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| Boilerpipe Text | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Physical fitness is achieved through
exercise
, among other factors. Photo shows
Rich Froning Jr.
, four-time winner of
"Fittest Man on Earth"
title.
Physical fitness
is a state of
health
and
well-being
and, more specifically, the ability to perform aspects of
sports
, occupations, and daily activities. Physical fitness is generally achieved through proper
nutrition
,
[
1
]
moderate-vigorous
physical exercise
,
[
2
]
and sufficient rest along with a formal recovery plan.
[
3
]
Before the
Industrial Revolution
, fitness was defined as the capacity to carry out the day's activities without undue fatigue or lethargy. However, with automation and changes in lifestyles, physical fitness is now considered a measure of the body's ability to function efficiently and effectively in work and leisure activities, to be healthy, to resist
hypokinetic diseases
, to improve immune system function, and to meet emergency situations.
[
4
]
Overview
British World War II army fitness poster
Fitness is defined as the quality or state of being fit and healthy.
[
5
]
Around 1950, perhaps consistent with the
Industrial Revolution
and the treatise of World War II, the term "fitness" increased in western vernacular by a factor of ten.
[
6
]
The modern definition of fitness describes either a person or machine's ability to perform a specific function or a holistic definition of human adaptability to cope with various situations. This has led to an interrelation of human fitness and
physical attractiveness
that has mobilized global fitness and fitness equipment industries. Regarding specific function, fitness is attributed to persons who possess significant
aerobic
or
anaerobic
ability (i.e., endurance or strength). A well-rounded fitness program improves a person in all aspects of fitness compared to practicing only one, such as only cardio/respiratory or only weight training.
A comprehensive fitness program tailored to an individual typically focuses on one or more specific skills,
[
7
]
and on age-
[
8
]
or health-related needs such as
bone health
.
[
9
]
Many sources
[
10
]
also cite
mental
,
social
and
emotional health
as an important part of overall fitness. This is often presented in textbooks as a
triangle
made up of three points, which represent physical, emotional, and mental fitness. Physical fitness has been shown to have benefits in preventing ill health and assisting recovery from injury or illness. Along with the physical health
benefits of fitness
, it has also been shown to have a positive impact on
mental health
as well by assisting in treating
anxiety
and
depression
.
[
11
]
Physical fitness can also prevent or treat many other
chronic health conditions
brought on by unhealthy
lifestyle
or aging as well and has been listed frequently as one of the most popular and advantageous self-care therapies.
[
12
]
Working out can also help some people sleep better by building up sleeping pressure and possibly alleviate some mood disorders in certain individuals.
[
13
]
Developing research has demonstrated that many of exercise's benefits are mediated through the role of skeletal muscle as an
endocrine organ
. That is, contracting muscles release multiple substances known as
myokines
, which promote the growth of new tissue, tissue repair, and various anti-inflammatory functions, which in turn reduce the risk of developing various inflammatory diseases.
[
14
]
Activity guidelines
The 2018
Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans
were released by the
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
to provide science-based guidance for people ages 3 years and older to improve their health by participating in regular physical activity. These guidelines recommend that all adults should move more and sit less throughout the day to improve health-related quality of life including mental, emotional, and physical health. For substantial health benefits, adults should perform at least 150 to 300 minutes of moderate-intensity, or 75 to 150 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of both spread throughout the week.
[
15
]
The recommendation for physical activity to occur in bouts of at least 10 minutes has been eliminated, as new research suggests that bouts of any length contribute to the health benefits linked to the accumulated volume of physical activity. Additional health benefits may be achieved by engaging in more than 300 minutes (5 hours) of moderate-intensity physical activity per week. Adults should also do muscle-strengthening activities that are of moderate or greater intensity and involve all major muscle groups on two or more days a week, as these activities provide additional health benefits.
[
16
]
Guidelines in the United Kingdom released in July 2011 include the following points:
The intensity at which a person exercises is key, and light activity such as
strolling
and
house work
is unlikely to have much positive impact on the health of most people. For aerobic exercise to be beneficial, it must raise the
heart rate
and cause
perspiration
. A person should do a minimum of 150 minutes a week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. There are more health benefits gained if a person exercises beyond 150 minutes.
Sedentary time (time spent not standing, such as when on a chair or in bed) is bad for a person's health, and no amount of exercise can negate the effects of sitting for too long.
These guidelines are now much more in line with those used in the U.S., which also includes recommendations for
muscle-building
and bone-strengthening activities such as
lifting weights
and
yoga
.
[
17
]
Exercise
Aerobic exercise
Playing sports such as
lawn tennis
is a common way to maintain/improve physical fitness. Image shows international tennis player
Barbora Strýcová
.
Cardiorespiratory fitness
can be measured using
VO
2
max
, a measure of the amount of oxygen the body can uptake and utilize.
[
18
]
[
19
]
Aerobic exercise, which improves cardiorespiratory fitness and increase stamina, involves movement that increases the heart rate to improve the body's oxygen consumption. This form of exercise is an important part of all training regiments, whether for professional athletes or for the everyday person.
[
20
]
Prominent examples of aerobic exercises include:
Jogging
– Running at a steady and gentle pace. This form of exercise is great for maintaining weight and building a cardiovascular base to later perform more intense exercises.
Working on
elliptical trainer
– This is a stationary
exercise machine
used to perform
walking
, or
running
without causing excessive stress on the joints. This form of exercise is perfect for people with achy hips, knees, and ankles.
Walking
– Moving at a fairly regular pace for a short, medium or long distance.
Treadmill
training – Many treadmills have programs set up that offer numerous different workout plans. One effective cardiovascular activity would be to switch between running and walking. Typically
warm up
first by walking and then switch off between walking for three minutes and running for three minutes.
Swimming
– Using the arms and legs to keep oneself afloat in water and moving either forwards or backward. This is a good full-body exercise for those who are looking to strengthen their core while improving cardiovascular endurance.
Cycling
– Riding a bicycle typically involves longer distances than walking or jogging. This is another low-impact exercise on the joints and is great for improving leg strength.
[
21
]
Anaerobic exercise
Anaerobic exercise features high-intensity movements performed in a short period of time. It is a fast, high-intensity exercise that does not require the body to utilize oxygen to produce energy. It helps to promote strength,
endurance
, speed, and power; and is used by bodybuilders to build workout intensity. Anaerobic exercises are thought to increase the
metabolic rate
, thereby allowing one to burn additional calories as the body recovers from exercise due to an increase in body temperature and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) after the exercise ended.
Prominent examples of anaerobic exercises include:
Weight training
– A common type of
strength training
for developing the strength and size of skeletal muscles.
Isometric exercise
– Helps to maintain strength. A muscle action in which no visible movement occurs and the resistance matches the muscular tension.
[
22
]
Sprinting
– Running short distances as fast as possible, training for muscle explosiveness.
[
23
]
Interval training
– Alternating short bursts (lasting around 30 seconds) of intense activity with longer intervals (three to four minutes) of less intense activity. This type of activity also builds speed and endurance.
[
24
]
Forms of training
Task-specific training
Task-specific, also known as task-oriented, fitness refers to a person's ability to perform in a specific activity, such as sports or
military service
, efficiently. Task-specific training prepares athletes to perform well in their sport through the training of the same, or closely associated, actions. These include:
Swimmers in
competitive swimwear
perform
squats
prior to entering the pool in a U.S. military base, 2011.
100 m sprint
: In a sprint, the athlete must be trained to work anaerobically throughout the race, an example of how to do this would be interval training.
Century ride
: Cyclists must be prepared aerobically for a bike ride of 100 miles or more.
Middle distance running
: Athletes require both speed and endurance to gain benefit out of this training. The hard-working muscles are at their peak for a longer period of time as they are being used at that level for the longer period of time.
[
25
]
Marathon
: In this case, the athlete must be trained to work aerobically, and their endurance must be built-up to a maximum.
Many firefighters and police officers undergo regular
fitness testing
to determine if they are capable of the physically demanding tasks required of the job.
[
26
]
Members of
armed forces
are often required to pass a formal fitness test. For example, soldiers of the
U.S. Army
must be able to pass the
Army Physical Fitness Test
(APFT).
[
27
]
Hill sprints: Requires a high level of fitness to begin with; the exercise is particularly good for the leg muscles. The Army often trains to do mountain climbing and races.
Plyometric
and
isometric exercises
: An excellent way to build strength and increase muscular endurance.
Sand running creates less strain on leg muscles than running on grass or concrete. This is because sand collapses beneath the foot, which softens the landing. Sand training is an effective way to lose weight and become fit, as more effort is needed (one and a half times more) to run on the soft sand than on a hard surface.
[
28
]
Aquajogging
is a form of exercise that decreases strain on joints and bones.
[
29
]
The water supplies minimal impact to muscles and bones due to the buoyancy of the water offsetting body weight , which is good for those recovering from injury.
[
30
]
Furthermore, the resistance of the water as one jogs through it provides an enhanced effect of exercise (the deeper you are, the greater the force needed to pull your leg through).
[
31
]
Swimming
:
Squatting
exercise helps in enhancing a swimmer's start.
[
32
]
For physical fitness activity to benefit an individual, the exertion must trigger a sufficient amount of stimuli. Exercise with the correct amount of intensity, duration, and frequency can produce a significant amount of improvement. The person may overall feel better, but the physical effects on the human body take weeks or months to notice—and possibly years for full development. For training purposes, exercise must provide a stress or demand on either a function or tissue. To continue improvements, this demand must eventually increase little over an extended period of time. This sort of exercise training has three basic principles: overload, specificity, and progression. These principles are related to health but also enhancement of physical working capacity.
[
33
]
A structured warm-up routine is also considered important for injury prevention and optimal performance, particularly in multi-discipline events that combine endurance and strength components.
[
34
]
High intensity interval training
A man and a woman participating in high intensity events during a fitness competition
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) consists of repeated, short bursts of exercise, completed at a high level of intensity. These sets of intense activity are followed by a predetermined time of rest or low-intensity activity.
[
35
]
Studies have shown that exercising at a higher intensity can have the effect of increasing cardiac benefits for humans when compared with exercising at a low or moderate level.
[
36
]
When one's workout consists of a HIIT session, their body has to work harder to replace the oxygen it lost. Research into the benefits of HIIT have shown that it can be very successful for reducing fat, especially around the abdominal region.
