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| Boilerpipe Text | Neil Armstrong
Armstrong in 1969
Born
Neil Alden Armstrong
August 5, 1930
Washington Township, Ohio
, U.S.
Died
August 25, 2012
(aged 82)
Fairfield, Ohio
, U.S.
Education
Purdue University
(
BS
)
University of Southern California
(
MS
)
Spouses
Janet Shearon
(
m.
1956;
div.
1994)
Carol Knight
(
m.
1994)
Children
3
Awards
Presidential Medal of Freedom
Congressional Space Medal of Honor
Congressional Gold Medal
NASA Distinguished Service Medal
NASA Exceptional Service Medal
Air Medal
(3)
Space career
USAF
/
NASA astronaut
Rank
Lieutenant
,
USN
Time in space
8d 14h 12m
Selection
USAF Man in Space Soonest (1958)
USAF Dyna-Soar (1960)
NASA Group 2 (1962)
Total
EVAs
1
Total EVA time
2h 31m
Missions
Gemini 8
Apollo 11
Mission insignia
Retirement
August 1971
Signature
Neil Alden Armstrong
(August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American
astronaut
and
aeronautical engineer
who, as the commander of the 1969
Apollo 11
mission, became the
first person to walk on the Moon
. He was also a
naval aviator
,
test pilot
and university professor.
Armstrong was born and raised near
Wapakoneta, Ohio
. He entered
Purdue University
, studying
aeronautical engineering
, with the
United States Navy
paying his tuition under the
Holloway Plan
. He became a
midshipman
in 1949 and a
naval aviator
the following year. He saw action in the
Korean War
, flying the
Grumman F9F Panther
from the
aircraft carrier
USS
Essex
. After the war, he completed his bachelor's degree at Purdue and became a test pilot at the
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
(NACA)
High-Speed Flight Station
at
Edwards Air Force Base
in California. He was the project pilot on
Century Series
fighters and flew the
North American X-15
seven times. He was also a participant in the
U.S. Air Force
's
Man in Space Soonest
and
X-20 Dyna-Soar
human spaceflight
programs.
Armstrong joined the
NASA Astronaut Corps
in the
second group
, which was selected in 1962. He made his first
spaceflight
as command pilot of
Gemini 8
in March 1966, becoming
NASA
's first civilian astronaut to fly in space. During this mission with pilot
David Scott
, he performed the first
docking
of two
spacecraft
; the mission was aborted after Armstrong used some of his re-entry control fuel to stabilize a dangerous roll caused by a stuck thruster. During training for Armstrong's second and last spaceflight as commander of
Apollo 11
, he had to eject from the
Lunar Landing Research Vehicle
moments before a crash.
On July 20, 1969, Armstrong and Apollo 11
Lunar Module
(LM) pilot
Buzz Aldrin
became the first people to
land on the Moon
, and the next day they spent two and a half hours outside the
Lunar Module
Eagle
spacecraft while
Michael Collins
remained in lunar orbit in the
Apollo Command Module
Columbia
. When Armstrong first stepped onto the lunar surface, he famously said: "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind."
[
1
]
[
2
]
[
3
]
[
4
]
It was broadcast live to an estimated 530 million viewers worldwide. Apollo 11 was a major U.S. victory in the
Space Race
, by fulfilling a national goal proposed in 1961 by President
John F. Kennedy
"of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" before the end of the decade. Along with Collins and Aldrin, Armstrong was awarded the
Presidential Medal of Freedom
by President
Richard Nixon
and received the 1969
Collier Trophy
. President
Jimmy Carter
presented him with the
Congressional Space Medal of Honor
in 1978, he was inducted into the
National Aviation Hall of Fame
in 1979, and with his former crewmates received the
Congressional Gold Medal
in 2009.
After he resigned from NASA in 1971, Armstrong taught in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the
University of Cincinnati
until 1979. He served on the
Apollo 13
accident investigation and on the
Rogers Commission
, which investigated the
Space Shuttle
Challenger
disaster
. In 2012, Armstrong died due to
complications
resulting from
coronary bypass surgery
, at the age of 82.
Early life and education
Armstrong was born in rural
Washington Township
, in
Auglaize County, Ohio
,
[
5
]
on August 5, 1930, the son of Viola Louise (née Engel) and Stephen Koenig Armstrong. He was of German, English, Scots-Irish, Irish, and Scottish descent.
[
6
]
[
7
]
[
8
]
He is a descendant of
Clan Armstrong
.
[
9
]
He had a younger sister, June, and a younger brother, Dean. His father was an
auditor
for the
Ohio state government
,
[
10
]
and the family moved around the state repeatedly, living in 16 towns over the next 14 years.
[
11
]
Armstrong's love for flying grew during this time, having started at the age of two when his father took him to the
Cleveland Air Races
. When he was five or six, he experienced his first airplane flight in
Warren, Ohio
, when he and his father took a ride in a
Ford Trimotor
(also known as the "Tin Goose").
[
12
]
[
13
]
Armstrong constructed and flew model aircraft, beginning in his youth.
[
14
]
The family's last move was in 1944 and took them back to Wapakoneta, where Armstrong attended
Blume High School
and took flying lessons at the Wapakoneta airfield.
[
15
]
He earned a student flight certificate on his 16th birthday, then
soloed
in August, all before he had a driver's license.
[
16
]
He was an active
Boy Scout
and earned the rank of
Eagle Scout
.
[
17
]
As an adult, he was recognized by the Scouts with their
Distinguished Eagle Scout Award
and
Silver Buffalo Award
.
[
18
]
[
19
]
While flying toward the Moon on July 18, 1969, he sent his regards to attendees at the
National Scout jamboree
in Idaho.
[
20
]
Among the few personal items that he carried with him to the Moon and back was a World Scout Badge.
[
21
]
At age 17, in 1947, Armstrong began studying
aeronautical engineering
at
Purdue University
in
West Lafayette, Indiana
; he was the second person in his family to attend college. Armstrong was also accepted to the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT),
[
22
]
but he resolved to go to Purdue after watching a
football
game between the
Purdue Boilermakers
and the
Ohio State Buckeyes
at the
Ohio Stadium
in 1945 in which quarterback
Bob DeMoss
led the Boilermakers to a sound victory over the highly regarded Buckeyes.
[
23
]
An uncle who attended MIT had also advised him that he could receive a good education without going all the way to
Cambridge, Massachusetts
. His college tuition was paid for under the
Holloway Plan
. Successful applicants committed to two years of study, followed by two years of flight training and one year of service as an aviator in the
U.S. Navy
, then completion of the final two years of their bachelor's degree.
[
22
]
Armstrong did not take courses in naval science, nor did he join the
Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps
.
[
24
]
Naval service
Ensign Neil Armstrong on May 23, 1952
Armstrong's call-up from the Navy arrived on January 26, 1949, requiring him to report to
Naval Air Station Pensacola
in Florida for flight training with class 5-49. After passing the medical examinations, he became a
midshipman
on February 24, 1949.
[
25
]
Flight training was conducted in a
North American SNJ trainer
, in which he soloed on September 9, 1949.
[
26
]
On March 2, 1950, he made his first
aircraft carrier
landing on
USS
Cabot
, an achievement he considered comparable to his first solo flight.
[
26
]
He was then sent to
Naval Air Station Corpus Christi
in Texas for training on the
Grumman F8F Bearcat
, culminating in a carrier landing on
USS
Wright
. On August 16, 1950, Armstrong was informed by letter that he was a fully qualified
naval aviator
. His mother and sister attended his graduation ceremony on August 23, 1950.
[
27
]
Armstrong was assigned to Fleet Aircraft Service Squadron
7 (FASRON 7) at
NAS San Diego
(now known as NAS North Island). On November 27, 1950, he was assigned to
VF-51
, an all-jet squadron, becoming its youngest officer, and made his first flight in a jet, a
Grumman F9F Panther
, on January 5, 1951. He was promoted to
ensign
on June 5, 1951, and made his first jet carrier landing on
USS
Essex
two days later. On June 28, 1951,
Essex
had set sail for Korea, with VF-51 aboard to act as
ground-attack aircraft
. VF-51 flew ahead to
Naval Air Station Barbers Point
in Hawaii, where it conducted fighter-bomber training before rejoining the ship at the end of July.
[
28
]
On August 29, 1951, Armstrong saw action in the
Korean War
as an escort for a photo
reconnaissance
plane over
Songjin
.
[
29
]
Five days later, on September 3, he flew armed reconnaissance over the primary transportation and storage facilities south of the village of Majon-ni, west of
Wonsan
. According to Armstrong, he was making a low bombing run at 350 mph (560 km/h) when 6 feet (1.8 m) of his wing was torn off after it collided with a cable that was strung across the hills as a booby trap. He was flying 500 feet (150 m) above the ground when he hit it. While there was heavy anti-aircraft fire in the area, none hit Armstrong's aircraft.
[
30
]
An initial report to the commanding officer of
Essex
said that Armstrong's F9F Panther was hit by
anti-aircraft fire
. The report indicated he was trying to regain control and collided with a pole, which sliced off 2 feet (0.61 m) of the Panther's right wing. Further perversions of the story by different authors added that he was only 20 feet (6.1 m) from the ground and that 3 feet (0.91 m) of his wing was sheared off.
[
31
]
F9F-2 Panthers
over Korea, with Armstrong piloting S-116 (left)
Armstrong flew the plane back to friendly territory, but because of the loss of the
aileron
,
ejection
was his only safe option. He intended to eject over water and await rescue by Navy helicopters, but his parachute was blown back over land. A jeep driven by a roommate from flight school picked him up; it is unknown what happened to the wreckage of his aircraft, F9F-2 BuNo
125122
.
[
32
]
In all, Armstrong flew 78
missions over Korea for a total of 121
hours in the air, a third of them in January 1952, with the final mission on March 5, 1952. Of 492 U.S. Navy personnel killed in the Korean War, 27 of them were from
Essex
on this war cruise. Armstrong received the
Air Medal
for 20 combat missions, two
gold stars
for the next 40, the
Korean Service Medal
and Engagement Star,
[
33
]
the
National Defense Service Medal
, and the
United Nations Korea Medal
.
[
34
]
Armstrong's regular commission was terminated on February 25, 1952, and he became an ensign in the
United States Navy Reserve
. On completion of his combat tour with
Essex
, he was assigned to a transport squadron, VR-32, in May 1952. He was released from active duty on August 23, 1952, but remained in the reserve, and was promoted to
lieutenant (junior grade)
on May 9, 1953.
[
34
]
As a reservist, he continued to fly, first with VF-724 at
Naval Air Station Glenview
in Illinois, and then, after moving to California, with VF-773 at
Naval Air Station Los Alamitos
.
[
35
]
He remained in the reserve for eight years before resigning his commission on October 21, 1960.
[
34
]
College years
After his service with the Navy, Armstrong returned to Purdue. His previously earned good but not outstanding
grades
now improved, lifting his final Grade Point Average (GPA) to a respectable but not outstanding 4.8 out of 6.0. He pledged the
Phi Delta Theta
fraternity
, and lived in its fraternity house. He wrote and co-directed two musicals as part of the all-student revue. The first was a version of
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
, co-directed with his girlfriend Joanne Alford from the
Alpha Chi Omega
sorority, with songs from the
1937 Walt Disney film
, including "
Someday My Prince Will Come
"; the second was titled
The Land of Egelloc
("college" spelled backward), with music from
Gilbert and Sullivan
but new lyrics.
Armstrong was chairman of the Purdue Aero Flying Club, and flew the club's aircraft, an
Aeronca
and a couple of
Pipers
, which were kept at nearby Aretz Airport in
Lafayette, Indiana
. Flying the Aeronca to Wapakoneta in 1954, he damaged it in a rough landing in a farmer's field, and it had to be hauled back to Lafayette on a trailer.
[
36
]
He was a
baritone
player in the
Purdue All-American Marching Band
.
[
37
]
Ten years later he was made an honorary member of
Kappa Kappa Psi
national band honorary fraternity.
[
38
]
Armstrong graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in
Aeronautical Engineering
in January 1955.
[
35
]
In 1970, he completed his Master of Science degree in
Aerospace Engineering
at the
University of Southern California
(USC).
[
39
]
He would eventually be awarded honorary doctorates by several universities.
[
40
]
Armstrong met Janet Elizabeth Shearon, who was majoring in
home economics
, at a party hosted by Alpha Chi Omega.
[
41
]
According to the couple, there was no real courtship, and neither could remember the exact circumstances of their engagement. They were married on January 28, 1956, at the Congregational Church in
Wilmette, Illinois
. When he moved to
Edwards Air Force Base
, he lived in the bachelor quarters of the base, while Janet lived in the
Westwood
district of Los Angeles. After one semester, they moved into a house in
Antelope Valley
, near Edwards AFB. Janet did not finish her degree, a fact she regretted later in life. The couple had three children.
[
42
]
In June 1961, their daughter Karen was diagnosed with
diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma
, a
malignant
tumor
of the middle part of her
brain stem
.
[
43
]
X-ray treatment slowed its growth, but her health deteriorated to the point where she could no longer walk or talk. She died of
pneumonia
, related to her weakened health, on January 28, 1962, aged two.
[
44
]
Test pilot
Following his graduation from Purdue, Armstrong became an experimental research test pilot. He applied at the
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
(NACA)
High-Speed Flight Station
at Edwards Air Force Base.
[
45
]
NACA had no open positions, and forwarded his application to the
Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory
in
Cleveland
, where Armstrong made his first test flight on March 1, 1955.
[
45
]
Armstrong's stint at Cleveland lasted only a couple of months before a position at the High-Speed Flight Station became available, and he reported for work there on July 11, 1955.
[
46
]
Armstrong, 26, as a test pilot at the
NACA
High-Speed Flight Station
at
Edwards AFB
, California
On his first day, Armstrong was tasked with piloting
chase planes
during releases of experimental aircraft from modified bombers. He also flew the modified bombers, and on one of these missions had his first flight incident at Edwards. On March 22, 1956, he was in a
Boeing B-29 Superfortress
,
[
47
]
which was to air-drop a
Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket
. He sat in the right-hand co-pilot seat while pilot in command, Stan Butchart sat in the left-hand pilot seat flying the B-29.
[
48
]
As they climbed to 30,000 feet (9 km), the
number-four engine
stopped and the
propeller
began windmilling (rotating freely) in the airstream. Despite hitting the switch that would normally stop the propeller's spinning, Butchart watched it slow before speeding up again on its own accord even faster than the others;
[
clarification needed
]
if it spun too fast, it would break apart. Their aircraft needed to hold an airspeed of 210 mph (338 km/h) to launch its Skyrocket payload, and the B-29 could not land with the Skyrocket attached to its belly. Armstrong and Butchart brought the aircraft into a nose-down
attitude
to increase speed, then launched the Skyrocket. At the instant of launch, the number-four engine propeller disintegrated. Pieces of it damaged the number-three engine and hit the number-two engine. Butchart and Armstrong were forced to shut down the damaged number-three engine, along with the number-one engine, because of the
torque
it created. They made a slow, circling descent from 30,000 ft (9 km) using only the number-two engine, and landed safely.
[
49
]
Armstrong served as project pilot on
Century Series
fighters, including the
North American F-100 Super Sabre
A and C variants, the
McDonnell F-101 Voodoo
, the
Lockheed F-104 Starfighter
, the
Republic F-105 Thunderchief
and the
Convair F-106 Delta Dart
. He also flew the
Douglas DC-3
,
Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star
,
North American F-86 Sabre
,
McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
,
Douglas F5D-1 Skylancer
, Boeing B-29 Superfortress,
Boeing B-47 Stratojet
and
Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker
, and was one of eight elite pilots involved in the
Paresev
paraglider research vehicle program.
[
50
]
Over his career, he flew more than 200 different models of aircraft.
[
39
]
His first flight in a
rocket-powered aircraft
was on August 15, 1957, in the
Bell X-1
B, to an altitude of 11.4 miles (18.3 km). On landing, the poorly designed
nose landing gear
failed, as had happened on about a dozen previous flights of the Bell X-1B. He flew the
North American X-15
seven times,
[
51
]
including the first flight with the Q-ball system, the first flight of the number
3 X-15 airframe, and the first flight of the MH-96 adaptive flight control system.
[
52
]
[
53
]
He became an employee of the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) when it was established on October 1, 1958, absorbing NACA.
[
54
]
Armstrong was involved in several incidents that went down in Edwards folklore or were chronicled in the memoirs of colleagues. During his sixth X-15 flight on April 20, 1962, Armstrong was testing the MH-96 control system when he flew to a height of over 207,000 feet (63 km) (the highest he flew before
Gemini 8
). He held up the aircraft nose during its descent to demonstrate the MH-96's g-limiting performance, and the X-15 ballooned back up to around 140,000 feet (43 km). He flew past the landing field at
Mach
3 at over 100,000 feet (30 km) in altitude, and ended up 40 miles (64 km) south of Edwards. After sufficient descent, he turned back toward the landing area, and landed. It was the longest X-15 flight in both flight time and length of the ground track.
[
55
]
[
56
]
Armstrong and
X-15-1
after a research flight in 1960
Fellow astronaut
Michael Collins
wrote that of the X-15 pilots Armstrong "had been considered one of the weaker stick-and-rudder men, but the very best when it came to understanding the machine's design and how it operated".
[
57
]
Many of the test pilots at Edwards praised Armstrong's engineering ability.
Milt Thompson
said he was "the most technically capable of the early X-15 pilots".
Bill Dana
said Armstrong "had a mind that absorbed things like a sponge". Those who flew for the Air Force tended to have a different opinion, especially people like
Chuck Yeager
and
Pete Knight
, who did not have engineering degrees. Knight said that pilot-engineers flew in a way that was "more mechanical than it is flying", and gave this as the reason why some pilot-engineers got into trouble: Their flying skills did not come naturally.
[
58
]
Armstrong made seven
flights in the X-15
between November 30, 1960, and July 26, 1962.
[
59
]
He reached a top speed of Mach 5.74 (3,989 mph, 6,420 km/h) in the X-15-1, and left the Flight Research Center with a total of 2,400 flying hours.
[
60
]
On April 24, 1962, Armstrong flew for the only time with Yeager. Their job, flying a T-33, was to evaluate Smith Ranch Dry Lake in Nevada for use as an emergency landing site for the X-15. In his autobiography, Yeager wrote that he knew the lake bed was unsuitable for landings after recent rains, but Armstrong insisted on flying out anyway. As they attempted a
touch-and-go
, the wheels became stuck and they had to wait for rescue. As Armstrong told the story, Yeager never tried to talk him out of it and they made a first successful landing on the east side of the lake. Then Yeager told him to try again, this time a bit slower. On the second landing, they became stuck, provoking Yeager to fits of laughter.
[
61
]
On May 21, 1962, Armstrong was involved in the "Nellis Affair". He was sent in an F-104 to inspect
Delamar Dry Lake
in southern Nevada, again for emergency landings. He misjudged his altitude and did not realize that the landing gear had not fully extended. As he touched down, the landing gear began to retract; Armstrong applied full power to abort the landing, but the ventral fin and landing gear door struck the ground, damaging the radio and releasing
hydraulic fluid
. Without radio communication, Armstrong flew south to
Nellis Air Force Base
, past the control tower, and waggled his wings, the signal for a no-radio approach. The loss of hydraulic fluid caused the
tailhook
to release, and upon landing, he caught the arresting wire attached to an anchor chain, and dragged the chain along the runway.
[
62
]
It took thirty minutes to clear the runway and rig another arresting cable. Armstrong telephoned Edwards and asked for someone to collect him. Milt Thompson was sent in an F-104B, the only two-seater available, but a plane Thompson had never flown. With great difficulty, Thompson made it to Nellis, where a strong crosswind caused a hard landing and the left main tire suffered a blowout. The runway was again closed to clear it, and Bill Dana was sent to Nellis in a T-33, but he almost landed long. The Nellis base operations office then decided that to avoid any further problems, it would be best to find the three NASA pilots ground transport back to Edwards.
[
62
]
Astronaut career
Armstrong in an early
Gemini
space suit
In June 1958, Armstrong was selected for the U.S. Air Force's
Man in Space Soonest
program, but the
Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA) canceled its funding on August 1, 1958, and on November 5, 1958, it was superseded by
Project Mercury
, a civilian project run by NASA. As a NASA civilian test pilot, Armstrong was ineligible to become one of its astronauts at this time, as selection was restricted to military test pilots.
[
63
]
[
64
]
In November 1960, he was chosen as part of the pilot consultant group for the
X-20 Dyna-Soar
, a military space plane under development by Boeing for the U.S. Air Force, and on March 15, 1962, he was selected by the U.S. Air Force as one of seven pilot-engineers who would fly the X-20 when it got off the design board.
[
65
]
[
66
]
In April 1962, NASA sought applications for the second group of NASA astronauts for
Project Gemini
, a proposed two-man spacecraft. This time, selection was open to qualified civilian test pilots.
[
67
]
Armstrong visited the
Seattle World's Fair
in May 1962 and attended a conference there on space exploration that was co-sponsored by NASA. After he returned from
Seattle
on June 4, he applied to become an astronaut. His application arrived about a week past the June 1, 1962, deadline, but Dick Day, a flight simulator expert with whom Armstrong had worked closely at Edwards, saw the late arrival of the application and slipped it into the pile before anyone noticed.
[
68
]
At
Brooks Air Force Base
at the end of June, Armstrong underwent a medical exam that many of the applicants described as painful and at times seemingly pointless.
[
69
]
NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations,
Deke Slayton
, called Armstrong on September 13, 1962, and asked whether he would be interested in joining the
NASA Astronaut Corps
as part of what the press dubbed "the
New Nine
"; without hesitation, Armstrong said yes. The selections were kept secret until three days later, although newspaper reports had circulated since earlier that year that he would be selected as the "first civilian astronaut".
[
70
]
Armstrong was one of two civilian pilots selected for this group;
[
71
]
the other was
Elliot See
, another former naval aviator.
[
72
]
NASA selected the second group that, compared with the
Mercury Seven
astronauts, were younger,
[
69
]
and had more impressive academic credentials.
[
73
]
Collins wrote that Armstrong was by far the most experienced test pilot in the Astronaut Corps.
[
57
]
Gemini program
Gemini 5
On February 8, 1965, Armstrong and Elliot See were picked as the backup crew for
Gemini 5
, with Armstrong as commander, supporting the prime crew of
Gordon Cooper
and
Pete Conrad
.
[
74
]
The mission's purpose was to practice
space rendezvous
and to develop procedures and equipment for a seven-day flight, all of which would be required for a mission to the Moon. With two other flights (
Gemini 3
and
Gemini 4
) in preparation, six crews were competing for simulator time, so Gemini
5 was postponed. It finally lifted off on August 21.
[
75
]
Armstrong and See watched the launch at
Cape Kennedy
, then flew to the
Manned Spacecraft Center
(MSC) in Houston.
[
76
]
The mission was generally successful, despite a problem with the
fuel cells
that prevented a rendezvous. Cooper and Conrad practiced a "phantom rendezvous", carrying out the maneuver without a target.
[
77
]
Gemini 8
Armstrong, 35, suiting up for
Gemini 8
in March 1966
The crews for Gemini
8 were assigned on September 20, 1965. Under the normal rotation system, the backup crew for one mission became the prime crew for the third mission after, but Slayton designated
David Scott
as the pilot of Gemini
8.
[
78
]
[
79
]
Scott was the first member of the
third group of astronauts
, who was selected on October 18, 1963, to receive a prime crew assignment.
[
80
]
See was designated to command
Gemini 9
. Henceforth, each Gemini mission was commanded by a member of Armstrong's group, with a member of Scott's group as the pilot. Conrad would be Armstrong's backup this time, and
Richard F. Gordon Jr.
his pilot.
[
78
]
[
79
]
Armstrong became the first American civilian in space. (
Valentina Tereshkova
of the
Soviet Union
had become the first civilian—and first woman—nearly three years earlier aboard
Vostok 6
when it launched on June 16, 1963.
[
81
]
) Armstrong would also be the last of his group to fly in space, as See died in a
T-38 crash
on February 28, 1966, that also took the life of crewmate
Charles Bassett
. They were replaced by the backup crew of
Tom Stafford
and
Gene Cernan
, while
Jim Lovell
and Buzz Aldrin moved up from the backup crew of
Gemini 10
to become the backup for Gemini 9,
[
82
]
and would eventually fly
Gemini 12
.
[
83
]
Gemini 8 launched on March 16, 1966. It was the most complex mission yet, with a rendezvous and docking with an
uncrewed
Agena target vehicle
, and the planned second American
spacewalk
(
EVA
) by Scott. The mission was planned to last 75
hours and 55
orbits. After the Agena lifted off at 10:00:00
EST
,
[
84
]
the
Titan II
rocket carrying Armstrong and Scott ignited at 11:41:02 EST, putting them into an orbit from which they chased the Agena.
[
85
]
They achieved the first-ever docking between two spacecraft.
[
86
]
Contact with the crew was intermittent due to the lack of tracking stations covering their entire orbits. While out of contact with the ground, the docked spacecraft began to roll, and Armstrong attempted to correct this with the Gemini's
Orbit Attitude and Maneuvering System
(OAMS). Following the earlier advice of Mission Control, they undocked, but the roll increased dramatically until they were turning about once per second, indicating a problem with Gemini's
attitude control
. Armstrong engaged the Reentry Control System (RCS) and turned off the OAMS. Mission rules dictated that once this system was turned on, the spacecraft had to reenter at the next possible opportunity. It was later thought that damaged wiring caused one of the thrusters to stick in the on position.
[
87
]
Recovery of
Gemini 8
from the western Pacific Ocean; Armstrong sitting to the right
A few people in the Astronaut Office, including
Walter Cunningham
, felt that Armstrong and Scott "had botched their first mission".
[
88
]
There was speculation that Armstrong could have salvaged the mission if he had turned on only one of the two RCS rings, saving the other for mission objectives. These criticisms were unfounded; no malfunction procedures had been written, and it was possible to turn on only both RCS rings, not one or the other.
[
89
]
Gene Kranz
wrote, "The crew reacted as they were trained, and they reacted wrong because we trained them wrong." The mission planners and controllers had failed to realize that when two spacecraft were docked, they must be considered one spacecraft. Kranz considered this the mission's most important lesson.
[
90
]
Armstrong was depressed that the mission was cut short,
[
91
]
canceling most mission objectives and robbing Scott of his EVA. The Agena was later reused as a docking target by Gemini 10.
[
92
]
Armstrong and Scott received the
NASA Exceptional Service Medal
,
[
93
]
[
94
]
and the Air Force awarded Scott the
Distinguished Flying Cross
as well.
[
95
]
Scott was promoted to
lieutenant colonel
, and Armstrong received a $678 raise in pay to $21,653 a year (equivalent to $214,864 in 2025), making him NASA's highest-paid astronaut.
[
91
]
Gemini 11
In Armstrong's final assignment in the Gemini program, he was the back-up Command Pilot for
Gemini 11
. Having trained for two flights, Armstrong was quite knowledgeable about the systems and took on a teaching role for the rookie backup pilot,
William Anders
.
[
96
]
The launch was on September 12, 1966,
[
97
]
with Conrad and Gordon on board, who successfully completed the mission objectives, while Armstrong served as a
capsule communicator
(CAPCOM).
[
98
]
Following the flight, President
Lyndon B. Johnson
asked Armstrong and his wife to take part in a 24-day goodwill tour of South America.
[
99
]
Also on the tour, which took in 11
countries and 14
major cities, were Dick Gordon,
George Low
, their wives, and other government officials. In Paraguay, Armstrong greeted dignitaries in their local language,
Guarani
; in Brazil he talked about the exploits of the Brazilian-born aviation pioneer
Alberto Santos-Dumont
.
[
100
]
Apollo program
On January 27, 1967—the day of the
Apollo 1 fire
—Armstrong was in Washington, D.C., with Cooper, Gordon, Lovell and
Scott Carpenter
for the signing of the United Nations
Outer Space Treaty
. The astronauts chatted with the assembled dignitaries until 18:45, when Carpenter went to the airport, and the others returned to the Georgetown Inn, where they each found messages to phone the MSC. During these calls, they learned of the deaths of
Gus Grissom
,
Ed White
and
Roger Chaffee
in the fire. Armstrong and the group spent the rest of the night drinking scotch and discussing what had happened.
[
101
]
On April 5, 1967, the same day the Apollo
1 investigation released its final report, Armstrong and 17 other astronauts gathered for a meeting with Slayton. The first thing Slayton said was, "The guys who are going to fly the first lunar missions are the guys in this room."
[
102
]
According to Cernan, only Armstrong showed no reaction to the statement. To Armstrong it came as no surprise—the room was full of veterans of Project Gemini, the only people who could fly the lunar missions. Slayton talked about the planned missions and named Armstrong to the backup crew for
Apollo 9
, which at that stage was planned as a
medium Earth orbit
test of the combined
lunar module
and
command and service module
.
[
103
]
The crew was officially assigned on November 20, 1967.
[
104
]
For crewmates, Armstrong was assigned Lovell and Aldrin, from Gemini 12. After design and manufacturing delays of the lunar module (LM),
Apollo 8
and
9 swapped prime and backup crews. Based on the normal crew rotation, Armstrong would command Apollo 11,
[
103
]
with one change: Collins on the Apollo
8 crew began experiencing trouble with his legs. Doctors diagnosed the problem as a bony growth between his fifth and sixth vertebrae, requiring surgery.
[
105
]
Lovell took his place on the Apollo
8 crew, and, when Collins recovered, he joined Armstrong's crew.
[
106
]
Armstrong descends to the ground on a parachute after ejecting from
Lunar Landing Research Vehicle
1.
To give the astronauts practice piloting the LM on its descent, NASA commissioned
Bell Aircraft
to build two
Lunar Landing Research Vehicles
(LLRV), later augmented with three Lunar Landing Training Vehicles (LLTV). Nicknamed the "Flying Bedsteads", they simulated the Moon's one-sixth gravity using a
turbofan
engine to support five-sixths of the craft's weight. On May 6, 1968, 100 feet (30 m) above the ground, Armstrong's controls started to degrade and the LLRV began
rolling
.
[
107
]
He ejected safely before the vehicle struck the ground and burst into flames. Later analysis suggested that if he had ejected half a second later, his parachute would not have opened in time. His only injury was from biting his tongue. The LLRV was completely destroyed.
[
108
]
Even though he was nearly killed, Armstrong maintained that without the LLRV and LLTV, the lunar landings would not have been successful, as they gave commanders essential experience in piloting the lunar landing craft.
[
109
]
In addition to the LLRV training, NASA began lunar landing simulator training after Apollo 10 was completed. Aldrin and Armstrong trained for a variety of scenarios that could develop during a real lunar landing.
[
110
]
They also received briefings from geologists at NASA.
[
111
]
Apollo 11
The
Apollo 11
crew: Armstrong,
Michael Collins
, and
Buzz Aldrin
.
After Armstrong served as backup commander for Apollo
8, Slayton offered him the post of commander of Apollo 11 on December 23, 1968, as Apollo
8 orbited the Moon.
[
112
]
According to Armstrong's
2005 biography
, Slayton told him that although the planned crew was Commander Armstrong, Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin, and Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, he was offering Armstrong the chance to replace Aldrin with Jim Lovell. After thinking it over for a day, Armstrong told Slayton he would stick with Aldrin, as he had no difficulty working with him and thought Lovell deserved his own command. Replacing Aldrin with Lovell would have made Lovell the lunar module pilot, unofficially the lowest ranked member, and Armstrong could not justify placing Lovell, the commander of Gemini 12, in the number
3 position of the crew.
[
113
]
The crew of Apollo 11 was assigned on January 9, 1969, as Armstrong, Collins, and Aldrin, with Lovell, Anders, and
Fred Haise
as the backup crew.
[
114
]
According to
Chris Kraft
, a March 1969 meeting among Slayton, George Low,
Bob Gilruth
, and Kraft determined that Armstrong would be the first person on the Moon, in part because NASA management saw him as a person who did not have a large ego. A press conference on April 14, 1969, gave the design of the LM cabin as the reason for Armstrong's being first; the hatch opened inwards and to the right, making it difficult for the LM pilot, on the right-hand side, to exit first. At the time of their meeting, the four men did not know about the hatch consideration. The first knowledge of the meeting outside the small group came when Kraft wrote his book.
[
115
]
[
116
]
Methods of circumventing this difficulty existed, but it is not known if these were considered at the time. Slayton added, "Secondly, just on a pure protocol basis, I figured the commander ought to be the first guy out
... I changed it as soon as I found they had the time line that showed that. Bob Gilruth approved my decision."
[
117
]
Voyage to the Moon
A
Saturn V
rocket launched Apollo 11 from
Launch Complex 39A
at the
Kennedy Space Center
on July 16, 1969, at 13:32:00
UTC
(09:32:00 EDT local time).
[
118
]
Armstrong's wife Janet and two sons watched from a yacht moored on the
Banana River
.
[
119
]
During the launch, Armstrong's heart rate peaked at 110
beats per minute.
[
120
]
He found the first stage the loudest, much noisier than the Gemini
8 Titan II launch. The Apollo command module was relatively roomy compared with the Gemini spacecraft. None of the Apollo 11 crew suffered
space sickness
, as some members of previous crews had. Armstrong was especially glad about this, as he had been prone to
motion sickness
as a child and could experience
nausea
after long periods of
aerobatics
.
[
121
]
Armstrong in the lunar module after the completion of the
EVA
Apollo 11's objective was to land safely on the Moon, rather than to touch down at a precise location. Three minutes into the lunar descent, Armstrong noted that craters were passing about two seconds too early, which meant the
Lunar Module
Eagle
would probably touch down several miles (kilometres) beyond the planned landing zone.
[
122
]
As the
Eagle
'
s landing
radar
acquired the surface, several computer error alarms sounded. The first was a code
1202
alarm, and even with their extensive training, neither Armstrong nor Aldrin knew what this code meant. They promptly received word from CAPCOM
Charles Duke
in Houston that the alarms were not a concern; the 1202 and 1201 alarms were caused by executive overflows in the
lunar module guidance computer
. In 2007, Aldrin said the overflows were caused by his own counter-checklist choice of leaving the docking radar on during the landing process, causing the computer to process unnecessary radar data. When it did not have enough time to execute all tasks, the computer dropped the lower-priority ones, triggering the alarms. Aldrin said he decided to leave the radar on in case an abort was necessary when re-docking with the Apollo command module; he did not realize it would cause the processing overflows.
[
123
]
Armstrong lands the
Lunar Module
Eagle
on the Moon, July 20, 1969.
When Armstrong noticed they were heading toward a landing area that seemed unsafe, he took manual control of the LM and attempted to find a safer area. This took longer than expected, and longer than most simulations had taken.
[
124
]
For this reason, Mission Control was concerned that the LM was running low on fuel.
[
125
]
On landing, Aldrin and Armstrong believed they had 40
seconds of fuel left, including the 20
seconds' worth which had to be saved in the event of an abort.
[
126
]
During training, Armstrong had, on several occasions, landed with fewer than 15
seconds of fuel; he was also confident the LM could survive a fall of up to 50 feet (15 m). Post-mission analysis showed that at touchdown there were 45 to 50
seconds of propellant burn time left.
[
127
]
The landing on the surface of the Moon occurred several seconds after 20:17:40 UTC on July 20, 1969.
[
128
]
One of three 67-inch (170 cm) probes attached to three of the LM's four legs made contact with the surface, a panel light in the LM illuminated, and Aldrin called out, "Contact light." Armstrong shut the engine off and said, "Shutdown." As the LM settled onto the surface, Aldrin said, "Okay, engine stop"; then they both called out some post-landing checklist items. After a 10-second pause, Duke acknowledged the landing with, "We copy you down,
Eagle
." Armstrong confirmed the landing to Mission Control and the world with the words, "Houston,
Tranquility Base
here. The
Eagle
has landed." Aldrin and Armstrong celebrated with a brisk handshake and pat on the back. They then returned to the checklist of contingency tasks, should an emergency liftoff become necessary.
[
129
]
[
130
]
[
131
]
After Armstrong confirmed touch down, Duke re-acknowledged, adding a comment about the flight crew's relief: "Roger, Tranquility. We copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot."
[
126
]
During the landing, Armstrong's heart rate ranged from 100 to 150
beats per minute.
[
132
]
First Moon walk
Armstrong describes the lunar surface.
The flight plan called for a crew rest period before leaving the module, but Armstrong asked for this to be moved to earlier in the evening,
Houston time
. When he and Aldrin were ready to go outside,
Eagle
was depressurized, the hatch was opened, and Armstrong made his way down the ladder.
[
133
]
At the bottom of the ladder, while standing on a
Lunar Module
landing pad, Armstrong said, "I'm going to step off the LM now". He turned and set his left boot on the lunar surface at 02:56
UTC
July 21, 1969,
[
134
]
then said, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind."
[
135
]
The exact time of Armstrong's first step on the Moon is unclear.
[
136
]
Armstrong prepared his famous
epigram
on his own.
[
137
]
In a post-flight press conference, he said that he chose the words "just prior to leaving the LM."
[
138
]
In a 1983 interview in
Esquire
magazine, he explained to
George Plimpton
: "I always knew there was a good chance of being able to return to Earth, but I thought the chances of a successful touch down on the moon surface were about even money—fifty–fifty
... Most people don't realize how difficult the mission was. So it didn't seem to me there was much point in thinking of something to say if we'd have to abort landing."
[
137
]
In 2012, his brother Dean Armstrong said that Neil showed him a draft of the line months before the launch.
[
139
]
Historian
Andrew Chaikin
, who interviewed Armstrong in 1988 for his book
A Man on the Moon
, disputed that Armstrong claimed to have conceived the line during the mission.
[
140
]
Recordings of Armstrong's transmission do not provide evidence for the indefinite article "a" before "man", though NASA and Armstrong insisted for years that static obscured it. Armstrong stated he would never make such a mistake, but after repeated listenings to recordings, he eventually conceded he must have dropped the "a".
[
135
]
He later said he "would hope that history would grant me leeway for dropping the syllable and understand that it was certainly intended, even if it was not said—although it might actually have been".
[
141
]
There have since been claims and counter-claims about whether acoustic analysis of the recording reveals the presence of the missing "a";
[
135
]
[
142
]
Peter Shann Ford
, an Australian computer programmer, conducted a digital audio analysis and claims that Armstrong did say "a man", but the "a" was inaudible due to the limitations of communications technology of the time.
[
135
]
[
143
]
[
144
]
Ford and
James R. Hansen
, Armstrong's authorized biographer, presented these findings to Armstrong and NASA representatives, who conducted their own analysis.
[
145
]
Armstrong found Ford's analysis "persuasive".
[
146
]
[
147
]
Linguists
David Beaver
and
Mark Liberman
wrote of their skepticism of Ford's claims on the blog
Language Log
.
[
148
]
A 2016 peer-reviewed study again concluded Armstrong had included the article.
[
149
]
NASA's transcript continues to show the "a" in parentheses.
[
150
]
When Armstrong made his proclamation,
Voice of America
was rebroadcast live by the
BBC
and many other stations worldwide. An estimated 530
million people viewed the event,
[
151
]
20 percent out of a world population of approximately 3.6
billion.
[
152
]
[
153
]
Q: Did you misspeak?
A: There isn't any way of knowing.
Q: Several sources say you did.
A: I mean, there isn't any way of
my
knowing. When I listen to the tape, I can't hear the 'a', but that doesn't mean it wasn't there, because that was the fastest VOX ever built. There was no mike-switch — it was a
voice-operated key or VOX
. In a helmet you find you lose a lot of syllables. Sometimes a short syllable like 'a' might not be transmitted. However, when I listen to it, I can't hear it. But the 'a' is implied, so I'm happy if they just put it in parentheses.
Omni
, June 1982, p. 126
Armstrong on the Moon
About 19
minutes after Armstrong's first step, Aldrin joined him on the surface, becoming the second human to walk on the Moon. They began their tasks of investigating how easily a person could operate on the lunar surface. Armstrong unveiled a plaque commemorating the flight, and with Aldrin,
planted
the
flag of the United States
. Although Armstrong had wanted the flag to be draped on the flagpole,
[
154
]
it was decided to use a metal rod to hold it horizontally.
[
155
]
However, the rod did not fully extend, leaving the flag with a slightly wavy appearance, as if there were a breeze.
[
156
]
Shortly after the flag planting, President
Richard Nixon
spoke to them by telephone from his office. He spoke for about a minute, after which Armstrong responded for about thirty seconds.
[
157
]
In the Apollo 11 photographic record, there are only five images of Armstrong partly shown or reflected. The mission was planned to the minute, with the majority of photographic tasks performed by Armstrong with the single
Hasselblad
camera.
[
158
]
After helping to set up the
Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package
, Armstrong went for a walk to what is now known as East Crater, 65 yards (59 m) east of the LM, the greatest distance traveled from the LM on the mission. His final task was to remind Aldrin to leave a small package of memorial items to Soviet
cosmonauts
Yuri Gagarin
and
Vladimir Komarov
, and Apollo
1 astronauts Grissom, White and Chaffee.
[
159
]
The Apollo 11 EVA lasted two and a half hours.
[
160
]
Each of the subsequent five landings was allotted a progressively longer EVA period; the crew of
Apollo 17
spent over 22
hours exploring the lunar surface.
[
160
]
In a 2010 interview, Armstrong explained that NASA limited their Moon walk because they were unsure how the
space suits
would cope with the Moon's extremely high temperature.
