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| Boilerpipe Text | Mount Everest
Nepali
:
सगरमाथा
Standard Tibetan
:
ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ
View of Mt. Everest from the west
[
note 1
]
Highest point
Elevation
8,848.86 m (29,031.7 ft)
[
note 2
]
Ranked 1st
Prominence
Ranked 1st
(Special definition for Everest)
Isolation
n/a
Listing
Eight-thousander
Seven Summits
Country high point (China and Nepal)
List of mountains in Nepal
List of mountains in China
Ultra
World's most isolated peaks
1st
Coordinates
27°59′18″N
86°55′31″E
/
27.98833°N 86.92528°E
[
1
]
Naming
Etymology
George Everest
Native name
सगरमाथा
(
Nepali
)
(
Sagarmāthā
)
ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ
(
Standard Tibetan
)
(
Chomolungma
or
Qomolangma
)
珠穆朗玛峰
(
Chinese
)
(
Zhūmùlǎngmǎ Fēng
)
English translation
Holy Mother, Skyhead
Geography
60km
37miles
Bhutan
Nepal
Pakistan
India
China
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
The major peaks (not mountains) above 7,500 m (24,600 ft) height in
Himalayas
, rank identified in Himalayas alone (not the world).
[
2
]
Legend
1：
Mount Everest
2：
Kangchenjunga
3：
Lhotse
4：
Yalung Kang, Kanchenjunga West
5：
Makalu
6：
Kangchenjunga South
7：
Kangchenjunga Central
8：
Cho Oyu
9：
Dhaulagiri
10：
Manaslu (Kutang)
11：
Nanga Parbat (Diamer)
12：
Annapurna
13：
Shishapangma (Shishasbangma, Xixiabangma)
14：
Manaslu East
15：
Annapurna East Peak
16：
Gyachung Kang
17：
Annapurna II
18：
Tenzing Peak (Ngojumba Kang, Ngozumpa Kang, Ngojumba Ri)
19：
Kangbachen
20：
Himalchuli (Himal Chuli)
21：
Ngadi Chuli (Peak 29, Dakura, Dakum, Dunapurna)
22：
Nuptse (Nubtse)
23：
Nanda Devi
24：
Chomo Lonzo (Chomolonzo, Chomolönzo, Chomo Lönzo, Jomolönzo, Lhamalangcho)
25：
Namcha Barwa (Namchabarwa)
26：
Zemu Kang (Zemu Gap Peak)
27：
Kamet
28：
Dhaulagiri II
29：
Ngojumba Kang II
30：
Dhaulagiri III
31：
Kumbhakarna Mountain (Mount Kumbhakarna, Jannu)
32：
Gurla Mandhata (Naimona'nyi, Namu Nan)
33：
Hillary Peak (Ngojumba Kang III)
34：
Molamenqing (Phola Gangchen)
35：
Dhaulagiri IV
36：
Annapurna Fang
37：
Silver Crag
38：
Kangbachen Southwest
39：
Gangkhar Puensum (Gangkar Punsum)
40：
Annapurna III
41：
Himalchuli West
42：
Annapurna IV
43：
Kula Kangri
44：
Liankang Kangri (Gangkhar Puensum North, Liangkang Kangri)
45：
Ngadi Chuli South
Location on the border between
Koshi Province
, Nepal and
Tibet Autonomous Region
, China
Location
Solukhumbu District
, Koshi Province, Nepal;
[
3
]
Tingri County
, Xigazê, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
[
note 3
]
Countries
China
and
Nepal
Parent range
Mahalangur Himal
, Himalayas
Climbing
First ascent
29 May 1953
Edmund Hillary
and
Tenzing Norgay
[
note 4
]
Ranked 1st
Normal route
Southeast Ridge
(Nepal)
North Face of Everest as seen from the path to
North Base Camp
View from the south (Nepal) shows Everest rising behind the ridge connecting
Nuptse
and
Lhotse
; in the foreground are
Thamserku
,
Kangtega
, and
Ama Dablam
Mount Everest
(known locally as
Sagarmāthā
[
a
]
in
Nepal
and
Qomolangma
[
b
]
in
Tibet
) is Earth's highest mountain above
sea level
. It lies in the
Mahalangur Himal
sub-range of the
Himalayas
and marks part of the
China–Nepal border
at its summit.
[
4
]
Its height was most recently measured in 2020 by Chinese and Nepali authorities as 8,848.86 m (29,031 ft
8
+
1
⁄
2
in).
[
5
]
[
6
]
Mount Everest attracts many climbers, including highly experienced mountaineers. There are two main climbing routes, one approaching the summit from the southeast in Nepal (known as the standard route) and the other from the north in Tibet. While not posing substantial technical climbing challenges on the standard route, Everest presents dangers such as
altitude sickness
, weather, and wind, as well as hazards from
avalanches
and the
Khumbu Icefall
. As of May 2024, 340 people have
died on Everest
. Over 200 bodies remain on the mountain and have not been removed due to the dangerous conditions.
[
7
]
[
8
]
Climbers typically ascend only part of Mount Everest's elevation, as the mountain's full elevation is measured from the
geoid
, which approximates sea level. The closest sea to Mount Everest's summit is the
Bay of Bengal
, almost 700 km (430 mi) away. To approximate a climb of the entire height of Mount Everest, one would need to start from this coastline, a feat accomplished by
Tim Macartney-Snape's team
in 1990. Climbers usually begin their ascent from base camps above 5,000 m (16,404 ft). The amount of elevation climbed from below these camps varies. On the Tibetan side, most climbers drive directly to the
North Base Camp
. On the Nepalese side, climbers generally fly into
Kathmandu
, then
Lukla
, and trek to the
South Base Camp
, making the climb from Lukla to the summit about 6,000 m (20,000 ft) in elevation gain.
The first recorded efforts to reach Everest's summit were made by British
mountaineers
. As Nepal did not allow foreigners to enter the country at the time, the British made several attempts on the North Ridge route from the Tibetan side. After the first
reconnaissance expedition by the British in 1921
reached 7,000 m (22,966 ft) on the
North Col
, the
1922 expedition
on its first summit attempt marked the first time a human had climbed above 8,000 m (26,247 ft) and it also pushed the North Ridge route up to 8,321 m (27,300 ft). On the
1924 expedition
,
George Mallory
and
Andrew Irvine
made a final summit attempt on 8 June but never returned, leading to debate as to whether they were the first to reach the top.
Tenzing Norgay
and
Edmund Hillary
made the
first documented ascent of Everest in 1953
, using the Southeast Ridge route. Norgay had reached 8,595 m (28,199 ft) the previous year as a member of the
1952 Swiss expedition
. The Chinese mountaineering team of
Wang Fuzhou
,
Gonpo
, and Qu Yinhua made the first reported
ascent of the peak from the North Ridge
on 25 May 1960.
[
9
]
Name
The name "Mount Everest" was first proposed in this 1856 speech, later published in 1857, in which the mountain was first confirmed as the world's highest.
Mount Everest's
Nepali
/
Sanskrit
name is
Sagarmāthā
(
IAST
transcription) or
Sagar-Matha
[
10
]
(सगर-माथा,
[sʌɡʌrmatʰa]
,
lit.
"goddess of the sky"
[
11
]
),
[
12
]
which means "the head in the great blue sky", being derived from सगर (sagar), meaning "sky", and माथा (māthā), meaning "head".
[
13
]
The
Tibetan
name for Everest is
Qomolangma
(
ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ
,
lit.
"holy mother"). The name was first recorded (in a Chinese transcription) in the 1721 Kangxi Atlas, issued during the reign of
Qing
Emperor Kangxi
; it first appeared in the West in 1733 as
Tchoumour Lancma
, on a map prepared by the French geographer
D'Anville
and based on Kangxi Atlas.
[
14
]
The Tibetan name is also popularly romanised as
Chomolungma
and (in
Wylie
) as
Jo-mo-glang-ma
.
[
19
]
The official
Chinese transcription
is
珠穆朗玛峰
(
t
珠穆朗瑪峰
),
or
Zhūmùlǎngmǎ Fēng
in
pinyin
. It is a phonetic transcription of the Tibetan name into
Standard Mandarin
. While other Chinese names have been used historically, including
Shèngmǔ Fēng
(
t
聖母峰
,
s
圣母峰
,
lit.
"holy mother peak"), these names were largely phased out after the Chinese
Ministry of Internal Affairs
issued a decree to adopt a sole name in May 1952.
[
20
]
The British geographic survey of 1849 attempted to preserve local names when possible (e.g.,
Kangchenjunga
and
Dhaulagiri
). However,
Andrew Waugh
, the British
Surveyor General of India
, claimed that he could not find a commonly used local name, and that his search for one had been hampered by the Nepalese and Tibetan policy of exclusion of foreigners. Waugh argued that – because there were many local names – it would be difficult to favour one name over all others; he therefore decided that Peak XV should be named after British surveyor
Sir George Everest
, his predecessor as Surveyor General of India.
[
21
]
[
22
]
[
23
]
Everest himself opposed the honour, and told the
Royal Geographical Society
in 1857 that "Everest" could neither be written in
Hindi
nor pronounced by "
the native of India
". Despite Everest's objections, Waugh's proposed name prevailed, and the Royal Geographical Society officially adopted the name "Mount Everest" in 1865.
[
21
]
[
24
]
The modern pronunciation of Everest (
)
[
25
]
is different from Sir George's pronunciation of his surname (
EEV
-rist
).
[
26
]
In the late 19th century, many European
cartographers
incorrectly believed that a native name for the mountain was
Gaurishankar
, a mountain between
Kathmandu
and Everest.
[
27
]
Other names
1890 graphic with the Himalayas, including Gaurisankar (Mount Everest) in the distance
"Peak XV" (temporary, assigned by British Imperial Survey)
[
21
]
[
22
]
[
23
]
"Deodungha"
[
28
]
(Old Darjeeling)
"Gauri Shankar", "Gaurishankar", or "Gaurisankar" (misattribution; used occasionally until about 1900. In modern times the name is used for
a different peak
about 30 miles (48 kilometres) away.
[
29
]
)
Surveys
19th century
Mount Everest
relief map
Profiles of the full elevation of Mount Everest
In 1802, the British began the
Great Trigonometrical Survey
of India to fix, among other things, the locations, heights, and names of the world's highest mountains. Starting in southern India, the survey teams moved northward using giant
theodolites
, each weighing 500 kg (1,100 lb) and requiring 12 men to carry, to measure heights as accurately as possible. They reached the Himalayan foothills by the 1830s, but
Nepal
was unwilling to allow the British to enter the country due to suspicions of their intentions. Several requests by the surveyors to enter Nepal were denied.
[
21
]
The British were forced to continue their observations from
Terai
, a region south of Nepal which is parallel to the Himalayas. Conditions in Terai were difficult because of torrential rains and
malaria
. Three survey officers died from malaria while two others had to retire because of failing health.
[
21
]
Nonetheless, in 1847, the British continued the survey and began detailed observations of the Himalayan peaks from observation stations up to 240 km (150 mi) distant. Weather restricted work to the last three months of the year. In November 1847,
Andrew Scott Waugh
, the British
Surveyor General of India
, made several observations from the Sawajpore station at the east end of the Himalayas.
Kangchenjunga
was then
considered the highest peak in the world
, and with interest, he noted a peak beyond it, about 230 km (140 mi) away. John Armstrong, one of Waugh's subordinates, also saw the peak from a site farther west and called it peak "b". Waugh would later write that the observations indicated that peak "b" was higher than Kangchenjunga, but closer observations were required for verification. The following year, Waugh sent a survey official back to Terai to make closer observations of peak "b", but clouds thwarted his attempts.
[
21
]
In 1849, Waugh dispatched James Nicolson to the area, who made two observations from Jirol, 190 km (120 mi) away. Nicolson then took the largest
theodolite
and headed east, obtaining over 30 observations from five different locations, with the closest being 174 km (108 mi) from the peak.
[
21
]
Nicolson retreated to
Patna
on the
Ganges
to perform the necessary calculations based on his observations. His raw data gave an average height of 9,200 m (30,200 ft) for peak "b", but this did not consider
light refraction
, which distorts heights. However, the number clearly indicated that peak "b" was higher than Kangchenjunga. Nicolson contracted malaria and was forced to return home without finishing his calculations. Michael Hennessy, one of Waugh's assistants, had begun designating peaks based on
Roman numerals
, with Kangchenjunga named Peak IX. Peak "b" now became known as Peak XV.
[
21
]
In 1852, stationed at the survey headquarters in
Dehradun
,
Radhanath Sikdar
, an Indian mathematician and surveyor from
Bengal
was the first to identify Everest as the world's highest peak, using
trigonometric
calculations based on Nicolson's measurements.
[
30
]
An official announcement that Peak XV was the highest was delayed for several years as the calculations were repeatedly verified. Waugh began work on Nicolson's data in 1854, and along with his staff spent almost two years working on the numbers, having to deal with the problems of light refraction, barometric pressure, and temperature over the vast distances of the observations. Finally, in March 1856 he announced his findings in a letter to his deputy in
Calcutta
. Kangchenjunga was declared to be 8,582 m (28,156 ft), while Peak XV was given the height of 8,840 m (29,002 ft). Waugh concluded that Peak XV was "most probably the highest in the world".
[
21
]
Peak XV (measured in feet) was calculated to be exactly 29,000 ft (8,839.2 m) high, but was publicly declared to be 29,002 ft (8,839.8 m) in order to avoid the impression that an exact height of 29000 ft was nothing more than a rounded estimate.
[
31
]
Waugh is sometimes playfully credited with being "the first person to put two feet on top of Mount Everest".
[
32
]
20th century
Published by the Survey of
Nepal
, this is Map 50 of the 57 map set at 1:50,000 scale "attached to the main text on the First Joint Inspection Survey, 1979–80,
Nepal
-China border." At the top centre, a boundary line, identified as separating "China" and "Nepal", passes through the summit contour. The boundary here and for much of the
China–Nepal border
follows the main Himalayan watershed divide.
Kangshung Face (the east face)
as seen from orbit
In 1856, Andrew Waugh announced Everest (then known as Peak XV) as 8,840 m (29,002 ft) high, after several years of calculations based on observations made by the
Great Trigonometrical Survey
.
[
33
]
From 1952 to 1954, the
Survey of India
, using
triangulation
methods, determined that the height of Everest was 8,847.73 m (29,028 ft).
[
34
]
In 1975 it was subsequently reaffirmed by a Chinese measurement of 8,848.13 m (29,029.30 ft).
[
35
]
In both cases the snow cap, not the rock head, was measured.
The 8,848 m (29,029 ft) height given was officially recognised by Nepal and China.
[
36
]
Nepal planned a new survey in 2019 to determine if the
April 2015 Nepal earthquake
affected the height of the mountain.
[
37
]
In May 1999, an American Everest expedition directed by
Bradford Washburn
anchored a
GPS
unit into the highest bedrock. A rock head elevation of 8,850 m (29,035 ft), and a snow/ice elevation 1 m (3 ft) higher, were obtained via this device.
[
38
]
Although as of 2001, it has not been officially recognised by Nepal,
[
39
]
this figure is widely quoted.
Geoid
uncertainty casts doubt upon the accuracy claimed by both the 1999 and 2005 (see
§ 21st-century surveys
) surveys.
[
40
]
In 1955, a detailed
photogrammetric
map (at a scale of 1:50,000) of the
Khumbu
region, including the south side of Mount Everest, was made by
Erwin Schneider
as part of the 1955 International Himalayan Expedition, which also attempted
Lhotse
.
In the late 1980s, an even more detailed
topographic
map of the Everest area was made under the direction of Bradford Washburn, using extensive
aerial photography
.
[
41
]
21st century
On 9 October 2005, after several months of measurement and calculation, the
Chinese Academy of Sciences
and State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping announced the height of Everest as 8,844.43 m (29,017.16 ft) with accuracy of ±0.21 m (8.3 in), claiming it was the most accurate and precise measurement to date.
[
42
]
This height is based on the highest point of rock and not the snow and ice covering it. The Chinese team measured a snow-ice depth of 3.5 m (11 ft),
[
35
]
which is in agreement with a net elevation of 8,848 m (29,029 ft). An argument arose between China and Nepal as to whether the official height should be the rock height (8,844 m, China) or the snow height (8,848 m, Nepal). In 2010, both sides agreed that the height of Everest is 8,848 m, and Nepal recognises China's claim that the rock height of Everest is 8,844 m.
[
43
]
On 8 December 2020, it was jointly announced by the two countries that the new official height is 8,848.86 metres (29,031.7 ft).
[
44
]
[
45
]
It is thought that the
plate tectonics
of the
Main Himalayan Thrust
and related faults, which form the
convergent boundary
between the
Eurasian Plate
and
Indian Plate
, are adding to the height and moving the summit northeastwards. Two accounts suggest the rates of change are 4 mm (0.16 in) per year vertically and 3 to 6 mm (0.12 to 0.24 in) per year horizontally,
[
38
]
[
46
]
but another account mentions more lateral movement (27 mm or 1.1 in),
[
47
]
and even shrinkage has been suggested.
[
48
]
Comparisons
The summit of Everest is the point at which Earth's surface reaches the greatest distance
above sea level
. Several other mountains are sometimes claimed to be the "tallest mountains on Earth".
Mauna Kea
in Hawaii is tallest when measured from its base;
[
note 5
]
it rises over 10,200 m (33,464.6 ft) from its base on the mid-ocean floor, but only attains 4,205 m (13,796 ft) above sea level.
By the same measure of base to summit,
Denali
(also called Mount McKinley) in
Alaska
is taller than Everest as well.
[
note 5
]
Despite its height above sea level of only 6,190 m (20,308 ft), Denali sits atop a sloping plain with elevations from 300 to 900 m (980 to 2,950 ft), yielding a height above base in the range of 5,300 to 5,900 m (17,400 to 19,400 ft); a commonly quoted figure is 5,600 m (18,400 ft).
[
49
]
[
50
]
By comparison, reasonable base elevations for Everest range from 4,200 m (13,800 ft) on the south side to 5,200 m (17,100 ft) on the
Tibetan Plateau
, yielding a height above base in the range of 3,650 to 4,650 m (11,980 to 15,260 ft).
[
41
]
The summit of
Chimborazo
in
Ecuador
is 2,168 m (7,113 ft) farther from Earth's centre (6,384.4 km or 3,967.1 mi) than that of Everest (6,382.3 km, 3,965.8 mi), because the Earth bulges at the equator.
[
51
]
This is despite Chimborazo having a peak of 6,268 m (20,564.3 ft) above sea level versus Mount Everest's 8,848 m (29,028.9 ft).
Context and maps
3D rendering of Mount Everest and surrounding terrain
Many of the highest mountains in the world are near Mount Everest, for example
Lhotse
, 8,516 m (27,940 ft);
Nuptse
, 7,855 m (25,771 ft),
Changtse
, 7,580 m (24,870 ft) and
Khumbutse
, 6,636 m (21,772 ft). On the southwest side, a major feature in the lower areas is the
Khumbu icefall and glacier
, an obstacle to climbers on those routes but also to the base camps.
Southern and northern climbing routes as seen from the
International Space Station
(The names on the photo are links to corresponding pages.)
Geology
Geologists have subdivided the rocks comprising Mount Everest into three units called
formations
.
[
52
]
[
53
]
Each formation is separated from the other by low-angle
faults
, called
detachments
, along which they have been thrust southward over each other. From the summit of Mount Everest to its base these rock units are the Qomolangma Formation, the
North Col
Formation, and the
Rongbuk Formation
.
The Qomolangma Formation, also known as the Jolmo Lungama Formation,
[
54
]
runs from the summit to the top of the Yellow Band, about 8,600 m (28,200 ft) above sea level. It consists of greyish to dark grey or white, parallel laminated and bedded,
Ordovician
limestone interlayered with subordinate beds of recrystallised
dolomite
with
argillaceous
laminae
and
siltstone
. Gansser first reported finding microscopic fragments of
crinoids
in this
limestone
.
[
55
]
[
56
]
Later
petrographic
analysis of samples of the limestone from near the summit revealed them to be composed of carbonate pellets and finely fragmented remains of
trilobites
, crinoids, and
ostracods
. Other samples were so badly sheared and recrystallised that their original constituents could not be determined. A thick, white-weathering
thrombolite
bed that is 60 m (200 ft) thick comprises the foot of the "
Third Step
", and base of the summit pyramid of Everest. This bed, which crops out starting about 70 m (230 ft) below the summit of Mount Everest, consists of sediments trapped, bound, and cemented by the biofilms of micro-organisms, especially
cyanobacteria
, in shallow marine waters. The Qomolangma Formation is broken up by several high-angle faults that terminate at the low angle
normal fault
, the Qomolangma Detachment. This detachment separates it from the underlying Yellow Band. The lower five metres of the Qomolangma Formation overlying this detachment are very highly deformed.
[
52
]
[
53
]
[
57
]
The bulk of Mount Everest, between 7,000 and 8,600 m (23,000 and 28,200 ft), consists of the
North Col
Formation, of which the Yellow Band forms the upper part between 8,200 to 8,600 m (26,900 to 28,200 ft). The Yellow Band consists of
intercalated
beds of Middle Cambrian
diopside
-
epidote
-bearing
marble
, which weathers a distinctive yellowish brown, and
muscovite
-
biotite
phyllite and
semischist
. Petrographic analysis of marble collected from about 8,300 m (27,200 ft) found it to consist as much as five per cent of the ghosts of recrystallised crinoid ossicles. The upper five metres of the Yellow Band lying adjacent to the Qomolangma Detachment is badly deformed. A 5–40 cm (2.0–15.7 in) thick fault
breccia
separates it from the overlying Qomolangma Formation.
[
52
]
[
53
]
[
57
]
The remainder of the North Col Formation, exposed between 7,000 to 8,200 m (23,000 to 26,900 ft) on Mount Everest, consists of interlayered and deformed schist,
phyllite
, and minor marble. Between 7,600 and 8,200 m (24,900 and 26,900 ft), the North Col Formation consists chiefly of biotite-quartz phyllite and chlorite-biotite phyllite intercalated with minor amounts of biotite-
sericite
-quartz schist. Between 7,000 and 7,600 m (23,000 and 24,900 ft), the lower part of the North Col Formation consists of biotite-quartz schist intercalated with epidote-quartz schist, biotite-calcite-quartz schist, and thin layers of
quartzose
marble
. These metamorphic rocks appear to be the result of the metamorphism of Middle to Early
Cambrian
deep sea
flysch
composed of interbedded,
mudstone
,
shale
, clayey
sandstone
, calcareous sandstone,
graywacke
, and sandy limestone. The base of the North Col Formation is a regional low-angle normal fault called the "Lhotse detachment".
[
52
]
[
53
]
[
57
]
Below 7,000 m (23,000 ft), the Rongbuk Formation underlies the North Col Formation and forms the base of Mount Everest. It consists of
sillimanite
-
K-feldspar
grade schist and
gneiss
intruded by numerous
sills
and
dikes
of
leucogranite
ranging in thickness from 1 cm to 1,500 m (0.4 in to 4,900 ft).
[
53
]
[
58
]
These leucogranites are part of a belt of Late
Oligocene
–
Miocene
intrusive rocks known as the Higher Himalayan leucogranite. They formed as the result of partial melting of
Paleoproterozoic
to Ordovician high-grade metasedimentary rocks of the Higher Himalayan Sequence about 20 to 24 million years ago during the subduction of the Indian Plate.
[
59
]
Mount Everest consists of
sedimentary
and
metamorphic
rocks that have been faulted southward over continental crust composed of Archean granulites of the Indian Plate
during the Cenozoic collision of India with Asia
.
[
60
]
[
61
]
[
62
]
Current interpretations argue that the Qomolangma and North Col formations consist of marine sediments that accumulated within the continental shelf of the northern passive continental margin of India before it collided with Asia. The Cenozoic collision of India with Asia subsequently deformed and metamorphosed these strata as it thrust them southward and upward.
[
63
]
[
64
]
The Rongbuk Formation consists of a sequence of high-grade metamorphic and granitic rocks that were derived from the alteration of high-grade metasedimentary rocks. During the collision of India with Asia, these rocks were thrust downward and to the north as they were overridden by other strata; heated, metamorphosed, and partially melted at depths of over 15 to 20 kilometres (9.3 to 12.4 mi) below sea level; and then forced upward to surface by thrusting towards the south between two major detachments.
[
65
]
Mount Everest is rising by about 2 mm per year.
[
66
]
IUGS geological heritage site
In respect of the recognition of the "highest rocks on the planet" as fossiliferous, marine limestone, the Ordovician Rocks of Mount Everest were included by the
International Union of Geological Sciences
(IUGS) in its assemblage of 100 geological heritage sites around the world in a listing published in October 2022. The organisation defines an IUGS Geological Heritage Site as "a key place with geological elements and/or processes of international scientific relevance, used as a reference, and/or with a substantial contribution to the development of geological sciences through history."
[
67
]
Mount Everest with snow melted, showing upper geologic layers in bands
Flora and fauna
A yak at around 4,790 m (15,720 ft)
There is very little native flora or fauna on Everest. A type of
moss
grows at 6,480 metres (21,260 ft) on Mount Everest and it may be the highest altitude plant species.
[
68
]
An alpine cushion plant called
Arenaria
is known to grow below 5,500 metres (18,000 ft) in the region.
[
69
]
According to the study based on satellite data from 1993 to 2018, vegetation is expanding in the Everest region. Researchers have found plants in areas that were previously deemed bare.
[
70
]
A minute black
jumping spider
of the genus
Euophrys
has been found at elevations as high as 6,700 metres (22,000 ft),
[
71
]
possibly making it the highest confirmed non-microscopic permanent resident on Earth. Another Euophrys species,
E. everestensis
, has been found at 5,030 metres (16,500 ft), and may feed on insects that have been blown there by the wind.
[
71
]
There is a high likelihood of microscopic life at even higher altitudes.
The
bar-headed goose
migrates over the Himalayas and have been seen flying at the higher altitudes of the mountain.
[
72
]
In 1953, George Lowe (part of the expedition of Tenzing and Hillary) said that he saw bar-headed geese flying over Everest's summit.
[
73
]
Another bird species, the
chough
, have been spotted as high as the
South Col
at 7,906 m (25,938 ft)
[
74
]
and
yellow-billed choughs
have been seen as high as 7,900 m (25,919 ft).
[
72
]
Yaks
are often used to haul gear for Mount Everest climbs. They can haul around 100 kg (220 pounds), have thick fur and large lungs.
[
69
]
Other animals in the region include the
Himalayan tahr
, which is sometimes the prey of the
snow leopard
.
[
75
]
The
Himalayan black bear
can be found up to about 4,300 metres (14,000 ft) and the
red panda
is also present in the region.
[
76
]
One expedition found a surprising range of species in the region including a
pika
and ten new species of ants.
[
77
]
Conservation
From the Nepalese side, Everest is protected as part of
Sagarmatha National Park
,
[
78
]
while from the Chinese side the mountain is protected as part of
Qomolangma National Nature Reserve
.
[
79
]
Climate
Mount Everest has an
ice cap climate
(Köppen
EF
) with all months averaging well below freezing.
[
note 6
]
Climate data for Mount Everest (Summit)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean minimum °C (°F)
−36
(−33)
−35
(−31)
−32
(−26)
−31
(−24)
−25
(−13)
−20
(−4)
−18
(0)
−18
(0)
−21
(−6)
−27
(−17)
−30
(−22)
−34
(−29)
−36
(−33)
Source:
[
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]
Climate change
The icefall is moving by ~1m per day, a rate that has roughly doubled since 2009.
The base camp for Everest expeditions based out of Nepal is located by
Khumbu Glacier
, which is rapidly thinning and destabilizing due to
climate change
, making it unsafe for climbers. As recommended by the committee formed by Nepal's government to facilitate and monitor mountaineering in the Everest region, Taranath Adhikari—the director general of Nepal's tourism department—said they have plans to move the base camp to a lower altitude. This would mean a longer distance for climbers between the base camp and Camp 1. Although officials had initially stated that the move might happen by 2024,
[
81
]
resistance from the climbing and Sherpa communities resulted in the move being put on hold, in part because there is no viable alternative camp location that would allow climbers to pass through the icefall in the safer early morning hours.
[
82
]
Meteorology
Atmospheric pressure
comparison
Pressure
Reference
kilopascal
psi
Olympus Mons
summit
0.03
0.0044
–
Mars
average
0.6
0.087
–
Hellas Planitia
bottom
1.16
0.168
–
Armstrong limit
6.25
0.906
–
Mount Everest summit
33.7
4.89
[
83
]
Earth
sea level
101.3
14.69
–
Dead Sea
level
106.7
15.48
[
84
]
Surface of
Venus
9,200
1,330
[
85
]
In 2008, a new weather station at about 8,000 m (26,000 ft) elevation went online.
[
86
]
The project was orchestrated by Stations at High Altitude for Research on the Environment (SHARE), which also placed the
Mount Everest webcam
in 2011.
[
86
]
[
87
]
The solar-powered weather station is on the
South Col
.
[
88
]
Mount Everest extends into the upper
troposphere
and penetrates the
stratosphere
.
[
89
]
The air pressure at the summit is generally about one-third what it is at sea level. The altitude can expose the summit to the fast and freezing winds of the
jet stream
.
[
90
]
Winds commonly attain 160 km/h (100 mph);
[
91
]
in February 2004, a wind speed of 280 km/h (175 mph) was recorded at the summit.
These winds can hamper or endanger climbers, by blowing them into chasms
[
91
]
or (by
Bernoulli's principle
) by lowering the air pressure further, reducing available oxygen by up to 14 percent.
[
90
]
[
92
]
To avoid the harshest winds, climbers typically aim for a 7- to 10-day window in the spring and fall when the Asian
monsoon
season is starting up or ending.
Mount Everest hosts several weather stations that collect important data on high-altitude weather conditions. Among them is the Balcony Station, the highest weather station on the planet, located at about 8,430 metres (27,660 ft) above sea level. Set up by climate scientists Tom Matthews and Baker Perry in 2019, this station is positioned just below the summit of Everest, which is the highest point on Earth.
[
93
]
As of January 20, 2020, the Balcony Station ceased transmitting data.
[
94
]
Expeditions
Climbers below the
Geneva Spur
Reunion of the 1953 British team
Because Everest is the highest mountain in the world, it has attracted considerable attention and climbing attempts. Whether the mountain was climbed in ancient times is unknown. It may have been climbed in 1924, although this has never been confirmed, as neither man making the attempt returned. Climbing routes have been established over decades of expeditions.
[
95
]
The summit is first known to have been reached by humans in 1953.
[
96
]
Despite the effort poured into expeditions, only about 200 people had summited by 1987.
[
96
]
Everest remained a difficult climb for decades, even by professional climbers and large national expeditions, which were the norm until the commercial era began in the 1990s.
[
97
]
As of December 2024
,
The Himalayan Database
recorded just under 13,000 total summits, by around 7,200 different people.
[
98
]
[
99
]
[
100
]
Although lower mountains have longer or steeper climbs, Everest is so high the
jet stream
can hit it. Climbers can be faced with winds beyond 320 km/h (200 mph) when the weather shifts.
[
101
]
At certain times of the year the jet stream shifts north, providing periods of relative calm at the mountain.
[
102
]
Other dangers include blizzards and avalanches.
[
102
]
Early attempts
In 1885,
Clinton Thomas Dent
, president of the
Alpine Club
, suggested climbing Everest was possible in his book
Above the Snow Line
.
[
103
]
The northern approach to the mountain was discovered by
George Mallory
and
Guy Bullock
on the initial
1921 British Reconnaissance Expedition
. It was not equipped for a serious attempt to climb the mountain. With Mallory leading, and thus becoming the first European to set foot on Everest's flanks, they climbed the North Col to an altitude of 7,005 metres (22,982 ft). From there, Mallory espied a route to the top, but the party was unprepared to climb further and descended. The British returned for a
1922 expedition
. On the first summit attempt Mallory,
Col. Felix Norton
, and
Howard Somervell
without supplemental oxygen reached 8,225 m (26,985 ft), the first time a human reported to climb higher than 8,000 m (26,247 ft).
George Finch
together with
Geoffrey Bruce
climbed using oxygen for the first time. They ascended at a remarkable speed—290 metres (951 ft) per hour—and reached an altitude of 8,321 m (27,300 ft).
The
next expedition was in 1924
. The initial attempt by Mallory and Geoffrey Bruce was aborted when weather conditions prevented the establishment of Camp VI. The next attempt was by Norton and Somervell, who climbed without oxygen and in perfect weather, traversing the North Face into the
Great Couloir
. Norton managed to reach, 8,572.8 m (28,126 ft) though he ascended only 30 m (100 ft) or so in the last hour. Mallory used oxygen equipment for a last-ditch effort. He chose young
Andrew Irvine
as his partner.