[
37
]
Furthermore, when compared to continuous moderate exercise, HIIT proves to burn more calories and increase the amount of fat burned post- HIIT session.
[
38
]
Lack of time is one of the main reasons stated for not exercising; HIIT is a great alternative for those people because the duration of a HIIT session can be as short as 10 minutes, making it much quicker than conventional workouts.
[
39
]
Effects
Controlling blood pressure
Physical fitness has been proven to support the body's blood pressure. Staying active and exercising regularly builds a stronger heart. The heart is the main organ in charge of
systolic blood pressure
and
diastolic blood pressure
. Engaging in a physical activity raises blood pressure. Once the subject stops the activity, the blood pressure returns to normal. The more physical activity, the easier this process becomes, resulting in a fitter cardiovascular profile.
[
40
]
Through regular physical fitness, it becomes easier to create a rise in blood pressure. This lowers the force on the arteries, and lowers the overall blood pressure.
[
41
]
Cancer prevention
Centers for disease control and prevention provide lifestyle guidelines for maintaining a balanced diet and engaging in physical activity to reduce the risk of disease. The WCRF/
American Institute for Cancer Research
(AICR) published a list of recommendations that reflect the dietary and exercise behaviors which are proven to reduce incidence of cancer.
The WCRF/AICR recommendations include the following:
Be as lean as possible without becoming underweight.
Each week, adults should engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity.
Children should engage in at least one hour of moderate or vigorous physical activity each week.
Be physically active for at least thirty minutes every day.
Avoid
sugar
, and limit the consumption of energy-packed foods.
Balance one's diet with a variety of vegetables, grains, fruits, legumes, etc.
Limit
sodium
intake and the consumption of
red meats
and
processed meats
.
Limit alcoholic drinks to two for men and one for women a day.
[
42
]
These recommendations are also widely supported by the
American Cancer Society
. The guidelines have been evaluated and individuals who have higher guideline adherence scores have substantially reduced cancer risk as well as improved outcomes of a multitude of chronic health problems. Regular physical activity is a factor that helps reduce an individual's blood pressure and improves cholesterol levels, two key components that correlate with heart disease and
type 2 diabetes
.
[
43
]
The American Cancer Society encourages the public to "adopt a physically active lifestyle" by meeting the criteria in a variety of physical activities such as hiking, swimming, circuit training, resistance training, lifting, etc. It is understood that cancer is not a disease that can be cured by physical fitness alone, however, because it is a multifactorial disease, physical fitness is a controllable prevention. The large associations between physical fitness and reduced cancer risk are enough to provide a strategy of preventative interventions.
[
42
]
The American Cancer Society asserts different levels of activity ranging from moderate to vigorous to clarify the recommended time spent on a physical activity. These classifications of physical activity consider intentional exercise and basic activities performed on a daily basis and give the public a greater understanding of what fitness levels suffice as future disease prevention.
Inflammation
Studies have shown an association between increased physical activity and reduced inflammation.
[
44
]
It produces both a short-term inflammatory response and a long-term anti-inflammatory effect.
[
45
]
Physical activity reduces inflammation in conjunction with or independent of changes in body weight.
[
46
]
However, the mechanisms linking physical activity to inflammation are unknown.
Immune system
Physical activity boosts the
immune system
. This is dependent on the concentration of endogenous factors (such as
sex hormones
, metabolic hormones and
growth hormones
), body temperature, blood flow, hydration status and body position.
[
47
]
Physical activity has been shown to increase the levels of natural killer (NK) cells, NK T cells, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils, complements, cytokines, antibodies and T cytotoxic cells.
[
48
]
[
49
]
However, the mechanism linking physical activity to immune system is not fully understood.
Weight control
Achieving resilience through physical fitness promotes a vast and complex range of health-related benefits. Individuals who keep up physical fitness levels generally regulate their distribution of body fat and prevent obesity. Studies prove that running uses calories in the body that come from the macronutrients eaten daily. In order for the body to be able to run, it will use those ingested calories, therefore it will burn calories.
[
50
]
Abdominal fat, specifically visceral fat, is most directly affected by engaging in aerobic exercise. Strength training has been known to increase the amount of muscle in the body, however, it can also reduce body fat.
[
51
]
Sex steroid hormones, insulin, and appropriate immune responses are factors that mediate metabolism in relation to abdominal fat. Therefore, physical fitness provides weight control through regulation of these bodily functions.
[
52
]
Menopause and physical fitness
Menopause
is often said to have occurred when a woman has had no vaginal bleeding for over a year since her last
menstrual cycle
. There are a number of symptoms connected to menopause, most of which can affect the quality of life of a woman involved in this stage of her life. One way to reduce the severity of the symptoms is to exercise and keep a healthy level of fitness. Prior to and during menopause, as the female body changes, there can be physical, physiological or internal changes to the body. These changes can be reduced or even prevented with regular exercise. These changes include:
[
53
]
Preventing weight gain: around menopause women tend to experience a reduction in muscle mass and an increase in fat levels. Increasing the amount of physical exercise undertaken can help to prevent these changes.
Reducing the risk of
breast cancer
: weight loss from regular exercise may offer protection from breast cancer.
Strengthening bones: physical activity can slow the bone loss associated with menopause, reducing the chance of bone fractures and osteoporosis.
Reducing the risk of disease: excess weight can increase the risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes, and regular physical activity can counter these effects.
Boosting mood: being involved in regular activities can improve psychological health, an effect that can be seen at any age and not just during or after
menopause
.
[
54
]
The Melbourne Women's Midlife Health Project followed 438 women over an eight-year period providing evidence showing that even though physical activity was not associated with
vasomotor
symptoms (more commonly known as
hot flashes
) in this cohort at the beginning, women who reported they were physically active every day at the beginning were 49% less likely to have reported bothersome hot flushes. This is in contrast to women whose level of activity decreased and were more likely to experience bothersome hot flushes.
[
55
]
Mental health
Studies have shown that physical activity can improve mental health and well-being.
[
56
]
[
57
]
This improvement is due to an increase in blood flow to the brain, allowing for the release of hormones as well as a decrease of stress hormone levels in the body (e.g.,
cortisol
,
adrenaline
) while also stimulating the human body's mood boosters and natural painkillers.
[
58
]
Not only does exercise release these feel-good hormones, it can also help relieve stress and help build confidence.
[
59
]
The same way exercising can help humans to have a healthier life, it also can improve sleep quality. Based on studies, even 10 minutes of exercise per day can help insomnia.
[
60
]
These trends improve as physical activity is performed on a consistent basis, which makes exercise effective in relieving symptoms of depression and anxiety, positively impacting mental health and bringing about several other benefits. For example:
[
61
]
Physical activity has been linked to the alleviation of depression and anxiety symptoms.
[
56
]
In patients with schizophrenia, physical fitness has been shown to improve their quality of life and decrease the effects of schizophrenia.
[
62
]
Being fit can improve one's self-esteem, as seen in the University of Tabriz's study.
[
63
]
Working out can improve one's mental alertness and it can reduce fatigue.
[
64
]
Studies, such as the one performed at The University of Chicago's Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, have shown a reduction in stress levels.
[
65
]
Increased opportunity for social interaction, allowing for improved social skills
[
61
]
To achieve some of these benefits, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests at least 30–60 minutes of exercise 3-5 times a week.
[
66
]
Different forms of exercise have been proven to improve mental health and reduce the risk of depression, anxiety, and suicide.
[
67
]
Benefits of Exercise on Mental health include ... Improved sleep, Stress relief, Improvement in mood, Increased energy and stamina, Reduced tiredness that can increase mental alertness. There are beneficial effects for mental health as well as physical health when it comes to exercise.
[
68
]
History
Ladies performing a common 19th-century fitness routine including climbing the underside of a ladder, balancing and gymnastics
In the 1940s, an emigrant M.D. from Austria named
Hans Kraus
began testing children in the U.S. and Europe for what he termed, "Muscular Fitness." (in other words, muscular functionality) Through his testing, he found children in the U.S. to be far less physically capable than European children. Kraus published some alarming papers in various journals and got the attention of some powerful people, including a senator from Pennsylvania who took the findings to President Dwight D. Eisenhower. President Eisenhower was "shocked." He set up a series of conferences and committees; then in July 1956, Eisenhower established the President's Council on Youth Fitness.
In Greece, physical fitness was considered to be an essential component of a healthy life and it was the norm for men to frequent a
gymnasium
. Physical fitness regimes were also considered to be of paramount importance in a nation's ability to train soldiers for an effective military force. Partly for these reasons, organized fitness regimes have been in existence throughout known history and evidence of them can be found in many countries.
Gymnasiums which would seem familiar today began to become increasingly common in the 19th century. The industrial revolution had led to a more
sedentary lifestyle
for many people and there was an increased awareness that this had the potential to be harmful to health. This was a key motivating factor for the forming of a
physical culture
movement, especially in Europe and the USA. This movement advocated increased levels of physical fitness for men, women, and children and sought to do so through various forms of indoor and outdoor activity, and education. In many ways, it laid the foundations for modern fitness culture.
[
69
]
Education
The following is a list of some institutions that educate people about physical fitness:
American Council on Exercise
(ACE)
National Academy of Sports Medicine
(NASM)
International Sports Science Association
(ISSA)
See also
20th century women's fitness culture
Bodybuilding
– Control and development of musculature
Fitness fashion
– Sociocultural phenomenon surrounding exercise and physical fitness
Fitness professional
Fundamental movement skill
– Learned ability involving specific body movements for a task
Healthy diet
– Type of diet
History of physical training and fitness
– Historical physical training methods
Outline of exercise
– Exercise = Physical activity that improves health
Personal trainer
– Individual who provides others with fitness training and instruction
Power training
– Common type of speed and strength training
Thermoregulation in humans
– Aspect of homeostasis
Unilateral exercise
– Single limb physical exercise
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"Physical Fitness History"
.