[
161
]
Return to Earth
The Apollo 11 crew and President
Richard Nixon
during the post-mission quarantine period
After they re-entered the LM, the hatch was closed and sealed. While preparing for liftoff, Armstrong and Aldrin discovered that, in their bulky space suits, they had broken the ignition switch for the ascent engine; using part of a pen, they pushed in the circuit breaker to start the launch sequence.
[
162
]
The
Eagle
then continued to its rendezvous in lunar orbit, where it docked with
Columbia
, the command and service module. The three astronauts returned to Earth and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, to be picked up by the
USS
Hornet
.
[
163
]
After being released from an 18-day quarantine to ensure that they had not picked up any infections or diseases from the Moon, the crew was feted across the United States and around the world as part of a 38-day "Giant Leap" tour.
[
164
]
New York City ticker tape parade, August 13, 1969
The tour began on August 13, when the three astronauts spoke and rode in
ticker-tape parades
in their honor in New York and Chicago, with an estimated six million attendees.
[
165
]
[
166
]
On the same evening an official
state dinner
was held in Los Angeles to celebrate the flight, attended by members of Congress, 44
governors, the
Chief Justice of the United States
, and ambassadors from 83
nations. President Nixon and Vice President Agnew presented each astronaut with a
Presidential Medal of Freedom
.
[
165
]
[
167
]
After the tour Armstrong took part in
Bob Hope
's 1969
USO
show, primarily to Vietnam.
[
168
]
In May 1970, Armstrong traveled to the Soviet Union to present a talk at the 13th annual conference of the International
Committee on Space Research
; after arriving in
Leningrad
from Poland, he traveled to Moscow where he met
Premier
Alexei Kosygin
. Armstrong was the first westerner to see the supersonic
Tupolev Tu-144
and was given a tour of the
Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center
, which he described as "a bit Victorian in nature".
[
169
]
At the end of the day, he was surprised to view a delayed video of the launch of
Soyuz 9
as it had not occurred to Armstrong that the mission was taking place, even though Valentina Tereshkova had been his host and her husband,
Andriyan Nikolayev
, was on board.
[
170
]
Life after Apollo
Valentina Tereshkova
, the first woman in space, presenting a badge to Neil Armstrong,
Star City
, Soviet Union, June 1970
Teaching
Shortly after Apollo 11, Armstrong stated that he did not plan to fly in space again.
[
171
]
He was appointed Deputy Associate Administrator for Aeronautics for the Office of Advanced Research and Technology at
ARPA
, served in the position for a year, then resigned from it and NASA in 1971.
[
172
]
He accepted a teaching position in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the
University of Cincinnati
,
[
173
]
having chosen Cincinnati over other universities, including his
alma mater
Purdue, because Cincinnati had a small aerospace department,
[
174
]
and said he hoped the faculty there would not be annoyed that he came straight into a professorship with only a USC master's degree.
[
175
]
He began his master's degree while stationed at Edwards years before, and completed it after Apollo 11 by presenting a report on various aspects of Apollo, instead of a thesis on the simulation of hypersonic flight.
[
176
]
At Cincinnati, Armstrong was University Professor of Aerospace Engineering. He took a heavy teaching load, taught core classes, and created two graduate-level classes: aircraft design and experimental flight mechanics. He was considered a good teacher, and a tough grader. His research activities during this time did not involve his work at NASA, as he did not want to give the appearance of favoritism; he later regretted the decision. After teaching for eight years, Armstrong resigned in 1980. When the university changed from an independent municipal university to a state school, bureaucracy increased. He did not want to be a part of the faculty collective bargaining group, so he decided to teach half-time. According to Armstrong, he had the same amount of work but received half his salary. In 1979, less than 10% of his income came from his university salary. Employees at the university did not know why he left.
[
176
]
NASA commissions
In 1970, after an explosion aboard
Apollo 13
aborted its lunar landing, Armstrong was part of
Edgar Cortright
's investigation of the mission. He produced a detailed chronology of the flight. He determined that a 28-volt thermostat switch in an oxygen tank, which was supposed to have been replaced with a 65-volt version, led to the explosion. Cortright's report recommended the entire tank be redesigned at a cost of $40
million. Many NASA managers, including Armstrong, opposed the recommendation, since only the thermostat switch had caused the problem. They lost the argument, and the tanks were redesigned.
[
177
]
In 1986, President
Ronald Reagan
asked Armstrong to join the
Rogers Commission
investigating the
Space Shuttle
Challenger
disaster
. Armstrong was made vice chairman of the commission and held private interviews with contacts he had developed over the years to help determine the cause of the disaster. He helped limit the committee's recommendations to nine, believing that if there were too many, NASA would not act on them.
[
178
]
Michael Collins, President
George W. Bush
, Neil Armstrong, and Buzz Aldrin during celebrations of the 35th anniversary of the Apollo 11 flight, July 21, 2004
Armstrong was appointed to a fourteen-member commission by President Reagan to develop a plan for American civilian spaceflight in the 21st century. The commission was chaired by former NASA administrator Dr.
Thomas O. Paine
, with whom Armstrong had worked during the Apollo program. The group published a book titled
Pioneering the Space Frontier: The Report on the National Commission on Space
, recommending a permanent lunar base by 2006, and sending people to Mars by 2015. The recommendations were largely ignored, overshadowed by the
Challenger
disaster.
[
179
]
Armstrong and his wife attended the memorial service for the victims of the
Space Shuttle
Columbia
disaster
in 2003, at the invitation of President
George W. Bush
.
[
180
]
Business activities
After Armstrong retired from NASA in 1971, he acted as a spokesman for several businesses. The first company to successfully approach him was
Chrysler
, for whom he appeared in advertising starting in January 1979. Armstrong thought they had a strong engineering division, and they were in financial difficulty. He later acted as a spokesman for other American companies, including General Time Corporation and the Bankers Association of America.
[
181
]
He acted as a spokesman for only American companies.
[
182
]
In addition to his duties as a spokesman, he also served on the board of directors of several companies. The first company board Armstrong joined was
Gates Learjet
, chairing their technical committee. He flew their new and experimental jets and even set a climb and altitude record for business jets. Armstrong became a member of
Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company
's board in 1973. They were interested in nuclear power and wanted to increase the company's technical competence. He served on the board of
Taft Broadcasting
, also based in Cincinnati. Armstrong joined the board of solid rocket booster
Thiokol
in 1989, after previously serving on the Rogers Commission which found that the
Space Shuttle
Challenger
was destroyed due to a defect in the Thiokol-manufactured solid rocket boosters. When Armstrong left the University of Cincinnati, he became the chairman of Cardwell International Ltd., a company that manufactured drilling rigs. He served on additional aerospace boards, first
United Airlines
in 1978, and later
Eaton Corporation
in 1980. He was asked to chair the board of directors for a subsidiary of Eaton, AIL Systems. He chaired the board through the company's 2000 merger with
EDO Corporation
, until his retirement in 2002.
[
183
]
[
184
]
North Pole and Ecuador expeditions
In 1976, Stanley Hall of Scotland arranged one of the most expensive large-scale cave explorations in modern history to investigate
Cueva de los Tayos
in Ecuador. For the expedition, over a hundred people were recruited, including members of the Scottish
Black Watch
and the
Royal Highland Fusiliers
regiment, Ecuadorian military personnel, and various experts in different fields, including Armstrong, then a professor of aerospace engineering at the
University of Cincinnati
, as Honorary President of the expedition.
[
185
]
[
186
]
In 1985, professional expedition leader Mike Dunn organized a trip to take men he deemed the "greatest explorers" to the North Pole. The group included Armstrong,
Edmund Hillary
,
Hillary's son Peter
,
Steve Fossett
, and
Patrick Morrow
. They arrived at the Pole on April 6, 1985. He did not inform the media of the trip, preferring to keep it private.
[
187
]
Public profile
Armstrong in 1999
Armstrong's family described him as a "reluctant American hero".
[
188
]
[
189
]
[
190
]
He kept a low profile later in his life, leading to the belief that he was a recluse.
[
191
]
[
192
]
Recalling Armstrong's humility,
John Glenn
, the first American to orbit Earth, told CNN: "[Armstrong] didn't feel that he should be out huckstering himself. He was a humble person, and that's the way he remained after his lunar flight, as well as before."
[
193
]
Armstrong turned down most requests for interviews and public appearances. Michael Collins said in his book
Carrying the Fire
that when Armstrong moved to a dairy farm to become a college professor, it was like he "retreated to his castle and pulled up the drawbridge". Armstrong found this amusing, and said, "...
those of us that live out in the hinterlands think that people that live inside the
Beltway
are the ones that have the problems."
[
194
]
Andrew Chaikin says in
A Man on the Moon
that Armstrong kept a low profile but was not a recluse, citing his participation in interviews, advertisements for Chrysler, and hosting a cable television series.
[
195
]
Between 1991 and 1993, he hosted
First Flights with Neil Armstrong
, an
aviation history
documentary series on
A&E
.
[
194
]
In 2010, Armstrong voiced the character of Dr. Jack Morrow in
Quantum Quest: A Cassini Space Odyssey
,
[
196
]
an animated educational sci-fi adventure film initiated by JPL/NASA through a grant from Jet Propulsion Lab.
[
197
]
Armstrong guarded the use of his name, image, and famous quote. When it was launched in 1981,
MTV
wanted to use his quote in its
station identification
, with the American flag replaced with the MTV logo, but he refused the use of his voice and likeness.
[
198
]
He sued
Hallmark Cards
in 1994, when they used his name, and a recording of the "one small step" quote, in a Christmas ornament without his permission. The lawsuit was settled out of court for an undisclosed sum, which Armstrong donated to Purdue.
[
199
]
[
200
]
For many years, he wrote letters congratulating new Eagle Scouts on their accomplishment, but decided to quit the practice in the 1990s because he felt the letters should be written by people who knew the scout. (In 2003, he received 950
congratulation requests.) This contributed to the myth of his reclusiveness.
[
201
]
Armstrong used to autograph everything except
first day covers
. Around 1993, he found out his signatures were being sold online, and that most of them were forgeries, and stopped giving autographs.
[
192
]
Personal life
Armstrong speaking in February 2012, six months before his death, on the 50th anniversary of
John Glenn
's first spaceflight
Some former astronauts, including Glenn and
Apollo 17
's
Harrison Schmitt
, sought political careers after leaving NASA. Armstrong was approached by groups from both the
Democratic
and
Republican
parties but declined the offers. He supported
states' rights
and opposed the U.S. acting as the "
world's policeman
".
[
202
]
When Armstrong applied at a local
Methodist
church to lead a Boy Scout troop in the late 1950s, he gave his religious affiliation as "
deist
".
[
203
]
His mother later said that his religious views caused her grief and distress in later life, as she was a Christian.
[
204
]
Upon his return from the Moon, Armstrong gave a speech in front of the
U.S. Congress
in which he thanked them for giving him the opportunity to see some of the "grandest views of the Creator".
[
205
]
[
206
]
In the early 1980s, he was the subject of a hoax claiming that he converted to
Islam
after hearing the
call to prayer
while walking on the Moon. Indonesian singer Suhaemi wrote a song called "Gema Suara Adzan di Bulan" ("The Resonant Sound of the Call to Prayer on the Moon") which described Armstrong's supposed conversion, and the song was widely discussed by
Jakarta
news outlets in 1983.
[
207
]
Similar hoax stories were seen in Egypt and Malaysia. In March 1983, the
U.S. State Department
responded by issuing a message to embassies and consulates in Muslim countries saying that Armstrong had not converted to Islam.
[
208
]
The hoax surfaced occasionally for the next three decades. Part of the confusion arose from the similarity between the names of the country of Lebanon, which has a majority Muslim population, and Armstrong's longtime residence in
Lebanon, Ohio
.
[
208
]
In 1972, Armstrong visited the Scottish town of
Langholm
, the traditional seat of Clan Armstrong. He was made the first
freeman
of the burgh, and happily declared the town his home.
[
209
]
To entertain the crowd, the
Justice of the Peace
read from an unrepealed archaic 400-year-old law that required him to hang any Armstrong found in the town.
[
210
]
Armstrong flew light aircraft for pleasure. He enjoyed
gliders
and before the Moon flight had earned a gold badge with two diamonds from the
International Gliding Commission
. He continued to fly engineless aircraft well into his 70s.
[
211
]
While working on his farm in November 1978, Armstrong jumped off the back of his grain truck and caught his wedding ring in its wheel, tearing the tip off his left ring finger. He collected the severed tip, packed it in ice, and had surgeons reattach it at a nearby hospital in
Louisville, Kentucky
.
[
212
]
In February 1991, he suffered a mild heart attack while skiing with friends at
Aspen, Colorado
.
[
213
]
Armstrong and his first wife, Janet, separated in 1990 and divorced in 1994 after 38 years of marriage.
[
214
]
[
215
]
He met his second wife, Carol Held Knight, at a golf tournament in 1992, when they were seated together at breakfast. She said little to Armstrong, but he called her two weeks later to ask what she was doing. She replied that she was cutting down a cherry tree, and he arrived at her house 35 minutes later to help. They were married in Ohio on June 12, 1994, and had a second ceremony at
San Ysidro Ranch
in California. They lived in
Indian Hill, Ohio
.
[
216
]
[
217
]
Through his marriage to Carol, he was the father-in-law of future
New York Mets
general manager
Brodie Van Wagenen
.
In May 2005, Armstrong became involved in a legal dispute with Mark Sizemore, his barber of 20
years. After cutting Armstrong's hair, Sizemore sold some of it to a collector for $3,000 without Armstrong's knowledge or permission.
[
218
]
Armstrong threatened legal action against Sizemore unless he returned the hair or donated the proceeds to a charity of Armstrong's choosing. Sizemore, unable to retrieve the hair, donated the proceeds to charity.
[
219
]
[
220
]
Illness and death
Photograph of Armstrong as a boy at his family memorial service in
Indian Hill, Ohio
, near Cincinnati, on August 31, 2012
On August 7, 2012, Armstrong underwent
bypass surgery
at
Mercy Health Fairfield Hospital
in
Fairfield, Ohio
, to relieve
coronary artery disease
.
[
221
]
[
222
]
Although he was reportedly recovering well,
[
223
]
he developed complications and died on August 25.
[
224
]
[
225
]
President
Barack Obama
issued a statement memorializing Armstrong as "among the greatest of American heroes—not just of his time, but of all time",
[
226
]
[
227
]
and added that Armstrong had carried the aspirations of the United States' citizens and had delivered "a moment of human achievement that will never be forgotten."
[
228
]
Armstrong's
burial at sea
on September 14, 2012
Armstrong's family released a statement describing him as a "reluctant American hero [who had] served his nation proudly, as a navy fighter pilot, test pilot, and astronaut ... While we mourn the loss of a very good man, we also celebrate his remarkable life and hope that it serves as an example to young people around the world to work hard to make their dreams come true, to be willing to explore and push the limits, and to selflessly serve a cause greater than themselves. For those who may ask what they can do to honor Neil, we have a simple request. Honor his example of service, accomplishment and modesty, and the next time you walk outside on a clear night and see the moon smiling down at you, think of Neil Armstrong and give him a wink."
[
229
]
Buzz Aldrin
called Armstrong "a true American hero and the best pilot I ever knew", and said he was disappointed that they would not be able to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing together in 2019.
[
230
]
[
231
]
Michael Collins said, "He was the best, and I will miss him terribly."
[
232
]
[
233
]
NASA Administrator
Charles Bolden
said, "As long as there are history books, Neil Armstrong will be included in them, remembered for taking humankind's first small step on a world beyond our own".
[
234
]
[
235
]
External videos
Memorial service for Armstrong, Washington National Cathedral, September 13, 2012
,
C-SPAN
A tribute was held for Armstrong on September 13, at
Washington National Cathedral
, whose Space Window depicts the Apollo 11 mission and holds a sliver of Moon rock amid its stained-glass panels.
[
236
]
In attendance were Armstrong's Apollo 11 crewmates, Collins and Aldrin; Gene Cernan, the Apollo 17 mission commander and last man to walk on the Moon; and former senator and astronaut John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth. In his eulogy, Charles Bolden praised Armstrong's "courage, grace, and humility". Cernan recalled Armstrong's low-fuel approach to the Moon: "When the gauge says empty, we all know there's a gallon or two left in the tank!"
Diana Krall
sang the song "
Fly Me to the Moon
". Collins led prayers. David Scott spoke, possibly for the first time, about an incident during their Gemini 8 mission: minutes before the hatch was to be sealed, a small chip of dried glue fell into the latch of his harness and prevented it from being buckled, threatening to abort the mission. Armstrong then called on Conrad to solve the problem, which he did, and the mission proceeded. "That happened because Neil Armstrong was a team player—he always worked on behalf of the team."
[
236
]
Congressman
Bill Johnson
from Armstrong's home state of Ohio led calls for President Barack Obama to authorize a
state funeral
in Washington D.C. Throughout his lifetime, Armstrong shunned publicity and rarely gave interviews. Mindful that Armstrong would have objected to a state funeral, his family opted to have a private funeral in
Cincinnati
.
[
237
]
On September 14, Armstrong's cremated remains were scattered in the Atlantic Ocean from the
USS
Philippine Sea
.
[
238
]
Flags were flown at
half-staff
on the day of Armstrong's funeral.
[
239
]
In July 2019, after observations of the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing,
The New York Times
reported on details of a
medical malpractice
suit Armstrong's family had filed against Mercy Health–Fairfield Hospital, where he died. When Armstrong appeared to be recovering from his bypass surgery, nurses removed the wires connected to his temporary
pacemaker
. He began to
bleed internally
and his blood pressure dropped. Doctors took him to the hospital's
catheterization
laboratory, and only later began operating. Two of the three physicians who reviewed the medical files during the lawsuit called this a serious error, saying surgery should have begun immediately; experts the
Times
talked to, while qualifying their judgement by noting that they were unable to review the specific records in the case, said that taking a patient directly to the operating room under those circumstances generally gave them the highest chance of survival.
[
221
]
The family ultimately settled for $6 million in 2014. Letters included with the 93 pages of documents sent to the
Times
by an unknown person
[
240
]
show that his sons intimated to the hospital, through their lawyers, that they might discuss what happened to their father publicly at the 45th anniversary observances in 2014. The hospital, fearing the bad publicity that would result from being accused of negligently causing the death of a revered figure such as Armstrong, agreed to pay as long as the family never spoke about the suit or the settlement.
[
221
]
Armstrong's wife, Carol, was not a party to the lawsuit. She reportedly felt that her husband would have been opposed to taking legal action.
[
241
]
Legacy
Armstrong gives an acceptance speech after being inducted into the
Naval Aviation Hall of Honor
at the
National Naval Aviation Museum
in
Pensacola, Florida
.
When Pete Conrad of
Apollo 12
became the third man to walk on the Moon, on November 19, 1969, his first words referenced Armstrong. The shorter of the two, when Conrad stepped from the LM onto the surface he proclaimed "Whoopie! Man, that may have been a small one for Neil, but that's a long one for me."
[
242
]
Armstrong received many honors and awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom (with distinction) from President Nixon,
[
165
]
[
243
]
the
Cullum Geographical Medal
from the
American Geographical Society
,
[
244
]
and the
Collier Trophy
from the
National Aeronautic Association
(1969);
[
245
]
the
NASA Distinguished Service Medal
[
246
]
and the
Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy
(1970);
[
247
]
the
Sylvanus Thayer Award
by the
United States Military Academy
(1971);
[
248
]
the
Congressional Space Medal of Honor
from President
Jimmy Carter
(1978);
[
93
]
the
Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy
from the National Aeronautic Association (2001);
[
249
]
and a
Congressional Gold Medal
(2011).
[
250
]
Armstrong was elected as member into the
National Academy of Engineering
in 1978 for contributions to aerospace engineering, scientific knowledge, and exploration of the universe as an experimental test pilot and astronaut.
[
251
]
He was elected to the
American Philosophical Society
in 2001.
[
252
]
Armstrong and his Apollo 11 crewmates were the 1999 recipients of the
Langley Gold Medal
from the Smithsonian Institution.
[
253
]
On April 18, 2006, he received NASA's Ambassador of Exploration Award.
[
254
]
The
Space Foundation
named Armstrong as a recipient of its 2013 General James E. Hill Lifetime Space Achievement Award.
[
255
]
Armstrong was also inducted into the
Aerospace Walk of Honor
,
[
256
]
[
257
]
the
International Space Hall of Fame
,
[
258
]
National Aviation Hall of Fame
, and the
United States Astronaut Hall of Fame
.
[
259
]
[
260
]
He was awarded his
Naval Astronaut badge
in a ceremony on board the aircraft carrier
USS
Dwight D. Eisenhower
on March 10, 2010, in a ceremony attended by Lovell and Cernan.
[
261
]
President
Barack Obama
poses with the Apollo 11 crew on the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 11 lunar landing, July 20, 2009: Buzz Aldrin, Michael Collins, and Neil Armstrong.
The lunar crater
Armstrong
, 31 miles (50 km) from the Apollo 11 landing site, and
asteroid
6469 Armstrong
are named in his honor.
[
262
]
There are more than a dozen elementary, middle and high schools named for Armstrong in the United States,
[
263
]
and many places around the world have streets, buildings, schools, and other places named for him or Apollo.
[
264
]
The
Armstrong Air and Space Museum
, in Armstrong's hometown of Wapakoneta,
[
265
]
and the Neil Armstrong Airport in
New Knoxville, Ohio
, are named after him.
[
266
]
The mineral
armstrongite
is named after him,
[
267
]
and the mineral
armalcolite
is named, in part, after him.
[
268
]
In October 2004 Purdue University named its new engineering building
Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering
;
[
269
]
the building was dedicated on October 27, 2007, during a ceremony at which Armstrong was joined by fourteen other Purdue astronauts.
[
270
]
The NASA Dryden Flight Research Center was renamed the
NASA Neil A. Armstrong Flight Research Center
in 2014.
[
271
]
NASA has separately renamed the Plum Brook Station test site at
Glenn Research Center
as
Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility
. In September 2012, the U.S. Navy named the first
Armstrong
-class vessel
RV
Neil Armstrong
. Delivered to the Navy on September 23, 2015, it is a modern oceanographic research platform supporting a wide range of activities by academic groups.
[
272
]
In 2019, the College of Engineering at Purdue University celebrated the 50th anniversary of Neil Armstrong's walk on the Moon by launching the Neil Armstrong Distinguished Visiting Fellows Program, which brings highly accomplished scholars and practitioners to the college to catalyze collaborations with faculty and students.
[
273
]
External videos
Presentation by James Hansen on
First Man
, November 9, 2005
,
C-SPAN
Armstrong's authorized biography,
First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong
, was published in 2005. For many years, he turned down biography offers from authors such as
Stephen Ambrose
and
James A. Michener
but agreed to work with James R. Hansen after reading one of Hansen's other biographies.
[
274
]
He recalled his initial concerns about the Apollo 11 mission, when he had believed there was only a 50% chance of landing on the Moon. "I was elated, ecstatic and extremely surprised that we were successful".
[
275
]
A
film adaptation of the book
, starring
Ryan Gosling
and directed by
Damien Chazelle
, was released in October 2018.
[
276
]
In July 2018, Armstrong's sons consigned his collection of memorabilia to
Heritage Auctions
, launching a series of sales that including his Boy Scout cap, and various flags and medals flown on his space missions. A series of auctions held November 1–3, 2018, realized $5,276,320 (~$6.47 million in 2024). As of July 2019
, the auction sales totaled $16.7
million.
[
241
]
Two fragments of wood from the propeller and four pieces of fabric from the wing of the 1903
Wright Flyer
that Armstrong took to the Moon fetched between $112,500 and $275,000 each,
[
277
]
[
278
]
as well as his Apollo 11 flown gold medal, which fetched $2.06 million in a separate Heritage sale.
[
279
]
Armstrong's wife, Carol, has not put any of his memorabilia up for sale.
[
241
]
Armstrong donated his papers to Purdue. Along with posthumous donations by his widow Carol, the collection consists of over 450
boxes of material. In May 2019, she donated two 25-by-24-inch (640 by 610 mm) pieces of fabric from the
Wright Flyer
, along with his correspondence related to them.
[
280
]
Ohio's
state quarter
depicts Armstrong and the
Wright brothers
'
Wright Flyer III
.
In a 2010
Space Foundation
survey, Armstrong was ranked as the number-one most popular space hero;
[
281
]
and in 2013,
Flying
magazine ranked him number one on its list of 51 Heroes of Aviation.
[
282
]
The press often asked Armstrong for his views on the future of spaceflight. In 2005, he said that a
human mission to Mars
would be easier than the lunar challenge of the 1960s. In 2010, he made a rare public criticism of the decision to cancel the
Ares I
launch vehicle and the
Constellation Moon landing program
.
[
283
]
In an open letter also signed by fellow Apollo veterans Lovell and Cernan, he said, "For The United States, the leading space faring nation for nearly half a century, to be without carriage to low Earth orbit and with no human exploration capability to go beyond Earth orbit for an indeterminate time into the future, destines our nation to become one of second or even third rate stature".
[
284
]
On November 18, 2010, aged 80, he said in a speech during the
Science & Technology Summit
in
the Hague, Netherlands
, that he would offer his services as commander on a mission to Mars if he were asked.
[
285
]
The planetarium at
Altoona Area High School
in
Altoona, Pennsylvania
is named after Armstrong and is home to a
Space Race
museum.
[
286
]
A campsite in Camp Sandy Beach at
Yawgoog Scout Reservation
in
Rockville, Rhode Island
, is named in his honor, a nod to his Scouting career.
Armstrong was named the
class exemplar
for the Class of 2019 at the U.S. Air Force Academy.
[
287
]
Notes
^
"Armstrong's famous 'one small step' quote — explained"
.
WHYY-FM
. July 14, 2019
. Retrieved
July 13,
2023
.
^
"July 20, 1969: One Giant Leap For Mankind"
.
NASA
. July 20, 2019
. Retrieved
August 13,
2023
.
^
Armstrong, Neil (July 16, 1999).
"[Press conference with Neil Armstrong]"
.
NASA History Division
. Retrieved
August 13,
2023
.
^
Stamm, Amy (July 17, 2019).
"
"One Small Step for Man" or "a Man"?"
.
National Air and Space Museum
. Retrieved
August 13,
2023
.
^
Butler County Department of Health (August 6, 1930).
"English: This is a faithful digital scan of the official birth certificate of Neil Alden Armstrong, issued by the Butler County Department of Health on March 31, 2025. Certified by local county registrar, Kathy Ripley"
. Retrieved
April 15,
2025
.
^
"Distant Irish relatives mourn moonwalker Neil Armstrong"
. August 27, 2012.
^
Hansen 2005
, pp. 13, 20.
^
Coleman, Maureen (August 28, 2012).
"A Giant Leap For An Ulsterman"
.
The Belfast Telegraph
. Retrieved
November 14,
2018
.
^
Harvey, Ian (April 15, 2019).
"Neil Armstrong's Last Name Posed a Problem in his Ancestral Scottish Hometown"
.
thevintagenews
. Retrieved
September 4,
2022
.
^
"Neil Armstrong grants rare interview to accountants organization"
. CBC News. May 24, 2012.
Archived
from the original on January 7, 2018
. Retrieved
April 8,
2018
.
^
Hansen 2005
, p. 29.
^
"Project Apollo: Astronaut Biographies"
. NASA.
Archived
from the original on April 28, 2011
. Retrieved
May 12,
2011
.
^
Hansen 2005
, p. 45. "According to a volunteer group in Warren, Ohio that had worked through the 2000s to turn the Warren Airport into a historical exhibit, the date of Neil's inaugural flight was July 26, 1936. If that date is correct, Neil was still only five when he experienced his first airplane ride, his sixth birthday not coming for ten more days."
^
Haughn, Rachelle (June 2019).
"One Small Step With Model Aviation"
.
Model Aviation
. Retrieved
July 29,
2025
.
^
Hansen 2005
, pp. 49–50.
^
Koestler-Grack 2010
, p. 14.
^
Hansen 2012
, p. 38.
^
Airgood, Glenn (February 16, 1973).
"1st Man on the Moon Gets National Eagle Award"
.
The Morning Call
. Allentown, Pennsylvania. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
^
"Silver Buffalo Award Winners 1979–1970"
. Boy Scouts of America
. Retrieved
September 2,
2018
.
^
"Apollo 11 – Day 3, part 2: Entering Eagle – Transcript"
. NASA. April 11, 2010
. Retrieved
February 14,
2022
.
I'd like to say hello to all my fellow Scouts and Scouters at
Farragut State Park
in Idaho having a
National Jamboree
there this week; and Apollo 11 would like to send them best wishes".
Capsule communicator
Charles Duke
replied: "Thank you, Apollo 11. I'm sure that, if they didn't hear that, they'll get the word through the news. Certainly appreciate that.
^
"World Scouting salutes Neil Armstrong"
. World Organization of the Scout Movement. Archived from
the original
on September 4, 2015
. Retrieved
July 27,
2015
.
^
a
b
Hansen 2005
, pp. 55–56.
^
"The untold story of how Neil Armstrong chose Purdue"
.
wlfi.com
. Archived from
the original
on July 4, 2019
. Retrieved
July 5,
2019
.
^
Hansen 2005
, p. 58.
^
Hansen 2005
, pp. 68–69.
^
a
b
Hansen 2005
, p. 71.
^
Hansen 2005
, pp. 76–79.
^
Hansen 2005
, pp. 79–85.
^
Hansen 2005
, p. 90.
^
Hansen 2005
, p. 94.
^
Hansen 2005
, pp. 92–93.
^
Hansen 2005
, pp. 95–96.
^
Hansen 2005
, p. 112.
^
a
b
c
"Ex-Lieutenant (junior grade) Neil Alden Armstrong, U.S. Naval Reserve, Transcript of Naval Service"
(PDF)
. United States Navy. March 27, 1967.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on May 6, 2017
. Retrieved
February 28,
2018
.
^
a
b
Hansen 2005
, p. 118.
^
Hansen 2005
, pp. 61–62.
^
"Purdue mourns alumnus Neil Armstrong"
. Purdue University. August 25, 2012.
Archived
from the original on December 16, 2017
. Retrieved
April 2,
2018
.
^
"Purdue Bands launch $2 million fund-raising campaign"
. Purdue University. April 25, 1997
. Retrieved
July 10,
2018
.
^
a
b
"Biographical Data: Neil A. Armstrong"
. NASA. August 2012. Archived from
the original
on December 4, 2017
. Retrieved
April 7,
2018
.
^
"Biography: Neil A. Armstrong"
. NASA (
Glenn Research Center
). March 2008.
Archived
from the original on May 26, 2011
. Retrieved
May 16,
2011
.
^
Hansen 2005
, p. 62.
^
Hansen 2005
, pp. 124–128.
^
Chillag, Amy; Higgins, Cole (March 1, 2019).
"Girl, 7, Fighting Rare Cancer Gets Pics of Dogs from Well-Wishers"
.
CNN
. Retrieved
November 24,
2019
.
^
Hansen 2005
, pp. 161–164.
^
a
b
Hansen 2005
, pp. 119–120.
^
Hansen 2005
, p. 130.
^
Hansen 2005
, p. 134.
^
Creech, Gray (July 15, 2004).
"From the Mojave to the Moon: Neil Armstrong's Early NASA Years"
. NASA. Archived from
the original
on June 30, 2011
. Retrieved
May 17,
2011
.
^
Hansen 2005
, pp. 134–136.
^
Hansen 2005
, pp. 136–138.
^
Hansen 2005
, p. 145.
^
Evans, Michelle (2013).
"The X-15 Rocket Plane: Flight Log"
(PDF)
. Mach 25 Media. pp. 22, 25.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on April 13, 2018
. Retrieved
February 28,
2018
.
^
Hansen 2005
, p. 147.
^
"T. Keith Glennan"
. NASA. Archived from
the original
on February 14, 2017
. Retrieved
March 4,
2018
.
^
Hansen 2005
, pp. 178–184.
^
Klesius, Mike (May 20, 2009).
"Neil Armstrong's X-15 flight over Pasadena"
.
Smithsonian Air & Space Magazine
. Retrieved
January 25,
2023
.
^
a
b
Collins 2001
, pp. 314.
^
Hansen 2005
, pp. 138–139.
^
Jenkins 2000
, pp. 118–121.
^
Hansen 2005
, p. 210.
^
Hansen 2005
, pp. 184–189.
^
a
b
Hansen 2005
, pp. 189–192.
^
Burgess 2013
, pp. 17–18.
^
Reichhardt, Tony (August–September 2000).
"First Up?"
.
Air & Space
. Retrieved
February 28,
2018
.
^
Hansen 2005
, pp. 171–173.
^
Burgess 2013
, pp. 19–21.
^
Burgess 2013
, pp. 4–6.
^
Hansen 2005
, pp. 193–195.
^
a
b
Burgess 2013
, pp. 29–30.
^
Hansen 2005
, pp. 201–202.
^
Burgess 2013
, pp. 64–66.
^
"Elliot M. See, Jr"
. NASA. Archived from
the original
on May 13, 2011
. Retrieved
May 19,
2011
.
^
Burgess 2013
, p. 54.
^
Reichl 2016
, p. 78.
^
Hacker & Grimwood 2010
, pp. 255–256.
^
Hansen 2005
, p. 239.
^
Hacker & Grimwood 2010
, pp. 257–258.
^
a
b
Hansen 2005
, p. 240.
^
a
b
Hacker & Grimwood 2010
, pp. 523–529.
^
"14 New Astronauts Introduced at Press Conference"
(PDF)
.
Space News
. Vol. 3, no. 1. October 30, 1963. Archived from
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I suspect that even though the various questions are difficult and many, they are not as difficult and many as those we faced when we started the Apollo [space program] in 1961.
^
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Further reading
External videos
After Words
interview with Jay Barbree on
Neil Armstrong: A Life of Flight
, July 19, 2014
,
C-SPAN
Barbree, Jay
(2014).
Neil Armstrong: A Life of Flight
. New York: Thomas Dunne Books.
ISBN
978-1-250-04071-8
.
OCLC
900815422
.
French, Francis
;
Burgess, Colin
(2010).
In the Shadow of the Moon
. Lincoln, Nebraska, and London: University of Nebraska Press.
ISBN
978-0-8032-2979-2
.
OCLC
1019883802
.
Thompson, Milton O. (1992).
At the Edge of Space: The X-15 Flight Program
. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books.
ISBN
978-1-56098-107-7
.
OCLC
925195868
.
External links
Neil Armstrong Commemorative Website
[
permanent dead link
]
–
University of Cincinnati
Neil Armstrong collected news and commentary
.
The New York Times
.
Neil Armstrong
collected news and commentary at
The Guardian
Appearances
on
C-SPAN |
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong)
- [1 Early life and education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#Early_life_and_education)
- [2 Naval service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#Naval_service)
- [3 College years](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#College_years)
- [4 Test pilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#Test_pilot)
- [5 Astronaut career](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#Astronaut_career)
Toggle Astronaut career subsection
- [5\.1 Gemini program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#Gemini_program)
- [5\.1.1 Gemini 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#Gemini_5)
- [5\.1.2 Gemini 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#Gemini_8)
- [5\.1.3 Gemini 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#Gemini_11)
- [5\.2 Apollo program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#Apollo_program)
- [5\.2.1 Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#Apollo_11)
- [5\.2.2 Voyage to the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#Voyage_to_the_Moon)
- [5\.2.3 First Moon walk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#First_Moon_walk)
- [5\.2.4 Return to Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#Return_to_Earth)
- [6 Life after Apollo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#Life_after_Apollo)
Toggle Life after Apollo subsection
- [6\.1 Teaching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#Teaching)
- [6\.2 NASA commissions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#NASA_commissions)
- [6\.3 Business activities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#Business_activities)
- [6\.4 North Pole and Ecuador expeditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#North_Pole_and_Ecuador_expeditions)
- [6\.5 Public profile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#Public_profile)
- [7 Personal life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#Personal_life)
- [8 Illness and death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#Illness_and_death)
- [9 Legacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#Legacy)
- [10 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#Notes)
- [11 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#References)
- [12 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#Further_reading)
- [13 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#External_links)
Toggle the table of contents
# Neil Armstrong
174 languages
- [abstract:Q1615](https://abstract.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q1615 "abstract:Q1615")
- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Afrikaans")
- [Alemannisch](https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Alemannic")
- [አማርኛ](https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%92%E1%88%8D_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AE%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D "ኒል አርምስትሮንግ – Amharic")
- [Aragonés](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Aragonese")
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA "نيل آرمسترونغ – Arabic")
- [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC "نيل ارمسترونج – Egyptian Arabic")
- [অসমীয়া](https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%82 "নীল আৰ্মষ্ট্ৰং – Assamese")
- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Asturian")
- [Авар](https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3 "Нейл Армстронг – Avaric")
- [Aymar aru](https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Aymara")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil_Armstronq "Nil Armstronq – Azerbaijani")
- [تۆرکجه](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82 "نیل آرمسترانق – South Azerbaijani")
- [Башҡортса](https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3 "Нил Армстронг – Bashkir")
- [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Balinese")
- [Boarisch](https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Bavarian")
- [Žemaitėška](https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neils_Armstruongs "Neils Armstruongs – Samogitian")
- [Bikol Central](https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Central Bikol")
- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3 "Ніл Армстранг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)")
- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3 "Ніл Армстранг – Belarusian")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3 "Нийл Армстронг – Bulgarian")
- [भोजपुरी](https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97 "नील आर्मस्ट्रांग – Bhojpuri")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%82 "নিল আর্মস্ট্রং – Bangla")
- [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Breton")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Bosnian")
- [Batak Mandailing](https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Batak Mandailing")
- [Буряад](https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3 "Нил Армстронг – Russia Buriat")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Catalan")
- [Нохчийн](https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB "Армстронг, Нил – Chechen")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF "نیل ئارمسترانگ – Central Kurdish")
- [Qırımtatarca](https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil_Armstrong "Nil Armstrong – Crimean Tatar")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Czech")
- [Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ](https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8A_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8A "Нилъ Армстронгъ – Church Slavic")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – German")
- [Zazaki](https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Dimli")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B7%CE%BB_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA "Νηλ Άρμστρονγκ – Greek")
- [Emiliàn e rumagnòl](https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Emiliano-Romagnolo")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Esperanto")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF "نیل آرمسترانگ – Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Finnish")
- [Føroyskt](https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Faroese")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – French")
- [Nordfriisk](https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Northern Frisian")
- [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Western Frisian")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Irish")
- [Gàidhlig](https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Scottish Gaelic")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Galician")
- [Avañe'ẽ](https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Guarani")
- [गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni](https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Goan Konkani")
- [ગુજરાતી](https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%89%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97 "નીલ આર્મસ્ટ્રૉંગ – Gujarati")
- [Gaelg](https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Manx")
- [客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî](https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Hakka Chinese")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92 "ניל ארמסטרונג – Hebrew")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97 "नील आर्मस्ट्रांग – Hindi")
- [Fiji Hindi](https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Fiji Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Croatian")
- [Kreyòl ayisyen](https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Haitian Creole")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Hungarian")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AC_%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%BD%D5%A9%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A3 "Նիլ Արմսթրոնգ – Armenian")
- [Արեւմտահայերէն](https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AC_%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%BD%D5%A9%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AF "Նիլ Արմսթրոնկ – Western Armenian")
- [Interlingua](https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Interlingua")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Indonesian")
- [Interlingue](https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Interlingue")
- [Ilokano](https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Iloko")
- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Ido")
- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Italian")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0 "ニール・アームストロング – Japanese")
- [La .lojban.](https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nil.armstryg. "nil.armstryg. – Lojban")
- [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Javanese")
- [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98 "ნილ არმსტრონგი – Georgian")
- [Qaraqalpaqsha](https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Kara-Kalpak")
- [Jju](https://kaj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Jju")
- [Kabɩyɛ](https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Kabiye")
- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3 "Нил Олден Армстронг – Kazakh")
- [ភាសាខ្មែរ](https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9B_%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%84 "នែល អាំស្ត្រង – Khmer")
- [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D "ನೀಲ್ ಆರ್ಮ್ಸ್ಟ್ರಾಂಗ್ – Kannada")
- [Yerwa Kanuri](https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Central Kanuri")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%90_%EC%95%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%B1 "닐 암스트롱 – Korean")
- [کٲشُر](https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%9B%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%90%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF "نیٖل آرٛمسِٹرانٛگ – Kashmiri")
- [Kurdî](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Kurdish")
- [Kernowek](https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Cornish")
- [Кыргызча](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3 "Нил Армстронг – Kyrgyz")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nialus_Armstrong "Nialus Armstrong – Latin")
- [Lëtzebuergesch](https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Luxembourgish")
- [Лезги](https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3 "Нил Армстронг – Lezghian")
- [Limburgs](https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Limburgish")
- [Ligure](https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Ligurian")
- [Lombard](https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Lombard")
- [ລາວ](https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%A5_%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87 "ເນລ ອາມສຕຣອງ – Lao")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Lithuanian")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ABls_%C4%80rmstrongs "Nīls Ārmstrongs – Latvian")
- [Madhurâ](https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Madurese")
- [मैथिली](https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%99 "निल आर्मस्ट्रङ – Maithili")
- [Malagasy](https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Malagasy")
- [Minangkabau](https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Minangkabau")
- [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3 "Нил Армстронг – Macedonian")
- [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D "നീൽ ആംസ്ട്രോങ് – Malayalam")
- [Монгол](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3 "Нил Армстронг – Mongolian")
- [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97 "नील आर्मस्ट्राँग – Marathi")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Malay")
- [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8 "နေးလ် အမ်းစထရောင်း – Burmese")
- [مازِرونی](https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF "نیل آرمسترانگ – Mazanderani")
- [Plattdüütsch](https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Low German")
- [नेपाली](https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%99 "निल आर्मस्ट्रङ – Nepali")
- [नेपाल भाषा](https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97 "नील आर्मस्ट्रंग – Newari")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Dutch")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Occitan")
- [ଓଡ଼ିଆ](https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97 "ନୀଲ ଆର୍ମଷ୍ଟ୍ରଙ୍ଗ – Odia")
- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97 "ਨੀਲ ਆਰਮਸਟਰਾਂਗ – Punjabi")
- [Kapampangan](https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Pampanga")
- [Picard](https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Picard")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Polish")
- [Piemontèis](https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Piedmontese")
- [پنجابی](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF "نیل آرمسٹرانگ – Western Punjabi")
- [Nawat](https://ppl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Nawat")
- [پښتو](https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%BC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF "نيل ارمسټرانگ – Pashto")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Portuguese")
- [Runa Simi](https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Quechua")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Romanian")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB "Армстронг, Нил – Russian")
- [Русиньскый](https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%91 "Ніл Армстронґ – Rusyn")
- [Саха тыла](https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB "Армстронг Нил – Yakut")
- [ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ](https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9D "ᱱᱤᱞ ᱟᱨᱢᱥᱴᱨᱚᱝ – Santali")
- [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Sicilian")
- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Scots")
- [سنڌي](https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%BD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF "نيل آرمسٽرانگ – Sindhi")
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Serbo-Croatian")
- [Taclḥit](https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niyl_Armstrung "Niyl Armstrung – Tachelhit")
- [සිංහල](https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A "නීල් ආම්ස්ට්රෝන් – Sinhala")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Simple English")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Slovak")
- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Slovenian")
- [Anarâškielâ](https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Inari Sami")
- [Soomaaliga](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Somali")
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Albanian")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3 "Нил Армстронг – Serbian")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Swedish")
- [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Swahili")
- [Ślůnski](https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong – Silesian")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D "நீல் ஆம்ஸ்ட்றோங் – Tamil")
- [తెలుగు](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D "నీల్ ఆర్మ్స్ట్రాంగ్ – Telugu")
- [Тоҷикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3 "Нил Армстронг – Tajik")
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
American astronaut (1930–2012)
For other uses, see [Neil Armstrong (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong_\(disambiguation\) "Neil Armstrong (disambiguation)").
| Neil Armstrong | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg)Armstrong in 1969 | |
| Born | Neil Alden Armstrong (1930-08-05)August 5, 1930 [Washington Township, Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Township,_Auglaize_County,_Ohio "Washington Township, Auglaize County, Ohio"), U.S. |
| Died | August 25, 2012(2012-08-25) (aged 82) [Fairfield, Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield,_Ohio "Fairfield, Ohio"), U.S. |
| Education | [Purdue University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University "Purdue University") ([BS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science "Bachelor of Science")) [University of Southern California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California "University of Southern California") ([MS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science "Master of Science")) |
| Spouses | Janet Shearon ( m. 1956; div. 1994\) Carol Knight ( m. 1994\) |
| Children | 3 |
| Awards | [Presidential Medal of Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom "Presidential Medal of Freedom") [Congressional Space Medal of Honor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Space_Medal_of_Honor "Congressional Space Medal of Honor") [Congressional Gold Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal "Congressional Gold Medal") [NASA Distinguished Service Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Distinguished_Service_Medal "NASA Distinguished Service Medal") [NASA Exceptional Service Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Exceptional_Service_Medal "NASA Exceptional Service Medal") [Air Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Medal "Air Medal") (3) |
| **Space career** | |
| [USAF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest "Man in Space Soonest") / [NASA astronaut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_astronaut "NASA astronaut") | |
| Rank | [Lieutenant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_\(junior_grade\) "Lieutenant (junior grade)"), [USN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") |
| Time in space | 8d 14h 12m |
| Selection | [USAF Man in Space Soonest (1958)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection#1958 "List of astronauts by year of selection") [USAF Dyna-Soar (1960)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection#1960 "List of astronauts by year of selection") [NASA Group 2 (1962)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_2 "NASA Astronaut Group 2") |
| Total [EVAs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extravehicular_activity "Extravehicular activity") | 1 |
| Total EVA time | 2h 31m |
| Missions | [Gemini 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_8 "Gemini 8") [Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11") |
| Mission insignia | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gemini_8_patch.png) [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_insignia.png) |
| Retirement | August 1971 |
| Signature | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong_Signature.svg) | |
**Neil Alden Armstrong** (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American [astronaut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut "Astronaut") and [aeronautical engineer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautical_engineer "Aeronautical engineer") who, as the commander of the 1969 [Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11") mission, became the [first person to walk on the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_flew_to_the_Moon "List of people who flew to the Moon"). He was also a [naval aviator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_aviator_\(United_States\) "Naval aviator (United States)"), [test pilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_pilot "Test pilot") and university professor.
