🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa053)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act","crawl_time":1774467096,"first_indexed_time":1436631278,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nNational Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act\nLong title\nAn Act to provide for a coordinated national safety program and establishment of safety standards for motor vehicles in interstate commerce to reduce accidents involving motor vehicles and to reduce the deaths and injuries occurring in such accidents.\nEnacted by\nthe\n89th United States Congress\nCitations\nPublic law\nPub. L.\n \n89–563\nStatutes at Large\n80 \nStat.\n \n718\nLegislative history\nIntroduced\nin the Senate as S. 3005  on March 2, 1966\nPassed the Senate\non June 24, 1966 \nPassed the House\non August 17, 1966 \nSigned into law\nby President\nLyndon B. Johnson\non September 9, 1966\nThe\nNational Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act\nwas enacted in the United States in 1966 to empower the federal government to set and administer new safety standards for motor\nvehicles\nand\nroad traffic safety\n. The Act was the first mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles. The Act created the National Highway Safety Bureau (now\nNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration\n). The Act was one of a number of initiatives by the government in response to increasing number of cars and associated fatalities and injuries on the road following a period when the number of people killed on the road had increased 6-fold and the number of vehicles was up 11-fold since 1925. The reduction of the rate of\ndeath\nattributable to motor-vehicle crashes in the\nUnited States\nrepresents the successful public health response to a great\ntechnologic\nadvance of the 20th century—the motorization of the United States.\n[\n1\n]\n[\n2\n]\n[\n3\n]\n[\n4\n]\nSystematic motor-vehicle safety efforts began during the 1960s. In 1960, unintentional injuries caused 93,803 deaths;\n[\n5\n]\n41% were associated with motor-vehicle crashes. In 1966, after Congress and the general public had become thoroughly horrified by five years of skyrocketing motor-vehicle-related fatality rates, the enactment of the\nHighway Safety Act\ncreated the National Highway Safety Bureau (NHSB),\n[\n6\n]\nwhich later became the\nNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration\n(NHTSA). The systematic approach to motor-vehicle-related injury prevention began with NHSB's first director,\nWilliam Haddon\n.\n[\n7\n]\nHaddon, a public health physician, recognized that standard public health methods and epidemiology could be applied to preventing motor-vehicle-related and other injuries. He defined interactions between host (\nhuman\n), agent (\nmotor vehicle\n), and environmental (\nhighway\n) factors before, during, and after crashes resulting in injuries.\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nTackling problems identified with each factor during each phase of the crash, NHSB initiated a campaign to prevent motor-vehicle-related injuries.\nWhen he signed the bill into law on September 9, 1966, President\nLyndon B. Johnson\nnoted that while 29 American soldiers had died over the recent\nLabor Day\nweekend, 614 Americans died in automobile accidents.\n[\n8\n]\nIn 1966, passage of the Highway Safety Act and the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act authorized the federal government to set and regulate standards for motor vehicles and highways, a mechanism necessary for effective prevention.\n[\n7\n]\n[\n9\n]\nThe Highway Safety Act resulted in the national adoption of the\nManual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices\n, while the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act led to the national adoption of the\nFederal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards\n.\nMany changes in both vehicle and highway design followed this mandate. Vehicles (agent of injury) were built with new safety features, including head rests, energy-absorbing steering wheels, shatter-resistant windshields, and safety belts.\n[\n9\n]\n[\n10\n]\nRoads (environment) were improved by better delineation of curves (edge and center line stripes and reflectors), use of breakaway sign and utility poles, improved illumination, addition of barriers separating oncoming traffic lanes, and guardrails.\n[\n10\n]\n[\n11\n]\nThe results were rapid. By 1970, motor-vehicle-related death rates were decreasing by both the public health measure (deaths per 100,000 population) and the traffic safety indicator (deaths per VMT).\n[\n5\n]\nChanges in driver and passenger (host) behavior also have reduced motor-vehicle crashes and injuries. Enactment and enforcement of traffic safety laws, reinforced by\npublic education\n, have led to safer behavior choices. Examples include enforcement of laws against driving while intoxicated (\nDWI\n) and underage drinking, and enforcement of\nseat belt\n,\nchild safety seat\n, and\nmotorcycle helmet\nuse laws.\n[\n11\n]\n[\n12\n]\nGovernment and community recognition of the need for motor-vehicle safety prompted initiation of programs by federal and state governments, academic institutions, community-based organizations, and industry. NHTSA and the Federal Highway Administration within the U.S. Department of Transportation have provided national leadership for traffic and highway safety efforts since the 1960s.\n[\n7\n]\nThe National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, established at CDC in 1992, has contributed public health direction.\n[\n13\n]\n[\n14\n]\nState and local governments have enacted and enforced laws that affect motor-vehicle and highway safety,\ndriver licensing\nand\ntesting\n,\nvehicle inspections\n, and\ntraffic regulations\n.\n[\n7\n]\nPreventing motor-vehicle-related injuries has required collaboration among many professional disciplines (such as\nbiomechanics\nhas been essential to vehicle design and highway safety features). Citizen and community-based advocacy groups have played important prevention roles in areas such as drinking and driving and child-occupant protection.\n[\n12\n]\nConsistent with the public\/ private partnerships that characterize motor-vehicle safety efforts, NHTSA sponsors \"Buckle Up America\" week, which focuses on the need to secure children in child-safety seats properly at all times.\n[1]\nSpecific public health concerns\n[\nedit\n]\nHigh-Risk Populations\n[\nedit\n]\nAlcohol-impaired:\nFrom 1982 to 1997, the annual motor-vehicle crash-related fatalities involving\nalcohol\ndecreased by 39% to approximately 16,000; these deaths accounted for 38.6% of all traffic deaths.\n[\n15\n]\n[\n16\n]\nFactors that may have contributed to this decline included increased public awareness of the dangers of drinking and driving; new and tougher state laws; stricter law enforcement; an increase in the minimum legal\ndrinking age\n; prevention programs that offer alternatives such as safe rides (e.g.,\ntaxicabs\nand\npublic transportation\n),\ndesignated drivers\n, responsible alcohol-serving practices and a decrease in per capita alcohol consumption.\n[\n11\n]\n[\n12\n]\nYoung drivers and passengers:\nFrom 1975 to 1997, motor-vehicle-related fatality rates had decreased 27% for young motor-vehicle occupants (ages 16–20 years). However, in 1997 the death rate was 28.3 per 100,000 population—more than twice that of the U.S. population (13.3 per 100,000 population).\n[\n15\n]\nSome teenagers are more likely than adult drivers to speed, run red lights, make illegal turns, ride with an intoxicated driver, and drive after drinking alcohol or using drugs.\n[\n17\n]\nStrategies that had contributed to improved motor-vehicle safety among young drivers included laws restricting purchase of alcohol among underaged youths\n[\n12\n]\nand some aspects of\ngraduated licensing systems\n(e.g., restrictions related to nighttime driving).\n[\n18\n]\nPedestrians:\nFrom 1975 to 1997,\npedestrian\nfatality rates decreased 41%, from 4 per 100,000 population in 1975 to 2.3 in 1997 but still account for 13% of motor-vehicle-related deaths.\n[\n15\n]\nFactors that may have reduced pedestrian fatalities included more and better sidewalks, pedestrian paths, playgrounds away from streets, one-way traffic flow, and restricted on-street parking.\n[\n12\n]\nOccupant-Protection Systems\n[\nedit\n]\nSafety belts:\nIn response to legislation, highly visible law enforcement, and public education, rates of safety belt use nationwide had increased from approximately 11% in 1981 to 68% in 1997 (8). Safety belt use began to increase following enactment of the first state mandatory-use laws in 1984.\n[\n12\n]\nIn 1997, all states except\nNew Hampshire\nhad\nseat belt laws\n. Primary laws (which allow police to stop vehicles simply because occupants are not wearing safety belts) are more effective than secondary laws (which require that a vehicle be stopped for some other traffic violation).\n[\n12\n]\n[\n19\n]\nThe prevalence of safety belt use after enactment of primary laws increased 1.5-4.3 times, and motor-vehicle-related fatality rates decreased 13%-46%.\n[\n19\n]\nChild-safety and booster seats:\nAll states had passed child passenger protection laws, but these varied widely in age and size requirements and the penalties imposed for noncompliance. Child-restraint used in 1996 was 85% for children aged less than 1 year and 60% for children aged 1–4 years.\n[\n20\n]\nFrom 1975 to 1997, deaths among children aged less than 5 years had decreased 30% to 3.1 per 100,000 population, but rates for age groups 5–15 years had declined by only 11%-13%.\n[\n15\n]\nChild seats were misused by as many as 80% of users\n[\n21\n]\n[\n22\n]\n[\n23\n]\nIn addition, parents failed to recognize the need for booster seats for children who were too large for child seats but not large enough to be safely restrained in an adult lap-shoulder belt.\n[\n24\n]\nReported by: Div of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC.\nTraffic Injury Prevention\n[2]\nRoad-traffic safety\n^\nJensen, Christopher (November 26, 2015).\n\"50 Years Ago, 'Unsafe at Any Speed' Shook the Auto World\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n. Retrieved\nApril 27,\n2016\n.\nFew drivers could imagine owning a car these days that did not come with airbags, antilock brakes and seatbelts. But 50 years ago motorists went without such basic safety features. That was before a young lawyer named Ralph Nader came along with a book, \"Unsafe at Any Speed,\" that was could change the auto industry. It accused automakers of failing to make cars as safe as possible. Less than a year after the book was published, a balky Congress created the federal safety agency that became the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration — an agency whose stated mission is to save lives, prevent injuries and reduce crashes...By the spring of 1966, \"Unsafe at Any Speed\" was a best seller for nonfiction...In September 1966 — about 10 months after the book was published — President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, requiring the adoption of new or upgraded vehicle safety standards, and creating an agency to enforce them and supervise safety recalls.\n^\nHendrickson, Kimberly A. (2003).\n\"National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act\"\n. In Kutler, Stanley I. (ed.).\nDictionary of American History\n. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.).\nCharles Scribner's Sons\n. pp. \n561–\n562.\nSigned into law by President Lyndon Johnson on 9 September 1966, this act created the first mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles.\n^\nBrumagen, Regan.\n\"Unsafe at Any Speed, Work by Nader\"\n.\nEncyclopædia Britannica\n. Retrieved\nApril 27,\n2016\n.\nUnsafe at Any Speed, investigative report on U.S. automobile safety published in 1965 by consumer advocate Ralph Nader, who was then a 31-year-old attorney. Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-in Dangers of the American Automobile excoriated the American automotive industry, based in Detroit, for its prioritization of style and design over consumer safety. Nader's book eventually became a best seller and helped spur the passage of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act in 1966, the country's first significant automobile safety legislation.\n^\nWyden, Peter\n(1987).\nThe Unknown Iacocca\n.\nWilliam Morrow and Company\n.\nISBN\n \n068806616X\n.\nNader, another poor boy, rose to national hero status on the critic's side of America's car wars. His 1965 best-seller\nUnsafe at Any Speed\nfocused on the appalling accident record of Chevrolet's Corvair and was largely responsible for the congressional passage, in 1966, of the nation's first reasonably stringent auto safety law.\n^\na\nb\nNational Safety Council (1998). Accident facts (Report) (1998 ed.). Itasca, Illinois: National Safety Council.\nISBN\n \n0879122005\n.\n^\nPub. L.\n \n89–564: Highway Safety Act of 1966\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\nCommittee on Injury Prevention and Control, Institute of Medicine (1999).\nReducing the burden of injury: advancing prevention and treatment\n. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.\ndoi\n:\n10.17226\/6321\n.\nISBN\n \n0-309-06566-6\n.\nPMID\n \n25101422\n.\n^\nJohnson, Lyndon\n(September 9, 1966).\n\"Remarks at the Signing of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the Highway Safety Act\"\n. Retrieved\n29 April\n2021\n.\n^\na\nb\nTransportation Research Board (1990). Safety research for a changing highway environment (Report). Washington, D.C.: National Research Council, Transportation Research Board.\ndoi\n:\n10.17226\/11411\n.\nISBN\n \n0-309-05056-1\n.\nISSN\n \n0360-859X\n.\nspecial report no. 229\n^\na\nb\nRice DP; MacKenzie EJ; Jones AS; Kaufman SR; deLissovoy GV; Max W; McLoughlin E; Miller TR; Robertson LS; Salkever DS; Smith GS (1989).\nThe cost of injury in the United States: a report to Congress\n(PDF)\n(Report). San Francisco, California: University of California, Institute of Health and Aging; Johns Hopkins University, Injury Prevention Center\n. Retrieved\n29 April\n2021\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nCDC\/National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (1992).\nPosition papers\n. Third National Injury Control Conference: Setting the national agenda for injury control in the 1990s. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\ng\nGraham, JD (1993).\n\"Injuries from traffic crashes: meeting the challenge\"\n.\nAnnual Review of Public Health\n.\n14\n:\n515–\n43.\ndoi\n:\n10.1146\/annurev.pu.14.050193.002503\n.\nPMID\n \n8323601\n.\n^\nSleet DA; Bonzo S; Branche C (1998).\n\"An overview of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\"\n.\nInjury Prevention\n.\n4\n:\n308–\n12.\ndoi\n:\n10.1136\/ip.4.4.308\n.\nPMC\n \n1730415\n.\nPMID\n \n9887426\n.\n^\nBolen JR; Sleet DA; Johnson VR, eds. (1997).\nPrevention of motor vehicle-related injuries: a compendium of articles from the\nMorbidity and Mortality Weekly Report\n, 1985-1996\n(Report). Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\nNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration (November 1998).\nTraffic safety facts 1997: A compilation of motor vehicle crash data from the fatality analysis reporting system and the general estimates system\n(Report). Washington, D.C.: Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.\n^\nCDC (December 11, 1998).\n\"Alcohol involvement in fatal motor-vehicle crashes--United States, 1996-1997\"\n(PDF)\n.\nMorbidity and Mortality Weekly Report\n.\n47\n(48):\n1055–\n6, 1063.\n^\nHingson R; Howland J. (1993).\n\"Promoting safety in adolescents.\"\n. In Millstein SG; Petersen AC; Nightingale EO (eds.).\nPromoting the health of adolescents: new directions for the 21st century\n. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. \n305–\n319.\nISBN\n \n0-19-507454-8\n.\n^\nFoss RD; Evenson KR (January 1999). \"Effectiveness of graduated driver licensing in reducing motor vehicle crashes\".\nAmerican Journal of Preventive Medicine\n.\n16\n(1 suppl):\n47–\n56.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/s0749-3797(98)00112-3\n.\nPMID\n \n9921386\n.\n^\na\nb\nRivara FP; Thompson DC; Cummings P (January 1999). \"Effectiveness of primary and secondary enforced seat belt laws\".\nAmerican Journal of Preventive Medicine\n.\n16\n(1 suppl):\n30–\n9.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/s0749-3797(98)00113-5\n.\nPMID\n \n9921384\n.\n^\nNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration (August 1997).\nResearch note: National occupant protection use survey, 1996--controlled intersection study\n(Report). Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.\n^\nNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration (September 1996).\nNHTSA traffic tech note no. 133, observed patterns of misuse of child safety seats\n(Report). Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.\n^\nCDC (July 10, 1998).\n\"Improper use of child safety seats--Kentucky, 1996\"\n(PDF)\n.\nMorbidity and Mortality Weekly Report\n.\n47\n(26):\n541–\n4.\n^\nTaft CH; Mickalide AD; Taft AR (1999). Child passengers at risk in America: a national study of car seat misuse (Report). Washington, D.C.: National Safe Kids Campaign.\n^\nCDC (February 5, 1999).\n\"National Child Passenger Safety Week--February 14–20, 1999\"\n(PDF)\n.\nMorbidity and Mortality Weekly Report\n.\n48\n(04):\n83–\n4.","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=National+Traffic+and+Motor+Vehicle+Safety+Act \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=National+Traffic+and+Motor+Vehicle+Safety+Act \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act)\n- [1 History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#History)\n- [2 Specific public health concerns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#Specific_public_health_concerns)\n  Toggle Specific public health concerns subsection\n  - [2\\.1 High-Risk Populations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#High-Risk_Populations)\n  - [2\\.2 Occupant-Protection Systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#Occupant-Protection_Systems)\n- [3 Sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#Sources)\n- [4 Related Journal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#Related_Journal)\n- [5 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#See_also)\n- [6 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#References)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act\nAdd languages\n\n[Add links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q6978975#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Add interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View 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provide for a coordinated national safety program and establishment of safety standards for motor vehicles in interstate commerce to reduce accidents involving motor vehicles and to reduce the deaths and injuries occurring in such accidents. |\n| Enacted by | the [89th United States Congress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/89th_United_States_Congress \"89th United States Congress\") |\n| Citations |   |\n| Public law | [Pub. L.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation \"Act of Congress\") [89–563](https:\/\/uslaw.link\/citation\/us-law\/public\/89\/563) |\n| [Statutes at Large](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Statutes_at_Large \"United States Statutes at Large\") | 80 [Stat.