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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This is a list of operators in the C and C++ programming languages . All listed operators are in C++ and lacking indication otherwise, in C as well. Some tables include a "In C" column that indicates whether an operator is also in C. Note that C does not support operator overloading . When not overloaded, for the operators && , || , and , (the comma operator ), there is a sequence point after the evaluation of the first operand. Most of the operators available in C and C++ are also available in other C-family languages such as C# , D , Java , Perl , and PHP with the same precedence, associativity, and semantics. Many operators specified by a sequence of symbols are commonly referred to by a name that consists of the name of each symbol. For example, += and -= are often called "plus equal(s)" and "minus equal(s)", instead of the more verbose "assignment by addition" and "assignment by subtraction". In the following tables, lower case letters such as a and b represent literal values, object/variable names, or l-values, as appropriate. R , S and T stand for a data type, and K for a class or enumeration type. Some operators have alternative spellings using digraphs and trigraphs or operator synonyms . C and C++ have the same arithmetic operators and all can be overloaded in C++. Operation Syntax C++ prototype in class K outside class Addition a + b R K :: operator + ( S b ); R operator + ( K a , S b ); Subtraction a - b R K :: operator - ( S b ); R operator - ( K a , S b ); Unary plus; integer promotion + a R K :: operator + (); R operator + ( K a ); Unary minus; additive inverse - a R K :: operator - (); R operator - ( K a ); Multiplication a * b R K :: operator * ( S b ); R operator * ( K a , S b ); Division a / b R K :: operator / ( S b ); R operator / ( K a , S b ); Modulo [ a ] a % b R K :: operator % ( S b ); R operator % ( K a , S b ); Prefix increment ++ a R & K :: operator ++ (); R & operator ++ ( K & a ); Postfix increment a ++ R K :: operator ++ ( int ); [ b ] R operator ++ ( K & a , int ); [ b ] Prefix decrement -- a R & K :: operator -- (); R & operator -- ( K & a ); Postfix decrement a -- R K :: operator -- ( int ); [ b ] R operator -- ( K & a , int ); [ b ] All relational (comparison) operators can be overloaded in C++. Since C++20 , the inequality operator is automatically generated if operator== is defined and all four relational operators are automatically generated if operator<=> is defined. [ 1 ] Operation Syntax In C C++ prototype in class K outside class Equal to a == b Yes bool K :: operator == ( S const & b ) const ; bool operator == ( K const & a , S const & b ); Not equal to a != b Yes bool K :: operator != ( S const & b ) const ; bool operator != ( K const & a , S const & b ); Greater than a > b Yes bool K :: operator > ( S const & b ) const ; bool operator > ( K const & a , S const & b ); Less than a < b Yes bool K :: operator < ( S const & b ) const ; bool operator < ( K const & a , S const & b ); Greater than or equal to a >= b Yes bool K :: operator >= ( S const & b ) const ; bool operator >= ( K const & a , S const & b ); Less than or equal to a <= b Yes bool K :: operator <= ( S const & b ) const ; bool operator <= ( K const & a , S const & b ); Three-way comparison [ c ] [ d ] a <=> b No auto K :: operator <=> ( const S & b ); auto operator <=> ( const K & a , const S & b ); C and C++ have the same logical operators and all can be overloaded in C++. Note that overloading logical AND and OR is discouraged, because as overloaded operators they always evaluate both operands instead of providing the normal semantics of short-circuit evaluation . [ 2 ] Operation Syntax C++ prototype in class K outside class NOT ! a bool K :: operator ! (); bool operator ! ( K a ); AND a && b bool K :: operator && ( S b ); bool operator && ( K a , S b ); OR a || b bool K :: operator || ( S b ); bool operator || ( K a , S b ); C and C++ have the same bitwise operators and all can be overloaded in C++. Operation Syntax C++ prototype in class K outside class NOT ~ a R K :: operator ~ (); R operator ~ ( K a ); AND a & b R K :: operator & ( S b ); R operator & ( K a , S b ); OR a | b R K :: operator | ( S b ); R operator | ( K a , S b ); XOR a ^ b R K :: operator ^ ( S b ); R operator ^ ( K a , S b ); Shift left [ e ] a << b R K :: operator << ( S b ); R operator << ( K a , S b ); Shift right [ e ] [ f ] a >> b R K :: operator >> ( S b ); R operator >> ( K a , S b ); C and C++ have the same assignment operators and all can be overloaded in C++. For the combination operators, a ⊚= b (where ⊚ represents an operation) is equivalent to a = a ⊚ b , except that a is evaluated only once. Operation Syntax C++ prototype in class K outside class Assignment a = b R & K :: operator = ( S b ); N/a Addition combination a += b R & K :: operator += ( S b ); R & operator += ( K & a , S b ); Subtraction combination a -= b R & K :: operator -= ( S b ); R & operator -= ( K & a , S b ); Multiplication combination a *= b R & K :: operator *= ( S b ); R & operator *= ( K & a , S b ); Division combination a /= b R & K :: operator /= ( S b ); R & operator /= ( K & a , S b ); Modulo combination a %= b R & K :: operator %= ( S b ); R & operator %= ( K & a , S b ); Bitwise AND combination a &= b R & K :: operator &= ( S b ); R & operator &= ( K & a , S b ); Bitwise OR combination a |= b R & K :: operator |= ( S b ); R & operator |= ( K & a , S b ); Bitwise XOR combination a ^= b R & K :: operator ^= ( S b ); R & operator ^= ( K & a , S b ); Bitwise left shift combination a <<= b R & K :: operator <<= ( S b ); R & operator <<= ( K & a , S b ); Bitwise right shift combination [ g ] a >>= b R & K :: operator >>= ( S b ); R & operator >>= ( K & a , S b ); Operation Syntax Can overload In C C++ prototype in class K outside class Subscript a [ b ] a <: b :> [ 4 ] Yes Yes R & K :: operator []( S b ); R & K :: operator []( S b , ...); [ h ] N/a Indirection (object pointed to by a ) * a Yes Yes R & K :: operator * (); R & operator * ( K a ); Address-of (address of a ) & a Yes [ i ] Yes R * K :: operator & (); R * operator & ( K a ); Structure dereference (member b of object pointed to by a ) a -> b Yes Yes R * K :: operator -> (); [ j ] N/a Structure reference (member b of object a ) a . b No Yes N/a Member selected by pointer-to-member b of object pointed to by a [ k ] a ->* b Yes No R & K :: operator ->* ( S b ); R & operator ->* ( K a , S b ); Member of object a selected by pointer-to-member b a .* b No No N/a Operation Syntax Can overload In C C++ prototype in class K outside class Function call a ( a1, a2 ) Yes Yes R K::operator ()( S a , T b , ...); N/a Comma a , b Yes Yes R K :: operator ,( S b ); R operator ,( K a , S b ); Ternary conditional a ? b : c No Yes N/a Scope resolution a :: b [ l ] No No N/a User-defined literals [ m ] [ n ] "a"_b Yes No N/a R operator "" _b ( T a ) Sizeof sizeof a [ o ] sizeof (R) No Yes N/a Size of parameter pack [ n ] sizeof... (Args) No No N/a Alignof [ n ] alignof (R) or _Alignof (R) [ p ] No Yes N/a Typeof [ q ] typeof (a) typeof (R) typeof_unqual (a) typeof_unqual (R) N/a Yes N/a Decltype [ n ] decltype (a) decltype (R) No No N/a Type identification typeid (a) typeid (R) No No N/a Conversion (C-style cast) (R)a Yes Yes K :: operator R (); [ 5 ] N/a Conversion [ r ] [ 6 ] R(a) R{a} [ n ] auto(a) [ h ] auto{a} [ h ] No No N/a static_cast conversion [ s ] static_cast <R>(a) Yes No K :: operator R (); explicit K :: operator R (); [ n ] N/a dynamic cast conversion dynamic_cast <R>(a) No No N/a const_cast conversion const_cast <R>(a) No No N/a reinterpret_cast conversion reinterpret_cast <R>(a) No No N/a Allocate memory new R [ t ] Yes No void * K :: operator new ( size_t x ); void * operator new ( size_t x ); Allocate array new R [ n ] [ u ] Yes No void * K :: operator new []( size_t a ); void * operator new []( size_t a ); Deallocate memory delete a Yes No void K :: operator delete ( void * a ); void operator delete ( void * a ); Deallocate array delete[] a Yes No void K :: operator delete []( void * a ); void operator delete []( void * a ); Exception check [ n ] noexcept (a) No No N/a Reflection [ v ] ^^ a No No N/a C++ defines keywords to act as aliases for a number of operators: [ 7 ] Keyword Operator and && and_eq &= bitand & bitor | compl ~ not ! not_eq != or || or_eq |= xor ^ xor_eq ^= Each keyword is a different way to specify an operator and as such can be used instead of the corresponding symbolic variation. For example, (a > 0 and not flag) and (a > 0 && !flag) specify the same behavior. As another example, the bitand keyword may be used to replace not only the bitwise-and operator but also the address-of operator, and it can be used to specify reference types (e.g., int bitand ref = n ). The ISO C specification makes allowance for these keywords as preprocessor macros in the header file iso646.h . For compatibility with C, C++ also provides the header iso646.h , the inclusion of which has no effect. Until C++20, it also provided the corresponding header ciso646 which had no effect as well. Expression evaluation order [ edit ] During expression evaluation, the order in which sub-expressions are evaluated is determined by precedence and associativity . An operator with higher precedence is evaluated before a operator of lower precedence and the operands of an operator are evaluated based on associativity. The following table describes the precedence and associativity of the C and C++ operators. Operators are shown in groups of equal precedence with groups ordered in descending precedence from top to bottom (lower order is higher precedence). [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Operator precedence is not affected by overloading. Order Operator Description Associativity 1 highest :: Scope resolution (C++ only) None 2 ++ Postfix increment Left-to-right -- Postfix decrement () Function call [] Array subscripting . Element selection by reference -> Element selection through pointer typeid() Run-time type information (C++ only) (see typeid ) const_cast Type cast (C++ only) (see const_cast ) dynamic_cast Type cast (C++ only) (see dynamic cast ) reinterpret_cast Type cast (C++ only) (see reinterpret_cast ) static_cast Type cast (C++ only) (see static_cast ) 3 ++ Prefix increment Right-to-left -- Prefix decrement + Unary plus - Unary minus ! Logical NOT ~ Bitwise NOT ( ones' complement ) ( type ) Type cast * Indirection (dereference) & Address-of sizeof Sizeof _Alignof Alignment requirement (since C11) new , new[] Dynamic memory allocation (C++ only) delete , delete[] Dynamic memory deallocation (C++ only) 4 .* Pointer to member (C++ only) Left-to-right ->* Pointer to member (C++ only) 5 * Multiplication Left-to-right / Division % Modulo (remainder) 6 + Addition Left-to-right - Subtraction 7 << Bitwise left shift Left-to-right >> Bitwise right shift 8 <=> Three-way comparison (Introduced in C++20 - C++ only) Left-to-right 9 < Less than Left-to-right <= Less than or equal to > Greater than >= Greater than or equal to 10 == Equal to Left-to-right != Not equal to 11 & Bitwise AND Left-to-right 12 ^ Bitwise XOR (exclusive or) Left-to-right 13 | Bitwise OR (inclusive or) Left-to-right 14 && Logical AND Left-to-right 15 || Logical OR Left-to-right 16 co_await Coroutine processing (C++ only) Right-to-left co_yield 17 ?: Ternary conditional operator Right-to-left = Direct assignment += Assignment by sum -= Assignment by difference *= Assignment by product /= Assignment by quotient %= Assignment by remainder <<= Assignment by bitwise left shift >>= Assignment by bitwise right shift &= Assignment by bitwise AND ^= Assignment by bitwise XOR |= Assignment by bitwise OR throw Throw operator (exceptions throwing, C++ only) 18 lowest , Comma Left-to-right Although this table is adequate for describing most evaluation order, it does not describe a few details. The ternary operator allows any arbitrary expression as its middle operand, despite being listed as having higher precedence than the assignment and comma operators. Thus a ? b, c : d is interpreted as a ? (b, c) : d , and not as the meaningless (a ? b), (c : d) . So, the expression in the middle of the conditional operator (between ? and : ) is parsed as if parenthesized. Also, the immediate, un-parenthesized result of a C cast expression cannot be the operand of sizeof . Therefore, sizeof (int) * x is interpreted as (sizeof(int)) * x and not sizeof ((int) * x) . Chained expressions [ edit ] The precedence table determines the order of binding in chained expressions, when it is not expressly specified by parentheses. For example, ++x*3 is ambiguous without some precedence rule(s). The precedence table tells us that: x is 'bound' more tightly to ++ than to * , so that whatever ++ does (now or later—see below), it does it ONLY to x (and not to x*3 ); it is equivalent to ( ++x , x*3 ). Similarly, with 3*x++ , where though the post-fix ++ is designed to act AFTER the entire expression is evaluated, the precedence table makes it clear that ONLY x gets incremented (and NOT 3*x ). In fact, the expression ( tmp=x++ , 3*tmp ) is evaluated with tmp being a temporary value. It is functionally equivalent to something like ( tmp=3*x , ++x , tmp ). Precedence and bindings Abstracting the issue of precedence or binding, consider the diagram above for the expression 3+2*y[i]++. The compiler's job is to resolve the diagram into an expression, one in which several unary operators (call them 3+( . ), 2*( . ), ( . )++ and ( . )[ i ]) are competing to bind to y. The order of precedence table resolves the final sub-expression they each act upon: ( . )[ i ] acts only on y, ( . )++ acts only on y[i], 2*( . ) acts only on y[i]++ and 3+( . ) acts 'only' on 2*((y[i])++). It is important to note that WHAT sub-expression gets acted on by each operator is clear from the precedence table but WHEN each operator acts is not resolved by the precedence table; in this example, the ( . )++ operator acts only on y[i] by the precedence rules but binding levels alone do not indicate the timing of the postfix ++ (the ( . )++ operator acts only after y[i] is evaluated in the expression). The binding of operators in C and C++ is specified by a factored language grammar, rather than a precedence table. This creates some subtle conflicts. For example, in C, the syntax for a conditional expression is: logical - OR - expression ? expression : conditional - expression while in C++ it is: logical - OR - expression ? expression : assignment - expression Hence, the expression: e = a < d ? a++ : a = d is parsed differently in the two languages. In C, this expression is a syntax error, because the syntax for an assignment expression in C is: unary - expression '=' assignment - expression In C++, it is parsed as: e = ( a < d ? a ++ : ( a = d )) which is a valid expression. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] To use the comma operator in a function call argument expression, variable assignment, or a comma-separated list, use of parentheses is required. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] For example, int a = 1 , b = 2 , weirdVariable = ( ++ a , b ), d = 4 ; Criticism of bitwise and equality operators precedence [ edit ] The precedence of the bitwise logical operators has been criticized. [ 15 ] Conceptually, & and | are arithmetic operators like * and +. The expression a & b == 7 is syntactically parsed as a & ( b == 7 ) whereas the expression a + b == 7 is parsed as ( a + b ) == 7 . This requires parentheses to be used more often than they otherwise would. Historically, there was no syntactic distinction between the bitwise and logical operators. In BCPL , B and early C, the operators && || didn't exist. Instead & | had different meaning depending on whether they are used in a 'truth-value context' (i.e. when a Boolean value was expected, for example in if ( a == b & c ) {...} it behaved as a logical operator, but in c = a & b it behaved as a bitwise one). It was retained so as to keep backward compatibility with existing installations. [ 16 ] Moreover, in C++ (and later versions of C) equality operations, with the exception of the three-way comparison operator, yield bool type values which are conceptually a single bit (1 or 0) and as such do not properly belong in "bitwise" operations. ^ The modulus operator only supports integer operands; for floating point, a function such as fmod can be used. ^ a b c d The int is a dummy parameter to differentiate between prefix and postfix. ^ About C++20 three-way comparison ^ Possible return types: std::weak_ordering , std::strong_ordering and std::partial_ordering to which they all are convertible to. ^ a b In the context of iostreams in C++, writers often will refer to << and >> as the "put-to" or "stream insertion" and "get-from" or "stream extraction" operators, respectively. ^ According to the C99 standard, the right shift of a negative number is implementation defined. Most implementations, e.g., the GCC, [ 3 ] use an arithmetic shift (i.e., sign extension), but a logical shift is possible. ^ According to the C99 standard, the right shift of a negative number is implementation defined. Most implementations, e.g., the GCC, [ 3 ] use an arithmetic shift (i.e., sign extension), but a logical shift is possible. ^ a b c since C++23 ^ The actual address of an object with an overloaded operator & can be obtained with std::addressof ^ The return type of operator -> () must be a type for which the -> operation can be applied, such as a pointer type. If x is of type C where C overloads operator -> () , x -> y gets expanded to x . operator -> () -> y . ^ Meyers, Scott (October 1999), "Implementing operator->* for Smart Pointers" (PDF) , Dr. Dobb's Journal , Aristeia . ^ Although a :: punctuator exists in C as of C23, it is not used as a scope resolution operator. ^ About C++11 User-defined literals ^ a b c d e f g since C++11 ^ The parentheses are not necessary when taking the size of a value, only when taking the size of a type. However, they are usually used regardless. [ citation needed ] ^ C++ defines alignof operator, whereas C defines _Alignof (C23 defines both). Both operators have the same semantics. ^ since C23; not in standard C++ ^ Behaves like const_cast/static_cast/reinterpret_cast. In the last two cases, the auto specifier is replaced with the type of the invented variable x declared with auto x(a); (which is never interpreted as a function declaration) or auto x{a}; , respectively. ^ For user-defined conversions, the return type implicitly and necessarily matches the operator name unless the type is inferred (e.g. operator auto () , operator decltype ( auto )() etc.). ^ The type name can also be inferred (e.g new auto ) if an initializer is provided. ^ The array size can also be inferred if an initializer is provided. ^ since C++26 Bitwise operations in C  – Operations transforming individual bits of integral data types Bit manipulation  – Algorithmically modifying data below the word level Logical operator  – Symbol connecting formulas in logic Boolean algebra (logic)  – Algebraic manipulation of "true" and "false" Table of logic symbols  – List of symbols used to express logical relations ^ "Operator overloading§Comparison operators" . cppreference.com . ^ "Standard C++" . ^ a b "Integers implementation", GCC 4.3.3 , GNU . ^ "ISO/IEC 9899:1999 specification, TC3" (PDF) . p. 64, § 6.4.6 Ponctuators para. 3. ^ "user-defined conversion" . Retrieved 5 April 2020 . ^ Explicit type conversion in C++ ^ ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) Programming Language C++ . open-std.org – The C++ Standards Committee. 1 September 1998. pp.  40– 41. ^ ISO/IEC 9899:201x Programming Languages - C . open-std.org – The C Standards Committee. 19 December 2011. p. 465. ^ the ISO C 1999 standard, section 6.5.6 note 71 (Technical report). ISO. 1999. ^ "C++ Built-in Operators, Precedence and Associativity" . docs.microsoft.com . Retrieved 11 May 2020 . ^ "C Operator Precedence - cppreference.com" . en.cppreference.com . Retrieved 10 April 2020 . ^ "Does the C/C++ ternary operator actually have the same precedence as assignment operators?" . Stack Overflow . Retrieved 22 September 2019 . ^ "Other operators - cppreference.com" . en.cppreference.com . Retrieved 10 April 2020 . ^ "c++ - How does the Comma Operator work" . Stack Overflow . Retrieved 1 April 2020 . ^ C history § Neonatal C , Bell labs . ^ "Re^10: next unless condition" . www.perlmonks.org . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . "Operators", C++ reference (wiki) . C Operator Precedence Postfix Increment and Decrement Operators: ++ and -- (Developer network), Microsoft, 17 August 2021 .
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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B) - [1 Operators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#Operators) Toggle Operators subsection - [1\.1 Arithmetic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#Arithmetic) - [1\.2 Relational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#Relational) - [1\.3 Logical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#Logical) - [1\.4 Bitwise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#Bitwise) - [1\.5 Assignment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#Assignment) - [1\.6 Member and pointer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#Member_and_pointer) - [1\.7 Other](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#Other) - [1\.8 Synonyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#Synonyms) - [2 Expression evaluation order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#Expression_evaluation_order) Toggle Expression evaluation order subsection - [2\.1 Details](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#Details) - [2\.2 Chained expressions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#Chained_expressions) - [2\.3 Binding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#Binding) - [2\.4 Criticism of bitwise and equality operators precedence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#Criticism_of_bitwise_and_equality_operators_precedence) - [3 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#Notes) - [4 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#See_also) - [5 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#References) - [6 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # Operators in C and C++ 12 languages - [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operadors_en_C_i_C%2B%2B "Operadors en C i C++ – Catalan") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Operadores_de_C_y_C%2B%2B "Anexo:Operadores de C y C++ – Spanish") - [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper%C3%A1torok_\(C%2B%2B\) "Operátorok (C++) – Hungarian") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatori_in_C_e_C%2B%2B "Operatori in C e C++ – Italian") - [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E3%81%A8C%2B%2B%E3%81%AE%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E5%AD%90 "CとC++の演算子 – Japanese") - [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%EC%99%80_C%2B%2B%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%B0%EC%82%B0%EC%9E%90 "C와 C++의 연산자 – Korean") - [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_C_%D0%B8_C%2B%2B "Оператори во C и C++ – Macedonian") - [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operadores_em_C_e_C%2B%2B "Operadores em C e C++ – Portuguese") - [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2_C_%D0%B8_C%2B%2B "Операторы в C и C++ – Russian") - [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_C_%D0%B8_C%2B%2B "Оператори у програмским језицима C и C++ – Serbian") - [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B2_C_%D1%82%D0%B0_C%2B%2B "Оператори в C та C++ – Ukrainian") - [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E5%92%8CC%2B%2B%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E5%AD%90 "C和C++運算子 – Chinese") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1078424#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=history "Past revisions of this page [h]") Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=history) General - [What links here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B "List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]") - [Related changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B "Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard "Upload files [u]") - [Permanent link](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&oldid=1337146407 "Permanent link to this revision of this page") - [Page information](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=info "More information about this page") - [Cite this page](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&id=1337146407&wpFormIdentifier=titleform "Information on how to cite this page") - [Get shortened URL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOperators_in_C_and_C%252B%252B) Print/export - [Download as PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=show-download-screen "Download this page as a PDF file") - [Printable version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]") In other projects - [Wikibooks](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/C_Programming/Operators_and_type_casting) - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1078424 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This is a list of [operators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_\(programming\) "Operator (programming)") in the [C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_\(programming_language\) "C (programming language)") and [C++](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B "C++") [programming languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language "Programming language"). All listed operators are in C++ and lacking indication otherwise, in C as well. Some tables include a "In C" column that indicates whether an operator is also in C. Note that C does not support [operator overloading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_overloading "Operator overloading"). When not overloaded, for the operators `&&`, `||`, and `,` (the [comma operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma_operator "Comma operator")), there is a [sequence point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_point "Sequence point") after the evaluation of the first operand. Most of the operators available in C and C++ are also available in other [C-family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-family "C-family") languages such as [C\#](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_\(programming_language\) "C Sharp (programming language)"), [D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_\(programming_language\) "D (programming language)"), [Java](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_\(programming_language\) "Java (programming language)"), [Perl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl "Perl"), and [PHP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP "PHP") with the same precedence, associativity, and semantics. Many operators specified by a sequence of symbols are commonly referred to by a name that consists of the name of each symbol. For example, `+=` and `-=` are often called "plus equal(s)" and "minus equal(s)", instead of the more verbose "assignment by addition" and "assignment by subtraction". ## Operators \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Operators")\] In the following tables, lower case letters such as `a` and `b` represent literal values, object/variable names, or l-values, as appropriate. `R`, `S` and `T` stand for a data type, and `K` for a class or enumeration type. Some operators have alternative spellings using [digraphs and trigraphs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digraphs_and_trigraphs_\(programming\) "Digraphs and trigraphs (programming)") or [operator synonyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#Synonyms). ### Arithmetic \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Arithmetic")\] C and C++ have the same arithmetic operators and all can be overloaded in C++. | Operation | Syntax | C++ prototype | | |---|---|---|---| | in class K | outside class | | | | [Addition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition "Addition") | `a + b` | `R K::operator +(S b);` | `R operator +(K a, S b);` | | [Subtraction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtraction "Subtraction") | `a - b` | `R K::operator -(S b);` | `R operator -(K a, S b);` | | [Unary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unary_operation "Unary operation") plus; [integer promotion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_conversion#Type_promotion "Type conversion") | `+a` | `R K::operator +();` | `R operator +(K a);` | | [Unary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unary_operation "Unary operation") minus; [additive inverse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_inverse "Additive inverse") | `-a` | `R K::operator -();` | `R operator -(K a);` | | [Multiplication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication "Multiplication") | `a * b` | `R K::operator *(S b);` | `R operator *(K a, S b);` | | [Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_\(mathematics\) "Division (mathematics)") | `a / b` | `R K::operator /(S b);` | `R operator /(K a, S b);` | | [Modulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo_operation "Modulo operation")[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-modulo-1) | `a % b` | `R K::operator %(S b);` | `R operator %(K a, S b);` | | Prefix [increment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Increment_and_decrement_operators "Increment and decrement operators") | `++a` | `R& K::operator ++();` | `R& operator ++(K& a);` | | Postfix increment | `a++` | `R K::operator ++(int);`[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-dummy-int-2) | `R operator ++(K& a, int);`[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-dummy-int-2) | | Prefix [decrement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Increment_and_decrement_operators "Increment and decrement operators") | `--a` | `R& K::operator --();` | `R& operator --(K& a);` | | Postfix decrement | `a--` | `R K::operator --(int);`[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-dummy-int-2) | `R operator --(K& a, int);`[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-dummy-int-2) | ### Relational \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Relational")\] All [relational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_operator "Relational operator") (comparison) operators can be overloaded in C++. Since [C++20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B20 "C++20"), the inequality operator is automatically generated if `operator==` is defined and all four relational operators are automatically generated if `operator<=>` is defined.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-3) | Operation | Syntax | In C | C++ prototype | | |---|---|---|---|---| | in class K | outside class | | | | | Equal to | `a == b` | Yes | `bool K::operator ==(S const& b) const;` | `bool operator ==(K const& a, S const& b);` | | Not equal to | `a != b` | Yes | `bool K::operator !=(S const& b) const;` | `bool operator !=(K const& a, S const& b);` | | Greater than | `a > b` | Yes | `bool K::operator >(S const& b) const;` | `bool operator >(K const& a, S const& b);` | | Less than | `a < b` | Yes | `bool K::operator <(S const& b) const;` | `bool operator <(K const& a, S const& b);` | | Greater than or equal to | `a >= b` | Yes | `bool K::operator >=(S const& b) const;` | `bool operator >=(K const& a, S const& b);` | | Less than or equal to | `a <= b` | Yes | `bool K::operator <=(S const& b) const;` | `bool operator <=(K const& a, S const& b);` | | [Three-way comparison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-way_comparison "Three-way comparison")[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-threewaycomparison-4)[\[d\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-5) | `a <=> b` | No | `auto K::operator <=>(const S &b);` | `auto operator <=>(const K &a, const S &b);` | ### Logical \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Logical")\] C and C++ have the same logical operators and all can be overloaded in C++. Note that overloading logical *AND* and *OR* is discouraged, because as overloaded operators they always evaluate both operands instead of providing the normal semantics of [short-circuit evaluation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_evaluation "Short-circuit evaluation").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-6) | Operation | Syntax | C++ prototype | | |---|---|---|---| | in class K | outside class | | | | [NOT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negation "Negation") | `!a` | `bool K::operator !();` | `bool operator !(K a);` | | [AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_conjunction "Logical conjunction") | `a && b` | `bool K::operator &&(S b);` | `bool operator &&(K a, S b);` | | [OR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_disjunction "Logical disjunction") | `a || b` | `bool K::operator ||(S b);` | `bool operator ||(K a, S b);` | ### Bitwise \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Bitwise")\] C and C++ have the same bitwise operators and all can be overloaded in C++. | Operation | Syntax | C++ prototype | | |---|---|---|---| | in class K | outside class | | | | [NOT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#NOT "Bitwise operation") | `~a` | `R K::operator ~();` | `R operator ~(K a);` | | [AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND "Bitwise operation") | `a & b` | `R K::operator &(S b);` | `R operator &(K a, S b);` | | [OR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#OR "Bitwise operation") | `a | b` | `R K::operator |(S b);` | `R operator |(K a, S b);` | | [XOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR "Bitwise operation") | `a ^ b` | `R K::operator ^(S b);` | `R operator ^(K a, S b);` | | [Shift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_shift "Bitwise shift") left[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-bitshift-7) | `a << b` | `R K::operator <<(S b);` | `R operator <<(K a, S b);` | | Shift right[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-bitshift-7)[\[f\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-9) | `a >> b` | `R K::operator >>(S b);` | `R operator >>(K a, S b);` | ### Assignment \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Assignment")\] C and C++ have the same assignment operators and all can be overloaded in C++. For the combination operators, `a ⊚= b` (where `⊚` represents an operation) is equivalent to `a = a ⊚ b`, except that `a` is evaluated only once. | Operation | Syntax | C++ prototype | | |---|---|---|---| | in class K | outside class | | | | [Assignment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assignment_operator_\(C%2B%2B\) "Assignment operator (C++)") | `a = b` | `R& K::operator =(S b);` | —N/a | | Addition combination | `a += b` | `R& K::operator +=(S b);` | `R& operator +=(K& a, S b);` | | Subtraction combination | `a -= b` | `R& K::operator -=(S b);` | `R& operator -=(K& a, S b);` | | Multiplication combination | `a *= b` | `R& K::operator *=(S b);` | `R& operator *=(K& a, S b);` | | Division combination | `a /= b` | `R& K::operator /=(S b);` | `R& operator /=(K& a, S b);` | | Modulo combination | `a %= b` | `R& K::operator %=(S b);` | `R& operator %=(K& a, S b);` | | Bitwise AND combination | `a &= b` | `R& K::operator &=(S b);` | `R& operator &=(K& a, S b);` | | Bitwise OR combination | `a |= b` | `R& K::operator |=(S b);` | `R& operator |=(K& a, S b);` | | Bitwise XOR combination | `a ^= b` | `R& K::operator ^=(S b);` | `R& operator ^=(K& a, S b);` | | Bitwise left shift combination | `a <<= b` | `R& K::operator <<=(S b);` | `R& operator <<=(K& a, S b);` | | Bitwise right shift combination[\[g\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-rightbitshift-10) | `a >>= b` | `R& K::operator >>=(S b);` | `R& operator >>=(K& a, S b);` | ### Member and pointer \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Member and pointer")\] | Operation | Syntax | Can overload | In C | C++ prototype | | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | in class K | outside class | | | | | | [Subscript](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indexer_\(programming\) "Indexer (programming)") | `a[b]``a<:b:>`[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-11) | Yes | Yes | `R& K::operator [](S b);` `R& K::operator [](S b, ...);`[\[h\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sinceCXX23-12) | —N/a | | Indirection (object pointed to by *a*) | `*a` | Yes | Yes | `R& K::operator *();` | `R& operator *(K a);` | | Address-of (address of *a*) | `&a` | Yes[\[i\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-addressof2-13) | Yes | `R* K::operator &();` | `R* operator &(K a);` | | Structure dereference (member *b* of object pointed to by *a*) | `a->b` | Yes | Yes | `R* K::operator ->();`[\[j\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-arrowptr-14) | —N/a | | Structure reference (member *b* of object *a*) | `a.b` | No | Yes | —N/a | | | Member selected by [pointer-to-member](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer-to-member "Pointer-to-member") *b* of object pointed to by *a*[\[k\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-arrowstar-15) | `a->*b` | Yes | No | `R& K::operator ->*(S b);` | `R& operator ->*(K a, S b);` | | Member of object *a* selected by [pointer-to-member](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer-to-member "Pointer-to-member") *b* | `a.*b` | No | No | —N/a | | ### Other \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Other")\] | Operation | Syntax | Can overload | In C | C++ prototype | | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | in class K | outside class | | | | | | [Function](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_\(programming\) "Function (programming)") call | `a(a1, a2)` | Yes | Yes | `R K::operator ()(S a, T b, ...);` | —N/a | | [Comma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma_operator "Comma operator") | `a, b` | Yes | Yes | `R K::operator ,(S b);` | `R operator ,(K a, S b);` | | [Ternary conditional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%3F: "?:") | `a ? b : c` | No | Yes | —N/a | | | [Scope resolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scope_resolution_operator#C++ "Scope resolution operator") | `a::b`[\[l\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-scopal-16) | No | No | —N/a | | | User-defined literals[\[m\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-ud-literal-17)[\[n\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sinceCXX11-18) | `"a"_b` | Yes | No | —N/a | `R operator "" _b(T a)` | | [Sizeof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizeof "Sizeof") | `sizeof a`[\[o\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sizeof-19) `sizeof (R)` | No | Yes | —N/a | | | Size of [parameter pack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variadic_template "Variadic template")[\[n\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sinceCXX11-18) | `sizeof...(Args)` | No | No | —N/a | | | Alignof[\[n\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sinceCXX11-18) | `alignof(R)` or `_Alignof(R)`[\[p\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-alignof-20) | No | Yes | —N/a | | | [Typeof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeof "Typeof")[\[q\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-typeof-21) | `typeof(a)` `typeof(R)` `typeof_unqual(a)` `typeof_unqual(R)` | —N/a | Yes | —N/a | | | [Decltype](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decltype "Decltype")[\[n\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sinceCXX11-18) | `decltype(a)` `decltype(R)` | No | No | —N/a | | | Type identification | `typeid(a)` `typeid(R)` | No | No | —N/a | | | [Conversion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_conversion "Type conversion") (C-style cast) | `(R)a` | Yes | Yes | `K::operator R();`[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-22) | —N/a | | [Conversion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_conversion "Type conversion")[\[r\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-23)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-24) | `R(a)` `R{a}`[\[n\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sinceCXX11-18) `auto(a)`[\[h\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sinceCXX23-12) `auto{a}`[\[h\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sinceCXX23-12) | No | No | —N/a | | | [static\_cast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_cast "Static cast") conversion[\[s\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-25) | `static_cast<R>(a)` | Yes | No | `K::operator R();` `explicit K::operator R();`[\[n\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sinceCXX11-18) | —N/a | | [dynamic cast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_cast "Dynamic cast") conversion | `dynamic_cast<R>(a)` | No | No | —N/a | | | [const\_cast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Const_cast "Const cast") conversion | `const_cast<R>(a)` | No | No | —N/a | | | [reinterpret\_cast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinterpret_cast "Reinterpret cast") conversion | `reinterpret_cast<R>(a)` | No | No | —N/a | | | [Allocate memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_\(c%2B%2B\) "New (c++)") | `new R`[\[t\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-infer-26) | Yes | No | `void* K::operator new(size_t x);` | `void* operator new(size_t x);` | | Allocate array | `new R[n]`[\[u\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-infer2-27) | Yes | No | `void* K::operator new[](size_t a);` | `void* operator new[](size_t a);` | | [Deallocate memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_delete "Operator delete") | `delete a` | Yes | No | `void K::operator delete(void* a);` | `void operator delete(void* a);` | | Deallocate array | `delete[] a` | Yes | No | `void K::operator delete[](void* a);` | `void operator delete[](void* a);` | | Exception check[\[n\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sinceCXX11-18) | `noexcept(a)` | No | No | —N/a | | | [Reflection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_programming "Reflective programming")[\[v\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sinceCXX26-28) | `^^a` | No | No | —N/a | | ### Synonyms \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Synonyms")\] C++ defines keywords to act as aliases for a number of operators:[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-Committee-29) | Keyword | Operator | |---|---| | `and` | `&&` | | `and_eq` | `&=` | | `bitand` | `&` | | `bitor` | `|` | | `compl` | `~` | | `not` | `!