Armstrong was born and raised near [Wapakoneta, Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapakoneta,_Ohio "Wapakoneta, Ohio"). He entered [Purdue University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University "Purdue University"), studying [aeronautical engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautical_engineering "Aeronautical engineering"), with the [United States Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") paying his tuition under the [Holloway Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holloway_Plan "Holloway Plan"). He became a [midshipman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman "Midshipman") in 1949 and a [naval aviator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_aviator_\(United_States\) "Naval aviator (United States)") the following year. He saw action in the [Korean War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War"), flying the [Grumman F9F Panther](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F9F_Panther "Grumman F9F Panther") from the [aircraft carrier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier "Aircraft carrier") [USS *Essex*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Essex_\(CV-9\) "USS Essex (CV-9)"). After the war, he completed his bachelor's degree at Purdue and became a test pilot at the [National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics "National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics") (NACA) [High-Speed Flight Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center "Armstrong Flight Research Center") at [Edwards Air Force Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base "Edwards Air Force Base") in California. He was the project pilot on [Century Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Series "Century Series") fighters and flew the [North American X-15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_X-15 "North American X-15") seven times. He was also a participant in the [U.S. Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force "U.S. Air Force")'s [Man in Space Soonest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest "Man in Space Soonest") and [X-20 Dyna-Soar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar "Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar") [human spaceflight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_spaceflight "Human spaceflight") programs.
Armstrong joined the [NASA Astronaut Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps "NASA Astronaut Corps") in the [second group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_2 "NASA Astronaut Group 2"), which was selected in 1962. He made his first [spaceflight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceflight "Spaceflight") as command pilot of [Gemini 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_8 "Gemini 8") in March 1966, becoming [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA")'s first civilian astronaut to fly in space. During this mission with pilot [David Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Scott "David Scott"), he performed the first [docking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft "Docking and berthing of spacecraft") of two [spacecraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft "Spacecraft"); the mission was aborted after Armstrong used some of his re-entry control fuel to stabilize a dangerous roll caused by a stuck thruster. During training for Armstrong's second and last spaceflight as commander of [Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11"), he had to eject from the [Lunar Landing Research Vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Landing_Research_Vehicle "Lunar Landing Research Vehicle") moments before a crash.
On July 20, 1969, Armstrong and Apollo 11 [Lunar Module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module "Apollo Lunar Module") (LM) pilot [Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin") became the first people to [land on the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing "Moon landing"), and the next day they spent two and a half hours outside the [Lunar Module *Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle") spacecraft while [Michael Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)") remained in lunar orbit in the [Apollo Command Module *Columbia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_module_Columbia "Command module Columbia"). When Armstrong first stepped onto the lunar surface, he famously said: "That's one small step for \[a\] man, one giant leap for mankind."[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-4) It was broadcast live to an estimated 530 million viewers worldwide. Apollo 11 was a major U.S. victory in the [Space Race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race "Space Race"), by fulfilling a national goal proposed in 1961 by President [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") "of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" before the end of the decade. Along with Collins and Aldrin, Armstrong was awarded the [Presidential Medal of Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom "Presidential Medal of Freedom") by President [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") and received the 1969 [Collier Trophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier_Trophy "Collier Trophy"). President [Jimmy Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter") presented him with the [Congressional Space Medal of Honor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Space_Medal_of_Honor "Congressional Space Medal of Honor") in 1978, he was inducted into the [National Aviation Hall of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame "National Aviation Hall of Fame") in 1979, and with his former crewmates received the [Congressional Gold Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal "Congressional Gold Medal") in 2009.
After he resigned from NASA in 1971, Armstrong taught in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the [University of Cincinnati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati "University of Cincinnati") until 1979. He served on the [Apollo 13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_13 "Apollo 13") accident investigation and on the [Rogers Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report "Rogers Commission Report"), which investigated the [Space Shuttle *Challenger* disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster"). In 2012, Armstrong died due to [complications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complication_\(medicine\) "Complication (medicine)") resulting from [coronary bypass surgery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_bypass_surgery "Coronary bypass surgery"), at the age of 82.
## Early life and education
Armstrong was born in rural [Washington Township](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Township,_Auglaize_County,_Ohio "Washington Township, Auglaize County, Ohio"), in [Auglaize County, Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auglaize_County,_Ohio "Auglaize County, Ohio"),[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-5) on August 5, 1930, the son of Viola Louise (née Engel) and Stephen Koenig Armstrong. He was of German, English, Scots-Irish, Irish, and Scottish descent.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-6)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200513,_20-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-8) He is a descendant of [Clan Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Armstrong "Clan Armstrong").[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-9) He had a younger sister, June, and a younger brother, Dean. His father was an [auditor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditor "Auditor") for the [Ohio state government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ohio "Government of Ohio"),[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-10) and the family moved around the state repeatedly, living in 16 towns over the next 14 years.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200529-11) Armstrong's love for flying grew during this time, having started at the age of two when his father took him to the [Cleveland Air Races](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_Races "National Air Races"). When he was five or six, he experienced his first airplane flight in [Warren, Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren,_Ohio "Warren, Ohio"), when he and his father took a ride in a [Ford Trimotor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Trimotor "Ford Trimotor") (also known as the "Tin Goose").[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-12)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200545-13) Armstrong constructed and flew model aircraft, beginning in his youth.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-14)
The family's last move was in 1944 and took them back to Wapakoneta, where Armstrong attended [Blume High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blume_High_School "Blume High School") and took flying lessons at the Wapakoneta airfield.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200549%E2%80%9350-15) He earned a student flight certificate on his 16th birthday, then [soloed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_solo_flight "First solo flight") in August, all before he had a driver's license.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoestler-Grack201014-16) He was an active [Boy Scout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America "Boy Scouts of America") and earned the rank of [Eagle Scout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Scout_\(Boy_Scouts_of_America\) "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)").[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen201238-17) As an adult, he was recognized by the Scouts with their [Distinguished Eagle Scout Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Eagle_Scout_Award "Distinguished Eagle Scout Award") and [Silver Buffalo Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Buffalo_Award "Silver Buffalo Award").[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-18)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-19) While flying toward the Moon on July 18, 1969, he sent his regards to attendees at the [National Scout jamboree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scout_jamboree_\(Boy_Scouts_of_America\) "National Scout jamboree (Boy Scouts of America)") in Idaho.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-20) Among the few personal items that he carried with him to the Moon and back was a World Scout Badge.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-21)
At age 17, in 1947, Armstrong began studying [aeronautical engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering "Aerospace engineering") at [Purdue University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University "Purdue University") in [West Lafayette, Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Lafayette,_Indiana "West Lafayette, Indiana"); he was the second person in his family to attend college. Armstrong was also accepted to the [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology") (MIT),[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200555%E2%80%9356-22) but he resolved to go to Purdue after watching a [football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football "American football") game between the [Purdue Boilermakers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_Boilermakers_football "Purdue Boilermakers football") and the [Ohio State Buckeyes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football "Ohio State Buckeyes football") at the [Ohio Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Stadium "Ohio Stadium") in 1945 in which quarterback [Bob DeMoss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_DeMoss "Bob DeMoss") led the Boilermakers to a sound victory over the highly regarded Buckeyes.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-23) An uncle who attended MIT had also advised him that he could receive a good education without going all the way to [Cambridge, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts"). His college tuition was paid for under the [Holloway Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Holloway,_Jr.#Holloway_Plan "James L. Holloway, Jr."). Successful applicants committed to two years of study, followed by two years of flight training and one year of service as an aviator in the [U.S. Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy "U.S. Navy"), then completion of the final two years of their bachelor's degree.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200555%E2%80%9356-22) Armstrong did not take courses in naval science, nor did he join the [Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps "Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps").[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200558-24)
## Naval service
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong_23_May_1952_\(cropped\).jpg)
Ensign Neil Armstrong on May 23, 1952
Armstrong's call-up from the Navy arrived on January 26, 1949, requiring him to report to [Naval Air Station Pensacola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola "Naval Air Station Pensacola") in Florida for flight training with class 5-49. After passing the medical examinations, he became a [midshipman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman "Midshipman") on February 24, 1949.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200568%E2%80%9369-25) Flight training was conducted in a [North American SNJ trainer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan "North American T-6 Texan"), in which he soloed on September 9, 1949.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200571-26) On March 2, 1950, he made his first [aircraft carrier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier "Aircraft carrier") landing on [USS *Cabot*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cabot_\(CVL-28\) "USS Cabot (CVL-28)"), an achievement he considered comparable to his first solo flight.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200571-26) He was then sent to [Naval Air Station Corpus Christi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Corpus_Christi "Naval Air Station Corpus Christi") in Texas for training on the [Grumman F8F Bearcat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F8F_Bearcat "Grumman F8F Bearcat"), culminating in a carrier landing on [USS *Wright*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wright_\(CVL-49\) "USS Wright (CVL-49)"). On August 16, 1950, Armstrong was informed by letter that he was a fully qualified [naval aviator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Aviator "United States Naval Aviator"). His mother and sister attended his graduation ceremony on August 23, 1950.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200576%E2%80%9379-27)
Armstrong was assigned to Fleet Aircraft Service Squadron 7 (FASRON 7) at [NAS San Diego](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_North_Island "Naval Air Station North Island") (now known as NAS North Island). On November 27, 1950, he was assigned to [VF-51](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF-51 "VF-51"), an all-jet squadron, becoming its youngest officer, and made his first flight in a jet, a [Grumman F9F Panther](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F9F_Panther "Grumman F9F Panther"), on January 5, 1951. He was promoted to [ensign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_\(rank\) "Ensign (rank)") on June 5, 1951, and made his first jet carrier landing on [USS *Essex*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Essex_\(CV-9\) "USS Essex (CV-9)") two days later. On June 28, 1951, *Essex* had set sail for Korea, with VF-51 aboard to act as [ground-attack aircraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground-attack_aircraft "Ground-attack aircraft"). VF-51 flew ahead to [Naval Air Station Barbers Point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Barbers_Point "Naval Air Station Barbers Point") in Hawaii, where it conducted fighter-bomber training before rejoining the ship at the end of July.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200579%E2%80%9385-28)
On August 29, 1951, Armstrong saw action in the [Korean War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War") as an escort for a photo [reconnaissance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance "Reconnaissance") plane over [Songjin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songjin "Songjin").[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200590-29) Five days later, on September 3, he flew armed reconnaissance over the primary transportation and storage facilities south of the village of Majon-ni, west of [Wonsan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonsan "Wonsan"). According to Armstrong, he was making a low bombing run at 350 mph (560 km/h) when 6 feet (1.8 m) of his wing was torn off after it collided with a cable that was strung across the hills as a booby trap. He was flying 500 feet (150 m) above the ground when he hit it. While there was heavy anti-aircraft fire in the area, none hit Armstrong's aircraft.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200594-30) An initial report to the commanding officer of *Essex* said that Armstrong's F9F Panther was hit by [anti-aircraft fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare "Anti-aircraft warfare"). The report indicated he was trying to regain control and collided with a pole, which sliced off 2 feet (0.61 m) of the Panther's right wing. Further perversions of the story by different authors added that he was only 20 feet (6.1 m) from the ground and that 3 feet (0.91 m) of his wing was sheared off.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200592%E2%80%9393-31)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F9F-2_Panthers_VF-51_over_Korea_1951.jpg)
[F9F-2 Panthers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F9F_Panther "Grumman F9F Panther") over Korea, with Armstrong piloting S-116 (left)
Armstrong flew the plane back to friendly territory, but because of the loss of the [aileron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileron "Aileron"), [ejection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejection_seat "Ejection seat") was his only safe option. He intended to eject over water and await rescue by Navy helicopters, but his parachute was blown back over land. A jeep driven by a roommate from flight school picked him up; it is unknown what happened to the wreckage of his aircraft, F9F-2 BuNo *125122*.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200595%E2%80%9396-32)
In all, Armstrong flew 78 missions over Korea for a total of 121 hours in the air, a third of them in January 1952, with the final mission on March 5, 1952. Of 492 U.S. Navy personnel killed in the Korean War, 27 of them were from *Essex* on this war cruise. Armstrong received the [Air Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Medal "Air Medal") for 20 combat missions, two [gold stars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5/16_inch_star "5/16 inch star") for the next 40, the [Korean Service Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Service_Medal "Korean Service Medal") and Engagement Star,[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005112-33) the [National Defense Service Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal "National Defense Service Medal"), and the [United Nations Korea Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Korea_Medal "United Nations Korea Medal").[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-USN_record-34)
Armstrong's regular commission was terminated on February 25, 1952, and he became an ensign in the [United States Navy Reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve "United States Navy Reserve"). On completion of his combat tour with *Essex*, he was assigned to a transport squadron, VR-32, in May 1952. He was released from active duty on August 23, 1952, but remained in the reserve, and was promoted to [lieutenant (junior grade)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_\(junior_grade\) "Lieutenant (junior grade)") on May 9, 1953.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-USN_record-34) As a reservist, he continued to fly, first with VF-724 at [Naval Air Station Glenview](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Glenview "Naval Air Station Glenview") in Illinois, and then, after moving to California, with VF-773 at [Naval Air Station Los Alamitos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Los_Alamitos "Naval Air Station Los Alamitos").[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005118-35) He remained in the reserve for eight years before resigning his commission on October 21, 1960.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-USN_record-34)
## College years
After his service with the Navy, Armstrong returned to Purdue. His previously earned good but not outstanding [grades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_grading_in_the_United_States#Six-point_system "Academic grading in the United States") now improved, lifting his final Grade Point Average (GPA) to a respectable but not outstanding 4.8 out of 6.0. He pledged the [Phi Delta Theta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Delta_Theta "Phi Delta Theta") [fraternity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities_in_North_America "Fraternities and sororities in North America"), and lived in its fraternity house. He wrote and co-directed two musicals as part of the all-student revue. The first was a version of *Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs*, co-directed with his girlfriend Joanne Alford from the [Alpha Chi Omega](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Chi_Omega "Alpha Chi Omega") sorority, with songs from the [1937 Walt Disney film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_\(1937_film\) "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)"), including "[Someday My Prince Will Come](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Someday_My_Prince_Will_Come "Someday My Prince Will Come")"; the second was titled *The Land of Egelloc* ("college" spelled backward), with music from [Gilbert and Sullivan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan "Gilbert and Sullivan") but new lyrics.
Armstrong was chairman of the Purdue Aero Flying Club, and flew the club's aircraft, an [Aeronca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronca_Aircraft "Aeronca Aircraft") and a couple of [Pipers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Aircraft "Piper Aircraft"), which were kept at nearby Aretz Airport in [Lafayette, Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana "Lafayette, Indiana"). Flying the Aeronca to Wapakoneta in 1954, he damaged it in a rough landing in a farmer's field, and it had to be hauled back to Lafayette on a trailer.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200561%E2%80%9362-36) He was a [baritone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone_horn "Baritone horn") player in the [Purdue All-American Marching Band](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_All-American_Marching_Band "Purdue All-American Marching Band").[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-37) Ten years later he was made an honorary member of [Kappa Kappa Psi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Psi "Kappa Kappa Psi") national band honorary fraternity.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-38) Armstrong graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in [Aeronautical Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautical_Engineering "Aeronautical Engineering") in January 1955.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005118-35) In 1970, he completed his Master of Science degree in [Aerospace Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_Engineering "Aerospace Engineering") at the [University of Southern California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California "University of Southern California") (USC).[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-NASA-bio-39) He would eventually be awarded honorary doctorates by several universities.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-40)
Armstrong met Janet Elizabeth Shearon, who was majoring in [home economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_and_consumer_science "Family and consumer science"), at a party hosted by Alpha Chi Omega.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200562-41) According to the couple, there was no real courtship, and neither could remember the exact circumstances of their engagement. They were married on January 28, 1956, at the Congregational Church in [Wilmette, Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmette,_Illinois "Wilmette, Illinois"). When he moved to [Edwards Air Force Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base "Edwards Air Force Base"), he lived in the bachelor quarters of the base, while Janet lived in the [Westwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood,_Los_Angeles "Westwood, Los Angeles") district of Los Angeles. After one semester, they moved into a house in [Antelope Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antelope_Valley "Antelope Valley"), near Edwards AFB. Janet did not finish her degree, a fact she regretted later in life. The couple had three children.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005124%E2%80%93128-42) In June 1961, their daughter Karen was diagnosed with [diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_intrinsic_pontine_glioma "Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma"), a [malignant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant "Malignant") [tumor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor "Tumor") of the middle part of her [brain stem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstem "Brainstem").[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-43) X-ray treatment slowed its growth, but her health deteriorated to the point where she could no longer walk or talk. She died of [pneumonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia "Pneumonia"), related to her weakened health, on January 28, 1962, aged two.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005161%E2%80%93164-44)
## Test pilot
Following his graduation from Purdue, Armstrong became an experimental research test pilot. He applied at the [National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics "National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics") (NACA) [High-Speed Flight Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center "Armstrong Flight Research Center") at Edwards Air Force Base.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005119%E2%80%93120-45) NACA had no open positions, and forwarded his application to the [Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center "Glenn Research Center") in [Cleveland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland "Cleveland"), where Armstrong made his first test flight on March 1, 1955.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005119%E2%80%93120-45) Armstrong's stint at Cleveland lasted only a couple of months before a position at the High-Speed Flight Station became available, and he reported for work there on July 11, 1955.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005130-46)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong_1958_portrait.jpg)
Armstrong, 26, as a test pilot at the [NACA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics "National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics") [High-Speed Flight Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center "Armstrong Flight Research Center") at [Edwards AFB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base "Edwards Air Force Base"), California
On his first day, Armstrong was tasked with piloting [chase planes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_plane "Chase plane") during releases of experimental aircraft from modified bombers. He also flew the modified bombers, and on one of these missions had his first flight incident at Edwards. On March 22, 1956, he was in a [Boeing B-29 Superfortress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress "Boeing B-29 Superfortress"),[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005134-47) which was to air-drop a [Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_D-558-2_Skyrocket "Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket"). He sat in the right-hand co-pilot seat while pilot in command, Stan Butchart sat in the left-hand pilot seat flying the B-29.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-48)
As they climbed to 30,000 feet (9 km), the [number-four engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_engine_position_number "Aircraft engine position number") stopped and the [propeller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_\(aircraft\) "Propeller (aircraft)") began windmilling (rotating freely) in the airstream. Despite hitting the switch that would normally stop the propeller's spinning, Butchart watched it slow before speeding up again on its own accord even faster than the others;\[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\] if it spun too fast, it would break apart. Their aircraft needed to hold an airspeed of 210 mph (338 km/h) to launch its Skyrocket payload, and the B-29 could not land with the Skyrocket attached to its belly. Armstrong and Butchart brought the aircraft into a nose-down [attitude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_\(geometry\) "Attitude (geometry)") to increase speed, then launched the Skyrocket. At the instant of launch, the number-four engine propeller disintegrated. Pieces of it damaged the number-three engine and hit the number-two engine. Butchart and Armstrong were forced to shut down the damaged number-three engine, along with the number-one engine, because of the [torque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque "Torque") it created. They made a slow, circling descent from 30,000 ft (9 km) using only the number-two engine, and landed safely.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005134%E2%80%93136-49)
Armstrong served as project pilot on [Century Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Series "Century Series") fighters, including the [North American F-100 Super Sabre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre "North American F-100 Super Sabre") A and C variants, the [McDonnell F-101 Voodoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_F-101_Voodoo "McDonnell F-101 Voodoo"), the [Lockheed F-104 Starfighter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_F-104_Starfighter "Lockheed F-104 Starfighter"), the [Republic F-105 Thunderchief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_F-105_Thunderchief "Republic F-105 Thunderchief") and the [Convair F-106 Delta Dart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_F-106_Delta_Dart "Convair F-106 Delta Dart"). He also flew the [Douglas DC-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-3 "Douglas DC-3"), [Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_T-33_Shooting_Star "Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star"), [North American F-86 Sabre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre "North American F-86 Sabre"), [McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II "McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II"), [Douglas F5D-1 Skylancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_F5D-1_Skylancer "Douglas F5D-1 Skylancer"), Boeing B-29 Superfortress, [Boeing B-47 Stratojet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet "Boeing B-47 Stratojet") and [Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker "Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker"), and was one of eight elite pilots involved in the [Paresev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Paresev "NASA Paresev") paraglider research vehicle program.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005136%E2%80%93138-50) Over his career, he flew more than 200 different models of aircraft.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-NASA-bio-39) His first flight in a [rocket-powered aircraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket-powered_aircraft "Rocket-powered aircraft") was on August 15, 1957, in the [Bell X-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_X-1 "Bell X-1")B, to an altitude of 11.4 miles (18.3 km). On landing, the poorly designed [nose landing gear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear "Landing gear") failed, as had happened on about a dozen previous flights of the Bell X-1B. He flew the [North American X-15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_X-15 "North American X-15") seven times,[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005145-51) including the first flight with the Q-ball system, the first flight of the number 3 X-15 airframe, and the first flight of the MH-96 adaptive flight control system.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-52)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005147-53) He became an employee of the [National Aeronautics and Space Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration "National Aeronautics and Space Administration") (NASA) when it was established on October 1, 1958, absorbing NACA.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-54)
Armstrong was involved in several incidents that went down in Edwards folklore or were chronicled in the memoirs of colleagues. During his sixth X-15 flight on April 20, 1962, Armstrong was testing the MH-96 control system when he flew to a height of over 207,000 feet (63 km) (the highest he flew before [Gemini 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_8 "Gemini 8")). He held up the aircraft nose during its descent to demonstrate the MH-96's g-limiting performance, and the X-15 ballooned back up to around 140,000 feet (43 km). He flew past the landing field at [Mach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number "Mach number") 3 at over 100,000 feet (30 km) in altitude, and ended up 40 miles (64 km) south of Edwards. After sufficient descent, he turned back toward the landing area, and landed. It was the longest X-15 flight in both flight time and length of the ground track.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005178%E2%80%93184-55)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-56)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pilot_Neil_Armstrong_and_X-15_-1_-_GPN-2000-000121.jpg)
Armstrong and [X-15-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_X-15 "North American X-15") after a research flight in 1960
Fellow astronaut [Michael Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)") wrote that of the X-15 pilots Armstrong "had been considered one of the weaker stick-and-rudder men, but the very best when it came to understanding the machine's design and how it operated".[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001314-57) Many of the test pilots at Edwards praised Armstrong's engineering ability. [Milt Thompson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Orville_Thompson "Milton Orville Thompson") said he was "the most technically capable of the early X-15 pilots". [Bill Dana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Dana_\(pilot\) "Bill Dana (pilot)") said Armstrong "had a mind that absorbed things like a sponge". Those who flew for the Air Force tended to have a different opinion, especially people like [Chuck Yeager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Yeager "Chuck Yeager") and [Pete Knight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Knight "William J. Knight"), who did not have engineering degrees. Knight said that pilot-engineers flew in a way that was "more mechanical than it is flying", and gave this as the reason why some pilot-engineers got into trouble: Their flying skills did not come naturally.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005138%E2%80%93139-58) Armstrong made seven [flights in the X-15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_X-15_flights "List of X-15 flights") between November 30, 1960, and July 26, 1962.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2000118%E2%80%93121-59) He reached a top speed of Mach 5.74 (3,989 mph, 6,420 km/h) in the X-15-1, and left the Flight Research Center with a total of 2,400 flying hours.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005210-60)
On April 24, 1962, Armstrong flew for the only time with Yeager. Their job, flying a T-33, was to evaluate Smith Ranch Dry Lake in Nevada for use as an emergency landing site for the X-15. In his autobiography, Yeager wrote that he knew the lake bed was unsuitable for landings after recent rains, but Armstrong insisted on flying out anyway. As they attempted a [touch-and-go](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch-and-go_landing "Touch-and-go landing"), the wheels became stuck and they had to wait for rescue. As Armstrong told the story, Yeager never tried to talk him out of it and they made a first successful landing on the east side of the lake. Then Yeager told him to try again, this time a bit slower. On the second landing, they became stuck, provoking Yeager to fits of laughter.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005184%E2%80%93189-61)
On May 21, 1962, Armstrong was involved in the "Nellis Affair". He was sent in an F-104 to inspect [Delamar Dry Lake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delamar_Dry_Lake "Delamar Dry Lake") in southern Nevada, again for emergency landings. He misjudged his altitude and did not realize that the landing gear had not fully extended. As he touched down, the landing gear began to retract; Armstrong applied full power to abort the landing, but the ventral fin and landing gear door struck the ground, damaging the radio and releasing [hydraulic fluid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid "Hydraulic fluid"). Without radio communication, Armstrong flew south to [Nellis Air Force Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellis_Air_Force_Base "Nellis Air Force Base"), past the control tower, and waggled his wings, the signal for a no-radio approach. The loss of hydraulic fluid caused the [tailhook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailhook "Tailhook") to release, and upon landing, he caught the arresting wire attached to an anchor chain, and dragged the chain along the runway.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005189%E2%80%93192-62)
It took thirty minutes to clear the runway and rig another arresting cable. Armstrong telephoned Edwards and asked for someone to collect him. Milt Thompson was sent in an F-104B, the only two-seater available, but a plane Thompson had never flown. With great difficulty, Thompson made it to Nellis, where a strong crosswind caused a hard landing and the left main tire suffered a blowout. The runway was again closed to clear it, and Bill Dana was sent to Nellis in a T-33, but he almost landed long. The Nellis base operations office then decided that to avoid any further problems, it would be best to find the three NASA pilots ground transport back to Edwards.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005189%E2%80%93192-62)
## Astronaut career
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong_in_Gemini_G-2C_training_suit.jpg)
Armstrong in an early [Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini "Project Gemini") space suit
In June 1958, Armstrong was selected for the U.S. Air Force's [Man in Space Soonest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest "Man in Space Soonest") program, but the [Advanced Research Projects Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency "Advanced Research Projects Agency") (ARPA) canceled its funding on August 1, 1958, and on November 5, 1958, it was superseded by [Project Mercury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mercury "Project Mercury"), a civilian project run by NASA. As a NASA civilian test pilot, Armstrong was ineligible to become one of its astronauts at this time, as selection was restricted to military test pilots.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201317%E2%80%9318-63)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-64) In November 1960, he was chosen as part of the pilot consultant group for the [X-20 Dyna-Soar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar "Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar"), a military space plane under development by Boeing for the U.S. Air Force, and on March 15, 1962, he was selected by the U.S. Air Force as one of seven pilot-engineers who would fly the X-20 when it got off the design board.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005171%E2%80%93173-65)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201319%E2%80%9321-66)
In April 1962, NASA sought applications for the second group of NASA astronauts for [Project Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini "Project Gemini"), a proposed two-man spacecraft. This time, selection was open to qualified civilian test pilots.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess20134%E2%80%936-67) Armstrong visited the [Seattle World's Fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_World%27s_Fair "Seattle World's Fair") in May 1962 and attended a conference there on space exploration that was co-sponsored by NASA. After he returned from [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle "Seattle") on June 4, he applied to become an astronaut. His application arrived about a week past the June 1, 1962, deadline, but Dick Day, a flight simulator expert with whom Armstrong had worked closely at Edwards, saw the late arrival of the application and slipped it into the pile before anyone noticed.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005193%E2%80%93195-68) At [Brooks Air Force Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Air_Force_Base "Brooks Air Force Base") at the end of June, Armstrong underwent a medical exam that many of the applicants described as painful and at times seemingly pointless.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201329%E2%80%9330-69)
NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations, [Deke Slayton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deke_Slayton "Deke Slayton"), called Armstrong on September 13, 1962, and asked whether he would be interested in joining the [NASA Astronaut Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps "NASA Astronaut Corps") as part of what the press dubbed "the [New Nine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_2 "NASA Astronaut Group 2")"; without hesitation, Armstrong said yes. The selections were kept secret until three days later, although newspaper reports had circulated since earlier that year that he would be selected as the "first civilian astronaut".[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005201%E2%80%93202-70) Armstrong was one of two civilian pilots selected for this group;[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201364%E2%80%9366-71) the other was [Elliot See](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_See "Elliot See"), another former naval aviator.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-72) NASA selected the second group that, compared with the [Mercury Seven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Seven "Mercury Seven") astronauts, were younger,[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201329%E2%80%9330-69) and had more impressive academic credentials.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201354-73) Collins wrote that Armstrong was by far the most experienced test pilot in the Astronaut Corps.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001314-57)
### Gemini program
#### Gemini 5
On February 8, 1965, Armstrong and Elliot See were picked as the backup crew for [Gemini 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_5 "Gemini 5"), with Armstrong as commander, supporting the prime crew of [Gordon Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Cooper "Gordon Cooper") and [Pete Conrad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Conrad "Pete Conrad").[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichl201678-74) The mission's purpose was to practice [space rendezvous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_rendezvous "Space rendezvous") and to develop procedures and equipment for a seven-day flight, all of which would be required for a mission to the Moon. With two other flights ([Gemini 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_3 "Gemini 3") and [Gemini 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_4 "Gemini 4")) in preparation, six crews were competing for simulator time, so Gemini 5 was postponed. It finally lifted off on August 21.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackerGrimwood2010255%E2%80%93256-75) Armstrong and See watched the launch at [Cape Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Kennedy "Cape Kennedy"), then flew to the [Manned Spacecraft Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manned_Spacecraft_Center "Manned Spacecraft Center") (MSC) in Houston.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005239-76) The mission was generally successful, despite a problem with the [fuel cells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell "Fuel cell") that prevented a rendezvous. Cooper and Conrad practiced a "phantom rendezvous", carrying out the maneuver without a target.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackerGrimwood2010257%E2%80%93258-77)
#### Gemini 8
Main article: [Gemini 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_8 "Gemini 8")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GEMINI-TITAN_\(GT\)-8_-_PRELAUNCH_ACTIVITY_-_CAPE_\(s66-24446\).jpg)
Armstrong, 35, suiting up for [Gemini 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_8 "Gemini 8") in March 1966
The crews for Gemini 8 were assigned on September 20, 1965. Under the normal rotation system, the backup crew for one mission became the prime crew for the third mission after, but Slayton designated [David Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Scott "David Scott") as the pilot of Gemini 8\.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005240-78)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackerGrimwood2010523%E2%80%93529-79) Scott was the first member of the [third group of astronauts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_3 "NASA Astronaut Group 3"), who was selected on October 18, 1963, to receive a prime crew assignment.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-80) See was designated to command [Gemini 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_9 "Gemini 9"). Henceforth, each Gemini mission was commanded by a member of Armstrong's group, with a member of Scott's group as the pilot. Conrad would be Armstrong's backup this time, and [Richard F. Gordon Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr. "Richard F. Gordon Jr.") his pilot.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005240-78)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackerGrimwood2010523%E2%80%93529-79) Armstrong became the first American civilian in space. ([Valentina Tereshkova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova "Valentina Tereshkova") of the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") had become the first civilian—and first woman—nearly three years earlier aboard [Vostok 6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_6 "Vostok 6") when it launched on June 16, 1963.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-81)) Armstrong would also be the last of his group to fly in space, as See died in a [T-38 crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_NASA_T-38_crash "1966 NASA T-38 crash") on February 28, 1966, that also took the life of crewmate [Charles Bassett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bassett "Charles Bassett"). They were replaced by the backup crew of [Tom Stafford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford "Thomas P. Stafford") and [Gene Cernan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Cernan "Gene Cernan"), while [Jim Lovell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell "Jim Lovell") and Buzz Aldrin moved up from the backup crew of [Gemini 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_10 "Gemini 10") to become the backup for Gemini 9,[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackerGrimwood2010323%E2%80%93325-82) and would eventually fly [Gemini 12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_12 "Gemini 12").[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2010258-83)
Gemini 8 launched on March 16, 1966. It was the most complex mission yet, with a rendezvous and docking with an [uncrewed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncrewed_spacecraft "Uncrewed spacecraft") [Agena target vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agena_target_vehicle "Agena target vehicle"), and the planned second American [spacewalk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extravehicular_activity "Extravehicular activity") ([EVA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extravehicular_activity "Extravehicular activity")) by Scott. The mission was planned to last 75 hours and 55 orbits. After the Agena lifted off at 10:00:00 [EST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone "Eastern Time Zone"),[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005242%E2%80%93244-84) the [Titan II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_II_GLV "Titan II GLV") rocket carrying Armstrong and Scott ignited at 11:41:02 EST, putting them into an orbit from which they chased the Agena.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackerGrimwood2010526-85) They achieved the first-ever docking between two spacecraft.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-86) Contact with the crew was intermittent due to the lack of tracking stations covering their entire orbits. While out of contact with the ground, the docked spacecraft began to roll, and Armstrong attempted to correct this with the Gemini's [Orbit Attitude and Maneuvering System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_Attitude_and_Maneuvering_System "Orbit Attitude and Maneuvering System") (OAMS). Following the earlier advice of Mission Control, they undocked, but the roll increased dramatically until they were turning about once per second, indicating a problem with Gemini's [attitude control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control "Spacecraft attitude control"). Armstrong engaged the Reentry Control System (RCS) and turned off the OAMS. Mission rules dictated that once this system was turned on, the spacecraft had to reenter at the next possible opportunity. It was later thought that damaged wiring caused one of the thrusters to stick in the on position.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-87)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armstrong_and_Scott_with_Hatches_Open_-_GPN-2000-001413.jpg)
Recovery of [Gemini 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_8 "Gemini 8") from the western Pacific Ocean; Armstrong sitting to the right
A few people in the Astronaut Office, including [Walter Cunningham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Cunningham "Walter Cunningham"), felt that Armstrong and Scott "had botched their first mission".[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2010111%E2%80%93112-88) There was speculation that Armstrong could have salvaged the mission if he had turned on only one of the two RCS rings, saving the other for mission objectives. These criticisms were unfounded; no malfunction procedures had been written, and it was possible to turn on only both RCS rings, not one or the other.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005270%E2%80%93271-89) [Gene Kranz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Kranz "Gene Kranz") wrote, "The crew reacted as they were trained, and they reacted wrong because we trained them wrong." The mission planners and controllers had failed to realize that when two spacecraft were docked, they must be considered one spacecraft. Kranz considered this the mission's most important lesson.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranz2000174-90) Armstrong was depressed that the mission was cut short,[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005274-91) canceling most mission objectives and robbing Scott of his EVA. The Agena was later reused as a docking target by Gemini 10.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackerGrimwood2010321%E2%80%93322-92) Armstrong and Scott received the [NASA Exceptional Service Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Exceptional_Service_Medal "NASA Exceptional Service Medal"),[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-NASA_Awards-93)[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-zanesville-94) and the Air Force awarded Scott the [Distinguished Flying Cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_\(United_States\) "Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)") as well.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-95) Scott was promoted to [lieutenant colonel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_\(United_States\) "Lieutenant colonel (United States)"), and Armstrong received a \$678 raise in pay to \$21,653 a year (equivalent to \$214,864 in 2025), making him NASA's highest-paid astronaut.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005274-91)
#### Gemini 11
Main article: [Gemini 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_11 "Gemini 11")
In Armstrong's final assignment in the Gemini program, he was the back-up Command Pilot for [Gemini 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_11 "Gemini 11"). Having trained for two flights, Armstrong was quite knowledgeable about the systems and took on a teaching role for the rookie backup pilot, [William Anders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders "William Anders").[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005292%E2%80%93293-96) The launch was on September 12, 1966,[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-97) with Conrad and Gordon on board, who successfully completed the mission objectives, while Armstrong served as a [capsule communicator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_communicator "Capsule communicator") (CAPCOM).[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005294%E2%80%93296-98)
Following the flight, President [Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") asked Armstrong and his wife to take part in a 24-day goodwill tour of South America.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005296%E2%80%93297-99) Also on the tour, which took in 11 countries and 14 major cities, were Dick Gordon, [George Low](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Low "George Low"), their wives, and other government officials. In Paraguay, Armstrong greeted dignitaries in their local language, [Guarani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarani_language "Guarani language"); in Brazil he talked about the exploits of the Brazilian-born aviation pioneer [Alberto Santos-Dumont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Santos-Dumont "Alberto Santos-Dumont").[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005298%E2%80%93299-100)
### Apollo program
On January 27, 1967—the day of the [Apollo 1 fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_1_fire "Apollo 1 fire")—Armstrong was in Washington, D.C., with Cooper, Gordon, Lovell and [Scott Carpenter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Carpenter "Scott Carpenter") for the signing of the United Nations [Outer Space Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty "Outer Space Treaty"). The astronauts chatted with the assembled dignitaries until 18:45, when Carpenter went to the airport, and the others returned to the Georgetown Inn, where they each found messages to phone the MSC. During these calls, they learned of the deaths of [Gus Grissom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Grissom "Gus Grissom"), [Ed White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_White_\(astronaut\) "Ed White (astronaut)") and [Roger Chaffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee "Roger B. Chaffee") in the fire. Armstrong and the group spent the rest of the night drinking scotch and discussing what had happened.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovellKluger200024%E2%80%9325-101)
On April 5, 1967, the same day the Apollo 1 investigation released its final report, Armstrong and 17 other astronauts gathered for a meeting with Slayton. The first thing Slayton said was, "The guys who are going to fly the first lunar missions are the guys in this room."[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTECernanDavis1999165-102) According to Cernan, only Armstrong showed no reaction to the statement. To Armstrong it came as no surprise—the room was full of veterans of Project Gemini, the only people who could fly the lunar missions. Slayton talked about the planned missions and named Armstrong to the backup crew for [Apollo 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_9 "Apollo 9"), which at that stage was planned as a [medium Earth orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Earth_orbit "Medium Earth orbit") test of the combined [lunar module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_module "Lunar module") and [command and service module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_service_module "Command and service module").[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005312%E2%80%93313-103)
The crew was officially assigned on November 20, 1967.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks_et_al.2009374-104) For crewmates, Armstrong was assigned Lovell and Aldrin, from Gemini 12. After design and manufacturing delays of the lunar module (LM), [Apollo 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8 "Apollo 8") and 9 swapped prime and backup crews. Based on the normal crew rotation, Armstrong would command Apollo 11,[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005312%E2%80%93313-103) with one change: Collins on the Apollo 8 crew began experiencing trouble with his legs. Doctors diagnosed the problem as a bony growth between his fifth and sixth vertebrae, requiring surgery.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001288%E2%80%93289-105) Lovell took his place on the Apollo 8 crew, and, when Collins recovered, he joined Armstrong's crew.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2010109-106)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_LLRV_1.jpg)
Armstrong descends to the ground on a parachute after ejecting from [Lunar Landing Research Vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Landing_Research_Vehicle "Lunar Landing Research Vehicle") 1.