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Statutes_at_Large \"United States Statutes at Large\") [718](https:\/\/legislink.org\/us\/stat-80-718) |\n| [Legislative history](https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/89th-congress\/senate-bill\/3005) |   |\n| **Introduced** in the Senate as S. 3005 on March 2, 1966 **Passed the Senate** on June 24, 1966 **Passed the House** on August 17, 1966 **Signed into law** by President [Lyndon B. Johnson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lyndon_B._Johnson \"Lyndon B. Johnson\") on September 9, 1966 |   |\n\nThe **National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act** was enacted in the United States in 1966 to empower the federal government to set and administer new safety standards for motor [vehicles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vehicle \"Vehicle\") and [road traffic safety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Road_traffic_safety \"Road traffic safety\"). The Act was the first mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles. The Act created the National Highway Safety Bureau (now [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration \"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration\")). The Act was one of a number of initiatives by the government in response to increasing number of cars and associated fatalities and injuries on the road following a period when the number of people killed on the road had increased 6-fold and the number of vehicles was up 11-fold since 1925. The reduction of the rate of [death](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Death \"Death\") attributable to motor-vehicle crashes in the [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States \"United States\") represents the successful public health response to a great [technologic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Technology \"Technology\") advance of the 20th century—the motorization of the United States.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-1)[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-2)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-eb-3)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-wyden1987-4)\n\n## History\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: History\")\\]\n\nSystematic motor-vehicle safety efforts began during the 1960s. In 1960, unintentional injuries caused 93,803 deaths;[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R1-5) 41% were associated with motor-vehicle crashes. In 1966, after Congress and the general public had become thoroughly horrified by five years of skyrocketing motor-vehicle-related fatality rates, the enactment of the *Highway Safety Act* created the National Highway Safety Bureau (NHSB),[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-6) which later became the [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration \"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration\") (NHTSA). The systematic approach to motor-vehicle-related injury prevention began with NHSB's first director, [William Haddon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Haddon \"William Haddon\").[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R2-7) Haddon, a public health physician, recognized that standard public health methods and epidemiology could be applied to preventing motor-vehicle-related and other injuries. He defined interactions between host ([human](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human \"Human\")), agent ([motor vehicle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Motor_vehicle \"Motor vehicle\")), and environmental ([highway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Highway \"Highway\")) factors before, during, and after crashes resulting in injuries.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\] Tackling problems identified with each factor during each phase of the crash, NHSB initiated a campaign to prevent motor-vehicle-related injuries.\n\nWhen he signed the bill into law on September 9, 1966, President [Lyndon B. Johnson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lyndon_B._Johnson \"Lyndon B. Johnson\") noted that while 29 American soldiers had died over the recent [Labor Day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labor_Day \"Labor Day\") weekend, 614 Americans died in automobile accidents.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-8) In 1966, passage of the Highway Safety Act and the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act authorized the federal government to set and regulate standards for motor vehicles and highways, a mechanism necessary for effective prevention.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R2-7)[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R3-9) The Highway Safety Act resulted in the national adoption of the [Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manual_on_Uniform_Traffic_Control_Devices \"Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices\"), while the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act led to the national adoption of the [Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Standards \"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards\").\n\nMany changes in both vehicle and highway design followed this mandate. Vehicles (agent of injury) were built with new safety features, including head rests, energy-absorbing steering wheels, shatter-resistant windshields, and safety belts.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R3-9)[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R4-10) Roads (environment) were improved by better delineation of curves (edge and center line stripes and reflectors), use of breakaway sign and utility poles, improved illumination, addition of barriers separating oncoming traffic lanes, and guardrails.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R4-10)[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R5-11) The results were rapid. By 1970, motor-vehicle-related death rates were decreasing by both the public health measure (deaths per 100,000 population) and the traffic safety indicator (deaths per VMT).[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R1-5)\n\nChanges in driver and passenger (host) behavior also have reduced motor-vehicle crashes and injuries. Enactment and enforcement of traffic safety laws, reinforced by [public education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_education \"Public education\"), have led to safer behavior choices. Examples include enforcement of laws against driving while intoxicated ([DWI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drunk_driving_\\(United_States\\) \"Drunk driving (United States)\")) and underage drinking, and enforcement of [seat belt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seat_belt \"Seat belt\"), [child safety seat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Child_safety_seat \"Child safety seat\"), and [motorcycle helmet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Motorcycle_helmet \"Motorcycle helmet\") use laws.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R5-11)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12)\n\nGovernment and community recognition of the need for motor-vehicle safety prompted initiation of programs by federal and state governments, academic institutions, community-based organizations, and industry. NHTSA and the Federal Highway Administration within the U.S. Department of Transportation have provided national leadership for traffic and highway safety efforts since the 1960s.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R2-7) The National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, established at CDC in 1992, has contributed public health direction.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R7-13)[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R8-14) State and local governments have enacted and enforced laws that affect motor-vehicle and highway safety, [driver licensing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Driver%27s_license_in_the_United_States \"Driver's license in the United States\") and [testing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Driving_test \"Driving test\"), [vehicle inspections](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vehicle_inspection \"Vehicle inspection\"), and [traffic regulations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traffic_code \"Traffic code\").[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R2-7) Preventing motor-vehicle-related injuries has required collaboration among many professional disciplines (such as [biomechanics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biomechanics \"Biomechanics\") has been essential to vehicle design and highway safety features). Citizen and community-based advocacy groups have played important prevention roles in areas such as drinking and driving and child-occupant protection.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12) Consistent with the public\/ private partnerships that characterize motor-vehicle safety efforts, NHTSA sponsors \"Buckle Up America\" week, which focuses on the need to secure children in child-safety seats properly at all times.[\\[1\\]](http:\/\/www.nhtsa.dot.gov\/)\n\n## Specific public health concerns\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Specific public health concerns\")\\]\n\n### High-Risk Populations\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: High-Risk Populations\")\\]\n\n- *Alcohol-impaired:* From 1982 to 1997, the annual motor-vehicle crash-related fatalities involving [alcohol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alcohol_\\(drug\\) \"Alcohol (drug)\") decreased by 39% to approximately 16,000; these deaths accounted for 38.6% of all traffic deaths.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R9-15)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R10-16) Factors that may have contributed to this decline included increased public awareness of the dangers of drinking and driving; new and tougher state laws; stricter law enforcement; an increase in the minimum legal [drinking age](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drinking_age \"Drinking age\"); prevention programs that offer alternatives such as safe rides (e.g., [taxicabs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taxicab \"Taxicab\") and [public transportation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_transportation \"Public transportation\")), [designated drivers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Designated_driver \"Designated driver\"), responsible alcohol-serving practices and a decrease in per capita alcohol consumption.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R5-11)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12)\n- *Young drivers and passengers:* From 1975 to 1997, motor-vehicle-related fatality rates had decreased 27% for young motor-vehicle occupants (ages 16–20 years). However, in 1997 the death rate was 28.3 per 100,000 population—more than twice that of the U.S. population (13.3 per 100,000 population).[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R9-15) Some teenagers are more likely than adult drivers to speed, run red lights, make illegal turns, ride with an intoxicated driver, and drive after drinking alcohol or using drugs.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R11-17) Strategies that had contributed to improved motor-vehicle safety among young drivers included laws restricting purchase of alcohol among underaged youths[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12) and some aspects of [graduated licensing systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graduated_driver_licensing \"Graduated driver licensing\") (e.g., restrictions related to nighttime driving).[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R12-18)\n- *Pedestrians:* From 1975 to 1997, [pedestrian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedestrian \"Pedestrian\") fatality rates decreased 41%, from 4 per 100,000 population in 1975 to 2.3 in 1997 but still account for 13% of motor-vehicle-related deaths.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R9-15) Factors that may have reduced pedestrian fatalities included more and better sidewalks, pedestrian paths, playgrounds away from streets, one-way traffic flow, and restricted on-street parking.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12)\n\n### Occupant-Protection Systems\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Occupant-Protection Systems\")\\]\n\n*Safety belts:* In response to legislation, highly visible law enforcement, and public education, rates of safety belt use nationwide had increased from approximately 11% in 1981 to 68% in 1997 (8). Safety belt use began to increase following enactment of the first state mandatory-use laws in 1984.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12) In 1997, all states except [New Hampshire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Hampshire \"New Hampshire\") had [seat belt laws](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seat_belt_legislation \"Seat belt legislation\"). Primary laws (which allow police to stop vehicles simply because occupants are not wearing safety belts) are more effective than secondary laws (which require that a vehicle be stopped for some other traffic violation).[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12)[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R13-19) The prevalence of safety belt use after enactment of primary laws increased 1.5-4.3 times, and motor-vehicle-related fatality rates decreased 13%-46%.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R13-19)\n\n*Child-safety and booster seats:* All states had passed child passenger protection laws, but these varied widely in age and size requirements and the penalties imposed for noncompliance. Child-restraint used in 1996 was 85% for children aged less than 1 year and 60% for children aged 1–4 years.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R14-20) From 1975 to 1997, deaths among children aged less than 5 years had decreased 30% to 3.1 per 100,000 population, but rates for age groups 5–15 years had declined by only 11%-13%.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R9-15) Child seats were misused by as many as 80% of users[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R15-21)[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R16-22)[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R17-23) In addition, parents failed to recognize the need for booster seats for children who were too large for child seats but not large enough to be safely restrained in an adult lap-shoulder belt.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R18-24)\n\n## Sources\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Sources\")\\]\n\nReported by: Div of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC.\n\n## Related Journal\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Related Journal\")\\]\n\n*[Traffic Injury Prevention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traffic_Injury_Prevention \"Traffic Injury Prevention\")* [\\[2\\]](http:\/\/www.tandf.co.uk\/journals\/titles\/15389588.asp)\n\n## See also\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: See also\")\\]\n\n- [Road-traffic safety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Road-traffic_safety \"Road-traffic safety\")\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-1)**\n   Jensen, Christopher (November 26, 2015). [\"50 Years Ago, 'Unsafe at Any Speed' Shook the Auto World\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/11\/27\/automobiles\/50-years-ago-unsafe-at-any-speed-shook-the-auto-world.html). *[The New York Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*. Retrieved April 27, 2016. \"Few drivers could imagine owning a car these days that did not come with airbags, antilock brakes and seatbelts. But 50 years ago motorists went without such basic safety features. That was before a young lawyer named Ralph Nader came along with a book, \"Unsafe at Any Speed,\" that was could change the auto industry. It accused automakers of failing to make cars as safe as possible. Less than a year after the book was published, a balky Congress created the federal safety agency that became the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration — an agency whose stated mission is to save lives, prevent injuries and reduce crashes...By the spring of 1966, \"Unsafe at Any Speed\" was a best seller for nonfiction...In September 1966 — about 10 months after the book was published — President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, requiring the adoption of new or upgraded vehicle safety standards, and creating an agency to enforce them and supervise safety recalls.\"\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-2)**\n   Hendrickson, Kimberly A. (2003). [\"National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act\"](http:\/\/go.galegroup.com\/ps\/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3401802875&v=2.1&u=nm_p_elportal&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=73b32300d98b9c9749355917ffb94b15). In Kutler, Stanley I. (ed.). *Dictionary of American History*. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). [Charles Scribner's Sons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons \"Charles Scribner's Sons\"). pp. 561–562\\. \"Signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on 9 September 1966, this act created the first mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles.\"\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-eb_3-0)**\n   Brumagen, Regan. [\"Unsafe at Any Speed, Work by Nader\"](http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Unsafe-at-Any-Speed). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica \"Encyclopædia Britannica\")*. Retrieved April 27, 2016. \"Unsafe at Any Speed, investigative report on U.S. automobile safety published in 1965 by consumer advocate Ralph Nader, who was then a 31-year-old attorney. Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-in Dangers of the American Automobile excoriated the American automotive industry, based in Detroit, for its prioritization of style and design over consumer safety. Nader's book eventually became a best seller and helped spur the passage of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act in 1966, the country's first significant automobile safety legislation.\"\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-wyden1987_4-0)**\n   [Wyden, Peter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_H._Wyden \"Peter H. Wyden\") (1987). *The Unknown Iacocca*. [William Morrow and Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Morrow_and_Company \"William Morrow and Company\"). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [068806616X](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/068806616X \"Special:BookSources\/068806616X\")\n   \n   . \"Nader, another poor boy, rose to national hero status on the critic's side of America's car wars. His 1965 best-seller *Unsafe at Any Speed* focused on the appalling accident record of Chevrolet's Corvair and was largely responsible for the congressional passage, in 1966, of the nation's first reasonably stringent auto safety law.\"\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R1_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R1_5-1)\n   National Safety Council (1998). Accident facts (Report) (1998 ed.). Itasca, Illinois: National Safety Council. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [0879122005](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0879122005 \"Special:BookSources\/0879122005\")\n   \n   .\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-6)**\n   [Pub. L.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation \"Act of Congress\")\n   \n   [89–564: Highway Safety Act of 1966](https:\/\/uslaw.link\/citation\/us-law\/public\/89\/564)\n7. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R2_7-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R2_7-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R2_7-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R2_7-3)\n   Committee on Injury Prevention and Control, Institute of Medicine (1999). *Reducing the burden of injury: advancing prevention and treatment*. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.17226\/6321](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226%2F6321). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [0-309-06566-6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-309-06566-6 \"Special:BookSources\/0-309-06566-6\")\n   \n   . [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [25101422](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25101422).\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-8)**\n   [Johnson, Lyndon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lyndon_B._Johnson \"Lyndon B. Johnson\") (September 9, 1966). [\"Remarks at the Signing of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the Highway Safety Act\"](https:\/\/www.presidency.ucsb.edu\/documents\/remarks-the-signing-the-national-traffic-and-motor-vehicle-safety-act-and-the-highway). Retrieved 29 April 2021.\n9. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R3_9-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R3_9-1)\n   Transportation Research Board (1990). Safety research for a changing highway environment (Report). Washington, D.C.: National Research Council, Transportation Research Board. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.17226\/11411](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226%2F11411). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [0-309-05056-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-309-05056-1 \"Special:BookSources\/0-309-05056-1\")\n   \n   . [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0360-859X](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0360-859X). \"special report no. 229\"\n10. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R4_10-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R4_10-1)\n    Rice DP; MacKenzie EJ; Jones AS; Kaufman SR; deLissovoy GV; Max W; McLoughlin E; Miller TR; Robertson LS; Salkever DS; Smith GS (1989). [The cost of injury in the United States: a report to Congress](https:\/\/www.careforcrashvictims.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/CostofInjury.compressed.pdf) (PDF) (Report). San Francisco, California: University of California, Institute of Health and Aging; Johns Hopkins University, Injury Prevention Center. Retrieved 29 April 2021.\n11. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R5_11-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R5_11-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R5_11-2)\n    CDC\/National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (1992). [*Position papers*](https:\/\/www.ojp.gov\/ncjrs\/virtual-library\/abstracts\/third-national-injury-control-conference-setting-national-agenda). Third National Injury Control Conference: Setting the national agenda for injury control in the 1990s. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC.\n12. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-6)\n    Graham, JD (1993). [\"Injuries from traffic crashes: meeting the challenge\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146%2Fannurev.pu.14.050193.002503). *Annual Review of Public Health*. **14**: 515–43\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1146\/annurev.pu.14.050193.002503](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146%2Fannurev.pu.14.050193.002503). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [8323601](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8323601).\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R7_13-0)**\n    Sleet DA; Bonzo S; Branche C (1998). [\"An overview of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1730415). *Injury Prevention*. **4**: 308–12\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1136\/ip.4.4.308](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136%2Fip.4.4.308). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\\(identifier\\) \"PMC (identifier)\") [1730415](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1730415). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [9887426](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9887426).\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R8_14-0)**\n    Bolen JR; Sleet DA; Johnson VR, eds. (1997). [Prevention of motor vehicle-related injuries: a compendium of articles from the *Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report*, 1985-1996](https:\/\/www.ojp.gov\/ncjrs\/virtual-library\/abstracts\/prevention-motor-vehicle-related-injuries-compendium-articles) (Report). Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC.\n15. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R9_15-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R9_15-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R9_15-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R9_15-3)\n    National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (November 1998). [Traffic safety facts 1997: A compilation of motor vehicle crash data from the fatality analysis reporting system and the general estimates system](https:\/\/crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Api\/Public\/ViewPublication\/808806) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R10_16-0)**\n    CDC (December 11, 1998). [\"Alcohol involvement in fatal motor-vehicle crashes--United States, 1996-1997\"](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/PDF\/wk\/mm4748.pdf) (PDF). *[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morbidity_and_Mortality_Weekly_Report \"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report\")*. **47** (48): 1055–6, 1063.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R11_17-0)**\n    Hingson R; Howland J. (1993). [\"Promoting safety in adolescents.\"](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/promotinghealtho0000unse\/page\/304\/mode\/2up). In Millstein SG; Petersen AC; Nightingale EO (eds.). [*Promoting the health of adolescents: new directions for the 21st century*](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/promotinghealtho0000unse). New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 305–319\\. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [0-19-507454-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-19-507454-8 \"Special:BookSources\/0-19-507454-8\")\n    \n    .\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R12_18-0)**\n    Foss RD; Evenson KR (January 1999). \"Effectiveness of graduated driver licensing in reducing motor vehicle crashes\". *American Journal of Preventive Medicine*. **16** (1 suppl): 47–56\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/s0749-3797(98)00112-3](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fs0749-3797%2898%2900112-3). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [9921386](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9921386).\n19. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R13_19-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R13_19-1)\n    Rivara FP; Thompson DC; Cummings P (January 1999). \"Effectiveness of primary and secondary enforced seat belt laws\". *American Journal of Preventive Medicine*. **16** (1 suppl): 30–9\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/s0749-3797(98)00113-5](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fs0749-3797%2898%2900113-5). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [9921384](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9921384).\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R14_20-0)**\n    National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (August 1997). [Research note: National occupant protection use survey, 1996--controlled intersection study](https:\/\/crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Api\/Public\/ViewPublication\/97842) (Report). Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R15_21-0)**\n    National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (September 1996). [NHTSA traffic tech note no. 133, observed patterns of misuse of child safety seats](https:\/\/rosap.ntl.bts.gov\/view\/dot\/18524) (Report). Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R16_22-0)**\n    CDC (July 10, 1998). [\"Improper use of child safety seats--Kentucky, 1996\"](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/PDF\/wk\/mm4726.pdf) (PDF). *[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morbidity_and_Mortality_Weekly_Report \"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report\")*. **47** (26): 541–4\\.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R17_23-0)**\n    Taft CH; Mickalide AD; Taft AR (1999). Child passengers at risk in America: a national study of car seat misuse (Report). Washington, D.C.: National Safe Kids Campaign.\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R18_24-0)**\n    CDC (February 5, 1999). [\"National Child Passenger Safety Week--February 14–20, 1999\"](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/PDF\/wk\/mm4804.pdf) (PDF). *[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morbidity_and_Mortality_Weekly_Report \"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report\")*. **48** (04): 83–4\\.\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:US_highway_acts \"Template:US highway acts\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:US_highway_acts \"Template talk:US highway acts\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:US_highway_acts \"Special:EditPage\/Template:US highway acts\")[United States federal transportation legislation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States \"Transportation policy of the United States\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Federal aid highway acts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act \"Federal-Aid Highway Act\") | [1916](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Aid_Road_Act_of_1916 \"Federal Aid Road Act of 1916\") [1921](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Aid_Highway_Act_of_1921 \"Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921\") [1944](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1944 \"Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944\") [1952](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1952 \"Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952\") [1956](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1956 \"Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956\") [1968](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1968 \"Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968\") [1973](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1973 \"Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973\") [1974](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal-Aid_Highway_Amendments_of_1974 \"Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974\") |\n| Surface transportation assistance acts | [1982](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surface_Transportation_Assistance_Act \"Surface Transportation Assistance Act\") [1987](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surface_Transportation_and_Uniform_Relocation_Assistance_Act \"Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act\") [Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intermodal_Surface_Transportation_Efficiency_Act \"Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act\") (ISTEA) [National Highway System Designation Act of 1995](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Highway_System_Designation_Act_of_1995 \"National Highway System Designation Act of 1995\") [Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transportation_Equity_Act_for_the_21st_Century \"Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century\") (TEA-21) [Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Safe,_Accountable,_Flexible,_Efficient_Transportation_Equity_Act:_A_Legacy_for_Users \"Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users\") (SAFETEA-LU) [Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moving_Ahead_for_Progress_in_the_21st_Century_Act \"Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act\") (MAP-21) [Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fixing_America%27s_Surface_Transportation_Act \"Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act\") (FAST Act) [Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act \"Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act\") (IIJA) |\n| Public transit | [1964](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urban_Mass_Transportation_Act_of_1964 \"Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964\") [1965](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High-Speed_Ground_Transportation_Act_of_1965 \"High-Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965\") [1970](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urban_Mass_Transportation_Act_of_1970 \"Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1970\") [1974](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Mass_Transportation_Assistance_Act \"National Mass Transportation Assistance Act\") |\n| Related | [Federal-aid highway program](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal-aid_highway_program \"Federal-aid highway program\") [Highway Beautification Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Highway_Beautification_Act \"Highway Beautification Act\") [Highway Trust Fund](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Highway_Trust_Fund \"Highway Trust Fund\") [Interstate Highway System](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interstate_Highway_System \"Interstate Highway System\") [National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act]() [United States Department of 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L.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation \"Act of Congress\") [89–563](https:\/\/uslaw.link\/citation\/us-law\/public\/89\/563) |\n| [Statutes at Large](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Statutes_at_Large \"United States Statutes at Large\") | 80 [Stat.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Statutes_at_Large \"United States Statutes at Large\") [718](https:\/\/legislink.org\/us\/stat-80-718) |\n| [Legislative history](https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/89th-congress\/senate-bill\/3005) |   |\n| **Introduced** in the Senate as S. 3005 on March 2, 1966 **Passed the Senate** on June 24, 1966 **Passed the House** on August 17, 1966 **Signed into law** by President [Lyndon B. Johnson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lyndon_B._Johnson \"Lyndon B. Johnson\") on September 9, 1966 |   |\n\nThe **National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act** was enacted in the United States in 1966 to empower the federal government to set and administer new safety standards for motor [vehicles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vehicle \"Vehicle\") and [road traffic safety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Road_traffic_safety \"Road traffic safety\"). The Act was the first mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles. The Act created the National Highway Safety Bureau (now [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration \"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration\")). The Act was one of a number of initiatives by the government in response to increasing number of cars and associated fatalities and injuries on the road following a period when the number of people killed on the road had increased 6-fold and the number of vehicles was up 11-fold since 1925. The reduction of the rate of [death](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Death \"Death\") attributable to motor-vehicle crashes in the [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States \"United States\") represents the successful public health response to a great [technologic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Technology \"Technology\") advance of the 20th century—the motorization of the United States.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-1)[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-2)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-eb-3)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-wyden1987-4)\n\nSystematic motor-vehicle safety efforts began during the 1960s. In 1960, unintentional injuries caused 93,803 deaths;[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R1-5) 41% were associated with motor-vehicle crashes. In 1966, after Congress and the general public had become thoroughly horrified by five years of skyrocketing motor-vehicle-related fatality rates, the enactment of the *Highway Safety Act* created the National Highway Safety Bureau (NHSB),[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-6) which later became the [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration \"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration\") (NHTSA). The systematic approach to motor-vehicle-related injury prevention began with NHSB's first director, [William Haddon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Haddon \"William Haddon\").[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R2-7) Haddon, a public health physician, recognized that standard public health methods and epidemiology could be applied to preventing motor-vehicle-related and other injuries. He defined interactions between host ([human](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human \"Human\")), agent ([motor vehicle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Motor_vehicle \"Motor vehicle\")), and environmental ([highway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Highway \"Highway\")) factors before, during, and after crashes resulting in injuries.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\] Tackling problems identified with each factor during each phase of the crash, NHSB initiated a campaign to prevent motor-vehicle-related injuries.\n\nWhen he signed the bill into law on September 9, 1966, President [Lyndon B. Johnson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lyndon_B._Johnson \"Lyndon B. Johnson\") noted that while 29 American soldiers had died over the recent [Labor Day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labor_Day \"Labor Day\") weekend, 614 Americans died in automobile accidents.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-8) In 1966, passage of the Highway Safety Act and the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act authorized the federal government to set and regulate standards for motor vehicles and highways, a mechanism necessary for effective prevention.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R2-7)[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R3-9) The Highway Safety Act resulted in the national adoption of the [Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manual_on_Uniform_Traffic_Control_Devices \"Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices\"), while the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act led to the national adoption of the [Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Standards \"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards\").\n\nMany changes in both vehicle and highway design followed this mandate. Vehicles (agent of injury) were built with new safety features, including head rests, energy-absorbing steering wheels, shatter-resistant windshields, and safety belts.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R3-9)[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R4-10) Roads (environment) were improved by better delineation of curves (edge and center line stripes and reflectors), use of breakaway sign and utility poles, improved illumination, addition of barriers separating oncoming traffic lanes, and guardrails.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R4-10)[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R5-11) The results were rapid. By 1970, motor-vehicle-related death rates were decreasing by both the public health measure (deaths per 100,000 population) and the traffic safety indicator (deaths per VMT).