cockles *(rendang kerang)*.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-76) In Johor, the traditional *rendang asli* includes bird's eye chilies and thick soy sauce for a distinctive flavor profile.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Johor_Palate-77)\[*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\] Basmah, a dish popular in Penang and Kedah, closely resembles rendang as it also uses coconut milk and toasted coconut gratings. However, it stands out for its use of a greater variety of fresh spices.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Johor_Palate-77) In Terengganu and Kelantan, a dish called kerutuk is made from meat mixed with spices and cooked until thick, also said to resemble rendang.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Kerutuk_DBP-78) The Kristang also has their version of dry beef curry.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Kristang-36) Among older generations of Singapore Malays, rendang wasn't limited to just the classic meat version either. Variations included cattle liver rendang, pigeon rendang, eel rendang, shellfish rendang, jackfruit rendang (prized for its fibrous, meat-like texture), and banana blossom rendang. Some recipes even incorporated petite potatoes to add a carbohydrate element to balance the dish's rich protein and fat content. For extra depth of flavor, a few tablespoons of *[kerisik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerisik "Kerisik")* (toasted, grated coconut) could be mixed in. *Rendang hijau* (green rendang), once a prized dish among the Riau-Singapore nobility, can still be found in the homes of some descendants, though it is becoming increasingly rare.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_Singapura_Stories-11) Types of *rendang* in West Sumatra [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nasi_ramas_rendang.JPG/250px-Nasi_ramas_rendang.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nasi_ramas_rendang.JPG) *Nasi ramas* served with rendang, and other side dishes. Today, rendang is widely enjoyed beyond ceremonial settings and has become a popular souvenir in Padang. While traditionally made with buffalo meat or beef, rendang now features a variety of ingredients. These include chicken, which cooks faster and is more economical; duck, common in areas like Payakumbuh; goat meat, often enjoyed in Agam; and seafood options like shellfish and salted fish. Other creative versions include *randang talua*, made with tapioca flour and eggs, and shredded beef or chicken rendang, which resembles meat floss but with thicker fibers.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu-38): 33–43 In Minangkabau, *randang* is broadly categorized into two styles based on regional influences: *randang darek* and *randang pasisia*. These variations reflect the geographical and cultural diversity of the highland (darek) and coastal (pasisia) areas of West Sumatra. Each variation of Rendang highlights the versatility of its signature spices, adapting to the availability of ingredients across different regions.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-West_Sumatra%E2%80%99s_Rendang-79) | Characteristics | *Randang Darek* | *Randang Pasisia* | |---|---|---| | Shape | cut into smaller pieces | cut into larger pieces | | Color | long cooking process gives a darker, blackish-brown color | has a lighter brown color due to shorter cooking times | | Aroma | smoky, fragrant aroma | aroma of spices, which are more abundant and prominent | | Texture | tender, and its bran (caramelized coconut) is crunchy | more tender, with the bran being crunchier and oilier | | Flavor | natural ingredients, resulting in a slightly sweet flavor | richer in herbs and spices, creating an aromatic taste | *Randang darek* focuses on long cooking times, smaller pieces, and a smoky flavor, while *randang pasisia* highlights spice richness, tenderness, and suitability as a daily dish. Both offer unique qualities that reflect their regional culinary traditions. Variations Indonesia [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sepotong_rendang2.jpg/250px-Sepotong_rendang2.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sepotong_rendang2.jpg) *Randang daging* or beef rendang [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Rendang_Chicken_and_Biriyani_Rice_-_AirAsiaX_Airbus_D72725_MEL-KUL.jpg/250px-Rendang_Chicken_and_Biriyani_Rice_-_AirAsiaX_Airbus_D72725_MEL-KUL.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rendang_Chicken_and_Biriyani_Rice_-_AirAsiaX_Airbus_D72725_MEL-KUL.jpg) Chicken rendang [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Rendang_hati.JPG/250px-Rendang_hati.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rendang_hati.JPG) *Randang hati* or beef liver rendang [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Randang_Limpo_%28rendang_limpa%29.jpg/250px-Randang_Limpo_%28rendang_limpa%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Randang_Limpo_\(rendang_limpa\).jpg) *Randang limpo* or beef spleen rendang [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Randang_talua_kariang2.jpg/250px-Randang_talua_kariang2.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Randang_talua_kariang2.jpg) *Randang talua kariang* or dry egg rendang [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Randang_Lokan_1.jpg/250px-Randang_Lokan_1.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Randang_Lokan_1.jpg) *Randang lokan* or clam rendang Rendang is made from beef (or occasionally [beef liver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_liver "Beef liver"), [chicken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_\(food\) "Chicken (food)"), [duck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_\(food\) "Duck (food)"), [mutton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutton "Mutton"), [water buffalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_buffalo "Domestic buffalo"), or vegetables like [jackfruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit "Jackfruit") or [cassava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava "Cassava")). Chicken or duck rendang also contains [tamarind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarind "Tamarind") and is usually not cooked for as long as beef rendang.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-80) The [original Minangkabau rendang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang_cuisine "Padang cuisine") has two categories, *rendang darek* and *rendang pesisir*. *Rendang darek* (‘land rendang’) is an umbrella term for dishes from old regions in mountainous areas of the [Minangkabau Highlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_Highlands "Minangkabau Highlands") such as [Batusangkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batusangkar "Batusangkar"), [Agam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agam_Regency "Agam Regency"), [Lima Puluh Kota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limapuluh_Koto_Regency "Limapuluh Koto Regency"), [Payakumbuh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payakumbuh "Payakumbuh"), [Padang Panjang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang_Panjang "Padang Panjang") and [Bukittinggi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukittinggi "Bukittinggi"). It mainly consists of beef, offal, poultry products, jackfruit, and many other vegetables and animal products that are found in these places. *Rendang pesisir* ('coastal rendang') is from the coastal regions of Minangkabau such as [Pariaman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariaman "Pariaman"), [Padang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang "Padang"), [Painan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painan "Painan") and [Pasaman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaman "Pasaman"). It mainly consists of seafood, although it is not unusual for it to include beef or water buffalo meat. Minangkabau Rendang variations:[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-urangminang.com-57)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-minangkabaunews-81)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-liputan6-82) - *Rendang ayam*: chicken rendang, speciality of [Batusangkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batusangkar "Batusangkar") and [Bukittinggi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukittinggi "Bukittinggi").[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-minangkabaunews-81) - *Rendang ati ampela*: rendang made of chicken innards; [liver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_\(food\) "Liver (food)") and [gizzard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizzard "Gizzard").[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Merdeka-Rendang-83) - *Rendang babat*: [tripe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripe "Tripe") rendang, made of tripes of cattle.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-84) - *Rendang baluik (rendang belut)*: [eel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel_as_food "Eel as food") rendang, speciality of [Solok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solok "Solok"). In the Solok dialect, it is also called ‘*randang baluk*’. - *Rendang bilih (bilis)*: [bilis fish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystacoleucus_padangensis "Mystacoleucus padangensis") rendang, specialty of [Padang Panjang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang_Panjang "Padang Panjang"). In [Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra "Sumatra"), *ikan bilis* refers distinctly to *Mystacoleucus padangensis*, a small freshwater fish endemic to [Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra "Sumatra"). In other places, *bilis* might refer to sea [anchovy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchovies_as_food "Anchovies as food") instead.