` | | `not_eq` | `!=` | | `or` | `||` | | `or_eq` | `|=` | | `xor` | `^` | | `xor_eq` | `^=` | Each keyword is a different way to specify an operator and as such can be used instead of the corresponding symbolic variation. For example, `(a > 0 and not flag)` and `(a > 0 && !flag)` specify the same behavior. As another example, the `bitand` keyword may be used to replace not only the *bitwise-and* operator but also the *address-of* operator, and it can be used to specify reference types (e.g., `int bitand ref = n`). The ISO C specification makes allowance for these keywords as preprocessor macros in the header file [`iso646.h`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iso646.h "Iso646.h"). For compatibility with C, C++ also provides the header `iso646.h`, the inclusion of which has no effect. Until C++20, it also provided the corresponding header [`ciso646`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciso646 "Ciso646") which had no effect as well. ## Expression evaluation order \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Expression evaluation order")\] During expression evaluation, the order in which sub-expressions are evaluated is determined by [precedence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_operations "Order of operations") and [associativity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_associativity "Operator associativity"). An operator with higher precedence is evaluated before a operator of lower precedence and the operands of an operator are evaluated based on associativity. The following table describes the precedence and associativity of the C and C++ operators. Operators are shown in groups of equal precedence with groups ordered in descending precedence from top to bottom (lower order is higher precedence).[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-30)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-31)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-32) Operator precedence is not affected by overloading. | Order | Operator | Description | Associativity | |---|---|---|---| | 1 highest | `::` | [Scope resolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scope_resolution_operator#C.2B.2B "Scope resolution operator") (C++ only) | None | | 2 | `++` | Postfix increment | Left-to-right | | `--` | Postfix decrement | | | | `()` | Function call | | | | `[]` | Array subscripting | | | | `.` | Element selection by reference | | | | `->` | Element selection through pointer | | | | `typeid()` | [Run-time type information](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-time_type_information "Run-time type information") (C++ only) (see [typeid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeid "Typeid")) | | | | `const_cast` | Type cast (C++ only) (see [const\_cast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Const_cast "Const cast")) | | | | `dynamic_cast` | Type cast (C++ only) (see [dynamic cast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_cast "Dynamic cast")) | | | | `reinterpret_cast` | Type cast (C++ only) (see [reinterpret\_cast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinterpret_cast "Reinterpret cast")) | | | | `static_cast` | Type cast (C++ only) (see [static\_cast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_cast "Static cast")) | | | | 3 | `++` | Prefix increment | Right-to-left | | `--` | Prefix decrement | | | | `+` | Unary plus | | | | `-` | Unary minus | | | | `!` | Logical NOT | | | | `~` | Bitwise NOT ([ones' complement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ones%27_complement "Ones' complement")) | | | | `(type)` | Type cast | | | | `*` | Indirection (dereference) | | | | `&` | Address-of | | | | `sizeof` | [Sizeof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizeof "Sizeof") | | | | `_Alignof` | Alignment requirement (since C11) | | | | `new`, `new[]` | Dynamic memory allocation (C++ only) | | | | `delete`, `delete[]` | Dynamic memory deallocation (C++ only) | | | | 4 | `.*` | Pointer to member (C++ only) | Left-to-right | | `->*` | Pointer to member (C++ only) | | | | 5 | `*` | Multiplication | Left-to-right | | `/` | Division | | | | `%` | [Modulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo_operation "Modulo operation") (remainder) | | | | 6 | `+` | Addition | Left-to-right | | `-` | Subtraction | | | | 7 | `<<` | [Bitwise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation "Bitwise operation") left shift | Left-to-right | | `>>` | [Bitwise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation "Bitwise operation") right shift | | | | 8 | `<=>` | [Three-way comparison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-way_comparison "Three-way comparison") (Introduced in [C++20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B20 "C++20") - C++ only) | Left-to-right | | 9 | `<` | Less than | Left-to-right | | `<=` | Less than or equal to | | | | `>` | Greater than | | | | `>=` | Greater than or equal to | | | | 10 | `==` | Equal to | Left-to-right | | `!=` | Not equal to | | | | 11 | `&` | Bitwise AND | Left-to-right | | 12 | `^` | Bitwise XOR (exclusive or) | Left-to-right | | 13 | `|` | Bitwise OR (inclusive or) | Left-to-right | | 14 | `&&` | Logical AND | Left-to-right | | 15 | `||` | Logical OR | Left-to-right | | 16 | `co_await` | Coroutine processing (C++ only) | Right-to-left | | `co_yield` | | | | | 17 | `?:` | [Ternary conditional operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_conditional_operator "Ternary conditional operator") | Right-to-left | | `=` | Direct assignment | | | | `+=` | Assignment by sum | | | | `-=` | Assignment by difference | | | | `*=` | Assignment by product | | | | `/=` | Assignment by quotient | | | | `%=` | Assignment by remainder | | | | `<<=` | Assignment by bitwise left shift | | | | `>>=` | Assignment by bitwise right shift | | | | `&=` | Assignment by bitwise AND | | | | `^=` | Assignment by bitwise XOR | | | | `|=` | Assignment by bitwise OR | | | | `throw` | Throw operator (exceptions throwing, C++ only) | | | | 18 lowest | `,` | [Comma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma_operator "Comma operator") | Left-to-right | ### Details \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Details")\] Although this table is adequate for describing most evaluation order, it does not describe a few details. The [ternary operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_operator "Ternary operator") allows any arbitrary expression as its middle operand, despite being listed as having higher precedence than the assignment and comma operators. Thus `a ? b, c : d` is interpreted as `a ? (b, c) : d`, and not as the meaningless `(a ? b), (c : d)`. So, the expression in the middle of the conditional operator (between `?` and `:`) is parsed as if parenthesized. Also, the immediate, un-parenthesized result of a C cast expression cannot be the operand of `sizeof`. Therefore, `sizeof (int) * x` is interpreted as `(sizeof(int)) * x` and not `sizeof ((int) * x)`. ### Chained expressions \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Chained expressions")\] The precedence table determines the order of binding in chained expressions, when it is not expressly specified by parentheses. - For example, `++x*3` is ambiguous without some precedence rule(s). The precedence table tells us that: `x` is 'bound' more tightly to `++` than to `*`, so that whatever `++` does (now or later—see below), it does it ONLY to `x` (and not to `x*3`); it is equivalent to (`++x`, `x*3`). - Similarly, with `3*x++`, where though the post-fix `++` is designed to act AFTER the entire expression is evaluated, the precedence table makes it clear that ONLY `x` gets incremented (and NOT `3*x`). In fact, the expression (`tmp=x++`, `3*tmp`) is evaluated with `tmp` being a temporary value. It is functionally equivalent to something like (`tmp=3*x`, `++x`, `tmp`). [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Precedence_2.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Precedence_2.png) Precedence and bindings - Abstracting the issue of precedence or binding, consider the diagram above for the expression 3+2\*y\[i\]++. The compiler's job is to resolve the diagram into an expression, one in which several unary operators (call them 3+( . ), 2\*( . ), ( . )++ and ( . )\[ i \]) are competing to bind to y. The order of precedence table resolves the final sub-expression they each act upon: ( . )\[ i \] acts only on y, ( . )++ acts only on y\[i\], 2\*( . ) acts only on y\[i\]++ and 3+( . ) acts 'only' on 2\*((y\[i\])++). It is important to note that WHAT sub-expression gets acted on by each operator is clear from the precedence table but WHEN each operator acts is not resolved by the precedence table; in this example, the ( . )++ operator acts only on y\[i\] by the precedence rules but binding levels alone do not indicate the timing of the postfix ++ (the ( . )++ operator acts only after y\[i\] is evaluated in the expression). ### Binding \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Binding")\] The binding of operators in C and C++ is specified by a factored language grammar, rather than a precedence table. This creates some subtle conflicts. For example, in C, the syntax for a conditional expression is: ``` logical-OR-expression ? expression : conditional-expression ``` while in C++ it is: ``` logical-OR-expression ? expression : assignment-expression ``` Hence, the expression: ``` e = a < d ? a++ : a = d ``` is parsed differently in the two languages. In C, this expression is a syntax error, because the syntax for an assignment expression in C is: ``` unary-expression '=' assignment-expression ``` In C++, it is parsed as: ``` e = (a < d ? a++ : (a = d)) ``` which is a valid expression.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-33)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-34) To use the comma operator in a function call argument expression, variable assignment, or a comma-separated list, use of parentheses is required.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-35)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-36) For example, ``` int a = 1, b = 2, weirdVariable = (++a, b), d = 4; ``` ### Criticism of bitwise and equality operators precedence \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Criticism of bitwise and equality operators precedence")\] The precedence of the bitwise logical operators has been criticized.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-Bell-37) Conceptually, & and \| are arithmetic operators like \* and +. The expression `a & b == 7` is syntactically parsed as `a & (b == 7)` whereas the expression `a + b == 7` is parsed as `(a + b) == 7`. This requires parentheses to be used more often than they otherwise would. Historically, there was no syntactic distinction between the bitwise and logical operators. In [BCPL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCPL "BCPL"), [B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_\(programming_language\) "B (programming language)") and early C, the operators `&& ||` didn't exist. Instead `& |` had different meaning depending on whether they are used in a 'truth-value context' (i.e. when a Boolean value was expected, for example in `if (a==b & c) {...}` it behaved as a logical operator, but in `c = a & b` it behaved as a bitwise one). It was retained so as to keep [backward compatibility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_compatibility "Backward compatibility") with existing installations.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-38) Moreover, in C++ (and later versions of C) equality operations, with the exception of the three-way comparison operator, yield [bool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_data_type "Boolean data type") type values which are conceptually a single bit (1 or 0) and as such do not properly belong in "bitwise" operations. ## Notes \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Notes")\] 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-modulo_1-0)** The modulus operator only supports integer operands; for floating point, a function such as [`fmod`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math.h "Math.h") can be used. 2. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-dummy-int_2-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-dummy-int_2-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-dummy-int_2-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-dummy-int_2-3) The `int` is a dummy parameter to differentiate between prefix and postfix. 3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-threewaycomparison_4-0)** About [C++20 three-way comparison](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/operator_comparison#Three-way_comparison) 4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-5)** Possible return types: `std::weak_ordering`, `std::strong_ordering` and `std::partial_ordering` to which they all are convertible to. 5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-bitshift_7-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-bitshift_7-1) In the context of [iostreams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iostream "Iostream") in C++, writers often will refer to `<<` and `>>` as the "put-to" or "stream insertion" and "get-from" or "stream extraction" operators, respectively. 6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-9)** According to the C99 standard, the right shift of a negative number is implementation defined. Most implementations, e.g., the GCC,[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-Integers-8) use an [arithmetic shift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_shift "Arithmetic shift") (i.e., sign extension), but a [logical shift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_shift "Logical shift") is possible. 7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-rightbitshift_10-0)** According to the C99 standard, the right shift of a negative number is implementation defined. Most implementations, e.g., the GCC,[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-Integers-8) use an [arithmetic shift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_shift "Arithmetic shift") (i.e., sign extension), but a [logical shift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_shift "Logical shift") is possible. 8. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sinceCXX23_12-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sinceCXX23_12-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sinceCXX23_12-2) since C++23 9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-addressof2_13-0)** The actual address of an object with an overloaded `operator &` can be obtained with [`std::addressof`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/addressof) 10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-arrowptr_14-0)** The return type of `operator->()` must be a type for which the `->` operation can be applied, such as a pointer type. If `x` is of type `C` where `C` overloads `operator->()`, `x->y` gets expanded to `x.operator->()->y`. 11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-arrowstar_15-0)** Meyers, Scott (October 1999), ["Implementing operator-\>\* for Smart Pointers"](http://aristeia.com/Papers/DDJ_Oct_1999.pdf) (PDF), *Dr. Dobb's Journal*, Aristeia . 12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-scopal_16-0)** Although a `::` punctuator exists in C as of C23, it is not used as a scope resolution operator. 13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-ud-literal_17-0)** About [C++11 User-defined literals](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/user_literal) 14. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sinceCXX11_18-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sinceCXX11_18-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sinceCXX11_18-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sinceCXX11_18-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sinceCXX11_18-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sinceCXX11_18-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sinceCXX11_18-6) since C++11 15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sizeof_19-0)** The parentheses are not necessary when taking the size of a value, only when taking the size of a type. However, they are usually used regardless.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] 16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-alignof_20-0)** C++ defines `alignof` operator, whereas C defines `_Alignof` (C23 defines both). Both operators have the same semantics. 17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-typeof_21-0)** since C23; not in standard C++ 18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-23)** Behaves like const\_cast/static\_cast/reinterpret\_cast. In the last two cases, the `auto` specifier is replaced with the type of the invented variable x declared with `auto x(a);` (which is never interpreted as a function declaration) or `auto x{a};`, respectively. 19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-25)** For user-defined conversions, the return type implicitly and necessarily matches the operator name unless the type is inferred (e.g. `operator auto()`, `operator decltype(auto)()` etc.). 20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-infer_26-0)** The type name can also be inferred (e.g `new auto`) if an initializer is provided. 21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-infer2_27-0)** The array size can also be inferred if an initializer is provided. 22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sinceCXX26_28-0)** since C++26 ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: See also")\] - [Bitwise operations in C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operations_in_C "Bitwise operations in C") – Operations transforming individual bits of integral data types - [Bit manipulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_manipulation "Bit manipulation") – Algorithmically modifying data below the word level - [Logical operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_operator "Logical operator") – Symbol connecting formulas in logicPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets - [Boolean algebra (logic)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebra_\(logic\) "Boolean algebra (logic)") – Algebraic manipulation of "true" and "false"Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets - [Table of logic symbols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_logic_symbols "Table of logic symbols") – List of symbols used to express logical relationsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: References")\] 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-3)** ["Operator overloading§Comparison operators"](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/operators#Comparison_operators). *cppreference.com*. 2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-6)** ["Standard C++"](https://isocpp.org/wiki/faq/operator-overloading). 3. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-Integers_8-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-Integers_8-1) "Integers implementation", [*GCC 4.3.3*](https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.3.3/gcc/Integers-implementation.html#Integers-implementation), GNU . 4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-11)** ["ISO/IEC 9899:1999 specification, TC3"](https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/WG14/www/docs/n1256.pdf#%5B%7B%22num%22%3A148%2C%22gen%22%3A0%7D%2C%7B%22name%22%3A%22XYZ%22%7D%2C-27%2C816%2Cnull%5D) (PDF). p. 64, § 6.4.6 *Ponctuators* para. 3. 5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-22)** ["user-defined conversion"](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/cast_operator). Retrieved 5 April 2020. 6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-24)** [Explicit type conversion](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/explicit_cast) in C++ 7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-Committee_29-0)** *ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) Programming Language C++*. open-std.org – The C++ Standards Committee. 1 September 1998. pp. 40–41\. 8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-30)** *ISO/IEC 9899:201x Programming Languages - C*. open-std.org – The C Standards Committee. 19 December 2011. p. 465. 9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-31)** *the ISO C 1999 standard, section 6.5.6 note 71* (Technical report). ISO. 1999. 10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-32)** ["C++ Built-in Operators, Precedence and Associativity"](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-US/cpp/cpp/cpp-built-in-operators-precedence-and-associativity). *docs.microsoft.com*. Retrieved 11 May 2020. 11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-33)** ["C Operator Precedence - cppreference.com"](https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/language/operator_precedence). *en.cppreference.com*. Retrieved 10 April 2020. 12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-34)** ["Does the C/C++ ternary operator actually have the same precedence as assignment operators?"](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13515434/does-the-c-c-ternary-operator-actually-have-the-same-precedence-as-assignment/13515505). *Stack Overflow*. Retrieved 22 September 2019. 13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-35)** ["Other operators - cppreference.com"](https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/language/operator_other). *en.cppreference.com*. Retrieved 10 April 2020. 14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-36)** ["c++ - How does the Comma Operator work"](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/54142/how-does-the-comma-operator-work/). *Stack Overflow*. Retrieved 1 April 2020. 15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-Bell_37-0)** [*C history § Neonatal C*](https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chist.html), Bell labs . 16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-38)** ["Re^10: next unless condition"](https://www.perlmonks.org/?node_id=1159769). *www.perlmonks.org*. Retrieved 23 March 2018. ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: External links")\] - "Operators", [*C++ reference*](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/expressions#Operators) (wiki) . - [C Operator Precedence](https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/language/operator_precedence) - [*Postfix Increment and Decrement Operators: ++ and --*](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-US/cpp/cpp/postfix-increment-and-decrement-operators-increment-and-decrement) (Developer network), Microsoft, 17 August 2021 . | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:C_programming_language "Template:C programming language") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:C_programming_language "Template talk:C programming language") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C_programming_language "Special:EditPage/Template:C programming language")[C programming 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Compiler Kit") [Borland Turbo C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borland_Turbo_C "Borland Turbo C") [Clang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clang "Clang") [Comeau C/C++](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeau_C/C%2B%2B "Comeau C/C++") [CompCert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompCert "CompCert") [GCC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection "GNU Compiler Collection") [IAR Embedded Workbench](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAR_Systems#IAR_Embedded_Workbench "IAR Systems") [ICC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_C%2B%2B_Compiler "Intel C++ Compiler") [LCC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCC_\(compiler\) "LCC (compiler)") [Norcroft C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norcroft_C_compiler "Norcroft C compiler") [PCC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_C_Compiler "Portable C Compiler") [SDCC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Device_C_Compiler "Small Device C Compiler") [TCC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_C_Compiler "Tiny C Compiler") [Visual C++ (MSVC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_C%2B%2B "Microsoft Visual C++") [Watcom C/C++](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watcom_C/C%2B%2B "Watcom C/C++") | | [IDEs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment "Integrated development environment") | [Anjuta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjuta "Anjuta") [CLion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLion "CLion") [Code::Blocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code::Blocks "Code::Blocks") [CodeLite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CodeLite "CodeLite") [Eclipse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_\(software\) "Eclipse (software)") [Geany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geany "Geany") [GNOME Builder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME_Builder "GNOME Builder") [KDevelop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDevelop "KDevelop") [NetBeans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBeans "NetBeans") [Visual Studio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio "Visual Studio") | | Comparison with other languages | [Compatibility of C and C++](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatibility_of_C_and_C%2B%2B "Compatibility of C and C++") [Comparison with