[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R1-5)\n\nChanges in driver and passenger (host) behavior also have reduced motor-vehicle crashes and injuries. Enactment and enforcement of traffic safety laws, reinforced by [public education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_education \"Public education\"), have led to safer behavior choices. Examples include enforcement of laws against driving while intoxicated ([DWI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drunk_driving_\\(United_States\\) \"Drunk driving (United States)\")) and underage drinking, and enforcement of [seat belt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seat_belt \"Seat belt\"), [child safety seat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Child_safety_seat \"Child safety seat\"), and [motorcycle helmet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Motorcycle_helmet \"Motorcycle helmet\") use laws.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R5-11)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12)\n\nGovernment and community recognition of the need for motor-vehicle safety prompted initiation of programs by federal and state governments, academic institutions, community-based organizations, and industry. NHTSA and the Federal Highway Administration within the U.S. Department of Transportation have provided national leadership for traffic and highway safety efforts since the 1960s.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R2-7) The National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, established at CDC in 1992, has contributed public health direction.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R7-13)[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R8-14) State and local governments have enacted and enforced laws that affect motor-vehicle and highway safety, [driver licensing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Driver%27s_license_in_the_United_States \"Driver's license in the United States\") and [testing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Driving_test \"Driving test\"), [vehicle inspections](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vehicle_inspection \"Vehicle inspection\"), and [traffic regulations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traffic_code \"Traffic code\").[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R2-7) Preventing motor-vehicle-related injuries has required collaboration among many professional disciplines (such as [biomechanics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biomechanics \"Biomechanics\") has been essential to vehicle design and highway safety features). Citizen and community-based advocacy groups have played important prevention roles in areas such as drinking and driving and child-occupant protection.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12) Consistent with the public\/ private partnerships that characterize motor-vehicle safety efforts, NHTSA sponsors \"Buckle Up America\" week, which focuses on the need to secure children in child-safety seats properly at all times.[\\[1\\]](http:\/\/www.nhtsa.dot.gov\/)\n\n## Specific public health concerns\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Specific public health concerns\")\\]\n\n### High-Risk Populations\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: High-Risk Populations\")\\]\n\n- *Alcohol-impaired:* From 1982 to 1997, the annual motor-vehicle crash-related fatalities involving [alcohol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alcohol_\\(drug\\) \"Alcohol (drug)\") decreased by 39% to approximately 16,000; these deaths accounted for 38.6% of all traffic deaths.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R9-15)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R10-16) Factors that may have contributed to this decline included increased public awareness of the dangers of drinking and driving; new and tougher state laws; stricter law enforcement; an increase in the minimum legal [drinking age](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drinking_age \"Drinking age\"); prevention programs that offer alternatives such as safe rides (e.g., [taxicabs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taxicab \"Taxicab\") and [public transportation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_transportation \"Public transportation\")), [designated drivers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Designated_driver \"Designated driver\"), responsible alcohol-serving practices and a decrease in per capita alcohol consumption.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R5-11)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12)\n- *Young drivers and passengers:* From 1975 to 1997, motor-vehicle-related fatality rates had decreased 27% for young motor-vehicle occupants (ages 16–20 years). However, in 1997 the death rate was 28.3 per 100,000 population—more than twice that of the U.S. population (13.3 per 100,000 population).[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R9-15) Some teenagers are more likely than adult drivers to speed, run red lights, make illegal turns, ride with an intoxicated driver, and drive after drinking alcohol or using drugs.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R11-17) Strategies that had contributed to improved motor-vehicle safety among young drivers included laws restricting purchase of alcohol among underaged youths[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12) and some aspects of [graduated licensing systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graduated_driver_licensing \"Graduated driver licensing\") (e.g., restrictions related to nighttime driving).[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R12-18)\n- *Pedestrians:* From 1975 to 1997, [pedestrian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedestrian \"Pedestrian\") fatality rates decreased 41%, from 4 per 100,000 population in 1975 to 2.3 in 1997 but still account for 13% of motor-vehicle-related deaths.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R9-15) Factors that may have reduced pedestrian fatalities included more and better sidewalks, pedestrian paths, playgrounds away from streets, one-way traffic flow, and restricted on-street parking.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12)\n\n### Occupant-Protection Systems\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Occupant-Protection Systems\")\\]\n\n*Safety belts:* In response to legislation, highly visible law enforcement, and public education, rates of safety belt use nationwide had increased from approximately 11% in 1981 to 68% in 1997 (8). Safety belt use began to increase following enactment of the first state mandatory-use laws in 1984.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12) In 1997, all states except [New Hampshire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Hampshire \"New Hampshire\") had [seat belt laws](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seat_belt_legislation \"Seat belt legislation\"). Primary laws (which allow police to stop vehicles simply because occupants are not wearing safety belts) are more effective than secondary laws (which require that a vehicle be stopped for some other traffic violation).[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12)[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R13-19) The prevalence of safety belt use after enactment of primary laws increased 1.5-4.3 times, and motor-vehicle-related fatality rates decreased 13%-46%.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R13-19)\n\n*Child-safety and booster seats:* All states had passed child passenger protection laws, but these varied widely in age and size requirements and the penalties imposed for noncompliance. Child-restraint used in 1996 was 85% for children aged less than 1 year and 60% for children aged 1–4 years.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R14-20) From 1975 to 1997, deaths among children aged less than 5 years had decreased 30% to 3.1 per 100,000 population, but rates for age groups 5–15 years had declined by only 11%-13%.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R9-15) Child seats were misused by as many as 80% of users[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R15-21)[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R16-22)[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R17-23) In addition, parents failed to recognize the need for booster seats for children who were too large for child seats but not large enough to be safely restrained in an adult lap-shoulder belt.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R18-24)\n\nReported by: Div of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC.\n\n*[Traffic Injury Prevention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traffic_Injury_Prevention \"Traffic Injury Prevention\")* [\\[2\\]](http:\/\/www.tandf.co.uk\/journals\/titles\/15389588.asp)\n\n- [Road-traffic safety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Road-traffic_safety \"Road-traffic safety\")\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-1)**\n   Jensen, Christopher (November 26, 2015). [\"50 Years Ago, 'Unsafe at Any Speed' Shook the Auto World\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/11\/27\/automobiles\/50-years-ago-unsafe-at-any-speed-shook-the-auto-world.html). *[The New York Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*. Retrieved April 27, 2016. \"Few drivers could imagine owning a car these days that did not come with airbags, antilock brakes and seatbelts. But 50 years ago motorists went without such basic safety features. That was before a young lawyer named Ralph Nader came along with a book, \"Unsafe at Any Speed,\" that was could change the auto industry. It accused automakers of failing to make cars as safe as possible. Less than a year after the book was published, a balky Congress created the federal safety agency that became the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration — an agency whose stated mission is to save lives, prevent injuries and reduce crashes...By the spring of 1966, \"Unsafe at Any Speed\" was a best seller for nonfiction...In September 1966 — about 10 months after the book was published — President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, requiring the adoption of new or upgraded vehicle safety standards, and creating an agency to enforce them and supervise safety recalls.\"\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-2)**\n   Hendrickson, Kimberly A. (2003). [\"National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act\"](http:\/\/go.galegroup.com\/ps\/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3401802875&v=2.1&u=nm_p_elportal&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=73b32300d98b9c9749355917ffb94b15). In Kutler, Stanley I. (ed.). *Dictionary of American History*. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). [Charles Scribner's Sons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons \"Charles Scribner's Sons\"). pp. 561–562\\. \"Signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on 9 September 1966, this act created the first mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles.\"\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-eb_3-0)**\n   Brumagen, Regan. [\"Unsafe at Any Speed, Work by Nader\"](http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Unsafe-at-Any-Speed). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica \"Encyclopædia Britannica\")*. Retrieved April 27, 2016. \"Unsafe at Any Speed, investigative report on U.S. automobile safety published in 1965 by consumer advocate Ralph Nader, who was then a 31-year-old attorney. Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-in Dangers of the American Automobile excoriated the American automotive industry, based in Detroit, for its prioritization of style and design over consumer safety. Nader's book eventually became a best seller and helped spur the passage of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act in 1966, the country's first significant automobile safety legislation.\"\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-wyden1987_4-0)**\n   [Wyden, Peter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_H._Wyden \"Peter H. Wyden\") (1987). *The Unknown Iacocca*. [William Morrow and Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Morrow_and_Company \"William Morrow and Company\"). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [068806616X](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/068806616X \"Special:BookSources\/068806616X\")\n   \n   . \"Nader, another poor boy, rose to national hero status on the critic's side of America's car wars. His 1965 best-seller *Unsafe at Any Speed* focused on the appalling accident record of Chevrolet's Corvair and was largely responsible for the congressional passage, in 1966, of the nation's first reasonably stringent auto safety law.\"\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R1_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R1_5-1)\n   National Safety Council (1998). Accident facts (Report) (1998 ed.). Itasca, Illinois: National Safety Council. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [0879122005](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0879122005 \"Special:BookSources\/0879122005\")\n   \n   .\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-6)**\n   [Pub. L.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation \"Act of Congress\")\n   \n   [89–564: Highway Safety Act of 1966](https:\/\/uslaw.link\/citation\/us-law\/public\/89\/564)\n7. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R2_7-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R2_7-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R2_7-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R2_7-3)\n   Committee on Injury Prevention and Control, Institute of Medicine (1999). *Reducing the burden of injury: advancing prevention and treatment*. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.17226\/6321](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226%2F6321). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [0-309-06566-6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-309-06566-6 \"Special:BookSources\/0-309-06566-6\")\n   \n   . [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [25101422](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25101422).\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-8)**\n   [Johnson, Lyndon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lyndon_B._Johnson \"Lyndon B. Johnson\") (September 9, 1966). [\"Remarks at the Signing of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the Highway Safety Act\"](https:\/\/www.presidency.ucsb.edu\/documents\/remarks-the-signing-the-national-traffic-and-motor-vehicle-safety-act-and-the-highway). Retrieved 29 April 2021.\n9. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R3_9-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R3_9-1)\n   Transportation Research Board (1990). Safety research for a changing highway environment (Report). Washington, D.C.: National Research Council, Transportation Research Board. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.17226\/11411](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226%2F11411). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [0-309-05056-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-309-05056-1 \"Special:BookSources\/0-309-05056-1\")\n   \n   . [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0360-859X](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0360-859X). \"special report no. 229\"\n10. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R4_10-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R4_10-1)\n    Rice DP; MacKenzie EJ; Jones AS; Kaufman SR; deLissovoy GV; Max W; McLoughlin E; Miller TR; Robertson LS; Salkever DS; Smith GS (1989). [The cost of injury in the United States: a report to Congress](https:\/\/www.careforcrashvictims.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/CostofInjury.compressed.pdf) (PDF) (Report). San Francisco, California: University of California, Institute of Health and Aging; Johns Hopkins University, Injury Prevention Center. Retrieved 29 April 2021.\n11. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R5_11-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R5_11-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R5_11-2)\n    CDC\/National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (1992). [*Position papers*](https:\/\/www.ojp.gov\/ncjrs\/virtual-library\/abstracts\/third-national-injury-control-conference-setting-national-agenda). Third National Injury Control Conference: Setting the national agenda for injury control in the 1990s. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC.\n12. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-6)\n    Graham, JD (1993). [\"Injuries from traffic crashes: meeting the challenge\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146%2Fannurev.pu.14.050193.002503). *Annual Review of Public Health*. **14**: 515–43\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1146\/annurev.pu.14.050193.002503](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146%2Fannurev.pu.14.050193.002503). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [8323601](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8323601).\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R7_13-0)**\n    Sleet DA; Bonzo S; Branche C (1998). [\"An overview of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1730415). *Injury Prevention*. **4**: 308–12\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1136\/ip.4.4.308](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136%2Fip.4.4.308). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\\(identifier\\) \"PMC (identifier)\") [1730415](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1730415). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [9887426](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9887426).\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R8_14-0)**\n    Bolen JR; Sleet DA; Johnson VR, eds. (1997). [Prevention of motor vehicle-related injuries: a compendium of articles from the *Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report*, 1985-1996](https:\/\/www.ojp.gov\/ncjrs\/virtual-library\/abstracts\/prevention-motor-vehicle-related-injuries-compendium-articles) (Report). Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC.\n15. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R9_15-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R9_15-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R9_15-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R9_15-3)\n    National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (November 1998). [Traffic safety facts 1997: A compilation of motor vehicle crash data from the fatality analysis reporting system and the general estimates system](https:\/\/crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Api\/Public\/ViewPublication\/808806) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R10_16-0)**\n    CDC (December 11, 1998). [\"Alcohol involvement in fatal motor-vehicle crashes--United States, 1996-1997\"](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/PDF\/wk\/mm4748.pdf) (PDF). *[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morbidity_and_Mortality_Weekly_Report \"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report\")*. **47** (48): 1055–6, 1063.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R11_17-0)**\n    Hingson R; Howland J. (1993). [\"Promoting safety in adolescents.\"](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/promotinghealtho0000unse\/page\/304\/mode\/2up). In Millstein SG; Petersen AC; Nightingale EO (eds.). [*Promoting the health of adolescents: new directions for the 21st century*](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/promotinghealtho0000unse). New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 305–319\\. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [0-19-507454-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-19-507454-8 \"Special:BookSources\/0-19-507454-8\")\n    \n    .\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R12_18-0)**\n    Foss RD; Evenson KR (January 1999). \"Effectiveness of graduated driver licensing in reducing motor vehicle crashes\". *American Journal of Preventive Medicine*. **16** (1 suppl): 47–56\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/s0749-3797(98)00112-3](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fs0749-3797%2898%2900112-3). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [9921386](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9921386).\n19. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R13_19-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R13_19-1)\n    Rivara FP; Thompson DC; Cummings P (January 1999). \"Effectiveness of primary and secondary enforced seat belt laws\". *American Journal of Preventive Medicine*. **16** (1 suppl): 30–9\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/s0749-3797(98)00113-5](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fs0749-3797%2898%2900113-5). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [9921384](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9921384).\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R14_20-0)**\n    National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (August 1997). [Research note: National occupant protection use survey, 1996--controlled intersection study](https:\/\/crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Api\/Public\/ViewPublication\/97842) (Report). Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R15_21-0)**\n    National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (September 1996). [NHTSA traffic tech note no. 133, observed patterns of misuse of child safety seats](https:\/\/rosap.ntl.bts.gov\/view\/dot\/18524) (Report). Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R16_22-0)**\n    CDC (July 10, 1998). [\"Improper use of child safety seats--Kentucky, 1996\"](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/PDF\/wk\/mm4726.pdf) (PDF). *[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morbidity_and_Mortality_Weekly_Report \"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report\")*. **47** (26): 541–4\\.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R17_23-0)**\n    Taft CH; Mickalide AD; Taft AR (1999). Child passengers at risk in America: a national study of car seat misuse (Report). Washington, D.C.: National Safe Kids Campaign.\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R18_24-0)**\n    CDC (February 5, 1999). [\"National Child Passenger Safety Week--February 14–20, 1999\"](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/PDF\/wk\/mm4804.pdf) (PDF). *[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morbidity_and_Mortality_Weekly_Report \"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report\")*. **48** (04): 83–4\\.","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act Long title An Act to provide for a coordinated national safety program and establishment of safety standards for motor vehicles in interstate commerce to reduce accidents involving motor vehicles and to reduce the deaths and injuries occurring in such accidents. Enacted by the 89th United States Congress Citations Public law Pub. L. 89–563 Statutes at Large 80 Stat. 718 Legislative history Introduced in the Senate as S. 3005 on March 2, 1966 Passed the Senate on June 24, 1966 Passed the House on August 17, 1966 Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 9, 1966 The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act was enacted in the United States in 1966 to empower the federal government to set and administer new safety standards for motor vehicles and road traffic safety . The Act was the first mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles. The Act created the National Highway Safety Bureau (now National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ). The Act was one of a number of initiatives by the government in response to increasing number of cars and associated fatalities and injuries on the road following a period when the number of people killed on the road had increased 6-fold and the number of vehicles was up 11-fold since 1925. The reduction of the rate of death attributable to motor-vehicle crashes in the United States represents the successful public health response to a great technologic advance of the 20th century—the motorization of the United States. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Systematic motor-vehicle safety efforts began during the 1960s. In 1960, unintentional injuries caused 93,803 deaths; [ 5 ] 41% were associated with motor-vehicle crashes. In 1966, after Congress and the general public had become thoroughly horrified by five years of skyrocketing motor-vehicle-related fatality rates, the enactment of the Highway Safety Act created the National Highway Safety Bureau (NHSB), [ 6 ] which later became the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The systematic approach to motor-vehicle-related injury prevention began with NHSB's first director, William Haddon . [ 7 ] Haddon, a public health physician, recognized that standard public health methods and epidemiology could be applied to preventing motor-vehicle-related and other injuries. He defined interactions between host ( human ), agent ( motor vehicle ), and environmental ( highway ) factors before, during, and after crashes resulting in injuries. [ citation needed ] Tackling problems identified with each factor during each phase of the crash, NHSB initiated a campaign to prevent motor-vehicle-related injuries. When he signed the bill into law on September 9, 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson noted that while 29 American soldiers had died over the recent Labor Day weekend, 614 Americans died in automobile accidents. [ 8 ] In 1966, passage of the Highway Safety Act and the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act authorized the federal government to set and regulate standards for motor vehicles and highways, a mechanism necessary for effective prevention. [ 7 ] [ 9 ] The Highway Safety Act resulted in the national adoption of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices , while the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act led to the national adoption of the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards . Many changes in both vehicle and highway design followed this mandate. Vehicles (agent of injury) were built with new safety features, including head rests, energy-absorbing steering wheels, shatter-resistant windshields, and safety belts. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Roads (environment) were improved by better delineation of curves (edge and center line stripes and reflectors), use of breakaway sign and utility poles, improved illumination, addition of barriers separating oncoming traffic lanes, and guardrails. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] The results were rapid. By 1970, motor-vehicle-related death rates were decreasing by both the public health measure (deaths per 100,000 population) and the traffic safety indicator (deaths per VMT). [ 5 ] Changes in driver and passenger (host) behavior also have reduced motor-vehicle crashes and injuries. Enactment and enforcement of traffic safety laws, reinforced by public education , have led to safer behavior choices. Examples include enforcement of laws against driving while intoxicated ( DWI ) and underage drinking, and enforcement of seat belt , child safety seat , and motorcycle helmet use laws. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Government and community recognition of the need for motor-vehicle safety prompted initiation of programs by federal and state governments, academic institutions, community-based organizations, and industry. NHTSA and the Federal Highway Administration within the U.S. Department of Transportation have provided national leadership for traffic and highway safety efforts since the 1960s. [ 7 ] The National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, established at CDC in 1992, has contributed public health direction. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] State and local governments have enacted and enforced laws that affect motor-vehicle and highway safety, driver licensing and testing , vehicle inspections , and traffic regulations . [ 7 ] Preventing motor-vehicle-related injuries has required collaboration among many professional disciplines (such as biomechanics has been essential to vehicle design and highway safety features). Citizen and community-based advocacy groups have played important prevention roles in areas such as drinking and driving and child-occupant protection. [ 12 ] Consistent with the public/ private partnerships that characterize motor-vehicle safety efforts, NHTSA sponsors "Buckle Up America" week, which focuses on the need to secure children in child-safety seats properly at all times. [1] Specific public health concerns [ edit ] High-Risk Populations [ edit ] Alcohol-impaired: From 1982 to 1997, the annual motor-vehicle crash-related fatalities involving alcohol decreased by 39% to approximately 16,000; these deaths accounted for 38.6% of all traffic deaths. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Factors that may have contributed to this decline included increased public awareness of the dangers of drinking and driving; new and tougher state laws; stricter law enforcement; an increase in the minimum legal drinking age ; prevention programs that offer alternatives such as safe rides (e.g., taxicabs and public transportation ), designated drivers , responsible alcohol-serving practices and a decrease in per capita alcohol consumption. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Young drivers and passengers: From 1975 to 1997, motor-vehicle-related fatality rates had decreased 27% for young motor-vehicle occupants (ages 16–20 years). However, in 1997 the death rate was 28.3 per 100,000 population—more than twice that of the U.S. population (13.3 per 100,000 population). [ 15 ] Some teenagers are more likely than adult drivers to speed, run red lights, make illegal turns, ride with an intoxicated driver, and drive after drinking alcohol or using drugs. [ 17 ] Strategies that had contributed to improved motor-vehicle safety among young drivers included laws restricting purchase of alcohol among underaged youths [ 12 ] and some aspects of graduated licensing systems (e.g., restrictions related to nighttime driving). [ 18 ] Pedestrians: From 1975 to 1997, pedestrian fatality rates decreased 41%, from 4 per 100,000 population in 1975 to 2.3 in 1997 but still account for 13% of motor-vehicle-related deaths. [ 15 ] Factors that may have reduced pedestrian fatalities included more and better sidewalks, pedestrian paths, playgrounds away from streets, one-way traffic flow, and restricted on-street parking. [ 12 ] Occupant-Protection Systems [ edit ] Safety belts: In response to legislation, highly visible law enforcement, and public education, rates of safety belt use nationwide had increased from approximately 11% in 1981 to 68% in 1997 (8). Safety belt use began to increase following enactment of the first state mandatory-use laws in 1984. [ 12 ] In 1997, all states except New Hampshire had seat belt laws . Primary laws (which allow police to stop vehicles simply because occupants are not wearing safety belts) are more effective than secondary laws (which require that a vehicle be stopped for some other traffic violation). [ 12 ] [ 19 ] The prevalence of safety belt use after enactment of primary laws increased 1.5-4.3 times, and motor-vehicle-related fatality rates decreased 13%-46%. [ 19 ] Child-safety and booster seats: All states had passed child passenger protection laws, but these varied widely in age and size requirements and the penalties imposed for noncompliance. Child-restraint used in 1996 was 85% for children aged less than 1 year and 60% for children aged 1–4 years. [ 20 ] From 1975 to 1997, deaths among children aged less than 5 years had decreased 30% to 3.1 per 100,000 population, but rates for age groups 5–15 years had declined by only 11%-13%. [ 15 ] Child seats were misused by as many as 80% of users [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] In addition, parents failed to recognize the need for booster seats for children who were too large for child seats but not large enough to be safely restrained in an adult lap-shoulder belt. [ 24 ] Reported by: Div of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC. Traffic Injury Prevention [2] Road-traffic safety ^ Jensen, Christopher (November 26, 2015). "50 Years Ago, 'Unsafe at Any Speed' Shook the Auto World" . The New York Times . Retrieved April 27, 2016 . Few drivers could imagine owning a car these days that did not come with airbags, antilock brakes and seatbelts. But 50 years ago motorists went without such basic safety features. That was before a young lawyer named Ralph Nader came along with a book, "Unsafe at Any Speed," that was could change the auto industry. It accused automakers of failing to make cars as safe as possible. Less than a year after the book was published, a balky Congress created the federal safety agency that became the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration — an agency whose stated mission is to save lives, prevent injuries and reduce crashes...By the spring of 1966, "Unsafe at Any Speed" was a best seller for nonfiction...In September 1966 — about 10 months after the book was published — President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, requiring the adoption of new or upgraded vehicle safety standards, and creating an agency to enforce them and supervise safety recalls. ^ Hendrickson, Kimberly A. (2003). "National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act" . In Kutler, Stanley I. (ed.). Dictionary of American History . Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Charles Scribner's Sons . pp. 561– 562. Signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on 9 September 1966, this act created the first mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles. ^ Brumagen, Regan. "Unsafe at Any Speed, Work by Nader" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved April 27, 2016 . Unsafe at Any Speed, investigative report on U.S. automobile safety published in 1965 by consumer advocate Ralph Nader, who was then a 31-year-old attorney. Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-in Dangers of the American Automobile excoriated the American automotive industry, based in Detroit, for its prioritization of style and design over consumer safety. Nader's book eventually became a best seller and helped spur the passage of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act in 1966, the country's first significant automobile safety legislation. ^ Wyden, Peter (1987). The Unknown Iacocca . William Morrow and Company . ISBN 068806616X . Nader, another poor boy, rose to national hero status on the critic's side of America's car wars. His 1965 best-seller Unsafe at Any Speed focused on the appalling accident record of Chevrolet's Corvair and was largely responsible for the congressional passage, in 1966, of the nation's first reasonably stringent auto safety law. ^ a b National Safety Council (1998). Accident facts (Report) (1998 ed.). Itasca, Illinois: National Safety Council. ISBN 0879122005 . ^ Pub. L. 89–564: Highway Safety Act of 1966 ^ a b c d Committee on Injury Prevention and Control, Institute of Medicine (1999). Reducing the burden of injury: advancing prevention and treatment . Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. doi : 10.17226/6321 . ISBN 0-309-06566-6 . PMID 25101422 . ^ Johnson, Lyndon (September 9, 1966). "Remarks at the Signing of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the Highway Safety Act" . Retrieved 29 April 2021 . ^ a b Transportation Research Board (1990). Safety research for a changing highway environment (Report). Washington, D.C.: National Research Council, Transportation Research Board. doi : 10.17226/11411 . ISBN 0-309-05056-1 . ISSN 0360-859X . special report no. 229 ^ a b Rice DP; MacKenzie EJ; Jones AS; Kaufman SR; deLissovoy GV; Max W; McLoughlin E; Miller TR; Robertson LS; Salkever DS; Smith GS (1989). The cost of injury in the United States: a report to Congress (PDF) (Report). San Francisco, California: University of California, Institute of Health and Aging; Johns Hopkins University, Injury Prevention Center . Retrieved 29 April 2021 . ^ a b c CDC/National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (1992). Position papers . Third National Injury Control Conference: Setting the national agenda for injury control in the 1990s. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC. ^ a b c d e f g Graham, JD (1993). "Injuries from traffic crashes: meeting the challenge" . Annual Review of Public Health . 14 : 515– 43. doi : 10.1146/annurev.pu.14.050193.002503 . PMID 8323601 . ^ Sleet DA; Bonzo S; Branche C (1998). "An overview of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" . Injury Prevention . 4 : 308– 12. doi : 10.1136/ip.4.4.308 . PMC 1730415 . PMID 9887426 . ^ Bolen JR; Sleet DA; Johnson VR, eds. (1997). Prevention of motor vehicle-related injuries: a compendium of articles from the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 1985-1996 (Report). Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC. ^ a b c d National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (November 1998). Traffic safety facts 1997: A compilation of motor vehicle crash data from the fatality analysis reporting system and the general estimates system (Report). Washington, D.C.: Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. ^ CDC (December 11, 1998). "Alcohol involvement in fatal motor-vehicle crashes--United States, 1996-1997" (PDF) . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . 47 (48): 1055– 6, 1063. ^ Hingson R; Howland J. (1993). "Promoting safety in adolescents." . In Millstein SG; Petersen AC; Nightingale EO (eds.). Promoting the health of adolescents: new directions for the 21st century . New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 305– 319. ISBN 0-19-507454-8 . ^ Foss RD; Evenson KR (January 1999). "Effectiveness of graduated driver licensing in reducing motor vehicle crashes". American Journal of Preventive Medicine . 16 (1 suppl): 47– 56. doi : 10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00112-3 . PMID 9921386 . ^ a b Rivara FP; Thompson DC; Cummings P (January 1999). "Effectiveness of primary and secondary enforced seat belt laws". American Journal of Preventive Medicine . 16 (1 suppl): 30– 9. doi : 10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00113-5 . PMID 9921384 . ^ National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (August 1997). Research note: National occupant protection use survey, 1996--controlled intersection study (Report). Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. ^ National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (September 1996). NHTSA traffic tech note no. 133, observed patterns of misuse of child safety seats (Report). Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. ^ CDC (July 10, 1998). "Improper use of child safety seats--Kentucky, 1996" (PDF) . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . 47 (26): 541– 4. ^ Taft CH; Mickalide AD; Taft AR (1999). Child passengers at risk in America: a national study of car seat misuse (Report). Washington, D.C.: National Safe Kids Campaign. ^ CDC (February 5, 1999). "National Child Passenger Safety Week--February 14–20, 1999" (PDF) . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . 48 (04): 83– 4.