External links
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness)
- [1 Overview](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#Overview)
- [2 Activity guidelines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#Activity_guidelines)
- [3 Exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#Exercise)
Toggle Exercise subsection
- [3\.1 Aerobic exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#Aerobic_exercise)
- [3\.2 Anaerobic exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#Anaerobic_exercise)
- [4 Forms of training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#Forms_of_training)
Toggle Forms of training subsection
- [4\.1 Task-specific training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#Task-specific_training)
- [4\.2 High intensity interval training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#High_intensity_interval_training)
- [5 Effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#Effects)
Toggle Effects subsection
- [5\.1 Controlling blood pressure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#Controlling_blood_pressure)
- [5\.2 Cancer prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#Cancer_prevention)
- [5\.3 Inflammation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#Inflammation)
- [5\.4 Immune system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#Immune_system)
- [5\.5 Weight control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#Weight_control)
- [5\.6 Menopause and physical fitness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#Menopause_and_physical_fitness)
- [5\.7 Mental health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#Mental_health)
- [6 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#History)
- [7 Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#Education)
- [8 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#See_also)
- [9 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#References)
- [10 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#External_links)
Toggle the table of contents
# Physical fitness
62 languages
- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiksheid "Fiksheid – Afrikaans")
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9 "لياقة بدنية – Arabic")
- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness "Fitness – Asturian")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitnes "Fitnes – Azerbaijani")
- [Башҡортса](https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81 "Фитнес – Bashkir")
- [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness "Fitness – Balinese")
- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C "Фізычная падрыхтаванасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)")
- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81 "Фітнес – Belarusian")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81 "Фитнес – Bulgarian")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE "শারীরিক সক্ষমতা – Bangla")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dka_vje%C5%BEba "Fizička vježba – Bosnian")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitnes "Fitnes – Catalan")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B4%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%A9%DB%8C "لەشڕێکی – Central Kurdish")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness "Fitness – Czech")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness "Fitness – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness "Fitness – German")
- [Zazaki](https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness "Fitness – Dimli")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika_ta%C5%ADgeco "Fizika taŭgeco – Esperanto")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness "Fitness – Spanish")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness "Fitness – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C "آمادگی جسمانی – Persian")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condition_physique "Condition physique – French")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foll%C3%A1ine_cholainne "Folláine cholainne – Irish")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forma_f%C3%ADsica "Forma física – Galician")
- [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafiyar_jiki "Lafiyar jiki – Hausa")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99 "כושר גופני – Hebrew")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE "शारीरिक स्वस्थता – Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondicija "Kondicija – Croatian")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD "Ֆիտնես – Armenian")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebugaran "Kebugaran – Indonesian")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_\(sport\) "Fitness (sport) – Italian")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9 "フィットネス – Japanese")
- [Patois](https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizikal_fitnis "Fizikal fitnis – Jamaican Creole English")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4 "피트니스 – Korean")
- [Кыргызча](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81 "Фитнес – Kyrgyz")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitas_physica "Habilitas physica – Latin")
- [ລາວ](https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%87 "ຄວາມແຂງແຮງ – Lao")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengvasis_kult%C5%ABrizmas "Lengvasis kultūrizmas – Lithuanian")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizisk%C4%81_sagatavot%C4%ABba "Fiziskā sagatavotība – Latvian")
- [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81 "Фитнес – Macedonian")
- [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4 "ശാരീരികക്ഷമത – Malayalam")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecergasan_fizikal "Kecergasan fizikal – Malay")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness "Fitness – Dutch")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condicion_fisica "Condicion fisica – Occitan")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprawno%C5%9B%C4%87_fizyczna "Sprawność fizyczna – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptid%C3%A3o_f%C3%ADsica "Aptidão física – Portuguese")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness "Fitness – Romanian")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81 "Фитнес – Russian")
- [සිංහල](https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80 "ශාරීරික යෝග්යතාව – Sinhala")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness "Physical fitness – Simple English")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitnes "Fitnes – Slovak")
- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telesna_pripravljenost "Telesna pripravljenost – Slovenian")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dki_fitnes "Fizički fitnes – Serbian")
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
State of health and well-being
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USMC-Rich_Froning_Jr.jpg)
Physical fitness is achieved through [exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_exercise "Physical exercise"), among other factors. Photo shows [Rich Froning Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Froning_Jr. "Rich Froning Jr."), four-time winner of ["Fittest Man on Earth"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrossFit_Games "CrossFit Games") title.
**Physical fitness** is a state of [health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health "Health") and [well-being](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-being "Well-being") and, more specifically, the ability to perform aspects of [sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_sports "Outline of sports"), occupations, and daily activities. Physical fitness is generally achieved through proper [nutrition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition "Nutrition"),[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-1) moderate-vigorous [physical exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_exercise "Physical exercise"),[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-2) and sufficient rest along with a formal recovery plan.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-3)
Before the [Industrial Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution "Industrial Revolution"), fitness was defined as the capacity to carry out the day's activities without undue fatigue or lethargy. However, with automation and changes in lifestyles, physical fitness is now considered a measure of the body's ability to function efficiently and effectively in work and leisure activities, to be healthy, to resist [hypokinetic diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokinetic_diseases "Hypokinetic diseases"), to improve immune system function, and to meet emergency situations.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-4)
## Overview
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Take_a_Pride_in_Being_Fighting_Fit_Art.IWMPST2889.jpg)
British World War II army fitness poster
Fitness is defined as the quality or state of being fit and healthy.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-5) Around 1950, perhaps consistent with the [Industrial Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution "Industrial Revolution") and the treatise of World War II, the term "fitness" increased in western vernacular by a factor of ten.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-6) The modern definition of fitness describes either a person or machine's ability to perform a specific function or a holistic definition of human adaptability to cope with various situations. This has led to an interrelation of human fitness and [physical attractiveness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_attractiveness "Physical attractiveness") that has mobilized global fitness and fitness equipment industries. Regarding specific function, fitness is attributed to persons who possess significant [aerobic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_exercise "Aerobic exercise") or [anaerobic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_exercise "Anaerobic exercise") ability (i.e., endurance or strength). A well-rounded fitness program improves a person in all aspects of fitness compared to practicing only one, such as only cardio/respiratory or only weight training.
A comprehensive fitness program tailored to an individual typically focuses on one or more specific skills,[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-7) and on age-[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-8) or health-related needs such as [bone health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_health "Bone health").[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-9) Many sources[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-10) also cite [mental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health "Mental health"), [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_health "Social health") and [emotional health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_health "Emotional health") as an important part of overall fitness. This is often presented in textbooks as a [triangle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle "Triangle") made up of three points, which represent physical, emotional, and mental fitness. Physical fitness has been shown to have benefits in preventing ill health and assisting recovery from injury or illness. Along with the physical health [benefits of fitness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefits_of_physical_activity "Benefits of physical activity"), it has also been shown to have a positive impact on [mental health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health "Mental health") as well by assisting in treating [anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety "Anxiety") and [depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_\(mood\) "Depression (mood)").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-11) Physical fitness can also prevent or treat many other [chronic health conditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_condition "Chronic condition") brought on by unhealthy [lifestyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifestyle_\(sociology\) "Lifestyle (sociology)") or aging as well and has been listed frequently as one of the most popular and advantageous self-care therapies.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-12) Working out can also help some people sleep better by building up sleeping pressure and possibly alleviate some mood disorders in certain individuals.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-how-13)
Developing research has demonstrated that many of exercise's benefits are mediated through the role of skeletal muscle as an [endocrine organ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_organ "Endocrine organ"). That is, contracting muscles release multiple substances known as [myokines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myokine "Myokine"), which promote the growth of new tissue, tissue repair, and various anti-inflammatory functions, which in turn reduce the risk of developing various inflammatory diseases.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-14)
## Activity guidelines
The 2018 [Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_for_Americans "Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans") were released by the [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services "United States Department of Health and Human Services") to provide science-based guidance for people ages 3 years and older to improve their health by participating in regular physical activity. These guidelines recommend that all adults should move more and sit less throughout the day to improve health-related quality of life including mental, emotional, and physical health. For substantial health benefits, adults should perform at least 150 to 300 minutes of moderate-intensity, or 75 to 150 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of both spread throughout the week.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-15) The recommendation for physical activity to occur in bouts of at least 10 minutes has been eliminated, as new research suggests that bouts of any length contribute to the health benefits linked to the accumulated volume of physical activity. Additional health benefits may be achieved by engaging in more than 300 minutes (5 hours) of moderate-intensity physical activity per week. Adults should also do muscle-strengthening activities that are of moderate or greater intensity and involve all major muscle groups on two or more days a week, as these activities provide additional health benefits.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-16)
Guidelines in the United Kingdom released in July 2011 include the following points: The intensity at which a person exercises is key, and light activity such as [strolling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strolling "Strolling") and [house work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_work "House work") is unlikely to have much positive impact on the health of most people. For aerobic exercise to be beneficial, it must raise the [heart rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate "Heart rate") and cause [perspiration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspiration "Perspiration"). A person should do a minimum of 150 minutes a week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. There are more health benefits gained if a person exercises beyond 150 minutes. Sedentary time (time spent not standing, such as when on a chair or in bed) is bad for a person's health, and no amount of exercise can negate the effects of sitting for too long. These guidelines are now much more in line with those used in the U.S., which also includes recommendations for [muscle-building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_building "Muscle building") and bone-strengthening activities such as [lifting weights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_training "Weight training") and [yoga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga "Yoga").[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-17)
## Exercise
Main article: [Exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise "Exercise")
### Aerobic exercise
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barbora_Zahlavova_Strycova_San_Diego.jpg)
Playing sports such as [lawn tennis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_tennis "Lawn tennis") is a common way to maintain/improve physical fitness. Image shows international tennis player [Barbora Strýcová](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbora_Str%C3%BDcov%C3%A1 "Barbora Strýcová").
[Cardiorespiratory fitness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiorespiratory_fitness "Cardiorespiratory fitness") can be measured using [VO2 max](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VO2_max "VO2 max"), a measure of the amount of oxygen the body can uptake and utilize.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-r27-18)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-pmid23025219-19) Aerobic exercise, which improves cardiorespiratory fitness and increase stamina, involves movement that increases the heart rate to improve the body's oxygen consumption. This form of exercise is an important part of all training regiments, whether for professional athletes or for the everyday person.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-20)
Prominent examples of aerobic exercises include:
- [Jogging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogging "Jogging") – Running at a steady and gentle pace. This form of exercise is great for maintaining weight and building a cardiovascular base to later perform more intense exercises.
- Working on [elliptical trainer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptical_trainer "Elliptical trainer") – This is a stationary [exercise machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_machine "Exercise machine") used to perform [walking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking "Walking"), or [running](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running "Running") without causing excessive stress on the joints. This form of exercise is perfect for people with achy hips, knees, and ankles.