Pascal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Pascal_and_C "Comparison of Pascal and C") | | Descendant languages | [Alef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alef_\(programming_language\) "Alef (programming language)") [C++](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B "C++") [C\#](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_\(programming_language\) "C Sharp (programming language)") [D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_\(programming_language\) "D (programming language)") [Objective-C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective-C "Objective-C") [Go](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_\(programming_language\) "Go (programming language)") [Vala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vala_\(programming_language\) "Vala (programming language)") [Zig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zig_\(programming_language\) "Zig (programming language)") | | Designer | [Dennis Ritchie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie "Dennis Ritchie") | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) **[Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:C_\(programming_language\) "Category:C (programming language)")** | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:C%2B%2B_programming_language "Template:C++ programming language") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:C%2B%2B_programming_language "Template talk:C++ programming language") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C%2B%2B_programming_language "Special:EditPage/Template:C++ programming language")[C++](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B "C++") | | |---|---| | [C++](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B "C++") [Outline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_C%2B%2B "Outline of C++") [C++98](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B#Standardization "C++") [C++03](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B03 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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This is a list of [operators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_\(programming\) "Operator (programming)") in the [C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_\(programming_language\) "C (programming language)") and [C++](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B "C++") [programming languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language "Programming language"). All listed operators are in C++ and lacking indication otherwise, in C as well. Some tables include a "In C" column that indicates whether an operator is also in C. Note that C does not support [operator overloading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_overloading "Operator overloading"). When not overloaded, for the operators `&&`, `||`, and `,` (the [comma operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma_operator "Comma operator")), there is a [sequence point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_point "Sequence point") after the evaluation of the first operand. Most of the operators available in C and C++ are also available in other [C-family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-family "C-family") languages such as [C\#](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_\(programming_language\) "C Sharp (programming language)"), [D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_\(programming_language\) "D (programming language)"), [Java](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_\(programming_language\) "Java (programming language)"), [Perl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl "Perl"), and [PHP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP "PHP") with the same precedence, associativity, and semantics. Many operators specified by a sequence of symbols are commonly referred to by a name that consists of the name of each symbol. For example, `+=` and `-=` are often called "plus equal(s)" and "minus equal(s)", instead of the more verbose "assignment by addition" and "assignment by subtraction". In the following tables, lower case letters such as `a` and `b` represent literal values, object/variable names, or l-values, as appropriate. `R`, `S` and `T` stand for a data type, and `K` for a class or enumeration type. Some operators have alternative spellings using [digraphs and trigraphs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digraphs_and_trigraphs_\(programming\) "Digraphs and trigraphs (programming)") or [operator synonyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#Synonyms). C and C++ have the same arithmetic operators and all can be overloaded in C++. | Operation | Syntax | C++ prototype | | |---|---|---|---| | in class K | outside class | | | | [Addition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition "Addition") | `a + b` | `R K::operator +(S b);` | `R operator +(K a, S b);` | | [Subtraction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtraction "Subtraction") | `a - b` | `R K::operator -(S b);` | `R operator -(K a, S b);` | | [Unary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unary_operation "Unary operation") plus; [integer promotion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_conversion#Type_promotion "Type conversion") | `+a` | `R K::operator +();` | `R operator +(K a);` | | [Unary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unary_operation "Unary operation") minus; [additive inverse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_inverse "Additive inverse") | `-a` | `R K::operator -();` | `R operator -(K a);` | | [Multiplication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication "Multiplication") | `a * b` | `R K::operator *(S b);` | `R operator *(K a, S b);` | | [Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_\(mathematics\) "Division (mathematics)") | `a / b` | `R K::operator /(S b);` | `R operator /(K a, S b);` | | [Modulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo_operation "Modulo operation")[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-modulo-1) | `a % b` | `R K::operator %(S b);` | `R operator %(K a, S b);` | | Prefix [increment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Increment_and_decrement_operators "Increment and decrement operators") | `++a` | `R& K::operator ++();` | `R& operator ++(K& a);` | | Postfix increment | `a++` | `R K::operator ++(int);`[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-dummy-int-2) | `R operator ++(K& a, int);`[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-dummy-int-2) | | Prefix [decrement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Increment_and_decrement_operators "Increment and decrement operators") | `--a` | `R& K::operator --();` | `R& operator --(K& a);` | | Postfix decrement | `a--` | `R K::operator --(int);`[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-dummy-int-2) | `R operator --(K& a, int);`[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-dummy-int-2) | All [relational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_operator "Relational operator") (comparison) operators can be overloaded in C++. Since [C++20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B20 "C++20"), the inequality operator is automatically generated if `operator==` is defined and all four relational operators are automatically generated if `operator<=>` is defined.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-3) | Operation | Syntax | In C | C++ prototype | | |---|---|---|---|---| | in class K | outside class | | | | | Equal to | `a == b` | Yes | `bool K::operator ==(S const& b) const;` | `bool operator ==(K const& a, S const& b);` | | Not equal to | `a != b` | Yes | `bool K::operator !=(S const& b) const;` | `bool operator !=(K const& a, S const& b);` | | Greater than | `a > b` | Yes | `bool K::operator >(S const& b) const;` | `bool operator >(K const& a, S const& b);` | | Less than | `a < b` | Yes | `bool K::operator <(S const& b) const;` | `bool operator <(K const& a, S const& b);` | | Greater than or equal to | `a >= b` | Yes | `bool K::operator >=(S const& b) const;` | `bool operator >=(K const& a, S const& b);` | | Less than or equal to | `a <= b` | Yes | `bool K::operator <=(S const& b) const;` | `bool operator <=(K const& a, S const& b);` | | [Three-way comparison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-way_comparison "Three-way comparison")[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-threewaycomparison-4)[\[d\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-5) | `a <=> b` | No | `auto K::operator <=>(const S &b);` | `auto operator <=>(const K &a, const S &b);` | C and C++ have the same logical operators and all can be overloaded in C++. Note that overloading logical *AND* and *OR* is discouraged, because as overloaded operators they always evaluate both operands instead of providing the normal semantics of [short-circuit evaluation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_evaluation "Short-circuit evaluation").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-6) | Operation | Syntax | C++ prototype | | |---|---|---|---| | in class K | outside class | | | | [NOT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negation "Negation") | `!a` | `bool K::operator !();` | `bool operator !(K a);` | | [AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_conjunction "Logical conjunction") | `a && b` | `bool K::operator &&(S b);` | `bool operator &&(K a, S b);` | | [OR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_disjunction "Logical disjunction") | `a || b` | `bool K::operator ||(S b);` | `bool operator ||(K a, S b);` | C and C++ have the same bitwise operators and all can be overloaded in C++. | Operation | Syntax | C++ prototype | | |---|---|---|---| | in class K | outside class | | | | [NOT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#NOT "Bitwise operation") | `~a` | `R K::operator ~();` | `R operator ~(K a);` | | [AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND "Bitwise operation") | `a & b` | `R K::operator &(S b);` | `R operator &(K a, S b);` | | [OR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#OR "Bitwise operation") | `a | b` | `R K::operator |(S b);` | `R operator |(K a, S b);` | | [XOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR "Bitwise operation") | `a ^ b` | `R K::operator ^(S b);` | `R operator ^(K a, S b);` | | [Shift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_shift "Bitwise shift") left[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-bitshift-7) | `a << b` | `R K::operator <<(S b);` | `R operator <<(K a, S b);` | | Shift right[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-bitshift-7)[\[f\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-9) | `a >> b` | `R K::operator >>(S b);` | `R operator >>(K a, S b);` | C and C++ have the same assignment operators and all can be overloaded in C++. For the combination operators, `a ⊚= b` (where `⊚` represents an operation) is equivalent to `a = a ⊚ b`, except that `a` is evaluated only once. | Operation | Syntax | C++ prototype | | |---|---|---|---| | in class K | outside class | | | | [Assignment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assignment_operator_\(C%2B%2B\) "Assignment operator (C++)") | `a = b` | `R& K::operator =(S b);` | N/a | | Addition combination | `a += b` | `R& K::operator +=(S b);` | `R& operator +=(K& a, S b);` | | Subtraction combination | `a -= b` | `R& K::operator -=(S b);` | `R& operator -=(K& a, S b);` | | Multiplication combination | `a *= b` | `R& K::operator *=(S b);` | `R& operator *=(K& a, S b);` | | Division combination | `a /= b` | `R& K::operator /=(S b);` | `R& operator /=(K& a, S b);` | | Modulo combination | `a %= b` | `R& K::operator %=(S b);` | `R& operator %=(K& a, S b);` | | Bitwise AND combination | `a &= b` | `R& K::operator &=(S b);` | `R& operator &=(K& a, S b);` | | Bitwise OR combination | `a |= b` | `R& K::operator |=(S b);` | `R& operator |=(K& a, S b);` | | Bitwise XOR combination | `a ^= b` | `R& K::operator ^=(S b);` | `R& operator ^=(K& a, S b);` | | Bitwise left shift combination | `a <<= b` | `R& K::operator <<=(S b);` | `R& operator <<=(K& a, S b);` | | Bitwise right shift combination[\[g\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-rightbitshift-10) | `a >>= b` | `R& K::operator >>=(S b);` | `R& operator >>=(K& a, S b);` | | Operation | Syntax | Can overload | In C | C++ prototype | | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | in class K | outside class | | | | | | [Subscript](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indexer_\(programming\) "Indexer (programming)") | `a[b]``a<:b:>`[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-11) | Yes | Yes | `R& K::operator [](S b);` `R& K::operator [](S b, ...);`[\[h\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sinceCXX23-12) | N/a | | Indirection (object pointed to by *a*) | `*a` | Yes | Yes | `R& K::operator *();` | `R& operator *(K a);` | | Address-of (address of *a*) | `&a` | Yes[\[i\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-addressof2-13) | Yes | `R* K::operator &();` | `R* operator &(K a);` | | Structure dereference (member *b* of object pointed to by *a*) | `a->b` | Yes | Yes | `R* K::operator ->();`[\[j\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-arrowptr-14) | N/a | | Structure reference (member *b* of object *a*) | `a.b` | No | Yes | N/a | | | Member selected by [pointer-to-member](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer-to-member "Pointer-to-member") *b* of object pointed to by *a*[\[k\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-arrowstar-15) | `a->*b` | Yes | No | `R& K::operator ->*(S b);` | `R& operator ->*(K a, S b);` | | Member of object *a* selected by [pointer-to-member](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer-to-member "Pointer-to-member") *b* | `a.