To give the astronauts practice piloting the LM on its descent, NASA commissioned [Bell Aircraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Aircraft "Bell Aircraft") to build two [Lunar Landing Research Vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Landing_Research_Vehicle "Lunar Landing Research Vehicle") (LLRV), later augmented with three Lunar Landing Training Vehicles (LLTV). Nicknamed the "Flying Bedsteads", they simulated the Moon's one-sixth gravity using a [turbofan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofan "Turbofan") engine to support five-sixths of the craft's weight. On May 6, 1968, 100 feet (30 m) above the ground, Armstrong's controls started to degrade and the LLRV began [rolling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes "Aircraft principal axes").[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005330-107) He ejected safely before the vehicle struck the ground and burst into flames. Later analysis suggested that if he had ejected half a second later, his parachute would not have opened in time. His only injury was from biting his tongue. The LLRV was completely destroyed.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraft2001312-108) Even though he was nearly killed, Armstrong maintained that without the LLRV and LLTV, the lunar landings would not have been successful, as they gave commanders essential experience in piloting the lunar landing craft.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005334-109)
In addition to the LLRV training, NASA began lunar landing simulator training after Apollo 10 was completed. Aldrin and Armstrong trained for a variety of scenarios that could develop during a real lunar landing.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994171-110) They also received briefings from geologists at NASA.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994179-111)
#### Apollo 11
Main article: [Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Prime_Crew_-_GPN-2000-001164_-_Ap11-s69-31740.jpg)
The [Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11") crew: Armstrong, [Michael Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)"), and [Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin").
After Armstrong served as backup commander for Apollo 8, Slayton offered him the post of commander of Apollo 11 on December 23, 1968, as Apollo 8 orbited the Moon.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson200917-112) According to Armstrong's [2005 biography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Man:_The_Life_of_Neil_A._Armstrong "First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong"), Slayton told him that although the planned crew was Commander Armstrong, Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin, and Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, he was offering Armstrong the chance to replace Aldrin with Jim Lovell. After thinking it over for a day, Armstrong told Slayton he would stick with Aldrin, as he had no difficulty working with him and thought Lovell deserved his own command. Replacing Aldrin with Lovell would have made Lovell the lunar module pilot, unofficially the lowest ranked member, and Armstrong could not justify placing Lovell, the commander of Gemini 12, in the number 3 position of the crew.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005338-113) The crew of Apollo 11 was assigned on January 9, 1969, as Armstrong, Collins, and Aldrin, with Lovell, Anders, and [Fred Haise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Haise "Fred Haise") as the backup crew.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001312%E2%80%93313-114)
According to [Chris Kraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Kraft "Chris Kraft"), a March 1969 meeting among Slayton, George Low, [Bob Gilruth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Gilruth "Bob Gilruth"), and Kraft determined that Armstrong would be the first person on the Moon, in part because NASA management saw him as a person who did not have a large ego. A press conference on April 14, 1969, gave the design of the LM cabin as the reason for Armstrong's being first; the hatch opened inwards and to the right, making it difficult for the LM pilot, on the right-hand side, to exit first. At the time of their meeting, the four men did not know about the hatch consideration. The first knowledge of the meeting outside the small group came when Kraft wrote his book.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraft2001323%E2%80%93324-115)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005365%E2%80%93373-116) Methods of circumventing this difficulty existed, but it is not known if these were considered at the time. Slayton added, "Secondly, just on a pure protocol basis, I figured the commander ought to be the first guy out ... I changed it as soon as I found they had the time line that showed that. Bob Gilruth approved my decision."[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortright1975160-117)
#### Voyage to the Moon
A [Saturn V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V "Saturn V") rocket launched Apollo 11 from [Launch Complex 39A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A "Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A") at the [Kennedy Space Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center") on July 16, 1969, at 13:32:00 [UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time "Coordinated Universal Time") (09:32:00 EDT local time).[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200092-118) Armstrong's wife Janet and two sons watched from a yacht moored on the [Banana River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_River "Banana River").[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen20052-119) During the launch, Armstrong's heart rate peaked at 110 beats per minute.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005410-120) He found the first stage the loudest, much noisier than the Gemini 8 Titan II launch. The Apollo command module was relatively roomy compared with the Gemini spacecraft. None of the Apollo 11 crew suffered [space sickness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_sickness "Space sickness"), as some members of previous crews had. Armstrong was especially glad about this, as he had been prone to [motion sickness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_sickness "Motion sickness") as a child and could experience [nausea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea "Nausea") after long periods of [aerobatics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobatics "Aerobatics").[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005411%E2%80%93412-121)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong.jpg)
Armstrong in the lunar module after the completion of the [EVA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extravehicular_activity "Extravehicular activity")
Apollo 11's objective was to land safely on the Moon, rather than to touch down at a precise location. Three minutes into the lunar descent, Armstrong noted that craters were passing about two seconds too early, which meant the [Lunar Module *Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle") would probably touch down several miles (kilometres) beyond the planned landing zone.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200511-122) As the *Eagle*'s landing [radar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar "Radar") acquired the surface, several computer error alarms sounded. The first was a code [1202](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Garman#1202 "Jack Garman") alarm, and even with their extensive training, neither Armstrong nor Aldrin knew what this code meant. They promptly received word from CAPCOM [Charles Duke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duke "Charles Duke") in Houston that the alarms were not a concern; the 1202 and 1201 alarms were caused by executive overflows in the [lunar module guidance computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer "Apollo Guidance Computer"). In 2007, Aldrin said the overflows were caused by his own counter-checklist choice of leaving the docking radar on during the landing process, causing the computer to process unnecessary radar data. When it did not have enough time to execute all tasks, the computer dropped the lower-priority ones, triggering the alarms. Aldrin said he decided to leave the radar on in case an abort was necessary when re-docking with the Apollo command module; he did not realize it would cause the processing overflows.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005459%E2%80%93465-123)
Armstrong lands the [Lunar Module *Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle") on the Moon, July 20, 1969.
When Armstrong noticed they were heading toward a landing area that seemed unsafe, he took manual control of the LM and attempted to find a safer area. This took longer than expected, and longer than most simulations had taken.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994199-124) For this reason, Mission Control was concerned that the LM was running low on fuel.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994198-125) On landing, Aldrin and Armstrong believed they had 40 seconds of fuel left, including the 20 seconds' worth which had to be saved in the event of an abort.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994200-126) During training, Armstrong had, on several occasions, landed with fewer than 15 seconds of fuel; he was also confident the LM could survive a fall of up to 50 feet (15 m). Post-mission analysis showed that at touchdown there were 45 to 50 seconds of propellant burn time left.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManned_Spacecraft_Center19699-23%E2%80%939-24-127)
The landing on the surface of the Moon occurred several seconds after 20:17:40 UTC on July 20, 1969.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-128) One of three 67-inch (170 cm) probes attached to three of the LM's four legs made contact with the surface, a panel light in the LM illuminated, and Aldrin called out, "Contact light." Armstrong shut the engine off and said, "Shutdown." As the LM settled onto the surface, Aldrin said, "Okay, engine stop"; then they both called out some post-landing checklist items. After a 10-second pause, Duke acknowledged the landing with, "We copy you down, *Eagle*." Armstrong confirmed the landing to Mission Control and the world with the words, "Houston, [Tranquility Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquility_Base "Tranquility Base") here. The *Eagle* has landed." Aldrin and Armstrong celebrated with a brisk handshake and pat on the back. They then returned to the checklist of contingency tasks, should an emergency liftoff become necessary.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-129)[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-130)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-131) After Armstrong confirmed touch down, Duke re-acknowledged, adding a comment about the flight crew's relief: "Roger, Tranquility. We copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot."[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994200-126) During the landing, Armstrong's heart rate ranged from 100 to 150 beats per minute.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManned_Spacecraft_Center196912-1-132)
#### First Moon walk
See also: [Apollo 11 § Lunar surface operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Lunar_surface_operations "Apollo 11")
Armstrong describes the lunar surface.
["That's one small step for \[a\] man, one giant leap for mankind"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frase_de_Neil_Armstrong.ogg "File:Frase de Neil Armstrong.ogg")
***
*Problems playing this file? See [media help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media "Help:Media").*
The flight plan called for a crew rest period before leaving the module, but Armstrong asked for this to be moved to earlier in the evening, [Houston time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_\(North_America\) "Central Time Zone (North America)"). When he and Aldrin were ready to go outside, *Eagle* was depressurized, the hatch was opened, and Armstrong made his way down the ladder.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortright1975215-133) At the bottom of the ladder, while standing on a [Lunar Module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module "Apollo Lunar Module") landing pad, Armstrong said, "I'm going to step off the LM now". He turned and set his left boot on the lunar surface at 02:56 [UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC "UTC") July 21, 1969,[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarland199923-134) then said, "That's one small step for \[a\] man, one giant leap for mankind."[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-Snopes-135) The exact time of Armstrong's first step on the Moon is unclear.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-136)
Armstrong prepared his famous [epigram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigram "Epigram") on his own.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-Plimpton-137) In a post-flight press conference, he said that he chose the words "just prior to leaving the LM."[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-138) In a 1983 interview in *[Esquire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_\(magazine\) "Esquire (magazine)")* magazine, he explained to [George Plimpton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Plimpton "George Plimpton"): "I always knew there was a good chance of being able to return to Earth, but I thought the chances of a successful touch down on the moon surface were about even money—fifty–fifty ... Most people don't realize how difficult the mission was. So it didn't seem to me there was much point in thinking of something to say if we'd have to abort landing."[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-Plimpton-137) In 2012, his brother Dean Armstrong said that Neil showed him a draft of the line months before the launch.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-139) Historian [Andrew Chaikin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Chaikin "Andrew Chaikin"), who interviewed Armstrong in 1988 for his book *[A Man on the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_on_the_Moon "A Man on the Moon")*, disputed that Armstrong claimed to have conceived the line during the mission.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-140)
Recordings of Armstrong's transmission do not provide evidence for the indefinite article "a" before "man", though NASA and Armstrong insisted for years that static obscured it. Armstrong stated he would never make such a mistake, but after repeated listenings to recordings, he eventually conceded he must have dropped the "a".[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-Snopes-135) He later said he "would hope that history would grant me leeway for dropping the syllable and understand that it was certainly intended, even if it was not said—although it might actually have been".[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTENickell2008175-141) There have since been claims and counter-claims about whether acoustic analysis of the recording reveals the presence of the missing "a";[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-Snopes-135)[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-142) [Peter Shann Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Shann_Ford "Peter Shann Ford"), an Australian computer programmer, conducted a digital audio analysis and claims that Armstrong did say "a man", but the "a" was inaudible due to the limitations of communications technology of the time.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-Snopes-135)[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-143)[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-144) Ford and [James R. Hansen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Hansen "James R. Hansen"), Armstrong's authorized biographer, presented these findings to Armstrong and NASA representatives, who conducted their own analysis.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-145) Armstrong found Ford's analysis "persuasive".[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-146)[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-147) Linguists [David Beaver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beaver "David Beaver") and [Mark Liberman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Liberman "Mark Liberman") wrote of their skepticism of Ford's claims on the blog [Language Log](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_Log "Language Log").[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-148) A 2016 peer-reviewed study again concluded Armstrong had included the article.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-149) NASA's transcript continues to show the "a" in parentheses.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-150)
When Armstrong made his proclamation, [Voice of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America "Voice of America") was rebroadcast live by the [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC "BBC") and many other stations worldwide. An estimated 530 million people viewed the event,[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-151) 20 percent out of a world population of approximately 3.6 billion.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-152)[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-153)
> Q: Did you misspeak?
>
> A: There isn't any way of knowing.
>
> Q: Several sources say you did.
>
> A: I mean, there isn't any way of *my* knowing. When I listen to the tape, I can't hear the 'a', but that doesn't mean it wasn't there, because that was the fastest VOX ever built. There was no mike-switch — it was a [voice-operated key or VOX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice-operated_switch "Voice-operated switch"). In a helmet you find you lose a lot of syllables. Sometimes a short syllable like 'a' might not be transmitted. However, when I listen to it, I can't hear it. But the 'a' is implied, so I'm happy if they just put it in parentheses.
*[Omni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omni_\(magazine\) "Omni (magazine)")*, June 1982, p. 126
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armstrong_on_Moon_\(As11-40-5886\)_\(cropped\).jpg)
Armstrong on the Moon
About 19 minutes after Armstrong's first step, Aldrin joined him on the surface, becoming the second human to walk on the Moon. They began their tasks of investigating how easily a person could operate on the lunar surface. Armstrong unveiled a plaque commemorating the flight, and with Aldrin, [planted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_planting "Flag planting") the [flag of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Flag_Assembly "Lunar Flag Assembly"). Although Armstrong had wanted the flag to be draped on the flagpole,[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin2007212-154) it was decided to use a metal rod to hold it horizontally.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200860-155) However, the rod did not fully extend, leaving the flag with a slightly wavy appearance, as if there were a breeze.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2012503%E2%80%93504-156) Shortly after the flag planting, President [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") spoke to them by telephone from his office. He spoke for about a minute, after which Armstrong responded for about thirty seconds.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005505%E2%80%93506-157) In the Apollo 11 photographic record, there are only five images of Armstrong partly shown or reflected. The mission was planned to the minute, with the majority of photographic tasks performed by Armstrong with the single [Hasselblad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselblad "Hasselblad") camera.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-158)
After helping to set up the [Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package "Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package"), Armstrong went for a walk to what is now known as East Crater, 65 yards (59 m) east of the LM, the greatest distance traveled from the LM on the mission. His final task was to remind Aldrin to leave a small package of memorial items to Soviet [cosmonauts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cosmonauts "List of cosmonauts") [Yuri Gagarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin "Yuri Gagarin") and [Vladimir Komarov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Komarov "Vladimir Komarov"), and Apollo 1 astronauts Grissom, White and Chaffee.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-159) The Apollo 11 EVA lasted two and a half hours.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-ApolloSum-160) Each of the subsequent five landings was allotted a progressively longer EVA period; the crew of [Apollo 17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17 "Apollo 17") spent over 22 hours exploring the lunar surface.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-ApolloSum-160) In a 2010 interview, Armstrong explained that NASA limited their Moon walk because they were unsure how the [space suits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_suit "Space suit") would cope with the Moon's extremely high temperature.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-161)
#### Return to Earth
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Nixon_welcomes_the_Apollo_11_astronauts_aboard_the_U.S.S._Hornet.jpg)
The Apollo 11 crew and President [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") during the post-mission quarantine period
After they re-entered the LM, the hatch was closed and sealed. While preparing for liftoff, Armstrong and Aldrin discovered that, in their bulky space suits, they had broken the ignition switch for the ascent engine; using part of a pen, they pushed in the circuit breaker to start the launch sequence.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005489%E2%80%93490-162) The *Eagle* then continued to its rendezvous in lunar orbit, where it docked with *[Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_module_Columbia "Command module Columbia")*, the command and service module. The three astronauts returned to Earth and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, to be picked up by the [USS *Hornet*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hornet_\(CV-12\) "USS Hornet (CV-12)").[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-163)
After being released from an 18-day quarantine to ensure that they had not picked up any infections or diseases from the Moon, the crew was feted across the United States and around the world as part of a 38-day "Giant Leap" tour.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-164)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_ticker_tape_parade_1.jpg)
New York City ticker tape parade, August 13, 1969
The tour began on August 13, when the three astronauts spoke and rode in [ticker-tape parades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker-tape_parade "Ticker-tape parade") in their honor in New York and Chicago, with an estimated six million attendees.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-LADinner-165)[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-166) On the same evening an official [state dinner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_dinner "State dinner") was held in Los Angeles to celebrate the flight, attended by members of Congress, 44 governors, the [Chief Justice of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States "Chief Justice of the United States"), and ambassadors from 83 nations. President Nixon and Vice President Agnew presented each astronaut with a [Presidential Medal of Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom "Presidential Medal of Freedom").[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-LADinner-165)[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-167)
After the tour Armstrong took part in [Bob Hope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hope "Bob Hope")'s 1969 [USO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USO "USO") show, primarily to Vietnam.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005580-168) In May 1970, Armstrong traveled to the Soviet Union to present a talk at the 13th annual conference of the International [Committee on Space Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research "Committee on Space Research"); after arriving in [Leningrad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad "Leningrad") from Poland, he traveled to Moscow where he met [Premier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union "Premier of the Soviet Union") [Alexei Kosygin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin "Alexei Kosygin"). Armstrong was the first westerner to see the supersonic [Tupolev Tu-144](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-144 "Tupolev Tu-144") and was given a tour of the [Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center "Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center"), which he described as "a bit Victorian in nature".[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005583-169) At the end of the day, he was surprised to view a delayed video of the launch of [Soyuz 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_9 "Soyuz 9") as it had not occurred to Armstrong that the mission was taking place, even though Valentina Tereshkova had been his host and her husband, [Andriyan Nikolayev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andriyan_Nikolayev "Andriyan Nikolayev"), was on board.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005582%E2%80%93584-170)
## Life after Apollo
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_837790_Valentina_Tereshkova_and_Neil_Armstrong.jpg)
[Valentina Tereshkova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova "Valentina Tereshkova"), the first woman in space, presenting a badge to Neil Armstrong, [Star City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center "Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center"), Soviet Union, June 1970
### Teaching
Shortly after Apollo 11, Armstrong stated that he did not plan to fly in space again.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-171) He was appointed Deputy Associate Administrator for Aeronautics for the Office of Advanced Research and Technology at [ARPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA "DARPA"), served in the position for a year, then resigned from it and NASA in 1971.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005584-172) He accepted a teaching position in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the [University of Cincinnati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati "University of Cincinnati"),[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-173) having chosen Cincinnati over other universities, including his *alma mater* Purdue, because Cincinnati had a small aerospace department,[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2012590-174) and said he hoped the faculty there would not be annoyed that he came straight into a professorship with only a USC master's degree.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-175) He began his master's degree while stationed at Edwards years before, and completed it after Apollo 11 by presenting a report on various aspects of Apollo, instead of a thesis on the simulation of hypersonic flight.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005590%E2%80%93594-176)
At Cincinnati, Armstrong was University Professor of Aerospace Engineering. He took a heavy teaching load, taught core classes, and created two graduate-level classes: aircraft design and experimental flight mechanics. He was considered a good teacher, and a tough grader. His research activities during this time did not involve his work at NASA, as he did not want to give the appearance of favoritism; he later regretted the decision. After teaching for eight years, Armstrong resigned in 1980. When the university changed from an independent municipal university to a state school, bureaucracy increased. He did not want to be a part of the faculty collective bargaining group, so he decided to teach half-time. According to Armstrong, he had the same amount of work but received half his salary. In 1979, less than 10% of his income came from his university salary. Employees at the university did not know why he left.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005590%E2%80%93594-176)
### NASA commissions
In 1970, after an explosion aboard [Apollo 13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_13 "Apollo 13") aborted its lunar landing, Armstrong was part of [Edgar Cortright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Cortright "Edgar Cortright")'s investigation of the mission. He produced a detailed chronology of the flight. He determined that a 28-volt thermostat switch in an oxygen tank, which was supposed to have been replaced with a 65-volt version, led to the explosion. Cortright's report recommended the entire tank be redesigned at a cost of \$40 million. Many NASA managers, including Armstrong, opposed the recommendation, since only the thermostat switch had caused the problem. They lost the argument, and the tanks were redesigned.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005600%E2%80%93603-177)
In 1986, President [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") asked Armstrong to join the [Rogers Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report "Rogers Commission Report") investigating the [Space Shuttle *Challenger* disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster"). Armstrong was made vice chairman of the commission and held private interviews with contacts he had developed over the years to help determine the cause of the disaster. He helped limit the committee's recommendations to nine, believing that if there were too many, NASA would not act on them.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005610%E2%80%93616-178)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_-_Crew_at_the_White_House.jpg)
Michael Collins, President [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush"), Neil Armstrong, and Buzz Aldrin during celebrations of the 35th anniversary of the Apollo 11 flight, July 21, 2004
Armstrong was appointed to a fourteen-member commission by President Reagan to develop a plan for American civilian spaceflight in the 21st century. The commission was chaired by former NASA administrator Dr. [Thomas O. Paine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine "Thomas O. Paine"), with whom Armstrong had worked during the Apollo program. The group published a book titled *Pioneering the Space Frontier: The Report on the National Commission on Space*, recommending a permanent lunar base by 2006, and sending people to Mars by 2015. The recommendations were largely ignored, overshadowed by the *Challenger* disaster.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2012609%E2%80%93610-179)
Armstrong and his wife attended the memorial service for the victims of the [Space Shuttle *Columbia* disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster") in 2003, at the invitation of President [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush").[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2012616%E2%80%93617-180)
### Business activities
After Armstrong retired from NASA in 1971, he acted as a spokesman for several businesses. The first company to successfully approach him was [Chrysler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler "Chrysler"), for whom he appeared in advertising starting in January 1979. Armstrong thought they had a strong engineering division, and they were in financial difficulty. He later acted as a spokesman for other American companies, including General Time Corporation and the Bankers Association of America.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005595-181) He acted as a spokesman for only American companies.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005596-182)
In addition to his duties as a spokesman, he also served on the board of directors of several companies. The first company board Armstrong joined was [Gates Learjet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gates_Learjet "Gates Learjet"), chairing their technical committee. He flew their new and experimental jets and even set a climb and altitude record for business jets. Armstrong became a member of [Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Gas_%26_Electric_Company "Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company")'s board in 1973. They were interested in nuclear power and wanted to increase the company's technical competence. He served on the board of [Taft Broadcasting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft_Broadcasting "Taft Broadcasting"), also based in Cincinnati. Armstrong joined the board of solid rocket booster [Thiokol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiokol "Thiokol") in 1989, after previously serving on the Rogers Commission which found that the [Space Shuttle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle "Space Shuttle") *Challenger* was destroyed due to a defect in the Thiokol-manufactured solid rocket boosters. When Armstrong left the University of Cincinnati, he became the chairman of Cardwell International Ltd., a company that manufactured drilling rigs. He served on additional aerospace boards, first [United Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines "United Airlines") in 1978, and later [Eaton Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Corporation "Eaton Corporation") in 1980. He was asked to chair the board of directors for a subsidiary of Eaton, AIL Systems. He chaired the board through the company's 2000 merger with [EDO Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDO_Corporation "EDO Corporation"), until his retirement in 2002.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005596%E2%80%93598-183)[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-184)
### North Pole and Ecuador expeditions
In 1976, Stanley Hall of Scotland arranged one of the most expensive large-scale cave explorations in modern history to investigate [Cueva de los Tayos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cueva_de_los_Tayos "Cueva de los Tayos") in Ecuador. For the expedition, over a hundred people were recruited, including members of the Scottish [Black Watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Watch "Black Watch") and the [Royal Highland Fusiliers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Highland_Fusiliers "Royal Highland Fusiliers") regiment, Ecuadorian military personnel, and various experts in different fields, including Armstrong, then a professor of aerospace engineering at the [University of Cincinnati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati "University of Cincinnati"), as Honorary President of the expedition.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-185)[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-186)
In 1985, professional expedition leader Mike Dunn organized a trip to take men he deemed the "greatest explorers" to the North Pole. The group included Armstrong, [Edmund Hillary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary "Edmund Hillary"), [Hillary's son Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hillary "Peter Hillary"), [Steve Fossett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Fossett "Steve Fossett"), and [Patrick Morrow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Morrow "Patrick Morrow"). They arrived at the Pole on April 6, 1985. He did not inform the media of the trip, preferring to keep it private.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2012609-187)
### Public profile
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong,_1999.jpg)
Armstrong in 1999
Armstrong's family described him as a "reluctant American hero".[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-188)[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-189)[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-190) He kept a low profile later in his life, leading to the belief that he was a recluse.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-191)[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-wapo1-192) Recalling Armstrong's humility, [John Glenn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glenn "John Glenn"), the first American to orbit Earth, told CNN: "\[Armstrong\] didn't feel that he should be out huckstering himself. He was a humble person, and that's the way he remained after his lunar flight, as well as before."[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-193) Armstrong turned down most requests for interviews and public appearances. Michael Collins said in his book *Carrying the Fire* that when Armstrong moved to a dairy farm to become a college professor, it was like he "retreated to his castle and pulled up the drawbridge". Armstrong found this amusing, and said, "... those of us that live out in the hinterlands think that people that live inside the [Beltway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Beltway "Capital Beltway") are the ones that have the problems."[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapiro20129,_267,_268-194)
Andrew Chaikin says in *A Man on the Moon* that Armstrong kept a low profile but was not a recluse, citing his participation in interviews, advertisements for Chrysler, and hosting a cable television series.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin2007568%E2%80%93570-195) Between 1991 and 1993, he hosted *[First Flights with Neil Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Flights_with_Neil_Armstrong "First Flights with Neil Armstrong")*, an [aviation history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_history "Aviation history") documentary series on [A\&E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_\(TV_channel\) "A&E (TV channel)").[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapiro20129,_267,_268-194) In 2010, Armstrong voiced the character of Dr. Jack Morrow in *[Quantum Quest: A Cassini Space Odyssey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Quest:_A_Cassini_Space_Odyssey "Quantum Quest: A Cassini Space Odyssey")*,[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-196) an animated educational sci-fi adventure film initiated by JPL/NASA through a grant from Jet Propulsion Lab.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-197)
Armstrong guarded the use of his name, image, and famous quote. When it was launched in 1981, [MTV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV "MTV") wanted to use his quote in its [station identification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_identification "Station identification"), with the American flag replaced with the MTV logo, but he refused the use of his voice and likeness.[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-198) He sued [Hallmark Cards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Cards "Hallmark Cards") in 1994, when they used his name, and a recording of the "one small step" quote, in a Christmas ornament without his permission. The lawsuit was settled out of court for an undisclosed sum, which Armstrong donated to Purdue.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005628-199)[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-200)
For many years, he wrote letters congratulating new Eagle Scouts on their accomplishment, but decided to quit the practice in the 1990s because he felt the letters should be written by people who knew the scout. (In 2003, he received 950 congratulation requests.) This contributed to the myth of his reclusiveness.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2012622%E2%80%93623-201) Armstrong used to autograph everything except [first day covers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_day_cover "First day cover"). Around 1993, he found out his signatures were being sold online, and that most of them were forgeries, and stopped giving autographs.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-wapo1-192)
## Personal life
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong_at_50th_anniversary_of_John_Glenn%27s_first_spaceflight.jpg)
Armstrong speaking in February 2012, six months before his death, on the 50th anniversary of [John Glenn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glenn "John Glenn")'s first spaceflight
Some former astronauts, including Glenn and [Apollo 17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17 "Apollo 17")'s [Harrison Schmitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt "Harrison Schmitt"), sought political careers after leaving NASA. Armstrong was approached by groups from both the [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") and [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") parties but declined the offers. He supported [states' rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States%27_rights "States' rights") and opposed the U.S. acting as the "[world's policeman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_policeman "Global policeman")".[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005600%E2%80%93601-202)
When Armstrong applied at a local [Methodist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist "Methodist") church to lead a Boy Scout troop in the late 1950s, he gave his religious affiliation as "[deist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deist "Deist")".[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200533-203) His mother later said that his religious views caused her grief and distress in later life, as she was a Christian.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200535-204) Upon his return from the Moon, Armstrong gave a speech in front of the [U.S. Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Congress "U.S. Congress") in which he thanked them for giving him the opportunity to see some of the "grandest views of the Creator".[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-205)[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005575-206) In the early 1980s, he was the subject of a hoax claiming that he converted to [Islam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam "Islam") after hearing the [call to prayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhan "Adhan") while walking on the Moon. Indonesian singer Suhaemi wrote a song called "Gema Suara Adzan di Bulan" ("The Resonant Sound of the Call to Prayer on the Moon") which described Armstrong's supposed conversion, and the song was widely discussed by [Jakarta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta "Jakarta") news outlets in 1983.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbramson200493-207) Similar hoax stories were seen in Egypt and Malaysia. In March 1983, the [U.S. State Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State "United States Department of State") responded by issuing a message to embassies and consulates in Muslim countries saying that Armstrong had not converted to Islam.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005630%E2%80%93631-208) The hoax surfaced occasionally for the next three decades. Part of the confusion arose from the similarity between the names of the country of Lebanon, which has a majority Muslim population, and Armstrong's longtime residence in [Lebanon, Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon,_Ohio "Lebanon, Ohio").[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005630%E2%80%93631-208)
In 1972, Armstrong visited the Scottish town of [Langholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langholm "Langholm"), the traditional seat of Clan Armstrong. He was made the first [freeman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City "Freedom of the City") of the burgh, and happily declared the town his home.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-209) To entertain the crowd, the [Justice of the Peace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace "Justice of the Peace") read from an unrepealed archaic 400-year-old law that required him to hang any Armstrong found in the town.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200513-210)
Armstrong flew light aircraft for pleasure. He enjoyed [gliders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_\(sailplane\) "Glider (sailplane)") and before the Moon flight had earned a gold badge with two diamonds from the [International Gliding Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAI_Gliding_Commission "FAI Gliding Commission"). He continued to fly engineless aircraft well into his 70s.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-211)
While working on his farm in November 1978, Armstrong jumped off the back of his grain truck and caught his wedding ring in its wheel, tearing the tip off his left ring finger. He collected the severed tip, packed it in ice, and had surgeons reattach it at a nearby hospital in [Louisville, Kentucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky "Louisville, Kentucky").[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005608-212) In February 1991, he suffered a mild heart attack while skiing with friends at [Aspen, Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen,_Colorado "Aspen, Colorado").[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005639%E2%80%93640-213)
Armstrong and his first wife, Janet, separated in 1990 and divorced in 1994 after 38 years of marriage.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-214)[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-215) He met his second wife, Carol Held Knight, at a golf tournament in 1992, when they were seated together at breakfast. She said little to Armstrong, but he called her two weeks later to ask what she was doing. She replied that she was cutting down a cherry tree, and he arrived at her house 35 minutes later to help. They were married in Ohio on June 12, 1994, and had a second ceremony at [San Ysidro Ranch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Ysidro_Ranch "San Ysidro Ranch") in California. They lived in [Indian Hill, Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Hill,_Ohio "Indian Hill, Ohio").[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-216)[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005643%E2%80%93645-217) Through his marriage to Carol, he was the father-in-law of future [New York Mets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets "New York Mets") general manager [Brodie Van Wagenen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodie_Van_Wagenen "Brodie Van Wagenen").
In May 2005, Armstrong became involved in a legal dispute with Mark Sizemore, his barber of 20 years. After cutting Armstrong's hair, Sizemore sold some of it to a collector for \$3,000 without Armstrong's knowledge or permission.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-218) Armstrong threatened legal action against Sizemore unless he returned the hair or donated the proceeds to a charity of Armstrong's choosing. Sizemore, unable to retrieve the hair, donated the proceeds to charity.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2012628-219)[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-220)
## Illness and death
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong_family_memorial_service_\(201208310014HQ\).jpg)
Photograph of Armstrong as a boy at his family memorial service in [Indian Hill, Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Hill,_Ohio "Indian Hill, Ohio"), near Cincinnati, on August 31, 2012
On August 7, 2012, Armstrong underwent [bypass surgery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery "Coronary artery bypass surgery") at [Mercy Health Fairfield Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy_Health_Fairfield_Hospital "Mercy Health Fairfield Hospital") in [Fairfield, Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield,_Ohio "Fairfield, Ohio"), to relieve [coronary artery disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease "Coronary artery disease").[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-NYT_malpractice_suit_story-221)[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-222) Although he was reportedly recovering well,[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-223) he developed complications and died on August 25.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-224)[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-225) President [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") issued a statement memorializing Armstrong as "among the greatest of American heroes—not just of his time, but of all time",[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-226)[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-227) and added that Armstrong had carried the aspirations of the United States' citizens and had delivered "a moment of human achievement that will never be forgotten."[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-228)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong_burial_at_sea_\(201209140008HQ\).jpg)
Armstrong's [burial at sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial_at_sea "Burial at sea") on September 14, 2012
Armstrong's family released a statement describing him as a "reluctant American hero \[who had\] served his nation proudly, as a navy fighter pilot, test pilot, and astronaut ... While we mourn the loss of a very good man, we also celebrate his remarkable life and hope that it serves as an example to young people around the world to work hard to make their dreams come true, to be willing to explore and push the limits, and to selflessly serve a cause greater than themselves. For those who may ask what they can do to honor Neil, we have a simple request. Honor his example of service, accomplishment and modesty, and the next time you walk outside on a clear night and see the moon smiling down at you, think of Neil Armstrong and give him a wink."[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-229)
[Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin") called Armstrong "a true American hero and the best pilot I ever knew", and said he was disappointed that they would not be able to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing together in 2019.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-230)[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-231) Michael Collins said, "He was the best, and I will miss him terribly."[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-232)[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-233) NASA Administrator [Charles Bolden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bolden "Charles Bolden") said, "As long as there are history books, Neil Armstrong will be included in them, remembered for taking humankind's first small step on a world beyond our own".[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-234)[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-235)
| External videos |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [Memorial service for Armstrong, Washington National Cathedral, September 13, 2012](https://www.c-span.org/video/?308141-1/memorial-service-neil-armstrong), [C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN "C-SPAN") |
A tribute was held for Armstrong on September 13, at [Washington National Cathedral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral "Washington National Cathedral"), whose Space Window depicts the Apollo 11 mission and holds a sliver of Moon rock amid its stained-glass panels.[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-aljazeu-236) In attendance were Armstrong's Apollo 11 crewmates, Collins and Aldrin; Gene Cernan, the Apollo 17 mission commander and last man to walk on the Moon; and former senator and astronaut John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth. In his eulogy, Charles Bolden praised Armstrong's "courage, grace, and humility". Cernan recalled Armstrong's low-fuel approach to the Moon: "When the gauge says empty, we all know there's a gallon or two left in the tank!" [Diana Krall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Krall "Diana Krall") sang the song "[Fly Me to the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_Me_to_the_Moon "Fly Me to the Moon")". Collins led prayers. David Scott spoke, possibly for the first time, about an incident during their Gemini 8 mission: minutes before the hatch was to be sealed, a small chip of dried glue fell into the latch of his harness and prevented it from being buckled, threatening to abort the mission. Armstrong then called on Conrad to solve the problem, which he did, and the mission proceeded. "That happened because Neil Armstrong was a team player—he always worked on behalf of the team."[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-aljazeu-236) Congressman [Bill Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Johnson_\(Ohio_politician\) "Bill Johnson (Ohio politician)") from Armstrong's home state of Ohio led calls for President Barack Obama to authorize a [state funeral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_States "State funerals in the United States") in Washington D.C. Throughout his lifetime, Armstrong shunned publicity and rarely gave interviews. Mindful that Armstrong would have objected to a state funeral, his family opted to have a private funeral in [Cincinnati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati "Cincinnati").[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-237) On September 14, Armstrong's cremated remains were scattered in the Atlantic Ocean from the [USS *Philippine Sea*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Philippine_Sea_\(CG-58\) "USS Philippine Sea (CG-58)").[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-238) Flags were flown at [half-staff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-mast "Half-mast") on the day of Armstrong's funeral.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-239)
In July 2019, after observations of the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing, *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* reported on details of a [medical malpractice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_malpractice_in_the_United_States "Medical malpractice in the United States") suit Armstrong's family had filed against Mercy Health–Fairfield Hospital, where he died. When Armstrong appeared to be recovering from his bypass surgery, nurses removed the wires connected to his temporary [pacemaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker "Artificial cardiac pacemaker"). He began to [bleed internally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_bleeding "Internal bleeding") and his blood pressure dropped. Doctors took him to the hospital's [catheterization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catheter "Catheter") laboratory, and only later began operating. Two of the three physicians who reviewed the medical files during the lawsuit called this a serious error, saying surgery should have begun immediately; experts the *Times* talked to, while qualifying their judgement by noting that they were unable to review the specific records in the case, said that taking a patient directly to the operating room under those circumstances generally gave them the highest chance of survival.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-NYT_malpractice_suit_story-221)
The family ultimately settled for \$6 million in 2014. Letters included with the 93 pages of documents sent to the *Times* by an unknown person[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-240) show that his sons intimated to the hospital, through their lawyers, that they might discuss what happened to their father publicly at the 45th anniversary observances in 2014. The hospital, fearing the bad publicity that would result from being accused of negligently causing the death of a revered figure such as Armstrong, agreed to pay as long as the family never spoke about the suit or the settlement.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-NYT_malpractice_suit_story-221) Armstrong's wife, Carol, was not a party to the lawsuit. She reportedly felt that her husband would have been opposed to taking legal action.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-NYT_20190727-241)
## Legacy
See also: [Statue of Neil Armstrong (Los Angeles)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Neil_Armstrong_\(Los_Angeles\) "Statue of Neil Armstrong (Los Angeles)")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_100514-N-3852A-002_Former_astronaut_Neil_Armstrong_gives_an_acceptance_speech_after_being_inducted_into_the_Naval_Aviation_Hall_of_Honor_at_the_National_Naval_Aviation_Museum_in_Pensacola,_Fla.jpg)
Armstrong gives an acceptance speech after being inducted into the [Naval Aviation Hall of Honor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Aviation_Hall_of_Honor "Naval Aviation Hall of Honor") at the [National Naval Aviation Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum "National Naval Aviation Museum") in [Pensacola, Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida "Pensacola, Florida").
When Pete Conrad of [Apollo 12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_12 "Apollo 12") became the third man to walk on the Moon, on November 19, 1969, his first words referenced Armstrong. The shorter of the two, when Conrad stepped from the LM onto the surface he proclaimed "Whoopie! Man, that may have been a small one for Neil, but that's a long one for me."[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-242)
Armstrong received many honors and awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom (with distinction) from President Nixon,[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-LADinner-165)[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-243) the [Cullum Geographical Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullum_Geographical_Medal "Cullum Geographical Medal") from the [American Geographical Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Geographical_Society "American Geographical Society"),[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-244) and the [Collier Trophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier_Trophy "Collier Trophy") from the [National Aeronautic Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautic_Association "National Aeronautic Association") (1969);[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-245) the [NASA Distinguished Service Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Distinguished_Service_Medal "NASA Distinguished Service Medal")[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-246) and the [Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Robert_H._Goddard_Memorial_Trophy "Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy") (1970);[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-247) the [Sylvanus Thayer Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer_Award "Sylvanus Thayer Award") by the [United States Military Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy "United States Military Academy") (1971);[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-248) the [Congressional Space Medal of Honor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Space_Medal_of_Honor "Congressional Space Medal of Honor") from President [Jimmy Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter") (1978);[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-NASA_Awards-93) the [Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Brothers_Memorial_Trophy "Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy") from the National Aeronautic Association (2001);[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-249) and a [Congressional Gold Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal "Congressional Gold Medal") (2011).[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-250)
Armstrong was elected as member into the [National Academy of Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering "National Academy of Engineering") in 1978 for contributions to aerospace engineering, scientific knowledge, and exploration of the universe as an experimental test pilot and astronaut.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-251) He was elected to the [American Philosophical Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society "American Philosophical Society") in 2001.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-252)
Armstrong and his Apollo 11 crewmates were the 1999 recipients of the [Langley Gold Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_Gold_Medal "Langley Gold Medal") from the Smithsonian Institution.[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-253) On April 18, 2006, he received NASA's Ambassador of Exploration Award.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-254) The [Space Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Foundation "Space Foundation") named Armstrong as a recipient of its 2013 General James E. Hill Lifetime Space Achievement Award.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-255) Armstrong was also inducted into the [Aerospace Walk of Honor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_Walk_of_Honor "Aerospace Walk of Honor"),[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-256)[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-ind91-257) the [International Space Hall of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Hall_of_Fame "International Space Hall of Fame"),[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-258) [National Aviation Hall of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame "National Aviation Hall of Fame"), and the [United States Astronaut Hall of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame "United States Astronaut Hall of Fame").[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-259)[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-260) He was awarded his [Naval Astronaut badge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_Badge "Astronaut Badge") in a ceremony on board the aircraft carrier [USS *Dwight D. Eisenhower*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Dwight_D._Eisenhower "USS Dwight D. Eisenhower") on March 10, 2010, in a ceremony attended by Lovell and Cernan.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-261)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Obama_Meets_with_Crew_of_Apollo_11_\(200907200016HQ\)_\(explored\)_DVIDS723610.jpg)
President [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") poses with the Apollo 11 crew on the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 11 lunar landing, July 20, 2009: Buzz Aldrin, Michael Collins, and Neil Armstrong.