- [Walking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking "Walking") – Moving at a fairly regular pace for a short, medium or long distance.
- [Treadmill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadmill "Treadmill") training – Many treadmills have programs set up that offer numerous different workout plans. One effective cardiovascular activity would be to switch between running and walking. Typically [warm up](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warming_up "Warming up") first by walking and then switch off between walking for three minutes and running for three minutes.
- [Swimming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_swimming "Human swimming") – Using the arms and legs to keep oneself afloat in water and moving either forwards or backward. This is a good full-body exercise for those who are looking to strengthen their core while improving cardiovascular endurance.
- [Cycling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling "Cycling") – Riding a bicycle typically involves longer distances than walking or jogging. This is another low-impact exercise on the joints and is great for improving leg strength.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-r29-21)
### Anaerobic exercise
Main article: [Anaerobic exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_exercise "Anaerobic exercise")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mann_mit_ausgepr%C3%A4gten_Muskeln_am_Arm.jpg)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amanda_Fran%C3%A7ozo_At_The_Runner_Sports-5.jpg)
A man and a woman doing [weight training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_training "Weight training") at a [health club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_club "Health club")
Anaerobic exercise features high-intensity movements performed in a short period of time. It is a fast, high-intensity exercise that does not require the body to utilize oxygen to produce energy. It helps to promote strength, [endurance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance "Endurance"), speed, and power; and is used by bodybuilders to build workout intensity. Anaerobic exercises are thought to increase the [metabolic rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_rate "Metabolic rate"), thereby allowing one to burn additional calories as the body recovers from exercise due to an increase in body temperature and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) after the exercise ended.
Prominent examples of anaerobic exercises include:
- [Weight training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_training "Weight training") – A common type of [strength training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_training "Strength training") for developing the strength and size of skeletal muscles.
- [Isometric exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometric_exercise "Isometric exercise") – Helps to maintain strength. A muscle action in which no visible movement occurs and the resistance matches the muscular tension.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-22)
- [Sprinting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprinting "Sprinting") – Running short distances as fast as possible, training for muscle explosiveness.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-23)
- [Interval training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_training "Interval training") – Alternating short bursts (lasting around 30 seconds) of intense activity with longer intervals (three to four minutes) of less intense activity. This type of activity also builds speed and endurance.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-24)
## Forms of training
See also: [List of exercise activities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_exercise_activities "List of exercise activities")
### Task-specific training
Task-specific, also known as task-oriented, fitness refers to a person's ability to perform in a specific activity, such as sports or [military service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_service "Military service"), efficiently. Task-specific training prepares athletes to perform well in their sport through the training of the same, or closely associated, actions. These include:
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Participants_with_the_Water_Warrior_class_perform_squats_prior_to_entering_the_pool_at_Camp_Foster,_Okinawa,_Japan,_July_6,_2011_110706-M-VD776-004_\(cropped\).jpg)
Swimmers in [competitive swimwear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_swimwear "Competitive swimwear") perform [squats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squat_\(exercise\) "Squat (exercise)") prior to entering the pool in a U.S. military base, 2011.
- [100 m sprint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_m_sprint "100 m sprint"): In a sprint, the athlete must be trained to work anaerobically throughout the race, an example of how to do this would be interval training.
- [Century ride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_ride "Century ride"): Cyclists must be prepared aerobically for a bike ride of 100 miles or more.
- [Middle distance running](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_distance_running "Middle distance running"): Athletes require both speed and endurance to gain benefit out of this training. The hard-working muscles are at their peak for a longer period of time as they are being used at that level for the longer period of time.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-25)
- [Marathon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon "Marathon"): In this case, the athlete must be trained to work aerobically, and their endurance must be built-up to a maximum.
- Many firefighters and police officers undergo regular [fitness testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness_test "Physical fitness test") to determine if they are capable of the physically demanding tasks required of the job.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-26)
- Members of [armed forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_forces "Armed forces") are often required to pass a formal fitness test. For example, soldiers of the [U.S. Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army "U.S. Army") must be able to pass the [Army Physical Fitness Test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Physical_Fitness_Test "Army Physical Fitness Test") (APFT).[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-27)
- Hill sprints: Requires a high level of fitness to begin with; the exercise is particularly good for the leg muscles. The Army often trains to do mountain climbing and races.
- [Plyometric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plyometrics "Plyometrics") and [isometric exercises](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometric_exercise "Isometric exercise"): An excellent way to build strength and increase muscular endurance.
- Sand running creates less strain on leg muscles than running on grass or concrete. This is because sand collapses beneath the foot, which softens the landing. Sand training is an effective way to lose weight and become fit, as more effort is needed (one and a half times more) to run on the soft sand than on a hard surface.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-28)
- [Aquajogging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquajogging "Aquajogging") is a form of exercise that decreases strain on joints and bones.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-29) The water supplies minimal impact to muscles and bones due to the buoyancy of the water offsetting body weight , which is good for those recovering from injury.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-30) Furthermore, the resistance of the water as one jogs through it provides an enhanced effect of exercise (the deeper you are, the greater the force needed to pull your leg through).[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-31)
- [Swimming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_\(sport\) "Swimming (sport)"): [Squatting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squat_\(exercise\) "Squat (exercise)") exercise helps in enhancing a swimmer's start.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-32)
For physical fitness activity to benefit an individual, the exertion must trigger a sufficient amount of stimuli. Exercise with the correct amount of intensity, duration, and frequency can produce a significant amount of improvement. The person may overall feel better, but the physical effects on the human body take weeks or months to notice—and possibly years for full development. For training purposes, exercise must provide a stress or demand on either a function or tissue. To continue improvements, this demand must eventually increase little over an extended period of time. This sort of exercise training has three basic principles: overload, specificity, and progression. These principles are related to health but also enhancement of physical working capacity.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-Blair-33) A structured warm-up routine is also considered important for injury prevention and optimal performance, particularly in multi-discipline events that combine endurance and strength components.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-34)
### High intensity interval training
Main article: [High-intensity interval training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-intensity_interval_training "High-intensity interval training")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jason.Khalipa.CrossFitGames.2014.jpg)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Annie_Thorisdottir_Pushing_the_Sled_in_2011_\(cropped\).jpg)
A man and a woman participating in high intensity events during a fitness competition
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) consists of repeated, short bursts of exercise, completed at a high level of intensity. These sets of intense activity are followed by a predetermined time of rest or low-intensity activity.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-35) Studies have shown that exercising at a higher intensity can have the effect of increasing cardiac benefits for humans when compared with exercising at a low or moderate level.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-36) When one's workout consists of a HIIT session, their body has to work harder to replace the oxygen it lost. Research into the benefits of HIIT have shown that it can be very successful for reducing fat, especially around the abdominal region.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-37) Furthermore, when compared to continuous moderate exercise, HIIT proves to burn more calories and increase the amount of fat burned post- HIIT session.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-38) Lack of time is one of the main reasons stated for not exercising; HIIT is a great alternative for those people because the duration of a HIIT session can be as short as 10 minutes, making it much quicker than conventional workouts.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-39)
## Effects
Main article: [Exercise physiology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_physiology "Exercise physiology")
### Controlling blood pressure
Physical fitness has been proven to support the body's blood pressure. Staying active and exercising regularly builds a stronger heart. The heart is the main organ in charge of [systolic blood pressure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systole "Systole") and [diastolic blood pressure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastolic_blood_pressure "Diastolic blood pressure"). Engaging in a physical activity raises blood pressure. Once the subject stops the activity, the blood pressure returns to normal. The more physical activity, the easier this process becomes, resulting in a fitter cardiovascular profile.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-40) Through regular physical fitness, it becomes easier to create a rise in blood pressure. This lowers the force on the arteries, and lowers the overall blood pressure.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-41)
### Cancer prevention
Centers for disease control and prevention provide lifestyle guidelines for maintaining a balanced diet and engaging in physical activity to reduce the risk of disease. The WCRF/ [American Institute for Cancer Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_for_Cancer_Research "American Institute for Cancer Research") (AICR) published a list of recommendations that reflect the dietary and exercise behaviors which are proven to reduce incidence of cancer.
The WCRF/AICR recommendations include the following:
- Be as lean as possible without becoming underweight.
- Each week, adults should engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity.
- Children should engage in at least one hour of moderate or vigorous physical activity each week.
- Be physically active for at least thirty minutes every day.
- Avoid [sugar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar "Sugar"), and limit the consumption of energy-packed foods.
- Balance one's diet with a variety of vegetables, grains, fruits, legumes, etc.
- Limit [sodium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium "Sodium") intake and the consumption of [red meats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_meat "Red meat") and [processed meats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processed_meat "Processed meat").
- Limit alcoholic drinks to two for men and one for women a day.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-auto-42)
These recommendations are also widely supported by the [American Cancer Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cancer_Society "American Cancer Society"). The guidelines have been evaluated and individuals who have higher guideline adherence scores have substantially reduced cancer risk as well as improved outcomes of a multitude of chronic health problems. Regular physical activity is a factor that helps reduce an individual's blood pressure and improves cholesterol levels, two key components that correlate with heart disease and [type 2 diabetes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes "Type 2 diabetes").[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-43) The American Cancer Society encourages the public to "adopt a physically active lifestyle" by meeting the criteria in a variety of physical activities such as hiking, swimming, circuit training, resistance training, lifting, etc. It is understood that cancer is not a disease that can be cured by physical fitness alone, however, because it is a multifactorial disease, physical fitness is a controllable prevention. The large associations between physical fitness and reduced cancer risk are enough to provide a strategy of preventative interventions.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-auto-42) The American Cancer Society asserts different levels of activity ranging from moderate to vigorous to clarify the recommended time spent on a physical activity. These classifications of physical activity consider intentional exercise and basic activities performed on a daily basis and give the public a greater understanding of what fitness levels suffice as future disease prevention.
### Inflammation
Studies have shown an association between increased physical activity and reduced inflammation.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-44) It produces both a short-term inflammatory response and a long-term anti-inflammatory effect.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-45) Physical activity reduces inflammation in conjunction with or independent of changes in body weight.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-46) However, the mechanisms linking physical activity to inflammation are unknown.
### Immune system
Physical activity boosts the [immune system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system "Immune system"). This is dependent on the concentration of endogenous factors (such as [sex hormones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_hormone "Sex hormone"), metabolic hormones and [growth hormones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone "Growth hormone")), body temperature, blood flow, hydration status and body position.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-47) Physical activity has been shown to increase the levels of natural killer (NK) cells, NK T cells, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils, complements, cytokines, antibodies and T cytotoxic cells.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-48)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-49) However, the mechanism linking physical activity to immune system is not fully understood.