[
104
]
On 8 June 1924, George Mallory and
Andrew Irvine
made an attempt on the summit via the North Col-North Ridge-Northeast Ridge route from which they never returned. On 1 May 1999, the
Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition
found Mallory's body on the North Face in a snow basin below and to the west of the traditional site of Camp VI. Controversy has raged in the mountaineering community whether one or both reached the summit 29 years before the first confirmed ascent and safe descent in 1953. Irvine's detached foot, still in a boot and sock, was found in 2024.
[
105
]
1952 documentary
In 1933,
Lady Houston
, a British
millionaire
, funded the
Houston Everest Flight of 1933
, which saw a formation of two
aeroplanes
led by the
Marquess of Clydesdale
fly over the Everest
summit
.
[
106
]
[
107
]
[
108
]
[
109
]
Early expeditions—such as
Charles Bruce
's in the 1920s and
Hugh Ruttledge
's two unsuccessful attempts in
1933
and
1936
—tried to ascend the mountain from
Tibet
, via the North Face. Access was closed from the north to Western expeditions in 1950 after China took control of Tibet. In 1950,
Bill Tilman
and a small party which included
Charles Houston
, Oscar Houston, and Betsy Cowles undertook an
exploratory expedition to Everest through Nepal
along the route which has become the standard approach to Everest from the south.
[
110
]
The
1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition
was granted permission to attempt a climb from Nepal. It established a route through the Khumbu icefall and ascended to the South Col at an elevation of 7,986 m (26,201 ft).
Raymond Lambert
and
Sherpa
Tenzing Norgay
were able to reach an elevation of about 8,595 m (28,199 ft) on the Southeast Ridge, setting a new climbing altitude record. Tenzing's experience was useful when he was hired to be part of the British expedition in 1953.
[
111
]
The Swiss made another post-monsoon attempt in the autumn; they made it to the South Col but were driven back by winter winds and severe cold.
[
112
]
[
113
]
First successful ascent by Tenzing and Hillary, 1953
Edmund Hillary
and
Tenzing Norgay
In 1953, a ninth British expedition, led by
John Hunt
, returned to Nepal. Hunt selected two climbing pairs to attempt the summit. The first,
Tom Bourdillon
and
Charles Evans
, came within 100 m (330 ft) of the summit on 26 May 1953, but turned back after running into oxygen problems. As planned, their work in routefinding, breaking trail and oxygen caches were of great aid to the following pair. Two days later, the expedition made its second assault with the second pair: New Zealander
Edmund Hillary
and
Tenzing Norgay
, a Nepali
Sherpa
climber. They reached the summit at 11:30
am local time on 29 May 1953 via the South Col route. At the time, both acknowledged it as a team effort by the whole expedition, but Tenzing revealed a few years later that Hillary had put his foot on the summit first.
[
114
]
They took photos and buried sweets and a small cross in the snow before descending.
[
115
]
1950s–60s
On 23 May 1956,
Ernst Schmied
and
Juerg Marmet
ascended.
[
116
]
Wang Fuzhou
,
Gonpo
and Qu Yinhua of China made the first reported
ascent of the peak from the North Ridge
in May 1960.
[
9
]
The first American to climb Everest,
Jim Whittaker
, joined by
Nawang Gombu
, reached the summit on 1 May 1963 on the
American Mount Everest expedition
and on 22 May on the same expedition
Tom Hornbein
and
Willi Unsoeld
were the first the traverse the mountain by climbing via the
North Face
and descending via the
South Col
.
[
117
]
[
118
]
1970s
In 1970, Japanese mountaineers conducted a major expedition. The centrepiece was a large "siege"-style expedition, working on finding a new route up the Southwest Face.
[
119
]
Another element was an attempt to ski Everest.
[
97
]
Despite a staff of over one hundred and a decade of planning, the expedition suffered eight deaths and failed to summit.
[
97
]
However, Japanese expeditions enjoyed some successes.
Yuichiro Miura
became the first man to ski down Everest from the South Col—he descended nearly 1,300 vertical metres (4,200 ft) from the South Col before falling with extreme injuries. Another success was an expedition that put four on the summit via the South Col route.
[
97
]
[
120
]
[
121
]
Miura's exploits became the subject of film, and he went on to become the oldest person to summit Everest in 2003 aged 70 and in 2013 aged 80.
[
122
]
In 1975,
Junko Tabei
became the first woman to summit Everest.
[
97
]
The
1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition
led and organised by
Chris Bonington
made the first ascent of the Southwest Face from the
Western Cwm
. In 1978,
Reinhold Messner
and
Peter Habeler
made the first ascent of Everest without supplemental oxygen.
1979/1980: Winter Himalaism
Confirmation of the summit obtained by
Nepal's Ministry of Tourism
The Polish climber
Andrzej Zawada
headed the first winter ascent of Everest, the first winter ascent of an eight-thousander. On 15 January, the team managed to set up Camp III at 7,150 metres (23,460 ft) above sea level, but further action was stopped by hurricane-force winds. The weather improved after 11 February, when
Leszek Cichy
, Walenty Fiut and
Krzysztof Wielicki
set up camp IV on
South Col
at 7,906 metres (25,938 ft). Cichy and Wielicki started the final ascent at 6:50
am on 17 February. At 2:40
pm
Andrzej Zawada
at base camp heard the climbers' voices over the radio – "We are on the summit! The strong wind blows all the time. It is unimaginably cold."
[
123
]
[
124
]
[
125
]
The successful winter ascent started a new decade of Winter Himalaism, which became a Polish specialisation. After 1980 Poles did ten first winter ascents on
8000 metre peaks
.
[
126
]
[
124
]
[
127
]
[
128
]
Lho La tragedy, 1989
In 1989, Polish climbers under the leadership of Eugeniusz Chrobak organised an international expedition to Everest on a difficult western ridge. Ten Poles and nine foreigners participated, but only the Poles remained in the attempt for the summit. On 24 May, Chrobak and Andrzej Marciniak, starting from camp V at 8,200 metres (26,900 ft), overcame the ridge and reached the summit. But on 27 May, during an avalanche from the side of
Khumbutse
near the
Lho La
pass, four climbers were killed: Mirosław Dąsal, Mirosław Gardzielewski,
Zygmunt Andrzej Heinrich
and Wacław Otręba. The following day, due to his injuries, Chrobak died. Marciniak, who was injured, was saved by a rescue expedition in which
Artur Hajzer
and New Zealanders
Gary Ball
and
Rob Hall
took part. The organisation of the rescue included
Reinhold Messner
,
Elizabeth Hawley
,
Carlos Carsolio
and the US consul.
[
129
]
1996 disaster
On 10 and 11 May 1996, eight climbers died after guided expeditions were caught in a blizzard during a summit attempt on 10 May. During the 1996 season, 15 people died. These were the highest death tolls for a single weather event, and season, until the 16 deaths in the
2014 Mount Everest ice avalanche
. The guiding disaster gained publicity and raised questions about the commercialisation of climbing and the safety of guiding clients on Everest.
Journalist
Jon Krakauer
, on assignment from
Outside
magazine, was in one of the affected guided parties, and published the bestseller
Into Thin Air
, which related his experience. Krakauer was critical of guide
Anatoli Boukreev
.
[
130
]
[
131
]
A year later, Boukreev co-authored
The Climb
, in part as a rebuttal of Krakauer's portrayal.
[
132
]
The dispute sparked debate within the climbing community. Boukreev was awarded The American Alpine Club's David Sowles Award for his rescue efforts on the expedition.
[
131
]
In 2004 researchers from the
University of Toronto
told the
New Scientist
that analysis of conditions on 11 May suggested that weather caused oxygen levels to plunge about 14 per cent.
[
133
]
[
134
]
One survivor was
Beck Weathers
, left for dead about 275 metres (900 feet) from Camp 4 at 7,950 metres (26,085 feet). After spending a night on the mountain, Weathers made it back to Camp 4 with massive frostbite and vision impaired due to snow blindness.
[
135
]
Fellow climbers considered his condition terminal and left him in a tent to die overnight.
[
136
]
Weathers was lowered to Camp 2 and a helicopter rescue was organised by the Nepali Army.
[
135
]
[
136
]
The storm's impact on climbers on the North Ridge, where several climbers also died, was detailed in a first-hand account by
Matt Dickinson
in his book
The Other Side of Everest
. Sixteen-year-old Mark Pfetzer was on the climb and wrote about it in,
Within Reach: My Everest Story
. The 2015 feature film
Everest
is based on the events of this guiding disaster.
[
137
]
2006
2006 fatalities
Deaths
[
138
]
Nation
[
139
]
Tuk Bahadur Thapa Masa
Nepal
Igor Plyushkin
Russia
Vitor Negrete
Brazil
David Sharp
United Kingdom
Thomas Weber
Germany
Tomas Olsson
Sweden
Jacques-Hugues Letrange
France
Ang Phinjo
Nepal
*
Pavel Kalny
Czech Republic
Lhakpa Tseri
[
140
]
Nepal
Dawa Temba
[
140
]
Nepal
Sri Kishan
[
139
]
India
*Lhotse face fatality
Small avalanche on Everest, 2006
In 2006, 12 people died.
[
141
]
David Sharp
's death triggered debate and years of discussion about climbing ethics. The question was whether climbers had left a man to die and whether he could have been saved. He attempted to summit alone with two bottles of oxygen, compared to the standard five used by most climbers.
[
142
]
[
143
]
He arranged his permit through
Asian Trekking
, a Kathmandu-based company that provided basic services to base camp, but not beyond that point.
[
144
]
Sharp climbed without a radio or guide.
[
143
]
Multiple climbing parties encountered Sharp in distress.
[
145
]
Double-amputee climber
Mark Inglis
said that on 15 May his climbing party, and many others, had passed Sharp, sheltering under a rock overhang 450 metres (1,480 ft) below the summit, without attempting a rescue.
[
146
]
Inglis said 40 people had passed by Sharp, but he might have been overlooked as climbers assumed Sharp was the corpse nicknamed "
Green Boots
",
[
147
]
but Inglis was not aware that climbers had tried to help Sharp despite being in the process of helping an injured woman,
Burçak Özoğlu Poçan
, down. There has been discussion about
Himex
in the commentary on Inglis and Sharp. In regard to Inglis's initial comments, he later revised details because he had been interviewed while he was "physically and mentally exhausted, and in much pain. He had suffered frostbite – he later had five fingertips amputated."
[
148
]
It was estimated that Sharp summited on 14 May and began his descent, but on 15 May he was in trouble and being passed by climbers on their way up and down.
[
149
]
It is believed he was suffering from hypoxia and was about 300 m (1,000 ft) from the summit on the North Side route.
[
149
]
The Tribune
, India
, quoted someone who described what happened to Sharp as "the most shameful act in the history of mountaineering".
[
150
]
Much of this controversy was captured by the
Discovery Channel
while filming
Everest: Beyond the Limit
. A crucial decision affecting Sharp is shown where a returning climber, adventurer
Maxim Chaya
, is descending and radios his base camp manager (
Russell Brice
) that he has found a frostbitten and unconscious climber in distress. Chaya is unable to identify Sharp, who had chosen to climb solo and did not identify himself to other climbers. The manager assumes Sharp is part of a group that has already calculated they must abandon him, and informs his lone climber there is no chance of him being able to help Sharp by himself. As Sharp's condition deteriorates and other descending climbers pass him, his opportunities for rescue diminish: his legs and feet curl from frostbite, preventing him walking; later descending climbers are lower on oxygen and lack the strength to offer aid; time runs out for Sherpas to return and rescue him. Sharp's body remained just below the summit on the Chinese side next to "Green Boots"; they shared a space in a rock cave that was an ad hoc tomb.
[
149
]
Sharp's body was removed from the cave in 2007,
[
151
]
and since 2014, Green Boots has been missing, presumably removed or buried.
[
8
]
As the Sharp debate started, on 26 May Australian climber
Lincoln Hall
was found alive after being left.
[
152
]
He was found by a party of four climbers who, giving up their own attempt, stayed with Hall and descended with him and 11 Sherpas sent up to carry him down. Hall fully recovered. His team had assumed he had died from cerebral edema, and were instructed to cover him with rocks.
[
152
]
There were no rocks to do this and he was abandoned.
[
153
]
The erroneous information of his death was passed to his family.
[
153
]
2007
On 21 May 2007, Canadian climber
Meagan McGrath
initiated the successful high-altitude rescue of Nepali Usha Bista. McGrath was selected as a 2011 recipient of the Sir Edmund Hillary Foundation of Canada Humanitarian Award, which recognises a Canadian who has contributed a significant service in the Himalayan Region of Nepal.
[
154
]
Ascent statistics up to 2010 season
Ascents of Mount Everest by year through 2010
The sun rising on Everest in 2011
By the end of 2010, there had been 5,104 summits by about 3,142 individuals, with 77 per cent accomplished since 2000.
[
155
]
The summit was achieved in 7 of the 22 years from 1953 to 1974 and not missed between 1975 and 2014.
[
155
]
An illustration of the explosion of popularity is provided by the number of daily ascents. Analysis of the
1996 Mount Everest disaster
shows part of the blame was on the bottleneck caused by a large number of climbers (33 to 36) attempting to summit on the same day; this was unusually high at the time. By comparison, on 23 May 2010, the summit was reached by 169 climbers – more summits in a single day than in the 31 years from the first successful summit in 1953 to 1983.
[
155
]
Nearly all attempts at the summit are done using one of two main routes. In 2005–07, more than half elected to use the more challenging, but cheaper northeast route. In 2008, the northeast route was closed by the Chinese government for the season, and the only people able to summit from the north that year were athletes
carrying the Olympic torch
for the
2008 Summer Olympics
.
[
156
]
The route was closed to foreigners in 2009 in the run-up to the 50th anniversary of the Dalai Lama's exile.
[
157
]
These closures led to declining interest in the north route, and in 2010, two-thirds summitted from the south.
[
155
]
2010s
Selfie on the summit, 2012
The 2010s were a time of new highs and lows for the mountain, with disasters in 2013 and 2014 causing record deaths. In 2015 there were no summits for the first time in decades.
[
158
]
A record was set in 2019 with over 890 summiters.
[
159
]
2014 avalanche
The location of the fatal ice avalanche on the 2014 route, and the revised 2015 route through the Khumbu
On 18 April 2014, an avalanche hit the area just below Base Camp 2.
[
160
]
16 people were killed, all Nepali guides, and nine injured.
[
161
]
In response, Sherpa climbing guides walked off the job and most climbing companies pulled out in respect for the Sherpa people mourning their loss.
[
162
]
[
163
]
2015 avalanche and earthquake
2015 was set to be a record-breaking season of climbs, with hundreds of permits. However, on 25 April 2015, an
earthquake measuring 7.8
M
w
triggered an avalanche that hit
Everest Base Camp
,
[
164
]
shutting down the season.
[
165
]
18 bodies were recovered by the Indian Army mountaineering team.
[
166
]
The avalanche began on
Pumori
,
[
167
]
moved through the
Khumbu Icefall
on the southwest side of Everest, and slammed into the
South Base Camp
.
[
168
]
2015 was the first time since 1974 with no spring summits, as all climbing teams pulled out.
[
169
]
[
170
]
One reason for this was the high probability of aftershocks.
[
171
]
Just weeks after the first quake, the region experienced a 7.3 quake and there were
many aftershocks
.
[
172
]
The quakes trapped hundreds of climbers above the Khumbu icefall, and they had to be evacuated by helicopter as they ran low on supplies.
[
173
]
The quake shifted the route through the ice fall, making it impassable.
[
173
]
Bad weather made helicopter evacuation difficult.
[
173
]
There was a large impact overall on Nepal, with 9,000 dead.
[
174
]
[
175
]
In Tibet, by 28 April at least 25 had died.
[
176
]
2016 and 2017
Years in review summary
Year
Summiters
References
2010
543
[
159
]
2011
538
[
159
]
2012
547
[
177
]
2013
658–670
[
178
]
[
159
]
2014
106
[
179
]
2015
0
[
180
]
[
159
]
2016
641
[
181
]
2017
648
[
182
]
2018
807
[
158
]
[
183
]
2019
891
[
159
]
2020
0
[
184
]
Hawley's database records 641 made it to the summit in early 2016.
[
185
]
2017 was the biggest season yet, yielding hundreds of summiters and a handful of deaths.
[
186
]
On 27 May,
Kami Rita
made his 21st summit with the Alpine Ascents Everest Expedition, one of three people, along with
Apa Sherpa
and
Phurba Tashi Sherpa
to make it to the summit 21 times.
[
187
]
[
188
]
The season had a tragic start with the death of
Ueli Steck
, who died from a fall during a warm-up climb.
[
189
]
There was continued discussion about possible changes to the
Hillary Step
.
[
190
]
Summiters for 2017 was tallied up to be 648.
[
182
]
2018
A record 891 summited in 2018.
[
191
]
One factor that aided this was an especially long and clear weather window of 11 days during the critical spring climbing season.
[
158
]
[
192
]
[
183
]
Various records were broken, including a summit by double-amputee
Xia Boyu
, after winning a case in the Nepali Supreme Court.
[
158
]
7 climbers died.
[
158
]
Although record numbers summitted, old-time summiteers that made expeditions in the 1980s lamented the crowding, feces, and cost.
[
192
]
2019
2019 fatalities
[
193
]
Fatalities
Nationality
Chris Daly
United States
Donald Cash
United States
Robin Fisher
United Kingdom
Druba Bista
Nepal
Kevin Hynes
Ireland
Kalpana Dash
India
Anjali S. Kulkarni
India
Ernst Landgraf
Austria
Nihal Bagwan
India
Ravi Thakar
India
Chris Kulish
United States
Séamus Lawless*
[
194
]
Ireland
*Declared dead after missing
The spring or pre-monsoon window for 2019 witnessed the deaths of climbers. Images of hundreds queuing to reach the summit and reports of climbers stepping over dead bodies dismayed people around the world.
[
195
]
[
196
]
[
197
]
There was an announcement of an expedition to re-measure the height of Everest, particularly in light of the 2015 earthquakes.
[
198
]
[
199
]
[
200
]
Among the climbing teams was a scientific expedition with a planned study of pollution, and how things like snow and vegetation influence the availability of food and water in the region.
[
201
]
In the 2019 spring season, there were roughly 40 teams with almost 400 climbers and several hundred guides attempting to summit on the Nepali side.
[
202
]
[
203
]
[
204
]
Nepal issued 381 climbing permits for 2019.
[
191
]
For the northern routes in Chinese Tibet, several hundred more permits were issued.
[
205
]
In May, Nepali mountaineering guide Kami Rita summited twice within a week, his 23rd and 24th ascents.
[
206
]
[
202
]
[
203
]
By 28 May, the death toll reached 11, when a climber died at about 7,900 m (26,000 ft) during the descent,
[
193
]
and a 12th climber was missing and later declared dead.
[
194
]
The deaths were possibly due to crowding leading to delays high on the mountain, and shorter weather windows.
[
191
]
Someone who had summited previously noted that when the weather window opens, long lines form as everyone rushes to summit and get back down.
[
207
]
[
208
]
Despite the number of deaths, reports indicated that a record 891 climbers summited in the spring 2019 climbing season.
[
209
]
[
159
]
Although China has had permit restrictions, and Nepal requires a doctor to sign off on climbing permits,
[
209
]
the natural dangers of climbing such as falls and avalanches combined with medical issues aggravated by Everest's extreme altitude led to 2019 being a year with a comparatively high death toll.
[
209
]
2020s
Both Nepal and China prohibited foreign climbing groups during the 2020 season, due to the
COVID-19 pandemic
. 2020 saw no summits from the Nepal (South) Side.
[
210
]
In October 2025, blizzard-like conditions prompted Chinese authorities to evacuate nearly 350 people by October 6, with about 200 more stranded on the Everest Scenic Area.
[
211
]
[
212
]
Climbing
Permits
Typical Nepal Camp Altitudes
[
213
]
Location
Altitude (km)
Summit 8848 m / 29035 ft
8.8
Camp 4 8000 m / 26000 ft
8.0
Camp 3 6800 m / 22300 ft
6.8
Camp 2 6400 m / 21000 ft
6.4
Camp 1 6100 m / 20000 ft
6.1
Base camp 5400 m / 17700 ft
5.4
Looking up along the southern ridgeline in 2010, the face of the
Hillary Step
is visible. The top of the Southwest Face is on the left in shadow, and to the right is the top of the East/Kangshung Face. In 2016 and 2017 there were reports the Hillary Step was changed, which triggered discussion in the climbing community.
In 2014, Nepal issued 334 climbing permits, which were extended until 2019 due to the closure.
[
214
]
In 2015, Nepal issued 357 permits, but the mountain was closed again because of the avalanche and earthquake, and these permits were given a two-year extension to 2017.
[
215
]
[
214
]
In 2017, a person who tried to climb Everest without the $11,000 permit was caught after he made it past the Khumbu icefall. He faced, among other penalties, a $22,000 fine and a possible four years in jail. In the end, he was allowed to return home but banned from mountaineering in Nepal for 10 years.
[
216
]
The number of permits issued each year by Nepal is:
[
215
]
[
217
]
2008: 160
2009: 220
2010: 209
2011: 225
2012: 208
2013: 316
2014: 326 (extended for use through 2019)
2015: 356 (extended for use through 2017)
2016: 289
2017: 366 to 373
2018: 346
2019: 381
2020: 0 (no permits issued during the pandemic)
2021: 408 (current record)
[
218
]
[
219
]
The Chinese side in Tibet is also managed with permits for summiting Everest.
[
220
]
They did not issue permits in 2008, due to the
Olympic torch relay being taken to the summit of Mount Everest.
[
221
]
In March 2020, the governments of China and Nepal cancelled all climbing permits for Mount Everest due to the
COVID-19 pandemic
.
[
222
]
[
223
]
In April 2020, a group of Chinese mountaineers began an expedition from the Chinese side. The mountain remained closed on the Chinese side to all foreign climbers.
[
224
]
On 10 May 2021, a separation line was announced by Chinese authorities to prevent the spread of coronavirus from climbers ascending Nepal's side.
[
225
]
In April 2025, the Government of Nepal introduced a new regulation requiring climbers to have previously summited at least one 7,000-metre peak within Nepal before being eligible to obtain a permit for an expedition to Mount Everest. The rule is scheduled to come into effect from the Spring 2026 climbing season.
[
226
]
Commercial climbing
Top down view showing the location of the summit, and its three main faces/sides
Everest Base Camp
Gorak Shep
is about a three-hour walk to South EBC (Everest Base Camp).
[
227
]
According to
Jon Krakauer
, the era of
commercialisation
of Everest started in 1985, when the summit was reached by a guided expedition led by
David Breashears
that included
Richard Bass
, a wealthy 55-year-old businessman and an amateur mountain climber with four years of climbing experience.
[
228
]
By the early-1990s, several companies were offering guided tours to the mountain.
Rob Hall
, one of the mountaineers who died in the
1996 disaster
, had successfully guided 39 clients to the summit before that incident.
[
229
]
: 24, 42
By 2016, most guiding services cost between US$35,000 and US$200,000.
[
230
]
Going with a "celebrity guide", usually a well-known mountaineer typically with decades of climbing experience and perhaps several Everest summits, can cost over £100,000 as of 2015.
[
231
]
However, the services offered vary widely and it is "buyer beware" when doing deals in Nepal, one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world.
[
230
]
[
232
]
Tourism contributed 7.9 per cent of the
gross domestic product
(GDP) in 2019
[
233
]
in a country with high unemployment,
[
234
]
but an Everest porter can make nearly double the nation's average wage in a region in which other sources of income are lacking.
[
235
]
Costs beyond the guiding service can vary widely. It is technically possible to reach the summit with minimal additional expenses, and there are "budget" travel agencies that offer logistical support for such trips. A limited support service, offering only some meals at base camp and bureaucratic overhead like a permit, can cost as little as US$7,000 as of 2007.
[
148
]
However, this is considered difficult and dangerous (as illustrated by the case of
David Sharp
).
[
236
]
Climbing gear required to reach the summit may cost in excess of US$8,000, and most climbers also use
bottled oxygen
, which adds around US$3,000.
[
237
]
The permit to enter the Everest area from the south via Nepal costs US$10,000 to US$30,000 per person, depending on the size of the team.
[
237
]
The ascent typically starts at one of the
two base camps
near the mountain, both of which are approximately 100 kilometres (60 mi) from
Kathmandu
and 300 kilometres (190 mi) from
Lhasa
(the two nearest cities with major airports). Transferring one's equipment from the airport to the base camp may add as much as US$2,000.
[
237
]
Many climbers hire "full service" guide companies, which provide a wide spectrum of services, including the acquisition of permits, transportation to/from base camp, food, tents,
fixed ropes
,
[
238
]
medical assistance while on the mountain, an experienced mountaineer guide, and even personal porters to carry one's backpack and cook one's meals. The cost of such a guide service may range from US$40,000 to $80,000 per person.
[
239
]
Since most equipment is moved by
Sherpas
, clients of full-service guide companies can often keep their backpack weights under 10 kilograms (22 lb), or hire a Sherpa to carry their backpack for them. By contrast, climbers attempting less commercialised peaks, like
Denali
, are often expected to carry backpacks over 30 kilograms (66 lb) and, occasionally, to tow a
sled
with 35 kilograms (77 lb) of gear and food.
[
240
]
The degree of commercialisation of Mount Everest is a frequent subject of criticism.
[
177
]
Jamling Tenzing Norgay
, the son of
Tenzing Norgay
, said in a 2003 interview that his late father would have been shocked to discover that rich thrill-seekers with no climbing experience were now routinely reaching the summit, "You still have to climb this mountain yourself with your feet. But the spirit of adventure is not there any more. It is lost. There are people going up there who have no idea how to put on
crampons
. They are climbing because they have paid someone $65,000. It is very selfish. It endangers the lives of others."
[
241
]
One example of this is
Shriya Shah-Klorfine
, who had to be taught how to put on crampons during her summit attempt in 2012.
[
242
]
She paid at least US$40,000 to a new guiding company for the trip, and died when she ran out of oxygen during the descent after climbing for 27 hours straight.
[
243
]
Reinhold Messner
concurred in 2004:
You could die in each climb and that meant you were responsible for yourself. We were real mountaineers: careful, aware and even afraid. By climbing mountains we were not learning how big we were. We were finding out how breakable, how weak and how full of fear we are. You can only get this if you expose yourself to high danger. I have always said that a mountain without danger is not a mountain....High altitude alpinism has become tourism and show. These commercial trips to Everest, they are still dangerous. But the guides and organisers tell clients, 'Don't worry, it's all organised.' The route is prepared by hundreds of Sherpas. Extra oxygen is available in all camps, right up to the summit. People will cook for you and lay out your beds. Clients feel safe and don't care about the risks.
[
244
]
By 2015, Nepal was considering requiring that climbers have some experience, hoping this would both make the mountain safer and increase revenue.
[
245
]
One barrier to this is that low-budget firms make money
not
taking inexperienced climbers to the summit.
[
230
]
Those turned away by Western firms can often find another firm willing to take them for a price—that they return home soon after arriving after base camp, or part way up the mountain.
[
230
]
However, not all opinions on the subject among prominent mountaineers have been strictly negative. For example,
Edmund Hillary
stated in 2003 that while "Having people pay $65,000 and then be led up the mountain by a couple of experienced guides...isn't really mountaineering at all",
[
246
]
he was pleased by the changes brought to Everest area by Westerners:
I don't have any regrets because I worked very hard indeed to improve the condition for the local people. When we first went in there they didn't have any schools, they didn't have any medical facilities, all over the years we have established 27 schools, we have two hospitals and a dozen medical clinics and then we've built bridges over wild mountain rivers and put in fresh water pipelines so in cooperation with the Sherpas we've done a lot to benefit them.
[
247
]
One of the early guided summiters, Richard Bass (of
Seven Summits
fame) stated in 2003 that "Climbers should have high altitude experience before they attempt the really big mountains. People don't realise the difference between a 20,000-foot [6,100 m] mountain and 29,000-foot [8,800 m]. It's not just arithmetic. The reduction of oxygen in the air is proportionate to the altitude alright, but the effect on the human body is disproportionate—an exponential curve. People climb Denali [6,190 m or 20,320 ft] or Aconcagua [6,960 m or 22,834 ft] and think, 'Heck, I feel great up here, I'm going to try Everest.' But it's not like that."
[
248
]
Speed climbing
Altitude tents
Some expedition teams have clients use altitude tents to pre-acclimatise prior to leaving for the mountain. Compared to traditional Everest expeditions that last 50 to 60 days, altitude tents can reduce the expedition time frame to 30 to 35 days.
[
249
]
Xenon gas
In 2025, four men climbed the mountain in one week. They claimed their inhalation of
xenon gas
10 days prior to stimulate
erythropoietin
production had eliminated the need for
altitude acclimatisation
over several weeks. The
International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation
(UIAA) criticised the decision, citing that there is no evidence that the inhalation of xenon improves performance in high elevation environments. Furthermore, the UIAA warned that as an anesthetic, xenon gas could result in impaired brain function, respiratory compromise, and death if used in an unmonitored setting.
[
250
]
[
251
]
[
252
]
Summiting with disabilities
Summiting Everest with disabilities has become popular in the 21st century. Sudarshan Gautam, a Canadian double-amputee, summited the mountain in 2013.
[
253
]
In the same year, Eli Reimer, a teenager with
Down syndrome
, hiked to the South Base Camp as part of a fundraising effort for his father's foundation.
[
254
]
Routes
Overview South Col route and North Col/Ridge route
Mount Everest has two main climbing routes, the Southeast Ridge from
Nepal
and the North Ridge from
Tibet
, as well as many other less frequently climbed routes.
[
255
]
Of the two main routes, the Southeast Ridge is technically easier and more frequently used. It was the route used by
Edmund Hillary
and
Tenzing Norgay
in 1953 and the first recognised of 15 routes to the top by 1996.
[
255
]
This was, however, a route decision dictated more by politics than by design, as the Chinese border was closed to the western world in the 1950s, after
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
.
[
256
]
Most attempts are made during May, before the summer
monsoon
season. As the monsoon season approaches, the
jet stream
shifts northward, thereby reducing the average wind speeds high on the mountain.
[
257
]
[
258
]
While attempts are sometimes made in September and October, after the monsoons, when the jet stream is again temporarily pushed northward, the additional snow deposited by the monsoons and the less stable weather patterns at the monsoons' tail end makes climbing extremely difficult.
Southeast Ridge
The ascent via the Southeast Ridge begins with a trek to
Base Camp
at 5,380 m (17,700 ft) on the south side of Everest, in Nepal. Expeditions usually fly into
Lukla
(2,860 m) from
Kathmandu
and pass through
Namche Bazaar
. Climbers then hike to Base Camp, which usually takes six to eight days, allowing for proper altitude acclimatisation in order to prevent
altitude sickness
.
[
259
]
Climbing equipment and supplies are carried by
yaks
,
dzopkyos
(yak-cow hybrids), and human
porters
to Base Camp on the
Khumbu Glacier
. When Hillary and Tenzing climbed Everest in 1953, the British expedition they were part of (comprising over 400 climbers, porters, and Sherpas at that point) started from the
Kathmandu Valley
, as there were no roads further east at that time.
Climbers spend a couple of weeks in Base Camp, acclimatising to the altitude. During that time,
Sherpas
and some expedition climbers set up ropes and ladders in the treacherous
Khumbu Icefall
.
Seracs
,
crevasses
, and shifting blocks of ice make the icefall one of the most dangerous sections of the route. Many climbers and Sherpas have been killed in this section. To reduce the hazard, climbers usually begin their ascent well before dawn, when the freezing temperatures glue ice blocks in place.
Above the icefall is Camp I at 6,065 metres (19,900 ft).
Climber traversing Khumbu Icefall
From Camp I, climbers make their way up the
Western Cwm
to the base of the
Lhotse
Face, where Camp II or Advanced Base Camp (ABC) is established at 6,500 m (21,300 ft). The Western Cwm is a flat, gently rising glacial valley, marked by huge lateral crevasses in the centre, which prevent direct access to the upper reaches of the Cwm. Climbers are forced to cross on the far right, near the base of
Nuptse
, to a small passageway known as the "Nuptse corner". The Western Cwm is also called the "Valley of Silence" as the topography of the area generally cuts off wind from the climbing route. The
high altitude
and a clear, windless day can make the Western Cwm unbearably hot for climbers.
[
260
]
From Camp II, climbers ascend the Lhotse Face on
fixed ropes
, up to Camp III, located on a small ledge at 7,470 m (24,500 ft). From there, it is another 500 metres to Camp IV on the
South Col
at 7,920 m (26,000 ft).
