🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa056)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning","crawl_time":1774721561,"first_indexed_time":1435878986,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Office_space_planning s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Office space planning - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nCubicles in a former\ncoworking\nspace in\nPortland, Oregon\nOffice space planning\nis the process of organizing the\nworkplace\nlayout, furniture and office functions to work effectively together, while using space efficiently.\nFloor plans\nshould consider the workgroup function, building codes and regulations, lighting, teaming requirements, inter-communication and storage, as well as zoning for employee workstations, task space needs, support rooms and reception areas to make the best use of available space.\n[\n1\n]\nOptimising\noffice\nspaces with effective space planning can aid circulation, productivity and improve\nworkplace wellness\n, as well as the health and safety of occupants.\n[\n2\n]\nIn many organizations, office layouts are subject to frequent changes. This process is referred to as churn rate,\n[\n3\n]\nexpressed as the percentage of the staff moved during a year.\nStatutory requirements\n[\nedit\n]\nStatutory requirements related to office layouts will vary in different countries but examples may include: the minimum amount of space to be provided per staff member;\nfire safety\narrangements;\n[\n4\n]\n[\n5\n]\nlighting levels; signage;\n[\n6\n]\nventilation; temperature control and welfare arrangements.\n[\n7\n]\nFord Building (Detroit)\n1st floor plan\nOffice space planning refers to optimizing the building structure layout to fulfill the needs of the organization while taking into consideration the business plans for the organization.\n[\n8\n]\nResearch is sometimes required to plan office layouts strategically, often done by identifying the factors that potentially affect space occupants — collecting and analyzing data in regards to how space is used, current building standards in furniture or ergonomic furniture, future demand of space or growth between business units.\n[\n9\n]\nThe objective is to channel resources to provide the right workplace environment for conducting the core business activities on a cost-effective and value for money basis. As it involves determining the requirements of the user and the business, designing the workplace for accommodating these requirements and maintaining the provision of these requirements through the life cycle of the workplace. (Muir, 2003)\n[\n10\n]\nFor example: call centers to require an undertaking of their business 'on-screen' and require small desk areas per staff member, minimum document storage, and may have limited requirements for photocopying facilities and printing. In contrast, companies handling paper-based documentation will require larger desks for their staff, room for records, archive facilities, photocopying, and printing facilities close to hand. Some companies require space planning to view analyzed with flexibility due to housing distinct business needs such as laboratory, design, and research spaces. Some facility space planners must also plan for storage solutions within a corporate setting for organizations with heavy product use.\nAccommodation standards\n[\nedit\n]\nOrganizations often have a policy on the minimum standards of accommodation for each staff grade. Administration staff may work in\nopen plan\noffices whereas managers may have individual offices, sized on a seniority basis. In open plan, offices screens are sometimes used between desks to reduce noise and provide an element of privacy.\nThere are life safety requirements mandated by legislation which include rules for fire evacuation plans, location for\nfire extinguishers\n, sprinkler systems, unblocked exits, adequate passage width, building fire alarm systems, non-combustible, flame resistant furnishings and unobstructed exit ways. (Rondeau et al 1995)\n[\n11\n]\nErgonomics are a criterion taken into account by space planners for achieving maximum\nresource efficiency\nand higher productivity rates. Ergonomics is concerned with biologic and engineering data and techniques to develop solutions for the interface of the worker and workplace. Ergonomics is defined by (Cotts, 1999). Rondeau et al (1995)\n[\n12\n]\nas a design to specifically fit human dimensions and respond to functional requirements. Solutions include adjustable equipment, furniture, and accessories.\nDeveloping and implementing space standards is one of the key responsibilities of any space management department in any organization. (Owen, 1993)\n[\n13\n]\nThe space standard governs the number of meters allotted to each staff in the organization. Considers the amount of space for workspace set up, local storage and access.\nProvisions for the disabled are other important accommodation standards. Organizations are required to adhere to the\nAmericans with Disabilities Act\n. This regulation requires all areas available to the public to be accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities. (Owen, 1993)\n[\n13\n]\nSpacing in the building would be affected due to the provision of handicap requirements including parking spaces, building entrances, restrooms, workstations and elevators (Rondeau et al, 1995)\n[\n11\n]\nThe grouping of staff in teams often provides the best option for inter-communication and\/or supervision and is a key factor in office layout design. However, where space is at a premium it may be difficult to accommodate a workgroup in a given area, and the solution often involves making space by moving others. These types of moves may be complex and disruptive as there is often a chain of events involved. Space planning could include taking account migration between buildings and different neighborhoods. It is business critical to make arrangements for possible work interruptions. Space planners must account for possible growth within business units as well as guidelines and regulations for building.\nSpace Planning in corporate organizations has to plan with accordance with zoning requirements to where the building is being used. (Molnar 1983) Space planners need to have a complete set of information about the building to be successful planners. Physical constraints may impact the successful planning of workspace. (Building height, column spacing, finishes of floors, type of wall construction, capacities of elevators, fixture types, illumination levels. (Molnar 1983) Zoning is a term used in city and\nregional planning\nto regulate the practice of land use and the kind of activities conducted on sites based on mapped zones. Regulates the use of building and density allowed, the location of building on the lot, lot coverage, parking, and similar aspects.\n[\n8\n]\nFinancial factors can affect successful implementing of space planning. The budget allocated for office workplace programming, cost of usable space, an allowable budget that should not be exceeded for a project, cost incurred after moving in (for example, cost due to changes in placements of partitions, lighting\/ layout modification, repairs, window tint, etc.) Cost of providing one work station for each employee. (Bogers 2008)\n[\n14\n]\nSpace planning is a discipline concerned with translating the space needs of an organization onto the floor plates of the building and producing a workplace environment suitable for the organization to gain a return on its investment. Space management, on the other hand, is concerned with providing the delivery of space services and the management of the completed space plan. In practice, office space in many organizations may be provided in the absence of considering work environment settings, space planning methodologies, technology, innovative and creative ways of operating at the workplace.\n[\n15\n]\n[\n16\n]\nPlanning tools – CAD\n[\nedit\n]\n3D CAD of\nDepartment of Narcotics Control\nModern office layouts are frequently planned using\ncomputer-aided design\n(CAD) drawing software.\n[\n17\n]\nEach desk in an office may require a telephone and computer.\n[\n18\n]\nIn large offices the power and data cables may be run under a\nraised floor\nor above in a suspended ceiling, to the desk. Another alternative in smaller offices is to use dado trunking around the wall. Other alternatives are to use ceiling power poles which can assist space planning of desks away from perimeter walls\nOpen plan offices are often divided up into smaller offices for managers, meeting rooms, etc. When this happens the designer has to take into account several factors\n[\n19\n]\nincluding:\nHeating\/cooling zoning\nVentilation\nLighting and light switches\n[\n20\n]\nEmergency lighting\nSmall power\nVoice and data cabling\nFire alarms\nFire stopping\nFire escape routes\nNoise\/acoustics\nStaff welfare facilities\n[\nedit\n]\nOffice staff require access to basic welfare facilities in an office such as toilets and drinking water. Consideration may also be given to vending, catering or a place where staff can make a drink and take a break from their desk.\n^\nMarmot, Alexi (30 June 2000).\nOffice Space Planning: Designs for Tomorrow's Workplace\n. McGraw-Hill Education.\n^\nBakker, Mary Lou (5 May 2016).\nSpace Planning for Commercial Office Interiors\n(Second ed.). Fairchild Books.\n^\nAlexi Marmot, Joanna Eley; \"Office space planning: designing for tomorrow's workplace\" McGraw Hill P91\n^\n(UK) BS 9999:2008 Code of practice for fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings, British Standards Institution\n^\n[1]\n(UK) The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005, Her Majesty's Stationery Office\n^\n[2]\n(UK) The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996, Her Majesty's Stationery Office\n^\n[3]\n(UK) The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992, Her Majesty's Stationery Office\n^\na\nb\nMolnar, John (2012-12-06).\nFacilities Management Handbook\n. Springer Science & Business Media.\nISBN\n \n978-1-4613-2815-5\n.\n^\nHassanain, Mohammad A (2010-12-01).\n\"Analysis of factors influencing office workplace planning and design in corporate facilities\"\n.\nJournal of Building Appraisal\n.\n6\n(4):\n183–\n197.\ndoi\n:\n10.1057\/jba.2010.22\n.\nISSN\n \n1744-9545\n.\n^\nRemington, Kaye (2002), \"Project management\",\nWorkplace Strategies and Facilities Management\n, Routledge,\ndoi\n:\n10.4324\/9780080521299-15\n,\nISBN\n \n978-0-08-052129-9\n{{\ncitation\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (\nlink\n)\n^\na\nb\nRondeau, Edmond P.; Brown, Robert Kevin; Lapides, Paul D. (1995).\nFacility Management\n. John Wiley & Sons.\nISBN\n \n978-1-118-50377-5\n.\n^\nCotts, D.G. (1999) The Facility Management Handbook, 2nd ed. USA: American Management Association.\nhttps:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=The%20Facility%20Management%20Handbook&author=DG.%20Cotts&publication_year=1999\n^\na\nb\nOwen, David D. (1993).\nFacilities Planning and Relocation\n. R.S. Means Company.\n^\nBogers, Tetske; van Meel, Juriaan J.; van der Voordt, Theo J.M. (2008-02-29).\n\"Architects about briefing: Recommendations to improve communication between clients and architects\"\n.\nFacilities\n.\n26\n(3\/4):\n109–\n116.\ndoi\n:\n10.1108\/02632770810849454\n.\nISSN\n \n0263-2772\n.\n^\nAli Mustafa, Faris (2022-09-01).\n\"Role of office layout typology in saving time and distance spent by users: Case of office buildings in Erbil city\"\n.\nAin Shams Engineering Journal\n.\n13\n(5).\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/j.asej.2022.101742\n.\nISSN\n \n2090-4479\n.\n^\n\"Contemporary models of flexible workspace environments\"\n.\nWeWork\n. Retrieved\n2025-12-10\n.\n^\nBS 1192:2007 Collaborative production of architectural, engineering and construction information. Code of practice\n^\n\"The Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992\"\n.\nlegislation.gov.uk\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 2025-07-17\n. Retrieved\n2025-12-10\n.\n^\n[4]\n(UK) Building Regulations - Part B Fire Safety Volume 2; Part M Access to and use of Buildings; Part E (Resistance to sound)\n^\n(UK) BS EN 12464-1:2002 Light and lighting. Lighting of work places. Indoor work places, British Standards Institution","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Office+space+planning \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Office+space+planning \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPersonal tools\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Office+space+planning \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Office+space+planning \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning)\n- [1 Churn rate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#Churn_rate)\n- [2 Statutory requirements](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#Statutory_requirements)\n- [3 Business needs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#Business_needs)\n- [4 Accommodation standards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#Accommodation_standards)\n- [5 Space planning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#Space_planning)\n- [6 Planning tools – CAD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#Planning_tools_%E2%80%93_CAD)\n- [7 Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#Services)\n- [8 Partitions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#Partitions)\n- [9 Staff welfare facilities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#Staff_welfare_facilities)\n- [10 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#References)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Office space planning\nAdd languages\n\n[Add links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q7079432#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Add interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Office_space_planning \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/Office_space_planning \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/Office_space_planning \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&oldid=1337379922 \"Permanent link to this revision of this page\")\n- [Page information](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=info \"More information about this page\")\n- [Cite this page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Office_space_planning&id=1337379922&wpFormIdentifier=titleform \"Information on how to cite this page\")\n- [Get shortened URL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOffice_space_planning)\n\nPrint\/export\n\n- [Download as PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Office_space_planning&action=show-download-screen \"Download this page as a PDF file\")\n- [Printable version](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&printable=yes \"Printable version of this page [p]\")\n\nIn other projects\n\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q7079432 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nProcess of organizing workspace layout\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/b\/b4\/Ambox_important.svg\/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png) |   |\n|   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/b\/b4\/Ambox_important.svg\/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png) | This article **may contain [original research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:No_original_research \"Wikipedia:No original research\")**. Please [improve it](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit) by [verifying](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability \"Wikipedia:Verifiability\") the claims made and adding [inline citations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\"). Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. *(December 2016)* *([Learn how and when to remove this message](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Maintenance_template_removal \"Help:Maintenance template removal\"))* |\n|   |   |\n| ![Globe icon.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bd\/Ambox_globe_content.svg\/60px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png) | The examples and perspective in this article **may not represent a [worldwide view](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias \"Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias\") of the subject**. You may [improve this article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit), discuss the issue on the [talk page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Office_space_planning \"Talk:Office space planning\"), or [create a new article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Article_wizard \"Wikipedia:Article wizard\"), as appropriate. *(December 2016)* *([Learn how and when to remove this message](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Maintenance_template_removal \"Help:Maintenance template removal\"))* |\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a5\/CubeSpace.jpg\/250px-CubeSpace.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:CubeSpace.jpg)\n\nCubicles in a former [coworking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coworking \"Coworking\") space in [Portland, Oregon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portland,_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\")\n\n**Office space planning** is the process of organizing the [workplace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workplace \"Workplace\") layout, furniture and office functions to work effectively together, while using space efficiently. [Floor plans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Floor_plan \"Floor plan\") should consider the workgroup function, building codes and regulations, lighting, teaming requirements, inter-communication and storage, as well as zoning for employee workstations, task space needs, support rooms and reception areas to make the best use of available space.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-1) Optimising [office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office \"Office\") spaces with effective space planning can aid circulation, productivity and improve [workplace wellness](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workplace_wellness \"Workplace wellness\"), as well as the health and safety of occupants.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-2)\n\n## Churn rate\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Churn rate\")\\]\n\nIn many organizations, office layouts are subject to frequent changes. This process is referred to as churn rate,[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-3) expressed as the percentage of the staff moved during a year.\n\n## Statutory requirements\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Statutory requirements\")\\]\n\nStatutory requirements related to office layouts will vary in different countries but examples may include: the minimum amount of space to be provided per staff member; [fire safety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fire_safety \"Fire safety\") arrangements;[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-4)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-5) lighting levels; signage;[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-6) ventilation; temperature control and welfare arrangements.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-7)\n\n## Business needs\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Business needs\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/34\/Ford_Building_1st_floor_plan.png\/250px-Ford_Building_1st_floor_plan.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ford_Building_1st_floor_plan.png)\n\n[Ford Building (Detroit)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ford_Building_\\(Detroit\\) \"Ford Building (Detroit)\") 1st floor plan\n\nOffice space planning refers to optimizing the building structure layout to fulfill the needs of the organization while taking into consideration the business plans for the organization.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:0-8)\n\nResearch is sometimes required to plan office layouts strategically, often done by identifying the factors that potentially affect space occupants — collecting and analyzing data in regards to how space is used, current building standards in furniture or ergonomic furniture, future demand of space or growth between business units.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-9)\n\nThe objective is to channel resources to provide the right workplace environment for conducting the core business activities on a cost-effective and value for money basis. As it involves determining the requirements of the user and the business, designing the workplace for accommodating these requirements and maintaining the provision of these requirements through the life cycle of the workplace. (Muir, 2003)[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-10)\n\nFor example: call centers to require an undertaking of their business 'on-screen' and require small desk areas per staff member, minimum document storage, and may have limited requirements for photocopying facilities and printing. In contrast, companies handling paper-based documentation will require larger desks for their staff, room for records, archive facilities, photocopying, and printing facilities close to hand. Some companies require space planning to view analyzed with flexibility due to housing distinct business needs such as laboratory, design, and research spaces. Some facility space planners must also plan for storage solutions within a corporate setting for organizations with heavy product use.\n\n## Accommodation standards\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Accommodation standards\")\\]\n\nOrganizations often have a policy on the minimum standards of accommodation for each staff grade. Administration staff may work in [open plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_plan \"Open plan\") offices whereas managers may have individual offices, sized on a seniority basis. In open plan, offices screens are sometimes used between desks to reduce noise and provide an element of privacy.\n\nThere are life safety requirements mandated by legislation which include rules for fire evacuation plans, location for [fire extinguishers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fire_extinguisher \"Fire extinguisher\"), sprinkler systems, unblocked exits, adequate passage width, building fire alarm systems, non-combustible, flame resistant furnishings and unobstructed exit ways. (Rondeau et al 1995)[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:2-11)\n\nErgonomics are a criterion taken into account by space planners for achieving maximum [resource efficiency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Resource_efficiency \"Resource efficiency\") and higher productivity rates. Ergonomics is concerned with biologic and engineering data and techniques to develop solutions for the interface of the worker and workplace. Ergonomics is defined by (Cotts, 1999). Rondeau et al (1995)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-12) as a design to specifically fit human dimensions and respond to functional requirements. Solutions include adjustable equipment, furniture, and accessories.\n\nDeveloping and implementing space standards is one of the key responsibilities of any space management department in any organization. (Owen, 1993)[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:1-13) The space standard governs the number of meters allotted to each staff in the organization. Considers the amount of space for workspace set up, local storage and access.\n\nProvisions for the disabled are other important accommodation standards. Organizations are required to adhere to the [Americans with Disabilities Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990 \"Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990\"). This regulation requires all areas available to the public to be accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities. (Owen, 1993)[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:1-13) Spacing in the building would be affected due to the provision of handicap requirements including parking spaces, building entrances, restrooms, workstations and elevators (Rondeau et al, 1995)[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:2-11)\n\n## Space planning\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Space planning\")\\]\n\nThe grouping of staff in teams often provides the best option for inter-communication and\/or supervision and is a key factor in office layout design. However, where space is at a premium it may be difficult to accommodate a workgroup in a given area, and the solution often involves making space by moving others. These types of moves may be complex and disruptive as there is often a chain of events involved. Space planning could include taking account migration between buildings and different neighborhoods. It is business critical to make arrangements for possible work interruptions. Space planners must account for possible growth within business units as well as guidelines and regulations for building.\n\nSpace Planning in corporate organizations has to plan with accordance with zoning requirements to where the building is being used. (Molnar 1983) Space planners need to have a complete set of information about the building to be successful planners. Physical constraints may impact the successful planning of workspace. (Building height, column spacing, finishes of floors, type of wall construction, capacities of elevators, fixture types, illumination levels. (Molnar 1983) Zoning is a term used in city and [regional planning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regional_planning \"Regional planning\") to regulate the practice of land use and the kind of activities conducted on sites based on mapped zones. Regulates the use of building and density allowed, the location of building on the lot, lot coverage, parking, and similar aspects.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:0-8)\n\nFinancial factors can affect successful implementing of space planning. The budget allocated for office workplace programming, cost of usable space, an allowable budget that should not be exceeded for a project, cost incurred after moving in (for example, cost due to changes in placements of partitions, lighting\/ layout modification, repairs, window tint, etc.) Cost of providing one work station for each employee. (Bogers 2008)[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-14)\n\nSpace planning is a discipline concerned with translating the space needs of an organization onto the floor plates of the building and producing a workplace environment suitable for the organization to gain a return on its investment. Space management, on the other hand, is concerned with providing the delivery of space services and the management of the completed space plan. In practice, office space in many organizations may be provided in the absence of considering work environment settings, space planning methodologies, technology, innovative and creative ways of operating at the workplace.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-15)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-16)\n\n## Planning tools – CAD\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Planning tools – CAD\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3f\/Department_of_Narcotics_control_Office.jpg\/250px-Department_of_Narcotics_control_Office.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Department_of_Narcotics_control_Office.jpg)\n\n3D CAD of [Department of Narcotics Control](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Department_of_Narcotics_Control \"Department of Narcotics Control\")\n\nModern office layouts are frequently planned using [computer-aided design](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computer-aided_design \"Computer-aided design\") (CAD) drawing software.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-17)\n\n## Services\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Services\")\\]\n\nEach desk in an office may require a telephone and computer.