### Weight control
Main article: [Weight control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_control "Weight control")
See also: [Healthy diet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy_diet "Healthy diet")
Achieving resilience through physical fitness promotes a vast and complex range of health-related benefits. Individuals who keep up physical fitness levels generally regulate their distribution of body fat and prevent obesity. Studies prove that running uses calories in the body that come from the macronutrients eaten daily. In order for the body to be able to run, it will use those ingested calories, therefore it will burn calories.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-50) Abdominal fat, specifically visceral fat, is most directly affected by engaging in aerobic exercise. Strength training has been known to increase the amount of muscle in the body, however, it can also reduce body fat.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-r28-51) Sex steroid hormones, insulin, and appropriate immune responses are factors that mediate metabolism in relation to abdominal fat. Therefore, physical fitness provides weight control through regulation of these bodily functions.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-52)
### Menopause and physical fitness
[Menopause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause "Menopause") is often said to have occurred when a woman has had no vaginal bleeding for over a year since her last [menstrual cycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cycle "Menstrual cycle"). There are a number of symptoms connected to menopause, most of which can affect the quality of life of a woman involved in this stage of her life. One way to reduce the severity of the symptoms is to exercise and keep a healthy level of fitness. Prior to and during menopause, as the female body changes, there can be physical, physiological or internal changes to the body. These changes can be reduced or even prevented with regular exercise. These changes include:[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-53)
- Preventing weight gain: around menopause women tend to experience a reduction in muscle mass and an increase in fat levels. Increasing the amount of physical exercise undertaken can help to prevent these changes.
- Reducing the risk of [breast cancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer "Breast cancer"): weight loss from regular exercise may offer protection from breast cancer.
- Strengthening bones: physical activity can slow the bone loss associated with menopause, reducing the chance of bone fractures and osteoporosis.
- Reducing the risk of disease: excess weight can increase the risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes, and regular physical activity can counter these effects.
- Boosting mood: being involved in regular activities can improve psychological health, an effect that can be seen at any age and not just during or after [menopause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause "Menopause").[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-54)
The Melbourne Women's Midlife Health Project followed 438 women over an eight-year period providing evidence showing that even though physical activity was not associated with [vasomotor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasomotor "Vasomotor") symptoms (more commonly known as [hot flashes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_flashes "Hot flashes")) in this cohort at the beginning, women who reported they were physically active every day at the beginning were 49% less likely to have reported bothersome hot flushes. This is in contrast to women whose level of activity decreased and were more likely to experience bothersome hot flushes.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-55)
### Mental health
Main article: [Neurobiological effects of physical exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise "Neurobiological effects of physical exercise")
See also: [Mental health § Physical activity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health#Physical_activity "Mental health")
Studies have shown that physical activity can improve mental health and well-being.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-Callaghan_2004-56)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-57) This improvement is due to an increase in blood flow to the brain, allowing for the release of hormones as well as a decrease of stress hormone levels in the body (e.g., [cortisol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol "Cortisol"), [adrenaline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenaline "Adrenaline")) while also stimulating the human body's mood boosters and natural painkillers.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-58) Not only does exercise release these feel-good hormones, it can also help relieve stress and help build confidence.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-59) The same way exercising can help humans to have a healthier life, it also can improve sleep quality. Based on studies, even 10 minutes of exercise per day can help insomnia.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-60) These trends improve as physical activity is performed on a consistent basis, which makes exercise effective in relieving symptoms of depression and anxiety, positively impacting mental health and bringing about several other benefits. For example:[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-Sharma_2006-61)
- Physical activity has been linked to the alleviation of depression and anxiety symptoms.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-Callaghan_2004-56)
- In patients with schizophrenia, physical fitness has been shown to improve their quality of life and decrease the effects of schizophrenia.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-62)
- Being fit can improve one's self-esteem, as seen in the University of Tabriz's study.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-63)
- Working out can improve one's mental alertness and it can reduce fatigue.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-64)
- Studies, such as the one performed at The University of Chicago's Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, have shown a reduction in stress levels.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-65)
- Increased opportunity for social interaction, allowing for improved social skills[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-Sharma_2006-61)
To achieve some of these benefits, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests at least 30–60 minutes of exercise 3-5 times a week.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-66)
- Different forms of exercise have been proven to improve mental health and reduce the risk of depression, anxiety, and suicide.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-67)
- Benefits of Exercise on Mental health include ... Improved sleep, Stress relief, Improvement in mood, Increased energy and stamina, Reduced tiredness that can increase mental alertness. There are beneficial effects for mental health as well as physical health when it comes to exercise.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-68)
## History
See also: [History of physical training and fitness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_physical_training_and_fitness "History of physical training and fitness")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calisthenics,_1867._Granger_Collection.jpg)
Ladies performing a common 19th-century fitness routine including climbing the underside of a ladder, balancing and gymnastics
In the 1940s, an emigrant M.D. from Austria named [Hans Kraus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kraus "Hans Kraus") began testing children in the U.S. and Europe for what he termed, "Muscular Fitness." (in other words, muscular functionality) Through his testing, he found children in the U.S. to be far less physically capable than European children. Kraus published some alarming papers in various journals and got the attention of some powerful people, including a senator from Pennsylvania who took the findings to President Dwight D. Eisenhower. President Eisenhower was "shocked." He set up a series of conferences and committees; then in July 1956, Eisenhower established the President's Council on Youth Fitness.
In Greece, physical fitness was considered to be an essential component of a healthy life and it was the norm for men to frequent a [gymnasium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_\(ancient_Greece\) "Gymnasium (ancient Greece)"). Physical fitness regimes were also considered to be of paramount importance in a nation's ability to train soldiers for an effective military force. Partly for these reasons, organized fitness regimes have been in existence throughout known history and evidence of them can be found in many countries.
Gymnasiums which would seem familiar today began to become increasingly common in the 19th century. The industrial revolution had led to a more [sedentary lifestyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle "Sedentary lifestyle") for many people and there was an increased awareness that this had the potential to be harmful to health. This was a key motivating factor for the forming of a [physical culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_culture "Physical culture") movement, especially in Europe and the USA. This movement advocated increased levels of physical fitness for men, women, and children and sought to do so through various forms of indoor and outdoor activity, and education. In many ways, it laid the foundations for modern fitness culture.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-69)
## Education
See also: [Physical education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_education "Physical education")
The following is a list of some institutions that educate people about physical fitness:
- [American Council on Exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Council_on_Exercise&action=edit&redlink=1 "American Council on Exercise (page does not exist)") (ACE)
- [National Academy of Sports Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sports_Medicine "National Academy of Sports Medicine") (NASM)
- [International Sports Science Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Sports_Sciences_Association "International Sports Sciences Association") (ISSA)
## See also
- [20th century women's fitness culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_century_women%27s_fitness_culture "20th century women's fitness culture")
- [Bodybuilding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding "Bodybuilding") – Control and development of musculature
- [Fitness fashion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_fashion "Fitness fashion") – Sociocultural phenomenon surrounding exercise and physical fitnessPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
- [Fitness professional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_professional "Fitness professional")
- [Fundamental movement skill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_movement_skill "Fundamental movement skill") – Learned ability involving specific body movements for a taskPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
- [Healthy diet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy_diet "Healthy diet") – Type of diet
- [History of physical training and fitness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_physical_training_and_fitness "History of physical training and fitness") – Historical physical training methods
- [Outline of exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_exercise "Outline of exercise") – Exercise = Physical activity that improves health
- [Personal trainer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_trainer "Personal trainer") – Individual who provides others with fitness training and instruction
- [Power training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_training "Power training") – Common type of speed and strength training
- [Thermoregulation in humans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoregulation_in_humans "Thermoregulation in humans") – Aspect of homeostasisPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
- [Unilateral exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateral_exercise "Unilateral exercise") – Single limb physical exercisePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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| Types | |
| | |
| [Aerobic exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_exercise "Aerobic exercise") | [Aerobics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobics "Aerobics") [Cycling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling "Cycling") [Dancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing "Dancing") [Distance running](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_running "Long-distance running") [Endurance training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_training "Endurance training") [Hiking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiking "Hiking") [Jogging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogging "Jogging") [Running](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running "Running") [Swimming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming "Swimming") [Walking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking "Walking") [Nordic walking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_walking "Nordic walking") [Yoga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga "Yoga") [Yoga as exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise "Yoga as exercise") |
| [Anaerobic exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_exercise "Anaerobic exercise") | [High-intensity interval training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-intensity_interval_training "High-intensity interval training") [Sprinting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_\(running\) "Sprint (running)") [Strength training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_training "Strength training") [Bodybuilding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding "Bodybuilding") [Bodyweight exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodyweight_exercise "Bodyweight exercise") [Flywheel training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheel_training "Flywheel training") [Suspension training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_training "Suspension training") [Weight training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_training "Weight training") [Weightlifting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting "Weightlifting") |
| Other | [Athletic training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_training "Athletic training") [Calisthenics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calisthenics "Calisthenics") [Circuit training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_training "Circuit training") [Climbing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing "Climbing") [Cross-training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-training "Cross-training") [Interval training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_training "Interval training") [Muscle hypertrophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_hypertrophy "Muscle hypertrophy") [Outdoor fitness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_fitness "Outdoor fitness") [Physical therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_therapy "Physical therapy") [Sport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport "Sport") [List of sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sports "List of sports") [Stretching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretching "Stretching") [Yoga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise "Yoga as exercise") |