The lunar crater [Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_\(crater\) "Armstrong (crater)"), 31 miles (50 km) from the Apollo 11 landing site, and [asteroid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid "Asteroid") [6469 Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6469_Armstrong "6469 Armstrong") are named in his honor.[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-262) There are more than a dozen elementary, middle and high schools named for Armstrong in the United States,[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-263) and many places around the world have streets, buildings, schools, and other places named for him or Apollo.[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-264) The [Armstrong Air and Space Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Air_and_Space_Museum "Armstrong Air and Space Museum"), in Armstrong's hometown of Wapakoneta,[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-265) and the Neil Armstrong Airport in [New Knoxville, Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Knoxville,_Ohio "New Knoxville, Ohio"), are named after him.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-266) The mineral [armstrongite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrongite "Armstrongite") is named after him,[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-267) and the mineral [armalcolite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armalcolite "Armalcolite") is named, in part, after him.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-268)
In October 2004 Purdue University named its new engineering building [Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University_College_of_Engineering "Purdue University College of Engineering");[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-269) the building was dedicated on October 27, 2007, during a ceremony at which Armstrong was joined by fourteen other Purdue astronauts.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-270) The NASA Dryden Flight Research Center was renamed the [NASA Neil A. Armstrong Flight Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center "Armstrong Flight Research Center") in 2014.[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-271) NASA has separately renamed the Plum Brook Station test site at [Glenn Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center "Glenn Research Center") as [Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center#Neil_A._Armstrong_Test_Facility "Glenn Research Center"). In September 2012, the U.S. Navy named the first *Armstrong*\-class vessel [RV *Neil Armstrong*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Neil_Armstrong "RV Neil Armstrong"). Delivered to the Navy on September 23, 2015, it is a modern oceanographic research platform supporting a wide range of activities by academic groups.[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-272) In 2019, the College of Engineering at Purdue University celebrated the 50th anniversary of Neil Armstrong's walk on the Moon by launching the Neil Armstrong Distinguished Visiting Fellows Program, which brings highly accomplished scholars and practitioners to the college to catalyze collaborations with faculty and students.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-273)
| External videos |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [Presentation by James Hansen on *First Man*, November 9, 2005](https://www.c-span.org/video/?189961-1/first-man-life-neil-a-armstrong), [C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN "C-SPAN") |
Armstrong's authorized biography, *[First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Man:_The_Life_of_Neil_A._Armstrong "First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong")*, was published in 2005. For many years, he turned down biography offers from authors such as [Stephen Ambrose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Ambrose "Stephen Ambrose") and [James A. Michener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Michener "James A. Michener") but agreed to work with James R. Hansen after reading one of Hansen's other biographies.[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-274) He recalled his initial concerns about the Apollo 11 mission, when he had believed there was only a 50% chance of landing on the Moon. "I was elated, ecstatic and extremely surprised that we were successful".[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-275) A [film adaptation of the book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Man_\(film\) "First Man (film)"), starring [Ryan Gosling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Gosling "Ryan Gosling") and directed by [Damien Chazelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Chazelle "Damien Chazelle"), was released in October 2018.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-276)
In July 2018, Armstrong's sons consigned his collection of memorabilia to [Heritage Auctions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Auctions "Heritage Auctions"), launching a series of sales that including his Boy Scout cap, and various flags and medals flown on his space missions. A series of auctions held November 1–3, 2018, realized \$5,276,320 (~\$6.47 million in 2024). As of July 2019[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil_Armstrong&action=edit), the auction sales totaled \$16.7 million.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-NYT_20190727-241) Two fragments of wood from the propeller and four pieces of fabric from the wing of the 1903 *[Wright Flyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Flyer "Wright Flyer")* that Armstrong took to the Moon fetched between \$112,500 and \$275,000 each,[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-277)[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-278) as well as his Apollo 11 flown gold medal, which fetched \$2.06 million in a separate Heritage sale.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-279) Armstrong's wife, Carol, has not put any of his memorabilia up for sale.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-NYT_20190727-241)
Armstrong donated his papers to Purdue. Along with posthumous donations by his widow Carol, the collection consists of over 450 boxes of material. In May 2019, she donated two 25-by-24-inch (640 by 610 mm) pieces of fabric from the *Wright Flyer*, along with his correspondence related to them.[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-280)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ohio_quarter,_reverse_side,_2002.png)
Ohio's [state quarter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters "50 State quarters") depicts Armstrong and the [Wright brothers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers "Wright brothers")' [Wright Flyer III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Flyer_III "Wright Flyer III").
In a 2010 *Space Foundation* survey, Armstrong was ranked as the number-one most popular space hero;[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-281) and in 2013, *[Flying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_\(magazine\) "Flying (magazine)")* magazine ranked him number one on its list of 51 Heroes of Aviation.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-282) The press often asked Armstrong for his views on the future of spaceflight. In 2005, he said that a [human mission to Mars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars "Human mission to Mars") would be easier than the lunar challenge of the 1960s. In 2010, he made a rare public criticism of the decision to cancel the [Ares I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I "Ares I") launch vehicle and the [Constellation Moon landing program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation_program "Constellation program").[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-283) In an open letter also signed by fellow Apollo veterans Lovell and Cernan, he said, "For The United States, the leading space faring nation for nearly half a century, to be without carriage to low Earth orbit and with no human exploration capability to go beyond Earth orbit for an indeterminate time into the future, destines our nation to become one of second or even third rate stature".[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-284) On November 18, 2010, aged 80, he said in a speech during the *[Science & Technology Summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_the_Future,_Science_%26_Technology_Summit_2010 "Meet the Future, Science & Technology Summit 2010")* in [the Hague, Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague,_Netherlands "The Hague, Netherlands"), that he would offer his services as commander on a mission to Mars if he were asked.[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-285)
The planetarium at [Altoona Area High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altoona_Area_High_School "Altoona Area High School") in [Altoona, Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania "Altoona, Pennsylvania") is named after Armstrong and is home to a [Space Race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race "Space Race") museum.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-286) A campsite in Camp Sandy Beach at [Yawgoog Scout Reservation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawgoog_Scout_Reservation "Yawgoog Scout Reservation") in [Rockville, Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockville,_Rhode_Island "Rockville, Rhode Island"), is named in his honor, a nod to his Scouting career.
Armstrong was named the [class exemplar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAFA_Class_exemplar "USAFA Class exemplar") for the Class of 2019 at the U.S. Air Force Academy.[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-287)
## Notes
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-1)**
["Armstrong's famous 'one small step' quote — explained"](https://whyy.org/articles/armstrongs-famous-one-small-step-quote-explained/). *WHYY-FM*. July 14, 2019. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-2)**
["July 20, 1969: One Giant Leap For Mankind"](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo11.html). *NASA*. July 20, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-3)**
Armstrong, Neil (July 16, 1999). ["\[Press conference with Neil Armstrong\]"](https://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/pressconf.htm). *NASA History Division*. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-4)**
Stamm, Amy (July 17, 2019). [""One Small Step for Man" or "a Man"?"](https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/one-small-step-man-or-man). *National Air and Space Museum*. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-5)**
Butler County Department of Health (August 6, 1930). ["English: This is a faithful digital scan of the official birth certificate of Neil Alden Armstrong, issued by the Butler County Department of Health on March 31, 2025. Certified by local county registrar, Kathy Ripley"](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Alden_Armstrong_-_Original_birth_certificate.jpg). Retrieved April 15, 2025.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-6)**
["Distant Irish relatives mourn moonwalker Neil Armstrong"](https://www.irishcentral.com/news/distant-irish-relatives-mourn-moonwalker-neil-armstrong-167530445-237525201). August 27, 2012.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200513,_20_7-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 13, 20.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-8)**
Coleman, Maureen (August 28, 2012). ["A Giant Leap For An Ulsterman"](https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/a-giant-leap-for-an-ulsterman-tributes-to-neil-armstrong-the-astronaut-who-was-first-to-walk-on-the-moon-28785887.html). *[The Belfast Telegraph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Belfast_Telegraph "The Belfast Telegraph")*. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-9)**
Harvey, Ian (April 15, 2019). ["Neil Armstrong's Last Name Posed a Problem in his Ancestral Scottish Hometown"](https://www.thevintagenews.com/2019/04/15/armstrong/). *thevintagenews*. Retrieved September 4, 2022.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-10)**
["Neil Armstrong grants rare interview to accountants organization"](http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/neil-armstrong-grants-rare-interview-to-accountants-organization-1.1289392). CBC News. May 24, 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180107163955/http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/neil-armstrong-grants-rare-interview-to-accountants-organization-1.1289392) from the original on January 7, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200529_11-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 29.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-12)**
["Project Apollo: Astronaut Biographies"](https://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/astrobios.htm#Armstrong). NASA. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110428105817/http://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/astrobios.htm#Armstrong) from the original on April 28, 2011. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200545_13-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 45. "According to a volunteer group in Warren, Ohio that had worked through the 2000s to turn the Warren Airport into a historical exhibit, the date of Neil's inaugural flight was July 26, 1936. If that date is correct, Neil was still only five when he experienced his first airplane ride, his sixth birthday not coming for ten more days."
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-14)**
Haughn, Rachelle (June 2019). ["One Small Step With Model Aviation"](https://www.modelaviation.com/one-small-step). *Model Aviation*. Retrieved July 29, 2025.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200549%E2%80%9350_15-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 49–50.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoestler-Grack201014_16-0)** [Koestler-Grack 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFKoestler-Grack2010), p. 14.
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen201238_17-0)** [Hansen 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2012), p. 38.
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-18)**
Airgood, Glenn (February 16, 1973). ["1st Man on the Moon Gets National Eagle Award"](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23385802/the_morning_call/). *The Morning Call*. Allentown, Pennsylvania. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-19)**
["Silver Buffalo Award Winners 1979–1970"](https://www.scouting.org/awards/silver-buffalo/previous-winners/1979-1970/). Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-20)**
["Apollo 11 – Day 3, part 2: Entering Eagle – Transcript"](https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap11fj/09day3-entering-eagle.html). NASA. April 11, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2022. "I'd like to say hello to all my fellow Scouts and Scouters at [Farragut State Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farragut_State_Park "Farragut State Park") in Idaho having a [National Jamboree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scout_jamboree_\(Boy_Scouts_of_America\) "National Scout jamboree (Boy Scouts of America)") there this week; and Apollo 11 would like to send them best wishes". [Capsule communicator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_communicator "Capsule communicator") [Charles Duke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duke "Charles Duke") replied: "Thank you, Apollo 11. I'm sure that, if they didn't hear that, they'll get the word through the news. Certainly appreciate that."
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-21)**
["World Scouting salutes Neil Armstrong"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150904004807/http://oldsite.scout.org/en/information_events/news/world_scouting_salutes_neil_armstrong). World Organization of the Scout Movement. Archived from [the original](http://oldsite.scout.org/en/information_events/news/world_scouting_salutes_neil_armstrong) on September 4, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2015.
22. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200555%E2%80%9356_22-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200555%E2%80%9356_22-1) [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 55–56.
23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-23)**
["The untold story of how Neil Armstrong chose Purdue"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190704035141/https://www.wlfi.com/content/news/The-untold-story-of-how-Neil-Armstrong-chose-Purdue-512192321.html). *wlfi.com*. Archived from [the original](https://www.wlfi.com/content/news/The-untold-story-of-how-Neil-Armstrong-chose-Purdue-512192321.html) on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200558_24-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 58.
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200568%E2%80%9369_25-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 68–69.
26. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200571_26-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200571_26-1) [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 71.
27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200576%E2%80%9379_27-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 76–79.
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200579%E2%80%9385_28-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 79–85.
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200590_29-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 90.
30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200594_30-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 94.
31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200592%E2%80%9393_31-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 92–93.
32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200595%E2%80%9396_32-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 95–96.
33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005112_33-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 112.
34. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-USN_record_34-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-USN_record_34-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-USN_record_34-2)
["Ex-Lieutenant (junior grade) Neil Alden Armstrong, U.S. Naval Reserve, Transcript of Naval Service"](https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/histories/bios/Armstrong-Neil/Armstrong_redacted_Redacted.pdf) (PDF). United States Navy. March 27, 1967. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170506025424/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/histories/bios/Armstrong-Neil/Armstrong_redacted_Redacted.pdf) (PDF) from the original on May 6, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
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117. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECortright1975160_117-0)** [Cortright 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFCortright1975), p. 160.
118. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff200092_118-0)** [Orloff 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFOrloff2000), p. 92.
119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen20052_119-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 2.
120. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005410_120-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 410.
121. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005411%E2%80%93412_121-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 411–412.
122. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200511_122-0)** [Smith 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFSmith2005), p. 11.
123. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005459%E2%80%93465_123-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 459–465.
124. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994199_124-0)** [Chaikin 1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFChaikin1994), p. 199.
125. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994198_125-0)** [Chaikin 1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFChaikin1994), p. 198.
126. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994200_126-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994200_126-1) [Chaikin 1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFChaikin1994), p. 200.
127. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManned_Spacecraft_Center19699-23%E2%80%939-24_127-0)** [Manned Spacecraft Center 1969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFManned_Spacecraft_Center1969), pp. 9-23–9-24.
128. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-128)**
Jones, Eric M. ["The First Lunar Landing, time 109:45:40"](https://web.archive.org/web/20171225232200/https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.landing.html). *Apollo 11 Surface Journal*. NASA. Archived from [the original](https://www.history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.landing.html) on December 25, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
That was the time of probe contact; the exact time of landing is difficult to determine, because Armstrong said the landing was "very gentle" and "It was hard to tell when we were on."
129. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-129)**
Jones, Eric M. (September 15, 2017). ["The First Lunar Landing, time 1:02:45"](https://web.archive.org/web/20171225232200/https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.landing.html). *Apollo 11 Surface Journal*. NASA. Archived from [the original](https://www.history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.landing.html) on December 25, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2007.
130. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-130)**
Jones, Eric M. ["Mission Transcripts, Apollo 11 AS11 PA0.pdf"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080917232517/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/mission_trans/AS11_PAO.PDF) (PDF). *Apollo 11 Surface Journal*. NASA. Archived from [the original](https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/mission_trans/AS11_PAO.PDF) (PDF) on September 17, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2007.
131. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-131)**
Jones, Eric M. ["Apollo 11 Mission Commentary 7-20-69 CDT 15:15 – GET 102:43 – TAPE 307/1"](https://web.archive.org/web/20171108072819/https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11transcript_pao.htm). *Apollo 11 Surface Journal*. NASA. Archived from [the original](https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11transcript_pao.htm) on November 8, 2017.
132. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManned_Spacecraft_Center196912-1_132-0)** [Manned Spacecraft Center 1969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFManned_Spacecraft_Center1969), p. 12-1.
133. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECortright1975215_133-0)** [Cortright 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFCortright1975), p. 215.
134. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarland199923_134-0)** [Harland 1999](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHarland1999), p. 23.
135. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-Snopes_135-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-Snopes_135-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-Snopes_135-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-Snopes_135-3)
Mikkelson, Barbara; Mikkelson, David (October 2006). ["One Small Misstep: Neil Armstrong's First Words on the Moon"](http://www.snopes.com/quotes/onesmall.asp). *Snopes.com*. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
136. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-136)**
Stern, Jacob (July 23, 2019). ["One Small Controversy About Neil Armstrong's Giant Leap"](https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/07/tiny-imprecision-heart-apollo-11/594556/). *[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic "The Atlantic")*. Retrieved July 25, 2019. "When he tried to match the air-to-ground transcript to an audiovisual recording, he found that the transcript was behind—and that one of the records had to be wrong about the time of Armstrong's first step."
137. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-Plimpton_137-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-Plimpton_137-1)
[Plimpton, George](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Plimpton "George Plimpton") (December 1983). "Neil Armstrong's Famous First Words". *[Esquire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_\(magazine\) "Esquire (magazine)")*. pp. 113–118\.
138. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-138)**
["Apollo 11 Post Flight Press Conference, 16 September 1969"](https://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/FirstLunarLanding/ch-7.html). NASA. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151016015011/http://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/FirstLunarLanding/ch-7.html) from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2015. "Yes, I did think about it. It was not extemporaneous, neither was it planned. It evolved during the conduct of the flight and I decided what the words would be while we were on the lunar surface just prior to leaving the LM."
139. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-139)**
Gray, Richard (December 30, 2012). ["Neil Armstrong's family reveal origins of 'one small step' line"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/space/9770712/Neil-Armstrongs-family-reveal-origins-of-one-small-step-line.html). *[The Daily Telegraph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph "The Daily Telegraph")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150701041241/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/space/9770712/Neil-Armstrongs-family-reveal-origins-of-one-small-step-line.html) from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
140. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-140)**
Chaikin, Andrew (January 4, 2013). ["Neil Armstrong Didn't Lie About 'One Small Step' Moon Speech, Historian Says"](http://www.space.com/19136-neil-armstrong-moon-speech-truth.html). *[Space.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space.com "Space.com")*. Purch. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150724160705/http://www.space.com/19136-neil-armstrong-moon-speech-truth.html) from the original on July 24, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
141. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENickell2008175_141-0)** [Nickell 2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFNickell2008), p. 175.
142. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-142)**
Goddard, Jacqui (October 2, 2006). ["One small word is one giant sigh of relief for Armstrong"](https://www.thetimes.com/uk/science/article/one-small-word-is-one-giant-sigh-of-relief-for-armstrong-8ffrjd0s6wz). *[The Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times "The Times")*. London. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
143. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-143)**
Ford, Peter Shann (September 17, 2006). ["Electronic Evidence and Physiological Reasoning Identifying the Elusive Vowel "a" in Neil Armstrong's Statement on First Stepping onto the Lunar Surface"](http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-100306a.html). *collectSPACE*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015424/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-100306a.html) from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 28, 2007.
144. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-144)**
["Software Finds Missing 'a' in Armstrong's Moon Quote"](https://web.archive.org/web/20061004151135/http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/09/30/moon.quote.ap/index.html). [CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN"). Associated Press. October 1, 2006. Archived from [the original](http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/09/30/moon.quote.ap/index.html) on October 4, 2006.
145. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-145)**
Smith, Veronica (October 2, 2006). ["Armstrong's Moon landing speech rewritten"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070831202457/http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/717). *[Cosmos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_\(Australian_magazine\) "Cosmos (Australian magazine)")*. Agence France-Presse. Archived from [the original](http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/717) on August 31, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2007.
146. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-146)**
Carreau, Mark (September 29, 2006). ["High-tech analysis may rewrite space history"](http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/4225505.html). *[Houston Chronicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle "Houston Chronicle")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20061004192255/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/4225505.html) from the original on October 4, 2006. Retrieved September 30, 2006.
147. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-147)**
Carreau, Mark (September 30, 2006). ["Hear what Neil Armstrong really said on the moon"](https://www.chron.com/news/nation-world/article/Hear-what-Neil-Armstrong-really-said-on-the-moon-1862496.php). *Houston Chronicle*. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
148. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-148)**
[Language Logs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_Log "Language Log"):
- [Beaver, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beaver "David Beaver"). ["One small step backwards"](http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003630.html). *Language Log*. University of Pennsylvania. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171108072803/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003630.html) from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
(including audio)
- [Liberman, Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Liberman "Mark Liberman"). ["One 75-millisecond step before a "man""](http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003632.html). *Language Log*. University of Pennsylvania. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171108072810/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003632.html) from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
- [Beaver, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beaver "David Beaver"). ["Armstrong's abbreviated article: the smoking gun?"](http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003634.html). *Language Log*. University of Pennsylvania. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171108072811/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003634.html) from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
- [Beaver, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beaver "David Beaver"). ["Armstrong's abbreviated article: notes from the expert"](http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003635.html). *Language Log*. University of Pennsylvania. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171108072827/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003635.html) from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
- [Beaver, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beaver "David Beaver"). ["First Korean on the moon!"](http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003639.html). *Language Log*. University of Pennsylvania. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171108072825/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003639.html) from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
- [Liberman, Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Liberman "Mark Liberman"). ["What Neil Armstrong said"](http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003645.html). *Language Log*. University of Pennsylvania. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171108072829/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003645.html) from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
149. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-149)**
Baese-Berk, M. M.; Dilley, L. C.; Schmidt, S.; Morrill, T. H.; Pitt, M. A. (2016). ["Revisiting Neil Armstrong's Moon-Landing Quote: Implications for Speech Perception, Function Word Reduction, and Acoustic Ambiguity"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5014323). *PLOS ONE*. **11** (9): 1–11\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2016PLoSO..1155975B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1155975B). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1371/journal.pone.0155975](https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0155975). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1932-6203](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [5014323](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5014323). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [27603209](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27603209).
150. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-150)**
Jones, Eric M. ["One Small Step, time 109:24:23"](https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a11/a11.step.html). *Apollo 11 Surface Journal*. NASA. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130102060848/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a11/a11.step.html) from the original on January 2, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
151. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-151)**
["Apollo 11 Mission Overview"](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo11.html). NASA. April 17, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180209204039/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo11.html) from the original on February 9, 2018. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
152. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-152)**
Stuckey, Alex (October 29, 2018). ["'Giant leap' for space collectibles: Neil Armstrong's personal collection goes on auction block"](https://www.chron.com/news/nation-world/article/Giant-leap-for-space-collectibles-Neil-13345916.php). *Houston Chronicle*. Associated Press. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
153. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-153)**
["Total Population—Both Sexes"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170730155936/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/Files/1_Indicators%20\(Standard\)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2017_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx). United Nations Population Division. Archived from [the original](https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/Files/1_Indicators%20\(Standard\)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2017_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx) (xlsx) on July 30, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
154. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaikin2007212_154-0)** [Chaikin 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFChaikin2007), p. 212.
155. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200860_155-0)** [Johnson 2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFJohnson2008), p. 60.
156. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2012503%E2%80%93504_156-0)** [Hansen 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2012), pp. 503–504.
157. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005505%E2%80%93506_157-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 505–506.
158. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-158)**
Jones, Eric M. (July 28, 2011). ["AS11-40-5886"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110728042723/http://next.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.5886.html). *Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal*. NASA. Archived from [the original](https://next.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.5886.html) on July 28, 2011. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
159. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-159)**
Jones, Eric M.; Glover, Ken (1995). ["EASEP Deployment and Closeout"](https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.clsout.html). *Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal*. NASA. 111:36:38. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140225025455/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.clsout.html) from the original on February 25, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
160. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-ApolloSum_160-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-ApolloSum_160-1)
["Summary Data on Apollo Missions"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120117134054/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4214/app5.html). NASA. Archived from [the original](https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4214/app5.html) on January 17, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
161. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-161)**
["Neil Armstrong Explains His Famous Apollo 11 Moonwalk"](http://www.space.com/10469-neil-armstrong-explains-famous-apollo-11-moonwalk.html). *Space.com*. December 10, 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130802234446/http://www.space.com/10469-neil-armstrong-explains-famous-apollo-11-moonwalk.html) from the original on August 2, 2013. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
162. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005489%E2%80%93490_162-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 489–490.
163. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-163)**
["Apollo 11 Command and Service Module (CSM)"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059A). NASA. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
164. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-164)**
["Apollo 11 Crew Starts World Tour"](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27494178/the_logan_daily_news/). *Logan Daily News*. Logan, Ohio. Associated Press. September 29, 1969. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
165. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-LADinner_165-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-LADinner_165-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-LADinner_165-2)
Nixon, Richard (August 13, 1969). Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. (eds.). ["Remarks at a Dinner in Los Angeles Honoring the Apollo 11 Astronauts"](https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-dinner-los-angeles-honoring-the-apollo-11-astronauts). *The American Presidency Project*. University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
166. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-166)**
["President Offers Toast to 'Three Brave Men'"](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27531303/the_evening_sun/). *The Evening Sun*. Baltimore, Maryland. Associated Press. August 14, 1969. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
167. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-167)**
Smith, Merriman (August 14, 1969). ["Astronauts Awed by the Acclaim"](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27531557/the_honolulu_advertiser/). *The Honolulu Advertiser*. United Press International. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
168. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005580_168-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 580.
169. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005583_169-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 583.
170. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005582%E2%80%93584_170-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 582–584.
171. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-171)**
Riley, Christopher (July 10, 2009). ["The Moon Walkers: Twelve Men Who Have Visited Another World"](https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/jul/09/apollo-astronauts-walking-moon). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140204055219/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/jul/09/apollo-astronauts-walking-moon) from the original on February 4, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
172. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005584_172-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 584.
173. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-173)**
["Neil Armstrong Remembered"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151208165113/http://ceas.uc.edu/about/neil-armstrong-remembered.html). *University of Cincinnati*. Archived from [the original](http://ceas.uc.edu/about/neil-armstrong-remembered.html) on December 8, 2015. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
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. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [895935578](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/895935578).
- Chaikin, Andrew (2007) \[1994\]. *A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts*. London: Penguin Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-14-311235-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311235-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311235-8")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [958200469](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/958200469).
- Collins, Michael (2001). [*Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrying_the_Fire:_An_Astronaut%27s_Journeys "Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys"). New York: Cooper Square Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8154-1028-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1028-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1028-7")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [45755963](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45755963).
- Cortright, Edgar M. (1975). "Apollo Expeditions to the Moon". *NASA Special Publication*. **350**. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[1975NASSP.350.....C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975NASSP.350.....C). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [251694818](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/251694818). NASA SP 350.
- [Cunningham, Walter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Cunningham "Walter Cunningham") (2010) \[1977\]. *The All-American Boys*. New York: ipicturebooks. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-876963-24-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876963-24-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-876963-24-8")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [713908039](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/713908039).
- Hacker, Barton C.; Grimwood, James M. (2010) \[1977\]. [*On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini*](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4203.pdf) (PDF). NASA History Series. Washington, DC: NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-16-067157-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-067157-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-16-067157-9")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [945144787](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/945144787). NASA SP-4203. Archived from [the original](https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4203.pdf) (PDF) on October 9, 2022. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
- Hansen, James R. (2005). [*First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Man:_The_Life_of_Neil_A._Armstrong "First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong"). New York: Simon & Schuster. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7432-5631-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5631-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5631-5")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [937302502](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937302502).
- Hansen, James R. (2012). *First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong*. New York: Simon & Schuster. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4767-2781-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-2781-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-2781-3")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1029741947](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1029741947).
- Harland, David (1999). *Exploring the Moon: The Apollo Expeditions*. London; New York: Springer. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-85233-099-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-099-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-099-6")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [982158259](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/982158259).
- Jenkins, Dennis R. (June 2000). [*Hypersonics Before the Shuttle: A Concise History of the X-15 Research Airplane*](https://history.nasa.gov/monograph18.pdf) (PDF). Monographs in Aerospace History. Washington, DC: NASA. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [421657636](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/421657636). NASA SP-2000-4518. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
- Johnson, Sandra L. (Fall 2008). ["Red, White & Blue: U.S. Flag at Home on the Moon"](https://houstonhistorymagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/red-white-and-blue-US-flag.pdf) (PDF). *Houston History Magazine*. **6** (1): 60. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
- Koestler-Grack, Rachel A. (2010). [*Neil Armstrong*](https://archive.org/details/neilarmstrong0000koes). Pleasantville, New York: Gareth Stevens. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4339-2147-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4339-2147-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4339-2147-6")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [300982973](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/300982973).
- Kraft, Chris (2001). [*Flight: My Life in Mission Control*](https://archive.org/details/flight00chri). New York: Dutton. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-525-94571-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-94571-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-525-94571-0")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [49323520](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49323520).
- [Kranz, Gene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Kranz "Gene Kranz") (2000). [*Failure is not an Option: Mission Control From Mercury to Apollo 13 and Beyond*](https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780743200790). Alexandria, Virginia: Simon & Schuster. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4391-4881-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-4881-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-4881-5")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [810544750](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/810544750).
- [Lovell, Jim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell "Jim Lovell"); [Kluger, Jeffrey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Kluger "Jeffrey Kluger") (2000). *Apollo 13*. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-618-05665-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-05665-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-618-05665-1")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1011809615](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1011809615).
- Manned Spacecraft Center (November 1969). [*Apollo 11 Mission Report*](https://web.archive.org/web/20030616190156/http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/A11_MissionReport.pdf) (PDF). Houston: NASA. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [8444918](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8444918). MSC 00171. Archived from [the original](https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/A11_MissionReport.pdf) (PDF) on June 16, 2003. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
- Nelson, Craig (2009). [*Rocket Men: The Epic Story of the First Men on the Moon*](https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780670021031). New York City: Viking. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7195-6948-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6948-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6948-7")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [699213335](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/699213335).
- Nickell, Duane S. (2008). *Guidebook for the Scientific Traveler: Visiting Astronomy and Space*. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8135-4374-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4374-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4374-1")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [190785292](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/190785292).
- Orloff, Richard W. (2000). [*Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference*](https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029.pdf) (PDF). NASA History Series. Washington, DC: NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-16-050631-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-050631-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-16-050631-4")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [00061677](https://lccn.loc.gov/00061677). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [829406439](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/829406439). NASA SP-2000-4029. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
- Reichl, Eugen (2016). *Project Gemini*. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7643-5070-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7643-5070-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7643-5070-2")
.
- Shapiro, Michael E. (2012). *Cable Television Prime Time Programming 1990–2010*. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7864-7087-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7087-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7087-7")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [878810736](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/878810736).
- Smith, Andrew (2005). *Moondust: In Search of the Men Who Fell to Earth*. London: Bloomsbury. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7475-6368-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-6368-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-6368-6")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [728066122](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/728066122).
## Further reading
| External videos |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [*After Words* interview with Jay Barbree on *Neil Armstrong: A Life of Flight*, July 19, 2014](https://www.c-span.org/video/?320051-1/after-words-jay-barbree), [C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN "C-SPAN") |
- [Barbree, Jay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Barbree "Jay Barbree") (2014). *Neil Armstrong: A Life of Flight*. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-250-04071-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-04071-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-250-04071-8")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [900815422](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/900815422).
- [French, Francis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_French_\(author\) "Francis French (author)"); [Burgess, Colin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Burgess_\(author\) "Colin Burgess (author)") (2010). [*In the Shadow of the Moon*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Shadow_of_the_Moon_\(book\) "In the Shadow of the Moon (book)"). Lincoln, Nebraska, and London: University of Nebraska Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8032-2979-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2979-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2979-2")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1019883802](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1019883802).
- Thompson, Milton O. (1992). [*At the Edge of Space: The X-15 Flight Program*](https://archive.org/details/atedgeofspacex1500thom). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-56098-107-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-107-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-107-7")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [925195868](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/925195868).
## External links
- [Neil Armstrong Commemorative Website](http://uc.edu/armstrong)\[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")*\] – [University of Cincinnati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati "University of Cincinnati")
- [Neil Armstrong collected news and commentary](https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/neil-armstrong). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*.