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-18) In large offices the power and data cables may be run under a [raised floor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raised_floor \"Raised floor\") or above in a suspended ceiling, to the desk. Another alternative in smaller offices is to use dado trunking around the wall. Other alternatives are to use ceiling power poles which can assist space planning of desks away from perimeter walls\n\n## Partitions\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Partitions\")\\]\n\nOpen plan offices are often divided up into smaller offices for managers, meeting rooms, etc. When this happens the designer has to take into account several factors[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-19) including:\n\n- [Heating\/cooling zoning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HVAC \"HVAC\")\n- [Ventilation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ventilation_\\(architecture\\) \"Ventilation (architecture)\")\n- Lighting and light switches[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-20)\n- [Emergency lighting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emergency_light \"Emergency light\")\n- Small power\n- Voice and data cabling\n- [Fire alarms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fire_alarm_system \"Fire alarm system\")\n- [Fire stopping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Firestop \"Firestop\")\n- [Fire escape routes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emergency_exit \"Emergency exit\")\n- Noise\/acoustics\n\n## Staff welfare facilities\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Staff welfare facilities\")\\]\n\nOffice staff require access to basic welfare facilities in an office such as toilets and drinking water. Consideration may also be given to vending, catering or a place where staff can make a drink and take a break from their desk.\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-1)**\n   Marmot, Alexi (30 June 2000). *Office Space Planning: Designs for Tomorrow's Workplace*. McGraw-Hill Education.\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-2)**\n   Bakker, Mary Lou (5 May 2016). *Space Planning for Commercial Office Interiors* (Second ed.). Fairchild Books.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-3)** Alexi Marmot, Joanna Eley; \"Office space planning: designing for tomorrow's workplace\" McGraw Hill P91\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-4)** (UK) BS 9999:2008 Code of practice for fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings, British Standards Institution\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-5)** [\\[1\\]](http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/2005\/1541) (UK) The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005, Her Majesty's Stationery Office\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-6)** [\\[2\\]](http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/1996\/341) (UK) The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996, Her Majesty's Stationery Office\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-7)** [\\[3\\]](http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/1992\/3004)(UK) The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992, Her Majesty's Stationery Office\n8. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:0_8-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:0_8-1)\n   Molnar, John (2012-12-06). [*Facilities Management Handbook*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=zXbrBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1). Springer Science & Business Media. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-1-4613-2815-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4613-2815-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-4613-2815-5\")\n   \n   .\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-9)**\n   Hassanain, Mohammad A (2010-12-01). [\"Analysis of factors influencing office workplace planning and design in corporate facilities\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057%2Fjba.2010.22). *Journal of Building Appraisal*. **6** (4): 183–197\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1057\/jba.2010.22](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057%2Fjba.2010.22). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1744-9545](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1744-9545).\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-10)**\n    Remington, Kaye (2002), \"Project management\", *Workplace Strategies and Facilities Management*, Routledge, [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.4324\/9780080521299-15](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324%2F9780080521299-15), [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-08-052129-9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-08-052129-9 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-08-052129-9\")\n    \n    `{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_work_parameter_with_ISBN \"Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN\"))\n11. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:2_11-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:2_11-1)\n    Rondeau, Edmond P.; Brown, Robert Kevin; Lapides, Paul D. (1995). [*Facility Management*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=FT6QomcJBVMC&lr=&hl=en&source=gbs_navlinks_s&redir_esc=y). John Wiley & Sons. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-118-50377-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-118-50377-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-118-50377-5\")\n    \n    .\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-12)** Cotts, D.G. (1999) The Facility Management Handbook, 2nd ed. USA: American Management Association.[https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar\\_lookup?title=The%20Facility%20Management%20Handbook\\&author=DG.%20Cotts\\&publication\\_year=1999](https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=The%20Facility%20Management%20Handbook&author=DG.%20Cotts&publication_year=1999)\n13. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:1_13-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:1_13-1)\n    Owen, David D. (1993). [*Facilities Planning and Relocation*](https:\/\/cir.nii.ac.jp\/crid\/1971149384868992807). R.S. Means Company.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-14)**\n    Bogers, Tetske; van Meel, Juriaan J.; van der Voordt, Theo J.M. (2008-02-29). [\"Architects about briefing: Recommendations to improve communication between clients and architects\"](https:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1108\/02632770810849454). *Facilities*. **26** (3\/4): 109–116\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1108\/02632770810849454](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108%2F02632770810849454). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0263-2772](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0263-2772).\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-15)**\n    Ali Mustafa, Faris (2022-09-01). [\"Role of office layout typology in saving time and distance spent by users: Case of office buildings in Erbil city\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.asej.2022.101742). *Ain Shams Engineering Journal*. **13** (5). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/j.asej.2022.101742](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.asej.2022.101742). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [2090-4479](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/2090-4479).\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-16)**\n    [\"Contemporary models of flexible workspace environments\"](https:\/\/wework.co.in\/coworking-space\/). *WeWork*. Retrieved 2025-12-10.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-17)** BS 1192:2007 Collaborative production of architectural, engineering and construction information. Code of practice\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-18)**\n    [\"The Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992\"](http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20250717065444\/https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/1992\/2792). *legislation.gov.uk*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/1992\/2792) on 2025-07-17. Retrieved 2025-12-10.\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-19)** [\\[4\\]](http:\/\/www.planningportal.gov.uk\/buildingregulations\/approveddocuments\/downloads) (UK) Building Regulations - Part B Fire Safety Volume 2; Part M Access to and use of Buildings; Part E (Resistance to sound)\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-20)** (UK) BS EN 12464-1:2002 Light and lighting. Lighting of work places. Indoor work places, British Standards Institution\n\n| [Authority control databases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Authority_control \"Help:Authority control\") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q7079432#identifiers \"Edit this at Wikidata\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| National | [United States](https:\/\/id.loc.gov\/authorities\/sh85094186) [Israel](https:\/\/www.nli.org.il\/en\/authorities\/987007543655405171) |\n| Other | [Yale LUX](https:\/\/lux.collections.yale.edu\/view\/concept\/404bde39-31b9-4666-8593-2f33745c3fa0) |\n\n![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1)\n\nRetrieved from \"<https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&oldid=1337379922>\"\n\n[Categories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Category \"Help:Category\"):\n\n- [Property management](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Property_management \"Category:Property management\")\n- [Architectural design](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Architectural_design \"Category:Architectural design\")\n- [Interior design](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Interior_design \"Category:Interior design\")\n\nHidden categories:\n\n- [CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_work_parameter_with_ISBN \"Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN\")\n- [Articles with short description](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Articles_with_short_description \"Category:Articles with short description\")\n- [Short description matches Wikidata](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata \"Category:Short description matches Wikidata\")\n- [Articles that may contain original research from December 2016](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_December_2016 \"Category:Articles that may contain original research from December 2016\")\n- [All articles that may contain original research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research \"Category:All articles that may contain original research\")\n- [Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2016](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Articles_with_limited_geographic_scope_from_December_2016 \"Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2016\")\n- [Articles with multiple maintenance issues](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues \"Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues\")\n\n- This page was last edited on 9 February 2026, at 03:25 (UTC).\n- Text is available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License \"Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License\"); additional terms may apply. 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Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/), a non-profit organization.\n\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy)\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About)\n- [Disclaimers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)\n- [Contact Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us)\n- [Legal & safety contacts](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information)\n- [Code of Conduct](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)\n- [Developers](https:\/\/developer.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/stats.wikimedia.org\/#\/en.wikipedia.org)\n- [Cookie statement](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Cookie_statement)\n- [Mobile view](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)\n\n- [![Wikimedia Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/footer\/wikimedia.svg)](https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [![Powered by MediaWiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/resources\/assets\/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/)\n\nSearch\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\nOffice space planning\n\nAdd languages\n\n[Add topic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning)","attrs_readable_markdown":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a5\/CubeSpace.jpg\/250px-CubeSpace.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:CubeSpace.jpg)\n\nCubicles in a former [coworking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coworking \"Coworking\") space in [Portland, Oregon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portland,_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\")\n\n**Office space planning** is the process of organizing the [workplace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workplace \"Workplace\") layout, furniture and office functions to work effectively together, while using space efficiently. [Floor plans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Floor_plan \"Floor plan\") should consider the workgroup function, building codes and regulations, lighting, teaming requirements, inter-communication and storage, as well as zoning for employee workstations, task space needs, support rooms and reception areas to make the best use of available space.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-1) Optimising [office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office \"Office\") spaces with effective space planning can aid circulation, productivity and improve [workplace wellness](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workplace_wellness \"Workplace wellness\"), as well as the health and safety of occupants.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-2)\n\nIn many organizations, office layouts are subject to frequent changes. This process is referred to as churn rate,[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-3) expressed as the percentage of the staff moved during a year.\n\n## Statutory requirements\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Statutory requirements\")\\]\n\nStatutory requirements related to office layouts will vary in different countries but examples may include: the minimum amount of space to be provided per staff member; [fire safety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fire_safety \"Fire safety\") arrangements;[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-4)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-5) lighting levels; signage;[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-6) ventilation; temperature control and welfare arrangements.