*b` | No | No | N/a | | | Operation | Syntax | Can overload | In C | C++ prototype | | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | in class K | outside class | | | | | | [Function](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_\(programming\) "Function (programming)") call | `a(a1, a2)` | Yes | Yes | `R K::operator ()(S a, T b, ...);` | N/a | | [Comma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma_operator "Comma operator") | `a, b` | Yes | Yes | `R K::operator ,(S b);` | `R operator ,(K a, S b);` | | [Ternary conditional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%3F: "?:") | `a ? b : c` | No | Yes | N/a | | | [Scope resolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scope_resolution_operator#C++ "Scope resolution operator") | `a::b`[\[l\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-scopal-16) | No | No | N/a | | | User-defined literals[\[m\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-ud-literal-17)[\[n\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sinceCXX11-18) | `"a"_b` | Yes | No | N/a | `R operator "" _b(T a)` | | [Sizeof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizeof "Sizeof") | `sizeof a`[\[o\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sizeof-19) `sizeof (R)` | No | Yes | N/a | | | Size of [parameter pack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variadic_template "Variadic template")[\[n\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sinceCXX11-18) | `sizeof...(Args)` | No | No | N/a | | | Alignof[\[n\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sinceCXX11-18) | `alignof(R)` or `_Alignof(R)`[\[p\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-alignof-20) | No | Yes | N/a | | | [Typeof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeof "Typeof")[\[q\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-typeof-21) | `typeof(a)` `typeof(R)` `typeof_unqual(a)` `typeof_unqual(R)` | N/a | Yes | N/a | | | [Decltype](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decltype "Decltype")[\[n\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sinceCXX11-18) | `decltype(a)` `decltype(R)` | No | No | N/a | | | Type identification | `typeid(a)` `typeid(R)` | No | No | N/a | | | [Conversion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_conversion "Type conversion") (C-style cast) | `(R)a` | Yes | Yes | `K::operator R();`[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-22) | N/a | | [Conversion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_conversion "Type conversion")[\[r\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-23)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-24) | `R(a)` `R{a}`[\[n\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sinceCXX11-18) `auto(a)`[\[h\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sinceCXX23-12) `auto{a}`[\[h\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sinceCXX23-12) | No | No | N/a | | | [static\_cast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_cast "Static cast") conversion[\[s\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-25) | `static_cast<R>(a)` | Yes | No | `K::operator R();` `explicit K::operator R();`[\[n\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sinceCXX11-18) | N/a | | [dynamic cast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_cast "Dynamic cast") conversion | `dynamic_cast<R>(a)` | No | No | N/a | | | [const\_cast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Const_cast "Const cast") conversion | `const_cast<R>(a)` | No | No | N/a | | | [reinterpret\_cast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinterpret_cast "Reinterpret cast") conversion | `reinterpret_cast<R>(a)` | No | No | N/a | | | [Allocate memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_\(c%2B%2B\) "New (c++)") | `new R`[\[t\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-infer-26) | Yes | No | `void* K::operator new(size_t x);` | `void* operator new(size_t x);` | | Allocate array | `new R[n]`[\[u\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-infer2-27) | Yes | No | `void* K::operator new[](size_t a);` | `void* operator new[](size_t a);` | | [Deallocate memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_delete "Operator delete") | `delete a` | Yes | No | `void K::operator delete(void* a);` | `void operator delete(void* a);` | | Deallocate array | `delete[] a` | Yes | No | `void K::operator delete[](void* a);` | `void operator delete[](void* a);` | | Exception check[\[n\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sinceCXX11-18) | `noexcept(a)` | No | No | N/a | | | [Reflection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_programming "Reflective programming")[\[v\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-sinceCXX26-28) | `^^a` | No | No | N/a | | C++ defines keywords to act as aliases for a number of operators:[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-Committee-29) | Keyword | Operator | |---|---| | `and` | `&&` | | `and_eq` | `&=` | | `bitand` | `&` | | `bitor` | `|` | | `compl` | `~` | | `not` | `!` | | `not_eq` | `!=` | | `or` | `||` | | `or_eq` | `|=` | | `xor` | `^` | | `xor_eq` | `^=` | Each keyword is a different way to specify an operator and as such can be used instead of the corresponding symbolic variation. For example, `(a > 0 and not flag)` and `(a > 0 && !flag)` specify the same behavior. As another example, the `bitand` keyword may be used to replace not only the *bitwise-and* operator but also the *address-of* operator, and it can be used to specify reference types (e.g., `int bitand ref = n`). The ISO C specification makes allowance for these keywords as preprocessor macros in the header file [`iso646.h`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iso646.h "Iso646.h"). For compatibility with C, C++ also provides the header `iso646.h`, the inclusion of which has no effect. Until C++20, it also provided the corresponding header [`ciso646`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciso646 "Ciso646") which had no effect as well. ## Expression evaluation order \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Expression evaluation order")\] During expression evaluation, the order in which sub-expressions are evaluated is determined by [precedence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_operations "Order of operations") and [associativity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_associativity "Operator associativity"). An operator with higher precedence is evaluated before a operator of lower precedence and the operands of an operator are evaluated based on associativity. The following table describes the precedence and associativity of the C and C++ operators. Operators are shown in groups of equal precedence with groups ordered in descending precedence from top to bottom (lower order is higher precedence).[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-30)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-31)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-32) Operator precedence is not affected by overloading. | Order | Operator | Description | Associativity | |---|---|---|---| | 1 highest | `::` | [Scope resolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scope_resolution_operator#C.2B.2B "Scope resolution operator") (C++ only) | None | | 2 | `++` | Postfix increment | Left-to-right | | `--` | Postfix decrement | | | | `()` | Function call | | | | `[]` | Array subscripting | | | | `.` | Element selection by reference | | | | `->` | Element selection through pointer | | | | `typeid()` | [Run-time type information](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-time_type_information "Run-time type information") (C++ only) (see [typeid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeid "Typeid")) | | | | `const_cast` | Type cast (C++ only) (see [const\_cast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Const_cast "Const cast")) | | | | `dynamic_cast` | Type cast (C++ only) (see [dynamic cast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_cast "Dynamic cast")) | | | | `reinterpret_cast` | Type cast (C++ only) (see [reinterpret\_cast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinterpret_cast "Reinterpret cast")) | | | | `static_cast` | Type cast (C++ only) (see [static\_cast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_cast "Static cast")) | | | | 3 | `++` | Prefix increment | Right-to-left | | `--` | Prefix decrement | | | | `+` | Unary plus | | | | `-` | Unary minus | | | | `!` | Logical NOT | | | | `~` | Bitwise NOT ([ones' complement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ones%27_complement "Ones' complement")) | | | | `(type)` | Type cast | | | | `*` | Indirection (dereference) | | | | `&` | Address-of | | | | `sizeof` | [Sizeof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizeof "Sizeof") | | | | `_Alignof` | Alignment requirement (since C11) | | | | `new`, `new[]` | Dynamic memory allocation (C++ only) | | | | `delete`, `delete[]` | Dynamic memory deallocation (C++ only) | | | | 4 | `.*` | Pointer to member (C++ only) | Left-to-right | | `->*` | Pointer to member (C++ only) | | | | 5 | `*` | Multiplication | Left-to-right | | `/` | Division | | | | `%` | [Modulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo_operation "Modulo operation") (remainder) | | | | 6 | `+` | Addition | Left-to-right | | `-` | Subtraction | | | | 7 | `<<` | [Bitwise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation "Bitwise operation") left shift | Left-to-right | | `>>` | [Bitwise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation "Bitwise operation") right shift | | | | 8 | `<=>` | [Three-way comparison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-way_comparison "Three-way comparison") (Introduced in [C++20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B20 "C++20") - C++ only) | Left-to-right | | 9 | `<` | Less than | Left-to-right | | `<=` | Less than or equal to | | | | `>` | Greater than | | | | `>=` | Greater than or equal to | | | | 10 | `==` | Equal to | Left-to-right | | `!=` | Not equal to | | | | 11 | `&` | Bitwise AND | Left-to-right | | 12 | `^` | Bitwise XOR (exclusive or) | Left-to-right | | 13 | `|` | Bitwise OR (inclusive or) | Left-to-right | | 14 | `&&` | Logical AND | Left-to-right | | 15 | `||` | Logical OR | Left-to-right | | 16 | `co_await` | Coroutine processing (C++ only) | Right-to-left | | `co_yield` | | | | | 17 | `?:` | [Ternary conditional operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_conditional_operator "Ternary conditional operator") | Right-to-left | | `=` | Direct assignment | | | | `+=` | Assignment by sum | | | | `-=` | Assignment by difference | | | | `*=` | Assignment by product | | | | `/=` | Assignment by quotient | | | | `%=` | Assignment by remainder | | | | `<<=` | Assignment by bitwise left shift | | | | `>>=` | Assignment by bitwise right shift | | | | `&=` | Assignment by bitwise AND | | | | `^=` | Assignment by bitwise XOR | | | | `|=` | Assignment by bitwise OR | | | | `throw` | Throw operator (exceptions throwing, C++ only) | | | | 18 lowest | `,` | [Comma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma_operator "Comma operator") | Left-to-right | Although this table is adequate for describing most evaluation order, it does not describe a few details. The [ternary operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_operator "Ternary operator") allows any arbitrary expression as its middle operand, despite being listed as having higher precedence than the assignment and comma operators. Thus `a ? b, c : d` is interpreted as `a ? (b, c) : d`, and not as the meaningless `(a ? b), (c : d)`. So, the expression in the middle of the conditional operator (between `?` and `:`) is parsed as if parenthesized. Also, the immediate, un-parenthesized result of a C cast expression cannot be the operand of `sizeof`. Therefore, `sizeof (int) * x` is interpreted as `(sizeof(int)) * x` and not `sizeof ((int) * x)`. ### Chained expressions \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Chained expressions")\] The precedence table determines the order of binding in chained expressions, when it is not expressly specified by parentheses. - For example, `++x*3` is ambiguous without some precedence rule(s). The precedence table tells us that: x is 'bound' more tightly to \++ than to \*, so that whatever \++ does (now or later—see below), it does it ONLY to x (and not to `x*3`); it is equivalent to (`++x`, `x*3`). - Similarly, with `3*x++`, where though the post-fix \++ is designed to act AFTER the entire expression is evaluated, the precedence table makes it clear that ONLY x gets incremented (and NOT `3*x`). In fact, the expression (`tmp=x++`, `3*tmp`) is evaluated with tmp being a temporary value. It is functionally equivalent to something like (`tmp=3*x`, `++x`, `tmp`). [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Precedence_2.