From Camp III to Camp IV, climbers are faced with two additional challenges: the
Geneva Spur
and the
Yellow Band
. The Geneva Spur is an anvil-shaped rib of black rock named by the
1952 Swiss expedition
. Fixed ropes assist climbers in
scrambling
over this snow-covered rock band. The Yellow Band is a section of interlayered
marble
,
phyllite
, and
semischist
, which also requires about 100 metres of rope for traversing it.
[
260
]
On the
South Col
, climbers enter the
death zone
. Climbers making summit bids typically can endure no more than two or three days at this altitude. If the weather is not clear with low winds during these short few days, climbers are forced to descend, many all the way back down to Base Camp.
From Camp IV, climbers begin their summit push around midnight, with hopes of reaching the summit (still another 1,000 metres above) within 10 to 12 hours. Climbers first reach "The Balcony" at 8,400 m (27,600 ft), a small platform where they can rest and gaze at peaks to the south and east in the early light of dawn. Continuing up the ridge, climbers are then faced with a series of imposing rock steps which usually forces them to the east into the waist-deep snow, a serious
avalanche
hazard. At 8,750 m (28,700 ft), a small table-sized dome of ice and snow marks the
South Summit
.
[
260
]
From the South Summit, climbers follow the knife-edge Southeast Ridge along what is known as the "Cornice traverse", where snow clings to intermittent rock. This is the most exposed section of the climb, and a misstep to the left would send one 2,400 m (7,900 ft) down the Southwest Face, while to the immediate right is the 3,050 m (10,010 ft)
Kangshung Face
. At the end of this traverse is an imposing 12 m (39 ft) rock wall, the
Hillary Step
, at 8,790 m (28,840 ft).
[
261
]
Hillary and Tenzing were the first climbers to ascend this step, and did so using primitive ice climbing equipment and ropes. Nowadays, climbers ascend using fixed ropes previously set up by Sherpas. Once above the step, it is a comparatively easy climb to the top on moderately angled snow slopes—though the
exposure
on the ridge is extreme, especially while traversing large cornices of snow. With increasing numbers climbing the mountain, the Step has frequently become a bottleneck, with climbers forced to wait significant amounts of time for their turn on the ropes, leading to problems in getting climbers efficiently up and down the mountain.
[
citation needed
]
After the Hillary Step, climbers must traverse a loose and rocky section that has a large entanglement of fixed ropes that can be troublesome in bad weather. Climbers typically spend less than half an hour at the summit to allow time to descend to Camp IV before darkness sets in, to avoid serious problems with afternoon weather, or because supplemental oxygen tanks run out.
North Ridge route
Mount Everest North Face from
Rongbuk
in Tibet
The North Ridge route begins from the north side of Everest, in
Tibet
. Expeditions trek to the
Rongbuk Glacier
, setting up base camp at 5,180 m (16,990 ft) on a gravel plain just below the glacier. To reach Camp II, climbers ascend the medial moraine of the east Rongbuk Glacier up to the base of
Changtse
, at around 6,100 m (20,000 ft). Camp III (ABC – Advanced Base Camp) is situated below the
North Col
at 6,500 m (21,300 ft). To reach Camp IV on the North Col, climbers ascend the glacier to the foot of the col where fixed ropes are used to reach the North Col at 7,010 m (23,000 ft). From the North Col, climbers ascend the rocky North Ridge to set up Camp V at around 7,775 m (25,500 ft). The route crosses the North Face in a diagonal climb to the base of the Yellow Band, reaching the site of Camp VI at 8,230 m (27,000 ft). From Camp VI, climbers make their final summit push.
Climbers face a treacherous traverse from the base of the First Step: ascending from 8,501 to 8,534 m (27,890 to 28,000 ft), to the crux of the climb, the Second Step, ascending from 8,577 to 8,626 m (28,140 to 28,300 ft). (The Second Step includes a climbing aid called the "Chinese ladder", a metal ladder placed semi-permanently in 1975 by a party of Chinese climbers.
[
262
]
It has been almost continuously in place since, and ladders have been used by virtually all climbers on the route.) Once above the Second Step the inconsequential Third Step is clambered over, ascending from 8,690 to 8,800 m (28,510 to 28,870 ft). Once above these steps, the summit pyramid is climbed by a snow slope of 50 degrees, to the final summit ridge along which the top is reached.
[
263
]
Summit
A view from the summit of Mount Everest in May 2013
The summit of Everest has been described as "the size of a dining room table".
[
264
]
The summit is capped with snow over ice over rock, and the layer of snow varies from year to year.
[
265
]
The rock summit is made of Ordovician
limestone
and is a low-grade metamorphic rock.
[
266
]
(See the
Surveys
section for more on its height and about the Everest rock summit.)
Below the summit, there is an area known as "rainbow valley", filled with dead bodies still wearing brightly coloured winter gear. Down to about 8,000 m (26,000 ft) is an area commonly called the "death zone", due to the high danger and low oxygen because of the low pressure.
[
89
]
Death zone
The summit of Mount Everest from the North side
From
Kala Patthar
, Nepal
At the higher regions of Mount Everest, climbers seeking the summit typically spend substantial time within the
death zone
(altitudes higher than 8,000 m or 26,000 ft), and face significant challenges to survival. Temperatures can dip to very low levels, resulting in
frostbite
of any body part exposed to the air. Since temperatures are so low, snow is well-frozen in certain areas and death or injury by slipping and falling can occur. High winds at these altitudes on Everest are also a potential threat to climbers.
Another significant
threat to climbers is low atmospheric pressure
. The atmospheric pressure at the top of Everest is about a third of sea level pressure or 0.333 standard atmospheres (337 mbar), resulting in the availability of only about a third as much oxygen to breathe.
[
267
]
A sea-level dweller exposed to the atmospheric conditions at the altitude above 8,500 m (27,900 ft) without acclimatisation would likely lose consciousness within two to three minutes.
[
268
]
At sea level,
blood oxygen saturation
is generally 98 to 99 per cent. At base camp, blood saturation fell to between 85 and 87 per cent. Blood samples taken at the summit indicated very low oxygen levels in the blood. A side effect of low blood oxygen is a greatly increased breathing rate, often 80–90 breaths per minute as opposed to a more typical 20–30. Exhaustion can occur merely by attempting to breathe.
[
269
]
Lack of oxygen, exhaustion, extreme cold, and climbing hazards all contribute to the death toll. An injured person who cannot walk is in serious trouble, since rescue by helicopter is generally impractical and carrying the person off the mountain is very risky. People who die during the climb are typically left behind. As of 2015, over 200 bodies remain on the mountain.
[
8
]
Debilitating symptoms consistent with high altitude cerebral oedema commonly present during descent from the summit of Mount Everest. Profound fatigue and late times in reaching the summit are early features associated with subsequent death.
— Mortality on Mount Everest, 1921–2006: descriptive study
[
270
]
A 2008 study noted that the "death zone" is indeed where most Everest deaths occur, but also noted that most deaths occur during descent from the summit.
[
271
]
A 2014 article in
The Atlantic
about deaths on Everest noted that while falling is one of the greatest dangers the death zone presents for all 8000ers, avalanches are a more common cause of death at lower altitudes.
[
272
]
Despite this, Everest is safer for climbers than a number of peaks by some measurements, but it depends on the period.
[
273
]
Some examples are
Kangchenjunga
,
K2
,
Annapurna
,
Nanga Parbat
, and the
Eiger
(especially the
nordwand
).
[
273
]
Some factors that affect total mountain lethality include the level of popularity of the mountain, the skill of those climbing, and the difficulty of the climb.
[
274
]
Another health hazard is
retinal haemorrhages
, which can damage eyesight and cause blindness.
[
275
]
Up to a quarter of Everest climbers can experience retinal haemorrhages, and although they usually heal within weeks of returning to lower altitudes, in 2010 a climber went blind and died in the death zone.
[
275
]
The team made a huge effort for the next 12 hours to try to get him down the mountain, but to no avail, as they were unsuccessful in getting him through the difficult sections.
[
276
]
Even for the able, Everest's Northeast Ridge is recognised as a challenge. It is hard to rescue someone who has become incapacitated and it can be beyond the ability of rescuers to save
anyone
in such a difficult spot.
[
276
]
One way around this situation was pioneered by two Nepali men in 2011, who had intended to paraglide off the summit. They had no choice and were forced to go through with their plan anyway, because they had run out of bottled oxygen and supplies.
[
277
]
They successfully launched off the summit and para-glided down to
Namche Bazaar
in just 42 minutes, without having to climb down the mountain.
[
277
]
Climber at the summit wearing an oxygen mask
Available oxygen at Everest
Most expeditions use
oxygen masks
and
tanks
above 8,000 m (26,247 ft).
[
278
]
Everest can be climbed without supplementary oxygen, but only by the most accomplished mountaineers and at increased risk. Low oxygen impairs cognition, and the combination of extreme weather, low temperatures, and steep slopes often requires quick, accurate decisions. While about 95 per cent of climbers who reach the summit use
bottled oxygen
in order to reach the top, about five per cent of climbers have summited Everest without supplemental oxygen. The death rate is double for those who attempt to reach the summit without supplemental oxygen.
[
279
]
Travelling above 8,000 m (26,000 ft) altitude is a factor in
cerebral hypoxia
.
[
280
]
One study found that Mount Everest may be the highest an acclimatised human could go, but also found that climbers may suffer permanent neurological damage despite returning to lower altitudes.
[
280
]
The use of bottled oxygen to ascend Mount Everest has been controversial. It was first used on the
1922 British Mount Everest Expedition
by
George Finch
and
Geoffrey Bruce
who climbed up to 7,800 m (25,600 ft) at a spectacular speed of 300 vertical metres per hour (1,000 ft/h). Pinned down by a fierce storm, they escaped death by breathing oxygen from a jury-rigged set-up during the night. The next day they climbed to 8,100 m (26,600 ft) at 270 m/h (900 ft/h) – nearly three times as fast as non-oxygen users. Yet the use of oxygen was considered so unsportsmanlike that none of the rest of the Alpine world recognised this high ascent rate.
[
citation needed
]
George Mallory
described the use of such oxygen as unsportsmanlike, but he later concluded that it would be impossible for him to summit without it and consequently used it on his final attempt in 1924.
[
281
]
When
Tenzing
and Hillary made the first successful summit in 1953, they also used
open-circuit bottled oxygen sets
, with the expedition's physiologist
Griffith Pugh
referring to the oxygen debate as a "futile controversy", noting that oxygen "greatly increases subjective appreciation of the surroundings, which after all is one of the chief reasons for climbing."
[
282
]
For the next twenty-five years, bottled oxygen was considered standard for any successful summit.
...although an acclimatised lowlander can survive for a time on the summit of Everest without supplemental oxygen, one is so close to the limit that even a modicum of excess exertion may impair brain function.
— Thomas F. Hornbein in
The high-altitude brain
[
280
]
Reinhold Messner
was the first climber to break the bottled oxygen tradition and in 1978, with
Peter Habeler
, made the first successful climb without it. In 1980, Messner summited the mountain solo, without supplemental oxygen or any porters or climbing partners, on the more difficult northwest route. Once the climbing community was satisfied that the mountain could be climbed without supplemental oxygen, many purists then took the next logical step of insisting that is how it
should
be climbed.
[
229
]
: 154
The aftermath of the
1996 disaster
further intensified the debate.
Jon Krakauer
's
Into Thin Air
(1997) expressed the author's personal criticisms of the use of bottled oxygen. Krakauer wrote that the use of bottled oxygen allowed otherwise unqualified climbers to attempt to summit, leading to dangerous situations and more deaths. The disaster was partially caused by the sheer number of climbers (34 on that day) attempting to ascend, causing bottlenecks at the Hillary Step and delaying many climbers, most of whom summited after the usual 14:00 turnaround time. He proposed banning bottled oxygen except for emergency cases, arguing that this would both decrease the growing pollution on Everest—many bottles have accumulated on its slopes—and keep marginally qualified climbers off the mountain.
The 1996 disaster also introduced the issue of the guide's role in using bottled oxygen.
[
283
]
Guide
Anatoli Boukreev
's decision not to use bottled oxygen was sharply criticised by Jon Krakauer. Boukreev's supporters (who include G. Weston DeWalt, who co-wrote
The Climb
) state that using bottled oxygen gives a false sense of security.
[
284
]
Krakauer and his supporters point out that, without bottled oxygen, Boukreev could not directly help his clients descend.
[
285
]
The low oxygen can cause a mental fog-like impairment of cognitive abilities described as "delayed and lethargic thought process, clinically defined as bradypsychia" even after returning to lower altitudes.
[
286
]
In severe cases, climbers can experience hallucinations. Some studies have found that high-altitude climbers, including Everest climbers, experience altered brain structure.
[
286
]
Autumn climbing
Everest in September 2006
Although generally less popular than spring, Mount Everest has also been climbed in the autumn (also called the "post-monsoon season").
[
69
]
[
287
]
For example, in 2010 Eric Larsen and five Nepali guides summited Everest in the autumn for the first time in ten years.
[
287
]
The autumn season, when the monsoon ends, is regarded as more dangerous because there is typically a lot of new snow which can be unstable.
[
102
]
However, this increased snow can make it more popular with certain winter sports like skiing and snowboarding.
[
69
]
Two Japanese climbers also summited in October 1973.
[
288
]
Chris Chandler and Bob Cormack summited Everest in October 1976 as part of the American Bicentennial Everest Expedition that year, the first Americans to make an autumn ascent of Mount Everest according to the
Los Angeles Times
.
[
289
]
By the 21st century, summer and autumn can be more popular with skiing and snowboard attempts on Mount Everest.
[
290
]
During the 1980s, climbing in autumn was actually more popular than in spring.
[
291
]
U.S. astronaut
Karl Gordon Henize
died in October 1993 on an autumn expedition, conducting an experiment on radiation. The amount of
background radiation
increases with higher altitudes.
[
292
]
The mountain has also been climbed in the winter, but that is not popular because of the combination of cold high winds and shorter days.
[
293
]
By January the peak is typically battered by 270 km/h (170 mph) winds and the average temperature of the summit is around −33 °F (−36 °C).
[
69
]
Thefts and crime
Some climbers have reported life-threatening thefts from supply caches. In May 2006,
Vitor Negrete
, the first Brazilian to climb Everest without oxygen and part of David Sharp's party, died during his descent, and theft of gear and food from his high-altitude camp may have contributed.
[
294
]
[
295
]
In addition to theft, Michael Kodas describes in his book,
High Crimes: The Fate of Everest in an Age of Greed
(2008):
[
296
]
unethical guides and Sherpas,
prostitution
and gambling at the Tibet Base Camp, fraud related to the sale of oxygen bottles, and climbers collecting donations under the pretense of removing trash from the mountain.
[
297
]
[
298
]
The Chinese side of Everest in Tibet was described as "out of control" in 2007 after one Canadian had all his gear stolen and was abandoned by his Sherpa.
[
299
]
Another Sherpa helped the victim get off the mountain safely and gave him some spare gear. Other climbers have also reported missing oxygen bottles, which can be worth hundreds of dollars each. Hundreds of climbers pass by people's tents, making it hard to safeguard against theft.
[
299
]
In the late 2010s, the reports of theft of oxygen bottles from camps became more common.
[
300
]
Timeline
The Khumbu Icefall in 2005
The Western Cwm ("Coom"), with Everest on the left and
Lhotse
to the right
By the end of the 2010 climbing season, there had been 5,104 ascents to the summit by about 3,142 individuals.
[
155
]
Some notable "firsts" by climbers include:
1922
: First climb to 8,000 metres (26,247 ft), by
George Mallory
,
Col. Felix Norton
, and
Howard Somervell
1952
: First climb to
South Col
by
1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition
1953
: First ascent, by
Tenzing Norgay
and
Edmund Hillary
on
1953 British Mount Everest expedition
1960
: First reported ascent from the North Ridge by
Wang Fuzhou
,
Gonpo
and Qu Yinhua of China.
[
9
]
1975
: First female ascent, by
Junko Tabei
(16 May).
[
155
]
[
301
]
1975
: First female ascent from the North Ridge, by
Phanthog
, deputy head of the second Chinese Everest expedition that sent nine climbers to the summit (27 May).
[
302
]
[
303
]
[
304
]
1978
: First ascent without supplemental oxygen by
Reinhold Messner
and
Peter Habeler
[
305
]
1978
: First solo ascent, by
Franz Oppurg
[
306
]
1980
: First winter ascent, by Polish National Expedition Winter 1979/1980 (
Leszek Cichy
and
Krzysztof Wielicki
[
307
]
[
308
]
)
1980
: Second solo ascent, and the first without supplemental oxygen, by Reinhold Messner
[
305
]
1988
: First "cross-over" climb by Chinese, Japanese and Nepali teams which ascended the peak simultaneously from both the North and South sides of the mountain and descended down the other side.
[
301
]
The cross-over climb was also the first to be recorded on live broadcast television.
1988
: First descent by paraglider, by
Jean-Marc Boivin
[
309
]
1988
: First female ascent without supplemental oxygen by
Lydia Bradey
[
310
]
2000
:
Lhakpa Sherpa
becomes first Nepali woman to summit Everest and survive.
[
311
]
2000
: First descent by ski by
Davo Karničar
[
312
]
2001
: First descent by snowboard by
Marco Siffredi
[
313
]
[
314
]
2001
: First ascent by a blind climber,
Erik Weihenmayer
[
315
]
2025
: First descent by ski without supplemental oxygen by
Andrzej Bargiel
[
316
]
[
317
]
Aviation
1933: Flight over Everest
Lucy, Lady Houston
, a British
millionaire
former
showgirl
, funded the Houston Everest Flight of 1933. A formation of
airplanes
led by the
Marquess of Clydesdale
flew over the summit in an effort to photograph the unknown terrain.
[
318
]
1988: First climb and glide
On 26 September 1988, having climbed the mountain via the Southeast Ridge,
Jean-Marc Boivin
made the first
paraglider
descent of Everest,
[
309
]
in the process creating the record for the fastest descent of the mountain and the highest paraglider flight. Boivin said: "I was tired when I reached the top because I had broken much of the trail, and to run at this altitude was quite hard."
[
319
]
1991: Hot air balloon flyover
In 1991, four men in two balloons achieved the first
hot-air balloon
flight over Mount Everest.
[
320
]
In one balloon were Andy Elson and
Eric Jones
(cameraman), and in the other balloon Chris Dewhirst and
Leo Dickinson
(cameraman).
[
321
]
Dickinson went on to write a book about the adventure called
Ballooning Over Everest
.
[
321
]
The hot-air balloons were modified to function at up to 12,000 m (40,000 ft) altitude.
[
321
]
Reinhold Messner called one of Dickinson's panoramic views of Everest, captured on the now discontinued Kodak
Kodachrome
film, the "best snap on Earth", according to UK newspaper
The Telegraph
.
[
322
]
Dewhirst has offered to take passengers on a repeat of this feat for US$2.6 million per passenger.
[
320
]
2005: Pilot summits with helicopter
Photo of a Eurocopter AS350 B3 "Squirrel"
In May 2005, pilot
Didier Delsalle
of France landed a
Eurocopter AS350
B3 helicopter on the summit of Mount Everest.
[
323
]
He needed to land for two minutes to set the
Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
(FAI) official record, but he stayed for about four minutes, twice.
[
323
]
In this type of landing the rotors stay engaged, which avoids relying on the snow to fully support the aircraft. The flight set
rotorcraft
world
records
, for highest of both landing and take-off.
[
324
]
Some press reports suggested that the report of the summit landing was a misunderstanding of a South Col landing, but he had also landed on South Col two days earlier,
[
325
]
with this landing and the Everest records confirmed by the FAI.
[
324
]
Delsalle also rescued two Japanese climbers at 4,880 m (16,000 ft) while he was there. One climber noted that the new record meant a better chance of rescue.
[
323
]
2011: Paraglide off summit
On 21 May 2011, Nepalis Lakpa Tsheri Sherpa and Sano Babu Sunuwar paraglided from Everest's summit to
Namche Bazaar
in 42 minutes.
[
277
]
[
326
]
After the flight they hiked, biked, and
kayaked
to the Indian Ocean, reaching the Bay of Bengal by 27 June 2011, thereby becoming the first people to complete a continuous summit-to-sea descent from Everest.
[
327
]
They accomplished the ground-breaking feat despite Babu having never previously climbed, and Lakpa having never kayaked and not even knowing how to swim.
[
327
]
The duo subsequently won National Geographic Adventurers of the Year for 2012 for their exploits.
[
327
]
In 2013 footage of the flight was shown on the television news program
Nightline
.
[
328
]
2014: Helicopter-assisted ascent
In 2014, a team financed and led by mountaineer
Wang Jing
used a helicopter to fly from South Base Camp to Camp II to avoid the Khumbu Icefall, and thence climbed to the Everest summit.
[
329
]
This climb immediately sparked outrage and controversy in much of the mountaineering world over the legitimacy and propriety of her climb.
[
330
]
[
331
]
Nepal ended up investigating Wang, who initially denied the claim that she had flown to Camp II, admitting only that some support crew were flown to that higher camp, over the Khumbu Icefall.
[
332
]
In August 2014, however, she stated that she had flown to Camp II because the icefall was impassable. "If you don't fly to Camp II, you just go home", she said in an interview. In that same interview, she also insisted that she had never tried to hide this fact.
[
330
]
Her team had had to use the south side because the Chinese had denied them a permit to climb. Ultimately, the Chinese refusal may have been beneficial to Nepal's interests, allowing the government to showcase improved local hospitals and providing the opportunity for a new hybrid aviation/mountaineering style, triggering discussions about helicopter use in the mountaineering world.
[
330
]
National Geographic noted that a village festooned Wang with honours after she donated US$30,000 to the town's hospital. Wang won the
International Mountaineer of the Year Award
from the Nepal government in June 2014.
[
329
]
2016: Helicopter business increases
In 2016 the increased use of helicopters was noted for increased efficiency and for hauling material over the deadly Khumbu icefall.
[
333
]
In particular it was noted that flights saved icefall porters 80 trips but still increased commercial activity at Everest.
[
333
]
After many Nepalis died in the icefall in 2014, the government had wanted helicopters to handle more transportation to Camp 1 but this was not possible because of the 2015 earthquake closing the mountain, so this was then implemented in 2016 (helicopters did prove instrumental in rescuing many people in 2015 though).
[
333
]
That summer Bell tested the
412EPI
, which conducted a series of tests including hovering at 5,500 m (18,000 ft) and flying as high as 6,100 m (20,000 ft) altitude near Mount Everest.
[
334
]
Extreme sports
Mount Everest has been host to other winter sports and adventuring besides mountaineering, including snowboarding, skiing, paragliding, and BASE jumping.
Yuichiro Miura
became the first man to ski down Everest in the 1970s. He descended nearly 1,300 vertical metres (4,200 ft) from the South Col before falling with extreme injuries.
[
97
]
Stefan Gatt and Marco Siffredi snowboarded Mount Everest in 2001.
[
335
]
Other Everest skiers include
Davo Karničar
of Slovenia, who completed a top to South Base Camp descent in 2000,
Hans Kammerlander
of Italy in 1996 on the north side, and Kit DesLauriers of the United States in 2006.
[
336
]
Marco Siffredi died in 2002 on his second snow-boarding expedition.
[
335
]
In 2025,
Andrzej Bargiel
completed the first descent by ski without supplemental oxygen.
[
316
]
[
317
]
Various types of gliding descents have slowly become more popular, and are noted for their rapid descents to lower camps. In 1986
Steve McKinney
led an expedition to Mount Everest.
[
337
]
Frenchman
Jean-Marc Boivin
made the first
paraglider
descent of Everest in September 1988, descending in minutes from the Southeast Ridge to a lower camp.
[
309
]
In 2011, Nepalis Sano Babu Sunuwar and Lakpa Tsheri Sherpa made a gliding descent from the Everest summit down 5,000 metres (16,400 ft) in 45 minutes.
[
338
]
Religious significance
The
Rongbuk Monastery
, with Mount Everest in the background
The southern part of Mount Everest is regarded as one of several "hidden valleys" of refuge designated by
Padmasambhava
, a ninth-century "
lotus-born
" Buddhist saint.
[
339
]
Near the base of the north side of Everest lies
Rongbuk Monastery
, which has been called the "sacred threshold to Mount Everest, with the most dramatic views of the world."
[
340
]
For
Sherpas
living on the slopes of Everest in the
Khumbu
region of Nepal, Rongbuk Monastery is an important pilgrimage site, accessed in a few days of travel across the Himalayas through
Nangpa La
.
[
114
]
Miyolangsangma
, a
Tibetan
Buddhist
"
Goddess of Inexhaustible Giving
", is believed to have lived at the top of Mount Everest. According to Sherpa Buddhist monks, Mount Everest is Miyolangsangma's palace and playground, and all climbers are only partially welcome guests, having arrived without invitation.
[
339
]
The
Sherpa people
also believe that Mount Everest and its flanks are blessed with spiritual energy, and one should show reverence when passing through this sacred landscape. Here, the
karmic
effects of one's actions are magnified, and impure thoughts are best avoided.
[
339
]
Waste management
In 2015, the president of the Nepal Mountaineering Association warned that pollution, especially human waste, has reached critical levels. As much as 12,000 kg (26,500 lb) of human excrement each season is left behind on the mountain.
[
341
]
Human waste is strewn across the verges of the route to the summit, making the four sleeping areas on the route up Everest's south side minefields of human excrement. Climbers above Base Camp—for the 62-year history of climbing on the mountain—have most commonly either buried their excrement in holes they dug by hand in the snow, or slung it into crevasses, or simply defecated wherever convenient, often within metres of their tents. The only place where climbers can defecate without worrying about contaminating the mountain is Base Camp. At approximately 5,500 m (18,000 ft), Base Camp sees the most activity of all camps on Everest because climbers acclimate and rest there. In the late-1990s, expeditions began using toilets that they fashioned from blue plastic 190-litre (50-US-gallon) barrels fitted with a toilet seat and enclosed.
[
342
]
The problem of human waste is compounded by the presence of more anodyne waste: spent oxygen tanks, abandoned tents, empty cans and bottles. The Nepali government now requires each climber to pack out eight kilograms of waste when descending the mountain.
[
343
]
In February 2019, due to the mounting waste problem, China closed the base camp on its side of Everest to visitors without climbing permits. Tourists are allowed to go as far as the
Rongbuk Monastery
.
[
344
]
In April 2019, the
Solukhumbu district
's
Khumbu Pasanglhamu
Rural Municipality launched a campaign to collect nearly 10,000 kg (20,000 lb) of garbage from Everest.
[
345
]
Five years later, 2024, waste removal is receiving continuing attention.
[
346
]
[
347
]
[
348
]
See also
Chinese plan for a rail tunnel under Mount Everest
Everesting
– Cycling activity
List of deaths on eight-thousanders
List of elevation extremes by country
List of Mount Everest death statistics
List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit
List of people who died climbing Mount Everest
List of ski descents of Eight-Thousanders
– Notable records on mountains over 8000m
List of tallest mountains in the Solar System
Mount Everest in popular culture
Mount Hood climbing accidents
Mukhiyapatti Musharniya
– The lowest point of Nepal
Qomolangma National Park
– National park in Tibet, China
Rongbuk Glacier
– Glacier in Tibet, China
Sagarmatha National Park
– National Park of Nepal
The Himalayan Database
– Elizabeth Hawley's climbing statistics
Timeline of Mount Everest expeditions
Notes
^
From
Gokyo Ri
^
Based on the 2020 surveys of elevation of snow cap, i.e. the highest point of permanent snow ice on the summit—as opposed to the highest point of rock, which was measured at roughly 8,844 metres. For more details, see
Surveys
.
^
The position of the summit of Everest on the international border is clearly shown on detailed topographic mapping, including official Nepali mapping.
^
It remains unclear whether
George Mallory
and
Andrew Irvine
reached the summit in 1924 or not. For more details, see
1924 British Mount Everest expedition
.
^
a
b
The "base" of a mountain is a problematic notion in general with no universally accepted definition. However, for a peak rising out of relatively flat terrain, such as Mauna Kea or Denali, an "approximate" height above "base" can be calculated. Everest is more complicated since it only rises above relatively flat terrain on its north (Tibetan Plateau) side. Hence the concept of "base" has even less meaning for Everest than for Mauna Kea or Denali, and the range of numbers for "height above base" is wider. In general, comparisons based on "height above base" are somewhat suspect.
^
In the table below, the temperature given is the average lowest temperature recorded in that month. So, in an average year, the lowest recorded July temperature will be −18 degrees Celsius, and the lowest recorded January temperature will be −36 degrees Celsius.
^
Nepali
:
सगरमाथा
,
Nepali pronunciation:
[səɡərˈmɑːtʰaː]
^
Standard Tibetan
:
ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ
,
Tibetan pronunciation:
[t͡ɕo˧˥
mo˧˥
ɡlɑːŋ˥˩
mɑː˥]
References
^
"Mount Everest"
.
Peakbagger.com
.
^
"Peak Bagger:Himalaya, Central Nepal Himalaya, Khumbu, Ghurka Himal, Annapurna Himal, Xishapangma Area, Sikkim-Eastern Nepal Himalaya, Western Nepal Himalaya, Assam Himalaya, Punjab Himalaya, Bhutan Himalaya, Garwhal Himalaya, Ganesh Himal"
. Retrieved
22 October
2024
.
^
Geography of Nepal: Physical, Economic, Cultural and Regional
by Netra Bahadur Thapa, D. P. Thapa Orient Longmans, 1969.
^
Bishart, Andrew (4 May 2016).
"China's New Road May Clear a Path for More Everest Climbers"
.
National Geographic
. Archived from
the original
on 21 September 2018.
^
"Mount Everest is two feet taller, China and Nepal announce"
.
National Geographic
. Archived from
the original
on 8 December 2020
. Retrieved
8 December
2020
.
^
Joe Phelan (28 October 2022).
"Is Mount Everest really the tallest mountain on Earth? It depends how you measure height"
.
livescience.com
. Future US, Inc.
Archived
from the original on 26 December 2021
. Retrieved
27 April
2023
.
^
"How Many Dead Bodies Are On Mount Everest?"
.
climbernews.com
. Climber News. 7 November 2022.
Archived
from the original on 5 October 2024
. Retrieved
27 April
2023
.
As of November 2022, 310 people have died while attempting to climb Mount Everest.
^
a
b
c
Rachel Nuwer
(8 October 2015).
"Death in the clouds: The problem with Everest's 200+ bodies"
. BBC.
Archived
from the original on 5 October 2024
. Retrieved
27 April
2023
.
^
a
b
c
Lewis, Jon E. (2012).
"Appendix 1"
.
The Mammoth Book of How it Happened – Everest
. Little, Brown Book Group. p. 212.
ISBN
978-1-78033-727-2
.
^
"Sagar-Matha: Nepal"
.
Geographical Names
.
Archived
from the original on 26 March 2022
. Retrieved
18 April
2014
.
^
Krakauer, Jon (1997).
Into Thin Air: A Personal Account of the Mt. Everest Disaster
. New York: Villard.
ISBN
978-0-679-45752-7
.
^
Unsworth, Walt (2000).
Everest – The Mountaineering History
(3rd ed.). Bâton Wicks. p. 584.
ISBN
978-1-898573-40-1
.
^
"Mt. Everest 1857"
. harappa.com. Archived from
the original
on 26 December 2007
. Retrieved
23 January
2008
.
^
Storti, Craig (2021).
The Hunt for Mount Everest
. Quercus.
ISBN
978-1-5293-6629-7
.
Archived
from the original on 5 October 2024
. Retrieved
24 October
2021
.
^
"Chomo-lungma: Nepal"
.
Geographical Names
.
Archived
from the original on 20 March 2021
. Retrieved
18 April
2014
.
^
"Djomo-lungma: Nepal"
.
Geographical Names
.
Archived
from the original on 20 March 2021
. Retrieved
18 April
2014
.
^
"Chomolongma: Nepal"
.
Geographical Names
.
Archived
from the original on 20 March 2021
. Retrieved
18 April
2014
.
^
"Mount Jolmo Lungma: Nepal"
.
Geographical Names
.
Archived
from the original on 20 March 2021
. Retrieved
18 April
2014
.
^
Other variants include "Jomo Langma", "Chomo-lungma", "Djomo-lungma", "Jolmo Lungma", and "Chomolongma".
[
15
]
[
16
]
[
17
]
[
18
]
^
"TIBET: Call It Chomolungma"
.
Time magazine
. 16 June 1952.
Archived
from the original on 24 July 2017
. Retrieved
12 December
2020
.
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
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, apnews.com/video, July 6, 2024
Further reading
Astill, Tony (2005).
Mount Everest: The Reconnaissance 1935
.
Boukreev, Anatoli
; DeWalt, G. Weston (1997).
The Climb: Tragic Ambitions on Everest
. Saint Martin's Press.