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-7)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/34\/Ford_Building_1st_floor_plan.png\/250px-Ford_Building_1st_floor_plan.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ford_Building_1st_floor_plan.png)\n\n[Ford Building (Detroit)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ford_Building_\\(Detroit\\) \"Ford Building (Detroit)\") 1st floor plan\n\nOffice space planning refers to optimizing the building structure layout to fulfill the needs of the organization while taking into consideration the business plans for the organization.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:0-8)\n\nResearch is sometimes required to plan office layouts strategically, often done by identifying the factors that potentially affect space occupants — collecting and analyzing data in regards to how space is used, current building standards in furniture or ergonomic furniture, future demand of space or growth between business units.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-9)\n\nThe objective is to channel resources to provide the right workplace environment for conducting the core business activities on a cost-effective and value for money basis. As it involves determining the requirements of the user and the business, designing the workplace for accommodating these requirements and maintaining the provision of these requirements through the life cycle of the workplace. (Muir, 2003)[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-10)\n\nFor example: call centers to require an undertaking of their business 'on-screen' and require small desk areas per staff member, minimum document storage, and may have limited requirements for photocopying facilities and printing. In contrast, companies handling paper-based documentation will require larger desks for their staff, room for records, archive facilities, photocopying, and printing facilities close to hand. Some companies require space planning to view analyzed with flexibility due to housing distinct business needs such as laboratory, design, and research spaces. Some facility space planners must also plan for storage solutions within a corporate setting for organizations with heavy product use.\n\n## Accommodation standards\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Accommodation standards\")\\]\n\nOrganizations often have a policy on the minimum standards of accommodation for each staff grade. Administration staff may work in [open plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_plan \"Open plan\") offices whereas managers may have individual offices, sized on a seniority basis. In open plan, offices screens are sometimes used between desks to reduce noise and provide an element of privacy.\n\nThere are life safety requirements mandated by legislation which include rules for fire evacuation plans, location for [fire extinguishers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fire_extinguisher \"Fire extinguisher\"), sprinkler systems, unblocked exits, adequate passage width, building fire alarm systems, non-combustible, flame resistant furnishings and unobstructed exit ways. (Rondeau et al 1995)[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:2-11)\n\nErgonomics are a criterion taken into account by space planners for achieving maximum [resource efficiency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Resource_efficiency \"Resource efficiency\") and higher productivity rates. Ergonomics is concerned with biologic and engineering data and techniques to develop solutions for the interface of the worker and workplace. Ergonomics is defined by (Cotts, 1999). Rondeau et al (1995)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-12) as a design to specifically fit human dimensions and respond to functional requirements. Solutions include adjustable equipment, furniture, and accessories.\n\nDeveloping and implementing space standards is one of the key responsibilities of any space management department in any organization. (Owen, 1993)[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:1-13) The space standard governs the number of meters allotted to each staff in the organization. Considers the amount of space for workspace set up, local storage and access.\n\nProvisions for the disabled are other important accommodation standards. Organizations are required to adhere to the [Americans with Disabilities Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990 \"Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990\"). This regulation requires all areas available to the public to be accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities. (Owen, 1993)[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:1-13) Spacing in the building would be affected due to the provision of handicap requirements including parking spaces, building entrances, restrooms, workstations and elevators (Rondeau et al, 1995)[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:2-11)\n\nThe grouping of staff in teams often provides the best option for inter-communication and\/or supervision and is a key factor in office layout design. However, where space is at a premium it may be difficult to accommodate a workgroup in a given area, and the solution often involves making space by moving others. These types of moves may be complex and disruptive as there is often a chain of events involved. Space planning could include taking account migration between buildings and different neighborhoods. It is business critical to make arrangements for possible work interruptions. Space planners must account for possible growth within business units as well as guidelines and regulations for building.\n\nSpace Planning in corporate organizations has to plan with accordance with zoning requirements to where the building is being used. (Molnar 1983) Space planners need to have a complete set of information about the building to be successful planners. Physical constraints may impact the successful planning of workspace. (Building height, column spacing, finishes of floors, type of wall construction, capacities of elevators, fixture types, illumination levels. (Molnar 1983) Zoning is a term used in city and [regional planning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regional_planning \"Regional planning\") to regulate the practice of land use and the kind of activities conducted on sites based on mapped zones. Regulates the use of building and density allowed, the location of building on the lot, lot coverage, parking, and similar aspects.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:0-8)\n\nFinancial factors can affect successful implementing of space planning. The budget allocated for office workplace programming, cost of usable space, an allowable budget that should not be exceeded for a project, cost incurred after moving in (for example, cost due to changes in placements of partitions, lighting\/ layout modification, repairs, window tint, etc.) Cost of providing one work station for each employee. (Bogers 2008)[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-14)\n\nSpace planning is a discipline concerned with translating the space needs of an organization onto the floor plates of the building and producing a workplace environment suitable for the organization to gain a return on its investment. Space management, on the other hand, is concerned with providing the delivery of space services and the management of the completed space plan. In practice, office space in many organizations may be provided in the absence of considering work environment settings, space planning methodologies, technology, innovative and creative ways of operating at the workplace.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-15)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-16)\n\n## Planning tools – CAD\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Planning tools – CAD\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3f\/Department_of_Narcotics_control_Office.jpg\/250px-Department_of_Narcotics_control_Office.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Department_of_Narcotics_control_Office.jpg)\n\n3D CAD of [Department of Narcotics Control](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Department_of_Narcotics_Control \"Department of Narcotics Control\")\n\nModern office layouts are frequently planned using [computer-aided design](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computer-aided_design \"Computer-aided design\") (CAD) drawing software.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-17)\n\nEach desk in an office may require a telephone and computer.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-18) In large offices the power and data cables may be run under a [raised floor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raised_floor \"Raised floor\") or above in a suspended ceiling, to the desk. Another alternative in smaller offices is to use dado trunking around the wall. Other alternatives are to use ceiling power poles which can assist space planning of desks away from perimeter walls\n\nOpen plan offices are often divided up into smaller offices for managers, meeting rooms, etc. When this happens the designer has to take into account several factors[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-19) including:\n\n- [Heating\/cooling zoning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HVAC \"HVAC\")\n- [Ventilation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ventilation_\\(architecture\\) \"Ventilation (architecture)\")\n- Lighting and light switches[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_note-20)\n- [Emergency lighting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emergency_light \"Emergency light\")\n- Small power\n- Voice and data cabling\n- [Fire alarms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fire_alarm_system \"Fire alarm system\")\n- [Fire stopping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Firestop \"Firestop\")\n- [Fire escape routes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emergency_exit \"Emergency exit\")\n- Noise\/acoustics\n\n## Staff welfare facilities\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Staff welfare facilities\")\\]\n\nOffice staff require access to basic welfare facilities in an office such as toilets and drinking water. Consideration may also be given to vending, catering or a place where staff can make a drink and take a break from their desk.\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-1)**\n   Marmot, Alexi (30 June 2000). *Office Space Planning: Designs for Tomorrow's Workplace*. McGraw-Hill Education.\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-2)**\n   Bakker, Mary Lou (5 May 2016). *Space Planning for Commercial Office Interiors* (Second ed.). Fairchild Books.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-3)** Alexi Marmot, Joanna Eley; \"Office space planning: designing for tomorrow's workplace\" McGraw Hill P91\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-4)** (UK) BS 9999:2008 Code of practice for fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings, British Standards Institution\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-5)** [\\[1\\]](http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/2005\/1541) (UK) The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005, Her Majesty's Stationery Office\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-6)** [\\[2\\]](http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/1996\/341) (UK) The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996, Her Majesty's Stationery Office\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-7)** [\\[3\\]](http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/1992\/3004)(UK) The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992, Her Majesty's Stationery Office\n8. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:0_8-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:0_8-1)\n   Molnar, John (2012-12-06). [*Facilities Management Handbook*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=zXbrBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1). Springer Science & Business Media. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-1-4613-2815-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4613-2815-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-4613-2815-5\")\n   \n   .\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-9)**\n   Hassanain, Mohammad A (2010-12-01). [\"Analysis of factors influencing office workplace planning and design in corporate facilities\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057%2Fjba.2010.22). *Journal of Building Appraisal*. **6** (4): 183–197\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1057\/jba.2010.22](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057%2Fjba.2010.22). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1744-9545](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1744-9545).\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-10)**\n    Remington, Kaye (2002), \"Project management\", *Workplace Strategies and Facilities Management*, Routledge, [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.4324\/9780080521299-15](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324%2F9780080521299-15), [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-08-052129-9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-08-052129-9 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-08-052129-9\")\n    \n    `{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_work_parameter_with_ISBN \"Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN\"))\n11. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:2_11-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:2_11-1)\n    Rondeau, Edmond P.; Brown, Robert Kevin; Lapides, Paul D. (1995). [*Facility Management*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=FT6QomcJBVMC&lr=&hl=en&source=gbs_navlinks_s&redir_esc=y). John Wiley & Sons. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-118-50377-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-118-50377-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-118-50377-5\")\n    \n    .