- [Neil Armstrong](https://www.theguardian.com/science/neil-armstrong) collected news and commentary at *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*
- [Appearances](https://www.c-span.org/person/?8521) on [C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN "C-SPAN")
| | | |
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by[Ellsworth Bunker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellsworth_Bunker "Ellsworth Bunker") | **[Sylvanus Thayer Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer_Award "Sylvanus Thayer Award") recipient** 1971 | Succeeded by[Billy Graham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham_\(evangelist\) "Billy Graham (evangelist)") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon "Template:People who have traveled to the Moon") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon "Template talk:People who have traveled to the Moon") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon "Special:EditPage/Template:People who have traveled to the Moon")[People who have traveled to the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_flew_to_the_Moon "List of people who flew to the Moon") | |
|---|---|
| Walked on the Moon | [Neil Armstrong]() ([Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11")) [Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin") ([Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11")) [Pete Conrad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Conrad "Pete Conrad") ([Apollo 12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_12 "Apollo 12")) [Alan Bean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bean "Alan Bean") ([Apollo 12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_12 "Apollo 12")) [Alan Shepard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Shepard "Alan Shepard") ([Apollo 14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_14 "Apollo 14")) [Edgar Mitchell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Mitchell "Edgar Mitchell") ([Apollo 14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_14 "Apollo 14")) [David Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Scott "David Scott") ([Apollo 15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_15 "Apollo 15")) [James Irwin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin "James Irwin") ([Apollo 15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_15 "Apollo 15")) [John Young](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Young_\(astronaut\) "John Young (astronaut)") ([Apollo 16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_16 "Apollo 16")) [Charles Duke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duke "Charles Duke") ([Apollo 16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_16 "Apollo 16")) [Gene Cernan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Cernan "Gene Cernan") ([Apollo 17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17 "Apollo 17")) [Harrison Schmitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt "Harrison Schmitt") ([Apollo 17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17 "Apollo 17")) |
| Orbited the Moon without landing | [William Anders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders "William Anders") ([Apollo 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8 "Apollo 8")) [Frank Borman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borman "Frank Borman") ([Apollo 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8 "Apollo 8")) [Jim Lovell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell "Jim Lovell") ([Apollo 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8 "Apollo 8")) [Gene Cernan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Cernan "Gene Cernan") ([Apollo 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_10 "Apollo 10")) [Thomas Stafford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford "Thomas P. Stafford") ([Apollo 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_10 "Apollo 10")) [John Young](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Young_\(astronaut\) "John Young (astronaut)") ([Apollo 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_10 "Apollo 10")) [Michael Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)") ([Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11")) [Dick Gordon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr. "Richard F. Gordon Jr.") ([Apollo 12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_12 "Apollo 12")) [Stuart Roosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Roosa "Stuart Roosa") ([Apollo 14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_14 "Apollo 14")) [Al Worden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Worden "Alfred Worden") ([Apollo 15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_15 "Apollo 15")) [Ken Mattingly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Mattingly "Ken Mattingly") ([Apollo 16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_16 "Apollo 16")) [Ronald Evans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Evans_\(astronaut\) "Ronald Evans (astronaut)") ([Apollo 17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17 "Apollo 17")) |
| Flew around the Moon | [Fred Haise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Haise "Fred Haise") ([Apollo 13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_13 "Apollo 13")) [Jim Lovell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell "Jim Lovell") ([Apollo 13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_13 "Apollo 13")) [Jack Swigert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Swigert "Jack Swigert") ([Apollo 13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_13 "Apollo 13")) [Victor Glover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Glover "Victor Glover") ([Artemis II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_II "Artemis II")) [Jeremy Hansen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Hansen "Jeremy Hansen") ([Artemis II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_II "Artemis II")) [Christina Koch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Koch "Christina Koch") ([Artemis II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_II "Artemis II")) [Reid Wiseman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Wiseman "Reid Wiseman") ([Artemis II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_II "Artemis II")) |
| [Apollo program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program "Apollo program") [Artemis program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_program "Artemis program") [Saturn V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V "Saturn V") [Command and Service Module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module "Apollo command and service module") [Lunar Module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module "Apollo Lunar Module") [Orion (spacecraft)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_\(spacecraft\) "Orion (spacecraft)") [Lunar Roving Vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle "Lunar Roving Vehicle") [Exploration of the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon "Exploration of the Moon") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Congressional_Space_Medal_of_Honor "Template:Congressional Space Medal of Honor") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Congressional_Space_Medal_of_Honor "Template talk:Congressional Space Medal of Honor") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Congressional_Space_Medal_of_Honor "Special:EditPage/Template:Congressional Space Medal of Honor")Recipients of the [Congressional Space Medal of Honor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Space_Medal_of_Honor "Congressional Space Medal of Honor") |
|---|
| *[Michael P. Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_P._Anderson "Michael P. Anderson")* [Neil Armstrong]() [Frank Borman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borman "Frank Borman") *[David M. Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_M._Brown "David M. Brown")* *[Roger B. Chaffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee "Roger B. Chaffee")* *[Kalpana Chawla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpana_Chawla "Kalpana Chawla")* *[Laurel Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Clark "Laurel Clark")* [Charles "Pete" Conrad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Conrad "Pete Conrad") [Robert Crippen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Crippen "Robert Crippen") [John Glenn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glenn "John Glenn") *[Virgil "Gus" Grissom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Grissom "Gus Grissom")* *[Rick Husband](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Husband "Rick Husband")* *[Gregory Jarvis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Jarvis "Gregory Jarvis")* [Jim Lovell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell "Jim Lovell") [Shannon Lucid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Lucid "Shannon Lucid") *[Christa McAuliffe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christa_McAuliffe "Christa McAuliffe")* *[William C. McCool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._McCool "William C. McCool")* *[Ronald McNair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_McNair "Ronald McNair")* *[Ellison Onizuka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellison_Onizuka "Ellison Onizuka")* *[Ilan Ramon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilan_Ramon "Ilan Ramon")* *[Judith Resnik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Resnik "Judith Resnik")* *[Dick Scobee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Scobee "Dick Scobee")* [Alan Shepard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Shepard "Alan Shepard") [William Shepherd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shepherd "William Shepherd") *[Michael J. Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Smith "Michael J. Smith")* [Thomas P. Stafford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford "Thomas P. Stafford") *[Ed White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_White_\(astronaut\) "Ed White (astronaut)")* [John Young](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Young_\(astronaut\) "John Young (astronaut)") |
| *Italics* indicate the award was bestowed posthumously |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:NASA_Astronaut_Group_2 "Template:NASA Astronaut Group 2") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_Astronaut_Group_2 "Template talk:NASA Astronaut Group 2") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_Astronaut_Group_2 "Special:EditPage/Template:NASA Astronaut Group 2")[NASA Astronaut Group 2, "The New Nine, The Next Nine, The Nifty Nine", 1962](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_2 "NASA Astronaut Group 2") | |
|---|---|
| [NASA Astronaut Group 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Seven "Mercury Seven") ← NASA Astronaut Group 2 → [NASA Astronaut Group 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_3 "NASA Astronaut Group 3") | |
| [Neil Armstrong]() [Frank Borman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borman "Frank Borman") [Charles "Pete" Conrad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Conrad "Pete Conrad") [Jim Lovell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell "Jim Lovell") [James McDivitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McDivitt "James McDivitt") [Elliot See](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_See "Elliot See") [Thomas P. Stafford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford "Thomas P. Stafford") [Ed White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_White_\(astronaut\) "Ed White (astronaut)") [John Young](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Young_\(astronaut\) "John Young (astronaut)") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:NASA_Astronaut_Groups "Template:NASA Astronaut Groups") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_Astronaut_Groups "Template talk:NASA Astronaut Groups") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_Astronaut_Groups "Special:EditPage/Template:NASA Astronaut Groups")[NASA Astronaut Groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps#Selection_groups "NASA Astronaut Corps") [NASA Astronaut Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps "NASA Astronaut Corps") | |
| Groups | [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Seven "Mercury Seven") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_2 "NASA Astronaut Group 2") [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_3 "NASA Astronaut Group 3") [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_4 "NASA Astronaut Group 4") [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_5 "NASA Astronaut Group 5") [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_6 "NASA Astronaut Group 6") [7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_7 "NASA Astronaut Group 7") [8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_8 "NASA Astronaut Group 8") [9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_9 "NASA Astronaut Group 9") [10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_10 "NASA Astronaut Group 10") [11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_11 "NASA Astronaut Group 11") [12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_12 "NASA Astronaut Group 12") [13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_13 "NASA Astronaut Group 13") [14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_14 "NASA Astronaut Group 14") [15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_15 "NASA Astronaut Group 15") [16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_16 "NASA Astronaut Group 16") [17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_17 "NASA Astronaut Group 17") [18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_18 "NASA Astronaut Group 18") [19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_19 "NASA Astronaut Group 19") [20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_20 "NASA Astronaut Group 20") [21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_21 "NASA Astronaut Group 21") [22](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_22 "NASA Astronaut Group 22") [23](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_23 "NASA Astronaut Group 23") [24](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_24 "NASA Astronaut Group 24") |
| Related | [List of astronauts by year of selection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection "List of astronauts by year of selection") [Astronaut ranks and positions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions "Astronaut ranks and positions") [List of United States Marine Corps astronauts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_astronauts "List of United States Marine Corps astronauts") [List of United States Space Force astronauts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Space_Force_astronauts "List of United States Space Force astronauts") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gemini_program "Template:Gemini program") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gemini_program "Template talk:Gemini program") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gemini_program "Special:EditPage/Template:Gemini program")[Project Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini "Project Gemini") | | |
|---|---|---|
| Missions | | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GeminiPatch.png "Gemini insignia") |
| | | |
| Uncrewed | [Gemini 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_1 "Gemini 1") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_2 "Gemini 2") | |
| Crewed | [Gemini 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_3 "Gemini 3") [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_4 "Gemini 4") [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_5 "Gemini 5") [7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_7 "Gemini 7") [6A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_6A "Gemini 6A") [8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_8 "Gemini 8") [9A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_9A "Gemini 9A") [10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_10 "Gemini 10") [11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_11 "Gemini 11") [12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_12 "Gemini 12") | |
| [Astronauts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts "List of Gemini astronauts") | **[Gemini 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_3 "Gemini 3")**: [Gus Grissom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Grissom "Gus Grissom") (command pilot), [John Young](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Young_\(astronaut\) "John Young (astronaut)") (pilot) **[Gemini 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_4 "Gemini 4"):** [James McDivitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McDivitt "James McDivitt") (command pilot), [Ed White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_White_\(astronaut\) "Ed White (astronaut)") (pilot) **[Gemini 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_5 "Gemini 5"):** [Gordon Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Cooper "Gordon Cooper") (command pilot), [Pete Conrad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Conrad "Pete Conrad") (pilot) **[Gemini 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_7 "Gemini 7"):** [Frank Borman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borman "Frank Borman") (command pilot), [Jim Lovell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell "Jim Lovell") (pilot) **[Gemini 6A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_6A "Gemini 6A"):** [Wally Schirra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Schirra "Wally Schirra") (command pilot), [Tom Stafford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford "Thomas P. Stafford") (pilot) **[Gemini 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_8 "Gemini 8"):** [Neil Armstrong]() (command pilot), [David Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Scott "David Scott") (pilot) **[Gemini 9A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_9A "Gemini 9A"):** [Tom Stafford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford "Thomas P. Stafford") (command pilot), [Gene Cernan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Cernan "Gene Cernan") (pilot) **[Gemini 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_10 "Gemini 10"):** [John Young](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Young_\(astronaut\) "John Young (astronaut)") (command pilot), [Michael Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)") (pilot) **[Gemini 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_11 "Gemini 11"):** [Pete Conrad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Conrad "Pete Conrad") (command pilot), [Richard Gordon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr. "Richard F. Gordon Jr.") (pilot) **[Gemini 12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_12 "Gemini 12"):** [Jim Lovell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell "Jim Lovell") (command pilot), [Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin") (pilot) | |
| Components | [Gemini spacecraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini "Project Gemini") [SC-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_SC-2 "Gemini SC-2") [Orbit Attitude and Maneuvering System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_Attitude_and_Maneuvering_System "Orbit Attitude and Maneuvering System") [Titan rocket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_II_GLV "Titan II GLV") [Gemini Guidance Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Guidance_Computer "Gemini Guidance Computer") [Agena target vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agena_target_vehicle "Agena target vehicle") [Gemini space suit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_space_suit "Gemini space suit") | |
| Launch sites | [Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Launch_Complex_19 "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 19") / [Launch Complex 14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Launch_Complex_14 "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14") | |
| Developments | [Advanced Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Gemini "Advanced Gemini") [Blue Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Gemini "Blue Gemini") / [Military Orbital Development System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Orbital_Development_System "Military Orbital Development System") [Manned Orbiting Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory "Manned Orbiting Laboratory") [OPS 0855](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPS_0855 "OPS 0855") [Big Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Gemini "Big Gemini") | |
| Related | [Charles Bassett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bassett "Charles Bassett") [Elliot See](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_See "Elliot See") [Mission Control Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center "Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center") [Manned Space Flight Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network "Manned Space Flight Network") [Rendezvous Docking Simulator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendezvous_Docking_Simulator "Rendezvous Docking Simulator") [1966 NASA T-38 crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_NASA_T-38_crash "1966 NASA T-38 crash") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:North_American_X-15 "Template:North American X-15") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_X-15 "Template talk:North American X-15") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_X-15 "Special:EditPage/Template:North American X-15")[North American X-15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_X-15 "North American X-15") | | |
|---|---|---|
| Operators | [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA") [United States Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force "United States Air Force") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:X-15_flying.jpg "The X-15-3 in flight") |
| Manufacturer | [North American Aviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Aviation "North American Aviation") | |
| Pilots | [Michael Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Adams "Michael J. Adams") [Neil Armstrong]() [Scott Crossfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Scott_Crossfield "Albert Scott Crossfield") [William Dana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Dana "William H. Dana") [Joe Engle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Engle "Joe Engle") [William Knight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Knight "William J. Knight") [John McKay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._McKay "John B. McKay") [Forrest Petersen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_S._Petersen "Forrest S. Petersen") [Robert Rushworth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Rushworth "Robert A. Rushworth") [Milton Thompson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Orville_Thompson "Milton Orville Thompson") [Joseph Walker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_A._Walker "Joseph A. Walker") [Robert White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Michael_White "Robert Michael White") | |
| Flights | [List of X-15 flights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_X-15_flights "List of X-15 flights") [Flight 35](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-15_Flight_35 "X-15 Flight 35") (first flight into the mesosphere, Walker) [Flight 62](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-15_Flight_62 "X-15 Flight 62") (first spaceflight, White) [Flight 87](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-15_Flight_87 "X-15 Flight 87") (spaceflight, Rushworth) [Flight 90](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-15_Flight_90 "X-15 Flight 90") (spaceflight, Walker) [Flight 91](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-15_Flight_91 "X-15 Flight 91") (spaceflight, program altitude record, Walker) [Flight 188](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-15_Flight_188 "X-15 Flight 188") (program speed record, Knight) [Flight 191](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-15_Flight_3-65-97 "X-15 Flight 3-65-97") (spaceflight, fatality, Adams) | |
| Related | [Bell X-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_X-1 "Bell X-1") [Boeing B-52 Stratofortress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress "Boeing B-52 Stratofortress") ([Balls 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balls_8 "Balls 8")) [Hypersonic speed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic_speed "Hypersonic speed") [List of X-planes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_X-planes "List of X-planes") [Sub-orbital spaceflight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight "Sub-orbital spaceflight") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:U.S._Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame "Template:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame "Template talk:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame "Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame")[United States Astronaut Hall of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame "United States Astronaut Hall of Fame") | |
|---|---|
| Members | [Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin") [Joseph P. Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Allen "Joseph P. Allen") [Scott Altman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Altman "Scott Altman") [William Anders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders "William Anders") [Neil Armstrong]() [Alan Bean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bean "Alan Bean") [John E. Blaha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Blaha "John E. Blaha") [Guion Bluford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guion_Bluford "Guion Bluford") [Karol J. Bobko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_J._Bobko "Karol J. Bobko") [Charles Bolden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bolden "Charles Bolden") [Frank Borman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borman "Frank Borman") [Ken Bowersox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Bowersox "Ken Bowersox") [Vance D. Brand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vance_D._Brand "Vance D. Brand") [Daniel Brandenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Brandenstein "Daniel Brandenstein") [Roy Bridges Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_D._Bridges_Jr. "Roy D. Bridges Jr.") [Curtis Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Brown "Curtis Brown") [James Buchli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchli "James Buchli") [Robert D. Cabana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._Cabana "Robert D. Cabana") [Scott Carpenter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Carpenter "Scott Carpenter") [Gerald Carr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Carr_\(astronaut\) "Gerald Carr (astronaut)") [Gene Cernan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Cernan "Gene Cernan") [Roger B. Chaffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee "Roger B. Chaffee") [Franklin Chang-Díaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Chang-D%C3%ADaz "Franklin Chang-Díaz") [Kevin P. Chilton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_P._Chilton "Kevin P. Chilton") [Michael Coats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Coats "Michael Coats") [Eileen Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Collins "Eileen Collins") [Michael Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)") [Pete Conrad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Conrad "Pete Conrad") [Gordon Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Cooper "Gordon Cooper") [Richard O. Covey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_O._Covey "Richard O. Covey") [Robert Crippen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Crippen "Robert Crippen") [Frank L. Culbertson Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_L._Culbertson_Jr. "Frank L. Culbertson Jr.") [Walter Cunningham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Cunningham "Walter Cunningham") [Brian Duffy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Duffy_\(astronaut\) "Brian Duffy (astronaut)") [Charles Duke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duke "Charles Duke") [Bonnie J. Dunbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_J._Dunbar "Bonnie J. Dunbar") [Donn F. Eisele](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donn_F._Eisele "Donn F. Eisele") [Joe Engle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Engle "Joe Engle") [Ronald Evans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Evans_\(astronaut\) "Ronald Evans (astronaut)") [Christopher Ferguson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Ferguson "Christopher Ferguson") [Michael Foale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Foale "Michael Foale") [C. Gordon Fullerton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Gordon_Fullerton "C. Gordon Fullerton") [Owen Garriott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Garriott "Owen Garriott") [Edward Gibson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gibson "Edward Gibson") [Robert L. Gibson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Gibson "Robert L. Gibson") [John Glenn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glenn "John Glenn") [Richard F. Gordon Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr. "Richard F. Gordon Jr.") [Frederick D. Gregory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_D._Gregory "Frederick D. Gregory") [Gus Grissom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Grissom "Gus Grissom") [John M. Grunsfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Grunsfeld "John M. Grunsfeld") [Fred Haise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Haise "Fred Haise") [Bernard A. Harris Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_A._Harris_Jr. "Bernard A. Harris Jr.") [Henry Hartsfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hartsfield "Henry Hartsfield") [Frederick Hauck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Hauck "Frederick Hauck") [Steven Hawley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Hawley "Steven Hawley") [Susan Helms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Helms "Susan Helms") [David C. Hilmers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_C._Hilmers "David C. Hilmers") [Jeffrey A. Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Hoffman "Jeffrey A. Hoffman") [James Irwin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin "James Irwin") [Marsha Ivins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsha_Ivins "Marsha Ivins") [Thomas David Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_David_Jones "Thomas David Jones") [Janet L. Kavandi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_L._Kavandi "Janet L. Kavandi") [Mark Kelly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kelly "Mark Kelly") [Scott Kelly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Kelly_\(astronaut\) "Scott Kelly (astronaut)") [Joseph P. Kerwin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kerwin "Joseph P. Kerwin") [David Leestma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Leestma "David Leestma") [Steven Lindsey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Lindsey "Steven Lindsey") [Michael López-Alegría](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B3pez-Alegr%C3%ADa "Michael López-Alegría") [Jack Lousma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_R._Lousma "Jack R. Lousma") [Jim Lovell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell "Jim Lovell") [Shannon Lucid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Lucid "Shannon Lucid") [Sandra Magnus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Magnus "Sandra Magnus") [Ken Mattingly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Mattingly "Ken Mattingly") [Bruce McCandless II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_McCandless_II "Bruce McCandless II") [James McDivitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McDivitt "James McDivitt") [Pamela Melroy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Melroy "Pamela Melroy") [Edgar Mitchell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Mitchell "Edgar Mitchell") [Story Musgrave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_Musgrave "Story Musgrave") [George Nelson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Nelson_\(astronaut\) "George Nelson (astronaut)") [Ellen Ochoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Ochoa "Ellen Ochoa") [Bryan D. O'Connor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_D._O%27Connor "Bryan D. O'Connor") [Scott E. Parazynski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_E._Parazynski "Scott E. Parazynski") [William Pogue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pogue "William Pogue") [Charles J. Precourt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_J._Precourt "Charles J. Precourt") [Sally Ride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Ride "Sally Ride") [Kent Rominger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Rominger "Kent Rominger") [Stuart Roosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Roosa "Stuart Roosa") [Jerry L. Ross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_L._Ross "Jerry L. Ross") [Wally Schirra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Schirra "Wally Schirra") [Harrison Schmitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt "Harrison Schmitt") [Rusty Schweickart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty_Schweickart "Rusty Schweickart") [Dick Scobee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Scobee "Dick Scobee") [David Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Scott "David Scott") [Rhea Seddon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhea_Seddon "Rhea Seddon") [Brewster H. Shaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster_H._Shaw "Brewster H. Shaw") [Alan Shepard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Shepard "Alan Shepard") [William Shepherd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shepherd "William Shepherd") [Loren Shriver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loren_Shriver "Loren Shriver") [Deke Slayton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deke_Slayton "Deke Slayton") [Thomas P. Stafford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford "Thomas P. Stafford") [Kathryn D. Sullivan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_D._Sullivan "Kathryn D. Sullivan") [Jack Swigert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Swigert "Jack Swigert") [Norman Thagard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Thagard "Norman Thagard") [Kathryn C. Thornton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_C._Thornton "Kathryn C. Thornton") [Richard H. Truly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_H._Truly "Richard H. Truly") [Paul J. Weitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_J._Weitz "Paul J. Weitz") [Jim Wetherbee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Wetherbee "Jim Wetherbee") [Ed White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_White_\(astronaut\) "Ed White (astronaut)") [Peggy Whitson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Whitson "Peggy Whitson") [Alfred Worden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Worden "Alfred Worden") [John Young](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Young_\(astronaut\) "John Young (astronaut)") |
| Related | [Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Visitor_Complex "Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex") [NASA Astronaut Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps "NASA Astronaut Corps") [Astronaut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut "Astronaut") |
| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1615#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | |
|---|---|
| International | [ISNI](https://isni.org/isni/000000012147959X) [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/111826406) [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/11896416X) [FAST](https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1797422) [2](https://id.worldcat.org/fast/263747) [WorldCat](https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqQCcC9Q68KWXRxtTTmBP) |
| National | [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80008815) [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11889123f) [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11889123f) [Japan](https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00431722) [Italy](https://opac.sbn.it/nome/DDSV261973) [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0000045&CON_LNG=ENG) [Russia](http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000115434&CON_LNG=ENG) [Spain](https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX4775624) [Netherlands](http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070936838) [Norway](https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98014114) [Taiwan](http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=000120924&CON_LNG=ENG) [2](http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=027665407&CON_LNG=ENG) [Chile](http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000573721) [Greece](https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=228835) [Korea](https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201208346) [Sweden](https://libris.kb.se/jgvz77424xr80mg) [Poland](https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810646466705606) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007299041205171) [Catalonia](https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058613327306706) |
| Academics | [CiNii](https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05550370?l=en) |
| Artists | [ULAN](https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500490014) [MusicBrainz](https://musicbrainz.org/artist/474695bb-2c91-477d-a42e-f99b02be5722) [RKD Artists](https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/388184) [Victoria](https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/2089/) [Photographers' Identities](https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/315302) |
| People | [Trove](https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/787919) [LibraryThing](https://www.librarything.com/author/armstrongneila) [Deutsche Biographie](https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/11896416X.html?language=en) [DDB](https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11896416X) |
| Other | [IdRef](https://www.idref.fr/026690713) [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL868454A?mode=all) [NARA](https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581371) [SNAC](https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w664076n) [Te Papa (New Zealand)](https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/62416) [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/3b6ebd97-24e6-471d-99cb-7c0a40a68aef) |
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Neil Armstrong
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[Add topic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong) |
| Readable Markdown | | Neil Armstrong | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg)Armstrong in 1969 | |
| Born | Neil Alden Armstrong August 5, 1930 [Washington Township, Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Township,_Auglaize_County,_Ohio "Washington Township, Auglaize County, Ohio"), U.S. |
| Died | August 25, 2012 (aged 82) [Fairfield, Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield,_Ohio "Fairfield, Ohio"), U.S. |
| Education | [Purdue University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University "Purdue University") ([BS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science "Bachelor of Science")) [University of Southern California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California "University of Southern California") ([MS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science "Master of Science")) |
| Spouses | Janet Shearon (m. 1956; div. 1994) Carol Knight (m. 1994) |
| Children | 3 |
| Awards | [Presidential Medal of Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom "Presidential Medal of Freedom") [Congressional Space Medal of Honor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Space_Medal_of_Honor "Congressional Space Medal of Honor") [Congressional Gold Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal "Congressional Gold Medal") [NASA Distinguished Service Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Distinguished_Service_Medal "NASA Distinguished Service Medal") [NASA Exceptional Service Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Exceptional_Service_Medal "NASA Exceptional Service Medal") [Air Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Medal "Air Medal") (3) |
| **Space career** | |
| [USAF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest "Man in Space Soonest") / [NASA astronaut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_astronaut "NASA astronaut") | |
| Rank | [Lieutenant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_\(junior_grade\) "Lieutenant (junior grade)"), [USN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") |
| Time in space | 8d 14h 12m |
| Selection | [USAF Man in Space Soonest (1958)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection#1958 "List of astronauts by year of selection") [USAF Dyna-Soar (1960)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection#1960 "List of astronauts by year of selection") [NASA Group 2 (1962)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_2 "NASA Astronaut Group 2") |
| Total [EVAs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extravehicular_activity "Extravehicular activity") | 1 |
| Total EVA time | 2h 31m |
| Missions | [Gemini 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_8 "Gemini 8") [Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11") |
| Mission insignia | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gemini_8_patch.png) [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_insignia.png) |
| Retirement | August 1971 |
| Signature | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong_Signature.svg) | |
**Neil Alden Armstrong** (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American [astronaut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut "Astronaut") and [aeronautical engineer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautical_engineer "Aeronautical engineer") who, as the commander of the 1969 [Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11") mission, became the [first person to walk on the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_flew_to_the_Moon "List of people who flew to the Moon"). He was also a [naval aviator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_aviator_\(United_States\) "Naval aviator (United States)"), [test pilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_pilot "Test pilot") and university professor.
Armstrong was born and raised near [Wapakoneta, Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapakoneta,_Ohio "Wapakoneta, Ohio"). He entered [Purdue University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University "Purdue University"), studying [aeronautical engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautical_engineering "Aeronautical engineering"), with the [United States Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") paying his tuition under the [Holloway Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holloway_Plan "Holloway Plan"). He became a [midshipman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman "Midshipman") in 1949 and a [naval aviator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_aviator_\(United_States\) "Naval aviator (United States)") the following year. He saw action in the [Korean War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War"), flying the [Grumman F9F Panther](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F9F_Panther "Grumman F9F Panther") from the [aircraft carrier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier "Aircraft carrier") [USS *Essex*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Essex_\(CV-9\) "USS Essex (CV-9)"). After the war, he completed his bachelor's degree at Purdue and became a test pilot at the [National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics "National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics") (NACA) [High-Speed Flight Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center "Armstrong Flight Research Center") at [Edwards Air Force Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base "Edwards Air Force Base") in California. He was the project pilot on [Century Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Series "Century Series") fighters and flew the [North American X-15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_X-15 "North American X-15") seven times. He was also a participant in the [U.S. Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force "U.S. Air Force")'s [Man in Space Soonest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest "Man in Space Soonest") and [X-20 Dyna-Soar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar "Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar") [human spaceflight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_spaceflight "Human spaceflight") programs.
Armstrong joined the [NASA Astronaut Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps "NASA Astronaut Corps") in the [second group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_2 "NASA Astronaut Group 2"), which was selected in 1962. He made his first [spaceflight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceflight "Spaceflight") as command pilot of [Gemini 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_8 "Gemini 8") in March 1966, becoming [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA")'s first civilian astronaut to fly in space. During this mission with pilot [David Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Scott "David Scott"), he performed the first [docking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft "Docking and berthing of spacecraft") of two [spacecraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft "Spacecraft"); the mission was aborted after Armstrong used some of his re-entry control fuel to stabilize a dangerous roll caused by a stuck thruster. During training for Armstrong's second and last spaceflight as commander of [Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11"), he had to eject from the [Lunar Landing Research Vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Landing_Research_Vehicle "Lunar Landing Research Vehicle") moments before a crash.
On July 20, 1969, Armstrong and Apollo 11 [Lunar Module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module "Apollo Lunar Module") (LM) pilot [Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin") became the first people to [land on the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing "Moon landing"), and the next day they spent two and a half hours outside the [Lunar Module *Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle") spacecraft while [Michael Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)") remained in lunar orbit in the [Apollo Command Module *Columbia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_module_Columbia "Command module Columbia"). When Armstrong first stepped onto the lunar surface, he famously said: "That's one small step for \[a\] man, one giant leap for mankind."[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-4) It was broadcast live to an estimated 530 million viewers worldwide. Apollo 11 was a major U.S. victory in the [Space Race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race "Space Race"), by fulfilling a national goal proposed in 1961 by President [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") "of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" before the end of the decade. Along with Collins and Aldrin, Armstrong was awarded the [Presidential Medal of Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom "Presidential Medal of Freedom") by President [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") and received the 1969 [Collier Trophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier_Trophy "Collier Trophy"). President [Jimmy Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter") presented him with the [Congressional Space Medal of Honor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Space_Medal_of_Honor "Congressional Space Medal of Honor") in 1978, he was inducted into the [National Aviation Hall of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame "National Aviation Hall of Fame") in 1979, and with his former crewmates received the [Congressional Gold Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal "Congressional Gold Medal") in 2009.
After he resigned from NASA in 1971, Armstrong taught in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the [University of Cincinnati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati "University of Cincinnati") until 1979. He served on the [Apollo 13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_13 "Apollo 13") accident investigation and on the [Rogers Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report "Rogers Commission Report"), which investigated the [Space Shuttle *Challenger* disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster"). In 2012, Armstrong died due to [complications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complication_\(medicine\) "Complication (medicine)") resulting from [coronary bypass surgery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_bypass_surgery "Coronary bypass surgery"), at the age of 82.
Early life and education
Armstrong was born in rural [Washington Township](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Township,_Auglaize_County,_Ohio "Washington Township, Auglaize County, Ohio"), in [Auglaize County, Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auglaize_County,_Ohio "Auglaize County, Ohio"),[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-5) on August 5, 1930, the son of Viola Louise (née Engel) and Stephen Koenig Armstrong. He was of German, English, Scots-Irish, Irish, and Scottish descent.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-6)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200513,_20-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-8) He is a descendant of [Clan Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Armstrong "Clan Armstrong").[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-9) He had a younger sister, June, and a younger brother, Dean. His father was an [auditor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditor "Auditor") for the [Ohio state government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ohio "Government of Ohio"),[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-10) and the family moved around the state repeatedly, living in 16 towns over the next 14 years.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200529-11) Armstrong's love for flying grew during this time, having started at the age of two when his father took him to the [Cleveland Air Races](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_Races "National Air Races"). When he was five or six, he experienced his first airplane flight in [Warren, Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren,_Ohio "Warren, Ohio"), when he and his father took a ride in a [Ford Trimotor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Trimotor "Ford Trimotor") (also known as the "Tin Goose").[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-12)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200545-13) Armstrong constructed and flew model aircraft, beginning in his youth.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-14)
The family's last move was in 1944 and took them back to Wapakoneta, where Armstrong attended [Blume High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blume_High_School "Blume High School") and took flying lessons at the Wapakoneta airfield.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200549%E2%80%9350-15) He earned a student flight certificate on his 16th birthday, then [soloed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_solo_flight "First solo flight") in August, all before he had a driver's license.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoestler-Grack201014-16) He was an active [Boy Scout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America "Boy Scouts of America") and earned the rank of [Eagle Scout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Scout_\(Boy_Scouts_of_America\) "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)").[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen201238-17) As an adult, he was recognized by the Scouts with their [Distinguished Eagle Scout Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Eagle_Scout_Award "Distinguished Eagle Scout Award") and [Silver Buffalo Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Buffalo_Award "Silver Buffalo Award").[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-18)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-19) While flying toward the Moon on July 18, 1969, he sent his regards to attendees at the [National Scout jamboree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scout_jamboree_\(Boy_Scouts_of_America\) "National Scout jamboree (Boy Scouts of America)") in Idaho.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-20) Among the few personal items that he carried with him to the Moon and back was a World Scout Badge.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-21)
At age 17, in 1947, Armstrong began studying [aeronautical engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering "Aerospace engineering") at [Purdue University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University "Purdue University") in [West Lafayette, Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Lafayette,_Indiana "West Lafayette, Indiana"); he was the second person in his family to attend college. Armstrong was also accepted to the [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology") (MIT),[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200555%E2%80%9356-22) but he resolved to go to Purdue after watching a [football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football "American football") game between the [Purdue Boilermakers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_Boilermakers_football "Purdue Boilermakers football") and the [Ohio State Buckeyes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football "Ohio State Buckeyes football") at the [Ohio Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Stadium "Ohio Stadium") in 1945 in which quarterback [Bob DeMoss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_DeMoss "Bob DeMoss") led the Boilermakers to a sound victory over the highly regarded Buckeyes.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-23) An uncle who attended MIT had also advised him that he could receive a good education without going all the way to [Cambridge, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts"). His college tuition was paid for under the [Holloway Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Holloway,_Jr.#Holloway_Plan "James L. Holloway, Jr."). Successful applicants committed to two years of study, followed by two years of flight training and one year of service as an aviator in the [U.S. Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy "U.S. Navy"), then completion of the final two years of their bachelor's degree.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200555%E2%80%9356-22) Armstrong did not take courses in naval science, nor did he join the [Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps "Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps").[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200558-24)
Naval service
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong_23_May_1952_\(cropped\).jpg)
Ensign Neil Armstrong on May 23, 1952
Armstrong's call-up from the Navy arrived on January 26, 1949, requiring him to report to [Naval Air Station Pensacola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola "Naval Air Station Pensacola") in Florida for flight training with class 5-49. After passing the medical examinations, he became a [midshipman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman "Midshipman") on February 24, 1949.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200568%E2%80%9369-25) Flight training was conducted in a [North American SNJ trainer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan "North American T-6 Texan"), in which he soloed on September 9, 1949.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200571-26) On March 2, 1950, he made his first [aircraft carrier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier "Aircraft carrier") landing on [USS *Cabot*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cabot_\(CVL-28\) "USS Cabot (CVL-28)"), an achievement he considered comparable to his first solo flight.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200571-26) He was then sent to [Naval Air Station Corpus Christi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Corpus_Christi "Naval Air Station Corpus Christi") in Texas for training on the [Grumman F8F Bearcat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F8F_Bearcat "Grumman F8F Bearcat"), culminating in a carrier landing on [USS *Wright*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wright_\(CVL-49\) "USS Wright (CVL-49)"). On August 16, 1950, Armstrong was informed by letter that he was a fully qualified [naval aviator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Aviator "United States Naval Aviator"). His mother and sister attended his graduation ceremony on August 23, 1950.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200576%E2%80%9379-27)
Armstrong was assigned to Fleet Aircraft Service Squadron 7 (FASRON 7) at [NAS San Diego](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_North_Island "Naval Air Station North Island") (now known as NAS North Island). On November 27, 1950, he was assigned to [VF-51](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF-51 "VF-51"), an all-jet squadron, becoming its youngest officer, and made his first flight in a jet, a [Grumman F9F Panther](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F9F_Panther "Grumman F9F Panther"), on January 5, 1951. He was promoted to [ensign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_\(rank\) "Ensign (rank)") on June 5, 1951, and made his first jet carrier landing on [USS *Essex*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Essex_\(CV-9\) "USS Essex (CV-9)") two days later. On June 28, 1951, *Essex* had set sail for Korea, with VF-51 aboard to act as [ground-attack aircraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground-attack_aircraft "Ground-attack aircraft"). VF-51 flew ahead to [Naval Air Station Barbers Point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Barbers_Point "Naval Air Station Barbers Point") in Hawaii, where it conducted fighter-bomber training before rejoining the ship at the end of July.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200579%E2%80%9385-28)
On August 29, 1951, Armstrong saw action in the [Korean War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War") as an escort for a photo [reconnaissance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance "Reconnaissance") plane over [Songjin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songjin "Songjin").[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200590-29) Five days later, on September 3, he flew armed reconnaissance over the primary transportation and storage facilities south of the village of Majon-ni, west of [Wonsan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonsan "Wonsan"). According to Armstrong, he was making a low bombing run at 350 mph (560 km/h) when 6 feet (1.8 m) of his wing was torn off after it collided with a cable that was strung across the hills as a booby trap. He was flying 500 feet (150 m) above the ground when he hit it. While there was heavy anti-aircraft fire in the area, none hit Armstrong's aircraft.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200594-30) An initial report to the commanding officer of *Essex* said that Armstrong's F9F Panther was hit by [anti-aircraft fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare "Anti-aircraft warfare"). The report indicated he was trying to regain control and collided with a pole, which sliced off 2 feet (0.61 m) of the Panther's right wing. Further perversions of the story by different authors added that he was only 20 feet (6.1 m) from the ground and that 3 feet (0.91 m) of his wing was sheared off.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200592%E2%80%9393-31)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F9F-2_Panthers_VF-51_over_Korea_1951.jpg)
[F9F-2 Panthers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F9F_Panther "Grumman F9F Panther") over Korea, with Armstrong piloting S-116 (left)
Armstrong flew the plane back to friendly territory, but because of the loss of the [aileron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileron "Aileron"), [ejection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejection_seat "Ejection seat") was his only safe option. He intended to eject over water and await rescue by Navy helicopters, but his parachute was blown back over land. A jeep driven by a roommate from flight school picked him up; it is unknown what happened to the wreckage of his aircraft, F9F-2 BuNo *125122*.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200595%E2%80%9396-32)
In all, Armstrong flew 78 missions over Korea for a total of 121 hours in the air, a third of them in January 1952, with the final mission on March 5, 1952. Of 492 U.S. Navy personnel killed in the Korean War, 27 of them were from *Essex* on this war cruise. Armstrong received the [Air Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Medal "Air Medal") for 20 combat missions, two [gold stars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5/16_inch_star "5/16 inch star") for the next 40, the [Korean Service Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Service_Medal "Korean Service Medal") and Engagement Star,[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005112-33) the [National Defense Service Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal "National Defense Service Medal"), and the [United Nations Korea Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Korea_Medal "United Nations Korea Medal").[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-USN_record-34)
Armstrong's regular commission was terminated on February 25, 1952, and he became an ensign in the [United States Navy Reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve "United States Navy Reserve"). On completion of his combat tour with *Essex*, he was assigned to a transport squadron, VR-32, in May 1952. He was released from active duty on August 23, 1952, but remained in the reserve, and was promoted to [lieutenant (junior grade)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_\(junior_grade\) "Lieutenant (junior grade)") on May 9, 1953.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-USN_record-34) As a reservist, he continued to fly, first with VF-724 at [Naval Air Station Glenview](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Glenview "Naval Air Station Glenview") in Illinois, and then, after moving to California, with VF-773 at [Naval Air Station Los Alamitos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Los_Alamitos "Naval Air Station Los Alamitos").[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005118-35) He remained in the reserve for eight years before resigning his commission on October 21, 1960.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-USN_record-34)
College years
After his service with the Navy, Armstrong returned to Purdue. His previously earned good but not outstanding [grades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_grading_in_the_United_States#Six-point_system "Academic grading in the United States") now improved, lifting his final Grade Point Average (GPA) to a respectable but not outstanding 4.8 out of 6.0. He pledged the [Phi Delta Theta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Delta_Theta "Phi Delta Theta") [fraternity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities_in_North_America "Fraternities and sororities in North America"), and lived in its fraternity house. He wrote and co-directed two musicals as part of the all-student revue. The first was a version of *Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs*, co-directed with his girlfriend Joanne Alford from the [Alpha Chi Omega](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Chi_Omega "Alpha Chi Omega") sorority, with songs from the [1937 Walt Disney film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_\(1937_film\) "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)"), including "[Someday My Prince Will Come](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Someday_My_Prince_Will_Come "Someday My Prince Will Come")"; the second was titled *The Land of Egelloc* ("college" spelled backward), with music from [Gilbert and Sullivan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan "Gilbert and Sullivan") but new lyrics.