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-85) - *Rendang cubadak (rendang nangka)*: unripe [jackfruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit "Jackfruit") rendang, speciality of [Payakumbuh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payakumbuh "Payakumbuh").[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-86)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang-Nabati-87) - *Rendang cumi*: [squid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_as_food "Squid as food") rendang, a seafood variant of rendang usually consumed in coastal area.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-88) - *Rendang daging*: meat rendang. The most common rendang is made from beef, but may also be from [water buffalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_buffalo "Water buffalo"), goat, [mutton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutton "Mutton") or [lamb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton "Lamb and mutton"), speciality of [Padang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang "Padang").[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-minangkabaunews-81) - *Rendang datuk (rendang kering)*: dried beef rendang, that instead of using fresh beef cuts, the pieces of meat are dried for four days prior of cooking. Specialty of [Muara Enim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muara_Enim "Muara Enim") in [South Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sumatra "South Sumatra").[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-89) - *Rendang daun kayu (samba buruk)*: rendang made of various edible leaves, usually leaves of *ubi kayu*, *jirak*, *mali*, *rambai*, *daun arbai*, mixed with *ikan haruan* ([snakehead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakehead_\(fish\) "Snakehead (fish)") fish), specialty of Payakumbuh.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang-Vegetarian-90) - *Rendang daun pepaya*: young [papaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya "Papaya") leaf rendang.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-91) - *Rendang dendeng*: [Dendeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendeng "Dendeng") rendang, thinly sliced dried and fried beef cooked in rendang spice. Also can be made from readily available processed [beef jerky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_jerky "Beef jerky").[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-92) - *Rendang gabus (rendang ikan haruan)*: [Snakehead fish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakehead_\(fish\) "Snakehead (fish)") rendang, popular in Payakumbuh.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Payakumbuh-Rendang-93) - *Rendang gadih*, *rendang tumbuk* or *rendang payakumbuh*: [Minced beef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minced_beef "Minced beef") rendang, *tumbuk* or pounded beef shaped into balls mixed with coconut, specialty of [Payakumbuh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payakumbuh "Payakumbuh"), [West Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra "West Sumatra").[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-94)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Merdeka-Rendang-83) - *Rendang hati*: cow liver rendang, speciality of [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people").[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-liputan6-82) - *Rendang ikan asap (rendang ikan salai)*: [smoked fish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoked_fish "Smoked fish") rendang, usually made of smoked *ikan pari* or ray fish, specialty of [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people").[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-95)[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-96) - *Rendang itiak (rendang bebek)*: duck rendang, speciality of [Bukittinggi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukittinggi "Bukittinggi") and [Payakumbuh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payakumbuh "Payakumbuh").[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-minangkabaunews-81) - *Rendang jamur*: mushroom rendang.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang-Nabati-87) - *Rendang jantung pisang*: [banana blossom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_blossom "Banana blossom") rendang, speciality of [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people").[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-IDN-Rendang-97)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Payakumbuh-Rendang-93) - *Rendang jariang (rendang jengkol)*: *[jengkol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archidendron_pauciflorum "Archidendron pauciflorum")* rendang, commonly popular in [West Sumatran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra "West Sumatra") towns, especially [Bukittinggi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukittinggi "Bukittinggi"), [Payakumbuh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payakumbuh "Payakumbuh"), [Pasaman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaman "Pasaman") and [Lubuk Basung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubuk_Basung "Lubuk Basung").[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-liputan6-82)[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-98) - *Rendang kambing*: [goat meat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat_meat "Goat meat") redang.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Merdeka-Rendang-83) - *Rendang jo kantang*: beef rendang with baby potatoes, speciality of [Kapau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapau "Kapau"). - *Rendang kepiting (rendang ketam)*: [crab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_meat "Crab meat") rendang, which is crab cooked in rendang spices with sweet soy sauce.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-99) - *Rendang lele*: [Catfish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish "Catfish") rendang.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Payakumbuh-Rendang-93) - *Rendang lidah*: [beef tongue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_tongue "Beef tongue") cooked as rendang.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-100) - *Rendang limpa*: offal rendang made of cattle [spleen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleen "Spleen").[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-101) - *Rendang lokan (rendang tiram)*: marsh clam rendang, speciality of coastal [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") regions such as [Pariaman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariaman "Pariaman"), [Painan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painan "Painan") and [Pesisir Selatan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesisir_Selatan "Pesisir Selatan").[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-liputan6-82) - *Rendang maco*: rendang that uses a type of [salted fish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salted_fish "Salted fish"), specialty of [Limapuluh Koto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_Puluh_Kota_Regency "Lima Puluh Kota Regency").[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-IDN-Rendang-97)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-minangkabaunews-81) - *Rendang medan*: rendang variant from [Medan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medan "Medan") in [North Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sumatra "North Sumatra"), slightly different to [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") rendang. It is more fatty and wet akin to kalio and usually less hot and spicy.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-102) - *Rendang padang*: [Padang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang "Padang") rendang commonly sold in [Padang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang "Padang") restaurants nationwide, dry rendang that uses lean fatless meat.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Merdeka-Rendang-83) - *Rendang pakis (rendang pucuk paku)*: vegetable rendang made from *pakis* or [fern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern "Fern") leaf, specialty of [Pasaman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaman_Regency "Pasaman Regency").[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-minangkabaunews-81)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang-Nabati-87) - *Rendang paru*: cow's lung rendang, speciality of [Payakumbuh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payakumbuh "Payakumbuh"). - *Rendang patin*: *[Pangasius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangasius "Pangasius")* catfish rendang.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-103) - *Rendang petai*: stir fried *[petai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkia_speciosa "Parkia speciosa")* and common [green beans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_bean "Green bean") in rendang spices.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-104) - *Rendang pucuak ubi (rendang daun singkong)*: cassava leaf rendang, speciality of [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people").