\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-12)** Cotts, D.G. (1999) The Facility Management Handbook, 2nd ed. USA: American Management Association.[https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar\\_lookup?title=The%20Facility%20Management%20Handbook\\&author=DG.%20Cotts\\&publication\\_year=1999](https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=The%20Facility%20Management%20Handbook&author=DG.%20Cotts&publication_year=1999)\n13. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:1_13-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:1_13-1)\n    Owen, David D. (1993). [*Facilities Planning and Relocation*](https:\/\/cir.nii.ac.jp\/crid\/1971149384868992807). R.S. Means Company.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-14)**\n    Bogers, Tetske; van Meel, Juriaan J.; van der Voordt, Theo J.M. (2008-02-29). [\"Architects about briefing: Recommendations to improve communication between clients and architects\"](https:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1108\/02632770810849454). *Facilities*. **26** (3\/4): 109–116\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1108\/02632770810849454](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108%2F02632770810849454). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0263-2772](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0263-2772).\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-15)**\n    Ali Mustafa, Faris (2022-09-01). [\"Role of office layout typology in saving time and distance spent by users: Case of office buildings in Erbil city\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.asej.2022.101742). *Ain Shams Engineering Journal*. **13** (5). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/j.asej.2022.101742](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.asej.2022.101742). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [2090-4479](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/2090-4479).\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-16)**\n    [\"Contemporary models of flexible workspace environments\"](https:\/\/wework.co.in\/coworking-space\/). *WeWork*. Retrieved 2025-12-10.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-17)** BS 1192:2007 Collaborative production of architectural, engineering and construction information. Code of practice\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-18)**\n    [\"The Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992\"](http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20250717065444\/https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/1992\/2792). *legislation.gov.uk*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/1992\/2792) on 2025-07-17. Retrieved 2025-12-10.\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-19)** [\\[4\\]](http:\/\/www.planningportal.gov.uk\/buildingregulations\/approveddocuments\/downloads) (UK) Building Regulations - Part B Fire Safety Volume 2; Part M Access to and use of Buildings; Part E (Resistance to sound)\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-20)** (UK) BS EN 12464-1:2002 Light and lighting. Lighting of work places. Indoor work places, British Standards Institution","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cubicles in a former coworking space in Portland, Oregon Office space planning is the process of organizing the workplace layout, furniture and office functions to work effectively together, while using space efficiently. Floor plans should consider the workgroup function, building codes and regulations, lighting, teaming requirements, inter-communication and storage, as well as zoning for employee workstations, task space needs, support rooms and reception areas to make the best use of available space. [ 1 ] Optimising office spaces with effective space planning can aid circulation, productivity and improve workplace wellness , as well as the health and safety of occupants. [ 2 ] In many organizations, office layouts are subject to frequent changes. This process is referred to as churn rate, [ 3 ] expressed as the percentage of the staff moved during a year. Statutory requirements [ edit ] Statutory requirements related to office layouts will vary in different countries but examples may include: the minimum amount of space to be provided per staff member; fire safety arrangements; [ 4 ] [ 5 ] lighting levels; signage; [ 6 ] ventilation; temperature control and welfare arrangements. [ 7 ] Ford Building (Detroit) 1st floor plan Office space planning refers to optimizing the building structure layout to fulfill the needs of the organization while taking into consideration the business plans for the organization. [ 8 ] Research is sometimes required to plan office layouts strategically, often done by identifying the factors that potentially affect space occupants — collecting and analyzing data in regards to how space is used, current building standards in furniture or ergonomic furniture, future demand of space or growth between business units. [ 9 ] The objective is to channel resources to provide the right workplace environment for conducting the core business activities on a cost-effective and value for money basis. As it involves determining the requirements of the user and the business, designing the workplace for accommodating these requirements and maintaining the provision of these requirements through the life cycle of the workplace. (Muir, 2003) [ 10 ] For example: call centers to require an undertaking of their business 'on-screen' and require small desk areas per staff member, minimum document storage, and may have limited requirements for photocopying facilities and printing. In contrast, companies handling paper-based documentation will require larger desks for their staff, room for records, archive facilities, photocopying, and printing facilities close to hand. Some companies require space planning to view analyzed with flexibility due to housing distinct business needs such as laboratory, design, and research spaces. Some facility space planners must also plan for storage solutions within a corporate setting for organizations with heavy product use. Accommodation standards [ edit ] Organizations often have a policy on the minimum standards of accommodation for each staff grade. Administration staff may work in open plan offices whereas managers may have individual offices, sized on a seniority basis. In open plan, offices screens are sometimes used between desks to reduce noise and provide an element of privacy. There are life safety requirements mandated by legislation which include rules for fire evacuation plans, location for fire extinguishers , sprinkler systems, unblocked exits, adequate passage width, building fire alarm systems, non-combustible, flame resistant furnishings and unobstructed exit ways. (Rondeau et al 1995) [ 11 ] Ergonomics are a criterion taken into account by space planners for achieving maximum resource efficiency and higher productivity rates. Ergonomics is concerned with biologic and engineering data and techniques to develop solutions for the interface of the worker and workplace. Ergonomics is defined by (Cotts, 1999). Rondeau et al (1995) [ 12 ] as a design to specifically fit human dimensions and respond to functional requirements. Solutions include adjustable equipment, furniture, and accessories. Developing and implementing space standards is one of the key responsibilities of any space management department in any organization. (Owen, 1993) [ 13 ] The space standard governs the number of meters allotted to each staff in the organization. Considers the amount of space for workspace set up, local storage and access. Provisions for the disabled are other important accommodation standards. Organizations are required to adhere to the Americans with Disabilities Act . This regulation requires all areas available to the public to be accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities. (Owen, 1993) [ 13 ] Spacing in the building would be affected due to the provision of handicap requirements including parking spaces, building entrances, restrooms, workstations and elevators (Rondeau et al, 1995) [ 11 ] The grouping of staff in teams often provides the best option for inter-communication and/or supervision and is a key factor in office layout design. However, where space is at a premium it may be difficult to accommodate a workgroup in a given area, and the solution often involves making space by moving others. These types of moves may be complex and disruptive as there is often a chain of events involved. Space planning could include taking account migration between buildings and different neighborhoods. It is business critical to make arrangements for possible work interruptions. Space planners must account for possible growth within business units as well as guidelines and regulations for building. Space Planning in corporate organizations has to plan with accordance with zoning requirements to where the building is being used. (Molnar 1983) Space planners need to have a complete set of information about the building to be successful planners. Physical constraints may impact the successful planning of workspace. (Building height, column spacing, finishes of floors, type of wall construction, capacities of elevators, fixture types, illumination levels. (Molnar 1983) Zoning is a term used in city and regional planning to regulate the practice of land use and the kind of activities conducted on sites based on mapped zones. Regulates the use of building and density allowed, the location of building on the lot, lot coverage, parking, and similar aspects. [ 8 ] Financial factors can affect successful implementing of space planning. The budget allocated for office workplace programming, cost of usable space, an allowable budget that should not be exceeded for a project, cost incurred after moving in (for example, cost due to changes in placements of partitions, lighting/ layout modification, repairs, window tint, etc.) Cost of providing one work station for each employee. (Bogers 2008) [ 14 ] Space planning is a discipline concerned with translating the space needs of an organization onto the floor plates of the building and producing a workplace environment suitable for the organization to gain a return on its investment. Space management, on the other hand, is concerned with providing the delivery of space services and the management of the completed space plan. In practice, office space in many organizations may be provided in the absence of considering work environment settings, space planning methodologies, technology, innovative and creative ways of operating at the workplace. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Planning tools – CAD [ edit ] 3D CAD of Department of Narcotics Control Modern office layouts are frequently planned using computer-aided design (CAD) drawing software. [ 17 ] Each desk in an office may require a telephone and computer. [ 18 ] In large offices the power and data cables may be run under a raised floor or above in a suspended ceiling, to the desk. Another alternative in smaller offices is to use dado trunking around the wall. Other alternatives are to use ceiling power poles which can assist space planning of desks away from perimeter walls Open plan offices are often divided up into smaller offices for managers, meeting rooms, etc. When this happens the designer has to take into account several factors [ 19 ] including: Heating/cooling zoning Ventilation Lighting and light switches [ 20 ] Emergency lighting Small power Voice and data cabling Fire alarms Fire stopping Fire escape routes Noise/acoustics Staff welfare facilities [ edit ] Office staff require access to basic welfare facilities in an office such as toilets and drinking water. Consideration may also be given to vending, catering or a place where staff can make a drink and take a break from their desk. ^ Marmot, Alexi (30 June 2000). Office Space Planning: Designs for Tomorrow's Workplace . McGraw-Hill Education. ^ Bakker, Mary Lou (5 May 2016). Space Planning for Commercial Office Interiors (Second ed.). Fairchild Books. ^ Alexi Marmot, Joanna Eley; "Office space planning: designing for tomorrow's workplace" McGraw Hill P91 ^ (UK) BS 9999:2008 Code of practice for fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings, British Standards Institution ^ [1] (UK) The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005, Her Majesty's Stationery Office ^ [2] (UK) The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996, Her Majesty's Stationery Office ^ [3] (UK) The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992, Her Majesty's Stationery Office ^ a b Molnar, John (2012-12-06). Facilities Management Handbook . Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4613-2815-5 . ^ Hassanain, Mohammad A (2010-12-01). "Analysis of factors influencing office workplace planning and design in corporate facilities" . Journal of Building Appraisal . 6 (4): 183– 197. doi : 10.1057/jba.2010.22 . ISSN 1744-9545 . ^ Remington, Kaye (2002), "Project management", Workplace Strategies and Facilities Management , Routledge, doi : 10.4324/9780080521299-15 , ISBN 978-0-08-052129-9 {{ citation }} : CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ( link ) ^ a b Rondeau, Edmond P.; Brown, Robert Kevin; Lapides, Paul D. (1995). Facility Management . John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-50377-5 . ^ Cotts, D.G. (1999) The Facility Management Handbook, 2nd ed. USA: American Management Association. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20Facility%20Management%20Handbook&author=DG.%20Cotts&publication_year=1999 ^ a b Owen, David D. (1993). Facilities Planning and Relocation . R.S. Means Company. ^ Bogers, Tetske; van Meel, Juriaan J.; van der Voordt, Theo J.M. (2008-02-29). "Architects about briefing: Recommendations to improve communication between clients and architects" . Facilities . 26 (3/4): 109– 116. doi : 10.1108/02632770810849454 . ISSN 0263-2772 . ^ Ali Mustafa, Faris (2022-09-01). "Role of office layout typology in saving time and distance spent by users: Case of office buildings in Erbil city" . Ain Shams Engineering Journal . 13 (5). doi : 10.1016/j.asej.2022.101742 . ISSN 2090-4479 . ^ "Contemporary models of flexible workspace environments" . WeWork . Retrieved 2025-12-10 . ^ BS 1192:2007 Collaborative production of architectural, engineering and construction information. Code of practice ^ "The Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992" . legislation.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 2025-07-17 . Retrieved 2025-12-10 . ^ [4] (UK) Building Regulations - Part B Fire Safety Volume 2; Part M Access to and use of Buildings; Part E (Resistance to sound) ^ (UK) BS EN 12464-1:2002 Light and lighting. Lighting of work places. Indoor work places, British Standards Institution