ISBN
978-0-312-16814-8
.
Hillary, Edmund
(1953).
High Adventure
. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
Holdich, Thomas
(1911).
"Everest, Mount"
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). p. 7.
Messner, Reinhold
(1989).
The Crystal Horizon: Everest – the first solo ascent
. Seattle: The Mountaineers.
ISBN
978-0-89886-207-2
.
Murray, W.H.
(1953).
The Story of Everest, 1921–1952
. London: J.M. Dent & Sons.
Norgay, Tenzing
; Ullman, Ramsey James (1955).
Tiger of the Snows
. New York: Putnam.
Tilman, H.W.
(1952).
Nepal Himalaya
. Cambridge University Press.
Washburn, Bradford (November 1988). "Mount Everest: Surveying the Third Pole".
National Geographic
. Vol. 174, no. 5. pp.
652–
659.
ISSN
0027-9358
.
OCLC
643483454
.
Fleetwood, Lachlan (May 2022).
Science on the Roof of the World: Empire and the Remaking of the Himalaya
. Science in History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
978-1-009-12311-2
.
External links
External image
360° panoramic view
(
virtual tour
)
Mount Everest on Himalaya-Info.org (German)
360 panorama view from top of Mount Everest – large dimension drawing
National Geographic
site on Mount Everest
NOVA site on Mount Everest
Imaging Everest, a collection of photographs
Archived
14 November 2016 at the
Wayback Machine
Mount Everest on Summitpost
Full list of all ascents of Everest up to and including 2008 (in PDF format)
Deaths by year
(
Summits and deaths per year
)
Mount Everest panorama
,
Mount Everest interactive panorama (QuickTime format)
, Virtual panoramas
National Geographic, 2015 article with info-graphic on climbing routes
Himalayan Database: Data Visualization of Mount Everest Summit, Attempt, and Death |
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- [6\.11 2010s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#2010s)
- [6\.12 2014 avalanche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#2014_avalanche)
- [6\.13 2015 avalanche and earthquake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#2015_avalanche_and_earthquake)
- [6\.14 2016 and 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#2016_and_2017)
- [6\.15 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#2018)
- [6\.16 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#2019)
- [6\.17 2020s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#2020s)
- [7 Climbing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Climbing)
Toggle Climbing subsection
- [7\.1 Permits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Permits)
- [7\.2 Commercial climbing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Commercial_climbing)
- [7\.2.1 Speed climbing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Speed_climbing)
- [7\.2.1.1 Altitude tents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Altitude_tents)
- [7\.2.1.2 Xenon gas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Xenon_gas)
- [7\.2.2 Summiting with disabilities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Summiting_with_disabilities)
- [7\.3 Routes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Routes)
- [7\.3.1 Southeast Ridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Southeast_Ridge)
- [7\.3.2 North Ridge route](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#North_Ridge_route)
- [7\.4 Summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Summit)
- [7\.5 Death zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Death_zone)
- [7\.6 Supplemental oxygen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Supplemental_oxygen)
- [7\.7 Autumn climbing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Autumn_climbing)
- [7\.8 Thefts and crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Thefts_and_crime)
- [7\.9 Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Timeline)
- [8 Aviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Aviation)
Toggle Aviation subsection
- [8\.1 1933: Flight over Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#1933:_Flight_over_Everest)
- [8\.2 1988: First climb and glide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#1988:_First_climb_and_glide)
- [8\.3 1991: Hot air balloon flyover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#1991:_Hot_air_balloon_flyover)
- [8\.4 2005: Pilot summits with helicopter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#2005:_Pilot_summits_with_helicopter)
- [8\.5 2011: Paraglide off summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#2011:_Paraglide_off_summit)
- [8\.6 2014: Helicopter-assisted ascent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#2014:_Helicopter-assisted_ascent)
- [8\.7 2016: Helicopter business increases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#2016:_Helicopter_business_increases)
- [9 Extreme sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Extreme_sports)
- [10 Religious significance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Religious_significance)
- [11 Waste management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Waste_management)
- [12 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#See_also)
- [13 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Notes)
- [14 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#References)
- [15 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Further_reading)
- [16 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#External_links)
Toggle the table of contents
# Mount Everest
211 languages
- [Acèh](https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunong_Everest "Gunong Everest – Acehnese")
- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Afrikaans")
- [Alemannisch](https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Alemannic")
- [አማርኛ](https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%89%A8%E1%88%A8%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5_%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AB%E1%88%AB "ኤቨረስት ተራራ – Amharic")
- [Aragonés](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Aragonese")
- [Ænglisc](https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eferest_Beorg "Eferest Beorg – Old English")
- [अंगिका](https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F "एवरेस्ट – Angika")
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA "جبل إفرست – Arabic")
- [الدارجة](https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A5%D9%8A%DA%A4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B7 "جبل إيڤريسط – Moroccan Arabic")
- [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA "ايفيريست – Egyptian Arabic")
- [অসমীয়া](https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F "মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট – Assamese")
- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Asturian")
- [Авар](https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_\(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%80\) "Эверест (мегӀер) – Avaric")
- [अवधी](https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE "सगरमाथा – Awadhi")
- [Aymar aru](https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Aymara")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Azerbaijani")
- [تۆرکجه](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C "اورست داغی – South Azerbaijani")
- [Башҡортса](https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0 "Джомолунгма – Bashkir")
- [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89v%C3%A9r%C3%A9st "Évérést – Balinese")
- [Boarisch](https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Bavarian")
- [Žemaitėška](https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everests "Everests – Samogitian")
- [Bikol Central](https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukid_Everest "Bukid Everest – Central Bikol")
- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82 "Эвэрэст – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)")
- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0 "Джамалунгма – Belarusian")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82 "Еверест – Bulgarian")
- [भोजपुरी](https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F "माउंट एवरेस्ट – Bhojpuri")
- [Banjar](https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Everest "Gunung Everest – Banjar")
- [ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ](https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9D%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B2%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA "ကောင်အေဝရဲစ် – Pa'O")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4 "এভারেস্ট পর্বত – Bangla")
- [བོད་ཡིག](https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D "ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ། – Tibetan")
- [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menez_Everest "Menez Everest – Breton")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Bosnian")
- [Batak Mandailing](https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Everest "Gunung Everest – Batak Mandailing")
- [Буряад](https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0 "Жомолунгма – Russia Buriat")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Catalan")
- [閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄](https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomolungma_H%C5%ADng "Chomolungma Hŭng – Mindong")
- [Нохчийн](https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0 "Джомолунгма – Chechen")
- [Cebuano](https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_\(bukid_sa_Nepal\) "Mount Everest (bukid sa Nepal) – Cebuano")
- [Tsetsêhestâhese](https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vose_Everest "Vose Everest – Cheyenne")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A4%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA "چیای ئیڤرست – Central Kurdish")
- [Qırımtatarca](https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_da%C4%9F%C4%B1 "Everest dağı – Crimean Tatar")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Czech")
- [Чӑвашла](https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0 "Джомолунгма – Chuvash")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynydd_Chomolungma "Mynydd Chomolungma – Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – German")
- [Zazaki](https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koy%C3%AA_Everesti "Koyê Everesti – Dimli")
- [डोटेली](https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE "सगरमाथा – Doteli")
- [ދިވެހިބަސް](https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%88%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AC%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%B0_%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%8B%DE%A6 "އެވަރެސްޓް ފަރުބަދަ – Divehi")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%84 "Έβερεστ – Greek")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88omolungmo "Ĉomolungmo – Esperanto")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Everest "Monte Everest – Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEomolungma "Džomolungma – Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Basque")
- [Estremeñu](https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monti_Everest "Monti Everest – Extremaduran")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA "کوه اورست – Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Finnish")
- [Føroyskt](https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Faroese")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – French")
- [Arpetan](https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Arpitan")
- [Nordfriisk](https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Northern Frisian")
- [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Western Frisian")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliabh_Everest_\(Teom%C3%B3lungma\) "Sliabh Everest (Teomólungma) – Irish")
- [贛語](https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E7%A9%86%E6%9C%97%E7%91%AA%E5%B3%B0 "珠穆朗瑪峰 – Gan")
- [Kriyòl gwiyannen](https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vrest "Évrest – Guianan Creole")
- [Gàidhlig](https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinn_Everest "Beinn Everest – Scottish Gaelic")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Galician")
- [Avañe'ẽ](https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89verest "Éverest – Guarani")
- [Bahasa Hulontalo](https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%27idu_Everest "Hu'idu Everest – Gorontalo")
- [ગુજરાતી](https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F_%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F "માઉન્ટ એવરેસ્ટ – Gujarati")
- [Gungbe](https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%C3%B3_Everest "Osó Everest – Gun")
- [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaunin_Everest "Tsaunin Everest – Hausa")
- [客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî](https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomolangma_F%C3%BBng "Chomolangma Fûng – Hakka Chinese")
- [Hawaiʻi](https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_Everest "Mauna Everest – Hawaiian")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%98 "אוורסט – Hebrew")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4 "एवरेस्ट पर्वत – Hindi")
- [Fiji Hindi](https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Fiji Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Croatian")
- [Hornjoserbsce](https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Upper Sorbian")
- [Kreyòl ayisyen](https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Haitian Creole")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csomolungma "Csomolungma – Hungarian")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF "Էվերեստ – Armenian")
- [Արեւմտահայերէն](https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A9 "Էվերեսթ – Western Armenian")
- [Interlingua](https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Everest "Monte Everest – Interlingua")
- [Jaku Iban](https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Everest "Gunung Everest – Iban")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Everest "Gunung Everest – Indonesian")
- [Interlingue](https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Interlingue")
- [Iñupiatun](https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Inupiaq")
- [Ilokano](https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantay_Everest "Bantay Everest – Iloko")
- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Ido")
- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everestfjall "Everestfjall – Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Italian")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%99%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88 "エベレスト – Japanese")
- [Patois](https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Evares "Mount Evares – Jamaican Creole English")
- [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Javanese")
- [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98 "ევერესტი – Georgian")
- [Qaraqalpaqsha](https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Kara-Kalpak")
- [Taqbaylit](https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrar_n_Everest "Adrar n Everest – Kabyle")
- [Kabɩyɛ](https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_p%CA%8B%CA%8B "Everest pʋʋ – Kabiye")
- [Gĩkũyũ](https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Kikuyu")
- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0 "Джомолунгма – Kazakh")
- [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%B0 "ಎವರೆಸ್ಟ್ ಶಿಖರ – Kannada")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%B2%A0%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%82%B0 "에베레스트산 – Korean")
- [Къарачай-малкъар](https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82 "Эверест – Karachay-Balkar")
- [Kurdî](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87iyay%C3%AA_Everest "Çiyayê Everest – Kurdish")
- [Kernowek](https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menydh_Everest "Menydh Everest – Cornish")
- [Кыргызча](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0 "Жомолунгма – Kyrgyz")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everestius_mons "Everestius mons – Latin")
- [Lëtzebuergesch](https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Luxembourgish")
- [Лезги](https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0 "Джомолунгма – Lezghian")
- [Lingua Franca Nova](https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagarmata "Sagarmata – Lingua Franca Nova")
- [Limburgs](https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Limburgish")
- [Ladin](https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Ladin")
- [Lombard](https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Lombard")
- [ລາວ](https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%95%E0%BB%8C "ເຂົາເອເວີເຣສຕ໌ – Lao")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEomolungma "Džomolungma – Lithuanian")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEomolungma "Džomolungma – Latvian")
- [Madhurâ](https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghunong_%C3%88ver%C3%A8st "Ghunong Èverèst – Madurese")
- [मैथिली](https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE "सगरमाथा – Maithili")
- [Malagasy](https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Malagasy")
- [Олык марий](https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82 "Эверест – Eastern Mari")
- [Māori](https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Māori")
- [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82 "Монт Еверест – Macedonian")
- [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF "എവറസ്റ്റ് കൊടുമുടി – Malayalam")
- [Монгол](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82 "Эверест – Mongolian")
- [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F "एव्हरेस्ट – Marathi")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Everest "Gunung Everest – Malay")
- [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A7%E1%80%9D%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA "ဧဝရတ်တောင် – Burmese")
- [مازِرونی](https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA "اورست – Mazanderani")
- [Nāhuatl](https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Nahuatl")
- [Napulitano](https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Neapolitan")
- [Plattdüütsch](https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Low German")
- [नेपाली](https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE "सगरमाथा – Nepali")
- [नेपाल भाषा](https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE "चोमोलुङ्मा – Newari")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Dutch")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Novial](https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Novial")
- [Nouormand](https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Everest "Mont Everest – Norman")
- [Nupe](https://nup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Nupe")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Everest "Mont Everest – Occitan")
- [ଓଡ଼ିଆ](https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F_%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97 "ଏଭରେଷ୍ଟ ଶୃଙ୍ଗ – Odia")
- [Ирон](https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%C3%A6 "Джомолунгмæ – Ossetic")
- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C "ਐਵਰੈਸਟ ਪਹਾੜ – Punjabi")
- [Picard](https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Picard")
- [Naijá](https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Nigerian Pidgin")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Polish")
- [Piemontèis](https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Piedmontese")
- [پنجابی](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%86%D9%B9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9 "ماؤنٹ ایورسٹ – Western Punjabi")
- [پښتو](https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BC_%D8%BA%D9%80%D8%B1 "د ایوریسټ غـر – Pashto")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Evereste "Monte Evereste – Portuguese")
- [Runa Simi](https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomolungma "Chomolungma – Quechua")
- [Rumantsch](https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Romansh")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Romanian")
- [Tarandíne](https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Tarantino")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0 "Джомолунгма – Russian")
- [Русиньскый](https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82 "Монт Еверест – Rusyn")
- [संस्कृतम्](https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D "देवगिरि शिखरम् – Sanskrit")
- [Саха тыла](https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82 "Эверест – Yakut")
- [ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ](https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B6%E1%B1%B4_%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B4 "ᱢᱟᱶᱴ ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ – Santali")
- [Sardu](https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Sardinian")
- [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Sicilian")
- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Scots")
- [سنڌي](https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86%D9%BD_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%BD "مائونٽ ايوريسٽ – Sindhi")
- [Davvisámegiella](https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Northern Sami")
- [Sängö](https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Sango")
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Serbo-Croatian")
- [Taclḥit](https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibirist "Ibirist – Tachelhit")
- [සිංහල](https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF "එවරස්ට් කන්ද – Sinhala")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Simple English")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Slovak")
- [سرائیکی](https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%86%D9%B9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9 "ماؤنٹ ایورسٹ – Saraiki")
- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Slovenian")
- [Anarâškielâ](https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Inari Sami")
- [Soomaaliga](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buurta_Everest "Buurta Everest – Somali")
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Everest "Mali Everest – Albanian")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82 "Монт Еверест – Serbian")
- [Sranantongo](https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Sranan Tongo")
- [Sunda](https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Everest "Gunung Everest – Sundanese")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Swedish")
- [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlima_Everest "Mlima Everest – Swahili")
- [Ślůnski](https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Silesian")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D "எவரெசுட்டு சிகரம் – Tamil")
- [తెలుగు](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82 "ఎవరెస్టు పర్వతం – Telugu")
- [Тоҷикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0 "Ҷомолунгма – Tajik")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C "เขาเอเวอเรสต์ – Thai")
- [Türkmençe](https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomolungma "Jomolungma – Turkmen")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundok_Everest "Bundok Everest – Tagalog")
- [Toki pona](https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/nena_Somolama "nena Somolama – Toki Pona")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1 "Everest Dağı – Turkish")
- [Татарча / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0 "Джомолунгма – Tatar")
- [ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche](https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%DB%8B%DB%90%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%B3%D8%AA "ئېۋېرېست – Uyghur")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82 "Еверест – Ukrainian")
- [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%86%D9%B9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9 "ماؤنٹ ایورسٹ – Urdu")
- [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomolungma "Jomolungma – Uzbek")
- [Vèneto](https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Venetian")
- [Vepsän kel’](https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEomolungm "Džomolungm – Veps")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest "Everest – Vietnamese")
- [Volapük](https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Volapük")
- [Walon](https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Evresse "Mont Evresse – Walloon")
- [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukid_Everest "Bukid Everest – Waray")
- [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E7%A9%86%E6%9C%97%E7%8E%9B%E5%B3%B0 "珠穆朗玛峰 – Wu")
- [მარგალური](https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98 "ევერესტი – Mingrelian")
- [ייִדיש](https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%98 "עווערעסט – Yiddish")
- [Zeêuws](https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Zeelandic")
- [ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ](https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C "ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight")
- [文言](https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%AF%8D%E5%B3%B0 "聖母峰 – Literary Chinese")
- [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomolangma_Hong "Chomolangma Hong – Minnan")
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E7%A9%86%E6%9C%97%E7%91%AA%E5%B3%B0 "珠穆朗瑪峰 – Cantonese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E7%A9%86%E6%9C%97%E7%91%AA%E5%B3%B0 "珠穆朗瑪峰 – Chinese")
- [IsiZulu](https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest – Zulu")
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[Coordinates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system "Geographic coordinate system"): [27°59′18″N 86°55′31″E / 27\.98833°N 86.92528°E / 27\.98833; 86.92528](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Everest¶ms=27_59_18_N_86_55_31_E_type:mountain_scale:100000)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi "This article is semi-protected.")
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Earth's highest mountain
Not to be confused with [Mount Everett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everett "Mount Everett").
"Everest", "Sagarmatha", and "Qomolangma" redirect here. For other uses, see [Everest (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_\(disambiguation\) "Everest (disambiguation)"), [Sagarmatha (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagarmatha_\(disambiguation\) "Sagarmatha (disambiguation)"), and [Qomolangma (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qomolangma_\(disambiguation\) "Qomolangma (disambiguation)").
| Mount Everest | |
|---|---|
| [Nepali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language "Nepali language"): सगरमाथा [Standard Tibetan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Tibetan_language "Standard Tibetan language"): ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mt._Everest_from_Gokyo_Ri_November_5,_2012.jpg)View of Mt. Everest from the west[\[note 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-1) | |
| Highest point | |
| [Elevation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit "Summit") | 8,848.86 m (29,031.7 ft)[\[note 2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-2) [Ranked 1st](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_on_Earth "List of highest mountains on Earth") |
| [Prominence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_prominence "Topographic prominence") | [Ranked 1st](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_by_prominence "List of mountain peaks by prominence") [(Special definition for Everest)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_prominence#Definitions "Topographic prominence") |
| [Isolation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_isolation "Topographic isolation") | n/a |
| [Listing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains "Lists of mountains") | [Eight-thousander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-thousander "Eight-thousander") [Seven Summits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Summits "Seven Summits") [Country high point (China and Nepal)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elevation_extremes_by_country "List of elevation extremes by country") [List of mountains in Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Nepal "List of mountains in Nepal") [List of mountains in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_China "List of mountains in China") [Ultra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_prominent_peak "Ultra prominent peak") [World's most isolated peaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_isolation#Isolation_table "Topographic isolation") 1st |
| [Coordinates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system "Geographic coordinate system") | [27°59′18″N 86°55′31″E / 27\.98833°N 86.92528°E / 27\.98833; 86.92528](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Everest¶ms=27_59_18_N_86_55_31_E_type:mountain_scale:100000)[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-3) |
| Naming | |
| [Etymology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology "Etymology") | [George Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Everest "George Everest") |
| Native name | सगरमाथा ([Nepali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language "Nepali language")) *(*Sagarmāthā*)* ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ ([Standard Tibetan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Tibetan_language "Standard Tibetan language")) *(*Chomolungma* or *Qomolangma*)* 珠穆朗玛峰 ([Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language "Chinese language")) *(*Zhūmùlǎngmǎ Fēng*)* |
| English translation | Holy Mother, Skyhead |
| Geography | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/7/28/86.9/en) [](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright "About OpenStreetMaps") [](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use "Maps: terms of use") 60km 37miles  Bhutan  Nepal    Pakistan  India  China  [45](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngadi_Chuli "Ngadi Chuli") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngadi_Chuli "Ngadi Chuli South") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngadi_Chuli "Ngadi Chuli South")  [44](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liankang_Kangri "Liankang Kangri") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liankang_Kangri "Liankang Kangri (Gangkhar Puensum North, Liangkang Kangri)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liankang_Kangri "Liankang Kangri (Gangkhar Puensum North, Liangkang Kangri)")  [43](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula_Kangri "Kula Kangri") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula_Kangri "Kula Kangri") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula_Kangri "Kula Kangri")  [42](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_IV "Annapurna IV") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_IV "Annapurna IV") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_IV "Annapurna IV")  [41](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalchuli "Himalchuli") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalchuli "Himalchuli West") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalchuli "Himalchuli West")  [40](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_III "Annapurna III") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_III "Annapurna III") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_III "Annapurna III")  [39](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangkhar_Puensum "Gangkhar Puensum") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangkhar_Puensum "Gangkhar Puensum (Gangkar Punsum)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangkhar_Puensum "Gangkhar Puensum (Gangkar Punsum)")  [38](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangbachen "Kangbachen") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangbachen "Kangbachen Southwest") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangbachen "Kangbachen Southwest")  [37](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat "Nanga Parbat") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat "Silver Crag") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat "Silver Crag")  [36](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_\(mountain_range\) "Annapurna (mountain range)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_\(mountain_range\) "Annapurna Fang") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_\(mountain_range\) "Annapurna Fang")  [35](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_\(mountain_range\) "Dhaulagiri (mountain range)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_\(mountain_range\) "Dhaulagiri IV") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_\(mountain_range\) "Dhaulagiri IV")  [34](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molamenqing "Molamenqing") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molamenqing "Molamenqing (Phola Gangchen)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molamenqing "Molamenqing (Phola Gangchen)")  [33](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Peak "Hillary Peak") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Peak "Hillary Peak (Ngojumba Kang III)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Peak "Hillary Peak (Ngojumba Kang III)")  [32](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurla_Mandhata "Gurla Mandhata") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurla_Mandhata "Gurla Mandhata (Naimona'nyi, Namu Nan)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurla_Mandhata "Gurla Mandhata (Naimona'nyi, Namu Nan)")  [31](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbhakarna_Mountain "Kumbhakarna Mountain") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbhakarna_Mountain "Kumbhakarna Mountain (Mount Kumbhakarna, Jannu)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbhakarna_Mountain "Kumbhakarna Mountain (Mount Kumbhakarna, Jannu)")  [30](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_\(mountain_range\) "Dhaulagiri (mountain range)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_\(mountain_range\) "Dhaulagiri III") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_\(mountain_range\) "Dhaulagiri III")  [29](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Peak "Hillary Peak") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Peak "Ngojumba Kang II") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Peak "Ngojumba Kang II")  [28](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_II "Dhaulagiri II") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_II "Dhaulagiri II") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_II "Dhaulagiri II")  [27](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamet "Kamet") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamet "Kamet") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamet "Kamet")  [26](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemu_Gap_Peak "Zemu Gap Peak") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemu_Gap_Peak "Zemu Kang (Zemu Gap Peak)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemu_Gap_Peak "Zemu Kang (Zemu Gap Peak)")  [25](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namcha_Barwa "Namcha Barwa") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namcha_Barwa "Namcha Barwa (Namchabarwa)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namcha_Barwa "Namcha Barwa (Namchabarwa)")  [24](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomo_Lonzo "Chomo Lonzo") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomo_Lonzo "Chomo Lonzo (Chomolonzo, Chomolönzo, Chomo Lönzo, Jomolönzo, Lhamalangcho)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomo_Lonzo "Chomo Lonzo (Chomolonzo, Chomolönzo, Chomo Lönzo, Jomolönzo, Lhamalangcho)")  [23](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Devi "Nanda Devi") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Devi "Nanda Devi") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Devi "Nanda Devi")  [22](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuptse "Nuptse") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuptse "Nuptse (Nubtse)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuptse "Nuptse (Nubtse)")  [21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngadi_Chuli "Ngadi Chuli") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngadi_Chuli "Ngadi Chuli (Peak 29, Dakura, Dakum, Dunapurna)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngadi_Chuli "Ngadi Chuli (Peak 29, Dakura, Dakum, Dunapurna)")  [20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalchuli "Himalchuli") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalchuli "Himalchuli (Himal Chuli)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalchuli "Himalchuli (Himal Chuli)")  [19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangbachen "Kangbachen") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangbachen "Kangbachen") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangbachen "Kangbachen")  [18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Peak "Tenzing Peak") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Peak "Tenzing Peak (Ngojumba Kang, Ngozumpa Kang, Ngojumba Ri)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Peak "Tenzing Peak (Ngojumba Kang, Ngozumpa Kang, Ngojumba Ri)")  [17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_II "Annapurna II") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_II "Annapurna II") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_II "Annapurna II")  [16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyachung_Kang "Gyachung Kang") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyachung_Kang "Gyachung Kang") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyachung_Kang "Gyachung Kang")  [15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_I_East "Annapurna I East") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_I_East "Annapurna I East (Annapurna East Peak)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_I_East "Annapurna I East (Annapurna East Peak)")  [14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu "Manaslu") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu "Manaslu East") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu "Manaslu East")  [13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishapangma "Shishapangma") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishapangma "Shishapangma (Shishasbangma, Xixiabangma)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishapangma "Shishapangma (Shishasbangma, Xixiabangma)")  [12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna "Annapurna") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna "Annapurna") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna "Annapurna")  [11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat "Nanga Parbat") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat "Nanga Parbat (Diamer)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat "Nanga Parbat (Diamer)")  [10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu "Manaslu") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu "Manaslu (Kutang)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu "Manaslu (Kutang)")  [9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri "Dhaulagiri") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri "Dhaulagiri") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri "Dhaulagiri")  [8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Oyu "Cho Oyu") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Oyu "Cho Oyu") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Oyu "Cho Oyu")  [7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga Central") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga Central")  [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga_South "Kangchenjunga South") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga_South "Kangchenjunga South") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga_South "Kangchenjunga South")  [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makalu "Makalu") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makalu "Makalu") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makalu "Makalu")  [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalung_Kang "Yalung Kang") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalung_Kang "Yalung Kang (Kanchenjunga West)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalung_Kang "Yalung Kang (Kanchenjunga West)")  [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse "Lhotse") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse "Lhotse") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse "Lhotse")  [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga (Kanchenjunga, Kanchanjanghā, Khangchendzonga)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga (Kanchenjunga, Kanchanjanghā, Khangchendzonga)")  [1]() [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest") The major peaks (not mountains) above 7,500 m (24,600 ft) height in [Himalayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas "Himalayas"), rank identified in Himalayas alone (not the world).[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-4) Legend 1：[Mount Everest]() 2：[Kangchenjunga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga") 3：[Lhotse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse "Lhotse") 4：[Yalung Kang, Kanchenjunga West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalung_Kang "Yalung Kang") 5：[Makalu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makalu "Makalu") 6：[Kangchenjunga South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga_South "Kangchenjunga South") 7：[Kangchenjunga Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga") 8：[Cho Oyu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Oyu "Cho Oyu") 9：[Dhaulagiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri "Dhaulagiri") 10：[Manaslu (Kutang)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu "Manaslu") 11：[Nanga Parbat (Diamer)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat "Nanga Parbat") 12：[Annapurna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna "Annapurna") 13：[Shishapangma (Shishasbangma, Xixiabangma)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishapangma "Shishapangma") 14：[Manaslu East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu "Manaslu") 15：[Annapurna East Peak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_I_East "Annapurna I East") 16： [Gyachung Kang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyachung_Kang "Gyachung Kang") 17：[Annapurna II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_II "Annapurna II") 18：[Tenzing Peak (Ngojumba Kang, Ngozumpa Kang, Ngojumba Ri)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Peak "Tenzing Peak") 19：[Kangbachen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangbachen "Kangbachen") 20：[Himalchuli (Himal Chuli)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalchuli "Himalchuli") 21：[Ngadi Chuli (Peak 29, Dakura, Dakum, Dunapurna)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngadi_Chuli "Ngadi Chuli") 22：[Nuptse (Nubtse)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuptse "Nuptse") 23：[Nanda Devi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Devi "Nanda Devi") 24：[Chomo Lonzo (Chomolonzo, Chomolönzo, Chomo Lönzo, Jomolönzo, Lhamalangcho)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomo_Lonzo "Chomo Lonzo") 25：[Namcha Barwa (Namchabarwa)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namcha_Barwa "Namcha Barwa") 26：[Zemu Kang (Zemu Gap Peak)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemu_Gap_Peak "Zemu Gap Peak") 27：[Kamet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamet "Kamet") 28：[Dhaulagiri II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_II "Dhaulagiri II") 29：[Ngojumba Kang II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Peak "Hillary Peak") 30：[Dhaulagiri III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_\(mountain_range\) "Dhaulagiri (mountain range)") 31：[Kumbhakarna Mountain (Mount Kumbhakarna, Jannu)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbhakarna_Mountain "Kumbhakarna Mountain") 32：[Gurla Mandhata (Naimona'nyi, Namu Nan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurla_Mandhata "Gurla Mandhata") 33：[Hillary Peak (Ngojumba Kang III)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Peak "Hillary Peak") 34：[Molamenqing (Phola Gangchen)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molamenqing "Molamenqing") 35：[Dhaulagiri IV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_\(mountain_range\) "Dhaulagiri (mountain range)") 36：[Annapurna Fang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_\(mountain_range\) "Annapurna (mountain range)") 37：[Silver Crag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat "Nanga Parbat") 38：[Kangbachen Southwest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangbachen "Kangbachen") 39：[Gangkhar Puensum (Gangkar Punsum)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangkhar_Puensum "Gangkhar Puensum") 40：[Annapurna III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_III "Annapurna III") 41：[Himalchuli West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalchuli "Himalchuli") 42：[Annapurna IV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_IV "Annapurna IV") 43：[Kula Kangri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula_Kangri "Kula Kangri") 44：[Liankang Kangri (Gangkhar Puensum North, Liangkang Kangri)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liankang_Kangri "Liankang Kangri") 45：[Ngadi Chuli South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngadi_Chuli "Ngadi Chuli") | |
| []() | |
| Location on the border between [Koshi Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koshi_Province "Koshi Province"), Nepal and [Tibet Autonomous Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region "Tibet Autonomous Region"), China | |
| Location | [Solukhumbu District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solukhumbu_District "Solukhumbu District"), Koshi Province, Nepal;[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-5) [Tingri County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingri_County "Tingri County"), Xigazê, Tibet Autonomous Region, China[\[note 3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-6) |
| Countries | [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") and [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal "Nepal") |
| [Parent range](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_range "Mountain range") | [Mahalangur Himal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalangur_Himal "Mahalangur Himal"), Himalayas |
| Climbing | |
| [First ascent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_ascent "First ascent") | 29 May 1953 [Edmund Hillary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary "Edmund Hillary") and [Tenzing Norgay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay "Tenzing Norgay") [\[note 4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-7) [Ranked 1st](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_on_Earth "List of highest mountains on Earth") |
| [Normal route](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_route "Normal route") | [Southeast Ridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Col "South Col") (Nepal) |
**This article contains [Indic text](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmic_scripts "Brahmic scripts").** Without proper [rendering support](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_\(Indic\) "Help:Multilingual support (Indic)"), you may see boxes or letters that did not properly join into syllables instead of Indic text.
**This article contains [Tibetan script](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet "Tibetan alphabet").** Without proper [rendering support](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_\(Indic\) "Help:Multilingual support (Indic)"), you may see very small fonts, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of [Tibetan characters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet "Tibetan alphabet").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Everest_North_Face_toward_Base_Camp_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg)
North Face of Everest as seen from the path to [North Base Camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_base_camps "Everest base camps")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Everest_morning.jpg)
View from the south (Nepal) shows Everest rising behind the ridge connecting [Nuptse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuptse "Nuptse") and [Lhotse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse "Lhotse"); in the foreground are [Thamserku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamserku "Thamserku"), [Kangtega](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangtega "Kangtega"), and [Ama Dablam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama_Dablam "Ama Dablam")
**Mount Everest** (known locally as **Sagarmāthā**[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-8) in [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal "Nepal") and **Qomolangma**[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-9) in [Tibet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet "Tibet")) is Earth's highest mountain above [sea level](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level "Sea level"). It lies in the [Mahalangur Himal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalangur_Himal "Mahalangur Himal") sub-range of the [Himalayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas "Himalayas") and marks part of the [China–Nepal border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nepal_border "China–Nepal border") at its summit.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-10) Its height was most recently measured in 2020 by Chinese and Nepali authorities as 8,848.86 m (29,031 ft 8\+1⁄2 in).[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-11)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-12)
Mount Everest attracts many climbers, including highly experienced mountaineers. There are two main climbing routes, one approaching the summit from the southeast in Nepal (known as the standard route) and the other from the north in Tibet. While not posing substantial technical climbing challenges on the standard route, Everest presents dangers such as [altitude sickness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_sickness "Altitude sickness"), weather, and wind, as well as hazards from [avalanches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche "Avalanche") and the [Khumbu Icefall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu_Icefall "Khumbu Icefall"). As of May 2024, 340 people have [died on Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_died_climbing_Mount_Everest "List of people who died climbing Mount Everest"). Over 200 bodies remain on the mountain and have not been removed due to the dangerous conditions.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-13)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Nuwer-14)
Climbers typically ascend only part of Mount Everest's elevation, as the mountain's full elevation is measured from the [geoid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid "Geoid"), which approximates sea level. The closest sea to Mount Everest's summit is the [Bay of Bengal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal "Bay of Bengal"), almost 700 km (430 mi) away. To approximate a climb of the entire height of Mount Everest, one would need to start from this coastline, a feat accomplished by [Tim Macartney-Snape's team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Macartney-Snape "Tim Macartney-Snape") in 1990. Climbers usually begin their ascent from base camps above 5,000 m (16,404 ft). The amount of elevation climbed from below these camps varies. On the Tibetan side, most climbers drive directly to the [North Base Camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_base_camps "Everest base camps"). On the Nepalese side, climbers generally fly into [Kathmandu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu "Kathmandu"), then [Lukla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukla "Lukla"), and trek to the [South Base Camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_base_camps "Everest base camps"), making the climb from Lukla to the summit about 6,000 m (20,000 ft) in elevation gain.