[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-IDN-Rendang-97) - *Rendang punai (rendang burung dara)*: rendang made of *burung punai* or [green pigeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_pigeon "Green pigeon"). - *Rendang puyuh*: rendang made of *burung puyuh* or [quail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quail_as_food "Quail as food").[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-105) - *Rendang rawit*: an extra hot and spicy dried rendang spices mixed with dried *cabai rawit* ([bird's eye chili](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%27s_eye_chili "Bird's eye chili")). Not exactly a dish, but more a [condiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condiment "Condiment") akin to [serundeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serundeng "Serundeng"), [bawang goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawang_goreng "Bawang goreng") or [chili powder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_powder "Chili powder") that sprinkled upon steamed rice or noodle.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-106) - *Rendang rebung*: rendang made of [bamboo shoot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_shoot "Bamboo shoot"). - *Rendang runtiah (rendang suir)*: (lit: "shredded rendang") shredded beef or poultry rendang, speciality of Payakumbuh.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-107) - *Rendang sapuluik itam (rendang pulut hitam)*: dough made of ground black [sticky rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_rice "Sticky rice") cooked and served in rendang spice, specialty of Simalanggang.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang-Vegetarian-90) - *Rendang selais*: rendang made of *selais* (*[Kryptopterus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptopterus "Kryptopterus")*) fish, a genus of catfish found in rivers of Sumatra, popular in [Pekanbaru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekanbaru "Pekanbaru"), Riau.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-108) - *Rendang tahu*: tofu rendang, a vegetarian variant that uses [tofu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofu "Tofu") beancurd instead of meat.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-109) - *Rendang talua (rendang telur)*: egg rendang, speciality of [Payakumbuh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payakumbuh "Payakumbuh").[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-minangkabaunews-81) - *Rendang tempe*: [*tempe*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempeh "Tempeh") rendang, a vegetarian variant that uses tempeh soybean cake instead of meat.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-110) - *Rendang teri*: [anchovy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchovies_as_food "Anchovies as food") rendang.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-111) - *Rendang tongkol*: [mackerel tuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackerel_tuna "Mackerel tuna") rendang, speciality of coastal [Minangkabau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") regions.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-112) - *Rendang tuna*: [tuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna_as_food "Tuna as food") rendang.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-113) - *Rendang tunjang (rendang kikil)*: rendang made of cartilage and tendons of [cow's trotters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow%27s_trotters "Cow's trotters").[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-114) - *Rendang ubi*: made of *ubi kayu* or *singkong* (cassava).[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang-Nabati-87) - *Rendang udang*: [shrimp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food "Shrimp and prawn as food") rendang.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-115) - *Rendang usus*: intestine rendang, made of [offals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offal "Offal"); the intestines of either poultry or cattle. The cattle intestine rendang is quite similar with *gulai tambusu*, *gulai iso* or *gulai usus*.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-116) Rendang outside West Sumatra Today, rendang is quite widespread in Indonesia, mainly because of the proliferation of [Padang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang "Padang") restaurants, which caused rendang to become popular in Indonesian households of various ethnic backgrounds. This has led to the development of variants to accommodate regional preferences. For example, in [Java](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java "Java"), the rendang—aside from the Padang variety sold in Padang restaurants—tends to be wetter, slightly sweeter, and less spicy to accommodate [Javanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people "Javanese people") tastes. Rendang variations outside by the Minangkabau: - *Rendang kelinci*: [rabbit meat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit_meat "Rabbit meat") rendang, popular in [Aceh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh "Aceh").[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-117) - *Rendang babi*: [pork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork "Pork") rendang, the adaptation of rendang by non-[Muslim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim "Muslim") population of [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia").[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-118) Usually consumed in [Christian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity "Christianity")\-majority Batak region of [North Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sumatra "North Sumatra") and [Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism "Hinduism")\-majority island of [Bali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali "Bali"). In [Bali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali "Bali"), the popularity of rendang has led to this adaptation, since some [Balinese Hindus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism "Balinese Hinduism") do not consume beef.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-119) - *Rendang jawa*: [Javanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people "Javanese people") adoption of [Minang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") rendang, which is more soft and moist suited to [Javanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people "Javanese people") taste, usually rather sweet and less spicy compared to [Sumatran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra "Sumatra") rendang.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Merdeka-Rendang-83) Outside of [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia"), rendang is also known in [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia"), [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"), [Brunei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei "Brunei"), southern [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand "Thailand"), and the southern [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines") as well as in the [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands"), [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia"), [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan"), [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium "Belgium"),[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-rendang_origin_and_popularity-120)[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-thomas-121) and [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand").[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-122) In Malaysia Rendang has a long history in Malaysia with distinct versions unique to individual Malaysian states. The different versions of rendang use different ingredients for the spice mix, resulting in differing flavors to the meat.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-123) - *Rendang ayam*: [chicken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_as_food "Chicken as food") rendang. - *Rendang ayam goreng*: fried chicken rendang.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-icookasia.com-124) The popularity of this rendang skyrocketed mainly due to the "rendangate" controversy in 2018.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-125)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-126) - *Rendang daging* or *Rendang [Rembau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembau_District "Rembau District")*: dark, woody coloured meat rendang. Traditionally made using [water buffalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_buffalo "Water buffalo") meat. These days, beef is commonly used instead. - *Rendang daging hitam*: [Kicap manis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_soy_sauce "Sweet soy sauce")\-based black-coloured beef rendang, a specialty of [Sarawak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak "Sarawak"). - *Rendang dendeng*: thinly sliced dried meat rendang.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-rasa.my-127) - *Rendang ikan*: fish rendang.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-128) - *Rendang ikan pari*: [stingray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stingray "Stingray") rendang, a specialty of [Perak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak "Perak").