Markdown	[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Office+space+planning "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Office+space+planning "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning) - [1 Churn rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#Churn_rate) - [2 Statutory requirements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#Statutory_requirements) - [3 Business needs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#Business_needs) - [4 Accommodation standards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#Accommodation_standards) - [5 Space planning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#Space_planning) - [6 Planning tools – CAD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#Planning_tools_%E2%80%93_CAD) - [7 Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#Services) - [8 Partitions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#Partitions) - [9 Staff welfare facilities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#Staff_welfare_facilities) - [10 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#References) Toggle the table of contents # Office space planning Add languages [Add links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7079432#sitelinks-wikipedia "Add interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Office_space_planning "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=history "Past revisions of this page [h]") Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=history) General - [What links here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Office_space_planning "List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]") - [Related changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Office_space_planning "Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard "Upload files [u]") - [Permanent link](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&oldid=1337379922 "Permanent link to this revision of this page") - [Page information](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=info "More information about this page") - [Cite this page](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Office_space_planning&id=1337379922&wpFormIdentifier=titleform "Information on how to cite this page") - [Get shortened URL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOffice_space_planning) Print/export - [Download as PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Office_space_planning&action=show-download-screen "Download this page as a PDF file") - [Printable version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]") In other projects - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7079432 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Process of organizing workspace layout \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png) \| This article may contain [original research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research "Wikipedia:No original research"). Please [improve it](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit) by [verifying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability") the claims made and adding [inline citations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations "Wikipedia:Citing sources"). Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (December 2016) ([Learn how and when to remove this message](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal "Help:Maintenance template removal")) \| \| \| \| \| ![Globe icon.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/60px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png) \| The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a [worldwide view](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias "Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias") of the subject. You may [improve this article](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit), discuss the issue on the [talk page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Office_space_planning "Talk:Office space planning"), or [create a new article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard "Wikipedia:Article wizard"), as appropriate. (December 2016) ([Learn how and when to remove this message](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal "Help:Maintenance template removal")) \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/CubeSpace.jpg/250px-CubeSpace.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CubeSpace.jpg) Cubicles in a former [coworking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coworking "Coworking") space in [Portland, Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon "Portland, Oregon") Office space planning is the process of organizing the [workplace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace "Workplace") layout, furniture and office functions to work effectively together, while using space efficiently. [Floor plans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_plan "Floor plan") should consider the workgroup function, building codes and regulations, lighting, teaming requirements, inter-communication and storage, as well as zoning for employee workstations, task space needs, support rooms and reception areas to make the best use of available space.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-1) Optimising [office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office "Office") spaces with effective space planning can aid circulation, productivity and improve [workplace wellness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_wellness "Workplace wellness"), as well as the health and safety of occupants.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-2) ## Churn rate \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Churn rate")\] In many organizations, office layouts are subject to frequent changes. This process is referred to as churn rate,[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-3) expressed as the percentage of the staff moved during a year. ## Statutory requirements \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Statutory requirements")\] Statutory requirements related to office layouts will vary in different countries but examples may include: the minimum amount of space to be provided per staff member; [fire safety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_safety "Fire safety") arrangements;[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-5) lighting levels; signage;[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-6) ventilation; temperature control and welfare arrangements.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-7) ## Business needs \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Business needs")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ford_Building_1st_floor_plan.png/250px-Ford_Building_1st_floor_plan.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_Building_1st_floor_plan.png) [Ford Building (Detroit)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Building_\(Detroit\) "Ford Building (Detroit)") 1st floor plan Office space planning refers to optimizing the building structure layout to fulfill the needs of the organization while taking into consideration the business plans for the organization.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:0-8) Research is sometimes required to plan office layouts strategically, often done by identifying the factors that potentially affect space occupants — collecting and analyzing data in regards to how space is used, current building standards in furniture or ergonomic furniture, future demand of space or growth between business units.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-9) The objective is to channel resources to provide the right workplace environment for conducting the core business activities on a cost-effective and value for money basis. As it involves determining the requirements of the user and the business, designing the workplace for accommodating these requirements and maintaining the provision of these requirements through the life cycle of the workplace. (Muir, 2003)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-10) For example: call centers to require an undertaking of their business 'on-screen' and require small desk areas per staff member, minimum document storage, and may have limited requirements for photocopying facilities and printing. In contrast, companies handling paper-based documentation will require larger desks for their staff, room for records, archive facilities, photocopying, and printing facilities close to hand. Some companies require space planning to view analyzed with flexibility due to housing distinct business needs such as laboratory, design, and research spaces. Some facility space planners must also plan for storage solutions within a corporate setting for organizations with heavy product use. ## Accommodation standards \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Accommodation standards")\] Organizations often have a policy on the minimum standards of accommodation for each staff grade. Administration staff may work in [open plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_plan "Open plan") offices whereas managers may have individual offices, sized on a seniority basis. In open plan, offices screens are sometimes used between desks to reduce noise and provide an element of privacy. There are life safety requirements mandated by legislation which include rules for fire evacuation plans, location for [fire extinguishers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_extinguisher "Fire extinguisher"), sprinkler systems, unblocked exits, adequate passage width, building fire alarm systems, non-combustible, flame resistant furnishings and unobstructed exit ways. (Rondeau et al 1995)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:2-11) Ergonomics are a criterion taken into account by space planners for achieving maximum [resource efficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_efficiency "Resource efficiency") and higher productivity rates. Ergonomics is concerned with biologic and engineering data and techniques to develop solutions for the interface of the worker and workplace. Ergonomics is defined by (Cotts, 1999). Rondeau et al (1995)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-12) as a design to specifically fit human dimensions and respond to functional requirements. Solutions include adjustable equipment, furniture, and accessories. Developing and implementing space standards is one of the key responsibilities of any space management department in any organization. (Owen, 1993)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:1-13) The space standard governs the number of meters allotted to each staff in the organization. Considers the amount of space for workspace set up, local storage and access. Provisions for the disabled are other important accommodation standards. Organizations are required to adhere to the [Americans with Disabilities Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990 "Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990"). This regulation requires all areas available to the public to be accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities. (Owen, 1993)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:1-13) Spacing in the building would be affected due to the provision of handicap requirements including parking spaces, building entrances, restrooms, workstations and elevators (Rondeau et al, 1995)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:2-11) ## Space planning \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Space planning")\] The grouping of staff in teams often provides the best option for inter-communication and/or supervision and is a key factor in office layout design. However, where space is at a premium it may be difficult to accommodate a workgroup in a given area, and the solution often involves making space by moving others. These types of moves may be complex and disruptive as there is often a chain of events involved. Space planning could include taking account migration between buildings and different neighborhoods. It is business critical to make arrangements for possible work interruptions. Space planners must account for possible growth within business units as well as guidelines and regulations for building. Space Planning in corporate organizations has to plan with accordance with zoning requirements to where the building is being used. (Molnar 1983) Space planners need to have a complete set of information about the building to be successful planners. Physical constraints may impact the successful planning of workspace. (Building height, column spacing, finishes of floors, type of wall construction, capacities of elevators, fixture types, illumination levels. (Molnar 1983) Zoning is a term used in city and [regional planning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_planning "Regional planning") to regulate the practice of land use and the kind of activities conducted on sites based on mapped zones. Regulates the use of building and density allowed, the location of building on the lot, lot coverage, parking, and similar aspects.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:0-8) Financial factors can affect successful implementing of space planning. The budget allocated for office workplace programming, cost of usable space, an allowable budget that should not be exceeded for a project, cost incurred after moving in (for example, cost due to changes in placements of partitions, lighting/ layout modification, repairs, window tint, etc.) Cost of providing one work station for each employee. (Bogers 2008)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-14) Space planning is a discipline concerned with translating the space needs of an organization onto the floor plates of the building and producing a workplace environment suitable for the organization to gain a return on its investment. Space management, on the other hand, is concerned with providing the delivery of space services and the management of the completed space plan. In practice, office space in many organizations may be provided in the absence of considering work environment settings, space planning methodologies, technology, innovative and creative ways of operating at the workplace.