Armstrong was chairman of the Purdue Aero Flying Club, and flew the club's aircraft, an [Aeronca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronca_Aircraft "Aeronca Aircraft") and a couple of [Pipers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Aircraft "Piper Aircraft"), which were kept at nearby Aretz Airport in [Lafayette, Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana "Lafayette, Indiana"). Flying the Aeronca to Wapakoneta in 1954, he damaged it in a rough landing in a farmer's field, and it had to be hauled back to Lafayette on a trailer.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200561%E2%80%9362-36) He was a [baritone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone_horn "Baritone horn") player in the [Purdue All-American Marching Band](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_All-American_Marching_Band "Purdue All-American Marching Band").[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-37) Ten years later he was made an honorary member of [Kappa Kappa Psi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Psi "Kappa Kappa Psi") national band honorary fraternity.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-38) Armstrong graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in [Aeronautical Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautical_Engineering "Aeronautical Engineering") in January 1955.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005118-35) In 1970, he completed his Master of Science degree in [Aerospace Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_Engineering "Aerospace Engineering") at the [University of Southern California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California "University of Southern California") (USC).[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-NASA-bio-39) He would eventually be awarded honorary doctorates by several universities.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-40)
Armstrong met Janet Elizabeth Shearon, who was majoring in [home economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_and_consumer_science "Family and consumer science"), at a party hosted by Alpha Chi Omega.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200562-41) According to the couple, there was no real courtship, and neither could remember the exact circumstances of their engagement. They were married on January 28, 1956, at the Congregational Church in [Wilmette, Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmette,_Illinois "Wilmette, Illinois"). When he moved to [Edwards Air Force Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base "Edwards Air Force Base"), he lived in the bachelor quarters of the base, while Janet lived in the [Westwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood,_Los_Angeles "Westwood, Los Angeles") district of Los Angeles. After one semester, they moved into a house in [Antelope Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antelope_Valley "Antelope Valley"), near Edwards AFB. Janet did not finish her degree, a fact she regretted later in life. The couple had three children.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005124%E2%80%93128-42) In June 1961, their daughter Karen was diagnosed with [diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_intrinsic_pontine_glioma "Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma"), a [malignant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant "Malignant") [tumor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor "Tumor") of the middle part of her [brain stem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstem "Brainstem").[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-43) X-ray treatment slowed its growth, but her health deteriorated to the point where she could no longer walk or talk. She died of [pneumonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia "Pneumonia"), related to her weakened health, on January 28, 1962, aged two.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005161%E2%80%93164-44)
Test pilot
Following his graduation from Purdue, Armstrong became an experimental research test pilot. He applied at the [National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics "National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics") (NACA) [High-Speed Flight Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center "Armstrong Flight Research Center") at Edwards Air Force Base.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005119%E2%80%93120-45) NACA had no open positions, and forwarded his application to the [Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center "Glenn Research Center") in [Cleveland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland "Cleveland"), where Armstrong made his first test flight on March 1, 1955.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005119%E2%80%93120-45) Armstrong's stint at Cleveland lasted only a couple of months before a position at the High-Speed Flight Station became available, and he reported for work there on July 11, 1955.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005130-46)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong_1958_portrait.jpg)
Armstrong, 26, as a test pilot at the [NACA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics "National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics") [High-Speed Flight Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center "Armstrong Flight Research Center") at [Edwards AFB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base "Edwards Air Force Base"), California
On his first day, Armstrong was tasked with piloting [chase planes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_plane "Chase plane") during releases of experimental aircraft from modified bombers. He also flew the modified bombers, and on one of these missions had his first flight incident at Edwards. On March 22, 1956, he was in a [Boeing B-29 Superfortress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress "Boeing B-29 Superfortress"),[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005134-47) which was to air-drop a [Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_D-558-2_Skyrocket "Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket"). He sat in the right-hand co-pilot seat while pilot in command, Stan Butchart sat in the left-hand pilot seat flying the B-29.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-48)
As they climbed to 30,000 feet (9 km), the [number-four engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_engine_position_number "Aircraft engine position number") stopped and the [propeller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_\(aircraft\) "Propeller (aircraft)") began windmilling (rotating freely) in the airstream. Despite hitting the switch that would normally stop the propeller's spinning, Butchart watched it slow before speeding up again on its own accord even faster than the others;\[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\] if it spun too fast, it would break apart. Their aircraft needed to hold an airspeed of 210 mph (338 km/h) to launch its Skyrocket payload, and the B-29 could not land with the Skyrocket attached to its belly. Armstrong and Butchart brought the aircraft into a nose-down [attitude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_\(geometry\) "Attitude (geometry)") to increase speed, then launched the Skyrocket. At the instant of launch, the number-four engine propeller disintegrated. Pieces of it damaged the number-three engine and hit the number-two engine. Butchart and Armstrong were forced to shut down the damaged number-three engine, along with the number-one engine, because of the [torque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque "Torque") it created. They made a slow, circling descent from 30,000 ft (9 km) using only the number-two engine, and landed safely.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005134%E2%80%93136-49)
Armstrong served as project pilot on [Century Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Series "Century Series") fighters, including the [North American F-100 Super Sabre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre "North American F-100 Super Sabre") A and C variants, the [McDonnell F-101 Voodoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_F-101_Voodoo "McDonnell F-101 Voodoo"), the [Lockheed F-104 Starfighter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_F-104_Starfighter "Lockheed F-104 Starfighter"), the [Republic F-105 Thunderchief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_F-105_Thunderchief "Republic F-105 Thunderchief") and the [Convair F-106 Delta Dart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_F-106_Delta_Dart "Convair F-106 Delta Dart"). He also flew the [Douglas DC-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-3 "Douglas DC-3"), [Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_T-33_Shooting_Star "Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star"), [North American F-86 Sabre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre "North American F-86 Sabre"), [McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II "McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II"), [Douglas F5D-1 Skylancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_F5D-1_Skylancer "Douglas F5D-1 Skylancer"), Boeing B-29 Superfortress, [Boeing B-47 Stratojet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet "Boeing B-47 Stratojet") and [Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker "Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker"), and was one of eight elite pilots involved in the [Paresev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Paresev "NASA Paresev") paraglider research vehicle program.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005136%E2%80%93138-50) Over his career, he flew more than 200 different models of aircraft.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-NASA-bio-39) His first flight in a [rocket-powered aircraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket-powered_aircraft "Rocket-powered aircraft") was on August 15, 1957, in the [Bell X-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_X-1 "Bell X-1")B, to an altitude of 11.4 miles (18.3 km). On landing, the poorly designed [nose landing gear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear "Landing gear") failed, as had happened on about a dozen previous flights of the Bell X-1B. He flew the [North American X-15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_X-15 "North American X-15") seven times,[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005145-51) including the first flight with the Q-ball system, the first flight of the number 3 X-15 airframe, and the first flight of the MH-96 adaptive flight control system.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-52)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005147-53) He became an employee of the [National Aeronautics and Space Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration "National Aeronautics and Space Administration") (NASA) when it was established on October 1, 1958, absorbing NACA.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-54)
Armstrong was involved in several incidents that went down in Edwards folklore or were chronicled in the memoirs of colleagues. During his sixth X-15 flight on April 20, 1962, Armstrong was testing the MH-96 control system when he flew to a height of over 207,000 feet (63 km) (the highest he flew before [Gemini 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_8 "Gemini 8")). He held up the aircraft nose during its descent to demonstrate the MH-96's g-limiting performance, and the X-15 ballooned back up to around 140,000 feet (43 km). He flew past the landing field at [Mach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number "Mach number") 3 at over 100,000 feet (30 km) in altitude, and ended up 40 miles (64 km) south of Edwards. After sufficient descent, he turned back toward the landing area, and landed. It was the longest X-15 flight in both flight time and length of the ground track.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005178%E2%80%93184-55)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-56)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pilot_Neil_Armstrong_and_X-15_-1_-_GPN-2000-000121.jpg)
Armstrong and [X-15-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_X-15 "North American X-15") after a research flight in 1960
Fellow astronaut [Michael Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)") wrote that of the X-15 pilots Armstrong "had been considered one of the weaker stick-and-rudder men, but the very best when it came to understanding the machine's design and how it operated".[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001314-57) Many of the test pilots at Edwards praised Armstrong's engineering ability. [Milt Thompson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Orville_Thompson "Milton Orville Thompson") said he was "the most technically capable of the early X-15 pilots". [Bill Dana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Dana_\(pilot\) "Bill Dana (pilot)") said Armstrong "had a mind that absorbed things like a sponge". Those who flew for the Air Force tended to have a different opinion, especially people like [Chuck Yeager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Yeager "Chuck Yeager") and [Pete Knight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Knight "William J. Knight"), who did not have engineering degrees. Knight said that pilot-engineers flew in a way that was "more mechanical than it is flying", and gave this as the reason why some pilot-engineers got into trouble: Their flying skills did not come naturally.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005138%E2%80%93139-58) Armstrong made seven [flights in the X-15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_X-15_flights "List of X-15 flights") between November 30, 1960, and July 26, 1962.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2000118%E2%80%93121-59) He reached a top speed of Mach 5.74 (3,989 mph, 6,420 km/h) in the X-15-1, and left the Flight Research Center with a total of 2,400 flying hours.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005210-60)
On April 24, 1962, Armstrong flew for the only time with Yeager. Their job, flying a T-33, was to evaluate Smith Ranch Dry Lake in Nevada for use as an emergency landing site for the X-15. In his autobiography, Yeager wrote that he knew the lake bed was unsuitable for landings after recent rains, but Armstrong insisted on flying out anyway. As they attempted a [touch-and-go](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch-and-go_landing "Touch-and-go landing"), the wheels became stuck and they had to wait for rescue. As Armstrong told the story, Yeager never tried to talk him out of it and they made a first successful landing on the east side of the lake. Then Yeager told him to try again, this time a bit slower. On the second landing, they became stuck, provoking Yeager to fits of laughter.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005184%E2%80%93189-61)
On May 21, 1962, Armstrong was involved in the "Nellis Affair". He was sent in an F-104 to inspect [Delamar Dry Lake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delamar_Dry_Lake "Delamar Dry Lake") in southern Nevada, again for emergency landings. He misjudged his altitude and did not realize that the landing gear had not fully extended. As he touched down, the landing gear began to retract; Armstrong applied full power to abort the landing, but the ventral fin and landing gear door struck the ground, damaging the radio and releasing [hydraulic fluid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid "Hydraulic fluid"). Without radio communication, Armstrong flew south to [Nellis Air Force Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellis_Air_Force_Base "Nellis Air Force Base"), past the control tower, and waggled his wings, the signal for a no-radio approach. The loss of hydraulic fluid caused the [tailhook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailhook "Tailhook") to release, and upon landing, he caught the arresting wire attached to an anchor chain, and dragged the chain along the runway.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005189%E2%80%93192-62)
It took thirty minutes to clear the runway and rig another arresting cable. Armstrong telephoned Edwards and asked for someone to collect him. Milt Thompson was sent in an F-104B, the only two-seater available, but a plane Thompson had never flown. With great difficulty, Thompson made it to Nellis, where a strong crosswind caused a hard landing and the left main tire suffered a blowout. The runway was again closed to clear it, and Bill Dana was sent to Nellis in a T-33, but he almost landed long. The Nellis base operations office then decided that to avoid any further problems, it would be best to find the three NASA pilots ground transport back to Edwards.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005189%E2%80%93192-62)
Astronaut career
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong_in_Gemini_G-2C_training_suit.jpg)
Armstrong in an early [Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini "Project Gemini") space suit
In June 1958, Armstrong was selected for the U.S. Air Force's [Man in Space Soonest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest "Man in Space Soonest") program, but the [Advanced Research Projects Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency "Advanced Research Projects Agency") (ARPA) canceled its funding on August 1, 1958, and on November 5, 1958, it was superseded by [Project Mercury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mercury "Project Mercury"), a civilian project run by NASA. As a NASA civilian test pilot, Armstrong was ineligible to become one of its astronauts at this time, as selection was restricted to military test pilots.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201317%E2%80%9318-63)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-64) In November 1960, he was chosen as part of the pilot consultant group for the [X-20 Dyna-Soar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar "Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar"), a military space plane under development by Boeing for the U.S. Air Force, and on March 15, 1962, he was selected by the U.S. Air Force as one of seven pilot-engineers who would fly the X-20 when it got off the design board.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005171%E2%80%93173-65)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201319%E2%80%9321-66)
In April 1962, NASA sought applications for the second group of NASA astronauts for [Project Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini "Project Gemini"), a proposed two-man spacecraft. This time, selection was open to qualified civilian test pilots.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess20134%E2%80%936-67) Armstrong visited the [Seattle World's Fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_World%27s_Fair "Seattle World's Fair") in May 1962 and attended a conference there on space exploration that was co-sponsored by NASA. After he returned from [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle "Seattle") on June 4, he applied to become an astronaut. His application arrived about a week past the June 1, 1962, deadline, but Dick Day, a flight simulator expert with whom Armstrong had worked closely at Edwards, saw the late arrival of the application and slipped it into the pile before anyone noticed.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005193%E2%80%93195-68) At [Brooks Air Force Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Air_Force_Base "Brooks Air Force Base") at the end of June, Armstrong underwent a medical exam that many of the applicants described as painful and at times seemingly pointless.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201329%E2%80%9330-69)
NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations, [Deke Slayton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deke_Slayton "Deke Slayton"), called Armstrong on September 13, 1962, and asked whether he would be interested in joining the [NASA Astronaut Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps "NASA Astronaut Corps") as part of what the press dubbed "the [New Nine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_2 "NASA Astronaut Group 2")"; without hesitation, Armstrong said yes. The selections were kept secret until three days later, although newspaper reports had circulated since earlier that year that he would be selected as the "first civilian astronaut".[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005201%E2%80%93202-70) Armstrong was one of two civilian pilots selected for this group;[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201364%E2%80%9366-71) the other was [Elliot See](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_See "Elliot See"), another former naval aviator.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-72) NASA selected the second group that, compared with the [Mercury Seven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Seven "Mercury Seven") astronauts, were younger,[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201329%E2%80%9330-69) and had more impressive academic credentials.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201354-73) Collins wrote that Armstrong was by far the most experienced test pilot in the Astronaut Corps.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001314-57)
Gemini program
Gemini 5
On February 8, 1965, Armstrong and Elliot See were picked as the backup crew for [Gemini 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_5 "Gemini 5"), with Armstrong as commander, supporting the prime crew of [Gordon Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Cooper "Gordon Cooper") and [Pete Conrad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Conrad "Pete Conrad").[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichl201678-74) The mission's purpose was to practice [space rendezvous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_rendezvous "Space rendezvous") and to develop procedures and equipment for a seven-day flight, all of which would be required for a mission to the Moon. With two other flights ([Gemini 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_3 "Gemini 3") and [Gemini 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_4 "Gemini 4")) in preparation, six crews were competing for simulator time, so Gemini 5 was postponed. It finally lifted off on August 21.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackerGrimwood2010255%E2%80%93256-75) Armstrong and See watched the launch at [Cape Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Kennedy "Cape Kennedy"), then flew to the [Manned Spacecraft Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manned_Spacecraft_Center "Manned Spacecraft Center") (MSC) in Houston.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005239-76) The mission was generally successful, despite a problem with the [fuel cells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell "Fuel cell") that prevented a rendezvous. Cooper and Conrad practiced a "phantom rendezvous", carrying out the maneuver without a target.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackerGrimwood2010257%E2%80%93258-77)
Gemini 8
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GEMINI-TITAN_\(GT\)-8_-_PRELAUNCH_ACTIVITY_-_CAPE_\(s66-24446\).jpg)
Armstrong, 35, suiting up for [Gemini 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_8 "Gemini 8") in March 1966
The crews for Gemini 8 were assigned on September 20, 1965. Under the normal rotation system, the backup crew for one mission became the prime crew for the third mission after, but Slayton designated [David Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Scott "David Scott") as the pilot of Gemini 8\.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005240-78)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackerGrimwood2010523%E2%80%93529-79) Scott was the first member of the [third group of astronauts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_3 "NASA Astronaut Group 3"), who was selected on October 18, 1963, to receive a prime crew assignment.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-80) See was designated to command [Gemini 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_9 "Gemini 9"). Henceforth, each Gemini mission was commanded by a member of Armstrong's group, with a member of Scott's group as the pilot. Conrad would be Armstrong's backup this time, and [Richard F. Gordon Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr. "Richard F. Gordon Jr.") his pilot.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005240-78)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackerGrimwood2010523%E2%80%93529-79) Armstrong became the first American civilian in space. ([Valentina Tereshkova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova "Valentina Tereshkova") of the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") had become the first civilian—and first woman—nearly three years earlier aboard [Vostok 6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_6 "Vostok 6") when it launched on June 16, 1963.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-81)) Armstrong would also be the last of his group to fly in space, as See died in a [T-38 crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_NASA_T-38_crash "1966 NASA T-38 crash") on February 28, 1966, that also took the life of crewmate [Charles Bassett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bassett "Charles Bassett"). They were replaced by the backup crew of [Tom Stafford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford "Thomas P. Stafford") and [Gene Cernan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Cernan "Gene Cernan"), while [Jim Lovell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell "Jim Lovell") and Buzz Aldrin moved up from the backup crew of [Gemini 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_10 "Gemini 10") to become the backup for Gemini 9,[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackerGrimwood2010323%E2%80%93325-82) and would eventually fly [Gemini 12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_12 "Gemini 12").[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2010258-83)
Gemini 8 launched on March 16, 1966. It was the most complex mission yet, with a rendezvous and docking with an [uncrewed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncrewed_spacecraft "Uncrewed spacecraft") [Agena target vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agena_target_vehicle "Agena target vehicle"), and the planned second American [spacewalk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extravehicular_activity "Extravehicular activity") ([EVA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extravehicular_activity "Extravehicular activity")) by Scott. The mission was planned to last 75 hours and 55 orbits. After the Agena lifted off at 10:00:00 [EST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone "Eastern Time Zone"),[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005242%E2%80%93244-84) the [Titan II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_II_GLV "Titan II GLV") rocket carrying Armstrong and Scott ignited at 11:41:02 EST, putting them into an orbit from which they chased the Agena.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackerGrimwood2010526-85) They achieved the first-ever docking between two spacecraft.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-86) Contact with the crew was intermittent due to the lack of tracking stations covering their entire orbits. While out of contact with the ground, the docked spacecraft began to roll, and Armstrong attempted to correct this with the Gemini's [Orbit Attitude and Maneuvering System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_Attitude_and_Maneuvering_System "Orbit Attitude and Maneuvering System") (OAMS). Following the earlier advice of Mission Control, they undocked, but the roll increased dramatically until they were turning about once per second, indicating a problem with Gemini's [attitude control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control "Spacecraft attitude control"). Armstrong engaged the Reentry Control System (RCS) and turned off the OAMS. Mission rules dictated that once this system was turned on, the spacecraft had to reenter at the next possible opportunity. It was later thought that damaged wiring caused one of the thrusters to stick in the on position.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-87)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armstrong_and_Scott_with_Hatches_Open_-_GPN-2000-001413.jpg)
Recovery of [Gemini 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_8 "Gemini 8") from the western Pacific Ocean; Armstrong sitting to the right
A few people in the Astronaut Office, including [Walter Cunningham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Cunningham "Walter Cunningham"), felt that Armstrong and Scott "had botched their first mission".[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2010111%E2%80%93112-88) There was speculation that Armstrong could have salvaged the mission if he had turned on only one of the two RCS rings, saving the other for mission objectives. These criticisms were unfounded; no malfunction procedures had been written, and it was possible to turn on only both RCS rings, not one or the other.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005270%E2%80%93271-89) [Gene Kranz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Kranz "Gene Kranz") wrote, "The crew reacted as they were trained, and they reacted wrong because we trained them wrong." The mission planners and controllers had failed to realize that when two spacecraft were docked, they must be considered one spacecraft. Kranz considered this the mission's most important lesson.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranz2000174-90) Armstrong was depressed that the mission was cut short,[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005274-91) canceling most mission objectives and robbing Scott of his EVA. The Agena was later reused as a docking target by Gemini 10.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackerGrimwood2010321%E2%80%93322-92) Armstrong and Scott received the [NASA Exceptional Service Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Exceptional_Service_Medal "NASA Exceptional Service Medal"),[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-NASA_Awards-93)[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-zanesville-94) and the Air Force awarded Scott the [Distinguished Flying Cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_\(United_States\) "Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)") as well.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-95) Scott was promoted to [lieutenant colonel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_\(United_States\) "Lieutenant colonel (United States)"), and Armstrong received a \$678 raise in pay to \$21,653 a year (equivalent to \$214,864 in 2025), making him NASA's highest-paid astronaut.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005274-91)
Gemini 11
In Armstrong's final assignment in the Gemini program, he was the back-up Command Pilot for [Gemini 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_11 "Gemini 11"). Having trained for two flights, Armstrong was quite knowledgeable about the systems and took on a teaching role for the rookie backup pilot, [William Anders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders "William Anders").[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005292%E2%80%93293-96) The launch was on September 12, 1966,[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-97) with Conrad and Gordon on board, who successfully completed the mission objectives, while Armstrong served as a [capsule communicator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_communicator "Capsule communicator") (CAPCOM).[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005294%E2%80%93296-98)
Following the flight, President [Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") asked Armstrong and his wife to take part in a 24-day goodwill tour of South America.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005296%E2%80%93297-99) Also on the tour, which took in 11 countries and 14 major cities, were Dick Gordon, [George Low](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Low "George Low"), their wives, and other government officials. In Paraguay, Armstrong greeted dignitaries in their local language, [Guarani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarani_language "Guarani language"); in Brazil he talked about the exploits of the Brazilian-born aviation pioneer [Alberto Santos-Dumont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Santos-Dumont "Alberto Santos-Dumont").[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005298%E2%80%93299-100)
Apollo program
On January 27, 1967—the day of the [Apollo 1 fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_1_fire "Apollo 1 fire")—Armstrong was in Washington, D.C., with Cooper, Gordon, Lovell and [Scott Carpenter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Carpenter "Scott Carpenter") for the signing of the United Nations [Outer Space Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty "Outer Space Treaty"). The astronauts chatted with the assembled dignitaries until 18:45, when Carpenter went to the airport, and the others returned to the Georgetown Inn, where they each found messages to phone the MSC. During these calls, they learned of the deaths of [Gus Grissom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Grissom "Gus Grissom"), [Ed White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_White_\(astronaut\) "Ed White (astronaut)") and [Roger Chaffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee "Roger B. Chaffee") in the fire. Armstrong and the group spent the rest of the night drinking scotch and discussing what had happened.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovellKluger200024%E2%80%9325-101)
On April 5, 1967, the same day the Apollo 1 investigation released its final report, Armstrong and 17 other astronauts gathered for a meeting with Slayton. The first thing Slayton said was, "The guys who are going to fly the first lunar missions are the guys in this room."[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTECernanDavis1999165-102) According to Cernan, only Armstrong showed no reaction to the statement. To Armstrong it came as no surprise—the room was full of veterans of Project Gemini, the only people who could fly the lunar missions. Slayton talked about the planned missions and named Armstrong to the backup crew for [Apollo 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_9 "Apollo 9"), which at that stage was planned as a [medium Earth orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Earth_orbit "Medium Earth orbit") test of the combined [lunar module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_module "Lunar module") and [command and service module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_service_module "Command and service module").[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005312%E2%80%93313-103)
The crew was officially assigned on November 20, 1967.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks_et_al.2009374-104) For crewmates, Armstrong was assigned Lovell and Aldrin, from Gemini 12. After design and manufacturing delays of the lunar module (LM), [Apollo 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8 "Apollo 8") and 9 swapped prime and backup crews. Based on the normal crew rotation, Armstrong would command Apollo 11,[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005312%E2%80%93313-103) with one change: Collins on the Apollo 8 crew began experiencing trouble with his legs. Doctors diagnosed the problem as a bony growth between his fifth and sixth vertebrae, requiring surgery.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001288%E2%80%93289-105) Lovell took his place on the Apollo 8 crew, and, when Collins recovered, he joined Armstrong's crew.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2010109-106)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_LLRV_1.jpg)
Armstrong descends to the ground on a parachute after ejecting from [Lunar Landing Research Vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Landing_Research_Vehicle "Lunar Landing Research Vehicle") 1.
To give the astronauts practice piloting the LM on its descent, NASA commissioned [Bell Aircraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Aircraft "Bell Aircraft") to build two [Lunar Landing Research Vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Landing_Research_Vehicle "Lunar Landing Research Vehicle") (LLRV), later augmented with three Lunar Landing Training Vehicles (LLTV). Nicknamed the "Flying Bedsteads", they simulated the Moon's one-sixth gravity using a [turbofan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofan "Turbofan") engine to support five-sixths of the craft's weight. On May 6, 1968, 100 feet (30 m) above the ground, Armstrong's controls started to degrade and the LLRV began [rolling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes "Aircraft principal axes").[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005330-107) He ejected safely before the vehicle struck the ground and burst into flames. Later analysis suggested that if he had ejected half a second later, his parachute would not have opened in time. His only injury was from biting his tongue. The LLRV was completely destroyed.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraft2001312-108) Even though he was nearly killed, Armstrong maintained that without the LLRV and LLTV, the lunar landings would not have been successful, as they gave commanders essential experience in piloting the lunar landing craft.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005334-109)
In addition to the LLRV training, NASA began lunar landing simulator training after Apollo 10 was completed. Aldrin and Armstrong trained for a variety of scenarios that could develop during a real lunar landing.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994171-110) They also received briefings from geologists at NASA.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994179-111)
Apollo 11
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Prime_Crew_-_GPN-2000-001164_-_Ap11-s69-31740.jpg)
The [Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11") crew: Armstrong, [Michael Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)"), and [Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin").
After Armstrong served as backup commander for Apollo 8, Slayton offered him the post of commander of Apollo 11 on December 23, 1968, as Apollo 8 orbited the Moon.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson200917-112) According to Armstrong's [2005 biography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Man:_The_Life_of_Neil_A._Armstrong "First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong"), Slayton told him that although the planned crew was Commander Armstrong, Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin, and Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, he was offering Armstrong the chance to replace Aldrin with Jim Lovell. After thinking it over for a day, Armstrong told Slayton he would stick with Aldrin, as he had no difficulty working with him and thought Lovell deserved his own command. Replacing Aldrin with Lovell would have made Lovell the lunar module pilot, unofficially the lowest ranked member, and Armstrong could not justify placing Lovell, the commander of Gemini 12, in the number 3 position of the crew.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005338-113) The crew of Apollo 11 was assigned on January 9, 1969, as Armstrong, Collins, and Aldrin, with Lovell, Anders, and [Fred Haise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Haise "Fred Haise") as the backup crew.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001312%E2%80%93313-114)
According to [Chris Kraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Kraft "Chris Kraft"), a March 1969 meeting among Slayton, George Low, [Bob Gilruth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Gilruth "Bob Gilruth"), and Kraft determined that Armstrong would be the first person on the Moon, in part because NASA management saw him as a person who did not have a large ego. A press conference on April 14, 1969, gave the design of the LM cabin as the reason for Armstrong's being first; the hatch opened inwards and to the right, making it difficult for the LM pilot, on the right-hand side, to exit first. At the time of their meeting, the four men did not know about the hatch consideration. The first knowledge of the meeting outside the small group came when Kraft wrote his book.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraft2001323%E2%80%93324-115)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005365%E2%80%93373-116) Methods of circumventing this difficulty existed, but it is not known if these were considered at the time. Slayton added, "Secondly, just on a pure protocol basis, I figured the commander ought to be the first guy out ... I changed it as soon as I found they had the time line that showed that. Bob Gilruth approved my decision."[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortright1975160-117)
Voyage to the Moon
A [Saturn V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V "Saturn V") rocket launched Apollo 11 from [Launch Complex 39A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A "Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A") at the [Kennedy Space Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center") on July 16, 1969, at 13:32:00 [UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time "Coordinated Universal Time") (09:32:00 EDT local time).[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200092-118) Armstrong's wife Janet and two sons watched from a yacht moored on the [Banana River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_River "Banana River").[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen20052-119) During the launch, Armstrong's heart rate peaked at 110 beats per minute.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005410-120) He found the first stage the loudest, much noisier than the Gemini 8 Titan II launch. The Apollo command module was relatively roomy compared with the Gemini spacecraft. None of the Apollo 11 crew suffered [space sickness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_sickness "Space sickness"), as some members of previous crews had. Armstrong was especially glad about this, as he had been prone to [motion sickness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_sickness "Motion sickness") as a child and could experience [nausea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea "Nausea") after long periods of [aerobatics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobatics "Aerobatics").[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005411%E2%80%93412-121)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong.jpg)
Armstrong in the lunar module after the completion of the [EVA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extravehicular_activity "Extravehicular activity")
Apollo 11's objective was to land safely on the Moon, rather than to touch down at a precise location. Three minutes into the lunar descent, Armstrong noted that craters were passing about two seconds too early, which meant the [Lunar Module *Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle") would probably touch down several miles (kilometres) beyond the planned landing zone.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200511-122) As the *Eagle*'s landing [radar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar "Radar") acquired the surface, several computer error alarms sounded. The first was a code [1202](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Garman#1202 "Jack Garman") alarm, and even with their extensive training, neither Armstrong nor Aldrin knew what this code meant. They promptly received word from CAPCOM [Charles Duke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duke "Charles Duke") in Houston that the alarms were not a concern; the 1202 and 1201 alarms were caused by executive overflows in the [lunar module guidance computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer "Apollo Guidance Computer"). In 2007, Aldrin said the overflows were caused by his own counter-checklist choice of leaving the docking radar on during the landing process, causing the computer to process unnecessary radar data. When it did not have enough time to execute all tasks, the computer dropped the lower-priority ones, triggering the alarms. Aldrin said he decided to leave the radar on in case an abort was necessary when re-docking with the Apollo command module; he did not realize it would cause the processing overflows.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005459%E2%80%93465-123)
Armstrong lands the [Lunar Module *Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle") on the Moon, July 20, 1969.
When Armstrong noticed they were heading toward a landing area that seemed unsafe, he took manual control of the LM and attempted to find a safer area. This took longer than expected, and longer than most simulations had taken.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994199-124) For this reason, Mission Control was concerned that the LM was running low on fuel.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994198-125) On landing, Aldrin and Armstrong believed they had 40 seconds of fuel left, including the 20 seconds' worth which had to be saved in the event of an abort.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994200-126) During training, Armstrong had, on several occasions, landed with fewer than 15 seconds of fuel; he was also confident the LM could survive a fall of up to 50 feet (15 m). Post-mission analysis showed that at touchdown there were 45 to 50 seconds of propellant burn time left.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManned_Spacecraft_Center19699-23%E2%80%939-24-127)
The landing on the surface of the Moon occurred several seconds after 20:17:40 UTC on July 20, 1969.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-128) One of three 67-inch (170 cm) probes attached to three of the LM's four legs made contact with the surface, a panel light in the LM illuminated, and Aldrin called out, "Contact light." Armstrong shut the engine off and said, "Shutdown." As the LM settled onto the surface, Aldrin said, "Okay, engine stop"; then they both called out some post-landing checklist items. After a 10-second pause, Duke acknowledged the landing with, "We copy you down, *Eagle*." Armstrong confirmed the landing to Mission Control and the world with the words, "Houston, [Tranquility Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquility_Base "Tranquility Base") here. The *Eagle* has landed." Aldrin and Armstrong celebrated with a brisk handshake and pat on the back. They then returned to the checklist of contingency tasks, should an emergency liftoff become necessary.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-129)[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-130)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-131) After Armstrong confirmed touch down, Duke re-acknowledged, adding a comment about the flight crew's relief: "Roger, Tranquility. We copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot."[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994200-126) During the landing, Armstrong's heart rate ranged from 100 to 150 beats per minute.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManned_Spacecraft_Center196912-1-132)
First Moon walk
Armstrong describes the lunar surface.
The flight plan called for a crew rest period before leaving the module, but Armstrong asked for this to be moved to earlier in the evening, [Houston time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_\(North_America\) "Central Time Zone (North America)"). When he and Aldrin were ready to go outside, *Eagle* was depressurized, the hatch was opened, and Armstrong made his way down the ladder.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortright1975215-133) At the bottom of the ladder, while standing on a [Lunar Module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module "Apollo Lunar Module") landing pad, Armstrong said, "I'm going to step off the LM now". He turned and set his left boot on the lunar surface at 02:56 [UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC "UTC") July 21, 1969,[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarland199923-134) then said, "That's one small step for \[a\] man, one giant leap for mankind."[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-Snopes-135) The exact time of Armstrong's first step on the Moon is unclear.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-136)
Armstrong prepared his famous [epigram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigram "Epigram") on his own.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-Plimpton-137) In a post-flight press conference, he said that he chose the words "just prior to leaving the LM."[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-138) In a 1983 interview in *[Esquire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_\(magazine\) "Esquire (magazine)")* magazine, he explained to [George Plimpton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Plimpton "George Plimpton"): "I always knew there was a good chance of being able to return to Earth, but I thought the chances of a successful touch down on the moon surface were about even money—fifty–fifty ... Most people don't realize how difficult the mission was. So it didn't seem to me there was much point in thinking of something to say if we'd have to abort landing."[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-Plimpton-137) In 2012, his brother Dean Armstrong said that Neil showed him a draft of the line months before the launch.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-139) Historian [Andrew Chaikin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Chaikin "Andrew Chaikin"), who interviewed Armstrong in 1988 for his book *[A Man on the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_on_the_Moon "A Man on the Moon")*, disputed that Armstrong claimed to have conceived the line during the mission.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-140)
Recordings of Armstrong's transmission do not provide evidence for the indefinite article "a" before "man", though NASA and Armstrong insisted for years that static obscured it. Armstrong stated he would never make such a mistake, but after repeated listenings to recordings, he eventually conceded he must have dropped the "a".[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-Snopes-135) He later said he "would hope that history would grant me leeway for dropping the syllable and understand that it was certainly intended, even if it was not said—although it might actually have been".[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTENickell2008175-141) There have since been claims and counter-claims about whether acoustic analysis of the recording reveals the presence of the missing "a";[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-Snopes-135)[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-142) [Peter Shann Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Shann_Ford "Peter Shann Ford"), an Australian computer programmer, conducted a digital audio analysis and claims that Armstrong did say "a man", but the "a" was inaudible due to the limitations of communications technology of the time.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-Snopes-135)[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-143)[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-144) Ford and [James R. Hansen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Hansen "James R. Hansen"), Armstrong's authorized biographer, presented these findings to Armstrong and NASA representatives, who conducted their own analysis.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-145) Armstrong found Ford's analysis "persuasive".[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-146)[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-147) Linguists [David Beaver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beaver "David Beaver") and [Mark Liberman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Liberman "Mark Liberman") wrote of their skepticism of Ford's claims on the blog [Language Log](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_Log "Language Log").[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-148) A 2016 peer-reviewed study again concluded Armstrong had included the article.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-149) NASA's transcript continues to show the "a" in parentheses.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-150)
When Armstrong made his proclamation, [Voice of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America "Voice of America") was rebroadcast live by the [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC "BBC") and many other stations worldwide. An estimated 530 million people viewed the event,[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-151) 20 percent out of a world population of approximately 3.6 billion.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-152)[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-153)
> Q: Did you misspeak?
>
> A: There isn't any way of knowing.
>
> Q: Several sources say you did.
>
> A: I mean, there isn't any way of *my* knowing. When I listen to the tape, I can't hear the 'a', but that doesn't mean it wasn't there, because that was the fastest VOX ever built. There was no mike-switch — it was a [voice-operated key or VOX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice-operated_switch "Voice-operated switch"). In a helmet you find you lose a lot of syllables. Sometimes a short syllable like 'a' might not be transmitted. However, when I listen to it, I can't hear it. But the 'a' is implied, so I'm happy if they just put it in parentheses.
*[Omni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omni_\(magazine\) "Omni (magazine)")*, June 1982, p. 126
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armstrong_on_Moon_\(As11-40-5886\)_\(cropped\).jpg)
Armstrong on the Moon
About 19 minutes after Armstrong's first step, Aldrin joined him on the surface, becoming the second human to walk on the Moon. They began their tasks of investigating how easily a person could operate on the lunar surface. Armstrong unveiled a plaque commemorating the flight, and with Aldrin, [planted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_planting "Flag planting") the [flag of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Flag_Assembly "Lunar Flag Assembly"). Although Armstrong had wanted the flag to be draped on the flagpole,[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin2007212-154) it was decided to use a metal rod to hold it horizontally.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200860-155) However, the rod did not fully extend, leaving the flag with a slightly wavy appearance, as if there were a breeze.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2012503%E2%80%93504-156) Shortly after the flag planting, President [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") spoke to them by telephone from his office. He spoke for about a minute, after which Armstrong responded for about thirty seconds.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005505%E2%80%93506-157) In the Apollo 11 photographic record, there are only five images of Armstrong partly shown or reflected. The mission was planned to the minute, with the majority of photographic tasks performed by Armstrong with the single [Hasselblad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselblad "Hasselblad") camera.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-158)
After helping to set up the [Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package "Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package"), Armstrong went for a walk to what is now known as East Crater, 65 yards (59 m) east of the LM, the greatest distance traveled from the LM on the mission. His final task was to remind Aldrin to leave a small package of memorial items to Soviet [cosmonauts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cosmonauts "List of cosmonauts") [Yuri Gagarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin "Yuri Gagarin") and [Vladimir Komarov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Komarov "Vladimir Komarov"), and Apollo 1 astronauts Grissom, White and Chaffee.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-159) The Apollo 11 EVA lasted two and a half hours.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-ApolloSum-160) Each of the subsequent five landings was allotted a progressively longer EVA period; the crew of [Apollo 17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17 "Apollo 17") spent over 22 hours exploring the lunar surface.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-ApolloSum-160) In a 2010 interview, Armstrong explained that NASA limited their Moon walk because they were unsure how the [space suits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_suit "Space suit") would cope with the Moon's extremely high temperature.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-161)
Return to Earth
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Nixon_welcomes_the_Apollo_11_astronauts_aboard_the_U.S.S._Hornet.jpg)
The Apollo 11 crew and President [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") during the post-mission quarantine period
After they re-entered the LM, the hatch was closed and sealed. While preparing for liftoff, Armstrong and Aldrin discovered that, in their bulky space suits, they had broken the ignition switch for the ascent engine; using part of a pen, they pushed in the circuit breaker to start the launch sequence.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005489%E2%80%93490-162) The *Eagle* then continued to its rendezvous in lunar orbit, where it docked with *[Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_module_Columbia "Command module Columbia")*, the command and service module. The three astronauts returned to Earth and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, to be picked up by the [USS *Hornet*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hornet_\(CV-12\) "USS Hornet (CV-12)").[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-163)
After being released from an 18-day quarantine to ensure that they had not picked up any infections or diseases from the Moon, the crew was feted across the United States and around the world as part of a 38-day "Giant Leap" tour.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-164)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_ticker_tape_parade_1.jpg)
New York City ticker tape parade, August 13, 1969
The tour began on August 13, when the three astronauts spoke and rode in [ticker-tape parades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker-tape_parade "Ticker-tape parade") in their honor in New York and Chicago, with an estimated six million attendees.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-LADinner-165)[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-166) On the same evening an official [state dinner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_dinner "State dinner") was held in Los Angeles to celebrate the flight, attended by members of Congress, 44 governors, the [Chief Justice of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States "Chief Justice of the United States"), and ambassadors from 83 nations. President Nixon and Vice President Agnew presented each astronaut with a [Presidential Medal of Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom "Presidential Medal of Freedom").[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-LADinner-165)[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-167)
After the tour Armstrong took part in [Bob Hope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hope "Bob Hope")'s 1969 [USO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USO "USO") show, primarily to Vietnam.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005580-168) In May 1970, Armstrong traveled to the Soviet Union to present a talk at the 13th annual conference of the International [Committee on Space Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research "Committee on Space Research"); after arriving in [Leningrad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad "Leningrad") from Poland, he traveled to Moscow where he met [Premier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union "Premier of the Soviet Union") [Alexei Kosygin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin "Alexei Kosygin"). Armstrong was the first westerner to see the supersonic [Tupolev Tu-144](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-144 "Tupolev Tu-144") and was given a tour of the [Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center "Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center"), which he described as "a bit Victorian in nature".[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005583-169) At the end of the day, he was surprised to view a delayed video of the launch of [Soyuz 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_9 "Soyuz 9") as it had not occurred to Armstrong that the mission was taking place, even though Valentina Tereshkova had been his host and her husband, [Andriyan Nikolayev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andriyan_Nikolayev "Andriyan Nikolayev"), was on board.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005582%E2%80%93584-170)
Life after Apollo
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_837790_Valentina_Tereshkova_and_Neil_Armstrong.jpg)
[Valentina Tereshkova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova "Valentina Tereshkova"), the first woman in space, presenting a badge to Neil Armstrong, [Star City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center "Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center"), Soviet Union, June 1970
Teaching
Shortly after Apollo 11, Armstrong stated that he did not plan to fly in space again.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-171) He was appointed Deputy Associate Administrator for Aeronautics for the Office of Advanced Research and Technology at [ARPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA "DARPA"), served in the position for a year, then resigned from it and NASA in 1971.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005584-172) He accepted a teaching position in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the [University of Cincinnati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati "University of Cincinnati"),[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-173) having chosen Cincinnati over other universities, including his *alma mater* Purdue, because Cincinnati had a small aerospace department,[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2012590-174) and said he hoped the faculty there would not be annoyed that he came straight into a professorship with only a USC master's degree.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-175) He began his master's degree while stationed at Edwards years before, and completed it after Apollo 11 by presenting a report on various aspects of Apollo, instead of a thesis on the simulation of hypersonic flight.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005590%E2%80%93594-176)
At Cincinnati, Armstrong was University Professor of Aerospace Engineering. He took a heavy teaching load, taught core classes, and created two graduate-level classes: aircraft design and experimental flight mechanics. He was considered a good teacher, and a tough grader. His research activities during this time did not involve his work at NASA, as he did not want to give the appearance of favoritism; he later regretted the decision. After teaching for eight years, Armstrong resigned in 1980. When the university changed from an independent municipal university to a state school, bureaucracy increased. He did not want to be a part of the faculty collective bargaining group, so he decided to teach half-time. According to Armstrong, he had the same amount of work but received half his salary. In 1979, less than 10% of his income came from his university salary. Employees at the university did not know why he left.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005590%E2%80%93594-176)
NASA commissions
In 1970, after an explosion aboard [Apollo 13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_13 "Apollo 13") aborted its lunar landing, Armstrong was part of [Edgar Cortright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Cortright "Edgar Cortright")'s investigation of the mission. He produced a detailed chronology of the flight. He determined that a 28-volt thermostat switch in an oxygen tank, which was supposed to have been replaced with a 65-volt version, led to the explosion. Cortright's report recommended the entire tank be redesigned at a cost of \$40 million. Many NASA managers, including Armstrong, opposed the recommendation, since only the thermostat switch had caused the problem. They lost the argument, and the tanks were redesigned.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005600%E2%80%93603-177)
In 1986, President [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") asked Armstrong to join the [Rogers Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report "Rogers Commission Report") investigating the [Space Shuttle *Challenger* disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster"). Armstrong was made vice chairman of the commission and held private interviews with contacts he had developed over the years to help determine the cause of the disaster. He helped limit the committee's recommendations to nine, believing that if there were too many, NASA would not act on them.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005610%E2%80%93616-178)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_-_Crew_at_the_White_House.jpg)
Michael Collins, President [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush"), Neil Armstrong, and Buzz Aldrin during celebrations of the 35th anniversary of the Apollo 11 flight, July 21, 2004
Armstrong was appointed to a fourteen-member commission by President Reagan to develop a plan for American civilian spaceflight in the 21st century. The commission was chaired by former NASA administrator Dr. [Thomas O. Paine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine "Thomas O. Paine"), with whom Armstrong had worked during the Apollo program. The group published a book titled *Pioneering the Space Frontier: The Report on the National Commission on Space*, recommending a permanent lunar base by 2006, and sending people to Mars by 2015. The recommendations were largely ignored, overshadowed by the *Challenger* disaster.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2012609%E2%80%93610-179)
Armstrong and his wife attended the memorial service for the victims of the [Space Shuttle *Columbia* disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster") in 2003, at the invitation of President [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush").[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2012616%E2%80%93617-180)
Business activities
After Armstrong retired from NASA in 1971, he acted as a spokesman for several businesses. The first company to successfully approach him was [Chrysler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler "Chrysler"), for whom he appeared in advertising starting in January 1979. Armstrong thought they had a strong engineering division, and they were in financial difficulty. He later acted as a spokesman for other American companies, including General Time Corporation and the Bankers Association of America.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005595-181) He acted as a spokesman for only American companies.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005596-182)
In addition to his duties as a spokesman, he also served on the board of directors of several companies. The first company board Armstrong joined was [Gates Learjet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gates_Learjet "Gates Learjet"), chairing their technical committee. He flew their new and experimental jets and even set a climb and altitude record for business jets. Armstrong became a member of [Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Gas_%26_Electric_Company "Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company")'s board in 1973. They were interested in nuclear power and wanted to increase the company's technical competence. He served on the board of [Taft Broadcasting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft_Broadcasting "Taft Broadcasting"), also based in Cincinnati. Armstrong joined the board of solid rocket booster [Thiokol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiokol "Thiokol") in 1989, after previously serving on the Rogers Commission which found that the [Space Shuttle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle "Space Shuttle") *Challenger* was destroyed due to a defect in the Thiokol-manufactured solid rocket boosters. When Armstrong left the University of Cincinnati, he became the chairman of Cardwell International Ltd., a company that manufactured drilling rigs. He served on additional aerospace boards, first [United Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines "United Airlines") in 1978, and later [Eaton Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Corporation "Eaton Corporation") in 1980. He was asked to chair the board of directors for a subsidiary of Eaton, AIL Systems. He chaired the board through the company's 2000 merger with [EDO Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDO_Corporation "EDO Corporation"), until his retirement in 2002.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005596%E2%80%93598-183)[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-184)
North Pole and Ecuador expeditions
In 1976, Stanley Hall of Scotland arranged one of the most expensive large-scale cave explorations in modern history to investigate [Cueva de los Tayos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cueva_de_los_Tayos "Cueva de los Tayos") in Ecuador. For the expedition, over a hundred people were recruited, including members of the Scottish [Black Watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Watch "Black Watch") and the [Royal Highland Fusiliers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Highland_Fusiliers "Royal Highland Fusiliers") regiment, Ecuadorian military personnel, and various experts in different fields, including Armstrong, then a professor of aerospace engineering at the [University of Cincinnati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati "University of Cincinnati"), as Honorary President of the expedition.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-185)[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-186)
In 1985, professional expedition leader Mike Dunn organized a trip to take men he deemed the "greatest explorers" to the North Pole. The group included Armstrong, [Edmund Hillary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary "Edmund Hillary"), [Hillary's son Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hillary "Peter Hillary"), [Steve Fossett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Fossett "Steve Fossett"), and [Patrick Morrow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Morrow "Patrick Morrow"). They arrived at the Pole on April 6, 1985. He did not inform the media of the trip, preferring to keep it private.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2012609-187)
Public profile
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong,_1999.jpg)
Armstrong in 1999
Armstrong's family described him as a "reluctant American hero".[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-188)[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-189)[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-190) He kept a low profile later in his life, leading to the belief that he was a recluse.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-191)[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-wapo1-192) Recalling Armstrong's humility, [John Glenn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glenn "John Glenn"), the first American to orbit Earth, told CNN: "\[Armstrong\] didn't feel that he should be out huckstering himself. He was a humble person, and that's the way he remained after his lunar flight, as well as before."[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-193) Armstrong turned down most requests for interviews and public appearances. Michael Collins said in his book *Carrying the Fire* that when Armstrong moved to a dairy farm to become a college professor, it was like he "retreated to his castle and pulled up the drawbridge". Armstrong found this amusing, and said, "... those of us that live out in the hinterlands think that people that live inside the [Beltway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Beltway "Capital Beltway") are the ones that have the problems."[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapiro20129,_267,_268-194)
Andrew Chaikin says in *A Man on the Moon* that Armstrong kept a low profile but was not a recluse, citing his participation in interviews, advertisements for Chrysler, and hosting a cable television series.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin2007568%E2%80%93570-195) Between 1991 and 1993, he hosted *[First Flights with Neil Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Flights_with_Neil_Armstrong "First Flights with Neil Armstrong")*, an [aviation history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_history "Aviation history") documentary series on [A\&E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_\(TV_channel\) "A&E (TV channel)").[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapiro20129,_267,_268-194) In 2010, Armstrong voiced the character of Dr. Jack Morrow in *[Quantum Quest: A Cassini Space Odyssey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Quest:_A_Cassini_Space_Odyssey "Quantum Quest: A Cassini Space Odyssey")*,[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-196) an animated educational sci-fi adventure film initiated by JPL/NASA through a grant from Jet Propulsion Lab.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-197)
Armstrong guarded the use of his name, image, and famous quote. When it was launched in 1981, [MTV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV "MTV") wanted to use his quote in its [station identification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_identification "Station identification"), with the American flag replaced with the MTV logo, but he refused the use of his voice and likeness.[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-198) He sued [Hallmark Cards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Cards "Hallmark Cards") in 1994, when they used his name, and a recording of the "one small step" quote, in a Christmas ornament without his permission. The lawsuit was settled out of court for an undisclosed sum, which Armstrong donated to Purdue.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005628-199)[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-200)
For many years, he wrote letters congratulating new Eagle Scouts on their accomplishment, but decided to quit the practice in the 1990s because he felt the letters should be written by people who knew the scout. (In 2003, he received 950 congratulation requests.) This contributed to the myth of his reclusiveness.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2012622%E2%80%93623-201) Armstrong used to autograph everything except [first day covers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_day_cover "First day cover"). Around 1993, he found out his signatures were being sold online, and that most of them were forgeries, and stopped giving autographs.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-wapo1-192)
Personal life
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong_at_50th_anniversary_of_John_Glenn%27s_first_spaceflight.jpg)
Armstrong speaking in February 2012, six months before his death, on the 50th anniversary of [John Glenn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glenn "John Glenn")'s first spaceflight
Some former astronauts, including Glenn and [Apollo 17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17 "Apollo 17")'s [Harrison Schmitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt "Harrison Schmitt"), sought political careers after leaving NASA. Armstrong was approached by groups from both the [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") and [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") parties but declined the offers. He supported [states' rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States%27_rights "States' rights") and opposed the U.S. acting as the "[world's policeman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_policeman "Global policeman")".[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005600%E2%80%93601-202)
When Armstrong applied at a local [Methodist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist "Methodist") church to lead a Boy Scout troop in the late 1950s, he gave his religious affiliation as "[deist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deist "Deist")".[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200533-203) His mother later said that his religious views caused her grief and distress in later life, as she was a Christian.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200535-204) Upon his return from the Moon, Armstrong gave a speech in front of the [U.S. Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Congress "U.S. Congress") in which he thanked them for giving him the opportunity to see some of the "grandest views of the Creator".[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-205)[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005575-206) In the early 1980s, he was the subject of a hoax claiming that he converted to [Islam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam "Islam") after hearing the [call to prayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhan "Adhan") while walking on the Moon. Indonesian singer Suhaemi wrote a song called "Gema Suara Adzan di Bulan" ("The Resonant Sound of the Call to Prayer on the Moon") which described Armstrong's supposed conversion, and the song was widely discussed by [Jakarta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta "Jakarta") news outlets in 1983.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbramson200493-207) Similar hoax stories were seen in Egypt and Malaysia. In March 1983, the [U.S. State Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State "United States Department of State") responded by issuing a message to embassies and consulates in Muslim countries saying that Armstrong had not converted to Islam.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005630%E2%80%93631-208) The hoax surfaced occasionally for the next three decades. Part of the confusion arose from the similarity between the names of the country of Lebanon, which has a majority Muslim population, and Armstrong's longtime residence in [Lebanon, Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon,_Ohio "Lebanon, Ohio").[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005630%E2%80%93631-208)
In 1972, Armstrong visited the Scottish town of [Langholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langholm "Langholm"), the traditional seat of Clan Armstrong. He was made the first [freeman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City "Freedom of the City") of the burgh, and happily declared the town his home.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-209) To entertain the crowd, the [Justice of the Peace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace "Justice of the Peace") read from an unrepealed archaic 400-year-old law that required him to hang any Armstrong found in the town.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200513-210)
Armstrong flew light aircraft for pleasure. He enjoyed [gliders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_\(sailplane\) "Glider (sailplane)") and before the Moon flight had earned a gold badge with two diamonds from the [International Gliding Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAI_Gliding_Commission "FAI Gliding Commission"). He continued to fly engineless aircraft well into his 70s.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-211)
While working on his farm in November 1978, Armstrong jumped off the back of his grain truck and caught his wedding ring in its wheel, tearing the tip off his left ring finger. He collected the severed tip, packed it in ice, and had surgeons reattach it at a nearby hospital in [Louisville, Kentucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky "Louisville, Kentucky").[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005608-212) In February 1991, he suffered a mild heart attack while skiing with friends at [Aspen, Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen,_Colorado "Aspen, Colorado").[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005639%E2%80%93640-213)
Armstrong and his first wife, Janet, separated in 1990 and divorced in 1994 after 38 years of marriage.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-214)[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-215) He met his second wife, Carol Held Knight, at a golf tournament in 1992, when they were seated together at breakfast. She said little to Armstrong, but he called her two weeks later to ask what she was doing. She replied that she was cutting down a cherry tree, and he arrived at her house 35 minutes later to help. They were married in Ohio on June 12, 1994, and had a second ceremony at [San Ysidro Ranch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Ysidro_Ranch "San Ysidro Ranch") in California. They lived in [Indian Hill, Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Hill,_Ohio "Indian Hill, Ohio").[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-216)[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005643%E2%80%93645-217) Through his marriage to Carol, he was the father-in-law of future [New York Mets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets "New York Mets") general manager [Brodie Van Wagenen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodie_Van_Wagenen "Brodie Van Wagenen").