The first recorded efforts to reach Everest's summit were made by British [mountaineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering "Mountaineering"). As Nepal did not allow foreigners to enter the country at the time, the British made several attempts on the North Ridge route from the Tibetan side. After the first [reconnaissance expedition by the British in 1921](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_British_Mount_Everest_reconnaissance_expedition "1921 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition") reached 7,000 m (22,966 ft) on the [North Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Col "North Col"), the [1922 expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1922 British Mount Everest expedition") on its first summit attempt marked the first time a human had climbed above 8,000 m (26,247 ft) and it also pushed the North Ridge route up to 8,321 m (27,300 ft). On the [1924 expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1924 British Mount Everest expedition"), [George Mallory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mallory "George Mallory") and [Andrew Irvine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Irvine_\(mountaineer\) "Andrew Irvine (mountaineer)") made a final summit attempt on 8 June but never returned, leading to debate as to whether they were the first to reach the top. [Tenzing Norgay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay "Tenzing Norgay") and [Edmund Hillary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary "Edmund Hillary") made the [first documented ascent of Everest in 1953](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1953 British Mount Everest expedition"), using the Southeast Ridge route. Norgay had reached 8,595 m (28,199 ft) the previous year as a member of the [1952 Swiss expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Swiss_Mount_Everest_expedition "1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition"). The Chinese mountaineering team of [Wang Fuzhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Fuzhou "Wang Fuzhou"), [Gonpo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongbu_\(mountaineer\) "Gongbu (mountaineer)"), and Qu Yinhua made the first reported [ascent of the peak from the North Ridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Chinese_Mount_Everest_expedition "1960 Chinese Mount Everest expedition") on 25 May 1960.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-NorthRidge-15)
## Name
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Papers_relating_to_the_Himalaya_and_Mount_Everest%22_in_Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Geographical_Society_of_London,_Vol._I_\(1857\),_p._346.jpg)
The name "Mount Everest" was first proposed in this 1856 speech, later published in 1857, in which the mountain was first confirmed as the world's highest.
Mount Everest's [Nepali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language "Nepali language")/[Sanskrit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit") name is *Sagarmāthā* ([IAST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration "International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration") transcription) or *Sagar-Matha*[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-16) (सगर-माथा, [\[sʌɡʌrmatʰa\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali "Help:IPA/Nepali"), lit. "goddess of the sky"[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-17)),[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-18) which means "the head in the great blue sky", being derived from सगर (sagar), meaning "sky", and माथा (māthā), meaning "head".[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-19)
The [Tibetan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Tibetan "Classical Tibetan") name for Everest is *Qomolangma* ([ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98 "wikt:ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ"), lit. "holy mother"). The name was first recorded (in a Chinese transcription) in the 1721 Kangxi Atlas, issued during the reign of [Qing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_China "Qing China") [Emperor Kangxi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Kangxi "Emperor Kangxi"); it first appeared in the West in 1733 as *Tchoumour Lancma*, on a map prepared by the French geographer [D'Anville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Bourguignon_d%27Anville "Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville") and based on Kangxi Atlas.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-20) The Tibetan name is also popularly romanised as *Chomolungma* and (in [Wylie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliteration "Wylie transliteration")) as *Jo-mo-glang-ma*.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-25)
The official [Chinese transcription](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_characters "Transcription into Chinese characters") is [珠穆朗玛峰](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E7%A9%86%E6%9C%97%E7%8E%9B%E5%B3%B0 "wikt:珠穆朗玛峰") ( [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters "Traditional Chinese characters") [珠穆朗瑪峰](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E7%A9%86%E6%9C%97%E7%91%AA%E5%B3%B0 "wikt:珠穆朗瑪峰")), or *Zhūmùlǎngmǎ Fēng* in [pinyin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin "Pinyin"). It is a phonetic transcription of the Tibetan name into [Standard Mandarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese "Standard Chinese"). While other Chinese names have been used historically, including *Shèngmǔ Fēng* ( [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_characters "Traditional characters") [聖母峰](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%AF%8D%E5%B3%B0 "wikt:聖母峰"), [s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_characters "Simplified characters") [圣母峰](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%AF%8D%E5%B3%B0 "wikt:圣母峰"), lit. "holy mother peak"), these names were largely phased out after the Chinese [Ministry of Internal Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Civil_Affairs "Ministry of Civil Affairs") issued a decree to adopt a sole name in May 1952.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-26)
The British geographic survey of 1849 attempted to preserve local names when possible (e.g., [Kangchenjunga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga") and [Dhaulagiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri "Dhaulagiri")). However, [Andrew Waugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Scott_Waugh "Andrew Scott Waugh"), the British [Surveyor General of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_General_of_India "Surveyor General of India"), claimed that he could not find a commonly used local name, and that his search for one had been hampered by the Nepalese and Tibetan policy of exclusion of foreigners. Waugh argued that – because there were many local names – it would be difficult to favour one name over all others; he therefore decided that Peak XV should be named after British surveyor [Sir George Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Everest "George Everest"), his predecessor as Surveyor General of India.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-everest_bwp70-27)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-ReferenceA-28)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-rgs1857-29) Everest himself opposed the honour, and told the [Royal Geographical Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society "Royal Geographical Society") in 1857 that "Everest" could neither be written in [Hindi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi "Hindi") nor pronounced by "[the native of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_people "Indian people")". Despite Everest's objections, Waugh's proposed name prevailed, and the Royal Geographical Society officially adopted the name "Mount Everest" in 1865.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-everest_bwp70-27)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-30) The modern pronunciation of Everest ([/ˈɛvərɪst/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English "Help:IPA/English"))[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-31) is different from Sir George's pronunciation of his surname ([/ˈiːvrɪst/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English "Help:IPA/English") [*EEV\-rist*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key "Help:Pronunciation respelling key")).[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-32)
In the late 19th century, many European [cartographers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography "Cartography") incorrectly believed that a native name for the mountain was [Gaurishankar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaurishankar "Gaurishankar"), a mountain between [Kathmandu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu "Kathmandu") and Everest.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-33)
### Other names
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gaurisankar_1890.jpg)
1890 graphic with the Himalayas, including Gaurisankar (Mount Everest) in the distance
- "Peak XV" (temporary, assigned by British Imperial Survey)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-everest_bwp70-27)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-ReferenceA-28)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-rgs1857-29)
- "Deodungha"[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-34) (Old Darjeeling)
- "Gauri Shankar", "Gaurishankar", or "Gaurisankar" (misattribution; used occasionally until about 1900. In modern times the name is used for [a different peak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaurishankar "Gaurishankar") about 30 miles (48 kilometres) away.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-35))
## Surveys
### 19th century
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MountEverestRelief.png)
Mount Everest [relief map](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartographic_relief_depiction "Cartographic relief depiction")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tibetan_Plateau_and_Mount_Everest.png)
Profiles of the full elevation of Mount Everest
In 1802, the British began the [Great Trigonometrical Survey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Trigonometrical_Survey "Great Trigonometrical Survey") of India to fix, among other things, the locations, heights, and names of the world's highest mountains. Starting in southern India, the survey teams moved northward using giant [theodolites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodolite "Theodolite"), each weighing 500 kg (1,100 lb) and requiring 12 men to carry, to measure heights as accurately as possible. They reached the Himalayan foothills by the 1830s, but [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal "Kingdom of Nepal") was unwilling to allow the British to enter the country due to suspicions of their intentions. Several requests by the surveyors to enter Nepal were denied.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-everest_bwp70-27)
The British were forced to continue their observations from [Terai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai "Terai"), a region south of Nepal which is parallel to the Himalayas. Conditions in Terai were difficult because of torrential rains and [malaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria "Malaria"). Three survey officers died from malaria while two others had to retire because of failing health.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-everest_bwp70-27)
Nonetheless, in 1847, the British continued the survey and began detailed observations of the Himalayan peaks from observation stations up to 240 km (150 mi) distant. Weather restricted work to the last three months of the year. In November 1847, [Andrew Scott Waugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Scott_Waugh "Andrew Scott Waugh"), the British [Surveyor General of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_General_of_India "Surveyor General of India"), made several observations from the Sawajpore station at the east end of the Himalayas. [Kangchenjunga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga") was then [considered the highest peak in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_past_presumed_highest_mountains "List of past presumed highest mountains"), and with interest, he noted a peak beyond it, about 230 km (140 mi) away. John Armstrong, one of Waugh's subordinates, also saw the peak from a site farther west and called it peak "b". Waugh would later write that the observations indicated that peak "b" was higher than Kangchenjunga, but closer observations were required for verification. The following year, Waugh sent a survey official back to Terai to make closer observations of peak "b", but clouds thwarted his attempts.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-everest_bwp70-27)
In 1849, Waugh dispatched James Nicolson to the area, who made two observations from Jirol, 190 km (120 mi) away. Nicolson then took the largest [theodolite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodolite "Theodolite") and headed east, obtaining over 30 observations from five different locations, with the closest being 174 km (108 mi) from the peak.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-everest_bwp70-27)
Nicolson retreated to [Patna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna "Patna") on the [Ganges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges "Ganges") to perform the necessary calculations based on his observations. His raw data gave an average height of 9,200 m (30,200 ft) for peak "b", but this did not consider [light refraction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_refraction "Light refraction"), which distorts heights. However, the number clearly indicated that peak "b" was higher than Kangchenjunga. Nicolson contracted malaria and was forced to return home without finishing his calculations. Michael Hennessy, one of Waugh's assistants, had begun designating peaks based on [Roman numerals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals "Roman numerals"), with Kangchenjunga named Peak IX. Peak "b" now became known as Peak XV.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-everest_bwp70-27)
In 1852, stationed at the survey headquarters in [Dehradun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehradun "Dehradun"), [Radhanath Sikdar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhanath_Sikdar "Radhanath Sikdar"), an Indian mathematician and surveyor from [Bengal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal "Bengal") was the first to identify Everest as the world's highest peak, using [trigonometric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry "Trigonometry") calculations based on Nicolson's measurements.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-36) An official announcement that Peak XV was the highest was delayed for several years as the calculations were repeatedly verified. Waugh began work on Nicolson's data in 1854, and along with his staff spent almost two years working on the numbers, having to deal with the problems of light refraction, barometric pressure, and temperature over the vast distances of the observations. Finally, in March 1856 he announced his findings in a letter to his deputy in [Calcutta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata "Kolkata"). Kangchenjunga was declared to be 8,582 m (28,156 ft), while Peak XV was given the height of 8,840 m (29,002 ft). Waugh concluded that Peak XV was "most probably the highest in the world".[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-everest_bwp70-27) Peak XV (measured in feet) was calculated to be exactly 29,000 ft (8,839.2 m) high, but was publicly declared to be 29,002 ft (8,839.8 m) in order to avoid the impression that an exact height of 29000 ft was nothing more than a rounded estimate.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-37) Waugh is sometimes playfully credited with being "the first person to put two feet on top of Mount Everest".[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-38)
### 20th century
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CH-NP_79-80_Bdy_Map50.jpg)
Published by the Survey of [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal "Nepal"), this is Map 50 of the 57 map set at 1:50,000 scale "attached to the main text on the First Joint Inspection Survey, 1979–80, [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal "Nepal")\-China border." At the top centre, a boundary line, identified as separating "China" and "Nepal", passes through the summit contour. The boundary here and for much of the [China–Nepal border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nepal_border "China–Nepal border") follows the main Himalayan watershed divide.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ISS004E8852_everest.jpg)
[Kangshung Face (the east face)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangshung_Face "Kangshung Face") as seen from orbit
In 1856, Andrew Waugh announced Everest (then known as Peak XV) as 8,840 m (29,002 ft) high, after several years of calculations based on observations made by the [Great Trigonometrical Survey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Trigonometrical_Survey "Great Trigonometrical Survey").[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-39) From 1952 to 1954, the [Survey of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_of_India "Survey of India"), using [triangulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation "Triangulation") methods, determined that the height of Everest was 8,847.73 m (29,028 ft).[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-40) In 1975 it was subsequently reaffirmed by a Chinese measurement of 8,848.13 m (29,029.30 ft).[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-ABC_au-41) In both cases the snow cap, not the rock head, was measured. The 8,848 m (29,029 ft) height given was officially recognised by Nepal and China.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-42) Nepal planned a new survey in 2019 to determine if the [April 2015 Nepal earthquake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake "April 2015 Nepal earthquake") affected the height of the mountain.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-43)
In May 1999, an American Everest expedition directed by [Bradford Washburn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Washburn "Bradford Washburn") anchored a [GPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System "Global Positioning System") unit into the highest bedrock. A rock head elevation of 8,850 m (29,035 ft), and a snow/ice elevation 1 m (3 ft) higher, were obtained via this device.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-alpres-44) Although as of 2001, it has not been officially recognised by Nepal,[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-45) this figure is widely quoted. [Geoid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid "Geoid") uncertainty casts doubt upon the accuracy claimed by both the 1999 and 2005 (see [§ 21st-century surveys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#21st-century_surveys)) surveys.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-46)
In 1955, a detailed [photogrammetric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogrammetry "Photogrammetry") map (at a scale of 1:50,000) of the [Khumbu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu "Khumbu") region, including the south side of Mount Everest, was made by [Erwin Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schneider "Erwin Schneider") as part of the 1955 International Himalayan Expedition, which also attempted [Lhotse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse "Lhotse").
In the late 1980s, an even more detailed [topographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography "Topography") map of the Everest area was made under the direction of Bradford Washburn, using extensive [aerial photography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_photography "Aerial photography").[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-washburn_map-47)
### 21st century
On 9 October 2005, after several months of measurement and calculation, the [Chinese Academy of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences "Chinese Academy of Sciences") and State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping announced the height of Everest as 8,844.43 m (29,017.16 ft) with accuracy of ±0.21 m (8.3 in), claiming it was the most accurate and precise measurement to date.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-48) This height is based on the highest point of rock and not the snow and ice covering it. The Chinese team measured a snow-ice depth of 3.5 m (11 ft),[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-ABC_au-41) which is in agreement with a net elevation of 8,848 m (29,029 ft). An argument arose between China and Nepal as to whether the official height should be the rock height (8,844 m, China) or the snow height (8,848 m, Nepal). In 2010, both sides agreed that the height of Everest is 8,848 m, and Nepal recognises China's claim that the rock height of Everest is 8,844 m.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-49) On 8 December 2020, it was jointly announced by the two countries that the new official height is 8,848.86 metres (29,031.7 ft).[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-50)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-51)
It is thought that the [plate tectonics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics "Plate tectonics") of the [Main Himalayan Thrust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Himalayan_Thrust "Main Himalayan Thrust") and related faults, which form the [convergent boundary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_boundary "Convergent boundary") between the [Eurasian Plate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Plate "Eurasian Plate") and [Indian Plate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Plate "Indian Plate"), are adding to the height and moving the summit northeastwards. Two accounts suggest the rates of change are 4 mm (0.16 in) per year vertically and 3 to 6 mm (0.12 to 0.24 in) per year horizontally,[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-alpres-44)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-52) but another account mentions more lateral movement (27 mm or 1.1 in),[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-53) and even shrinkage has been suggested.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-54)
### Comparisons
For a more comprehensive list, see [List of highest mountains on Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_on_Earth "List of highest mountains on Earth").
The summit of Everest is the point at which Earth's surface reaches the greatest distance [above sea level](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_sea_level "Above sea level"). Several other mountains are sometimes claimed to be the "tallest mountains on Earth". [Mauna Kea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_Kea "Mauna Kea") in Hawaii is tallest when measured from its base;[\[note 5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-base-55) it rises over 10,200 m (33,464.6 ft) from its base on the mid-ocean floor, but only attains 4,205 m (13,796 ft) above sea level.
By the same measure of base to summit, [Denali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali "Denali") (also called Mount McKinley) in [Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska "Alaska") is taller than Everest as well.[\[note 5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-base-55) Despite its height above sea level of only 6,190 m (20,308 ft), Denali sits atop a sloping plain with elevations from 300 to 900 m (980 to 2,950 ft), yielding a height above base in the range of 5,300 to 5,900 m (17,400 to 19,400 ft); a commonly quoted figure is 5,600 m (18,400 ft).[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-56)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-57) By comparison, reasonable base elevations for Everest range from 4,200 m (13,800 ft) on the south side to 5,200 m (17,100 ft) on the [Tibetan Plateau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau "Tibetan Plateau"), yielding a height above base in the range of 3,650 to 4,650 m (11,980 to 15,260 ft).[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-washburn_map-47)
The summit of [Chimborazo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimborazo "Chimborazo") in [Ecuador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador "Ecuador") is 2,168 m (7,113 ft) farther from Earth's centre (6,384.4 km or 3,967.1 mi) than that of Everest (6,382.3 km, 3,965.8 mi), because the Earth bulges at the equator.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-58) This is despite Chimborazo having a peak of 6,268 m (20,564.3 ft) above sea level versus Mount Everest's 8,848 m (29,028.9 ft).
### Context and maps
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Everest-3D-Map-Type-EN.jpg "3D rendering of Mount Everest and surrounding terrain")
3D rendering of Mount Everest and surrounding terrain
Many of the highest mountains in the world are near Mount Everest, for example [Lhotse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse "Lhotse"), 8,516 m (27,940 ft); [Nuptse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuptse "Nuptse"), 7,855 m (25,771 ft), [Changtse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changtse "Changtse"), 7,580 m (24,870 ft) and [Khumbutse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbutse "Khumbutse"), 6,636 m (21,772 ft). On the southwest side, a major feature in the lower areas is the [Khumbu icefall and glacier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu_Glacier "Khumbu Glacier"), an obstacle to climbers on those routes but also to the base camps.
Southern and northern climbing routes as seen from the [International Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station "International Space Station") (The names on the photo are links to corresponding pages.)
## Geology
Geologists have subdivided the rocks comprising Mount Everest into three units called [formations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_formation "Geologic formation").[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Scientiav5-59)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-IslandArcv14-60) Each formation is separated from the other by low-angle [faults](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_\(geology\) "Fault (geology)"), called [detachments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detachment_fault "Detachment fault"), along which they have been thrust southward over each other. From the summit of Mount Everest to its base these rock units are the Qomolangma Formation, the [North Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Col "North Col") Formation, and the [Rongbuk Formation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongbuk_Glacier "Rongbuk Glacier").
The Qomolangma Formation, also known as the Jolmo Lungama Formation,[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Everest1953Geo-61) runs from the summit to the top of the Yellow Band, about 8,600 m (28,200 ft) above sea level. It consists of greyish to dark grey or white, parallel laminated and bedded, [Ordovician](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician "Ordovician") limestone interlayered with subordinate beds of recrystallised [dolomite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite_\(rock\) "Dolomite (rock)") with [argillaceous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argillaceous_minerals "Argillaceous minerals") [laminae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment "Sediment") and [siltstone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltstone "Siltstone"). Gansser first reported finding microscopic fragments of [crinoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinoid "Crinoid") in this [limestone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone "Limestone").[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-62)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-63) Later [petrographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrograph "Petrograph") analysis of samples of the limestone from near the summit revealed them to be composed of carbonate pellets and finely fragmented remains of [trilobites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobite "Trilobite"), crinoids, and [ostracods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostracods "Ostracods"). Other samples were so badly sheared and recrystallised that their original constituents could not be determined. A thick, white-weathering [thrombolite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombolite "Thrombolite") bed that is 60 m (200 ft) thick comprises the foot of the "[Third Step](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Steps "Three Steps")", and base of the summit pyramid of Everest. This bed, which crops out starting about 70 m (230 ft) below the summit of Mount Everest, consists of sediments trapped, bound, and cemented by the biofilms of micro-organisms, especially [cyanobacteria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria "Cyanobacteria"), in shallow marine waters. The Qomolangma Formation is broken up by several high-angle faults that terminate at the low angle [normal fault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_fault "Normal fault"), the Qomolangma Detachment. This detachment separates it from the underlying Yellow Band. The lower five metres of the Qomolangma Formation overlying this detachment are very highly deformed.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Scientiav5-59)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-IslandArcv14-60)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-MyrowOthers2009-64)
The bulk of Mount Everest, between 7,000 and 8,600 m (23,000 and 28,200 ft), consists of the [North Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Col "North Col") Formation, of which the Yellow Band forms the upper part between 8,200 to 8,600 m (26,900 to 28,200 ft). The Yellow Band consists of [intercalated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercalation_\(geology\) "Intercalation (geology)") beds of Middle Cambrian [diopside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diopside "Diopside")\-[epidote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidote "Epidote")\-bearing [marble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble "Marble"), which weathers a distinctive yellowish brown, and [muscovite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovite "Muscovite")\-[biotite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotite "Biotite") phyllite and [semischist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schist "Schist"). Petrographic analysis of marble collected from about 8,300 m (27,200 ft) found it to consist as much as five per cent of the ghosts of recrystallised crinoid ossicles. The upper five metres of the Yellow Band lying adjacent to the Qomolangma Detachment is badly deformed. A 5–40 cm (2.0–15.7 in) thick fault [breccia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breccia "Breccia") separates it from the overlying Qomolangma Formation.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Scientiav5-59)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-IslandArcv14-60)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-MyrowOthers2009-64)
The remainder of the North Col Formation, exposed between 7,000 to 8,200 m (23,000 to 26,900 ft) on Mount Everest, consists of interlayered and deformed schist, [phyllite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllite "Phyllite"), and minor marble. Between 7,600 and 8,200 m (24,900 and 26,900 ft), the North Col Formation consists chiefly of biotite-quartz phyllite and chlorite-biotite phyllite intercalated with minor amounts of biotite-[sericite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sericite "Sericite")\-quartz schist. Between 7,000 and 7,600 m (23,000 and 24,900 ft), the lower part of the North Col Formation consists of biotite-quartz schist intercalated with epidote-quartz schist, biotite-calcite-quartz schist, and thin layers of [quartzose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz "Quartz") [marble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble "Marble"). These metamorphic rocks appear to be the result of the metamorphism of Middle to Early [Cambrian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian "Cambrian") deep sea [flysch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flysch "Flysch") composed of interbedded, [mudstone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudstone "Mudstone"), [shale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale "Shale"), clayey [sandstone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone "Sandstone"), calcareous sandstone, [graywacke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graywacke "Graywacke"), and sandy limestone. The base of the North Col Formation is a regional low-angle normal fault called the "Lhotse detachment".[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Scientiav5-59)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-IslandArcv14-60)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-MyrowOthers2009-64)
Below 7,000 m (23,000 ft), the Rongbuk Formation underlies the North Col Formation and forms the base of Mount Everest. It consists of [sillimanite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillimanite "Sillimanite")\-[K-feldspar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-feldspar "K-feldspar") grade schist and [gneiss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneiss "Gneiss") intruded by numerous [sills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sill_\(geology\) "Sill (geology)") and [dikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dike_\(geology\) "Dike (geology)") of [leucogranite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite "Granite") ranging in thickness from 1 cm to 1,500 m (0.4 in to 4,900 ft).[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-IslandArcv14-60)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-65) These leucogranites are part of a belt of Late [Oligocene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocene "Oligocene")–[Miocene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene "Miocene") intrusive rocks known as the Higher Himalayan leucogranite. They formed as the result of partial melting of [Paleoproterozoic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoproterozoic "Paleoproterozoic") to Ordovician high-grade metasedimentary rocks of the Higher Himalayan Sequence about 20 to 24 million years ago during the subduction of the Indian Plate.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-66)
Mount Everest consists of [sedimentary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rock "Sedimentary rock") and [metamorphic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rock "Metamorphic rock") rocks that have been faulted southward over continental crust composed of Archean granulites of the Indian Plate [during the Cenozoic collision of India with Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_Himalaya "Geology of the Himalaya").[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-67)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-68)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-69) Current interpretations argue that the Qomolangma and North Col formations consist of marine sediments that accumulated within the continental shelf of the northern passive continental margin of India before it collided with Asia. The Cenozoic collision of India with Asia subsequently deformed and metamorphosed these strata as it thrust them southward and upward.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-70)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-71) The Rongbuk Formation consists of a sequence of high-grade metamorphic and granitic rocks that were derived from the alteration of high-grade metasedimentary rocks. During the collision of India with Asia, these rocks were thrust downward and to the north as they were overridden by other strata; heated, metamorphosed, and partially melted at depths of over 15 to 20 kilometres (9.3 to 12.4 mi) below sea level; and then forced upward to surface by thrusting towards the south between two major detachments.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-72) Mount Everest is rising by about 2 mm per year.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-73)
### IUGS geological heritage site
In respect of the recognition of the "highest rocks on the planet" as fossiliferous, marine limestone, the Ordovician Rocks of Mount Everest were included by the [International Union of Geological Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences "International Union of Geological Sciences") (IUGS) in its assemblage of 100 geological heritage sites around the world in a listing published in October 2022. The organisation defines an IUGS Geological Heritage Site as "a key place with geological elements and/or processes of international scientific relevance, used as a reference, and/or with a substantial contribution to the development of geological sciences through history."[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-74)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_Up_View_of_Mount_Everest_from_Kala_Patthar_\(5644_m\)_in_2023-IMG-3485.jpg "Mount Everest with snow melted, showing upper geologic layers in bands")
Mount Everest with snow melted, showing upper geologic layers in bands
## Flora and fauna
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yak_at_third_lake_in_Gokyo.jpg)
A yak at around 4,790 m (15,720 ft)
There is very little native flora or fauna on Everest. A type of [moss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss "Moss") grows at 6,480 metres (21,260 ft) on Mount Everest and it may be the highest altitude plant species.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-75) An alpine cushion plant called *[Arenaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenaria_\(plant\) "Arenaria (plant)")* is known to grow below 5,500 metres (18,000 ft) in the region.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-autumn-76) According to the study based on satellite data from 1993 to 2018, vegetation is expanding in the Everest region. Researchers have found plants in areas that were previously deemed bare.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-77)
A minute black [jumping spider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumping_spider "Jumping spider") of the genus *[Euophrys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euophrys "Euophrys")* has been found at elevations as high as 6,700 metres (22,000 ft),[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-wanless-78) possibly making it the highest confirmed non-microscopic permanent resident on Earth. Another Euophrys species, *E. everestensis*, has been found at 5,030 metres (16,500 ft), and may feed on insects that have been blown there by the wind.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-wanless-78) There is a high likelihood of microscopic life at even higher altitudes.
The [bar-headed goose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-headed_goose "Bar-headed goose") migrates over the Himalayas and have been seen flying at the higher altitudes of the mountain.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-his7-79) In 1953, George Lowe (part of the expedition of Tenzing and Hillary) said that he saw bar-headed geese flying over Everest's summit.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-80) Another bird species, the [chough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chough "Chough"), have been spotted as high as the [South Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Col "South Col") at 7,906 m (25,938 ft)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-81) and [yellow-billed choughs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-billed_chough "Yellow-billed chough") have been seen as high as 7,900 m (25,919 ft).[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-his7-79)
[Yaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yak "Yak") are often used to haul gear for Mount Everest climbs. They can haul around 100 kg (220 pounds), have thick fur and large lungs.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-autumn-76) Other animals in the region include the [Himalayan tahr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_tahr "Himalayan tahr"), which is sometimes the prey of the [snow leopard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_leopard "Snow leopard").[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-82) The [Himalayan black bear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_black_bear "Himalayan black bear") can be found up to about 4,300 metres (14,000 ft) and the [red panda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_panda "Red panda") is also present in the region.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-83) One expedition found a surprising range of species in the region including a [pika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pika "Pika") and ten new species of ants.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-84)
### Conservation
From the Nepalese side, Everest is protected as part of [Sagarmatha National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagarmatha_National_Park "Sagarmatha National Park"),[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-85) while from the Chinese side the mountain is protected as part of [Qomolangma National Nature Reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qomolangma_National_Nature_Preserve "Qomolangma National Nature Preserve").[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-86)
## Climate
Mount Everest has an [ice cap climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cap_climate "Ice cap climate") (Köppen *EF*) with all months averaging well below freezing.[\[note 6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-87)
| Climate data for Mount Everest (Summit) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | −36 (−33) | −35 (−31) | −32 (−26) | −31 (−24) | −25 (−13) | −20 (−4) | −18 (0) | −18 (0) | −21 (−6) | −27 (−17) | −30 (−22) | −34 (−29) | −36 (−33) |
| Source: [\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-88) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
### Climate change
The icefall is moving by ~1m per day, a rate that has roughly doubled since 2009.
The base camp for Everest expeditions based out of Nepal is located by [Khumbu Glacier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu_Glacier "Khumbu Glacier"), which is rapidly thinning and destabilizing due to [climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change"), making it unsafe for climbers. As recommended by the committee formed by Nepal's government to facilitate and monitor mountaineering in the Everest region, Taranath Adhikari—the director general of Nepal's tourism department—said they have plans to move the base camp to a lower altitude. This would mean a longer distance for climbers between the base camp and Camp 1. Although officials had initially stated that the move might happen by 2024,[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-89) resistance from the climbing and Sherpa communities resulted in the move being put on hold, in part because there is no viable alternative camp location that would allow climbers to pass through the icefall in the safer early morning hours.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-90)
### Meteorology
| [Atmospheric pressure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure "Atmospheric pressure") comparison | Pressure | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| [kilopascal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_\(unit\) "Pascal (unit)") | [psi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch "Pounds per square inch") | | |
| [Olympus Mons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympus_Mons "Olympus Mons") summit | 0\.03 | 0\.0044 | – |
| [Mars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars "Mars") average | 0\.6 | 0\.087 | – |
| [Hellas Planitia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_Planitia "Hellas Planitia") bottom | 1\.16 | 0\.168 | – |
| [Armstrong limit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_limit "Armstrong limit") | 6\.25 | 0\.906 | – |
| Mount Everest summit | 33\.7 | 4\.89 | [\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-91) |
| Earth [sea level](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level "Sea level") | 101\.3 | 14\.69 | – |
| [Dead Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea "Dead Sea") level | 106\.7 | 15\.48 | [\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-92) |
| Surface of [Venus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus "Venus") | 9,200 | 1,330 | [\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-93) |
In 2008, a new weather station at about 8,000 m (26,000 ft) elevation went online.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-uiaa-94) The project was orchestrated by Stations at High Altitude for Research on the Environment (SHARE), which also placed the [Mount Everest webcam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_webcam "Mount Everest webcam") in 2011.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-uiaa-94)[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-95) The solar-powered weather station is on the [South Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Col "South Col").[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-96)
Mount Everest extends into the upper [troposphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troposphere "Troposphere") and penetrates the [stratosphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratosphere "Stratosphere").[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-dz-97) The air pressure at the summit is generally about one-third what it is at sea level. The altitude can expose the summit to the fast and freezing winds of the [jet stream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_stream "Jet stream").[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Peplow2004-98) Winds commonly attain 160 km/h (100 mph);[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-theweek-99) in February 2004, a wind speed of 280 km/h (175 mph) was recorded at the summit.
These winds can hamper or endanger climbers, by blowing them into chasms[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-theweek-99) or (by [Bernoulli's principle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_principle "Bernoulli's principle")) by lowering the air pressure further, reducing available oxygen by up to 14 percent.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Peplow2004-98)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-100) To avoid the harshest winds, climbers typically aim for a 7- to 10-day window in the spring and fall when the Asian [monsoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon "Monsoon") season is starting up or ending.