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-16) ## Planning tools – CAD \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Planning tools – CAD")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Department_of_Narcotics_control_Office.jpg/250px-Department_of_Narcotics_control_Office.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Department_of_Narcotics_control_Office.jpg) 3D CAD of [Department of Narcotics Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Narcotics_Control "Department of Narcotics Control") Modern office layouts are frequently planned using [computer-aided design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design "Computer-aided design") (CAD) drawing software.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-17) ## Services \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Services")\] Each desk in an office may require a telephone and computer.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-18) In large offices the power and data cables may be run under a [raised floor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raised_floor "Raised floor") or above in a suspended ceiling, to the desk. Another alternative in smaller offices is to use dado trunking around the wall. Other alternatives are to use ceiling power poles which can assist space planning of desks away from perimeter walls ## Partitions \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Partitions")\] Open plan offices are often divided up into smaller offices for managers, meeting rooms, etc. When this happens the designer has to take into account several factors[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-19) including: - [Heating/cooling zoning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC "HVAC") - [Ventilation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_\(architecture\) "Ventilation (architecture)") - Lighting and light switches[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-20) - [Emergency lighting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_light "Emergency light") - Small power - Voice and data cabling - [Fire alarms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_alarm_system "Fire alarm system") - [Fire stopping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestop "Firestop") - [Fire escape routes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_exit "Emergency exit") - Noise/acoustics ## Staff welfare facilities \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Staff welfare facilities")\] Office staff require access to basic welfare facilities in an office such as toilets and drinking water. Consideration may also be given to vending, catering or a place where staff can make a drink and take a break from their desk. ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: References")\] 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-1) Marmot, Alexi (30 June 2000). Office Space Planning: Designs for Tomorrow's Workplace. McGraw-Hill Education. 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-2) Bakker, Mary Lou (5 May 2016). Space Planning for Commercial Office Interiors (Second ed.). Fairchild Books. 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-3) Alexi Marmot, Joanna Eley; "Office space planning: designing for tomorrow's workplace" McGraw Hill P91 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-4) (UK) BS 9999:2008 Code of practice for fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings, British Standards Institution 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-5) [\[1\]](http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2005/1541) (UK) The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005, Her Majesty's Stationery Office 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-6) [\[2\]](http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1996/341) (UK) The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996, Her Majesty's Stationery Office 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-7) [\[3\]](http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1992/3004)(UK) The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992, Her Majesty's Stationery Office 8. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:0_8-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:0_8-1) Molnar, John (2012-12-06). [Facilities Management Handbook](https://books.google.com/books?id=zXbrBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1). Springer Science & Business Media. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4613-2815-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-2815-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-2815-5") . 9. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-9)* Hassanain, Mohammad A (2010-12-01). ["Analysis of factors influencing office workplace planning and design in corporate facilities"](https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fjba.2010.22). Journal of Building Appraisal. 6 (4): 183–197\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1057/jba.2010.22](https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fjba.2010.22). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1744-9545](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1744-9545). 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-10) Remington, Kaye (2002), "Project management", Workplace Strategies and Facilities Management, Routledge, [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.4324/9780080521299-15](https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780080521299-15), [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-08-052129-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-052129-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-08-052129-9") `{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_work_parameter_with_ISBN "Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN")) 11. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:2_11-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:2_11-1) Rondeau, Edmond P.; Brown, Robert Kevin; Lapides, Paul D. (1995). [Facility Management](https://books.google.com/books?id=FT6QomcJBVMC&lr=&hl=en&source=gbs_navlinks_s&redir_esc=y). John Wiley & Sons. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-118-50377-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-50377-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-118-50377-5") . 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-12)* Cotts, D.G. (1999) The Facility Management Handbook, 2nd ed. USA: American Management Association.[https://scholar.google.com/scholar\_lookup?title=The%20Facility%20Management%20Handbook\&author=DG.%20Cotts\&publication\_year=1999](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20Facility%20Management%20Handbook&author=DG.%20Cotts&publication_year=1999) 13. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:1_13-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:1_13-1) Owen, David D. (1993). [Facilities Planning and Relocation](https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1971149384868992807). R.S. Means Company. 14. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-14)* Bogers, Tetske; van Meel, Juriaan J.; van der Voordt, Theo J.M. (2008-02-29). ["Architects about briefing: Recommendations to improve communication between clients and architects"](https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/02632770810849454). Facilities. 26 (3/4): 109–116\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1108/02632770810849454](https://doi.org/10.1108%2F02632770810849454). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0263-2772](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-2772). 15. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-15) Ali Mustafa, Faris (2022-09-01). ["Role of office layout typology in saving time and distance spent by users: Case of office buildings in Erbil city"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asej.2022.101742). Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 13 (5). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.asej.2022.101742](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asej.2022.101742). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2090-4479](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2090-4479). 16. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-16) ["Contemporary models of flexible workspace environments"](https://wework.co.in/coworking-space/). WeWork. Retrieved 2025-12-10. 17. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-17) BS 1192:2007 Collaborative production of architectural, engineering and construction information. Code of practice 18. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-18) ["The Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992"](http://web.archive.org/web/20250717065444/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1992/2792). legislation.gov.uk. Archived from [the original](http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1992/2792) on 2025-07-17. Retrieved 2025-12-10. 19. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-19) [\[4\]](http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/buildingregulations/approveddocuments/downloads) (UK) Building Regulations - Part B Fire Safety Volume 2; Part M Access to and use of Buildings; Part E (Resistance to sound) 20. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-20) (UK) BS EN 12464-1:2002 Light and lighting. Lighting of work places. 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Readable Markdown	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/CubeSpace.jpg/250px-CubeSpace.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CubeSpace.jpg) Cubicles in a former [coworking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coworking "Coworking") space in [Portland, Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon "Portland, Oregon") Office space planning is the process of organizing the [workplace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace "Workplace") layout, furniture and office functions to work effectively together, while using space efficiently. [Floor plans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_plan "Floor plan") should consider the workgroup function, building codes and regulations, lighting, teaming requirements, inter-communication and storage, as well as zoning for employee workstations, task space needs, support rooms and reception areas to make the best use of available space.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-1) Optimising [office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office "Office") spaces with effective space planning can aid circulation, productivity and improve [workplace wellness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_wellness "Workplace wellness"), as well as the health and safety of occupants.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-2) In many organizations, office layouts are subject to frequent changes. This process is referred to as churn rate,[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-3) expressed as the percentage of the staff moved during a year. ## Statutory requirements \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Statutory requirements")\] Statutory requirements related to office layouts will vary in different countries but examples may include: the minimum amount of space to be provided per staff member; [fire safety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_safety "Fire safety") arrangements;[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-5) lighting levels; signage;[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-6) ventilation; temperature control and welfare arrangements.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-7) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ford_Building_1st_floor_plan.png/250px-Ford_Building_1st_floor_plan.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_Building_1st_floor_plan.png) [Ford Building (Detroit)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Building_\(Detroit\) "Ford Building (Detroit)") 1st floor plan Office space planning refers to optimizing the building structure layout to fulfill the needs of the organization while taking into consideration the business plans for the organization.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:0-8) Research is sometimes required to plan office layouts strategically, often done by identifying the factors that potentially affect space occupants — collecting and analyzing data in regards to how space is used, current building standards in furniture or ergonomic furniture, future demand of space or growth between business units.