[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-129) - *Rendang itik*: [duck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_as_food "Duck as food") rendang, a specialty of [Negeri Sembilan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan "Negeri Sembilan") and [Sarawak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak "Sarawak"). In Sarawak, the duck is roasted first so that the meat is soft and not sticky.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-130) In Negeri Sembilan, the duck is preferred to be smoked first. - *Rendang puyuh*: [quail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quail_as_food "Quail as food") rendang.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-131) - *Rendang kupang*: [mussels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussel#As_food "Mussel") rendang.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-132) - *Rendang rusa*: [venison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venison "Venison") rendang. - *Rendang udang*: [prawn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawn_as_food "Prawn as food") rendang, a specialty of Perak.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-133) - *Rendang kambing*: [goat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat_meat "Goat meat") rendang. - *Rendang kerang*: [cockle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockle_\(bivalve\) "Cockle (bivalve)") rendang. Commonly served as a side dish for *[nasi lemak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_lemak "Nasi lemak")*. - *Rendang ketam*: [crab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_as_food "Crab as food") rendang.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-134) - *Rendang kijing*: [kijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilsbryoconcha "Pilsbryoconcha"), a type of shellfish, cooked with rendang spices.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-rasa.my-127) - *Rendang hati*: beef liver rendang, a specialty of [Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor").[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-135) - *Rendang telur*: boiled egg rendang.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-136) - *Rendang kunyit* or *rendang [Kuala Pilah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Pilah "Kuala Pilah")* or *rendang kuning*: yellow-hued rendang, uses fresh [turmeric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric "Turmeric"), [lemongrass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemongrass "Lemongrass"), and coconut milk but with no onion added at all.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-137) - *Rendang landak*: [porcupine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupine "Porcupine") rendang, an exotic meat rendang, a specialty of [Sekinchan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekinchan "Sekinchan"), [Selangor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor "Selangor").[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-138)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-139) - *Rendang babi*: [pork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork "Pork") rendang. Non-halal rendang that is eaten only by the Chinese and Peranakan community in Malaysia.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-140) - *Rendang lengkuas* or *nasu likku*: [galangal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galangal "Galangal")\-based rendang, a specialty of [Bugis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugis "Bugis") people in [Sabah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah "Sabah"). Two versions exist in Sabah, wet and dry; both are considered rendang in Malaysia.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-141) - *Rendang lokan*: [lokan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymesoda "Polymesoda") rendang, a specialty of [Sungai Petani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Petani "Sungai Petani"), [Kedah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah "Kedah").[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-142) - *Rendang berempah*: spice rendang. Emphasizes the abundance of spices in the rendang.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-143) - *Rendang paru*: beef lung rendang. - *Rendang daun maman*: vegetable rendang made from braised *[Cleome gynandra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_gynandra "Cleome gynandra")* (*maman*) leaves, specialty of [Gemencheh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemencheh "Gemencheh"), [Negeri Sembilan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan "Negeri Sembilan"),[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-144)[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-145)\[*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\] - *Rendang daun pegaga*: vegetable rendang made from [pegaga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegaga "Pegaga") leaf. - *Rendang daun puding*: vegetable rendang made from the edible leaves of the [garden croton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_croton "Garden croton"), a speciality of [Negeri Sembilan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan "Negeri Sembilan").[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-146) - *Rendang daun ubi kayu*: vegetable rendang made from cassava leaf. - *Rendang jantung pisang*: banana blossom rendang.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-icookasia.com-124)[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-147) - *Rendang [serundeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serundeng "Serundeng")*: dry meat floss, derived from rendang. It has a long shelf-life and needs no refrigeration, a specialty of Kelantan.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-148) - *Rendang Minang*: originated from the [Minangkabau people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people "Minangkabau people") who settled in Negeri Sembilan during the 16th century, but has since evolved from the Sumatran rendang version of the recipe.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-149) - *Rendang cili api* or *Rendang Negeri Sembilan* or *Rendang hijau*: greenish-hued rendang, uses [cili api](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%27s_eye_chili "Bird's eye chili") instead of red chili that is normally used in other rendang versions, a specialty of [Negeri Sembilan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan "Negeri Sembilan").[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-150) - *Rendang Tok*: dry beef rendang created by the royal cooks of Perak, incorporates spices that were typically inaccessible to the general population.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-eresources.nlb.gov.sg-151) - *Rendang Pahang* or *opor daging*: dark red meat stew cooked with rich spice mix.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-152) - *Rendang Perak*: simpler version of Rendang Tok, a specialty of Perak. - *Rendang Rawa*: Rawa version of rendang, less complicated in terms of ingredients.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-153) - *Rendang Kedah*: reddish-hued rendang, incorporates the use of red sugar, turmeric leaves, kaffir lime leaves due to the Thai influence on the state cuisine, a specialty of [Kedah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah "Kedah").[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-154) - *Rendang Kelantan/Terengganu* or *[kerutuk daging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerutuk_daging "Kerutuk daging")*: slow-cooked meat mixed with a unique spice known as kerutub, coconut milk, [kerisik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerisik "Kerisik") and some palm sugar.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-eresources.nlb.gov.sg-151) - *Rendang Nyonya*: Peranakan version of rendang, a specialty of [Peranakan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peranakan "Peranakan").[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-155) - *Rendang Sabah*: uses white cumin to replace cinnamon and cloves, a specialty of [Sabah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah "Sabah").[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-156) - *Rendang Sarawak*: incorporates the use of turmeric leaves, a specialty of [Sarawak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak "Sarawak"). - *Rendang Siam*: Malay-Siamese version of rendang, incorporates the use of Thai inspired ingredients. Others In the Netherlands The Dutch are familiar with rendang through colonial ties and often serve the wet *kalio* version in the [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands")—usually as part of a *[rijsttafel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijsttafel "Rijsttafel")*. Indonesian dishes, including rendang, are served in numbers of Indonesian restaurants in Dutch cities, especially [The Hague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague "The Hague"), [Utrecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht "Utrecht"), [Rotterdam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam "Rotterdam") and [Amsterdam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam").[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-157) In the Philippines In the Philippines, rendang is most commonly associated with the cuisine of the Muslim [Maranao people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranao_people "Maranao people") of [Mindanao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao "Mindanao"). It differs from the Indonesian versions in the use of the native spice mix *[palapa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palapa_\(condiment\) "Palapa (condiment)")* as well as the addition of *[muscovado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovado "Muscovado")* sugar.