Mount Everest hosts several weather stations that collect important data on high-altitude weather conditions. Among them is the Balcony Station, the highest weather station on the planet, located at about 8,430 metres (27,660 ft) above sea level. Set up by climate scientists Tom Matthews and Baker Perry in 2019, this station is positioned just below the summit of Everest, which is the highest point on Earth.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-101)
As of January 20, 2020, the Balcony Station ceased transmitting data.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-102)
## Expeditions
See also: [List of people who died climbing Mount Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_died_climbing_Mount_Everest "List of people who died climbing Mount Everest")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Climbing_through_the_Yellow_Band,_Mt._Everest,_-May_2007_a.jpg)
Climbers below the [Geneva Spur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Spur "Geneva Spur")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1963_reunion_of_the_1953_Everest-climbing_expedition.jpg)
Reunion of the 1953 British team
Because Everest is the highest mountain in the world, it has attracted considerable attention and climbing attempts. Whether the mountain was climbed in ancient times is unknown. It may have been climbed in 1924, although this has never been confirmed, as neither man making the attempt returned. Climbing routes have been established over decades of expeditions.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-103)
The summit is first known to have been reached by humans in 1953.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-la-104) Despite the effort poured into expeditions, only about 200 people had summited by 1987.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-la-104) Everest remained a difficult climb for decades, even by professional climbers and large national expeditions, which were the norm until the commercial era began in the 1990s.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-japtimes-105) As of December 2024[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Everest&action=edit), [The Himalayan Database](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Himalayan_Database "The Himalayan Database") recorded just under 13,000 total summits, by around 7,200 different people.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-106)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-107)[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-108)
Although lower mountains have longer or steeper climbs, Everest is so high the [jet stream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_stream "Jet stream") can hit it. Climbers can be faced with winds beyond 320 km/h (200 mph) when the weather shifts.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-109) At certain times of the year the jet stream shifts north, providing periods of relative calm at the mountain.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-wind-110) Other dangers include blizzards and avalanches.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-wind-110)
### Early attempts
In 1885, [Clinton Thomas Dent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Thomas_Dent "Clinton Thomas Dent"), president of the [Alpine Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Club_\(UK\) "Alpine Club (UK)"), suggested climbing Everest was possible in his book *Above the Snow Line*.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-111) The northern approach to the mountain was discovered by [George Mallory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mallory "George Mallory") and [Guy Bullock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Bullock "Guy Bullock") on the initial [1921 British Reconnaissance Expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_British_Mount_Everest_reconnaissance_expedition "1921 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition"). It was not equipped for a serious attempt to climb the mountain. With Mallory leading, and thus becoming the first European to set foot on Everest's flanks, they climbed the North Col to an altitude of 7,005 metres (22,982 ft). From there, Mallory espied a route to the top, but the party was unprepared to climb further and descended. The British returned for a [1922 expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1922 British Mount Everest expedition"). On the first summit attempt Mallory, [Col. Felix Norton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Felix_Norton "Edward Felix Norton"), and [Howard Somervell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Somervell "Howard Somervell") without supplemental oxygen reached 8,225 m (26,985 ft), the first time a human reported to climb higher than 8,000 m (26,247 ft). [George Finch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Finch_\(chemist\) "George Finch (chemist)") together with [Geoffrey Bruce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Bruce "Geoffrey Bruce") climbed using oxygen for the first time. They ascended at a remarkable speed—290 metres (951 ft) per hour—and reached an altitude of 8,321 m (27,300 ft).
The [next expedition was in 1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_British_Mount_Everest_Expedition "1924 British Mount Everest Expedition"). The initial attempt by Mallory and Geoffrey Bruce was aborted when weather conditions prevented the establishment of Camp VI. The next attempt was by Norton and Somervell, who climbed without oxygen and in perfect weather, traversing the North Face into the [Great Couloir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Couloir "Great Couloir"). Norton managed to reach, 8,572.8 m (28,126 ft) though he ascended only 30 m (100 ft) or so in the last hour. Mallory used oxygen equipment for a last-ditch effort. He chose young [Andrew Irvine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Irvine_\(mountaineer\) "Andrew Irvine (mountaineer)") as his partner.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-112) On 8 June 1924, George Mallory and [Andrew Irvine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Irvine_\(mountaineer\) "Andrew Irvine (mountaineer)") made an attempt on the summit via the North Col-North Ridge-Northeast Ridge route from which they never returned. On 1 May 1999, the [Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallory_and_Irvine_Research_Expedition "Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition") found Mallory's body on the North Face in a snow basin below and to the west of the traditional site of Camp VI. Controversy has raged in the mountaineering community whether one or both reached the summit 29 years before the first confirmed ascent and safe descent in 1953. Irvine's detached foot, still in a boot and sock, was found in 2024.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-113)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Condor_Films_1952.jpg)
1952 documentary
In 1933, [Lady Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy,_Lady_Houston "Lucy, Lady Houston"), a British [millionaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millionaire "Millionaire"), funded the [Houston Everest Flight of 1933](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston%E2%80%93Mount_Everest_flight_expedition "Houston–Mount Everest flight expedition"), which saw a formation of two [aeroplanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_Wallace "Westland Wallace") led by the [Marquess of Clydesdale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Douglas-Hamilton,_14th_Duke_of_Hamilton "Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton") fly over the Everest [summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_\(topography\) "Summit (topography)").[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-114)[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-115)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-116)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-117)
Early expeditions—such as [Charles Bruce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Granville_Bruce "Charles Granville Bruce")'s in the 1920s and [Hugh Ruttledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Ruttledge "Hugh Ruttledge")'s two unsuccessful attempts in [1933](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1933 British Mount Everest expedition") and [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1936 British Mount Everest expedition")—tried to ascend the mountain from [Tibet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet "Tibet"), via the North Face. Access was closed from the north to Western expeditions in 1950 after China took control of Tibet. In 1950, [Bill Tilman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Tilman "Bill Tilman") and a small party which included [Charles Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Snead_Houston "Charles Snead Houston"), Oscar Houston, and Betsy Cowles undertook an [exploratory expedition to Everest through Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_reconnaissance_from_Nepal#1950_Houston%E2%80%93Tilman_exploration_of_Solu_Khumbu "Mount Everest reconnaissance from Nepal") along the route which has become the standard approach to Everest from the south.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-118)
The [1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Swiss_Mount_Everest_expedition "1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition") was granted permission to attempt a climb from Nepal. It established a route through the Khumbu icefall and ascended to the South Col at an elevation of 7,986 m (26,201 ft). [Raymond Lambert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Lambert "Raymond Lambert") and [Sherpa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpa_people "Sherpa people") [Tenzing Norgay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay "Tenzing Norgay") were able to reach an elevation of about 8,595 m (28,199 ft) on the Southeast Ridge, setting a new climbing altitude record. Tenzing's experience was useful when he was hired to be part of the British expedition in 1953.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-119) The Swiss made another post-monsoon attempt in the autumn; they made it to the South Col but were driven back by winter winds and severe cold.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-120)[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-121)
### First successful ascent by Tenzing and Hillary, 1953
Main article: [1953 British Mount Everest expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1953 British Mount Everest expedition")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Hillary_and_Tenzing_Norgay.jpg)
[Edmund Hillary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary "Edmund Hillary") and [Tenzing Norgay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay "Tenzing Norgay")
In 1953, a ninth British expedition, led by [John Hunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunt,_Baron_Hunt "John Hunt, Baron Hunt"), returned to Nepal. Hunt selected two climbing pairs to attempt the summit. The first, [Tom Bourdillon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bourdillon "Tom Bourdillon") and [Charles Evans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Evans_\(mountaineer\) "Charles Evans (mountaineer)"), came within 100 m (330 ft) of the summit on 26 May 1953, but turned back after running into oxygen problems. As planned, their work in routefinding, breaking trail and oxygen caches were of great aid to the following pair. Two days later, the expedition made its second assault with the second pair: New Zealander [Edmund Hillary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary "Edmund Hillary") and [Tenzing Norgay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay "Tenzing Norgay"), a Nepali [Sherpa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpa_people "Sherpa people") climber. They reached the summit at 11:30 am local time on 29 May 1953 via the South Col route. At the time, both acknowledged it as a team effort by the whole expedition, but Tenzing revealed a few years later that Hillary had put his foot on the summit first.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Ullman-122) They took photos and buried sweets and a small cross in the snow before descending.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-123)
### 1950s–60s
On 23 May 1956, [Ernst Schmied](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Schmied "Ernst Schmied") and [Juerg Marmet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juerg_Marmet "Juerg Marmet") ascended.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-124) [Wang Fuzhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Fuzhou "Wang Fuzhou"), [Gonpo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongbu_\(mountaineer\) "Gongbu (mountaineer)") and Qu Yinhua of China made the first reported [ascent of the peak from the North Ridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Chinese_Mount_Everest_expedition "1960 Chinese Mount Everest expedition") in May 1960.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-NorthRidge-15) The first American to climb Everest, [Jim Whittaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Whittaker "Jim Whittaker"), joined by [Nawang Gombu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawang_Gombu "Nawang Gombu"), reached the summit on 1 May 1963 on the [American Mount Everest expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_American_Mount_Everest_expedition "1963 American Mount Everest expedition") and on 22 May on the same expedition [Tom Hornbein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hornbein "Tom Hornbein") and [Willi Unsoeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Unsoeld "Willi Unsoeld") were the first the traverse the mountain by climbing via the [North Face](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Face_\(Everest\) "North Face (Everest)") and descending via the [South Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Col "South Col").[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-125)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-126)
### 1970s
See also: [1970 Mount Everest disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Mount_Everest_disaster "1970 Mount Everest disaster")
In 1970, Japanese mountaineers conducted a major expedition. The centrepiece was a large "siege"-style expedition, working on finding a new route up the Southwest Face.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnsworth2000594-127) Another element was an attempt to ski Everest.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-japtimes-105) Despite a staff of over one hundred and a decade of planning, the expedition suffered eight deaths and failed to summit.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-japtimes-105) However, Japanese expeditions enjoyed some successes. [Yuichiro Miura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuichiro_Miura "Yuichiro Miura") became the first man to ski down Everest from the South Col—he descended nearly 1,300 vertical metres (4,200 ft) from the South Col before falling with extreme injuries. Another success was an expedition that put four on the summit via the South Col route.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-japtimes-105)[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-128)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-129) Miura's exploits became the subject of film, and he went on to become the oldest person to summit Everest in 2003 aged 70 and in 2013 aged 80.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-130)
In 1975, [Junko Tabei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junko_Tabei "Junko Tabei") became the first woman to summit Everest.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-japtimes-105) The [1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_British_Mount_Everest_Southwest_Face_expedition "1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition") led and organised by [Chris Bonington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Bonington "Chris Bonington") made the first ascent of the Southwest Face from the [Western Cwm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Cwm "Western Cwm"). In 1978, [Reinhold Messner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner "Reinhold Messner") and [Peter Habeler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Habeler "Peter Habeler") made the first ascent of Everest without supplemental oxygen.
### 1979/1980: Winter Himalaism
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Everest_winter_1980_cert.jpg)
Confirmation of the summit obtained by [Nepal's Ministry of Tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Tourism_Board "Nepal Tourism Board")
The Polish climber [Andrzej Zawada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Zawada "Andrzej Zawada") headed the first winter ascent of Everest, the first winter ascent of an eight-thousander. On 15 January, the team managed to set up Camp III at 7,150 metres (23,460 ft) above sea level, but further action was stopped by hurricane-force winds. The weather improved after 11 February, when [Leszek Cichy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leszek_Cichy "Leszek Cichy"), Walenty Fiut and [Krzysztof Wielicki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Wielicki "Krzysztof Wielicki") set up camp IV on [South Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Col "South Col") at 7,906 metres (25,938 ft). Cichy and Wielicki started the final ascent at 6:50 am on 17 February. At 2:40 pm [Andrzej Zawada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Zawada "Andrzej Zawada") at base camp heard the climbers' voices over the radio – "We are on the summit! The strong wind blows all the time. It is unimaginably cold."[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-131)[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-theclymb.com-132)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-133) The successful winter ascent started a new decade of Winter Himalaism, which became a Polish specialisation. After 1980 Poles did ten first winter ascents on [8000 metre peaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-thousander "Eight-thousander").[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-134)[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-theclymb.com-132)[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-135)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-136)
### Lho La tragedy, 1989
In 1989, Polish climbers under the leadership of Eugeniusz Chrobak organised an international expedition to Everest on a difficult western ridge. Ten Poles and nine foreigners participated, but only the Poles remained in the attempt for the summit. On 24 May, Chrobak and Andrzej Marciniak, starting from camp V at 8,200 metres (26,900 ft), overcame the ridge and reached the summit. But on 27 May, during an avalanche from the side of [Khumbutse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbutse "Khumbutse") near the [Lho La](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lho_La "Lho La") pass, four climbers were killed: Mirosław Dąsal, Mirosław Gardzielewski, [Zygmunt Andrzej Heinrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Andrzej_Heinrich "Zygmunt Andrzej Heinrich") and Wacław Otręba. The following day, due to his injuries, Chrobak died. Marciniak, who was injured, was saved by a rescue expedition in which [Artur Hajzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Hajzer "Artur Hajzer") and New Zealanders [Gary Ball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ball "Gary Ball") and [Rob Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Hall "Rob Hall") took part. The organisation of the rescue included [Reinhold Messner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner "Reinhold Messner"), [Elizabeth Hawley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Hawley "Elizabeth Hawley"), [Carlos Carsolio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Carsolio "Carlos Carsolio") and the US consul.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-137)
### 1996 disaster
Main article: [1996 Mount Everest disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Mount_Everest_disaster "1996 Mount Everest disaster")
On 10 and 11 May 1996, eight climbers died after guided expeditions were caught in a blizzard during a summit attempt on 10 May. During the 1996 season, 15 people died. These were the highest death tolls for a single weather event, and season, until the 16 deaths in the [2014 Mount Everest ice avalanche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Mount_Everest_ice_avalanche "2014 Mount Everest ice avalanche"). The guiding disaster gained publicity and raised questions about the commercialisation of climbing and the safety of guiding clients on Everest.
Journalist [Jon Krakauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Krakauer "Jon Krakauer"), on assignment from *[Outside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_\(magazine\) "Outside (magazine)")* magazine, was in one of the affected guided parties, and published the bestseller *[Into Thin Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_Thin_Air "Into Thin Air")*, which related his experience. Krakauer was critical of guide [Anatoli Boukreev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoli_Boukreev "Anatoli Boukreev").[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-138)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Russia_Beyond-139) A year later, Boukreev co-authored *[The Climb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Climb_\(book\) "The Climb (book)")*, in part as a rebuttal of Krakauer's portrayal.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-140) The dispute sparked debate within the climbing community. Boukreev was awarded The American Alpine Club's David Sowles Award for his rescue efforts on the expedition.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Russia_Beyond-139) In 2004 researchers from the [University of Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto "University of Toronto") told the *[New Scientist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist "New Scientist")* that analysis of conditions on 11 May suggested that weather caused oxygen levels to plunge about 14 per cent.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-141)[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-142)
One survivor was [Beck Weathers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck_Weathers "Beck Weathers"), left for dead about 275 metres (900 feet) from Camp 4 at 7,950 metres (26,085 feet). After spending a night on the mountain, Weathers made it back to Camp 4 with massive frostbite and vision impaired due to snow blindness.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-badassoftheweek.com-143) Fellow climbers considered his condition terminal and left him in a tent to die overnight.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-DMag-144) Weathers was lowered to Camp 2 and a helicopter rescue was organised by the Nepali Army.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-badassoftheweek.com-143)[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-DMag-144) The storm's impact on climbers on the North Ridge, where several climbers also died, was detailed in a first-hand account by [Matt Dickinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Dickinson "Matt Dickinson") in his book *The Other Side of Everest*. Sixteen-year-old Mark Pfetzer was on the climb and wrote about it in, *Within Reach: My Everest Story*. The 2015 feature film *[Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_\(2015_film\) "Everest (2015 film)")* is based on the events of this guiding disaster.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-145)
### 2006
| 2006 fatalities | |
|---|---|
| Deaths[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-146) | Nation[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-himalayandatabase2006-147) |
| Tuk Bahadur Thapa Masa |  [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal "Nepal") |
| Igor Plyushkin |  [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia "Russia") |
| [Vitor Negrete](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitor_Negrete "Vitor Negrete") |  [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") |
| [David Sharp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sharp_\(mountaineer\) "David Sharp (mountaineer)") |  [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") |
| Thomas Weber |  [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") |
| [Tomas Olsson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Olsson "Tomas Olsson") |  [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") |
| Jacques-Hugues Letrange |  [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France") |
| Ang Phinjo |  [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal "Nepal") |
| \*[Pavel Kalny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Kalny "Pavel Kalny") |  [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic") |
| Lhakpa Tseri[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-deaths-148) |  [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal "Nepal") |
| Dawa Temba[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-deaths-148) |  [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal "Nepal") |
| Sri Kishan[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-himalayandatabase2006-147) |  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") |
| *\*Lhotse face fatality* | |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avalanche_on_Everest.jpg)
Small avalanche on Everest, 2006
In 2006, 12 people died.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-149) [David Sharp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sharp_\(mountaineer\) "David Sharp (mountaineer)")'s death triggered debate and years of discussion about climbing ethics. The question was whether climbers had left a man to die and whether he could have been saved. He attempted to summit alone with two bottles of oxygen, compared to the standard five used by most climbers.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-150)[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-top-151) He arranged his permit through [Asian Trekking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Trekking "Asian Trekking"), a Kathmandu-based company that provided basic services to base camp, but not beyond that point.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-152) Sharp climbed without a radio or guide.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-top-151) Multiple climbing parties encountered Sharp in distress.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-153)
Double-amputee climber [Mark Inglis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Inglis "Mark Inglis") said that on 15 May his climbing party, and many others, had passed Sharp, sheltering under a rock overhang 450 metres (1,480 ft) below the summit, without attempting a rescue.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-154) Inglis said 40 people had passed by Sharp, but he might have been overlooked as climbers assumed Sharp was the corpse nicknamed "[Green Boots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Boots "Green Boots")",[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-155) but Inglis was not aware that climbers had tried to help Sharp despite being in the process of helping an injured woman, [Burçak Özoğlu Poçan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bur%C3%A7ak_%C3%96zo%C4%9Flu_Po%C3%A7an "Burçak Özoğlu Poçan"), down. There has been discussion about [Himex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himex "Himex") in the commentary on Inglis and Sharp. In regard to Inglis's initial comments, he later revised details because he had been interviewed while he was "physically and mentally exhausted, and in much pain. He had suffered frostbite – he later had five fingertips amputated."[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-thefever-156) It was estimated that Sharp summited on 14 May and began his descent, but on 15 May he was in trouble and being passed by climbers on their way up and down.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-change-157) It is believed he was suffering from hypoxia and was about 300 m (1,000 ft) from the summit on the North Side route.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-change-157)
[*The Tribune*, India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tribune_\(India\) "The Tribune (India)"), quoted someone who described what happened to Sharp as "the most shameful act in the history of mountaineering".[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-158) Much of this controversy was captured by the *[Discovery Channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channel "Discovery Channel")* while filming *[Everest: Beyond the Limit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest:_Beyond_the_Limit "Everest: Beyond the Limit")*. A crucial decision affecting Sharp is shown where a returning climber, adventurer [Maxim Chaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Chaya "Maxim Chaya"), is descending and radios his base camp manager ([Russell Brice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Brice "Russell Brice")) that he has found a frostbitten and unconscious climber in distress. Chaya is unable to identify Sharp, who had chosen to climb solo and did not identify himself to other climbers. The manager assumes Sharp is part of a group that has already calculated they must abandon him, and informs his lone climber there is no chance of him being able to help Sharp by himself. As Sharp's condition deteriorates and other descending climbers pass him, his opportunities for rescue diminish: his legs and feet curl from frostbite, preventing him walking; later descending climbers are lower on oxygen and lack the strength to offer aid; time runs out for Sherpas to return and rescue him. Sharp's body remained just below the summit on the Chinese side next to "Green Boots"; they shared a space in a rock cave that was an ad hoc tomb.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-change-157) Sharp's body was removed from the cave in 2007,[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-159) and since 2014, Green Boots has been missing, presumably removed or buried.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Nuwer-14)
As the Sharp debate started, on 26 May Australian climber [Lincoln Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Hall_\(climber\) "Lincoln Hall (climber)") was found alive after being left.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:2-160) He was found by a party of four climbers who, giving up their own attempt, stayed with Hall and descended with him and 11 Sherpas sent up to carry him down. Hall fully recovered. His team had assumed he had died from cerebral edema, and were instructed to cover him with rocks.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:2-160) There were no rocks to do this and he was abandoned.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:3-161) The erroneous information of his death was passed to his family.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:3-161)
### 2007
On 21 May 2007, Canadian climber [Meagan McGrath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meagan_McGrath "Meagan McGrath") initiated the successful high-altitude rescue of Nepali Usha Bista. McGrath was selected as a 2011 recipient of the Sir Edmund Hillary Foundation of Canada Humanitarian Award, which recognises a Canadian who has contributed a significant service in the Himalayan Region of Nepal.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-162)
### Ascent statistics up to 2010 season
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EverestAscents.svg)
Ascents of Mount Everest by year through 2010
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sunrise_over_Everest.jpg)
The sun rising on Everest in 2011
By the end of 2010, there had been 5,104 summits by about 3,142 individuals, with 77 per cent accomplished since 2000.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-8000ers-163) The summit was achieved in 7 of the 22 years from 1953 to 1974 and not missed between 1975 and 2014.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-8000ers-163) An illustration of the explosion of popularity is provided by the number of daily ascents. Analysis of the [1996 Mount Everest disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Mount_Everest_disaster "1996 Mount Everest disaster") shows part of the blame was on the bottleneck caused by a large number of climbers (33 to 36) attempting to summit on the same day; this was unusually high at the time. By comparison, on 23 May 2010, the summit was reached by 169 climbers – more summits in a single day than in the 31 years from the first successful summit in 1953 to 1983.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-8000ers-163) Nearly all attempts at the summit are done using one of two main routes. In 2005–07, more than half elected to use the more challenging, but cheaper northeast route. In 2008, the northeast route was closed by the Chinese government for the season, and the only people able to summit from the north that year were athletes [carrying the Olympic torch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics_summit_of_Mt._Everest "2008 Summer Olympics summit of Mt. Everest") for the [2008 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics "2008 Summer Olympics").[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-164) The route was closed to foreigners in 2009 in the run-up to the 50th anniversary of the Dalai Lama's exile.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-165) These closures led to declining interest in the north route, and in 2010, two-thirds summitted from the south.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-8000ers-163)
### 2010s
Main articles: [Mount Everest in 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_in_2012 "Mount Everest in 2012") and [Mount Everest in 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_in_2013 "Mount Everest in 2013")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andreas_Breitfuss_Mt_Everest_Summit.jpg)
Selfie on the summit, 2012
The 2010s were a time of new highs and lows for the mountain, with disasters in 2013 and 2014 causing record deaths. In 2015 there were no summits for the first time in decades.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:0x-166) A record was set in 2019 with over 890 summiters.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-time5604758-167)
### 2014 avalanche
Main article: [2014 Mount Everest ice avalanche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Mount_Everest_ice_avalanche "2014 Mount Everest ice avalanche")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Everest3d_qbd_2014116.jpg)
The location of the fatal ice avalanche on the 2014 route, and the revised 2015 route through the Khumbu
On 18 April 2014, an avalanche hit the area just below Base Camp 2.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-168) 16 people were killed, all Nepali guides, and nine injured.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-169) In response, Sherpa climbing guides walked off the job and most climbing companies pulled out in respect for the Sherpa people mourning their loss.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-170)[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-171)
### 2015 avalanche and earthquake
Main article: [2015 Mount Everest avalanches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Mount_Everest_avalanches "2015 Mount Everest avalanches")
2015 was set to be a record-breaking season of climbs, with hundreds of permits. However, on 25 April 2015, an [earthquake measuring 7.8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake "April 2015 Nepal earthquake") [Mw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale "Moment magnitude scale") triggered an avalanche that hit [Everest Base Camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_Base_Camp "Everest Base Camp"),[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-172) shutting down the season.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-173) 18 bodies were recovered by the Indian Army mountaineering team.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-174) The avalanche began on [Pumori](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumori "Pumori"),[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-175) moved through the [Khumbu Icefall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu_Icefall "Khumbu Icefall") on the southwest side of Everest, and slammed into the [South Base Camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_Base_Camp#South_Base_Camp_in_Nepal "Everest Base Camp").[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-176) 2015 was the first time since 1974 with no spring summits, as all climbing teams pulled out.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-177)[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-WillEverest-178) One reason for this was the high probability of aftershocks.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-179) Just weeks after the first quake, the region experienced a 7.3 quake and there were [many aftershocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aftershocks_of_April_2015_Nepal_earthquake "List of aftershocks of April 2015 Nepal earthquake").[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-180)
The quakes trapped hundreds of climbers above the Khumbu icefall, and they had to be evacuated by helicopter as they ran low on supplies.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-supplies-181) The quake shifted the route through the ice fall, making it impassable.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-supplies-181) Bad weather made helicopter evacuation difficult.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-supplies-181) There was a large impact overall on Nepal, with 9,000 dead.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-182)[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-183) In Tibet, by 28 April at least 25 had died.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-184)
### 2016 and 2017
Main articles: [Mount Everest in 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_in_2016 "Mount Everest in 2016") and [Mount Everest in 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_in_2017 "Mount Everest in 2017")
| Year | Summiters | References |
|---|---|---|
| 2010 | 543 | [\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-time5604758-167) |
| 2011 | 538 | [\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-time5604758-167) |
| [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_in_2012 "Mount Everest in 2012") | 547 | [\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-NG-20130600-185) |
| [2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_in_2013 "Mount Everest in 2013") | 658–670 | [\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-186)[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-time5604758-167) |
| 2014 | 106 | [\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-187) |
| 2015 | 0 | [\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-188)[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-time5604758-167) |
| [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_in_2016 "Mount Everest in 2016") | 641 | [\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-189) |
| [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_in_2017 "Mount Everest in 2017") | 648 | [\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk1-190) |
| [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_in_2018 "Mount Everest in 2018") | 807 | [\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:0x-166)[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:0-191) |
| 2019 | 891 | [\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-time5604758-167) |
| 2020 | 0 | [\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-192) |
Hawley's database records 641 made it to the summit in early 2016.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-193) 2017 was the biggest season yet, yielding hundreds of summiters and a handful of deaths.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-194) On 27 May, [Kami Rita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kami_Rita "Kami Rita") made his 21st summit with the Alpine Ascents Everest Expedition, one of three people, along with [Apa Sherpa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apa_Sherpa "Apa Sherpa") and [Phurba Tashi Sherpa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phurba_Tashi "Phurba Tashi") to make it to the summit 21 times.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-195)[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-196) The season had a tragic start with the death of [Ueli Steck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ueli_Steck "Ueli Steck"), who died from a fall during a warm-up climb.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-197) There was continued discussion about possible changes to the [Hillary Step](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Step "Hillary Step").[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-198) Summiters for 2017 was tallied up to be 648.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk1-190)
### 2018
Main article: [Mount Everest in 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_in_2018 "Mount Everest in 2018")
A record 891 summited in 2018.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:4-199) One factor that aided this was an especially long and clear weather window of 11 days during the critical spring climbing season.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:0x-166)[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-auto5-200)[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:0-191) Various records were broken, including a summit by double-amputee [Xia Boyu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_Boyu "Xia Boyu"), after winning a case in the Nepali Supreme Court.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:0x-166) 7 climbers died.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:0x-166) Although record numbers summitted, old-time summiteers that made expeditions in the 1980s lamented the crowding, feces, and cost.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-auto5-200)
### 2019
| 2019 fatalities[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-upi.com-201) | |
|---|---|
| [Fatalities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_died_climbing_Mount_Everest "List of people who died climbing Mount Everest") | Nationality |
| Chris Daly |  [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") |
| Donald Cash |  [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") |
| Robin Fisher |  [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") |
| Druba Bista |  [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal "Nepal") |
| Kevin Hynes |  [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland") |
| Kalpana Dash |  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") |
| Anjali S. Kulkarni |  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") |
| Ernst Landgraf |  [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria "Austria") |
| Nihal Bagwan |  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") |
| Ravi Thakar |  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") |
| Chris Kulish |  [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") |
| Séamus Lawless\*[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Slater-202) |  [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland") |
| *\*Declared dead after missing* | |
The spring or pre-monsoon window for 2019 witnessed the deaths of climbers. Images of hundreds queuing to reach the summit and reports of climbers stepping over dead bodies dismayed people around the world.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-203)[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-204)[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-205)
There was an announcement of an expedition to re-measure the height of Everest, particularly in light of the 2015 earthquakes.[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-206)[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-207)[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-208) Among the climbing teams was a scientific expedition with a planned study of pollution, and how things like snow and vegetation influence the availability of food and water in the region.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-209) In the 2019 spring season, there were roughly 40 teams with almost 400 climbers and several hundred guides attempting to summit on the Nepali side.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-nbcrita-210)[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-cnnrita-211)[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-212) Nepal issued 381 climbing permits for 2019.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:4-199) For the northern routes in Chinese Tibet, several hundred more permits were issued.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-213) In May, Nepali mountaineering guide Kami Rita summited twice within a week, his 23rd and 24th ascents.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-214)[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-nbcrita-210)[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-cnnrita-211)
By 28 May, the death toll reached 11, when a climber died at about 7,900 m (26,000 ft) during the descent,[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-upi.com-201) and a 12th climber was missing and later declared dead.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Slater-202) The deaths were possibly due to crowding leading to delays high on the mountain, and shorter weather windows.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:4-199) Someone who had summited previously noted that when the weather window opens, long lines form as everyone rushes to summit and get back down.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-215)[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-216) Despite the number of deaths, reports indicated that a record 891 climbers summited in the spring 2019 climbing season.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:6-217)[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-time5604758-167) Although China has had permit restrictions, and Nepal requires a doctor to sign off on climbing permits,[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:6-217) the natural dangers of climbing such as falls and avalanches combined with medical issues aggravated by Everest's extreme altitude led to 2019 being a year with a comparatively high death toll.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:6-217)
### 2020s
Both Nepal and China prohibited foreign climbing groups during the 2020 season, due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). 2020 saw no summits from the Nepal (South) Side.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-218)
In October 2025, blizzard-like conditions prompted Chinese authorities to evacuate nearly 350 people by October 6, with about 200 more stranded on the Everest Scenic Area.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-219)[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-220)
## Climbing
### Permits
| Location | Altitude (km) | |
|---|---|---|
| Summit 8848 m / 29035 ft | 8\.8 | |
| Camp 4 8000 m / 26000 ft | 8\.0 | |
| Camp 3 6800 m / 22300 ft | 6\.8 | |
| Camp 2 6400 m / 21000 ft | 6\.4 | |
| Camp 1 6100 m / 20000 ft | 6\.1 | |
| Base camp 5400 m / 17700 ft | 5\.4 | |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hillary_Step_near_Everest_top_\(retouched\).jpg)
Looking up along the southern ridgeline in 2010, the face of the [Hillary Step](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Step "Hillary Step") is visible. The top of the Southwest Face is on the left in shadow, and to the right is the top of the East/Kangshung Face. In 2016 and 2017 there were reports the Hillary Step was changed, which triggered discussion in the climbing community.