| Related | [Abdominal exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_exercise "Abdominal exercise") [Brain training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_training "Brain training") [Burpee (exercise)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burpee_\(exercise\) "Burpee (exercise)") [Epigenetics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics_of_physical_exercise "Epigenetics of physical exercise") [Exercise and music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_and_music "Exercise and music") [Exercise ball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_ball "Exercise ball") [Exercise dress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_dress "Exercise dress") [Exercise equipment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_equipment "Exercise equipment") [Exercise intolerance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_intolerance "Exercise intolerance") [Exercise mimetic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_mimetic "Exercise mimetic") [Exercise physiology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_physiology "Exercise physiology") [Neurobiological effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise "Neurobiological effects of physical exercise") [Exercise prescription](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_prescription "Exercise prescription") [Exercise trends](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_trends "Exercise trends") [Exercise-induced anaphylaxis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise-induced_anaphylaxis "Exercise-induced anaphylaxis") [Exercise-induced nausea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise-induced_nausea "Exercise-induced nausea") [Fitness app](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_app "Fitness app") [Fitness culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_culture "Fitness culture") [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_physical_training_and_fitness "History of physical training and fitness") [Incremental exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incremental_exercise "Incremental exercise") [Isometric exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometric_exercise "Isometric exercise") [Kegel exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kegel_exercise "Kegel exercise") [Lunge (exercise)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunge_\(exercise\) "Lunge (exercise)") [Non-exercise activity thermogenesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-exercise_activity_thermogenesis "Non-exercise activity thermogenesis") [Outline of exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_exercise "Outline of exercise") [Physical culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_culture "Physical culture") [Physical fitness]() [Plank (exercise)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plank_\(exercise\) "Plank (exercise)") [Push-down (exercise)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push-down_\(exercise\) "Push-down (exercise)") [Rebound exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_exercise "Rebound exercise") [Squat (exercise)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squat_\(exercise\) "Squat (exercise)") [Vacuum exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_exercise "Vacuum exercise") |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Physical_exercise "Category:Physical exercise") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Virtues "Template:Virtues") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Virtues "Template talk:Virtues") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues "Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues")[Virtues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue "Virtue") | |
|---|---|
| About virtues | [Endowment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endowment_\(philosophy\) "Endowment (philosophy)") [Moral character](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_character "Moral character") *[Nicomachean Ethics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics "Nicomachean Ethics")* [Positive psychology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_psychology "Positive psychology") [Trait theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait_theory "Trait theory") [Virtue ethics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_ethics "Virtue ethics") |
| Virtue families | *[Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81 "Bodhipakkhiyādhammā")* *[Brahmavihārās](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmavihara "Brahmavihara")* *[Bushidō](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushido "Bushido")* [Catalogue of Vices and Virtues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Vices_and_Virtues "Catalogue of Vices and Virtues") [Civic virtue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_virtue "Civic virtue") *[Emi Omo Eso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi_Omo_Eso "Emi Omo Eso")* [Epistemic virtues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemic_virtue "Epistemic virtue") [Five virtues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_virtues "Five virtues") [Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles_and_Eight_Virtues "Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues") [Intellectual virtues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Intellectual_virtue "Aristotelian ethics") [Moral virtues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Moral_virtue "Aristotelian ethics") [Nine Noble Virtues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Noble_Virtues "Nine Noble Virtues") *[Omoluwabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omoluwabi "Omoluwabi")* *[Pāramīs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81 "Pāramitā")* [Prussian virtues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_virtues "Prussian virtues") [Scout Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_Law "Scout Law") [Seven virtues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_virtues "Seven virtues") [Cardinal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_virtues "Cardinal virtues") [Theological](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological_virtues "Theological virtues") [Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers "Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers") [Three Treasures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Treasures_\(Taoism\) "Three Treasures (Taoism)") [Values in Action Inventory of Strengths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values_in_Action_Inventory_of_Strengths "Values in Action Inventory of Strengths") [Yamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamas "Yamas") |
| Individual virtues | |
| | |
| Chinese | *[De](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_\(Chinese\) "De (Chinese)")* *[Jing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jing_\(philosophy\) "Jing (philosophy)")* *[Li](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_\(Confucianism\) "Li (Confucianism)")* *[Ren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_\(philosophy\) "Ren (philosophy)")* *[Yi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_\(philosophy\) "Yi (philosophy)")* |
| Greek | *[Agape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agape "Agape")* *[Arete](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arete "Arete")* *[Ataraxia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataraxia "Ataraxia")* *[Eutrapelia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrapelia "Eutrapelia")* *[Philotimo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philotimo "Philotimo")* *[Phronesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phronesis "Phronesis")* *[Sophia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_\(wisdom\) "Sophia (wisdom)")* *[Sophrosyne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophrosyne "Sophrosyne")* |
| Indian | *[Adhiṭṭhāna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na "Adhiṭṭhāna")* *[Ahimsa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa "Ahimsa")* *[Akrodha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrodha "Akrodha")* *[Aparigraha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-possession "Non-possession")* *[Ārjava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjava "Arjava")* *[Asteya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achourya "Achourya")* *[Brahmacharya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmacharya "Brahmacharya")* *[Dāna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81na "Dāna")* *[Dhṛti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhrti "Dhrti")* *[Hrī](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_\(Buddhism\) "Hrī (Buddhism)")* *[Karuṇā](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81 "Karuṇā")* *[Kshama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshama "Kshama")* *[Kshanti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshanti "Kshanti")* *[Mettā](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB "Maitrī")* *[Muditā](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudita "Mudita")* *[Nishkama Karma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishkama_Karma "Nishkama Karma")* *[Prajñā](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_\(Buddhism\) "Prajñā (Buddhism)")* *[Samatva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samatva "Samatva")* *[Satya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya "Satya")* *[Shaucha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaucha "Shaucha")* *[Sevā](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sev%C4%81 "Sevā")* *[Śraddhā](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism "Faith in Hinduism")*/*[Saddhā](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism "Faith in Buddhism")* *[Upekṣā](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81 "Upekṣā")* *[Vīrya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABrya "Vīrya")* |
| Latin | *[Auctoritas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auctoritas "Auctoritas")* *[Caritas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_\(Christian_virtue\) "Charity (Christian virtue)")* *[Decorum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorum "Decorum")* *[Dignitas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dignitas_\(Roman_concept\) "Dignitas (Roman concept)")* *[Fides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fides_\(deity\) "Fides (deity)")* *[Gravitas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitas "Gravitas")* *[Humanitas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitas "Humanitas")* *[Pietas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietas "Pietas")* *[Virtus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtus "Virtus")* |
| Other | *[Ganbaru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganbaru "Ganbaru")* *[Giri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giri_\(Japanese\) "Giri (Japanese)")* *[Sadaqah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadaqah "Sadaqah")* *[Seny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seny "Seny")* *[Sisu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisu "Sisu")* *[Virtù](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virt%C3%B9 "Virtù")* |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Virtue "Category:Virtue") | |
| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309252#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | |
|---|---|
| International | [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/4071235-7) [FAST](https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1062569) |
| National | [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85101540) [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120257&CON_LNG=ENG) [2](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126834&CON_LNG=ENG) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007546017205171) |
| Other | [NARA](https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10644022) |
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Physical fitness
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| Readable Markdown | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi "This article is semi-protected.")
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USMC-Rich_Froning_Jr.jpg)
Physical fitness is achieved through [exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_exercise "Physical exercise"), among other factors. Photo shows [Rich Froning Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Froning_Jr. "Rich Froning Jr."), four-time winner of ["Fittest Man on Earth"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrossFit_Games "CrossFit Games") title.
**Physical fitness** is a state of [health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health "Health") and [well-being](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-being "Well-being") and, more specifically, the ability to perform aspects of [sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_sports "Outline of sports"), occupations, and daily activities. Physical fitness is generally achieved through proper [nutrition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition "Nutrition"),[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-1) moderate-vigorous [physical exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_exercise "Physical exercise"),[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-2) and sufficient rest along with a formal recovery plan.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-3)
Before the [Industrial Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution "Industrial Revolution"), fitness was defined as the capacity to carry out the day's activities without undue fatigue or lethargy. However, with automation and changes in lifestyles, physical fitness is now considered a measure of the body's ability to function efficiently and effectively in work and leisure activities, to be healthy, to resist [hypokinetic diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokinetic_diseases "Hypokinetic diseases"), to improve immune system function, and to meet emergency situations.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-4)
Overview
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Take_a_Pride_in_Being_Fighting_Fit_Art.IWMPST2889.jpg)
British World War II army fitness poster
Fitness is defined as the quality or state of being fit and healthy.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-5) Around 1950, perhaps consistent with the [Industrial Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution "Industrial Revolution") and the treatise of World War II, the term "fitness" increased in western vernacular by a factor of ten.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-6) The modern definition of fitness describes either a person or machine's ability to perform a specific function or a holistic definition of human adaptability to cope with various situations. This has led to an interrelation of human fitness and [physical attractiveness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_attractiveness "Physical attractiveness") that has mobilized global fitness and fitness equipment industries. Regarding specific function, fitness is attributed to persons who possess significant [aerobic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_exercise "Aerobic exercise") or [anaerobic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_exercise "Anaerobic exercise") ability (i.e., endurance or strength). A well-rounded fitness program improves a person in all aspects of fitness compared to practicing only one, such as only cardio/respiratory or only weight training.