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Precedence_2.png) Precedence and bindings - Abstracting the issue of precedence or binding, consider the diagram above for the expression 3+2\*y\[i\]++. The compiler's job is to resolve the diagram into an expression, one in which several unary operators (call them 3+( . ), 2\*( . ), ( . )++ and ( . )\[ i \]) are competing to bind to y. The order of precedence table resolves the final sub-expression they each act upon: ( . )\[ i \] acts only on y, ( . )++ acts only on y\[i\], 2\*( . ) acts only on y\[i\]++ and 3+( . ) acts 'only' on 2\*((y\[i\])++). It is important to note that WHAT sub-expression gets acted on by each operator is clear from the precedence table but WHEN each operator acts is not resolved by the precedence table; in this example, the ( . )++ operator acts only on y\[i\] by the precedence rules but binding levels alone do not indicate the timing of the postfix ++ (the ( . )++ operator acts only after y\[i\] is evaluated in the expression). The binding of operators in C and C++ is specified by a factored language grammar, rather than a precedence table. This creates some subtle conflicts. For example, in C, the syntax for a conditional expression is: ``` logical-OR-expression ? expression : conditional-expression ``` while in C++ it is: ``` logical-OR-expression ? expression : assignment-expression ``` Hence, the expression: ``` e = a < d ? a++ : a = d ``` is parsed differently in the two languages. In C, this expression is a syntax error, because the syntax for an assignment expression in C is: ``` unary-expression '=' assignment-expression ``` In C++, it is parsed as: ``` e = (a < d ? a++ : (a = d)) ``` which is a valid expression.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-33)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-34) To use the comma operator in a function call argument expression, variable assignment, or a comma-separated list, use of parentheses is required.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-35)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-36) For example, ``` int a = 1, b = 2, weirdVariable = (++a, b), d = 4; ``` ### Criticism of bitwise and equality operators precedence \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Criticism of bitwise and equality operators precedence")\] The precedence of the bitwise logical operators has been criticized.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-Bell-37) Conceptually, & and \| are arithmetic operators like \* and +. The expression `a & b == 7` is syntactically parsed as `a & (b == 7)` whereas the expression `a + b == 7` is parsed as `(a + b) == 7`. This requires parentheses to be used more often than they otherwise would. Historically, there was no syntactic distinction between the bitwise and logical operators. In [BCPL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCPL "BCPL"), [B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_\(programming_language\) "B (programming language)") and early C, the operators `&& ||` didn't exist. Instead `& |` had different meaning depending on whether they are used in a 'truth-value context' (i.e. when a Boolean value was expected, for example in `if (a==b & c) {...}` it behaved as a logical operator, but in `c = a & b` it behaved as a bitwise one). It was retained so as to keep [backward compatibility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_compatibility "Backward compatibility") with existing installations.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-38) Moreover, in C++ (and later versions of C) equality operations, with the exception of the three-way comparison operator, yield [bool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_data_type "Boolean data type") type values which are conceptually a single bit (1 or 0) and as such do not properly belong in "bitwise" operations. 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-modulo_1-0)** The modulus operator only supports integer operands; for floating point, a function such as [`fmod`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math.h "Math.h") can be used. 2. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-dummy-int_2-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-dummy-int_2-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-dummy-int_2-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-dummy-int_2-3) The `int` is a dummy parameter to differentiate between prefix and postfix. 3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-threewaycomparison_4-0)** About [C++20 three-way comparison](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/operator_comparison#Three-way_comparison) 4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-5)** Possible return types: `std::weak_ordering`, `std::strong_ordering` and `std::partial_ordering` to which they all are convertible to. 5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-bitshift_7-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-bitshift_7-1) In the context of [iostreams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iostream "Iostream") in C++, writers often will refer to `<<` and `>>` as the "put-to" or "stream insertion" and "get-from" or "stream extraction" operators, respectively. 6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-9)** According to the C99 standard, the right shift of a negative number is implementation defined. Most implementations, e.g., the GCC,[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-Integers-8) use an [arithmetic shift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_shift "Arithmetic shift") (i.e., sign extension), but a [logical shift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_shift "Logical shift") is possible. 7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-rightbitshift_10-0)** According to the C99 standard, the right shift of a negative number is implementation defined. Most implementations, e.g., the GCC,[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_note-Integers-8) use an [arithmetic shift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_shift "Arithmetic shift") (i.e., sign extension), but a [logical shift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_shift "Logical shift") is possible. 8. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sinceCXX23_12-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sinceCXX23_12-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sinceCXX23_12-2) since C++23 9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-addressof2_13-0)** The actual address of an object with an overloaded `operator &` can be obtained with [`std::addressof`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/addressof) 10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-arrowptr_14-0)** The return type of `operator->()` must be a type for which the `->` operation can be applied, such as a pointer type. If `x` is of type `C` where `C` overloads `operator->()`, `x->y` gets expanded to `x.operator->()->y`. 11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-arrowstar_15-0)** Meyers, Scott (October 1999), ["Implementing operator-\>\* for Smart Pointers"](http://aristeia.com/Papers/DDJ_Oct_1999.pdf) (PDF), *Dr. Dobb's Journal*, Aristeia . 12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-scopal_16-0)** Although a `::` punctuator exists in C as of C23, it is not used as a scope resolution operator. 13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-ud-literal_17-0)** About [C++11 User-defined literals](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/user_literal) 14. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sinceCXX11_18-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sinceCXX11_18-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sinceCXX11_18-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sinceCXX11_18-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sinceCXX11_18-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sinceCXX11_18-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sinceCXX11_18-6) since C++11 15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sizeof_19-0)** The parentheses are not necessary when taking the size of a value, only when taking the size of a type. However, they are usually used regardless.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] 16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-alignof_20-0)** C++ defines `alignof` operator, whereas C defines `_Alignof` (C23 defines both). Both operators have the same semantics. 17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-typeof_21-0)** since C23; not in standard C++ 18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-23)** Behaves like const\_cast/static\_cast/reinterpret\_cast. In the last two cases, the `auto` specifier is replaced with the type of the invented variable x declared with `auto x(a);` (which is never interpreted as a function declaration) or `auto x{a};`, respectively. 19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-25)** For user-defined conversions, the return type implicitly and necessarily matches the operator name unless the type is inferred (e.g. `operator auto()`, `operator decltype(auto)()` etc.). 20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-infer_26-0)** The type name can also be inferred (e.g `new auto`) if an initializer is provided. 21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-infer2_27-0)** The array size can also be inferred if an initializer is provided. 22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-sinceCXX26_28-0)** since C++26 - [Bitwise operations in C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operations_in_C "Bitwise operations in C") – Operations transforming individual bits of integral data types - [Bit manipulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_manipulation "Bit manipulation") – Algorithmically modifying data below the word level - [Logical operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_operator "Logical operator") – Symbol connecting formulas in logic - [Boolean algebra (logic)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebra_\(logic\) "Boolean algebra (logic)") – Algebraic manipulation of "true" and "false" - [Table of logic symbols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_logic_symbols "Table of logic symbols") – List of symbols used to express logical relations 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-3)** ["Operator overloading§Comparison operators"](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/operators#Comparison_operators). *cppreference.com*. 2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-6)** ["Standard C++"](https://isocpp.org/wiki/faq/operator-overloading). 3. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-Integers_8-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-Integers_8-1) "Integers implementation", [*GCC 4.3.3*](https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.3.3/gcc/Integers-implementation.html#Integers-implementation), GNU . 4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-11)** ["ISO/IEC 9899:1999 specification, TC3"](https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/WG14/www/docs/n1256.pdf#%5B%7B%22num%22%3A148%2C%22gen%22%3A0%7D%2C%7B%22name%22%3A%22XYZ%22%7D%2C-27%2C816%2Cnull%5D) (PDF). p. 64, § 6.4.6 *Ponctuators* para. 3. 5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-22)** ["user-defined conversion"](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/cast_operator). Retrieved 5 April 2020. 6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-24)** [Explicit type conversion](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/explicit_cast) in C++ 7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-Committee_29-0)** *ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) Programming Language C++*. open-std.org – The C++ Standards Committee. 1 September 1998. pp. 40–41\. 8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-30)** *ISO/IEC 9899:201x Programming Languages - C*. open-std.org – The C Standards Committee. 19 December 2011. p. 465. 9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-31)** *the ISO C 1999 standard, section 6.5.6 note 71* (Technical report). ISO. 1999. 10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-32)** ["C++ Built-in Operators, Precedence and Associativity"](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-US/cpp/cpp/cpp-built-in-operators-precedence-and-associativity). *docs.microsoft.com*. Retrieved 11 May 2020. 11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-33)** ["C Operator Precedence - cppreference.com"](https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/language/operator_precedence). *en.cppreference.com*. Retrieved 10 April 2020. 12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-34)** ["Does the C/C++ ternary operator actually have the same precedence as assignment operators?"](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13515434/does-the-c-c-ternary-operator-actually-have-the-same-precedence-as-assignment/13515505). *Stack Overflow*. Retrieved 22 September 2019. 13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-35)** ["Other operators - cppreference.com"](https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/language/operator_other). *en.cppreference.com*. Retrieved 10 April 2020. 14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-36)** ["c++ - How does the Comma Operator work"](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/54142/how-does-the-comma-operator-work/). *Stack Overflow*. Retrieved 1 April 2020. 15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-Bell_37-0)** [*C history § Neonatal C*](https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chist.html), Bell labs . 16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#cite_ref-38)** ["Re^10: next unless condition"](https://www.perlmonks.org/?node_id=1159769). *www.perlmonks.org*. Retrieved 23 March 2018. - "Operators", [*C++ reference*](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/expressions#Operators) (wiki) . - [C Operator Precedence](https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/language/operator_precedence) - [*Postfix Increment and Decrement Operators: ++ and --*](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-US/cpp/cpp/postfix-increment-and-decrement-operators-increment-and-decrement) (Developer network), Microsoft, 17 August 2021 .
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