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-158)[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-159)[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-160) Fusion rendang [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/7-Eleven_Frozen_Spaghetti_Rendang.JPG/250px-7-Eleven_Frozen_Spaghetti_Rendang.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7-Eleven_Frozen_Spaghetti_Rendang.JPG) Spaghetti rendang sold in a [7-Eleven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Eleven "7-Eleven") convenience store in Jakarta Rendang *[bumbu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumbu_\(seasoning\) "Bumbu (seasoning)")* is sometimes used as the base of other [fusion dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_cuisine "Fusion cuisine"). Some chefs in Indonesian [sushi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushi "Sushi") establishments, for example, have developed a Japanese-Indonesian fusion cuisine with recipes for krakatau roll, [gado-gado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gado-gado "Gado-gado") roll, rendang roll[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-161) and [gulai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulai "Gulai") ramen.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-162) Several chefs and food industries have experimented with fusing rendang with [sandwiches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich "Sandwich"), [burgers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger "Hamburger") and [spaghetti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaghetti "Spaghetti"). [Burger King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burger_King "Burger King") at one time served a rendang-flavoured burger in their Singapore and Indonesia chains for a limited promotion period.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-163)[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-164) Spaghetti with rendang could also be found in [7-Eleven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Eleven "7-Eleven") convenience stores across Indonesia. Rendang is also a popular flavour in Indonesian [instant noodle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_noodle "Instant noodle") variants, such as [Indomie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indomie "Indomie") Goreng Rendang.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-165) Most recently, there were Taiwanese [baozis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baozi "Baozi") with rendang fillings sold at Neo Soho Mall in West Jakarta.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-166) See also - [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/20px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg) [Rendang](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Rendang "wikibooks:Cookbook:Rendang") at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject - [Cuisine of Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Indonesia "Cuisine of Indonesia") - [Minangkabau cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang_cuisine "Padang cuisine") - [Kalio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalio "Kalio"), Indonesian dish - Similar dishes: - [Kala bhuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala_bhuna "Kala bhuna") - [Saksang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksang "Saksang") - [Dinuguan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinuguan "Dinuguan") - [Svartsoppa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartsoppa "Svartsoppa") - [Sarapatel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarapatel "Sarapatel") Notes 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-3)** [Jawi script](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_script "Jawi script"): Ű±Ù†ŰŻÚ . In [Za'aba spelling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%27aba_Spelling "Za'aba Spelling"): *rěndang*. Malay pronunciation: [\[rənˈdaƋ\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay "Help:IPA/Malay") 2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-17)** Azizah Ja'afar was head of the [Rural Industrial Development Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_Amanah_Rakyat "Majlis Amanah Rakyat")'s Taman Asuhan Wanita who compiled terms that according to her were used at the Sekolah Mentadbir Rumah Tangga in Johor Bahru and at the Taman Asuhan Wanita in Kuala Lumpur.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Azizah_Ja'afar-16) 3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-21)** In the 15th and 16th centuries, at the height of the Malacca Sultanate's power, its capital became a key Asian port, controlling much of the region along the Malacca Straits (Malay Peninsula and Sumatra). 4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-23)** The *Vocabularium, ofte Woorden-boek, in 't Duytsch en Maleysch* was first compiled and published by Caspar Wiltens and Sebastiaan Danckaerts in 1623. In 1650, it was significantly expanded in Amsterdam by Justus Heurnius, with contributions from Jan van Hasel and Albert Ruyl. Further revisions were made by Frederik Gueynier in Batavia in 1677, and it was updated again by Petrus van der Vorm in 1708, also in Batavia.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Pedoman_Bahasa_dan_Sastra_Melayu-22) 5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-28)** By the 19th century, much of the Malay Peninsula was under British control. However, Johor remained independent under Sultan Abu Bakar, who maintained the state's autonomy through strategic ties with European aristocrats.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Khir_Johari_Book-15) 6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-32)** *The "Mem's" Own Cookery Book* was first published in 1920 by Mrs. Kinsey, wife of British colonial official William Edward Kinsey, who was based in Malaya. In the preface, she notes that she tested the recipes in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan between 1915 and 1919. The cookbook features dishes like rendang, reflecting the flavors that were familiar to the British colonial palate.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-31) 7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-37)** Gusti Asnan acknowledges that his claims about the history of rendang are interpretative, where it is a normal part of historical reconstruction and an essential aspect of historical research methods.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Gusti_Asnan-20) 8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-39)** However, Fadly Rahman’s analysis of de Stuers' book found no explicit mention of rendang.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Fadly_Rahman_Journal-10) The Dutch record describes a "blackened, charred dish".[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_note-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu-38): 13 References 1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Randang_2013_1-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Randang_2013_1-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Randang_2013_1-2) ["Warisan Budaya Tak Benda (WBTB) Indonesia"](https://kwriu.kemdikbud.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/MINISTERIAL-DECREE-OF-THE-MEC-NUMBER-238-OF-2013-ICHI-2013.pdf) (PDF). *kwriu.kemdikbud.go.id*. 2. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_2009_2-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_2009_2-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_2009_2-2) ["Warisan Kebangsaan 2009"](https://www.heritage.gov.my/en/pengisytiharan-2009.html). *heritage.gov.my*. 3. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Malay_Fried_Meat_4-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Malay_Fried_Meat_4-1) ["'Rendang Daging'"](https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/singstandard19571104-1.1.5). *Singapore Standard*. 4 November 1957. p. 5. 4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-5)** [Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1991: Public Eating : Proceedings. (1991)](https://www.google.com.my/books/edition/Oxford_Symposium_on_Food_and_Cookery_199/FrWgDRkS90EC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=daging%20rendang&pg=PA94&printsec=frontcover). United Kingdom: Prospect Books. p. 94. 5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Malay_Dry_Curry_6-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Malay_Dry_Curry_6-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Malay_Dry_Curry_6-2) Clifford, Hugh Charles; Swettenham, Frank Athelstane (1894). [*A Dictionary of the Malay Language*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0Q8AAAAMAAJ). authors at the Government's printing Office. p. 504. 6. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Singapore_Infopedia_7-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Singapore_Infopedia_7-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Singapore_Infopedia_7-2) ["Rendang"](https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=0f09b507-3994-4487-8f70-6c82037846a1). *National Library Board*. 7. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_DBP_8-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_DBP_8-1) ["Rendang"](https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=rendang). *prpm.dbp.gov.my*. 8. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Istilah_Rumah_Tangga_9-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Istilah_Rumah_Tangga_9-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Istilah_Rumah_Tangga_9-2) Azizah Ja'afar (8 February 1960). ["Istilah Rumah Tangga"](https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/beritaharian19600208-1.1.6). *Berita Harian*. p. 6. 9. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-8) [***j***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-9) [***k***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-10) [***l***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-11) [***m***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-12) [***n***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-13) [***o***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-14) [***p***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Journal_10-15) Rahman, Fadly (1 September 2020). ["Tracing the origins of rendang and its development"](https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs42779-020-00065-1). *Journal of Ethnic Foods*. **7** (28) 28. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1186/s42779-020-00065-1](https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs42779-020-00065-1). 10. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Singapura_Stories_11-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Singapura_Stories_11-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Singapura_Stories_11-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Singapura_Stories_11-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Singapura_Stories_11-4) ["'Slow food before it became Slow Food – THE STORY OF RENDANG' by Khir Johari"](https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/webarchives/2021-05-14%2010:26:45.000/wp/details/http:%2F%2Fsingapurastories.com%2F2015%2F07%2Fslow-food-before-it-became-slow-food-the-story-of-rendang-by-khir-johari%2F). *eresources.nlb.gov.sg*. 11. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Treasures_of_Sumatra_12-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Treasures_of_Sumatra_12-1) Utomo, Bambang Budi; Karim, Mulyawan; Sundari, Ekowati (2009). *Treasures of Sumatra*. Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. p. 24. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9786024372255](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786024372255 "Special:BookSources/9786024372255") . 12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-13)** ["Tourism Ministry declares five dishes national food"](https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2018/09/20/tourism-ministry-declares-five-dishes-national-food.html). *www.thejakartapost.com*. 13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-14)** ["Rendang"](https://kbbi.web.id/rendang). *kbbi.web.id*. 14. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Khir_Johari_Book_15-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Khir_Johari_Book_15-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Khir_Johari_Book_15-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Khir_Johari_Book_15-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Khir_Johari_Book_15-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Khir_Johari_Book_15-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Khir_Johari_Book_15-6) Johari, Khir (2021). *The Food of Singapore Malays: Gastronomic Travels Through the Archipelago*. Marshall Cavendish Editions. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9789814841924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814841924 "Special:BookSources/9789814841924") . 15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Azizah_Ja'afar_16-0)** ["DALAM LAPANGAN MASAK MEMASAK PUN PERLU DI-AKUI"](https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/beritaharian19600201-1.2.54). *eresources.nlb.gov.sg*. 16. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Hoogervorst_Journal_18-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Hoogervorst_Journal_18-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Hoogervorst_Journal_18-2) G. Hoogervorst, Tom (2024). ["Seventeenth-century Malay wordlists and their potential for etymological scholarship"](https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1782&context=wacana). *Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia*: 567. 17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_OED_19-0)** ["Rendang"](https://www.oed.com/dictionary/rendang_n?tab=etymology&tl=true#1211422760). *Oxford English Dictionary*. 18. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Gusti_Asnan_20-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Gusti_Asnan_20-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Gusti_Asnan_20-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Gusti_Asnan_20-3) Asnan, Gusti (2021), [*Sejarah Rendang Disajikan pada "Semiloka Penyusunan Naskah Akademik Randang Menuju Warisan Dunia"*](http://repo.unand.ac.id/45069/1/Bahan%20Presentasi%20%28PPT%29%20Semiloka%20Penyusunan%20Naskah%20Akademik%20Randang%20Menuju%20Warisan%20Dunia.pdf) (PDF) 19. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Pedoman_Bahasa_dan_Sastra_Melayu_22-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Pedoman_Bahasa_dan_Sastra_Melayu_22-1) J. J. de Hollander (1984). *Pedoman Bahasa dan Sastra Melayu*. Balai Pustaka. p. 332. 20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-24)** Wiltens, C., Danckaerts, S., & Heurnius, J. (1650). [Vocabularium, ofte Woorden-Boeck: nae ordre van den Alphabeth in't Duytsch en Maleys](https://books.google.com.my/books?id=3GcTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false). Ghedruckt door ordre van de E.E. heeren bewinthehebberen der Geoctroyeerde Oost-Indische Compagnie. 21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-25)** Wiltens, C.; Danckaerts, S. (1623). [*Vocabularium, ofte woort-boeck, naer ordre vanden alphabet in 't Duytsch-Maleysch, ende Maleysch-Duytsch*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqsnzOpsZ9oC&dq=rindang&pg=PA106) (in Dutch). National Library of the Netherlands: De weduwe, ende erfghenamen van wijlen Hillebrant Jacobssz van Wouw. 22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-26)** Hooker, Virginia Matheson (2016). Fleet, Kate (ed.). ["Hang Tuah, Hikayat"](https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_30299). *Encyclopaedia of Islam* (3 ed.). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1163/1573-3912\_ei3\_COM\_30299](https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_30299). Retrieved 20 June 2023 – via Brill. 23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Abd._Razak_27-0)** Aziz, Abd. Razak (2018). [*Hibridisasi Masakan Melayu: Kajian Kes di Kuala Lumpur*](https://web.archive.org/web/20250204084213/http://malrep.uum.edu.my/rep/Record/my.um.stud.8760) (Thesis). p. 70. Archived from [the original](http://malrep.uum.edu.my/rep/Record/my.um.stud.8760) on 4 February 2025. Retrieved 3 February 2025. 24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Maharajah_Abu_Bakar_1881_29-0)** ["'Straits Times Overland Journal"](https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/stoverland18811031-1.1.9). *eresources.nlb.gov.sg*. 25. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Tracing_the_origins_of_rendang_and_30-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Tracing_the_origins_of_rendang_and_30-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Tracing_the_origins_of_rendang_and_30-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Tracing_the_origins_of_rendang_and_30-3) Rahman, Fadly (1 September 2020). ["Tracing the origins of rendang and its development"](https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs42779-020-00065-1). *Journal of Ethnic Foods*. **7** 28. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1186/s42779-020-00065-1](https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs42779-020-00065-1). 26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-31)** ["Senior Librarian Bonny Tan delves into *The "Mem's" Own Cookery Book* (1929)"](https://biblioasia.nlb.gov.sg/vol-7/issue-3/oct-dec-2011/malayan-cookery-book/). *BiblioAsia*. **7** (3). National Library of Singapore. October–December 2011. 27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-33)** ["The Curry Chronicles"](https://biblioasia.nlb.gov.sg/videos/curry-chronicles/). *BiblioAsia*. 28. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Lemang_dan_ketupat_pembuka_selera_sa-tiap_pagi_raya_34-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Lemang_dan_ketupat_pembuka_selera_sa-tiap_pagi_raya_34-1) ["Lemang dan ketupat pembuka selera sa-tiap pagi raya"](https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/beritaharian19671226-1.2.77). *eresources.nlb.gov.sg*. [Berita Harian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berita_Harian "Berita Harian"). 26 December 1967. p. 10. Retrieved 29 March 2025. Microflim: NL5342. 29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-The_treasure_of_Minangkabau_35-0)** Nurmufida, Muthia; Wangrimen, Gervasius H.; Reinalta, Risty; Leonardi, Kevin (2017). ["Rendang: The treasure of Minangkabau"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2017.10.005). *Journal of Ethnic Foods*. **4** (4): 232–235\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.jef.2017.10.005](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2017.10.005). 30. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Kristang_36-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Kristang_36-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Kristang_36-2) Jackson, Annabel (2020). *The Making of Macau's Fusion Cuisine From Family Table to World Stage*. Hong Kong University Press. p. 70. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9789888528349](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789888528349 "Special:BookSources/9789888528349") . 31. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu_38-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu_38-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu_38-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu_38-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu_38-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu_38-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_nan_Enak_itu_38-6) S. Metron Masdison (2018). [*Rendang nan Enak itu*](https://web.archive.org/web/20250204132726/https://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/resource/doc/files/Rendang_nan_Enak_Itu-S_Metron_Masdison-Final_0.pdf) (PDF). Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9786024372255](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786024372255 "Special:BookSources/9786024372255") . Archived from [the original](https://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/resource/doc/files/Rendang_nan_Enak_Itu-S_Metron_Masdison-Final_0.pdf) (PDF) on 4 February 2025. Retrieved 3 February 2025. 32. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Boileau_40-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Boileau_40-1) Boileau, Janet (2010). *A culinary history of the Portuguese Eurasians: the origins of Luso-Asian cuisine in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries* (Thesis). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [166582078](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166582078). 33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Fadly_Rahman_Book_41-0)** Rahman, Fadly (2023). *Jejak rasa Nusantara sejarah makanan Indonesia*. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. pp. 51–52\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9786020335216](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786020335216 "Special:BookSources/9786020335216") . 34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-42)** Dalgado, SebastiĂŁo Rodolfo. ["Influence of Portuguese vocables in Asiatic languages. \[trans.\]"](https://ia801400.us.archive.org/28/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.84109/2015.84109.Portuguese-Vocables-Asiatic-Languages.pdf) (PDF). *Internet Archive*. Oriental Institute Baroda. 35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-43)** ["Warisan Kebangsaan 2012"](https://www.heritage.gov.my/en/pengisytiharan-2012.html). *heritage.gov.my*. 36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-KTM_44-0)** Panel Penulis The Patriots (2019). *Kitab Tamadun Melayu*. Patriots Publishing Sdn Bhd. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9789671652893](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789671652893 "Special:BookSources/9789671652893") . 37. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-JPM_Book_45-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-JPM_Book_45-1) [*Pertabalan DYMM Paduka Seri Sultan Perak XXXV*](https://dbook.penerangan.gov.my/dbook/dmdocuments/pertabalan_sultan_perak/mobile/index.html#p=1). Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia. 2017. p. 78. 38. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Sejarah_Rendang_Merantau_46-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Sejarah_Rendang_Merantau_46-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Sejarah_Rendang_Merantau_46-2) Media, Kompas Cyber (6 January 2022). ["Sejarah Rendang, Berkaitan dengan Tradisi Merantau Orang Minangkabau"](https://www.kompas.com/food/read/2022/01/06/113400575/sejarah-rendang-berkaitan-dengan-tradisi-merantau-orang-minangkabau). *kompas.com*. 39. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-binus_makna-dibalik-kenikmatan-sepotong-rendang_47-0)** ["MAKNA DIBALIK KENIKMATAN SEPOTONG RENDANG"](https://binus.ac.id/character-building/2021/01/makna-dibalik-kenikmatan-sepotong-rendang/). *binus.ac.id*. 40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-CNNGo_48-0)** Tim Cheung (7 September 2011). ["Your pick: World's 50 best foods"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121111184944/http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/eat/readers-choice-worlds-50-most-delicious-foods-012321). CNNGo. Archived from [the original](http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/eat/readers-choice-worlds-50-most-delicious-foods-012321) on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2015. 41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-49)** ["World's 50 most delicious foods"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111009033820/http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/eat/worlds-50-most-delicious-foods-067535?page=0%2C0). *CNNGo*. Cable News Network. 21 July 2011. Archived from [the original](http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/eat/worlds-50-most-delicious-foods-067535?page=0,0) on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011. 42. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-pesankubah.com_50-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-pesankubah.com_50-1) [Pesankubah.com: Menyelisik Arti Masakan Rendang Minangkabau Dalam Maknanya](https://www.pesankubah.com/2023/05/arti-masakan-rendang-minangkabau.html) 43. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Filosofi_51-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Filosofi_51-1) ["Filosofi Rendang yang Mengandung Arti Kehidupan Mendalam"](https://kumparan.com/sejarah-dan-sosial/filosofi-rendang-yang-mengandung-arti-kehidupan-mendalam-20GFQGiQAUH/full). *kumparan.com*. 44. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Filosofi_Rendang_52-0)** ["Rendang: Lezatnya Sebuah Filosofi dan Warisan Budaya Minangkabau"](https://www.jambione.com/kuliner/1363349429/rendang-lezatnya-sebuah-filosofi-dan-warisan-budaya-minangkabau). *jambione.com*. 45. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Roast_53-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Roast_53-1) ["Malaysians roast MasterChef over chicken rendang elimination"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43624632). *BBC News*. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2020. 46. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-JP-Rendang1_54-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-JP-Rendang1_54-1) Kautsar, Muthi Achadiat (2 September 2018). ["Why beef rendang is the right food to send to natural disaster victims"](https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2018/09/01/why-beef-rendang-is-the-right-food-to-send-to-natural-disaster-victims.html). *The Jakarta Post*. Retrieved 10 December 2019. 47. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-William_Wongso_55-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-William_Wongso_55-1) ["William Wongso: Duta Rendang di Dunia Kuliner Internasional"](http://indonesiaproud.wordpress.com/2010/11/23/william-wongso-duta-rendang-di-dunia-kuliner-internasional/). Indonesia Proud. 23 November 2010. 48. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-56)** Brissenden, Rosemary (2007). [*Southeast Asian Food, Classic and modern dishes from Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam*](https://books.google.com/books?id=AzIfdz0M0JEC). Periplus. p. 102. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0794604882](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0794604882 "Special:BookSources/978-0794604882") . Retrieved 31 October 2014. 49. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-urangminang.com_57-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-urangminang.com_57-1) ["Inilah Rendang Minang Juara dunia itu"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140422152011/http://www.urangminang.com/berita/berita-dari-rantau/347-inilah-rendang-minang-juara-dunia-itu). Urang Minang.com. 12 September 2011. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. 50. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-58)** Cornish, Richard (22 July 2019). ["The best cuts of beef for slow-cooked dishes"](https://www.goodfood.com.au/recipes/news/the-best-cuts-of-beef-for-slowcooked-dishes-20190716-h1g9lk). *Good Food*. Retrieved 11 December 2019. 51. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-59)** Winiati Pudji Rahayu (2000). ["Aktivitas Antimikroba Bumbu Masakan Tradisional Hasil Olahan Industri Terhadap Bakteri Patogen Perusak"](http://repository.ipb.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/41871/BULETIN%20TEKNOLOGI%20&%20INDUSTRI%20PANGAN%20XI\(f\).pdf;jsessionid=1E28C1190C9C6D6416C3F8B0DE7F5726?sequence=1). *Bul. Teknol. Dun Zndustri Pangan* (in Indonesian). Retrieved 20 September 2015. 52. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rice93_60-0)** Owen, Sri (1993). *The Rice Book*. [Doubleday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_\(publisher\) "Doubleday (publisher)"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-7112-2260-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7112-2260-6 "Special:BookSources/0-7112-2260-6") . 53. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-61)** ["Arti Dibalik Masakan Rendang"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140913110011/http://www.rendangnaniko.com/blog/arti-diabalik-masakan-rendang/) (in Indonesian). Rendang Naniko. 