A comprehensive fitness program tailored to an individual typically focuses on one or more specific skills,[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-7) and on age-[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-8) or health-related needs such as [bone health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_health "Bone health").[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-9) Many sources[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-10) also cite [mental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health "Mental health"), [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_health "Social health") and [emotional health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_health "Emotional health") as an important part of overall fitness. This is often presented in textbooks as a [triangle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle "Triangle") made up of three points, which represent physical, emotional, and mental fitness. Physical fitness has been shown to have benefits in preventing ill health and assisting recovery from injury or illness. Along with the physical health [benefits of fitness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefits_of_physical_activity "Benefits of physical activity"), it has also been shown to have a positive impact on [mental health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health "Mental health") as well by assisting in treating [anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety "Anxiety") and [depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_\(mood\) "Depression (mood)").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-11) Physical fitness can also prevent or treat many other [chronic health conditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_condition "Chronic condition") brought on by unhealthy [lifestyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifestyle_\(sociology\) "Lifestyle (sociology)") or aging as well and has been listed frequently as one of the most popular and advantageous self-care therapies.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-12) Working out can also help some people sleep better by building up sleeping pressure and possibly alleviate some mood disorders in certain individuals.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-how-13)
Developing research has demonstrated that many of exercise's benefits are mediated through the role of skeletal muscle as an [endocrine organ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_organ "Endocrine organ"). That is, contracting muscles release multiple substances known as [myokines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myokine "Myokine"), which promote the growth of new tissue, tissue repair, and various anti-inflammatory functions, which in turn reduce the risk of developing various inflammatory diseases.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-14)
Activity guidelines
The 2018 [Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_for_Americans "Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans") were released by the [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services "United States Department of Health and Human Services") to provide science-based guidance for people ages 3 years and older to improve their health by participating in regular physical activity. These guidelines recommend that all adults should move more and sit less throughout the day to improve health-related quality of life including mental, emotional, and physical health. For substantial health benefits, adults should perform at least 150 to 300 minutes of moderate-intensity, or 75 to 150 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of both spread throughout the week.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-15) The recommendation for physical activity to occur in bouts of at least 10 minutes has been eliminated, as new research suggests that bouts of any length contribute to the health benefits linked to the accumulated volume of physical activity. Additional health benefits may be achieved by engaging in more than 300 minutes (5 hours) of moderate-intensity physical activity per week. Adults should also do muscle-strengthening activities that are of moderate or greater intensity and involve all major muscle groups on two or more days a week, as these activities provide additional health benefits.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-16)
Guidelines in the United Kingdom released in July 2011 include the following points: The intensity at which a person exercises is key, and light activity such as [strolling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strolling "Strolling") and [house work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_work "House work") is unlikely to have much positive impact on the health of most people. For aerobic exercise to be beneficial, it must raise the [heart rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate "Heart rate") and cause [perspiration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspiration "Perspiration"). A person should do a minimum of 150 minutes a week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. There are more health benefits gained if a person exercises beyond 150 minutes. Sedentary time (time spent not standing, such as when on a chair or in bed) is bad for a person's health, and no amount of exercise can negate the effects of sitting for too long. These guidelines are now much more in line with those used in the U.S., which also includes recommendations for [muscle-building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_building "Muscle building") and bone-strengthening activities such as [lifting weights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_training "Weight training") and [yoga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga "Yoga").[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-17)
Exercise
Aerobic exercise
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barbora_Zahlavova_Strycova_San_Diego.jpg)
Playing sports such as [lawn tennis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_tennis "Lawn tennis") is a common way to maintain/improve physical fitness. Image shows international tennis player [Barbora Strýcová](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbora_Str%C3%BDcov%C3%A1 "Barbora Strýcová").
[Cardiorespiratory fitness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiorespiratory_fitness "Cardiorespiratory fitness") can be measured using [VO2 max](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VO2_max "VO2 max"), a measure of the amount of oxygen the body can uptake and utilize.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-r27-18)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-pmid23025219-19) Aerobic exercise, which improves cardiorespiratory fitness and increase stamina, involves movement that increases the heart rate to improve the body's oxygen consumption. This form of exercise is an important part of all training regiments, whether for professional athletes or for the everyday person.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-20)
Prominent examples of aerobic exercises include:
- [Jogging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogging "Jogging") – Running at a steady and gentle pace. This form of exercise is great for maintaining weight and building a cardiovascular base to later perform more intense exercises.
- Working on [elliptical trainer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptical_trainer "Elliptical trainer") – This is a stationary [exercise machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_machine "Exercise machine") used to perform [walking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking "Walking"), or [running](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running "Running") without causing excessive stress on the joints. This form of exercise is perfect for people with achy hips, knees, and ankles.
- [Walking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking "Walking") – Moving at a fairly regular pace for a short, medium or long distance.
- [Treadmill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadmill "Treadmill") training – Many treadmills have programs set up that offer numerous different workout plans. One effective cardiovascular activity would be to switch between running and walking. Typically [warm up](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warming_up "Warming up") first by walking and then switch off between walking for three minutes and running for three minutes.
- [Swimming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_swimming "Human swimming") – Using the arms and legs to keep oneself afloat in water and moving either forwards or backward. This is a good full-body exercise for those who are looking to strengthen their core while improving cardiovascular endurance.
- [Cycling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling "Cycling") – Riding a bicycle typically involves longer distances than walking or jogging. This is another low-impact exercise on the joints and is great for improving leg strength.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-r29-21)
Anaerobic exercise
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mann_mit_ausgepr%C3%A4gten_Muskeln_am_Arm.jpg)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amanda_Fran%C3%A7ozo_At_The_Runner_Sports-5.jpg)
Anaerobic exercise features high-intensity movements performed in a short period of time. It is a fast, high-intensity exercise that does not require the body to utilize oxygen to produce energy. It helps to promote strength, [endurance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance "Endurance"), speed, and power; and is used by bodybuilders to build workout intensity. Anaerobic exercises are thought to increase the [metabolic rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_rate "Metabolic rate"), thereby allowing one to burn additional calories as the body recovers from exercise due to an increase in body temperature and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) after the exercise ended.
Prominent examples of anaerobic exercises include:
- [Weight training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_training "Weight training") – A common type of [strength training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_training "Strength training") for developing the strength and size of skeletal muscles.
- [Isometric exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometric_exercise "Isometric exercise") – Helps to maintain strength. A muscle action in which no visible movement occurs and the resistance matches the muscular tension.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-22)
- [Sprinting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprinting "Sprinting") – Running short distances as fast as possible, training for muscle explosiveness.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-23)
- [Interval training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_training "Interval training") – Alternating short bursts (lasting around 30 seconds) of intense activity with longer intervals (three to four minutes) of less intense activity. This type of activity also builds speed and endurance.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-24)
Forms of training
Task-specific training
Task-specific, also known as task-oriented, fitness refers to a person's ability to perform in a specific activity, such as sports or [military service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_service "Military service"), efficiently. Task-specific training prepares athletes to perform well in their sport through the training of the same, or closely associated, actions. These include:
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Participants_with_the_Water_Warrior_class_perform_squats_prior_to_entering_the_pool_at_Camp_Foster,_Okinawa,_Japan,_July_6,_2011_110706-M-VD776-004_\(cropped\).jpg)
Swimmers in [competitive swimwear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_swimwear "Competitive swimwear") perform [squats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squat_\(exercise\) "Squat (exercise)") prior to entering the pool in a U.S. military base, 2011.
- [100 m sprint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_m_sprint "100 m sprint"): In a sprint, the athlete must be trained to work anaerobically throughout the race, an example of how to do this would be interval training.
- [Century ride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_ride "Century ride"): Cyclists must be prepared aerobically for a bike ride of 100 miles or more.
- [Middle distance running](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_distance_running "Middle distance running"): Athletes require both speed and endurance to gain benefit out of this training. The hard-working muscles are at their peak for a longer period of time as they are being used at that level for the longer period of time.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-25)
- [Marathon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon "Marathon"): In this case, the athlete must be trained to work aerobically, and their endurance must be built-up to a maximum.
- Many firefighters and police officers undergo regular [fitness testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness_test "Physical fitness test") to determine if they are capable of the physically demanding tasks required of the job.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-26)
- Members of [armed forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_forces "Armed forces") are often required to pass a formal fitness test. For example, soldiers of the [U.S. Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army "U.S. Army") must be able to pass the [Army Physical Fitness Test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Physical_Fitness_Test "Army Physical Fitness Test") (APFT).[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-27)
- Hill sprints: Requires a high level of fitness to begin with; the exercise is particularly good for the leg muscles. The Army often trains to do mountain climbing and races.
- [Plyometric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plyometrics "Plyometrics") and [isometric exercises](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometric_exercise "Isometric exercise"): An excellent way to build strength and increase muscular endurance.
- Sand running creates less strain on leg muscles than running on grass or concrete. This is because sand collapses beneath the foot, which softens the landing. Sand training is an effective way to lose weight and become fit, as more effort is needed (one and a half times more) to run on the soft sand than on a hard surface.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-28)
- [Aquajogging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquajogging "Aquajogging") is a form of exercise that decreases strain on joints and bones.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-29) The water supplies minimal impact to muscles and bones due to the buoyancy of the water offsetting body weight , which is good for those recovering from injury.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-30) Furthermore, the resistance of the water as one jogs through it provides an enhanced effect of exercise (the deeper you are, the greater the force needed to pull your leg through).[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-31)
- [Swimming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_\(sport\) "Swimming (sport)"): [Squatting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squat_\(exercise\) "Squat (exercise)") exercise helps in enhancing a swimmer's start.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-32)
For physical fitness activity to benefit an individual, the exertion must trigger a sufficient amount of stimuli. Exercise with the correct amount of intensity, duration, and frequency can produce a significant amount of improvement. The person may overall feel better, but the physical effects on the human body take weeks or months to notice—and possibly years for full development. For training purposes, exercise must provide a stress or demand on either a function or tissue. To continue improvements, this demand must eventually increase little over an extended period of time. This sort of exercise training has three basic principles: overload, specificity, and progression. These principles are related to health but also enhancement of physical working capacity.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-Blair-33) A structured warm-up routine is also considered important for injury prevention and optimal performance, particularly in multi-discipline events that combine endurance and strength components.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-34)
High intensity interval training
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jason.Khalipa.CrossFitGames.2014.jpg)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Annie_Thorisdottir_Pushing_the_Sled_in_2011_\(cropped\).jpg)
A man and a woman participating in high intensity events during a fitness competition
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) consists of repeated, short bursts of exercise, completed at a high level of intensity. These sets of intense activity are followed by a predetermined time of rest or low-intensity activity.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-35) Studies have shown that exercising at a higher intensity can have the effect of increasing cardiac benefits for humans when compared with exercising at a low or moderate level.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-36) When one's workout consists of a HIIT session, their body has to work harder to replace the oxygen it lost. Research into the benefits of HIIT have shown that it can be very successful for reducing fat, especially around the abdominal region.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-37) Furthermore, when compared to continuous moderate exercise, HIIT proves to burn more calories and increase the amount of fat burned post- HIIT session.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-38) Lack of time is one of the main reasons stated for not exercising; HIIT is a great alternative for those people because the duration of a HIIT session can be as short as 10 minutes, making it much quicker than conventional workouts.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-39)
Effects
Controlling blood pressure
Physical fitness has been proven to support the body's blood pressure. Staying active and exercising regularly builds a stronger heart. The heart is the main organ in charge of [systolic blood pressure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systole "Systole") and [diastolic blood pressure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastolic_blood_pressure "Diastolic blood pressure"). Engaging in a physical activity raises blood pressure. Once the subject stops the activity, the blood pressure returns to normal. The more physical activity, the easier this process becomes, resulting in a fitter cardiovascular profile.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-40) Through regular physical fitness, it becomes easier to create a rise in blood pressure. This lowers the force on the arteries, and lowers the overall blood pressure.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-41)
Cancer prevention
Centers for disease control and prevention provide lifestyle guidelines for maintaining a balanced diet and engaging in physical activity to reduce the risk of disease. The WCRF/ [American Institute for Cancer Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_for_Cancer_Research "American Institute for Cancer Research") (AICR) published a list of recommendations that reflect the dietary and exercise behaviors which are proven to reduce incidence of cancer.