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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act) - [1 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#History) - [2 Specific public health concerns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#Specific_public_health_concerns) Toggle Specific public health concerns subsection - [2\.1 High-Risk Populations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#High-Risk_Populations) - [2\.2 Occupant-Protection Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#Occupant-Protection_Systems) - [3 Sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#Sources) - [4 Related Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#Related_Journal) - [5 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#See_also) - [6 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#References) Toggle the table of contents # National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act Add languages [Add links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6978975#sitelinks-wikipedia "Add interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=history "Past revisions of this page [h]") Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=history) General - [What links here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act "List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]") - [Related changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act "Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard "Upload files [u]") - [Permanent link](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&oldid=1329574090 "Permanent link to this revision of this page") - [Page information](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=info "More information about this page") - [Cite this page](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&id=1329574090&wpFormIdentifier=titleform "Information on how to cite this page") - [Get shortened URL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNational_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act) Print/export - [Download as PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=show-download-screen "Download this page as a PDF file") - [Printable version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]") In other projects - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6978975 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia United States federal law \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![Great Seal of the United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/250px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_\(obverse\).svg) \| \| \| Long title \| An Act to provide for a coordinated national safety program and establishment of safety standards for motor vehicles in interstate commerce to reduce accidents involving motor vehicles and to reduce the deaths and injuries occurring in such accidents. \| \| Enacted by \| the [89th United States Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/89th_United_States_Congress "89th United States Congress") \| \| Citations \| \| \| Public law \| [Pub. L.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation "Act of Congress") [89–563](https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/89/563) \| \| [Statutes at Large](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large "United States Statutes at Large") \| 80 [Stat.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large "United States Statutes at Large") [718](https://legislink.org/us/stat-80-718) \| \| [Legislative history](https://www.congress.gov/bill/89th-congress/senate-bill/3005) \| \| \| Introduced in the Senate as S. 3005 on March 2, 1966 Passed the Senate on June 24, 1966 Passed the House on August 17, 1966 Signed into law by President [Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") on September 9, 1966 \| \| The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act was enacted in the United States in 1966 to empower the federal government to set and administer new safety standards for motor [vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle "Vehicle") and [road traffic safety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_traffic_safety "Road traffic safety"). The Act was the first mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles. The Act created the National Highway Safety Bureau (now [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration")). The Act was one of a number of initiatives by the government in response to increasing number of cars and associated fatalities and injuries on the road following a period when the number of people killed on the road had increased 6-fold and the number of vehicles was up 11-fold since 1925. The reduction of the rate of [death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death "Death") attributable to motor-vehicle crashes in the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") represents the successful public health response to a great [technologic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology "Technology") advance of the 20th century—the motorization of the United States.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-eb-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-wyden1987-4) ## History \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: History")\] Systematic motor-vehicle safety efforts began during the 1960s. In 1960, unintentional injuries caused 93,803 deaths;[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R1-5) 41% were associated with motor-vehicle crashes. In 1966, after Congress and the general public had become thoroughly horrified by five years of skyrocketing motor-vehicle-related fatality rates, the enactment of the Highway Safety Act created the National Highway Safety Bureau (NHSB),[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-6) which later became the [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration") (NHTSA). The systematic approach to motor-vehicle-related injury prevention began with NHSB's first director, [William Haddon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Haddon "William Haddon").[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R2-7) Haddon, a public health physician, recognized that standard public health methods and epidemiology could be applied to preventing motor-vehicle-related and other injuries. He defined interactions between host ([human](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human "Human")), agent ([motor vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle "Motor vehicle")), and environmental ([highway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway "Highway")) factors before, during, and after crashes resulting in injuries.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] Tackling problems identified with each factor during each phase of the crash, NHSB initiated a campaign to prevent motor-vehicle-related injuries. When he signed the bill into law on September 9, 1966, President [Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") noted that while 29 American soldiers had died over the recent [Labor Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day "Labor Day") weekend, 614 Americans died in automobile accidents.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-8) In 1966, passage of the Highway Safety Act and the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act authorized the federal government to set and regulate standards for motor vehicles and highways, a mechanism necessary for effective prevention.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R2-7)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R3-9) The Highway Safety Act resulted in the national adoption of the [Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_on_Uniform_Traffic_Control_Devices "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices"), while the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act led to the national adoption of the [Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Standards "Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards"). Many changes in both vehicle and highway design followed this mandate. Vehicles (agent of injury) were built with new safety features, including head rests, energy-absorbing steering wheels, shatter-resistant windshields, and safety belts.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R3-9)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R4-10) Roads (environment) were improved by better delineation of curves (edge and center line stripes and reflectors), use of breakaway sign and utility poles, improved illumination, addition of barriers separating oncoming traffic lanes, and guardrails.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R4-10)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R5-11) The results were rapid. By 1970, motor-vehicle-related death rates were decreasing by both the public health measure (deaths per 100,000 population) and the traffic safety indicator (deaths per VMT).[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R1-5) Changes in driver and passenger (host) behavior also have reduced motor-vehicle crashes and injuries. Enactment and enforcement of traffic safety laws, reinforced by [public education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_education "Public education"), have led to safer behavior choices. Examples include enforcement of laws against driving while intoxicated ([DWI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunk_driving_\(United_States\) "Drunk driving (United States)")) and underage drinking, and enforcement of [seat belt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seat_belt "Seat belt"), [child safety seat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_safety_seat "Child safety seat"), and [motorcycle helmet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_helmet "Motorcycle helmet") use laws.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R5-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12) Government and community recognition of the need for motor-vehicle safety prompted initiation of programs by federal and state governments, academic institutions, community-based organizations, and industry. NHTSA and the Federal Highway Administration within the U.S. Department of Transportation have provided national leadership for traffic and highway safety efforts since the 1960s.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R2-7) The National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, established at CDC in 1992, has contributed public health direction.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R7-13)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R8-14) State and local governments have enacted and enforced laws that affect motor-vehicle and highway safety, [driver licensing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driver%27s_license_in_the_United_States "Driver's license in the United States") and [testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_test "Driving test"), [vehicle inspections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_inspection "Vehicle inspection"), and [traffic regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_code "Traffic code").[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R2-7) Preventing motor-vehicle-related injuries has required collaboration among many professional disciplines (such as [biomechanics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics "Biomechanics") has been essential to vehicle design and highway safety features). Citizen and community-based advocacy groups have played important prevention roles in areas such as drinking and driving and child-occupant protection.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12) Consistent with the public/ private partnerships that characterize motor-vehicle safety efforts, NHTSA sponsors "Buckle Up America" week, which focuses on the need to secure children in child-safety seats properly at all times.[\[1\]](http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/) ## Specific public health concerns \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Specific public health concerns")\] ### High-Risk Populations \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: High-Risk Populations")\] - Alcohol-impaired: From 1982 to 1997, the annual motor-vehicle crash-related fatalities involving [alcohol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_\(drug\) "Alcohol (drug)") decreased by 39% to approximately 16,000; these deaths accounted for 38.6% of all traffic deaths.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R9-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R10-16) Factors that may have contributed to this decline included increased public awareness of the dangers of drinking and driving; new and tougher state laws; stricter law enforcement; an increase in the minimum legal [drinking age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_age "Drinking age"); prevention programs that offer alternatives such as safe rides (e.g., [taxicabs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicab "Taxicab") and [public transportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transportation "Public transportation")), [designated drivers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_driver "Designated driver"), responsible alcohol-serving practices and a decrease in per capita alcohol consumption.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R5-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12) - Young drivers and passengers: From 1975 to 1997, motor-vehicle-related fatality rates had decreased 27% for young motor-vehicle occupants (ages 16–20 years). However, in 1997 the death rate was 28.3 per 100,000 population—more than twice that of the U.S. population (13.3 per 100,000 population).[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R9-15) Some teenagers are more likely than adult drivers to speed, run red lights, make illegal turns, ride with an intoxicated driver, and drive after drinking alcohol or using drugs.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R11-17) Strategies that had contributed to improved motor-vehicle safety among young drivers included laws restricting purchase of alcohol among underaged youths[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12) and some aspects of [graduated licensing systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduated_driver_licensing "Graduated driver licensing") (e.g., restrictions related to nighttime driving).[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R12-18) - Pedestrians: From 1975 to 1997, [pedestrian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedestrian "Pedestrian") fatality rates decreased 41%, from 4 per 100,000 population in 1975 to 2.3 in 1997 but still account for 13% of motor-vehicle-related deaths.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R9-15) Factors that may have reduced pedestrian fatalities included more and better sidewalks, pedestrian paths, playgrounds away from streets, one-way traffic flow, and restricted on-street parking.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12) ### Occupant-Protection Systems \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Occupant-Protection Systems")\] Safety belts: In response to legislation, highly visible law enforcement, and public education, rates of safety belt use nationwide had increased from approximately 11% in 1981 to 68% in 1997 (8). Safety belt use began to increase following enactment of the first state mandatory-use laws in 1984.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12) In 1997, all states except [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire "New Hampshire") had [seat belt laws](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seat_belt_legislation "Seat belt legislation"). Primary laws (which allow police to stop vehicles simply because occupants are not wearing safety belts) are more effective than secondary laws (which require that a vehicle be stopped for some other traffic violation).[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R13-19) The prevalence of safety belt use after enactment of primary laws increased 1.5-4.3 times, and motor-vehicle-related fatality rates decreased 13%-46%.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R13-19) Child-safety and booster seats: All states had passed child passenger protection laws, but these varied widely in age and size requirements and the penalties imposed for noncompliance. Child-restraint used in 1996 was 85% for children aged less than 1 year and 60% for children aged 1–4 years.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R14-20) From 1975 to 1997, deaths among children aged less than 5 years had decreased 30% to 3.1 per 100,000 population, but rates for age groups 5–15 years had declined by only 11%-13%.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R9-15) Child seats were misused by as many as 80% of users[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R15-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R16-22)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R17-23) In addition, parents failed to recognize the need for booster seats for children who were too large for child seats but not large enough to be safely restrained in an adult lap-shoulder belt.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R18-24) ## Sources \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Sources")\] Reported by: Div of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC. ## Related Journal \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Related Journal")\] [Traffic Injury Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_Injury_Prevention "Traffic Injury Prevention") [\[2\]](http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/15389588.asp) ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: See also")\] - [Road-traffic safety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-traffic_safety "Road-traffic safety") ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: References")\] 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-1) Jensen, Christopher (November 26, 2015). ["50 Years Ago, 'Unsafe at Any Speed' Shook the Auto World"](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/27/automobiles/50-years-ago-unsafe-at-any-speed-shook-the-auto-world.html). [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"). Retrieved April 27, 2016. "Few drivers could imagine owning a car these days that did not come with airbags, antilock brakes and seatbelts. But 50 years ago motorists went without such basic safety features. That was before a young lawyer named Ralph Nader came along with a book, "Unsafe at Any Speed," that was could change the auto industry. It accused automakers of failing to make cars as safe as possible. Less than a year after the book was published, a balky Congress created the federal safety agency that became the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration — an agency whose stated mission is to save lives, prevent injuries and reduce crashes...By the spring of 1966, "Unsafe at Any Speed" was a best seller for nonfiction...In September 1966 — about 10 months after the book was published — President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, requiring the adoption of new or upgraded vehicle safety standards, and creating an agency to enforce them and supervise safety recalls." 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-2) Hendrickson, Kimberly A. (2003). ["National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act"](http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3401802875&v=2.1&u=nm_p_elportal&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=73b32300d98b9c9749355917ffb94b15). In Kutler, Stanley I. (ed.). Dictionary of American History. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). [Charles Scribner's Sons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons "Charles Scribner's Sons"). pp. 561–562\. "Signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on 9 September 1966, this act created the first mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles." 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-eb_3-0) Brumagen, Regan. ["Unsafe at Any Speed, Work by Nader"](http://www.britannica.com/topic/Unsafe-at-Any-Speed). [Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica "Encyclopædia Britannica"). Retrieved April 27, 2016. "Unsafe at Any Speed, investigative report on U.S. automobile safety published in 1965 by consumer advocate Ralph Nader, who was then a 31-year-old attorney. Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-in Dangers of the American Automobile excoriated the American automotive industry, based in Detroit, for its prioritization of style and design over consumer safety. Nader's book eventually became a best seller and helped spur the passage of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act in 1966, the country's first significant automobile safety legislation." 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-wyden1987_4-0) [Wyden, Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_H._Wyden "Peter H. Wyden") (1987). The Unknown Iacocca. [William Morrow and Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company "William Morrow and Company"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [068806616X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/068806616X "Special:BookSources/068806616X") . "Nader, another poor boy, rose to national hero status on the critic's side of America's car wars. His 1965 best-seller Unsafe at Any Speed focused on the appalling accident record of Chevrolet's Corvair and was largely responsible for the congressional passage, in 1966, of the nation's first reasonably stringent auto safety law." 5. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R1_5-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R1_5-1) National Safety Council (1998). Accident facts (Report) (1998 ed.). Itasca, Illinois: National Safety Council. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0879122005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879122005 "Special:BookSources/0879122005") . 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-6)* [Pub. L.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation "Act of Congress") [89–564: Highway Safety Act of 1966](https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/89/564) 7. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R2_7-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R2_7-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R2_7-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R2_7-3) Committee on Injury Prevention and Control, Institute of Medicine (1999). Reducing the burden of injury: advancing prevention and treatment. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.17226/6321](https://doi.org/10.17226%2F6321). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-309-06566-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-309-06566-6 "Special:BookSources/0-309-06566-6") . [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [25101422](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25101422). 8. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-8)* [Johnson, Lyndon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") (September 9, 1966). ["Remarks at the Signing of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the Highway Safety Act"](https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-signing-the-national-traffic-and-motor-vehicle-safety-act-and-the-highway). Retrieved 29 April 2021. 9. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R3_9-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R3_9-1) Transportation Research Board (1990). Safety research for a changing highway environment (Report). Washington, D.C.: National Research Council, Transportation Research Board. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.17226/11411](https://doi.org/10.17226%2F11411). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-309-05056-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-309-05056-1 "Special:BookSources/0-309-05056-1") . [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0360-859X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-859X). "special report no. 229" 10. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R4_10-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R4_10-1) Rice DP; MacKenzie EJ; Jones AS; Kaufman SR; deLissovoy GV; Max W; McLoughlin E; Miller TR; Robertson LS; Salkever DS; Smith GS (1989). [The cost of injury in the United States: a report to Congress](https://www.careforcrashvictims.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/CostofInjury.compressed.pdf) (PDF) (Report). San Francisco, California: University of California, Institute of Health and Aging; Johns Hopkins University, Injury Prevention Center. Retrieved 29 April 2021. 11. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R5_11-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R5_11-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R5_11-2) CDC/National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (1992). [Position papers](https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/third-national-injury-control-conference-setting-national-agenda). Third National Injury Control Conference: Setting the national agenda for injury control in the 1990s. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC. 12. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-6) Graham, JD (1993). ["Injuries from traffic crashes: meeting the challenge"](https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.pu.14.050193.002503). Annual Review of Public Health. 14: 515–43\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1146/annurev.pu.14.050193.002503](https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.pu.14.050193.002503). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [8323601](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8323601). 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R7_13-0)* Sleet DA; Bonzo S; Branche C (1998). ["An overview of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1730415). Injury Prevention. 4: 308–12\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1136/ip.4.4.308](https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fip.4.4.308). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [1730415](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1730415). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [9887426](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9887426). 14. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R8_14-0) Bolen JR; Sleet DA; Johnson VR, eds. (1997). [Prevention of motor vehicle-related injuries: a compendium of articles from the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1985-1996](https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/prevention-motor-vehicle-related-injuries-compendium-articles) (Report). Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC. 15. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R9_15-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R9_15-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R9_15-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R9_15-3) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (November 1998). [Traffic safety facts 1997: A compilation of motor vehicle crash data from the fatality analysis reporting system and the general estimates system](https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/808806) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 16. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R10_16-0)* CDC (December 11, 1998). ["Alcohol involvement in fatal motor-vehicle crashes--United States, 1996-1997"](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm4748.pdf) (PDF). [Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbidity_and_Mortality_Weekly_Report "Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"). 47 (48): 1055–6, 1063. 17. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R11_17-0) Hingson R; Howland J. (1993). ["Promoting safety in adolescents."](https://archive.org/details/promotinghealtho0000unse/page/304/mode/2up). In Millstein SG; Petersen AC; Nightingale EO (eds.). [Promoting the health of adolescents: new directions for the 21st century](https://archive.org/details/promotinghealtho0000unse). New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 305–319\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-19-507454-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507454-8 "Special:BookSources/0-19-507454-8") . 18. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R12_18-0) Foss RD; Evenson KR (January 1999). "Effectiveness of graduated driver licensing in reducing motor vehicle crashes". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 16 (1 suppl): 47–56\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/s0749-3797(98)00112-3](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0749-3797%2898%2900112-3). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [9921386](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9921386). 19. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R13_19-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R13_19-1) Rivara FP; Thompson DC; Cummings P (January 1999). "Effectiveness of primary and secondary enforced seat belt laws". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 16* (1 suppl): 30–9\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/s0749-3797(98)00113-5](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0749-3797%2898%2900113-5). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [9921384](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9921384). 20. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R14_20-0) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (August 1997). [Research note: National occupant protection use survey, 1996--controlled intersection study](https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/97842) (Report). Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 21. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R15_21-0) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (September 1996). [NHTSA traffic tech note no. 133, observed patterns of misuse of child safety seats](https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/18524) (Report). Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 22. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R16_22-0) CDC (July 10, 1998). ["Improper use of child safety seats--Kentucky, 1996"](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm4726.pdf) (PDF). [Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbidity_and_Mortality_Weekly_Report "Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"). 47 (26): 541–4\. 23. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R17_23-0) Taft CH; Mickalide AD; Taft AR (1999). Child passengers at risk in America: a national study of car seat misuse (Report). Washington, D.C.: National Safe Kids Campaign. 24. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R18_24-0) CDC (February 5, 1999). ["National Child Passenger Safety Week--February 14–20, 1999"](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm4804.pdf) (PDF). [Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbidity_and_Mortality_Weekly_Report "Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"). 48 (04): 83–4\. \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:US_highway_acts "Template:US highway acts") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:US_highway_acts "Template talk:US highway acts") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_highway_acts "Special:EditPage/Template:US highway acts")[United States federal transportation legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States "Transportation policy of the United States") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Federal aid highway acts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act "Federal-Aid Highway Act") \| [1916](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aid_Road_Act_of_1916 "Federal Aid Road Act of 1916") [1921](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aid_Highway_Act_of_1921 "Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921") [1944](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1944 "Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1952 "Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1956 "Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1968 "Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968") [1973](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1973 "Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973") [1974](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Amendments_of_1974 "Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974") \| \| Surface transportation assistance acts \| [1982](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Transportation_Assistance_Act "Surface Transportation Assistance Act") [1987](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Transportation_and_Uniform_Relocation_Assistance_Act "Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act") [Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodal_Surface_Transportation_Efficiency_Act "Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act") (ISTEA) [National Highway System Designation Act of 1995](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_Designation_Act_of_1995 "National Highway System Designation Act of 1995") [Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Equity_Act_for_the_21st_Century "Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century") (TEA-21) [Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe,_Accountable,_Flexible,_Efficient_Transportation_Equity_Act:_A_Legacy_for_Users "Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users") (SAFETEA-LU) [Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_Ahead_for_Progress_in_the_21st_Century_Act "Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act") (MAP-21) [Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixing_America%27s_Surface_Transportation_Act "Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act") (FAST Act) [Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act "Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act") (IIJA) \| \| Public transit \| [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Mass_Transportation_Act_of_1964 "Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964") [1965](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Ground_Transportation_Act_of_1965 "High-Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965") [1970](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Mass_Transportation_Act_of_1970 "Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1970") [1974](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mass_Transportation_Assistance_Act "National Mass Transportation Assistance Act") \| \| Related \| [Federal-aid highway program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal-aid_highway_program "Federal-aid highway program") [Highway Beautification Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_Beautification_Act "Highway Beautification Act") [Highway Trust Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_Trust_Fund "Highway Trust Fund") [Interstate Highway System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System "Interstate Highway System") [National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act]() [United States Department of Transportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation "United States Department of Transportation") (USDOT) \| ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&oldid=1329574090>" [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - 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Readable Markdown	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![Great Seal of the United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/250px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_\(obverse\).svg) \| \| \| Long title \| An Act to provide for a coordinated national safety program and establishment of safety standards for motor vehicles in interstate commerce to reduce accidents involving motor vehicles and to reduce the deaths and injuries occurring in such accidents. \| \| Enacted by \| the [89th United States Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/89th_United_States_Congress "89th United States Congress") \| \| Citations \| \| \| Public law \| [Pub. L.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation "Act of Congress") [89–563](https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/89/563) \| \| [Statutes at Large](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large "United States Statutes at Large") \| 80 [Stat.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large "United States Statutes at Large") [718](https://legislink.org/us/stat-80-718) \| \| [Legislative history](https://www.congress.gov/bill/89th-congress/senate-bill/3005) \| \| \| Introduced in the Senate as S. 3005 on March 2, 1966 Passed the Senate on June 24, 1966 Passed the House on August 17, 1966 Signed into law by President [Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") on September 9, 1966 \| \| The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act was enacted in the United States in 1966 to empower the federal government to set and administer new safety standards for motor [vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle "Vehicle") and [road traffic safety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_traffic_safety "Road traffic safety"). The Act was the first mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles. The Act created the National Highway Safety Bureau (now [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration")). The Act was one of a number of initiatives by the government in response to increasing number of cars and associated fatalities and injuries on the road following a period when the number of people killed on the road had increased 6-fold and the number of vehicles was up 11-fold since 1925. The reduction of the rate of [death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death "Death") attributable to motor-vehicle crashes in the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") represents the successful public health response to a great [technologic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology "Technology") advance of the 20th century—the motorization of the United States.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-eb-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-wyden1987-4) Systematic motor-vehicle safety efforts began during the 1960s. In 1960, unintentional injuries caused 93,803 deaths;[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R1-5) 41% were associated with motor-vehicle crashes. In 1966, after Congress and the general public had become thoroughly horrified by five years of skyrocketing motor-vehicle-related fatality rates, the enactment of the Highway Safety Act created the National Highway Safety Bureau (NHSB),[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-6) which later became the [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration") (NHTSA). The systematic approach to motor-vehicle-related injury prevention began with NHSB's first director, [William Haddon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Haddon "William Haddon").