In 2014, Nepal issued 334 climbing permits, which were extended until 2019 due to the closure.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-ekantipur1-222) In 2015, Nepal issued 357 permits, but the mountain was closed again because of the avalanche and earthquake, and these permits were given a two-year extension to 2017.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-kathmandupost.ekantipur.com-223)[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-ekantipur1-222)
In 2017, a person who tried to climb Everest without the \$11,000 permit was caught after he made it past the Khumbu icefall. He faced, among other penalties, a \$22,000 fine and a possible four years in jail. In the end, he was allowed to return home but banned from mountaineering in Nepal for 10 years.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-224)
The number of permits issued each year by Nepal is:[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-kathmandupost.ekantipur.com-223)[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-225)
- 2008: 160
- 2009: 220
- 2010: 209
- 2011: 225
- 2012: 208
- 2013: 316
- 2014: 326 (extended for use through 2019)
- 2015: 356 (extended for use through 2017)
- 2016: 289
- 2017: 366 to 373
- 2018: 346
- 2019: 381
- 2020: 0 (no permits issued during the pandemic)
- 2021: 408 (current record)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-226)[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-227)
The Chinese side in Tibet is also managed with permits for summiting Everest.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-228) They did not issue permits in 2008, due to the [Olympic torch relay being taken to the summit of Mount Everest.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics_summit_of_Mt._Everest "2008 Summer Olympics summit of Mt. Everest")[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-229)
In March 2020, the governments of China and Nepal cancelled all climbing permits for Mount Everest due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-230)[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-231) In April 2020, a group of Chinese mountaineers began an expedition from the Chinese side. The mountain remained closed on the Chinese side to all foreign climbers.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-232) On 10 May 2021, a separation line was announced by Chinese authorities to prevent the spread of coronavirus from climbers ascending Nepal's side.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-233)
In April 2025, the Government of Nepal introduced a new regulation requiring climbers to have previously summited at least one 7,000-metre peak within Nepal before being eligible to obtain a permit for an expedition to Mount Everest. The rule is scheduled to come into effect from the Spring 2026 climbing season.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-234)
### Commercial climbing
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_World%E2%80%99s_Tallest_Mountain_\(15473492788\).jpg)
Top down view showing the location of the summit, and its three main faces/sides
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Everest_Base_Camp_on_a_Stormy_Day.jpg)
[Everest Base Camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_base_camps "Everest base camps")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorakshep,_Everest_Zone,_Nepal.jpg)
[Gorak Shep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorakshep "Gorakshep") is about a three-hour walk to South EBC (Everest Base Camp).[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-235)
According to [Jon Krakauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Krakauer "Jon Krakauer"), the era of [commercialisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercialization "Commercialization") of Everest started in 1985, when the summit was reached by a guided expedition led by [David Breashears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Breashears "David Breashears") that included [Richard Bass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bass "Richard Bass"), a wealthy 55-year-old businessman and an amateur mountain climber with four years of climbing experience.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-236) By the early-1990s, several companies were offering guided tours to the mountain. [Rob Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Hall "Rob Hall"), one of the mountaineers who died in the [1996 disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Mount_Everest_disaster "1996 Mount Everest disaster"), had successfully guided 39 clients to the summit before that incident.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Krakauer-1997-237): 24, 42
By 2016, most guiding services cost between US\$35,000 and US\$200,000.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-heraldsun.com.au-238) Going with a "celebrity guide", usually a well-known mountaineer typically with decades of climbing experience and perhaps several Everest summits, can cost over £100,000 as of 2015.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-239) However, the services offered vary widely and it is "buyer beware" when doing deals in Nepal, one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-heraldsun.com.au-238)[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-240) Tourism contributed 7.9 per cent of the [gross domestic product](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product "Gross domestic product") (GDP) in 2019[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-241) in a country with high unemployment,[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-242) but an Everest porter can make nearly double the nation's average wage in a region in which other sources of income are lacking.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-243)
Costs beyond the guiding service can vary widely. It is technically possible to reach the summit with minimal additional expenses, and there are "budget" travel agencies that offer logistical support for such trips. A limited support service, offering only some meals at base camp and bureaucratic overhead like a permit, can cost as little as US\$7,000 as of 2007.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-thefever-156) However, this is considered difficult and dangerous (as illustrated by the case of [David Sharp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sharp_\(mountaineer\) "David Sharp (mountaineer)")).[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-244)
Climbing gear required to reach the summit may cost in excess of US\$8,000, and most climbers also use [bottled oxygen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottled_oxygen_\(climbing\) "Bottled oxygen (climbing)"), which adds around US\$3,000.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-ClimbingMagazineCost-245) The permit to enter the Everest area from the south via Nepal costs US\$10,000 to US\$30,000 per person, depending on the size of the team.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-ClimbingMagazineCost-245) The ascent typically starts at one of the [two base camps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_base_camps "Everest base camps") near the mountain, both of which are approximately 100 kilometres (60 mi) from [Kathmandu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu "Kathmandu") and 300 kilometres (190 mi) from [Lhasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhasa "Lhasa") (the two nearest cities with major airports). Transferring one's equipment from the airport to the base camp may add as much as US\$2,000.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-ClimbingMagazineCost-245)
Many climbers hire "full service" guide companies, which provide a wide spectrum of services, including the acquisition of permits, transportation to/from base camp, food, tents, [fixed ropes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_ropes "Fixed ropes"),[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-246) medical assistance while on the mountain, an experienced mountaineer guide, and even personal porters to carry one's backpack and cook one's meals. The cost of such a guide service may range from US\$40,000 to \$80,000 per person.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-247) Since most equipment is moved by [Sherpas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpa_people "Sherpa people"), clients of full-service guide companies can often keep their backpack weights under 10 kilograms (22 lb), or hire a Sherpa to carry their backpack for them. By contrast, climbers attempting less commercialised peaks, like [Denali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali "Denali"), are often expected to carry backpacks over 30 kilograms (66 lb) and, occasionally, to tow a [sled](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sled "Sled") with 35 kilograms (77 lb) of gear and food.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-248)
The degree of commercialisation of Mount Everest is a frequent subject of criticism.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-NG-20130600-185) [Jamling Tenzing Norgay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamling_Tenzing_Norgay "Jamling Tenzing Norgay"), the son of [Tenzing Norgay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay "Tenzing Norgay"), said in a 2003 interview that his late father would have been shocked to discover that rich thrill-seekers with no climbing experience were now routinely reaching the summit, "You still have to climb this mountain yourself with your feet. But the spirit of adventure is not there any more. It is lost. There are people going up there who have no idea how to put on [crampons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crampons "Crampons"). They are climbing because they have paid someone \$65,000. It is very selfish. It endangers the lives of others."[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-249)
One example of this is [Shriya Shah-Klorfine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shriya_Shah-Klorfine "Shriya Shah-Klorfine"), who had to be taught how to put on crampons during her summit attempt in 2012.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-250) She paid at least US\$40,000 to a new guiding company for the trip, and died when she ran out of oxygen during the descent after climbing for 27 hours straight.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-251)
[Reinhold Messner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner "Reinhold Messner") concurred in 2004:
> You could die in each climb and that meant you were responsible for yourself. We were real mountaineers: careful, aware and even afraid. By climbing mountains we were not learning how big we were. We were finding out how breakable, how weak and how full of fear we are. You can only get this if you expose yourself to high danger. I have always said that a mountain without danger is not a mountain....High altitude alpinism has become tourism and show. These commercial trips to Everest, they are still dangerous. But the guides and organisers tell clients, 'Don't worry, it's all organised.' The route is prepared by hundreds of Sherpas. Extra oxygen is available in all camps, right up to the summit. People will cook for you and lay out your beds. Clients feel safe and don't care about the risks.[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-252)
By 2015, Nepal was considering requiring that climbers have some experience, hoping this would both make the mountain safer and increase revenue.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-253) One barrier to this is that low-budget firms make money *not* taking inexperienced climbers to the summit.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-heraldsun.com.au-238) Those turned away by Western firms can often find another firm willing to take them for a price—that they return home soon after arriving after base camp, or part way up the mountain.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-heraldsun.com.au-238)
However, not all opinions on the subject among prominent mountaineers have been strictly negative. For example, [Edmund Hillary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary "Edmund Hillary") stated in 2003 that while "Having people pay \$65,000 and then be led up the mountain by a couple of experienced guides...isn't really mountaineering at all",[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-254) he was pleased by the changes brought to Everest area by Westerners:
> I don't have any regrets because I worked very hard indeed to improve the condition for the local people. When we first went in there they didn't have any schools, they didn't have any medical facilities, all over the years we have established 27 schools, we have two hospitals and a dozen medical clinics and then we've built bridges over wild mountain rivers and put in fresh water pipelines so in cooperation with the Sherpas we've done a lot to benefit them.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-255)
One of the early guided summiters, Richard Bass (of [Seven Summits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Summits "Seven Summits") fame) stated in 2003 that "Climbers should have high altitude experience before they attempt the really big mountains. People don't realise the difference between a 20,000-foot \[6,100 m\] mountain and 29,000-foot \[8,800 m\]. It's not just arithmetic. The reduction of oxygen in the air is proportionate to the altitude alright, but the effect on the human body is disproportionate—an exponential curve. People climb Denali \[6,190 m or 20,320 ft\] or Aconcagua \[6,960 m or 22,834 ft\] and think, 'Heck, I feel great up here, I'm going to try Everest.' But it's not like that."[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-256)
#### Speed climbing
##### Altitude tents
Main article: [Altitude tent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_tent "Altitude tent")
Some expedition teams have clients use altitude tents to pre-acclimatise prior to leaving for the mountain. Compared to traditional Everest expeditions that last 50 to 60 days, altitude tents can reduce the expedition time frame to 30 to 35 days.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-257)
##### Xenon gas
Further information: [Xenon § Sports doping and mountaineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon#Sports_doping_and_mountaineering "Xenon")
In 2025, four men climbed the mountain in one week. They claimed their inhalation of [xenon gas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_gas "Xenon gas") 10 days prior to stimulate [erythropoietin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin "Erythropoietin") production had eliminated the need for [altitude acclimatisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_acclimatisation "Altitude acclimatisation") over several weeks. The [International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Climbing_and_Mountaineering_Federation "International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation") (UIAA) criticised the decision, citing that there is no evidence that the inhalation of xenon improves performance in high elevation environments. Furthermore, the UIAA warned that as an anesthetic, xenon gas could result in impaired brain function, respiratory compromise, and death if used in an unmonitored setting.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-258)[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-259)[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-260)
#### Summiting with disabilities
Summiting Everest with disabilities has become popular in the 21st century. Sudarshan Gautam, a Canadian double-amputee, summited the mountain in 2013.[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-261) In the same year, Eli Reimer, a teenager with [Down syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome "Down syndrome"), hiked to the South Base Camp as part of a fundraising effort for his father's foundation.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-262)
### Routes
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STS058-101-12_2.JPG)
Overview South Col route and North Col/Ridge route
Mount Everest has two main climbing routes, the Southeast Ridge from [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal "Nepal") and the North Ridge from [Tibet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet "Tibet"), as well as many other less frequently climbed routes.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-evhist-263) Of the two main routes, the Southeast Ridge is technically easier and more frequently used. It was the route used by [Edmund Hillary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary "Edmund Hillary") and [Tenzing Norgay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay "Tenzing Norgay") in 1953 and the first recognised of 15 routes to the top by 1996.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-evhist-263) This was, however, a route decision dictated more by politics than by design, as the Chinese border was closed to the western world in the 1950s, after [Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China").[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-264)
Most attempts are made during May, before the summer [monsoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon "Monsoon") season. As the monsoon season approaches, the [jet stream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_stream "Jet stream") shifts northward, thereby reducing the average wind speeds high on the mountain.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-265)[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-266) While attempts are sometimes made in September and October, after the monsoons, when the jet stream is again temporarily pushed northward, the additional snow deposited by the monsoons and the less stable weather patterns at the monsoons' tail end makes climbing extremely difficult.
#### Southeast Ridge
The ascent via the Southeast Ridge begins with a trek to [Base Camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_Base_Camp "Everest Base Camp") at 5,380 m (17,700 ft) on the south side of Everest, in Nepal. Expeditions usually fly into [Lukla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukla "Lukla") (2,860 m) from [Kathmandu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu "Kathmandu") and pass through [Namche Bazaar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namche_Bazaar "Namche Bazaar"). Climbers then hike to Base Camp, which usually takes six to eight days, allowing for proper altitude acclimatisation in order to prevent [altitude sickness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_sickness "Altitude sickness").[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-267) Climbing equipment and supplies are carried by [yaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yak "Yak"), [dzopkyos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzo "Dzo") (yak-cow hybrids), and human [porters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_\(carrier\) "Porter (carrier)") to Base Camp on the [Khumbu Glacier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu_Glacier "Khumbu Glacier"). When Hillary and Tenzing climbed Everest in 1953, the British expedition they were part of (comprising over 400 climbers, porters, and Sherpas at that point) started from the [Kathmandu Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley "Kathmandu Valley"), as there were no roads further east at that time.
Climbers spend a couple of weeks in Base Camp, acclimatising to the altitude. During that time, [Sherpas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpa_\(people\) "Sherpa (people)") and some expedition climbers set up ropes and ladders in the treacherous [Khumbu Icefall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu_Icefall "Khumbu Icefall").
[Seracs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serac "Serac"), [crevasses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crevasse "Crevasse"), and shifting blocks of ice make the icefall one of the most dangerous sections of the route. Many climbers and Sherpas have been killed in this section. To reduce the hazard, climbers usually begin their ascent well before dawn, when the freezing temperatures glue ice blocks in place.
Above the icefall is Camp I at 6,065 metres (19,900 ft).
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inside_Khumbu-Icefall.jpg)
Climber traversing Khumbu Icefall
From Camp I, climbers make their way up the [Western Cwm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Cwm "Western Cwm") to the base of the [Lhotse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse "Lhotse") Face, where Camp II or Advanced Base Camp (ABC) is established at 6,500 m (21,300 ft). The Western Cwm is a flat, gently rising glacial valley, marked by huge lateral crevasses in the centre, which prevent direct access to the upper reaches of the Cwm. Climbers are forced to cross on the far right, near the base of [Nuptse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuptse "Nuptse"), to a small passageway known as the "Nuptse corner". The Western Cwm is also called the "Valley of Silence" as the topography of the area generally cuts off wind from the climbing route. The [high altitude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_altitude "High altitude") and a clear, windless day can make the Western Cwm unbearably hot for climbers.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-nova-climb-268)
From Camp II, climbers ascend the Lhotse Face on [fixed ropes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_rope "Fixed rope"), up to Camp III, located on a small ledge at 7,470 m (24,500 ft). From there, it is another 500 metres to Camp IV on the [South Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Col "South Col") at 7,920 m (26,000 ft).
From Camp III to Camp IV, climbers are faced with two additional challenges: the [Geneva Spur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Spur "Geneva Spur") and the [Yellow Band](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Band "Yellow Band"). The Geneva Spur is an anvil-shaped rib of black rock named by the [1952 Swiss expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Swiss_Mount_Everest_Expedition "1952 Swiss Mount Everest Expedition"). Fixed ropes assist climbers in [scrambling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrambling "Scrambling") over this snow-covered rock band. The Yellow Band is a section of interlayered [marble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble "Marble"), [phyllite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllite "Phyllite"), and [semischist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schist "Schist"), which also requires about 100 metres of rope for traversing it.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-nova-climb-268)
On the [South Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Col "South Col"), climbers enter the [death zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_zone "Death zone"). Climbers making summit bids typically can endure no more than two or three days at this altitude. If the weather is not clear with low winds during these short few days, climbers are forced to descend, many all the way back down to Base Camp.
From Camp IV, climbers begin their summit push around midnight, with hopes of reaching the summit (still another 1,000 metres above) within 10 to 12 hours. Climbers first reach "The Balcony" at 8,400 m (27,600 ft), a small platform where they can rest and gaze at peaks to the south and east in the early light of dawn. Continuing up the ridge, climbers are then faced with a series of imposing rock steps which usually forces them to the east into the waist-deep snow, a serious [avalanche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche "Avalanche") hazard. At 8,750 m (28,700 ft), a small table-sized dome of ice and snow marks the [South Summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Summit_\(Everest\) "South Summit (Everest)").[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-nova-climb-268)
From the South Summit, climbers follow the knife-edge Southeast Ridge along what is known as the "Cornice traverse", where snow clings to intermittent rock. This is the most exposed section of the climb, and a misstep to the left would send one 2,400 m (7,900 ft) down the Southwest Face, while to the immediate right is the 3,050 m (10,010 ft) [Kangshung Face](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangshung_Face "Kangshung Face"). At the end of this traverse is an imposing 12 m (39 ft) rock wall, the [Hillary Step](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Step "Hillary Step"), at 8,790 m (28,840 ft).[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-269)
Hillary and Tenzing were the first climbers to ascend this step, and did so using primitive ice climbing equipment and ropes. Nowadays, climbers ascend using fixed ropes previously set up by Sherpas. Once above the step, it is a comparatively easy climb to the top on moderately angled snow slopes—though the [exposure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_\(heights\) "Exposure (heights)") on the ridge is extreme, especially while traversing large cornices of snow. With increasing numbers climbing the mountain, the Step has frequently become a bottleneck, with climbers forced to wait significant amounts of time for their turn on the ropes, leading to problems in getting climbers efficiently up and down the mountain.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
After the Hillary Step, climbers must traverse a loose and rocky section that has a large entanglement of fixed ropes that can be troublesome in bad weather. Climbers typically spend less than half an hour at the summit to allow time to descend to Camp IV before darkness sets in, to avoid serious problems with afternoon weather, or because supplemental oxygen tanks run out.
#### North Ridge route
See also: [Three Steps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Steps "Three Steps")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Everest_North_Face.jpg)
Mount Everest North Face from [Rongbuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongbuk_Monastery "Rongbuk Monastery") in Tibet
The North Ridge route begins from the north side of Everest, in [Tibet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet "Tibet"). Expeditions trek to the [Rongbuk Glacier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongbuk_Glacier "Rongbuk Glacier"), setting up base camp at 5,180 m (16,990 ft) on a gravel plain just below the glacier. To reach Camp II, climbers ascend the medial moraine of the east Rongbuk Glacier up to the base of [Changtse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changtse "Changtse"), at around 6,100 m (20,000 ft). Camp III (ABC – Advanced Base Camp) is situated below the [North Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Col "North Col") at 6,500 m (21,300 ft). To reach Camp IV on the North Col, climbers ascend the glacier to the foot of the col where fixed ropes are used to reach the North Col at 7,010 m (23,000 ft). From the North Col, climbers ascend the rocky North Ridge to set up Camp V at around 7,775 m (25,500 ft). The route crosses the North Face in a diagonal climb to the base of the Yellow Band, reaching the site of Camp VI at 8,230 m (27,000 ft). From Camp VI, climbers make their final summit push.
Climbers face a treacherous traverse from the base of the First Step: ascending from 8,501 to 8,534 m (27,890 to 28,000 ft), to the crux of the climb, the Second Step, ascending from 8,577 to 8,626 m (28,140 to 28,300 ft). (The Second Step includes a climbing aid called the "Chinese ladder", a metal ladder placed semi-permanently in 1975 by a party of Chinese climbers.[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-270) It has been almost continuously in place since, and ladders have been used by virtually all climbers on the route.) Once above the Second Step the inconsequential Third Step is clambered over, ascending from 8,690 to 8,800 m (28,510 to 28,870 ft). Once above these steps, the summit pyramid is climbed by a snow slope of 50 degrees, to the final summit ridge along which the top is reached.[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-271)
### Summit
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amanecer_desde_la_cima_del_Everest_por_Carlos_Pauner.JPG)
A view from the summit of Mount Everest in May 2013
The summit of Everest has been described as "the size of a dining room table".[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-272) The summit is capped with snow over ice over rock, and the layer of snow varies from year to year.[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-273) The rock summit is made of Ordovician [limestone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone "Limestone") and is a low-grade metamorphic rock.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-274) (See the [Surveys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Surveys) section for more on its height and about the Everest rock summit.)
Below the summit, there is an area known as "rainbow valley", filled with dead bodies still wearing brightly coloured winter gear. Down to about 8,000 m (26,000 ft) is an area commonly called the "death zone", due to the high danger and low oxygen because of the low pressure.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-dz-97)
### Death zone
See also: [Effects of high altitude on humans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_high_altitude_on_humans "Effects of high altitude on humans")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Everest_Peace_Project_-_Everest_summit.jpg)
The summit of Mount Everest from the North side
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Everest-fromKalarPatar.jpg)
From [Kala Patthar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala_Patthar "Kala Patthar"), Nepal
At the higher regions of Mount Everest, climbers seeking the summit typically spend substantial time within the [death zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_zone "Death zone") (altitudes higher than 8,000 m or 26,000 ft), and face significant challenges to survival. Temperatures can dip to very low levels, resulting in [frostbite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite "Frostbite") of any body part exposed to the air. Since temperatures are so low, snow is well-frozen in certain areas and death or injury by slipping and falling can occur. High winds at these altitudes on Everest are also a potential threat to climbers.
Another significant [threat to climbers is low atmospheric pressure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing#Effects_of_ambient_air_pressure "Breathing"). The atmospheric pressure at the top of Everest is about a third of sea level pressure or 0.333 standard atmospheres (337 mbar), resulting in the availability of only about a third as much oxygen to breathe.[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-275)
A sea-level dweller exposed to the atmospheric conditions at the altitude above 8,500 m (27,900 ft) without acclimatisation would likely lose consciousness within two to three minutes.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-276) At sea level, [blood oxygen saturation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_saturation_\(medicine\)#Definition "Oxygen saturation (medicine)") is generally 98 to 99 per cent. At base camp, blood saturation fell to between 85 and 87 per cent. Blood samples taken at the summit indicated very low oxygen levels in the blood. A side effect of low blood oxygen is a greatly increased breathing rate, often 80–90 breaths per minute as opposed to a more typical 20–30. Exhaustion can occur merely by attempting to breathe.[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-277)
Lack of oxygen, exhaustion, extreme cold, and climbing hazards all contribute to the death toll. An injured person who cannot walk is in serious trouble, since rescue by helicopter is generally impractical and carrying the person off the mountain is very risky. People who die during the climb are typically left behind. As of 2015, over 200 bodies remain on the mountain.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Nuwer-14)
> Debilitating symptoms consistent with high altitude cerebral oedema commonly present during descent from the summit of Mount Everest. Profound fatigue and late times in reaching the summit are early features associated with subsequent death.
— Mortality on Mount Everest, 1921–2006: descriptive study[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-278)
A 2008 study noted that the "death zone" is indeed where most Everest deaths occur, but also noted that most deaths occur during descent from the summit.[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-279) A 2014 article in *[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic "The Atlantic")* about deaths on Everest noted that while falling is one of the greatest dangers the death zone presents for all 8000ers, avalanches are a more common cause of death at lower altitudes.[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-280)
Despite this, Everest is safer for climbers than a number of peaks by some measurements, but it depends on the period.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-safer-281) Some examples are [Kangchenjunga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga"), [K2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2 "K2"), [Annapurna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_Massif "Annapurna Massif"), [Nanga Parbat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat "Nanga Parbat"), and the [Eiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiger "Eiger") (especially the *nordwand*).[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-safer-281) Some factors that affect total mountain lethality include the level of popularity of the mountain, the skill of those climbing, and the difficulty of the climb.[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-282)
Another health hazard is [retinal haemorrhages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal_haemorrhage "Retinal haemorrhage"), which can damage eyesight and cause blindness.[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-eyes-283) Up to a quarter of Everest climbers can experience retinal haemorrhages, and although they usually heal within weeks of returning to lower altitudes, in 2010 a climber went blind and died in the death zone.[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-eyes-283)
The team made a huge effort for the next 12 hours to try to get him down the mountain, but to no avail, as they were unsuccessful in getting him through the difficult sections.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-theweek1-284) Even for the able, Everest's Northeast Ridge is recognised as a challenge. It is hard to rescue someone who has become incapacitated and it can be beyond the ability of rescuers to save *anyone* in such a difficult spot.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-theweek1-284) One way around this situation was pioneered by two Nepali men in 2011, who had intended to paraglide off the summit. They had no choice and were forced to go through with their plan anyway, because they had run out of bottled oxygen and supplies.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-abcnews1-285) They successfully launched off the summit and para-glided down to [Namche Bazaar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namche_Bazaar "Namche Bazaar") in just 42 minutes, without having to climb down the mountain.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-abcnews1-285)
### Supplemental oxygen
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iv%C3%A1n_Ernesto_G%C3%B3mez_Carrasco_en_la_cima_del_Monte_Everest.jpg)
Climber at the summit wearing an oxygen mask
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Everest_Oxygen_Graph.jpg)
Available oxygen at Everest
Most expeditions use [oxygen masks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_mask "Oxygen mask") and [tanks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottled_oxygen "Bottled oxygen") above 8,000 m (26,247 ft).[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-286) Everest can be climbed without supplementary oxygen, but only by the most accomplished mountaineers and at increased risk. Low oxygen impairs cognition, and the combination of extreme weather, low temperatures, and steep slopes often requires quick, accurate decisions. While about 95 per cent of climbers who reach the summit use [bottled oxygen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottled_oxygen "Bottled oxygen") in order to reach the top, about five per cent of climbers have summited Everest without supplemental oxygen. The death rate is double for those who attempt to reach the summit without supplemental oxygen.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-287) Travelling above 8,000 m (26,000 ft) altitude is a factor in [cerebral hypoxia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_hypoxia "Cerebral hypoxia").[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-thom-288) One study found that Mount Everest may be the highest an acclimatised human could go, but also found that climbers may suffer permanent neurological damage despite returning to lower altitudes.[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-thom-288)
The use of bottled oxygen to ascend Mount Everest has been controversial. It was first used on the [1922 British Mount Everest Expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_British_Mount_Everest_Expedition "1922 British Mount Everest Expedition") by [George Finch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Finch_\(chemist\) "George Finch (chemist)") and [Geoffrey Bruce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Bruce_\(mountaineer\) "Geoffrey Bruce (mountaineer)") who climbed up to 7,800 m (25,600 ft) at a spectacular speed of 300 vertical metres per hour (1,000 ft/h). Pinned down by a fierce storm, they escaped death by breathing oxygen from a jury-rigged set-up during the night. The next day they climbed to 8,100 m (26,600 ft) at 270 m/h (900 ft/h) – nearly three times as fast as non-oxygen users. Yet the use of oxygen was considered so unsportsmanlike that none of the rest of the Alpine world recognised this high ascent rate.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
[George Mallory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mallory "George Mallory") described the use of such oxygen as unsportsmanlike, but he later concluded that it would be impossible for him to summit without it and consequently used it on his final attempt in 1924.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-289) When [Tenzing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay "Tenzing Norgay") and Hillary made the first successful summit in 1953, they also used [open-circuit bottled oxygen sets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottled_oxygen_\(climbing\) "Bottled oxygen (climbing)"), with the expedition's physiologist [Griffith Pugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith_Pugh "Griffith Pugh") referring to the oxygen debate as a "futile controversy", noting that oxygen "greatly increases subjective appreciation of the surroundings, which after all is one of the chief reasons for climbing."[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-290) For the next twenty-five years, bottled oxygen was considered standard for any successful summit.
> ...although an acclimatised lowlander can survive for a time on the summit of Everest without supplemental oxygen, one is so close to the limit that even a modicum of excess exertion may impair brain function.
— Thomas F. Hornbein in *The high-altitude brain*[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-thom-288)
[Reinhold Messner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner "Reinhold Messner") was the first climber to break the bottled oxygen tradition and in 1978, with [Peter Habeler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Habeler "Peter Habeler"), made the first successful climb without it. In 1980, Messner summited the mountain solo, without supplemental oxygen or any porters or climbing partners, on the more difficult northwest route. Once the climbing community was satisfied that the mountain could be climbed without supplemental oxygen, many purists then took the next logical step of insisting that is how it *should* be climbed.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Krakauer-1997-237): 154
The aftermath of the [1996 disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Mount_Everest_disaster "1996 Mount Everest disaster") further intensified the debate. [Jon Krakauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Krakauer "Jon Krakauer")'s *[Into Thin Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_Thin_Air "Into Thin Air")* (1997) expressed the author's personal criticisms of the use of bottled oxygen. Krakauer wrote that the use of bottled oxygen allowed otherwise unqualified climbers to attempt to summit, leading to dangerous situations and more deaths. The disaster was partially caused by the sheer number of climbers (34 on that day) attempting to ascend, causing bottlenecks at the Hillary Step and delaying many climbers, most of whom summited after the usual 14:00 turnaround time. He proposed banning bottled oxygen except for emergency cases, arguing that this would both decrease the growing pollution on Everest—many bottles have accumulated on its slopes—and keep marginally qualified climbers off the mountain.
The 1996 disaster also introduced the issue of the guide's role in using bottled oxygen.[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-291)
Guide [Anatoli Boukreev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoli_Boukreev "Anatoli Boukreev")'s decision not to use bottled oxygen was sharply criticised by Jon Krakauer. Boukreev's supporters (who include G. Weston DeWalt, who co-wrote *[The Climb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Climb_\(book\) "The Climb (book)")*) state that using bottled oxygen gives a false sense of security.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-292) Krakauer and his supporters point out that, without bottled oxygen, Boukreev could not directly help his clients descend.[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-293)
The low oxygen can cause a mental fog-like impairment of cognitive abilities described as "delayed and lethargic thought process, clinically defined as bradypsychia" even after returning to lower altitudes.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-altitude-294) In severe cases, climbers can experience hallucinations. Some studies have found that high-altitude climbers, including Everest climbers, experience altered brain structure.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-altitude-294)
### Autumn climbing
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Everest_as_seen_from_Drukair.jpg)
Everest in September 2006
Although generally less popular than spring, Mount Everest has also been climbed in the autumn (also called the "post-monsoon season").[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-autumn-76)[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-fall-295) For example, in 2010 Eric Larsen and five Nepali guides summited Everest in the autumn for the first time in ten years.[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-fall-295) The autumn season, when the monsoon ends, is regarded as more dangerous because there is typically a lot of new snow which can be unstable.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-wind-110) However, this increased snow can make it more popular with certain winter sports like skiing and snowboarding.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-autumn-76) Two Japanese climbers also summited in October 1973.[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-296)
Chris Chandler and Bob Cormack summited Everest in October 1976 as part of the American Bicentennial Everest Expedition that year, the first Americans to make an autumn ascent of Mount Everest according to the *[Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")*.[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-297) By the 21st century, summer and autumn can be more popular with skiing and snowboard attempts on Mount Everest.[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-298) During the 1980s, climbing in autumn was actually more popular than in spring.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-299) U.S. astronaut [Karl Gordon Henize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gordon_Henize "Karl Gordon Henize") died in October 1993 on an autumn expedition, conducting an experiment on radiation. The amount of [background radiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_radiation "Background radiation") increases with higher altitudes.[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-300)
The mountain has also been climbed in the winter, but that is not popular because of the combination of cold high winds and shorter days.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-301) By January the peak is typically battered by 270 km/h (170 mph) winds and the average temperature of the summit is around −33 °F (−36 °C).[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-autumn-76)
### Thefts and crime
Some climbers have reported life-threatening thefts from supply caches. In May 2006, [Vitor Negrete](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitor_Negrete "Vitor Negrete"), the first Brazilian to climb Everest without oxygen and part of David Sharp's party, died during his descent, and theft of gear and food from his high-altitude camp may have contributed.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-302)[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-303) In addition to theft, Michael Kodas describes in his book, *High Crimes: The Fate of Everest in an Age of Greed* (2008):[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-304) unethical guides and Sherpas, [prostitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_Tibet "Prostitution in Tibet") and gambling at the Tibet Base Camp, fraud related to the sale of oxygen bottles, and climbers collecting donations under the pretense of removing trash from the mountain.[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-305)[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-306)
The Chinese side of Everest in Tibet was described as "out of control" in 2007 after one Canadian had all his gear stolen and was abandoned by his Sherpa.[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-stolen-307) Another Sherpa helped the victim get off the mountain safely and gave him some spare gear. Other climbers have also reported missing oxygen bottles, which can be worth hundreds of dollars each. Hundreds of climbers pass by people's tents, making it hard to safeguard against theft.[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-stolen-307) In the late 2010s, the reports of theft of oxygen bottles from camps became more common.[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-308)
### Timeline
Main article: [Timeline of climbing Mount Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_climbing_Mount_Everest "Timeline of climbing Mount Everest")
See also: [List of Mount Everest records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mount_Everest_records "List of Mount Everest records")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KhumbuIcefall.jpg)
The Khumbu Icefall in 2005
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Western_Cwm_-_14th_May_2011.jpg)
The Western Cwm ("Coom"), with Everest on the left and [Lhotse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse "Lhotse") to the right
By the end of the 2010 climbing season, there had been 5,104 ascents to the summit by about 3,142 individuals.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-8000ers-163) Some notable "firsts" by climbers include:
- **1922**: First climb to 8,000 metres (26,247 ft), by [George Mallory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mallory "George Mallory"), [Col. Felix Norton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Felix_Norton "Edward Felix Norton"), and [Howard Somervell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Somervell "Howard Somervell")
- **1952**: First climb to [South Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Col "South Col") by [1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Swiss_Mount_Everest_expedition "1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition")
- **1953**: First ascent, by [Tenzing Norgay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay "Tenzing Norgay") and [Edmund Hillary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary "Edmund Hillary") on [1953 British Mount Everest expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1953 British Mount Everest expedition")
- **1960**: First reported ascent from the North Ridge by [Wang Fuzhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Fuzhou "Wang Fuzhou"), [Gonpo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongbu_\(mountaineer\) "Gongbu (mountaineer)") and Qu Yinhua of China.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-NorthRidge-15)
- **1975**: First female ascent, by [Junko Tabei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junko_Tabei "Junko Tabei") (16 May).[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-8000ers-163)[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-JapanTimes-309)
- **1975**: First female ascent from the North Ridge, by [Phanthog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanthog "Phanthog"), deputy head of the second Chinese Everest expedition that sent nine climbers to the summit (27 May).[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-310)[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-311)[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-312)
- **1978**: First ascent without supplemental oxygen by [Reinhold Messner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner "Reinhold Messner") and [Peter Habeler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Habeler "Peter Habeler")[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-NOVA_fwo-313)
- **1978**: First solo ascent, by [Franz Oppurg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Oppurg "Franz Oppurg")[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-314)
- **1980**: First winter ascent, by Polish National Expedition Winter 1979/1980 ([Leszek Cichy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leszek_Cichy "Leszek Cichy") and [Krzysztof Wielicki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Wielicki "Krzysztof Wielicki")[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-315)[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-316))
- **1980**: Second solo ascent, and the first without supplemental oxygen, by Reinhold Messner[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-NOVA_fwo-313)
- **1988**: First "cross-over" climb by Chinese, Japanese and Nepali teams which ascended the peak simultaneously from both the North and South sides of the mountain and descended down the other side.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-JapanTimes-309) The cross-over climb was also the first to be recorded on live broadcast television.