In May 2005, Armstrong became involved in a legal dispute with Mark Sizemore, his barber of 20 years. After cutting Armstrong's hair, Sizemore sold some of it to a collector for \$3,000 without Armstrong's knowledge or permission.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-218) Armstrong threatened legal action against Sizemore unless he returned the hair or donated the proceeds to a charity of Armstrong's choosing. Sizemore, unable to retrieve the hair, donated the proceeds to charity.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2012628-219)[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-220)
Illness and death
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong_family_memorial_service_\(201208310014HQ\).jpg)
Photograph of Armstrong as a boy at his family memorial service in [Indian Hill, Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Hill,_Ohio "Indian Hill, Ohio"), near Cincinnati, on August 31, 2012
On August 7, 2012, Armstrong underwent [bypass surgery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery "Coronary artery bypass surgery") at [Mercy Health Fairfield Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy_Health_Fairfield_Hospital "Mercy Health Fairfield Hospital") in [Fairfield, Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield,_Ohio "Fairfield, Ohio"), to relieve [coronary artery disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease "Coronary artery disease").[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-NYT_malpractice_suit_story-221)[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-222) Although he was reportedly recovering well,[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-223) he developed complications and died on August 25.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-224)[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-225) President [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") issued a statement memorializing Armstrong as "among the greatest of American heroes—not just of his time, but of all time",[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-226)[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-227) and added that Armstrong had carried the aspirations of the United States' citizens and had delivered "a moment of human achievement that will never be forgotten."[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-228)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong_burial_at_sea_\(201209140008HQ\).jpg)
Armstrong's [burial at sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial_at_sea "Burial at sea") on September 14, 2012
Armstrong's family released a statement describing him as a "reluctant American hero \[who had\] served his nation proudly, as a navy fighter pilot, test pilot, and astronaut ... While we mourn the loss of a very good man, we also celebrate his remarkable life and hope that it serves as an example to young people around the world to work hard to make their dreams come true, to be willing to explore and push the limits, and to selflessly serve a cause greater than themselves. For those who may ask what they can do to honor Neil, we have a simple request. Honor his example of service, accomplishment and modesty, and the next time you walk outside on a clear night and see the moon smiling down at you, think of Neil Armstrong and give him a wink."[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-229)
[Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin") called Armstrong "a true American hero and the best pilot I ever knew", and said he was disappointed that they would not be able to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing together in 2019.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-230)[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-231) Michael Collins said, "He was the best, and I will miss him terribly."[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-232)[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-233) NASA Administrator [Charles Bolden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bolden "Charles Bolden") said, "As long as there are history books, Neil Armstrong will be included in them, remembered for taking humankind's first small step on a world beyond our own".[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-234)[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-235)
| External videos |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [Memorial service for Armstrong, Washington National Cathedral, September 13, 2012](https://www.c-span.org/video/?308141-1/memorial-service-neil-armstrong), [C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN "C-SPAN") |
A tribute was held for Armstrong on September 13, at [Washington National Cathedral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral "Washington National Cathedral"), whose Space Window depicts the Apollo 11 mission and holds a sliver of Moon rock amid its stained-glass panels.[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-aljazeu-236) In attendance were Armstrong's Apollo 11 crewmates, Collins and Aldrin; Gene Cernan, the Apollo 17 mission commander and last man to walk on the Moon; and former senator and astronaut John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth. In his eulogy, Charles Bolden praised Armstrong's "courage, grace, and humility". Cernan recalled Armstrong's low-fuel approach to the Moon: "When the gauge says empty, we all know there's a gallon or two left in the tank!" [Diana Krall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Krall "Diana Krall") sang the song "[Fly Me to the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_Me_to_the_Moon "Fly Me to the Moon")". Collins led prayers. David Scott spoke, possibly for the first time, about an incident during their Gemini 8 mission: minutes before the hatch was to be sealed, a small chip of dried glue fell into the latch of his harness and prevented it from being buckled, threatening to abort the mission. Armstrong then called on Conrad to solve the problem, which he did, and the mission proceeded. "That happened because Neil Armstrong was a team player—he always worked on behalf of the team."[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-aljazeu-236) Congressman [Bill Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Johnson_\(Ohio_politician\) "Bill Johnson (Ohio politician)") from Armstrong's home state of Ohio led calls for President Barack Obama to authorize a [state funeral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_States "State funerals in the United States") in Washington D.C. Throughout his lifetime, Armstrong shunned publicity and rarely gave interviews. Mindful that Armstrong would have objected to a state funeral, his family opted to have a private funeral in [Cincinnati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati "Cincinnati").[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-237) On September 14, Armstrong's cremated remains were scattered in the Atlantic Ocean from the [USS *Philippine Sea*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Philippine_Sea_\(CG-58\) "USS Philippine Sea (CG-58)").[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-238) Flags were flown at [half-staff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-mast "Half-mast") on the day of Armstrong's funeral.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-239)
In July 2019, after observations of the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing, *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* reported on details of a [medical malpractice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_malpractice_in_the_United_States "Medical malpractice in the United States") suit Armstrong's family had filed against Mercy Health–Fairfield Hospital, where he died. When Armstrong appeared to be recovering from his bypass surgery, nurses removed the wires connected to his temporary [pacemaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker "Artificial cardiac pacemaker"). He began to [bleed internally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_bleeding "Internal bleeding") and his blood pressure dropped. Doctors took him to the hospital's [catheterization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catheter "Catheter") laboratory, and only later began operating. Two of the three physicians who reviewed the medical files during the lawsuit called this a serious error, saying surgery should have begun immediately; experts the *Times* talked to, while qualifying their judgement by noting that they were unable to review the specific records in the case, said that taking a patient directly to the operating room under those circumstances generally gave them the highest chance of survival.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-NYT_malpractice_suit_story-221)
The family ultimately settled for \$6 million in 2014. Letters included with the 93 pages of documents sent to the *Times* by an unknown person[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-240) show that his sons intimated to the hospital, through their lawyers, that they might discuss what happened to their father publicly at the 45th anniversary observances in 2014. The hospital, fearing the bad publicity that would result from being accused of negligently causing the death of a revered figure such as Armstrong, agreed to pay as long as the family never spoke about the suit or the settlement.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-NYT_malpractice_suit_story-221) Armstrong's wife, Carol, was not a party to the lawsuit. She reportedly felt that her husband would have been opposed to taking legal action.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-NYT_20190727-241)
Legacy
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_100514-N-3852A-002_Former_astronaut_Neil_Armstrong_gives_an_acceptance_speech_after_being_inducted_into_the_Naval_Aviation_Hall_of_Honor_at_the_National_Naval_Aviation_Museum_in_Pensacola,_Fla.jpg)
Armstrong gives an acceptance speech after being inducted into the [Naval Aviation Hall of Honor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Aviation_Hall_of_Honor "Naval Aviation Hall of Honor") at the [National Naval Aviation Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum "National Naval Aviation Museum") in [Pensacola, Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida "Pensacola, Florida").
When Pete Conrad of [Apollo 12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_12 "Apollo 12") became the third man to walk on the Moon, on November 19, 1969, his first words referenced Armstrong. The shorter of the two, when Conrad stepped from the LM onto the surface he proclaimed "Whoopie! Man, that may have been a small one for Neil, but that's a long one for me."[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-242)
Armstrong received many honors and awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom (with distinction) from President Nixon,[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-LADinner-165)[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-243) the [Cullum Geographical Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullum_Geographical_Medal "Cullum Geographical Medal") from the [American Geographical Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Geographical_Society "American Geographical Society"),[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-244) and the [Collier Trophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier_Trophy "Collier Trophy") from the [National Aeronautic Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautic_Association "National Aeronautic Association") (1969);[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-245) the [NASA Distinguished Service Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Distinguished_Service_Medal "NASA Distinguished Service Medal")[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-246) and the [Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Robert_H._Goddard_Memorial_Trophy "Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy") (1970);[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-247) the [Sylvanus Thayer Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer_Award "Sylvanus Thayer Award") by the [United States Military Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy "United States Military Academy") (1971);[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-248) the [Congressional Space Medal of Honor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Space_Medal_of_Honor "Congressional Space Medal of Honor") from President [Jimmy Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter") (1978);[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-NASA_Awards-93) the [Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Brothers_Memorial_Trophy "Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy") from the National Aeronautic Association (2001);[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-249) and a [Congressional Gold Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal "Congressional Gold Medal") (2011).[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-250)
Armstrong was elected as member into the [National Academy of Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering "National Academy of Engineering") in 1978 for contributions to aerospace engineering, scientific knowledge, and exploration of the universe as an experimental test pilot and astronaut.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-251) He was elected to the [American Philosophical Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society "American Philosophical Society") in 2001.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-252)
Armstrong and his Apollo 11 crewmates were the 1999 recipients of the [Langley Gold Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_Gold_Medal "Langley Gold Medal") from the Smithsonian Institution.[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-253) On April 18, 2006, he received NASA's Ambassador of Exploration Award.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-254) The [Space Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Foundation "Space Foundation") named Armstrong as a recipient of its 2013 General James E. Hill Lifetime Space Achievement Award.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-255) Armstrong was also inducted into the [Aerospace Walk of Honor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_Walk_of_Honor "Aerospace Walk of Honor"),[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-256)[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-ind91-257) the [International Space Hall of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Hall_of_Fame "International Space Hall of Fame"),[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-258) [National Aviation Hall of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame "National Aviation Hall of Fame"), and the [United States Astronaut Hall of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame "United States Astronaut Hall of Fame").[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-259)[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-260) He was awarded his [Naval Astronaut badge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_Badge "Astronaut Badge") in a ceremony on board the aircraft carrier [USS *Dwight D. Eisenhower*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Dwight_D._Eisenhower "USS Dwight D. Eisenhower") on March 10, 2010, in a ceremony attended by Lovell and Cernan.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-261)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Obama_Meets_with_Crew_of_Apollo_11_\(200907200016HQ\)_\(explored\)_DVIDS723610.jpg)
President [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") poses with the Apollo 11 crew on the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 11 lunar landing, July 20, 2009: Buzz Aldrin, Michael Collins, and Neil Armstrong.
The lunar crater [Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_\(crater\) "Armstrong (crater)"), 31 miles (50 km) from the Apollo 11 landing site, and [asteroid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid "Asteroid") [6469 Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6469_Armstrong "6469 Armstrong") are named in his honor.[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-262) There are more than a dozen elementary, middle and high schools named for Armstrong in the United States,[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-263) and many places around the world have streets, buildings, schools, and other places named for him or Apollo.[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-264) The [Armstrong Air and Space Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Air_and_Space_Museum "Armstrong Air and Space Museum"), in Armstrong's hometown of Wapakoneta,[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-265) and the Neil Armstrong Airport in [New Knoxville, Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Knoxville,_Ohio "New Knoxville, Ohio"), are named after him.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-266) The mineral [armstrongite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrongite "Armstrongite") is named after him,[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-267) and the mineral [armalcolite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armalcolite "Armalcolite") is named, in part, after him.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-268)
In October 2004 Purdue University named its new engineering building [Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University_College_of_Engineering "Purdue University College of Engineering");[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-269) the building was dedicated on October 27, 2007, during a ceremony at which Armstrong was joined by fourteen other Purdue astronauts.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-270) The NASA Dryden Flight Research Center was renamed the [NASA Neil A. Armstrong Flight Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center "Armstrong Flight Research Center") in 2014.[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-271) NASA has separately renamed the Plum Brook Station test site at [Glenn Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center "Glenn Research Center") as [Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center#Neil_A._Armstrong_Test_Facility "Glenn Research Center"). In September 2012, the U.S. Navy named the first *Armstrong*\-class vessel [RV *Neil Armstrong*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Neil_Armstrong "RV Neil Armstrong"). Delivered to the Navy on September 23, 2015, it is a modern oceanographic research platform supporting a wide range of activities by academic groups.[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-272) In 2019, the College of Engineering at Purdue University celebrated the 50th anniversary of Neil Armstrong's walk on the Moon by launching the Neil Armstrong Distinguished Visiting Fellows Program, which brings highly accomplished scholars and practitioners to the college to catalyze collaborations with faculty and students.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-273)
| External videos |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [Presentation by James Hansen on *First Man*, November 9, 2005](https://www.c-span.org/video/?189961-1/first-man-life-neil-a-armstrong), [C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN "C-SPAN") |
Armstrong's authorized biography, *[First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Man:_The_Life_of_Neil_A._Armstrong "First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong")*, was published in 2005. For many years, he turned down biography offers from authors such as [Stephen Ambrose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Ambrose "Stephen Ambrose") and [James A. Michener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Michener "James A. Michener") but agreed to work with James R. Hansen after reading one of Hansen's other biographies.[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-274) He recalled his initial concerns about the Apollo 11 mission, when he had believed there was only a 50% chance of landing on the Moon. "I was elated, ecstatic and extremely surprised that we were successful".[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-275) A [film adaptation of the book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Man_\(film\) "First Man (film)"), starring [Ryan Gosling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Gosling "Ryan Gosling") and directed by [Damien Chazelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Chazelle "Damien Chazelle"), was released in October 2018.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-276)
In July 2018, Armstrong's sons consigned his collection of memorabilia to [Heritage Auctions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Auctions "Heritage Auctions"), launching a series of sales that including his Boy Scout cap, and various flags and medals flown on his space missions. A series of auctions held November 1–3, 2018, realized \$5,276,320 (~\$6.47 million in 2024). As of July 2019, the auction sales totaled \$16.7 million.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-NYT_20190727-241) Two fragments of wood from the propeller and four pieces of fabric from the wing of the 1903 *[Wright Flyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Flyer "Wright Flyer")* that Armstrong took to the Moon fetched between \$112,500 and \$275,000 each,[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-277)[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-278) as well as his Apollo 11 flown gold medal, which fetched \$2.06 million in a separate Heritage sale.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-279) Armstrong's wife, Carol, has not put any of his memorabilia up for sale.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-NYT_20190727-241)
Armstrong donated his papers to Purdue. Along with posthumous donations by his widow Carol, the collection consists of over 450 boxes of material. In May 2019, she donated two 25-by-24-inch (640 by 610 mm) pieces of fabric from the *Wright Flyer*, along with his correspondence related to them.[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-280)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ohio_quarter,_reverse_side,_2002.png)
Ohio's [state quarter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters "50 State quarters") depicts Armstrong and the [Wright brothers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers "Wright brothers")' [Wright Flyer III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Flyer_III "Wright Flyer III").
In a 2010 *Space Foundation* survey, Armstrong was ranked as the number-one most popular space hero;[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-281) and in 2013, *[Flying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_\(magazine\) "Flying (magazine)")* magazine ranked him number one on its list of 51 Heroes of Aviation.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-282) The press often asked Armstrong for his views on the future of spaceflight. In 2005, he said that a [human mission to Mars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars "Human mission to Mars") would be easier than the lunar challenge of the 1960s. In 2010, he made a rare public criticism of the decision to cancel the [Ares I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I "Ares I") launch vehicle and the [Constellation Moon landing program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation_program "Constellation program").[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-283) In an open letter also signed by fellow Apollo veterans Lovell and Cernan, he said, "For The United States, the leading space faring nation for nearly half a century, to be without carriage to low Earth orbit and with no human exploration capability to go beyond Earth orbit for an indeterminate time into the future, destines our nation to become one of second or even third rate stature".[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-284) On November 18, 2010, aged 80, he said in a speech during the *[Science & Technology Summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_the_Future,_Science_%26_Technology_Summit_2010 "Meet the Future, Science & Technology Summit 2010")* in [the Hague, Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague,_Netherlands "The Hague, Netherlands"), that he would offer his services as commander on a mission to Mars if he were asked.[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-285)
The planetarium at [Altoona Area High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altoona_Area_High_School "Altoona Area High School") in [Altoona, Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania "Altoona, Pennsylvania") is named after Armstrong and is home to a [Space Race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race "Space Race") museum.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-286) A campsite in Camp Sandy Beach at [Yawgoog Scout Reservation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawgoog_Scout_Reservation "Yawgoog Scout Reservation") in [Rockville, Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockville,_Rhode_Island "Rockville, Rhode Island"), is named in his honor, a nod to his Scouting career.
Armstrong was named the [class exemplar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAFA_Class_exemplar "USAFA Class exemplar") for the Class of 2019 at the U.S. Air Force Academy.[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_note-287)
Notes
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-1)**
["Armstrong's famous 'one small step' quote — explained"](https://whyy.org/articles/armstrongs-famous-one-small-step-quote-explained/). *WHYY-FM*. July 14, 2019. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-2)**
["July 20, 1969: One Giant Leap For Mankind"](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo11.html). *NASA*. July 20, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-3)**
Armstrong, Neil (July 16, 1999). ["\[Press conference with Neil Armstrong\]"](https://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/pressconf.htm). *NASA History Division*. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-4)**
Stamm, Amy (July 17, 2019). [""One Small Step for Man" or "a Man"?"](https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/one-small-step-man-or-man). *National Air and Space Museum*. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-5)**
Butler County Department of Health (August 6, 1930). ["English: This is a faithful digital scan of the official birth certificate of Neil Alden Armstrong, issued by the Butler County Department of Health on March 31, 2025. Certified by local county registrar, Kathy Ripley"](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Alden_Armstrong_-_Original_birth_certificate.jpg). Retrieved April 15, 2025.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-6)**
["Distant Irish relatives mourn moonwalker Neil Armstrong"](https://www.irishcentral.com/news/distant-irish-relatives-mourn-moonwalker-neil-armstrong-167530445-237525201). August 27, 2012.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200513,_20_7-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 13, 20.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-8)**
Coleman, Maureen (August 28, 2012). ["A Giant Leap For An Ulsterman"](https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/a-giant-leap-for-an-ulsterman-tributes-to-neil-armstrong-the-astronaut-who-was-first-to-walk-on-the-moon-28785887.html). *[The Belfast Telegraph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Belfast_Telegraph "The Belfast Telegraph")*. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-9)**
Harvey, Ian (April 15, 2019). ["Neil Armstrong's Last Name Posed a Problem in his Ancestral Scottish Hometown"](https://www.thevintagenews.com/2019/04/15/armstrong/). *thevintagenews*. Retrieved September 4, 2022.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-10)**
["Neil Armstrong grants rare interview to accountants organization"](http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/neil-armstrong-grants-rare-interview-to-accountants-organization-1.1289392). CBC News. May 24, 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180107163955/http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/neil-armstrong-grants-rare-interview-to-accountants-organization-1.1289392) from the original on January 7, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200529_11-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 29.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-12)**
["Project Apollo: Astronaut Biographies"](https://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/astrobios.htm#Armstrong). NASA. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110428105817/http://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/astrobios.htm#Armstrong) from the original on April 28, 2011. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200545_13-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 45. "According to a volunteer group in Warren, Ohio that had worked through the 2000s to turn the Warren Airport into a historical exhibit, the date of Neil's inaugural flight was July 26, 1936. If that date is correct, Neil was still only five when he experienced his first airplane ride, his sixth birthday not coming for ten more days."
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-14)**
Haughn, Rachelle (June 2019). ["One Small Step With Model Aviation"](https://www.modelaviation.com/one-small-step). *Model Aviation*. Retrieved July 29, 2025.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200549%E2%80%9350_15-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 49–50.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoestler-Grack201014_16-0)** [Koestler-Grack 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFKoestler-Grack2010), p. 14.
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen201238_17-0)** [Hansen 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2012), p. 38.
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-18)**
Airgood, Glenn (February 16, 1973). ["1st Man on the Moon Gets National Eagle Award"](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23385802/the_morning_call/). *The Morning Call*. Allentown, Pennsylvania. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-19)**
["Silver Buffalo Award Winners 1979–1970"](https://www.scouting.org/awards/silver-buffalo/previous-winners/1979-1970/). Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-20)**
["Apollo 11 – Day 3, part 2: Entering Eagle – Transcript"](https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap11fj/09day3-entering-eagle.html). NASA. April 11, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2022. "I'd like to say hello to all my fellow Scouts and Scouters at [Farragut State Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farragut_State_Park "Farragut State Park") in Idaho having a [National Jamboree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scout_jamboree_\(Boy_Scouts_of_America\) "National Scout jamboree (Boy Scouts of America)") there this week; and Apollo 11 would like to send them best wishes". [Capsule communicator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_communicator "Capsule communicator") [Charles Duke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duke "Charles Duke") replied: "Thank you, Apollo 11. I'm sure that, if they didn't hear that, they'll get the word through the news. Certainly appreciate that."
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-21)**
["World Scouting salutes Neil Armstrong"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150904004807/http://oldsite.scout.org/en/information_events/news/world_scouting_salutes_neil_armstrong). World Organization of the Scout Movement. Archived from [the original](http://oldsite.scout.org/en/information_events/news/world_scouting_salutes_neil_armstrong) on September 4, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2015.
22. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200555%E2%80%9356_22-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200555%E2%80%9356_22-1) [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 55–56.
23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-23)**
["The untold story of how Neil Armstrong chose Purdue"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190704035141/https://www.wlfi.com/content/news/The-untold-story-of-how-Neil-Armstrong-chose-Purdue-512192321.html). *wlfi.com*. Archived from [the original](https://www.wlfi.com/content/news/The-untold-story-of-how-Neil-Armstrong-chose-Purdue-512192321.html) on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200558_24-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 58.
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200568%E2%80%9369_25-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 68–69.
26. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200571_26-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200571_26-1) [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 71.
27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200576%E2%80%9379_27-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 76–79.
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200579%E2%80%9385_28-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 79–85.
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200590_29-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 90.
30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200594_30-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 94.
31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200592%E2%80%9393_31-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 92–93.
32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200595%E2%80%9396_32-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 95–96.
33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005112_33-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 112.
34. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-USN_record_34-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-USN_record_34-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-USN_record_34-2)
["Ex-Lieutenant (junior grade) Neil Alden Armstrong, U.S. Naval Reserve, Transcript of Naval Service"](https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/histories/bios/Armstrong-Neil/Armstrong_redacted_Redacted.pdf) (PDF). United States Navy. March 27, 1967. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170506025424/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/histories/bios/Armstrong-Neil/Armstrong_redacted_Redacted.pdf) (PDF) from the original on May 6, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
35. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005118_35-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005118_35-1) [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 118.
36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200561%E2%80%9362_36-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 61–62.
37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-37)**
["Purdue mourns alumnus Neil Armstrong"](https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2012/Q3/purdue-mourns-alumnus-neil-armstrong.html). Purdue University. August 25, 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171216125803/http://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2012/Q3/purdue-mourns-alumnus-neil-armstrong.html) from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-38)**
["Purdue Bands launch \$2 million fund-raising campaign"](https://www.purdue.edu/uns/html3month/1997/970425.Bands.campaign.html). Purdue University. April 25, 1997. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
39. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-NASA-bio_39-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-NASA-bio_39-1)
["Biographical Data: Neil A. Armstrong"](https://web.archive.org/web/20171204041951/https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/armstrong-na.html). NASA. August 2012. Archived from [the original](https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/armstrong-na.html) on December 4, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-40)**
["Biography: Neil A. Armstrong"](https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/bios/neilabio.html). NASA ([Glenn Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center "Glenn Research Center")). March 2008. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110526004733/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/bios/neilabio.html) from the original on May 26, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200562_41-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 62.
42. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005124%E2%80%93128_42-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 124–128.
43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-43)**
Chillag, Amy; Higgins, Cole (March 1, 2019). ["Girl, 7, Fighting Rare Cancer Gets Pics of Dogs from Well-Wishers"](https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/01/health/iyw-girl-cancer-dog-photos-trnd/index.html). [CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN"). Retrieved November 24, 2019.
44. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005161%E2%80%93164_44-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 161–164.
45. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005119%E2%80%93120_45-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005119%E2%80%93120_45-1) [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 119–120.
46. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005130_46-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 130.
47. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005134_47-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 134.
48. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-48)**
Creech, Gray (July 15, 2004). ["From the Mojave to the Moon: Neil Armstrong's Early NASA Years"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110630200654/http://www.nasa.gov/missions/research/neil_armstrong.html). NASA. Archived from [the original](https://www.nasa.gov/missions/research/neil_armstrong.html) on June 30, 2011. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
49. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005134%E2%80%93136_49-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 134–136.
50. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005136%E2%80%93138_50-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 136–138.
51. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005145_51-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 145.
52. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-52)**
Evans, Michelle (2013). ["The X-15 Rocket Plane: Flight Log"](http://www.mach25media.com/Resources/X15FlightLog.pdf) (PDF). Mach 25 Media. pp. 22, 25. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180413002147/http://www.mach25media.com/Resources/X15FlightLog.pdf) (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
53. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005147_53-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), p. 147.
54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-54)**
["T. Keith Glennan"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170214234112/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Biographies/glennan.html). NASA. Archived from [the original](https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Biographies/glennan.html) on February 14, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
55. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005178%E2%80%93184_55-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 178–184.
56. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-56)**
Klesius, Mike (May 20, 2009). ["Neil Armstrong's X-15 flight over Pasadena"](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/neil-armstrongs-x-15-flight-over-pasadena-59458462/). *Smithsonian Air & Space Magazine*. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
57. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2001314_57-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2001314_57-1) [Collins 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFCollins2001), pp. 314.
58. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005138%E2%80%93139_58-0)** [Hansen 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFHansen2005), pp. 138–139.
59. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2000118%E2%80%93121_59-0)** [Jenkins 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#CITEREFJenkins2000), pp. 118–121.
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Chaikin, Andrew (January 4, 2013). ["Neil Armstrong Didn't Lie About 'One Small Step' Moon Speech, Historian Says"](http://www.space.com/19136-neil-armstrong-moon-speech-truth.html). *[Space.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space.com "Space.com")*. Purch. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150724160705/http://www.space.com/19136-neil-armstrong-moon-speech-truth.html) from the original on July 24, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
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Goddard, Jacqui (October 2, 2006). ["One small word is one giant sigh of relief for Armstrong"](https://www.thetimes.com/uk/science/article/one-small-word-is-one-giant-sigh-of-relief-for-armstrong-8ffrjd0s6wz). *[The Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times "The Times")*. London. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
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Ford, Peter Shann (September 17, 2006). ["Electronic Evidence and Physiological Reasoning Identifying the Elusive Vowel "a" in Neil Armstrong's Statement on First Stepping onto the Lunar Surface"](http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-100306a.html). *collectSPACE*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015424/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-100306a.html) from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 28, 2007.
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["Software Finds Missing 'a' in Armstrong's Moon Quote"](https://web.archive.org/web/20061004151135/http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/09/30/moon.quote.ap/index.html). [CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN"). Associated Press. October 1, 2006. Archived from [the original](http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/09/30/moon.quote.ap/index.html) on October 4, 2006.
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Smith, Veronica (October 2, 2006). ["Armstrong's Moon landing speech rewritten"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070831202457/http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/717). *[Cosmos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_\(Australian_magazine\) "Cosmos (Australian magazine)")*. Agence France-Presse. Archived from [the original](http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/717) on August 31, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2007.
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Carreau, Mark (September 29, 2006). ["High-tech analysis may rewrite space history"](http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/4225505.html). *[Houston Chronicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle "Houston Chronicle")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20061004192255/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/4225505.html) from the original on October 4, 2006. Retrieved September 30, 2006.
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Carreau, Mark (September 30, 2006). ["Hear what Neil Armstrong really said on the moon"](https://www.chron.com/news/nation-world/article/Hear-what-Neil-Armstrong-really-said-on-the-moon-1862496.php). *Houston Chronicle*. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
148. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-148)**
[Language Logs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_Log "Language Log"):
- [Beaver, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beaver "David Beaver"). ["One small step backwards"](http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003630.html). *Language Log*. University of Pennsylvania. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171108072803/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003630.html) from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
(including audio)
- [Liberman, Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Liberman "Mark Liberman"). ["One 75-millisecond step before a "man""](http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003632.html). *Language Log*. University of Pennsylvania. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171108072810/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003632.html) from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
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149. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-149)**
Baese-Berk, M. M.; Dilley, L. C.; Schmidt, S.; Morrill, T. H.; Pitt, M. A. (2016). ["Revisiting Neil Armstrong's Moon-Landing Quote: Implications for Speech Perception, Function Word Reduction, and Acoustic Ambiguity"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5014323). *PLOS ONE*. **11** (9): 1–11\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2016PLoSO..1155975B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1155975B). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1371/journal.pone.0155975](https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0155975). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1932-6203](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [5014323](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5014323). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [27603209](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27603209).
150. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-150)**
Jones, Eric M. ["One Small Step, time 109:24:23"](https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a11/a11.step.html). *Apollo 11 Surface Journal*. NASA. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130102060848/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a11/a11.step.html) from the original on January 2, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
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["Total Population—Both Sexes"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170730155936/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/Files/1_Indicators%20\(Standard\)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2017_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx). United Nations Population Division. Archived from [the original](https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/Files/1_Indicators%20\(Standard\)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2017_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx) (xlsx) on July 30, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
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Locke, Robert (October 6, 1976). ["Space Pioneers Enshrined"](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29967024/las_vegas_optic/). *Las Vegas Optic*. Las Vegas, New Mexico. Associated Press. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
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Clark, Amy (March 14, 1993). ["Activities Honor Gemini Astronauts"](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33582881/florida_today/). *Florida Today*. Cocoa, Florida. p. 41 – via Newspapers.com.
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["Neil A. Armstrong"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111001025716/http://www.astronautscholarship.org/armstrong.html). Astronaut Scholarship Foundation. Archived from [the original](http://www.astronautscholarship.org/armstrong.html) on October 1, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
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Kirk, Amy (March 10, 2010). ["Astronaut Legend Receives Naval Astronaut Wings Aboard 'Ike'"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041525/http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=51836). United States Navy. Archived from [the original](http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=51836) on February 28, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
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["Search for Public School"](https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_list.asp?Search=1&InstName=neil+armstrong&SchoolID=&Address=&City=&State=&Zip=&Miles=&County=&PhoneAreaCode=&Phone=&DistrictName=&DistrictID=&SchoolType=1&SchoolType=2&SchoolType=3&SchoolType=4&SpecificSchlTypes=all&IncGrade=-1&LoGrade=-1&HiGrade=-1). National Center for Educational Statistics. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071011184021/http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_list.asp?Search=1&InstName=neil+armstrong&SchoolID=&Address=&City=&State=&Zip=&Miles=&County=&PhoneAreaCode=&Phone=&DistrictName=&DistrictID=&SchoolType=1&SchoolType=2&SchoolType=3&SchoolType=4&SpecificSchlTypes=all&IncGrade=-1&LoGrade=-1&HiGrade=-1) from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
264. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-264)**
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Knight, Andy (Winter 2000). ["To the moon: Armstrong space museum offers history lessons on space travel"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071223011402/http://www.cincinnati.com/visitorsguide/stories/012800_moon.html). *Cincinnati.com*. Archived from [the original](http://www.cincinnati.com/visitorsguide/stories/012800_moon.html) on December 23, 2007. Retrieved August 28, 2007.
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["Auglaize County Neil Armstrong Airport"](http://www.neilarmstrongairport.com/). Auglaize County Neil Armstrong Airport. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170921040243/http://neilarmstrongairport.com/) from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
267. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-267)**
Vladykin, N. V.; Kovalenko, V. I.; Kashaev, A. A.; Sapozhnikov, A. N.; Pisarskaya, V. A. (1973). "A new silicate of calcium and zirconium – armstrongite". *Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR*. **209**: 1185–1188\.
268. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-268)**
Anderson, A. T. (1970). "Armalcolite, a new mineral from the Apollo 11 samples". *Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta*. **34** (Supplement 1): 55–63\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[1970GeCAS...1...55A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970GeCAS...1...55A).
269. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-269)**
Holsapple, Matt (October 16, 2004). ["Purdue launching Neil Armstrong Hall for engineering's future"](http://news.uns.purdue.edu/html3month/2004/041016.Jischke.Armstrong.html). *Purdue University News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071016105510/http://news.uns.purdue.edu/html3month/2004/041016.Jischke.Armstrong.html) from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved August 28, 2007.
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Venere, Emil (October 27, 2007). ["Neil Armstrong Hall is new home to Purdue engineering"](http://news.uns.purdue.edu/x/2007b/071027CelArmstrongDedication.html). *Purdue University News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071230143412/http://news.uns.purdue.edu/x/2007b/071027CelArmstrongDedication.html) from the original on December 30, 2007. Retrieved January 5, 2008.
271. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-271)**
["An Act to Redesignate the Dryden Flight Research Center as the Neil A. Armstrong Flight Research Center and the Western Aeronautical Test Range as the Hugh L. Dryden Aeronautical Test Range"](https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo46206). US Government Publishing Office. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
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Yoong, Sean (September 6, 2005). ["Neil Armstrong: Manned Mars mission 20 years away"](https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2005-09-06-mars-armstrong_x.htm). *[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today")*. Washington DC. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110726194523/http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2005-09-06-mars-armstrong_x.htm) from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
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Stolworthy, Jacob (March 8, 2017). ["First Man: Damien Chazelle and Ryan Gosling's Neil Armstrong biopic gets awards season release date"](https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/ryan-gosling-damien-chazelle-neil-armstrong-biopic-first-man-release-date-trailer-oscars-2019-best-a7618146.html). *[The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180201013746/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/ryan-gosling-damien-chazelle-neil-armstrong-biopic-first-man-release-date-trailer-oscars-2019-best-a7618146.html) from the original on February 1, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
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Cornwell, Lisa (July 20, 2018). ["One giant sale: Neil Armstrong's collection goes to auction"](https://phys.org/news/2018-07-giant-sale-neil-armstrong-auction.html). *phys.org*. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
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["Wright Flyer fabric lands at Purdue University Archives"](https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2019/Q2/wright-flyer-fabric-lands-at-purdue-university-archives.html). *Purdue University News*. May 30, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
281. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-281)**
["Space Foundation Survey Reveals Broad Range of Space Heroes"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120723031011/http://www.spacefoundation.org/media/press-releases/space-foundation-survey-reveals-broad-range-space-heroes-early-astronauts-still?id=1038) (Press release). Space Foundation. October 27, 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.spacefoundation.org/news/story.php?id=1038) on July 23, 2012. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
282. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-282)**
["51 Heroes of Aviation"](http://www.flyingmag.com/photo-gallery/photos/51-heroes-aviation?pnid=41853). *Flying*. July 24, 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151016015011/http://www.flyingmag.com/photo-gallery/photos/51-heroes-aviation?pnid=41853) from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
283. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-283)**
Kaplan, Jeremy A. (April 14, 2010). ["Star Wars: Neil Armstrong, Obama Spar Over NASA's Future"](https://www.foxnews.com/science/star-wars-neil-armstrong-obama-spar-over-nasas-future). Fox News. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151029081228/http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2010/04/14/obama-vs-neil-armstrong-nasa-constellation/?test=latestnews) from the original on October 29, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2018. "I suspect that even though the various questions are difficult and many, they are not as difficult and many as those we faced when we started the Apollo \[space program\] in 1961."
284. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-284)**
Armstrong, Neil; Lovell, James; Cernan, Eugene (April 14, 2010). ["Armstrong: Obama NASA plan 'devastating'"](https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna36470363). NBC Nightly News. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
285. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-285)**
["Neil Armstrong wil nog best naar Mars"](http://www.nu.nl/wetenschap/2382331/neil-armstrong-wil-nog-best-mars.html) \[Neil Armstrong still wants to go to Mars\]. *NU.nl* (in Dutch). November 18, 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180220151853/https://www.nu.nl/wetenschap/2382331/neil-armstrong-wil-nog-best-mars.html) from the original on February 20, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2018 – via ANP.
286. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-286)**
School District, Altoona Area. ["Welcome to the Neil Armstrong Planetarium"](https://web.archive.org/web/20231103080035/https://aahs.aasdcat.com/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=424697&type=d&pREC_ID=1034959). *Altoona Area High School*. Altoona Area School District. Archived from [the original](https://aahs.aasdcat.com/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=424697&type=d&pREC_ID=1034959) on November 3, 2023. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
287. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong#cite_ref-287)**
Swanson, Conrad; Roeder, Tom (May 30, 2019). ["Air Force Academy graduation notes: Class of 2019 gives nod to Neil Armstrong"](https://gazette.com/military/air-force-academy-graduation-notes-class-of-2019-gives-nod-to-neil-armstrong/article_c2647ece-8327-11e9-9c8a-13a69088cc68.html). *Colorado Springs Gazette*. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
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. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1011809615](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1011809615).
- Manned Spacecraft Center (November 1969). [*Apollo 11 Mission Report*](https://web.archive.org/web/20030616190156/http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/A11_MissionReport.pdf) (PDF). Houston: NASA. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [8444918](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8444918). MSC 00171. Archived from [the original](https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/A11_MissionReport.pdf) (PDF) on June 16, 2003. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
- Nelson, Craig (2009). [*Rocket Men: The Epic Story of the First Men on the Moon*](https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780670021031). New York City: Viking. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7195-6948-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6948-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6948-7")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [699213335](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/699213335).
- Nickell, Duane S. (2008). *Guidebook for the Scientific Traveler: Visiting Astronomy and Space*. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8135-4374-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4374-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4374-1")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [190785292](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/190785292).
- Orloff, Richard W. (2000). [*Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference*](https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029.pdf) (PDF). NASA History Series. Washington, DC: NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-16-050631-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-050631-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-16-050631-4")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [00061677](https://lccn.loc.gov/00061677). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [829406439](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/829406439). NASA SP-2000-4029. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
- Reichl, Eugen (2016). *Project Gemini*. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7643-5070-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7643-5070-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7643-5070-2")
.
- Shapiro, Michael E. (2012). *Cable Television Prime Time Programming 1990–2010*. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7864-7087-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7087-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7087-7")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [878810736](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/878810736).
- Smith, Andrew (2005). *Moondust: In Search of the Men Who Fell to Earth*. London: Bloomsbury. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7475-6368-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-6368-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-6368-6")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [728066122](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/728066122).
Further reading
| External videos |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [*After Words* interview with Jay Barbree on *Neil Armstrong: A Life of Flight*, July 19, 2014](https://www.c-span.org/video/?320051-1/after-words-jay-barbree), [C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN "C-SPAN") |
- [Barbree, Jay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Barbree "Jay Barbree") (2014). *Neil Armstrong: A Life of Flight*. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-250-04071-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-04071-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-250-04071-8")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [900815422](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/900815422).
- [French, Francis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_French_\(author\) "Francis French (author)"); [Burgess, Colin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Burgess_\(author\) "Colin Burgess (author)") (2010). [*In the Shadow of the Moon*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Shadow_of_the_Moon_\(book\) "In the Shadow of the Moon (book)"). Lincoln, Nebraska, and London: University of Nebraska Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8032-2979-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2979-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2979-2")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1019883802](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1019883802).
- Thompson, Milton O. (1992). [*At the Edge of Space: The X-15 Flight Program*](https://archive.org/details/atedgeofspacex1500thom). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-56098-107-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-107-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-107-7")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [925195868](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/925195868).
External links
- [Neil Armstrong Commemorative Website](http://uc.edu/armstrong)\[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")*\] – [University of Cincinnati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati "University of Cincinnati")
- [Neil Armstrong collected news and commentary](https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/neil-armstrong). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*.
- [Neil Armstrong](https://www.theguardian.com/science/neil-armstrong) collected news and commentary at *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*
- [Appearances](https://www.c-span.org/person/?8521) on [C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN "C-SPAN") |
| Shard | 152 (laksa) |
| Root Hash | 17790707453426894952 |
| Unparsed URL | org,wikipedia!en,/wiki/Neil_Armstrong s443 |