30 April 2014. Archived from [the original](http://www.rendangnaniko.com/blog/arti-diabalik-masakan-rendang/) on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014. 54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-62)** Media, Kompas Cyber (20 July 2012). ["Rendang Ternyata Bukan Nama Masakan"](http://bola.kompas.com/read/2012/07/20/1533551/Rendang.Ternyata.Bukan.Nama.Masakan). *Kompas.com*. 55. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-63)** Asli, Pelaminan Minang Buchyar-Pernikahan Adat Minangkabau. ["Rendang Padang Ikon Masakan Indonesia Hadir Di Pameran Wisata Berlin - Pelaminan Minang Buchyar Pernikahan Adat Minangkabau Asli Sumatera Barat"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220926122234/https://pelaminanminang.com/dapur-minang/rendang-padang-ikon-masakan-indonesia-hadir-di-pameran-wisata-berlin.html). Archived from [the original](https://pelaminanminang.com/dapur-minang/rendang-padang-ikon-masakan-indonesia-hadir-di-pameran-wisata-berlin.html) on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2021. 56. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-64)** ["Rendang, Hidangan Terlezat di Dunia"](http://female.kompas.com/read/2011/09/10/20395488/Rendang.Hidangan.Terlezat.di.Dunia). *Female Kompas.com*. 10 September 2011. 57. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-65)** ["Gulai Cubadak \| Online Indonesian Food and Recipes"](http://indonesiaeats.com/gulai-cubadak-nangka-minang-padang-jackfruit-curry/). *IndonesiaEats.com*. 13 September 2010. 58. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-66)** ["Malaysian cuisine state by state"](https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19821121-1.2.80). *eresources.nlb.gov.sg*. 59. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-LMN9_67-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-LMN9_67-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-LMN9_67-2) *Traditional Dishes of Negeri Sembilan*. Lembaga Muzium Negeri Sembilan. 2008. pp. 7–8\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9789832877097](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789832877097 "Special:BookSources/9789832877097") . 60. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Lenggong_68-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Lenggong_68-1) *Resepi Masakan Warisan Lenggong*. Jabatan Warisan Negara. 2016. 61. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Tok_69-0)** Prats, LluĂ­s (2011). *Researching Coastal and Resort Destination Management: Cultures and Histories of Tourism*. Palibrio. p. 242. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9781463305505](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463305505 "Special:BookSources/9781463305505") . 62. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-70)** ["Rendang Tok"](https://pemetaanbudaya.jkkn.gov.my/senibudaya/detail/740/pengenalan). *Pemetaan Budaya*. National Department for Culture and Arts Malaysia. 63. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-JWN_Book_71-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-JWN_Book_71-1) Jabatan Warisan Negara (2016). *Endangered Heritage Food*. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9789833862375](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789833862375 "Special:BookSources/9789833862375") . 64. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Daging_Masak_Hitam_72-0)** Mohd Nazri Abdul Raji; Shahrim Ab. Karim; Jamilah Hani Esa (2024). ["PENGARUH ALAM DAN BUDAYA DALAM PEMBENTUKAN MAKANAN TRADISIONAL DI LEMBAH LENGGONG, PERAK"](http://web.usm.my/km/42\(2\)2024/KM42022024_12.pdf) (PDF). *Kajian Malaysia*: 277–278\. 65. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_N9_73-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_N9_73-1) Nur Hidayah Abd Rahman; Baiduri Zaiyyanna Mohd Farudz; Siti Salwa Md. Sawari (2022). ["Exploring the Potential of Rendang to be Promoted as the Local Food Heritage Product for Tourism in Negeri Sembilan"](http://irep.iium.edu.my/101764/). *Journal of Ethnic Foods*: 857–870\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-605-4444-24-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-4444-24-3 "Special:BookSources/978-605-4444-24-3") . 66. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-74)** ["Rendang Pucuk Ubi"](https://pemetaanbudaya.jkkn.gov.my/senibudaya/detail/733/pengenalan). *Pemetaan Budaya*. [National Department for Culture and Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Department_for_Culture_and_Arts "National Department for Culture and Arts") Malaysia. 67. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Rendang_Perlis_75-0)** Hazman Hassan; Mohd Kasturi Nor Abd Aziz; Juliana Ahmad; Mohd Nazim Mohd Noor (2024). ["MENCARI JATI DIRI MAKANAN MELAYU PERLIS: SUATU CATATAN AWAL"](https://journalarticle.ukm.my/25005/1/1-10%20-.pdf) (PDF). *Asian Journal of Environment, History and Heritage*: 6. 68. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-76)** ["Rendang Kerang dari Melaka"](https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/beritaharian19690406-1.2.49). Resep Hari ini. *[Berita Harian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berita_Harian "Berita Harian")*. 6 April 1969. p. 8. 69. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Johor_Palate_77-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Johor_Palate_77-1) Taib, Kalsom; Abdul Hamid, Hamidah (2015). *Johor Palate: Tanjung Puteri Recipes*. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9789675859137](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789675859137 "Special:BookSources/9789675859137") . 70. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Kerutuk_DBP_78-0)** ["Maklumat Kata Kamus Bahasa Melayu"](https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=kerutuk). *prpm.dbp.gov.my* (in Malay). 71. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-West_Sumatra%E2%80%99s_Rendang_79-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-West_Sumatra%E2%80%99s_Rendang_79-1) Yuliana; Intan Sari, Yolanda; Harmawan, Violintikha (2023). ["Comparing the Quality of West Sumatra's Rendang: Rendang Darek vs Rendang Pasisia"](https://ejournal2.undip.ac.id/index.php/jaft/article/view/17378/9965). *Journal of Applied Food Technology*. **10** (1): 2–3\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.17728/jaft.17378](https://doi.org/10.17728%2Fjaft.17378). 72. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-80)** Owen, Sri (1999). *Indonesian Regional Food and Cookery*. Frances Lincoln Ltd. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-7112-1273-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7112-1273-2 "Special:BookSources/0-7112-1273-2") . 73. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-minangkabaunews_81-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-minangkabaunews_81-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-minangkabaunews_81-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-minangkabaunews_81-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-minangkabaunews_81-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-minangkabaunews_81-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-minangkabaunews_81-6) Minangkabaunews. ["Inilah 11 Ragam Rendang Minang yang Patut Diketahui - Minangkabaunews"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200806181705/https://minangkabaunews.com/artikel-7591-inilah-11-ragam-rendang-minang-yang-patut-diketahui.html). *minangkabaunews.com* (in Indonesian). Archived from [the original](https://minangkabaunews.com/artikel-7591-inilah-11-ragam-rendang-minang-yang-patut-diketahui.html) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020. 74. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-liputan6_82-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-liputan6_82-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-liputan6_82-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-liputan6_82-3) Muslim AR (14 January 2016). ["11 Ragam Rendang yang Patut Diketahui"](https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/2410237/11-ragam-rendang-yang-patut-diketahui). *liputan6.com* (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 June 2020. 75. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Merdeka-Rendang_83-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Merdeka-Rendang_83-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Merdeka-Rendang_83-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Merdeka-Rendang_83-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-Merdeka-Rendang_83-4) Mardatila, Ani (21 May 2020). ["10 Cara Membuat Rendang Sapi Ala Jawa Hingga Padang yang Empuk, Mudah Dibuat Semua Halaman"](https://www.merdeka.com/sumut/10-cara-membuat-rendang-sapi-ala-jawa-hingga-padang-yang-empuk-dan-gurih-kln.html). *merdeka.com*. Retrieved 6 October 2020. 76. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#cite_ref-84)** ["Resep Rendang Babat"](https://cookpad.com/id/resep/3775509-rendang-babat-tips-trik-dan-saran). *Cookpad* (in Indonesian). 2 December 2017. 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Retrieved 22 November 2023. External links - [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Media related to [Rendang](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rendang "commons:Category:Rendang") at Wikimedia Commons - CNN Indonesia [Documentary of Rendang (in Indonesian)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a3gBM9FBn_4)
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