The WCRF/AICR recommendations include the following:
- Be as lean as possible without becoming underweight.
- Each week, adults should engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity.
- Children should engage in at least one hour of moderate or vigorous physical activity each week.
- Be physically active for at least thirty minutes every day.
- Avoid [sugar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar "Sugar"), and limit the consumption of energy-packed foods.
- Balance one's diet with a variety of vegetables, grains, fruits, legumes, etc.
- Limit [sodium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium "Sodium") intake and the consumption of [red meats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_meat "Red meat") and [processed meats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processed_meat "Processed meat").
- Limit alcoholic drinks to two for men and one for women a day.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-auto-42)
These recommendations are also widely supported by the [American Cancer Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cancer_Society "American Cancer Society"). The guidelines have been evaluated and individuals who have higher guideline adherence scores have substantially reduced cancer risk as well as improved outcomes of a multitude of chronic health problems. Regular physical activity is a factor that helps reduce an individual's blood pressure and improves cholesterol levels, two key components that correlate with heart disease and [type 2 diabetes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes "Type 2 diabetes").[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-43) The American Cancer Society encourages the public to "adopt a physically active lifestyle" by meeting the criteria in a variety of physical activities such as hiking, swimming, circuit training, resistance training, lifting, etc. It is understood that cancer is not a disease that can be cured by physical fitness alone, however, because it is a multifactorial disease, physical fitness is a controllable prevention. The large associations between physical fitness and reduced cancer risk are enough to provide a strategy of preventative interventions.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-auto-42) The American Cancer Society asserts different levels of activity ranging from moderate to vigorous to clarify the recommended time spent on a physical activity. These classifications of physical activity consider intentional exercise and basic activities performed on a daily basis and give the public a greater understanding of what fitness levels suffice as future disease prevention.
Inflammation
Studies have shown an association between increased physical activity and reduced inflammation.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-44) It produces both a short-term inflammatory response and a long-term anti-inflammatory effect.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-45) Physical activity reduces inflammation in conjunction with or independent of changes in body weight.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-46) However, the mechanisms linking physical activity to inflammation are unknown.
Immune system
Physical activity boosts the [immune system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system "Immune system"). This is dependent on the concentration of endogenous factors (such as [sex hormones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_hormone "Sex hormone"), metabolic hormones and [growth hormones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone "Growth hormone")), body temperature, blood flow, hydration status and body position.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-47) Physical activity has been shown to increase the levels of natural killer (NK) cells, NK T cells, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils, complements, cytokines, antibodies and T cytotoxic cells.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-48)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-49) However, the mechanism linking physical activity to immune system is not fully understood.
Weight control
Achieving resilience through physical fitness promotes a vast and complex range of health-related benefits. Individuals who keep up physical fitness levels generally regulate their distribution of body fat and prevent obesity. Studies prove that running uses calories in the body that come from the macronutrients eaten daily. In order for the body to be able to run, it will use those ingested calories, therefore it will burn calories.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-50) Abdominal fat, specifically visceral fat, is most directly affected by engaging in aerobic exercise. Strength training has been known to increase the amount of muscle in the body, however, it can also reduce body fat.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-r28-51) Sex steroid hormones, insulin, and appropriate immune responses are factors that mediate metabolism in relation to abdominal fat. Therefore, physical fitness provides weight control through regulation of these bodily functions.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-52)
Menopause and physical fitness
[Menopause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause "Menopause") is often said to have occurred when a woman has had no vaginal bleeding for over a year since her last [menstrual cycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cycle "Menstrual cycle"). There are a number of symptoms connected to menopause, most of which can affect the quality of life of a woman involved in this stage of her life. One way to reduce the severity of the symptoms is to exercise and keep a healthy level of fitness. Prior to and during menopause, as the female body changes, there can be physical, physiological or internal changes to the body. These changes can be reduced or even prevented with regular exercise. These changes include:[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-53)
- Preventing weight gain: around menopause women tend to experience a reduction in muscle mass and an increase in fat levels. Increasing the amount of physical exercise undertaken can help to prevent these changes.
- Reducing the risk of [breast cancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer "Breast cancer"): weight loss from regular exercise may offer protection from breast cancer.
- Strengthening bones: physical activity can slow the bone loss associated with menopause, reducing the chance of bone fractures and osteoporosis.
- Reducing the risk of disease: excess weight can increase the risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes, and regular physical activity can counter these effects.
- Boosting mood: being involved in regular activities can improve psychological health, an effect that can be seen at any age and not just during or after [menopause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause "Menopause").[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-54)
The Melbourne Women's Midlife Health Project followed 438 women over an eight-year period providing evidence showing that even though physical activity was not associated with [vasomotor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasomotor "Vasomotor") symptoms (more commonly known as [hot flashes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_flashes "Hot flashes")) in this cohort at the beginning, women who reported they were physically active every day at the beginning were 49% less likely to have reported bothersome hot flushes. This is in contrast to women whose level of activity decreased and were more likely to experience bothersome hot flushes.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-55)
Mental health
Studies have shown that physical activity can improve mental health and well-being.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-Callaghan_2004-56)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-57) This improvement is due to an increase in blood flow to the brain, allowing for the release of hormones as well as a decrease of stress hormone levels in the body (e.g., [cortisol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol "Cortisol"), [adrenaline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenaline "Adrenaline")) while also stimulating the human body's mood boosters and natural painkillers.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-58) Not only does exercise release these feel-good hormones, it can also help relieve stress and help build confidence.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-59) The same way exercising can help humans to have a healthier life, it also can improve sleep quality. Based on studies, even 10 minutes of exercise per day can help insomnia.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-60) These trends improve as physical activity is performed on a consistent basis, which makes exercise effective in relieving symptoms of depression and anxiety, positively impacting mental health and bringing about several other benefits. For example:[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-Sharma_2006-61)
- Physical activity has been linked to the alleviation of depression and anxiety symptoms.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-Callaghan_2004-56)
- In patients with schizophrenia, physical fitness has been shown to improve their quality of life and decrease the effects of schizophrenia.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-62)
- Being fit can improve one's self-esteem, as seen in the University of Tabriz's study.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-63)
- Working out can improve one's mental alertness and it can reduce fatigue.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-64)
- Studies, such as the one performed at The University of Chicago's Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, have shown a reduction in stress levels.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-65)
- Increased opportunity for social interaction, allowing for improved social skills[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-Sharma_2006-61)
To achieve some of these benefits, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests at least 30–60 minutes of exercise 3-5 times a week.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-66)
- Different forms of exercise have been proven to improve mental health and reduce the risk of depression, anxiety, and suicide.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-67)
- Benefits of Exercise on Mental health include ... Improved sleep, Stress relief, Improvement in mood, Increased energy and stamina, Reduced tiredness that can increase mental alertness. There are beneficial effects for mental health as well as physical health when it comes to exercise.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-68)
History
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calisthenics,_1867._Granger_Collection.jpg)
Ladies performing a common 19th-century fitness routine including climbing the underside of a ladder, balancing and gymnastics
In the 1940s, an emigrant M.D. from Austria named [Hans Kraus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kraus "Hans Kraus") began testing children in the U.S. and Europe for what he termed, "Muscular Fitness." (in other words, muscular functionality) Through his testing, he found children in the U.S. to be far less physically capable than European children. Kraus published some alarming papers in various journals and got the attention of some powerful people, including a senator from Pennsylvania who took the findings to President Dwight D. Eisenhower. President Eisenhower was "shocked." He set up a series of conferences and committees; then in July 1956, Eisenhower established the President's Council on Youth Fitness.
In Greece, physical fitness was considered to be an essential component of a healthy life and it was the norm for men to frequent a [gymnasium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_\(ancient_Greece\) "Gymnasium (ancient Greece)"). Physical fitness regimes were also considered to be of paramount importance in a nation's ability to train soldiers for an effective military force. Partly for these reasons, organized fitness regimes have been in existence throughout known history and evidence of them can be found in many countries.
Gymnasiums which would seem familiar today began to become increasingly common in the 19th century. The industrial revolution had led to a more [sedentary lifestyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle "Sedentary lifestyle") for many people and there was an increased awareness that this had the potential to be harmful to health. This was a key motivating factor for the forming of a [physical culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_culture "Physical culture") movement, especially in Europe and the USA. This movement advocated increased levels of physical fitness for men, women, and children and sought to do so through various forms of indoor and outdoor activity, and education. In many ways, it laid the foundations for modern fitness culture.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_note-69)
Education
The following is a list of some institutions that educate people about physical fitness:
- [American Council on Exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Council_on_Exercise&action=edit&redlink=1 "American Council on Exercise (page does not exist)") (ACE)
- [National Academy of Sports Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sports_Medicine "National Academy of Sports Medicine") (NASM)
- [International Sports Science Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Sports_Sciences_Association "International Sports Sciences Association") (ISSA)
See also
- [20th century women's fitness culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_century_women%27s_fitness_culture "20th century women's fitness culture")
- [Bodybuilding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding "Bodybuilding") – Control and development of musculature
- [Fitness fashion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_fashion "Fitness fashion") – Sociocultural phenomenon surrounding exercise and physical fitness
- [Fitness professional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_professional "Fitness professional")
- [Fundamental movement skill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_movement_skill "Fundamental movement skill") – Learned ability involving specific body movements for a task
- [Healthy diet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy_diet "Healthy diet") – Type of diet
- [History of physical training and fitness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_physical_training_and_fitness "History of physical training and fitness") – Historical physical training methods
- [Outline of exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_exercise "Outline of exercise") – Exercise = Physical activity that improves health
- [Personal trainer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_trainer "Personal trainer") – Individual who provides others with fitness training and instruction
- [Power training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_training "Power training") – Common type of speed and strength training
- [Thermoregulation in humans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoregulation_in_humans "Thermoregulation in humans") – Aspect of homeostasis
- [Unilateral exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateral_exercise "Unilateral exercise") – Single limb physical exercise
References
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness#cite_ref-1)**
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External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Fitness](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fitness "commons:Category:Fitness").
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