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-9) The objective is to channel resources to provide the right workplace environment for conducting the core business activities on a cost-effective and value for money basis. As it involves determining the requirements of the user and the business, designing the workplace for accommodating these requirements and maintaining the provision of these requirements through the life cycle of the workplace. (Muir, 2003)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-10) For example: call centers to require an undertaking of their business 'on-screen' and require small desk areas per staff member, minimum document storage, and may have limited requirements for photocopying facilities and printing. In contrast, companies handling paper-based documentation will require larger desks for their staff, room for records, archive facilities, photocopying, and printing facilities close to hand. Some companies require space planning to view analyzed with flexibility due to housing distinct business needs such as laboratory, design, and research spaces. Some facility space planners must also plan for storage solutions within a corporate setting for organizations with heavy product use. ## Accommodation standards \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Accommodation standards")\] Organizations often have a policy on the minimum standards of accommodation for each staff grade. Administration staff may work in [open plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_plan "Open plan") offices whereas managers may have individual offices, sized on a seniority basis. In open plan, offices screens are sometimes used between desks to reduce noise and provide an element of privacy. There are life safety requirements mandated by legislation which include rules for fire evacuation plans, location for [fire extinguishers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_extinguisher "Fire extinguisher"), sprinkler systems, unblocked exits, adequate passage width, building fire alarm systems, non-combustible, flame resistant furnishings and unobstructed exit ways. (Rondeau et al 1995)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:2-11) Ergonomics are a criterion taken into account by space planners for achieving maximum [resource efficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_efficiency "Resource efficiency") and higher productivity rates. Ergonomics is concerned with biologic and engineering data and techniques to develop solutions for the interface of the worker and workplace. Ergonomics is defined by (Cotts, 1999). Rondeau et al (1995)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-12) as a design to specifically fit human dimensions and respond to functional requirements. Solutions include adjustable equipment, furniture, and accessories. Developing and implementing space standards is one of the key responsibilities of any space management department in any organization. (Owen, 1993)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:1-13) The space standard governs the number of meters allotted to each staff in the organization. Considers the amount of space for workspace set up, local storage and access. Provisions for the disabled are other important accommodation standards. Organizations are required to adhere to the [Americans with Disabilities Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990 "Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990"). This regulation requires all areas available to the public to be accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities. (Owen, 1993)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:1-13) Spacing in the building would be affected due to the provision of handicap requirements including parking spaces, building entrances, restrooms, workstations and elevators (Rondeau et al, 1995)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:2-11) The grouping of staff in teams often provides the best option for inter-communication and/or supervision and is a key factor in office layout design. However, where space is at a premium it may be difficult to accommodate a workgroup in a given area, and the solution often involves making space by moving others. These types of moves may be complex and disruptive as there is often a chain of events involved. Space planning could include taking account migration between buildings and different neighborhoods. It is business critical to make arrangements for possible work interruptions. Space planners must account for possible growth within business units as well as guidelines and regulations for building. Space Planning in corporate organizations has to plan with accordance with zoning requirements to where the building is being used. (Molnar 1983) Space planners need to have a complete set of information about the building to be successful planners. Physical constraints may impact the successful planning of workspace. (Building height, column spacing, finishes of floors, type of wall construction, capacities of elevators, fixture types, illumination levels. (Molnar 1983) Zoning is a term used in city and [regional planning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_planning "Regional planning") to regulate the practice of land use and the kind of activities conducted on sites based on mapped zones. Regulates the use of building and density allowed, the location of building on the lot, lot coverage, parking, and similar aspects.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-:0-8) Financial factors can affect successful implementing of space planning. The budget allocated for office workplace programming, cost of usable space, an allowable budget that should not be exceeded for a project, cost incurred after moving in (for example, cost due to changes in placements of partitions, lighting/ layout modification, repairs, window tint, etc.) Cost of providing one work station for each employee. (Bogers 2008)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-14) Space planning is a discipline concerned with translating the space needs of an organization onto the floor plates of the building and producing a workplace environment suitable for the organization to gain a return on its investment. Space management, on the other hand, is concerned with providing the delivery of space services and the management of the completed space plan. In practice, office space in many organizations may be provided in the absence of considering work environment settings, space planning methodologies, technology, innovative and creative ways of operating at the workplace.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-16) ## Planning tools – CAD \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Planning tools – CAD")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Department_of_Narcotics_control_Office.jpg/250px-Department_of_Narcotics_control_Office.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Department_of_Narcotics_control_Office.jpg) 3D CAD of [Department of Narcotics Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Narcotics_Control "Department of Narcotics Control") Modern office layouts are frequently planned using [computer-aided design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design "Computer-aided design") (CAD) drawing software.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-17) Each desk in an office may require a telephone and computer.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-18) In large offices the power and data cables may be run under a [raised floor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raised_floor "Raised floor") or above in a suspended ceiling, to the desk. Another alternative in smaller offices is to use dado trunking around the wall. Other alternatives are to use ceiling power poles which can assist space planning of desks away from perimeter walls Open plan offices are often divided up into smaller offices for managers, meeting rooms, etc. When this happens the designer has to take into account several factors[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-19) including: - [Heating/cooling zoning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC "HVAC") - [Ventilation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_\(architecture\) "Ventilation (architecture)") - Lighting and light switches[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_note-20) - [Emergency lighting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_light "Emergency light") - Small power - Voice and data cabling - [Fire alarms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_alarm_system "Fire alarm system") - [Fire stopping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestop "Firestop") - [Fire escape routes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_exit "Emergency exit") - Noise/acoustics ## Staff welfare facilities \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_space_planning&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Staff welfare facilities")\] Office staff require access to basic welfare facilities in an office such as toilets and drinking water. Consideration may also be given to vending, catering or a place where staff can make a drink and take a break from their desk. 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-1) Marmot, Alexi (30 June 2000). Office Space Planning: Designs for Tomorrow's Workplace. McGraw-Hill Education. 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-2) Bakker, Mary Lou (5 May 2016). Space Planning for Commercial Office Interiors (Second ed.). Fairchild Books. 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-3) Alexi Marmot, Joanna Eley; "Office space planning: designing for tomorrow's workplace" McGraw Hill P91 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-4) (UK) BS 9999:2008 Code of practice for fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings, British Standards Institution 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-5) [\[1\]](http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2005/1541) (UK) The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005, Her Majesty's Stationery Office 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-6) [\[2\]](http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1996/341) (UK) The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996, Her Majesty's Stationery Office 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-7) [\[3\]](http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1992/3004)(UK) The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992, Her Majesty's Stationery Office 8. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:0_8-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:0_8-1) Molnar, John (2012-12-06). [Facilities Management Handbook](https://books.google.com/books?id=zXbrBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1). Springer Science & Business Media. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4613-2815-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-2815-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-2815-5") . 9. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-9)* Hassanain, Mohammad A (2010-12-01). ["Analysis of factors influencing office workplace planning and design in corporate facilities"](https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fjba.2010.22). Journal of Building Appraisal. 6 (4): 183–197\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1057/jba.2010.22](https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fjba.2010.22). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1744-9545](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1744-9545). 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-10) Remington, Kaye (2002), "Project management", Workplace Strategies and Facilities Management, Routledge, [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.4324/9780080521299-15](https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780080521299-15), [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-08-052129-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-052129-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-08-052129-9") `{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_work_parameter_with_ISBN "Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN")) 11. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:2_11-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:2_11-1) Rondeau, Edmond P.; Brown, Robert Kevin; Lapides, Paul D. (1995). [Facility Management](https://books.google.com/books?id=FT6QomcJBVMC&lr=&hl=en&source=gbs_navlinks_s&redir_esc=y). John Wiley & Sons. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-118-50377-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-50377-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-118-50377-5") . 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-12)* Cotts, D.G. (1999) The Facility Management Handbook, 2nd ed. USA: American Management Association.[https://scholar.google.com/scholar\_lookup?title=The%20Facility%20Management%20Handbook\&author=DG.%20Cotts\&publication\_year=1999](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20Facility%20Management%20Handbook&author=DG.%20Cotts&publication_year=1999) 13. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:1_13-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-:1_13-1) Owen, David D. (1993). [Facilities Planning and Relocation](https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1971149384868992807). R.S. Means Company. 14. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-14)* Bogers, Tetske; van Meel, Juriaan J.; van der Voordt, Theo J.M. (2008-02-29). ["Architects about briefing: Recommendations to improve communication between clients and architects"](https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/02632770810849454). Facilities. 26 (3/4): 109–116\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1108/02632770810849454](https://doi.org/10.1108%2F02632770810849454). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0263-2772](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-2772). 15. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-15) Ali Mustafa, Faris (2022-09-01). ["Role of office layout typology in saving time and distance spent by users: Case of office buildings in Erbil city"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asej.2022.101742). Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 13 (5). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.asej.2022.101742](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asej.2022.101742). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2090-4479](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2090-4479). 16. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-16) ["Contemporary models of flexible workspace environments"](https://wework.co.in/coworking-space/). WeWork. Retrieved 2025-12-10. 17. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-17) BS 1192:2007 Collaborative production of architectural, engineering and construction information. Code of practice 18. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-18) ["The Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992"](http://web.archive.org/web/20250717065444/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1992/2792). legislation.gov.uk. Archived from [the original](http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1992/2792) on 2025-07-17. Retrieved 2025-12-10. 19. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-19) [\[4\]](http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/buildingregulations/approveddocuments/downloads) (UK) Building Regulations - Part B Fire Safety Volume 2; Part M Access to and use of Buildings; Part E (Resistance to sound) 20. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_space_planning#cite_ref-20) (UK) BS EN 12464-1:2002 Light and lighting. Lighting of work places. Indoor work places, British Standards Institution
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