[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R2-7) Haddon, a public health physician, recognized that standard public health methods and epidemiology could be applied to preventing motor-vehicle-related and other injuries. He defined interactions between host ([human](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human "Human")), agent ([motor vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle "Motor vehicle")), and environmental ([highway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway "Highway")) factors before, during, and after crashes resulting in injuries.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] Tackling problems identified with each factor during each phase of the crash, NHSB initiated a campaign to prevent motor-vehicle-related injuries. When he signed the bill into law on September 9, 1966, President [Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") noted that while 29 American soldiers had died over the recent [Labor Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day "Labor Day") weekend, 614 Americans died in automobile accidents.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-8) In 1966, passage of the Highway Safety Act and the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act authorized the federal government to set and regulate standards for motor vehicles and highways, a mechanism necessary for effective prevention.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R2-7)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R3-9) The Highway Safety Act resulted in the national adoption of the [Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_on_Uniform_Traffic_Control_Devices "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices"), while the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act led to the national adoption of the [Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Standards "Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards"). Many changes in both vehicle and highway design followed this mandate. Vehicles (agent of injury) were built with new safety features, including head rests, energy-absorbing steering wheels, shatter-resistant windshields, and safety belts.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R3-9)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R4-10) Roads (environment) were improved by better delineation of curves (edge and center line stripes and reflectors), use of breakaway sign and utility poles, improved illumination, addition of barriers separating oncoming traffic lanes, and guardrails.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R4-10)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R5-11) The results were rapid. By 1970, motor-vehicle-related death rates were decreasing by both the public health measure (deaths per 100,000 population) and the traffic safety indicator (deaths per VMT).[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R1-5) Changes in driver and passenger (host) behavior also have reduced motor-vehicle crashes and injuries. Enactment and enforcement of traffic safety laws, reinforced by [public education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_education "Public education"), have led to safer behavior choices. Examples include enforcement of laws against driving while intoxicated ([DWI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunk_driving_\(United_States\) "Drunk driving (United States)")) and underage drinking, and enforcement of [seat belt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seat_belt "Seat belt"), [child safety seat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_safety_seat "Child safety seat"), and [motorcycle helmet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_helmet "Motorcycle helmet") use laws.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R5-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12) Government and community recognition of the need for motor-vehicle safety prompted initiation of programs by federal and state governments, academic institutions, community-based organizations, and industry. NHTSA and the Federal Highway Administration within the U.S. Department of Transportation have provided national leadership for traffic and highway safety efforts since the 1960s.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R2-7) The National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, established at CDC in 1992, has contributed public health direction.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R7-13)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R8-14) State and local governments have enacted and enforced laws that affect motor-vehicle and highway safety, [driver licensing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driver%27s_license_in_the_United_States "Driver's license in the United States") and [testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_test "Driving test"), [vehicle inspections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_inspection "Vehicle inspection"), and [traffic regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_code "Traffic code").[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R2-7) Preventing motor-vehicle-related injuries has required collaboration among many professional disciplines (such as [biomechanics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics "Biomechanics") has been essential to vehicle design and highway safety features). Citizen and community-based advocacy groups have played important prevention roles in areas such as drinking and driving and child-occupant protection.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12) Consistent with the public/ private partnerships that characterize motor-vehicle safety efforts, NHTSA sponsors "Buckle Up America" week, which focuses on the need to secure children in child-safety seats properly at all times.[\[1\]](http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/) ## Specific public health concerns \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Specific public health concerns")\] ### High-Risk Populations \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: High-Risk Populations")\] - Alcohol-impaired: From 1982 to 1997, the annual motor-vehicle crash-related fatalities involving [alcohol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_\(drug\) "Alcohol (drug)") decreased by 39% to approximately 16,000; these deaths accounted for 38.6% of all traffic deaths.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R9-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R10-16) Factors that may have contributed to this decline included increased public awareness of the dangers of drinking and driving; new and tougher state laws; stricter law enforcement; an increase in the minimum legal [drinking age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_age "Drinking age"); prevention programs that offer alternatives such as safe rides (e.g., [taxicabs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicab "Taxicab") and [public transportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transportation "Public transportation")), [designated drivers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_driver "Designated driver"), responsible alcohol-serving practices and a decrease in per capita alcohol consumption.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R5-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12) - Young drivers and passengers: From 1975 to 1997, motor-vehicle-related fatality rates had decreased 27% for young motor-vehicle occupants (ages 16–20 years). However, in 1997 the death rate was 28.3 per 100,000 population—more than twice that of the U.S. population (13.3 per 100,000 population).[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R9-15) Some teenagers are more likely than adult drivers to speed, run red lights, make illegal turns, ride with an intoxicated driver, and drive after drinking alcohol or using drugs.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R11-17) Strategies that had contributed to improved motor-vehicle safety among young drivers included laws restricting purchase of alcohol among underaged youths[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12) and some aspects of [graduated licensing systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduated_driver_licensing "Graduated driver licensing") (e.g., restrictions related to nighttime driving).[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R12-18) - Pedestrians: From 1975 to 1997, [pedestrian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedestrian "Pedestrian") fatality rates decreased 41%, from 4 per 100,000 population in 1975 to 2.3 in 1997 but still account for 13% of motor-vehicle-related deaths.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R9-15) Factors that may have reduced pedestrian fatalities included more and better sidewalks, pedestrian paths, playgrounds away from streets, one-way traffic flow, and restricted on-street parking.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12) ### Occupant-Protection Systems \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Occupant-Protection Systems")\] Safety belts: In response to legislation, highly visible law enforcement, and public education, rates of safety belt use nationwide had increased from approximately 11% in 1981 to 68% in 1997 (8). Safety belt use began to increase following enactment of the first state mandatory-use laws in 1984.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12) In 1997, all states except [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire "New Hampshire") had [seat belt laws](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seat_belt_legislation "Seat belt legislation"). Primary laws (which allow police to stop vehicles simply because occupants are not wearing safety belts) are more effective than secondary laws (which require that a vehicle be stopped for some other traffic violation).[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R6-12)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R13-19) The prevalence of safety belt use after enactment of primary laws increased 1.5-4.3 times, and motor-vehicle-related fatality rates decreased 13%-46%.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R13-19) Child-safety and booster seats: All states had passed child passenger protection laws, but these varied widely in age and size requirements and the penalties imposed for noncompliance. Child-restraint used in 1996 was 85% for children aged less than 1 year and 60% for children aged 1–4 years.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R14-20) From 1975 to 1997, deaths among children aged less than 5 years had decreased 30% to 3.1 per 100,000 population, but rates for age groups 5–15 years had declined by only 11%-13%.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R9-15) Child seats were misused by as many as 80% of users[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R15-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R16-22)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R17-23) In addition, parents failed to recognize the need for booster seats for children who were too large for child seats but not large enough to be safely restrained in an adult lap-shoulder belt.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_note-R18-24) Reported by: Div of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC. [Traffic Injury Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_Injury_Prevention "Traffic Injury Prevention") [\[2\]](http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/15389588.asp) - [Road-traffic safety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-traffic_safety "Road-traffic safety") 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-1) Jensen, Christopher (November 26, 2015). ["50 Years Ago, 'Unsafe at Any Speed' Shook the Auto World"](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/27/automobiles/50-years-ago-unsafe-at-any-speed-shook-the-auto-world.html). [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"). Retrieved April 27, 2016. "Few drivers could imagine owning a car these days that did not come with airbags, antilock brakes and seatbelts. But 50 years ago motorists went without such basic safety features. That was before a young lawyer named Ralph Nader came along with a book, "Unsafe at Any Speed," that was could change the auto industry. It accused automakers of failing to make cars as safe as possible. Less than a year after the book was published, a balky Congress created the federal safety agency that became the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration — an agency whose stated mission is to save lives, prevent injuries and reduce crashes...By the spring of 1966, "Unsafe at Any Speed" was a best seller for nonfiction...In September 1966 — about 10 months after the book was published — President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, requiring the adoption of new or upgraded vehicle safety standards, and creating an agency to enforce them and supervise safety recalls." 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-2) Hendrickson, Kimberly A. (2003). ["National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act"](http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3401802875&v=2.1&u=nm_p_elportal&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=73b32300d98b9c9749355917ffb94b15). In Kutler, Stanley I. (ed.). Dictionary of American History. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). [Charles Scribner's Sons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons "Charles Scribner's Sons"). pp. 561–562\. "Signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on 9 September 1966, this act created the first mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles." 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-eb_3-0) Brumagen, Regan. ["Unsafe at Any Speed, Work by Nader"](http://www.britannica.com/topic/Unsafe-at-Any-Speed). [Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica "Encyclopædia Britannica"). Retrieved April 27, 2016. "Unsafe at Any Speed, investigative report on U.S. automobile safety published in 1965 by consumer advocate Ralph Nader, who was then a 31-year-old attorney. Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-in Dangers of the American Automobile excoriated the American automotive industry, based in Detroit, for its prioritization of style and design over consumer safety. Nader's book eventually became a best seller and helped spur the passage of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act in 1966, the country's first significant automobile safety legislation." 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-wyden1987_4-0) [Wyden, Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_H._Wyden "Peter H. Wyden") (1987). The Unknown Iacocca. [William Morrow and Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company "William Morrow and Company"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [068806616X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/068806616X "Special:BookSources/068806616X") . "Nader, another poor boy, rose to national hero status on the critic's side of America's car wars. His 1965 best-seller Unsafe at Any Speed focused on the appalling accident record of Chevrolet's Corvair and was largely responsible for the congressional passage, in 1966, of the nation's first reasonably stringent auto safety law." 5. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R1_5-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R1_5-1) National Safety Council (1998). Accident facts (Report) (1998 ed.). Itasca, Illinois: National Safety Council. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0879122005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879122005 "Special:BookSources/0879122005") . 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-6)* [Pub. L.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation "Act of Congress") [89–564: Highway Safety Act of 1966](https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/89/564) 7. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R2_7-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R2_7-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R2_7-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R2_7-3) Committee on Injury Prevention and Control, Institute of Medicine (1999). Reducing the burden of injury: advancing prevention and treatment. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.17226/6321](https://doi.org/10.17226%2F6321). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-309-06566-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-309-06566-6 "Special:BookSources/0-309-06566-6") . [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [25101422](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25101422). 8. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-8)* [Johnson, Lyndon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") (September 9, 1966). ["Remarks at the Signing of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the Highway Safety Act"](https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-signing-the-national-traffic-and-motor-vehicle-safety-act-and-the-highway). Retrieved 29 April 2021. 9. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R3_9-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R3_9-1) Transportation Research Board (1990). Safety research for a changing highway environment (Report). Washington, D.C.: National Research Council, Transportation Research Board. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.17226/11411](https://doi.org/10.17226%2F11411). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-309-05056-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-309-05056-1 "Special:BookSources/0-309-05056-1") . [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0360-859X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-859X). "special report no. 229" 10. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R4_10-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R4_10-1) Rice DP; MacKenzie EJ; Jones AS; Kaufman SR; deLissovoy GV; Max W; McLoughlin E; Miller TR; Robertson LS; Salkever DS; Smith GS (1989). [The cost of injury in the United States: a report to Congress](https://www.careforcrashvictims.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/CostofInjury.compressed.pdf) (PDF) (Report). San Francisco, California: University of California, Institute of Health and Aging; Johns Hopkins University, Injury Prevention Center. Retrieved 29 April 2021. 11. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R5_11-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R5_11-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R5_11-2) CDC/National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (1992). [Position papers](https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/third-national-injury-control-conference-setting-national-agenda). Third National Injury Control Conference: Setting the national agenda for injury control in the 1990s. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC. 12. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R6_12-6) Graham, JD (1993). ["Injuries from traffic crashes: meeting the challenge"](https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.pu.14.050193.002503). Annual Review of Public Health. 14: 515–43\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1146/annurev.pu.14.050193.002503](https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.pu.14.050193.002503). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [8323601](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8323601). 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act#cite_ref-R7_13-0)* Sleet DA; Bonzo S; Branche C (1998). ["An overview of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1730415). Injury Prevention. 4: 308–12\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1136/ip.4.4.308](https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fip.4.4.308). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [1730415](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1730415). 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