- **1988**: First descent by paraglider, by [Jean-Marc Boivin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marc_Boivin "Jean-Marc Boivin")[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-A_view_from_the_top_of_the_world-317)
- **1988**: First female ascent without supplemental oxygen by [Lydia Bradey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Bradey "Lydia Bradey")[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-318)
- **2000**: [Lhakpa Sherpa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhakpa_Sherpa "Lhakpa Sherpa") becomes first Nepali woman to summit Everest and survive.[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-319)
- **2000**: First descent by ski by [Davo Karničar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davo_Karni%C4%8Dar "Davo Karničar")[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-320)
- **2001**: First descent by snowboard by [Marco Siffredi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Siffredi "Marco Siffredi")[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Everest_News-321)[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Smith-322)
- **2001**: First ascent by a blind climber, [Erik Weihenmayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Weihenmayer "Erik Weihenmayer")[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-323)
- **2025**: First descent by ski without supplemental oxygen by [Andrzej Bargiel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Bargiel "Andrzej Bargiel")[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:1-324)[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:5-325)
## Aviation
### 1933: Flight over Everest
Main article: [Houston–Mount Everest flight expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston%E2%80%93Mount_Everest_flight_expedition "Houston–Mount Everest flight expedition")
[Lucy, Lady Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy,_Lady_Houston "Lucy, Lady Houston"), a British [millionaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millionaire "Millionaire") former [showgirl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showgirl "Showgirl"), funded the Houston Everest Flight of 1933. A formation of [airplanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane "Airplane") led by the [Marquess of Clydesdale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Douglas-Hamilton,_14th_Duke_of_Hamilton "Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton") flew over the summit in an effort to photograph the unknown terrain.[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-326)
### 1988: First climb and glide
On 26 September 1988, having climbed the mountain via the Southeast Ridge, [Jean-Marc Boivin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marc_Boivin "Jean-Marc Boivin") made the first [paraglider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraglider "Paraglider") descent of Everest,[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-A_view_from_the_top_of_the_world-317) in the process creating the record for the fastest descent of the mountain and the highest paraglider flight. Boivin said: "I was tired when I reached the top because I had broken much of the trail, and to run at this altitude was quite hard."[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Back-327)
### 1991: Hot air balloon flyover
In 1991, four men in two balloons achieved the first [hot-air balloon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-air_balloon "Hot-air balloon") flight over Mount Everest.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-balloon-328) In one balloon were Andy Elson and [Eric Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Jones_\(climber\) "Eric Jones (climber)") (cameraman), and in the other balloon Chris Dewhirst and [Leo Dickinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Dickinson "Leo Dickinson") (cameraman).[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-elson-329) Dickinson went on to write a book about the adventure called *Ballooning Over Everest*.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-elson-329) The hot-air balloons were modified to function at up to 12,000 m (40,000 ft) altitude.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-elson-329) Reinhold Messner called one of Dickinson's panoramic views of Everest, captured on the now discontinued Kodak [Kodachrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodachrome "Kodachrome") film, the "best snap on Earth", according to UK newspaper *[The Telegraph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph "The Daily Telegraph")*.[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-330) Dewhirst has offered to take passengers on a repeat of this feat for US\$2.6 million per passenger.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-balloon-328)
### 2005: Pilot summits with helicopter
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eurocopter_AS-350B-3_Ecureuil_AN0980259.jpg)
Photo of a Eurocopter AS350 B3 "Squirrel"
In May 2005, pilot [Didier Delsalle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didier_Delsalle "Didier Delsalle") of France landed a [Eurocopter AS350](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_AS350 "Eurocopter AS350") B3 helicopter on the summit of Mount Everest.[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-eurocopter-331) He needed to land for two minutes to set the [Fédération Aéronautique Internationale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale "Fédération Aéronautique Internationale") (FAI) official record, but he stayed for about four minutes, twice.[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-eurocopter-331) In this type of landing the rotors stay engaged, which avoids relying on the snow to fully support the aircraft. The flight set [rotorcraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorcraft "Rotorcraft") world [records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mount_Everest_records "List of Mount Everest records"), for highest of both landing and take-off.[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-fai-332)
Some press reports suggested that the report of the summit landing was a misunderstanding of a South Col landing, but he had also landed on South Col two days earlier,[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-333) with this landing and the Everest records confirmed by the FAI.[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-fai-332) Delsalle also rescued two Japanese climbers at 4,880 m (16,000 ft) while he was there. One climber noted that the new record meant a better chance of rescue.[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-eurocopter-331)
### 2011: Paraglide off summit
On 21 May 2011, Nepalis Lakpa Tsheri Sherpa and Sano Babu Sunuwar paraglided from Everest's summit to [Namche Bazaar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namche_Bazaar "Namche Bazaar") in 42 minutes.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-abcnews1-285)[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-334) After the flight they hiked, biked, and [kayaked](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayaking "Kayaking") to the Indian Ocean, reaching the Bay of Bengal by 27 June 2011, thereby becoming the first people to complete a continuous summit-to-sea descent from Everest.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-nationalgeographic1-335) They accomplished the ground-breaking feat despite Babu having never previously climbed, and Lakpa having never kayaked and not even knowing how to swim.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-nationalgeographic1-335) The duo subsequently won National Geographic Adventurers of the Year for 2012 for their exploits.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-nationalgeographic1-335) In 2013 footage of the flight was shown on the television news program *[Nightline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightline "Nightline")*.[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-336)
### 2014: Helicopter-assisted ascent
In 2014, a team financed and led by mountaineer [Wang Jing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Jing_\(mountaineer\) "Wang Jing (mountaineer)") used a helicopter to fly from South Base Camp to Camp II to avoid the Khumbu Icefall, and thence climbed to the Everest summit.[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-nationalgeographic2-337) This climb immediately sparked outrage and controversy in much of the mountaineering world over the legitimacy and propriety of her climb.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-news.nationalgeographic.com-338)[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-339) Nepal ended up investigating Wang, who initially denied the claim that she had flown to Camp II, admitting only that some support crew were flown to that higher camp, over the Khumbu Icefall.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-340) In August 2014, however, she stated that she had flown to Camp II because the icefall was impassable. "If you don't fly to Camp II, you just go home", she said in an interview. In that same interview, she also insisted that she had never tried to hide this fact.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-news.nationalgeographic.com-338)
Her team had had to use the south side because the Chinese had denied them a permit to climb. Ultimately, the Chinese refusal may have been beneficial to Nepal's interests, allowing the government to showcase improved local hospitals and providing the opportunity for a new hybrid aviation/mountaineering style, triggering discussions about helicopter use in the mountaineering world.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-news.nationalgeographic.com-338) National Geographic noted that a village festooned Wang with honours after she donated US\$30,000 to the town's hospital. Wang won the [International Mountaineer of the Year Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Mountaineer_of_the_Year_Award&action=edit&redlink=1 "International Mountaineer of the Year Award (page does not exist)") from the Nepal government in June 2014.[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-nationalgeographic2-337)
### 2016: Helicopter business increases
In 2016 the increased use of helicopters was noted for increased efficiency and for hauling material over the deadly Khumbu icefall.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-blogs.dw.com-341) In particular it was noted that flights saved icefall porters 80 trips but still increased commercial activity at Everest.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-blogs.dw.com-341) After many Nepalis died in the icefall in 2014, the government had wanted helicopters to handle more transportation to Camp 1 but this was not possible because of the 2015 earthquake closing the mountain, so this was then implemented in 2016 (helicopters did prove instrumental in rescuing many people in 2015 though).[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-blogs.dw.com-341) That summer Bell tested the [412EPI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_412#Variants "Bell 412"), which conducted a series of tests including hovering at 5,500 m (18,000 ft) and flying as high as 6,100 m (20,000 ft) altitude near Mount Everest.[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-342)
## Extreme sports
Mount Everest has been host to other winter sports and adventuring besides mountaineering, including snowboarding, skiing, paragliding, and BASE jumping.
[Yuichiro Miura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuichiro_Miura "Yuichiro Miura") became the first man to ski down Everest in the 1970s. He descended nearly 1,300 vertical metres (4,200 ft) from the South Col before falling with extreme injuries.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-japtimes-105) Stefan Gatt and Marco Siffredi snowboarded Mount Everest in 2001.[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-TransWorld_SNOWboarding-343) Other Everest skiers include [Davo Karničar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davo_Karni%C4%8Dar "Davo Karničar") of Slovenia, who completed a top to South Base Camp descent in 2000, [Hans Kammerlander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kammerlander "Hans Kammerlander") of Italy in 1996 on the north side, and Kit DesLauriers of the United States in 2006.[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-344) Marco Siffredi died in 2002 on his second snow-boarding expedition.[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-TransWorld_SNOWboarding-343) In 2025, [Andrzej Bargiel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Bargiel "Andrzej Bargiel") completed the first descent by ski without supplemental oxygen.[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:1-324)[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:5-325)
Various types of gliding descents have slowly become more popular, and are noted for their rapid descents to lower camps. In 1986 [Steve McKinney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McKinney_\(skier\) "Steve McKinney (skier)") led an expedition to Mount Everest.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-345) Frenchman [Jean-Marc Boivin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marc_Boivin "Jean-Marc Boivin") made the first [paraglider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraglider "Paraglider") descent of Everest in September 1988, descending in minutes from the Southeast Ridge to a lower camp.[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-A_view_from_the_top_of_the_world-317) In 2011, Nepalis Sano Babu Sunuwar and Lakpa Tsheri Sherpa made a gliding descent from the Everest summit down 5,000 metres (16,400 ft) in 45 minutes.[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-346)
## Religious significance
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rongbuk_Monastery_Everest.jpg)
The [Rongbuk Monastery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongbuk_Monastery "Rongbuk Monastery"), with Mount Everest in the background
The southern part of Mount Everest is regarded as one of several "hidden valleys" of refuge designated by [Padmasambhava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava "Padmasambhava"), a ninth-century "[lotus-born](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_birth "Lotus birth")" Buddhist saint.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-natgeo1-347)
Near the base of the north side of Everest lies [Rongbuk Monastery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongbuk_Monastery "Rongbuk Monastery"), which has been called the "sacred threshold to Mount Everest, with the most dramatic views of the world."[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-348) For [Sherpas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpa_people "Sherpa people") living on the slopes of Everest in the [Khumbu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu "Khumbu") region of Nepal, Rongbuk Monastery is an important pilgrimage site, accessed in a few days of travel across the Himalayas through [Nangpa La](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangpa_La "Nangpa La").[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Ullman-122)
[Miyolangsangma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyolangsangma "Miyolangsangma"), a [Tibetan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet "Tibet") [Buddhist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist "Buddhist") "*Goddess of Inexhaustible Giving*", is believed to have lived at the top of Mount Everest. According to Sherpa Buddhist monks, Mount Everest is Miyolangsangma's palace and playground, and all climbers are only partially welcome guests, having arrived without invitation.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-natgeo1-347)
The [Sherpa people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpa_people "Sherpa people") also believe that Mount Everest and its flanks are blessed with spiritual energy, and one should show reverence when passing through this sacred landscape. Here, the [karmic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma "Karma") effects of one's actions are magnified, and impure thoughts are best avoided.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-natgeo1-347)
## Waste management
Further information: [Impacts of tourism § Mount Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impacts_of_tourism#Mount_Everest "Impacts of tourism")
In 2015, the president of the Nepal Mountaineering Association warned that pollution, especially human waste, has reached critical levels. As much as 12,000 kg (26,500 lb) of human excrement each season is left behind on the mountain.[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-349) Human waste is strewn across the verges of the route to the summit, making the four sleeping areas on the route up Everest's south side minefields of human excrement. Climbers above Base Camp—for the 62-year history of climbing on the mountain—have most commonly either buried their excrement in holes they dug by hand in the snow, or slung it into crevasses, or simply defecated wherever convenient, often within metres of their tents. The only place where climbers can defecate without worrying about contaminating the mountain is Base Camp. At approximately 5,500 m (18,000 ft), Base Camp sees the most activity of all camps on Everest because climbers acclimate and rest there. In the late-1990s, expeditions began using toilets that they fashioned from blue plastic 190-litre (50-US-gallon) barrels fitted with a toilet seat and enclosed.[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-350)
The problem of human waste is compounded by the presence of more anodyne waste: spent oxygen tanks, abandoned tents, empty cans and bottles. The Nepali government now requires each climber to pack out eight kilograms of waste when descending the mountain.[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-351)
In February 2019, due to the mounting waste problem, China closed the base camp on its side of Everest to visitors without climbing permits. Tourists are allowed to go as far as the [Rongbuk Monastery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongbuk_Monastery "Rongbuk Monastery").[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-352)
In April 2019, the [Solukhumbu district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solukhumbu_District "Solukhumbu District")'s [Khumbu Pasanglhamu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu_Pasanglhamu "Khumbu Pasanglhamu") Rural Municipality launched a campaign to collect nearly 10,000 kg (20,000 lb) of garbage from Everest.[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-353) Five years later, 2024, waste removal is receiving continuing attention.[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-354)[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-355)[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-356)
## See also
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png)[Mountains portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mountains "Portal:Mountains")
- [China portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China "Portal:China")
- [Nepal portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Nepal "Portal:Nepal")
- [Chinese plan for a rail tunnel under Mount Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhasa#Rail "Lhasa")
- [Everesting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everesting "Everesting") – Cycling activity
- [List of deaths on eight-thousanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deaths_on_eight-thousanders "List of deaths on eight-thousanders")
- [List of elevation extremes by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elevation_extremes_by_country "List of elevation extremes by country")
- [List of Mount Everest death statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mount_Everest_death_statistics "List of Mount Everest death statistics")
- [List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mount_Everest_summiters_by_number_of_times_to_the_summit "List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit")
- [List of people who died climbing Mount Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_died_climbing_Mount_Everest "List of people who died climbing Mount Everest")
- [List of ski descents of Eight-Thousanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ski_descents_of_Eight-Thousanders "List of ski descents of Eight-Thousanders") – Notable records on mountains over 8000mPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
- [List of tallest mountains in the Solar System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_mountains_in_the_Solar_System "List of tallest mountains in the Solar System")
- [Mount Everest in popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_in_popular_culture "Mount Everest in popular culture")
- [Mount Hood climbing accidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hood_climbing_accidents "Mount Hood climbing accidents")
- [Mukhiyapatti Musharniya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhiyapatti_Musharniya_Rural_Municipality "Mukhiyapatti Musharniya Rural Municipality") – The lowest point of Nepal
- [Qomolangma National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qomolangma_National_Park "Qomolangma National Park") – National park in Tibet, China
- [Rongbuk Glacier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongbuk_Glacier "Rongbuk Glacier") – Glacier in Tibet, China
- [Sagarmatha National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagarmatha_National_Park "Sagarmatha National Park") – National Park of Nepal
- [The Himalayan Database](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Himalayan_Database "The Himalayan Database") – Elizabeth Hawley's climbing statistics
- [Timeline of Mount Everest expeditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Mount_Everest_expeditions "Timeline of Mount Everest expeditions")
## Notes
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-1)** From [Gokyo Ri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokyo_Ri "Gokyo Ri")
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-2)** Based on the 2020 surveys of elevation of snow cap, i.e. the highest point of permanent snow ice on the summit—as opposed to the highest point of rock, which was measured at roughly 8,844 metres. For more details, see *[Surveys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Surveys)*.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-6)** The position of the summit of Everest on the international border is clearly shown on detailed topographic mapping, including official Nepali mapping.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-7)** It remains unclear whether [George Mallory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mallory "George Mallory") and [Andrew Irvine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Irvine_\(mountaineer\) "Andrew Irvine (mountaineer)") reached the summit in 1924 or not. For more details, see *[1924 British Mount Everest expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1924 British Mount Everest expedition")*.
5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-base_55-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-base_55-1) The "base" of a mountain is a problematic notion in general with no universally accepted definition. However, for a peak rising out of relatively flat terrain, such as Mauna Kea or Denali, an "approximate" height above "base" can be calculated. Everest is more complicated since it only rises above relatively flat terrain on its north (Tibetan Plateau) side. Hence the concept of "base" has even less meaning for Everest than for Mauna Kea or Denali, and the range of numbers for "height above base" is wider. In general, comparisons based on "height above base" are somewhat suspect.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-87)** In the table below, the temperature given is the average lowest temperature recorded in that month. So, in an average year, the lowest recorded July temperature will be −18 degrees Celsius, and the lowest recorded January temperature will be −36 degrees Celsius.
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-8)** [Nepali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language "Nepali language"): सगरमाथा, Nepali pronunciation: [\[səɡərˈmɑːtʰaː\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali "Help:IPA/Nepali")
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-9)**
[Standard Tibetan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Tibetan_language "Standard Tibetan language"): ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ,
Tibetan pronunciation: [\[t͡ɕo˧˥ mo˧˥ ɡlɑːŋ˥˩ mɑː˥\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan "Help:IPA/Tibetan")
## References
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-3)**
["Mount Everest"](http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10640). *Peakbagger.com*.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-4)**
["Peak Bagger:Himalaya, Central Nepal Himalaya, Khumbu, Ghurka Himal, Annapurna Himal, Xishapangma Area, Sikkim-Eastern Nepal Himalaya, Western Nepal Himalaya, Assam Himalaya, Punjab Himalaya, Bhutan Himalaya, Garwhal Himalaya, Ganesh Himal"](https://www.peakbagger.com/range.aspx?rid=48). Retrieved 22 October 2024.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-5)** *Geography of Nepal: Physical, Economic, Cultural and Regional* by Netra Bahadur Thapa, D. P. Thapa Orient Longmans, 1969.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-10)**
Bishart, Andrew (4 May 2016). ["China's New Road May Clear a Path for More Everest Climbers"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180921114517/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/adventure-blog/2016/05/04/how-the-everest-experience-is-different-in-china-versus-nepal/). *National Geographic*. Archived from [the original](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/adventure-blog/2016/05/04/how-the-everest-experience-is-different-in-china-versus-nepal/) on 21 September 2018.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-11)**
["Mount Everest is two feet taller, China and Nepal announce"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201208113343/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/12/new-height-of-mount-everest-announced-by-china-and-nepal/). *National Geographic*. Archived from [the original](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/12/new-height-of-mount-everest-announced-by-china-and-nepal/) on 8 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-12)**
Joe Phelan (28 October 2022). ["Is Mount Everest really the tallest mountain on Earth? It depends how you measure height"](https://www.livescience.com/tallest-mountain-on-earth). *livescience.com*. Future US, Inc. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211226121526/https://www.livescience.com/tallest-mountain-on-earth) from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-13)**
["How Many Dead Bodies Are On Mount Everest?"](https://www.climbernews.com/how-many-dead-bodies-are-on-mount-everest/). *climbernews.com*. Climber News. 7 November 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241005160805/https://www.climbernews.com/how-many-dead-bodies-are-on-mount-everest/) from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2023. "As of November 2022, 310 people have died while attempting to climb Mount Everest."
8. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-Nuwer_14-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-Nuwer_14-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-Nuwer_14-2)
[Rachel Nuwer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Nuwer "Rachel Nuwer") (8 October 2015). ["Death in the clouds: The problem with Everest's 200+ bodies"](https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20151008-the-graveyard-in-the-clouds-everests-200-dead-bodies). BBC. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241005160807/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20151008-the-graveyard-in-the-clouds-everests-200-dead-bodies) from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
9. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-NorthRidge_15-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-NorthRidge_15-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-NorthRidge_15-2)
Lewis, Jon E. (2012). ["Appendix 1"](https://books.google.com/books?id=vWqeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT212). *The Mammoth Book of How it Happened – Everest*. Little, Brown Book Group. p. 212. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-78033-727-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78033-727-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-78033-727-2")
.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-16)**
["Sagar-Matha: Nepal"](http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1507822&fid=4445&c=nepal). *Geographical Names*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220326070315/https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1507822&fid=4445&c=nepal) from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-17)**
Krakauer, Jon (1997). *Into Thin Air: A Personal Account of the Mt. Everest Disaster*. New York: Villard. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-679-45752-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-45752-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-679-45752-7")
.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-18)**
Unsworth, Walt (2000). *Everest – The Mountaineering History* (3rd ed.). Bâton Wicks. p. 584. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-898573-40-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898573-40-1 "Special:BookSources/978-1-898573-40-1")
.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-19)**
["Mt. Everest 1857"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071226022726/http://www.harappa.com/engr/darjeeling.html). harappa.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.harappa.com/engr/darjeeling.html#everest) on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-20)**
Storti, Craig (2021). [*The Hunt for Mount Everest*](https://books.google.com/books?id=f34jEAAAQBAJ). Quercus. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-5293-6629-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5293-6629-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-5293-6629-7")
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19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-25)** Other variants include "Jomo Langma", "Chomo-lungma", "Djomo-lungma", "Jolmo Lungma", and "Chomolongma".[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-21)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-22)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-23)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-24)
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341. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-349)**
Holley, Peter (3 March 2015). ["Morning Mix Decades of human waste have made Mount Everest a 'fecal time bomb'"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/03/03/decades-of-human-waste-have-made-mount-everest-a-fecal-time-bomb/). *[Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post "Washington Post")*. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
342. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-350)**
Bishop, Brent (7 April 2015). ["Peak Poop: The Feces Problem on Everest Needs a Solution"](https://www.outsideonline.com/1965696/peak-poop-feces-problem-everest-needs-solution). *[Outside Online](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_Online "Outside Online")*. Mariah Media Network LLC. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
343. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-351)**
Saul, Heather (3 March 2015). ["Human waste left by climbers on Mount Everest is causing pollution and could spread diseases"](https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/human-waste-left-by-climbers-on-mount-everest-is-causing-pollution-and-could-spread-diseases-10081562.html). *[The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171222105040/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/human-waste-left-by-climbers-on-mount-everest-is-causing-pollution-and-could-spread-diseases-10081562.html) from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
344. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-352)**
["China closes Everest base camp to tourists"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-47249141). 15 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
345. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-353)**
["Major cleanup of Everest aims to bring back 10,000 kg of garbage, bodies of dead climbers"](https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/major-clean-up-of-everest-aims-to-bring-back-10000kg-garbage-bodies-of-dead-climbers). *The Straits Times*. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
346. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-354)** [A record-holding Sherpa guide concerned about garbage on higher camps on Mount Everest](https://apnews.com/article/everest-nepal-sherpa-garbage-0e9ce2b7f1622244e3fc628f84b74000), apnews.com, Binaj Gurubacharya, May 29, 2024
347. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-355)** [Mount Everest's highest camp is littered with frozen garbage, and cleanup is likely to take years](https://apnews.com/article/mount-everest-cleanup-garbage-environment-nepal-0e123e215854b2c2a172492769348ee6), apnews.com, Binaj Gurubacharya, July 6, 2024
348. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-356)** [Everest's highest camp littered with frozen garbage, and cleanup likely to take years, Sherpas say](https://apnews.com/video/nepal-kathmandu-d726e1821027434c94d04efb95c08390), apnews.com/video, July 6, 2024
## Further reading
For 1924 Mount Everest expedition, see [1924 British Mount Everest expedition § Bibliography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_British_Mount_Everest_expedition#Bibliography "1924 British Mount Everest expedition").
For first ascent of Mount Everest, see [1953 British Mount Everest expedition § Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_British_Mount_Everest_expedition#Further_reading "1953 British Mount Everest expedition").
- Astill, Tony (2005). *Mount Everest: The Reconnaissance 1935*.
- [Boukreev, Anatoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoli_Boukreev "Anatoli Boukreev"); DeWalt, G. Weston (1997). [*The Climb: Tragic Ambitions on Everest*](https://archive.org/details/climbtragicambit00bouk_0). Saint Martin's Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-312-16814-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16814-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16814-8")
.
- [Hillary, Edmund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary "Edmund Hillary") (1953). *High Adventure*. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
- [Holdich, Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Holdich "Thomas Holdich") (1911). ["Everest, Mount"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Everest,_Mount) . *[Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition "Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition")*. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). p. 7.
- [Messner, Reinhold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner "Reinhold Messner") (1989). *The Crystal Horizon: Everest – the first solo ascent*. Seattle: The Mountaineers. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-89886-207-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-207-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-207-2")
.
- [Murray, W.H.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.H._Murray "W.H. Murray") (1953). *The Story of Everest, 1921–1952*. London: J.M. Dent & Sons.
- [Norgay, Tenzing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay "Tenzing Norgay"); Ullman, Ramsey James (1955). *Tiger of the Snows*. New York: Putnam.
- [Tilman, H.W.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Tilman "Bill Tilman") (1952). *Nepal Himalaya*. Cambridge University Press.
- Washburn, Bradford (November 1988). "Mount Everest: Surveying the Third Pole". *[National Geographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_\(magazine\) "National Geographic (magazine)")*. Vol. 174, no. 5. pp. 652–659\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0027-9358](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [643483454](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643483454).
- Fleetwood, Lachlan (May 2022). [*Science on the Roof of the World: Empire and the Remaking of the Himalaya*](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/science-on-the-roof-of-the-world/5E7BA0430A766D7008017E1E4F1231DE). Science in History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-009-12311-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-12311-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-009-12311-2")
.
## External links
| External image |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Searchtool.svg) [360° panoramic view](https://maps.yandex.com/-/CVgluFYs) ([virtual tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_tour "Virtual tour")) |
**Mount Everest** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects "Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg)[Definitions](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mount_Everest "wikt:Special:Search/Mount Everest") from Wiktionary
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)[Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98 "c:ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ") from Commons
- [Quotations](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "q:Mount Everest") from Wikiquote
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg)[Texts](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Everest,_Mount "s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Everest, Mount") from Wikisource
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg)[Travel information](https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "voy:Mount Everest") from Wikivoyage
- [Data](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q513 "d:Q513") from Wikidata
- [Mount Everest on Himalaya-Info.org (German)](https://web.archive.org/web/20181025114329/http://himalaya-info.org/Map%20khumbu_mitte.htm)
- [360 panorama view from top of Mount Everest – large dimension drawing](http://www.staeudtner.com/allgemein/360-panorama-view-mount-everest-summit/)
- [*National Geographic* site on Mount Everest](https://web.archive.org/web/20050407035439/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/everest/)
- [NOVA site on Mount Everest](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/)
- [Imaging Everest, a collection of photographs](http://imagingeverest.rgs.org/Concepts/Imaging_Everest) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161114060108/http://imagingeverest.rgs.org/Concepts/Imaging_Everest/) 14 November 2016 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
- [Mount Everest on Summitpost](http://www.summitpost.org/mountain/rock/150230/everest.html)
- [Full list of all ascents of Everest up to and including 2008 (in PDF format)](http://www.8000ers.com/cms/content/view/52/185/)
- [Deaths by year](https://outdoorinquirer.com/mount-everest-deaths/) ([Summits and deaths per year](https://web.archive.org/web/20231005171820/http://everesthistory.com/everestsummits/summitsbyyear.htm))
- [Mount Everest panorama](http://thegreatindian.tripod.com/mountEverest.htm), [Mount Everest interactive panorama (QuickTime format)](https://www.panoramas.dk/fullscreen2/full22.html), Virtual panoramas
- [National Geographic, 2015 article with info-graphic on climbing routes](https://web.archive.org/web/20220314122829/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/150420-everest-climbing-sherpas-mountaineering-nepal-himalayas-guides)
- [Himalayan Database: Data Visualization of Mount Everest Summit, Attempt, and Death](https://www.himalayandatabase.com/)
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mount_Everest "Template:Mount Everest") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mount_Everest "Template talk:Mount Everest") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mount_Everest "Special:EditPage/Template:Mount Everest")[Mount Everest]() | | |
|---|---|---|
| Topography and landmarks | [Base Camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_base_camps "Everest base camps") [Geneva Spur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Spur "Geneva Spur") [Hillary Step](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Step "Hillary Step") [Hornbein Couloir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbein_Couloir "Hornbein Couloir") [Kangshung Face](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangshung_Face "Kangshung Face") (East Face) [Kangshung Glacier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangshung_Glacier "Kangshung Glacier") [Khumbu Glacier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu_Glacier "Khumbu Glacier") [Khumbu Icefall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu_Icefall "Khumbu Icefall") [Lhakpa La](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhakpa_La "Lhakpa La") [Lho La](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lho_La "Lho La") [North Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Col "North Col") [North Face](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Face_\(Everest\) "North Face (Everest)") [Norton Couloir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Couloir "Norton Couloir") [Rongbuk Glacier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongbuk_Glacier "Rongbuk Glacier") [South Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Col "South Col") [South Summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Summit_\(Everest\) "South Summit (Everest)") [Three Pinnacles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Pinnacles "Three Pinnacles") [Three Steps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Steps "Three Steps") "[Green Boots cave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Boots "Green Boots")" [Western Cwm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Cwm "Western Cwm") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Everest_kalapatthar_crop.jpg) |
| [Expeditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mount_Everest_expeditions "List of Mount Everest expeditions") | [1921 British reconnaissance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_British_Mount_Everest_reconnaissance_expedition "1921 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition") [1922 British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1922 British Mount Everest expedition") [1924 British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1924 British Mount Everest expedition") ([Affair of the Dancing Lamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affair_of_the_Dancing_Lamas "Affair of the Dancing Lamas")) [1933 British aerial reconnaissance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston%E2%80%93Mount_Everest_flight_expedition "Houston–Mount Everest flight expedition") [1933 British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1933 British Mount Everest expedition") [1935 British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_British_Mount_Everest_reconnaissance_expedition "1935 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition") [1936 British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1936 British Mount Everest expedition") [1938 British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1938 British Mount Everest expedition") [1950–52 British–Swiss–US reconnaissance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_reconnaissance_from_Nepal "Mount Everest reconnaissance from Nepal") [1951 British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_British_Mount_Everest_reconnaissance_expedition "1951 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition") [1952 Swiss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Swiss_Mount_Everest_expedition "1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition") [1953 British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1953 British Mount Everest expedition") [1960 Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Chinese_Mount_Everest_expedition "1960 Chinese Mount Everest expedition") [1963 American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_American_Mount_Everest_expedition "1963 American Mount Everest expedition") [1975 British SW Face](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_British_Mount_Everest_Southwest_Face_expedition "1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition") [1976 British–Nepalese SW Face](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_British_and_Nepalese_Army_Expedition_to_Everest "1976 British and Nepalese Army Expedition to Everest") [1979 Yugoslav West Ridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Yugoslav_Mount_Everest_expedition "1979 Yugoslav Mount Everest expedition") [1996 Indo-Tibetan Border Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police_expedition_to_Mount_Everest "1996 Indo-Tibetan Border Police expedition to Mount Everest") [2006 Philippine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Philippine_Mount_Everest_expedition "2006 Philippine Mount Everest expedition") [2007 Altitude Everest expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Altitude_Everest_expedition "2007 Altitude Everest expedition") [Earth Day 20 International Peace Climb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day_20_International_Peace_Climb "Earth Day 20 International Peace Climb") [Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallory_and_Irvine_Research_Expedition "Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition") | |
| Notable [fatalities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_died_climbing_Mount_Everest "List of people who died climbing Mount Everest") | [Francys Arsentiev (Sleeping Beauty)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francys_Arsentiev "Francys Arsentiev") [Peter Boardman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Boardman "Peter Boardman") [Green Boots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Boots "Green Boots") [Scott Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Fischer "Scott Fischer") [Rob Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Hall "Rob Hall") [Sandy Irvine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Irvine "Sandy Irvine") [George Mallory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mallory "George Mallory") [Hannelore Schmatz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannelore_Schmatz "Hannelore Schmatz") [David Sharp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sharp_\(mountaineer\) "David Sharp (mountaineer)") [Joe Tasker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Tasker "Joe Tasker") | |
| Committees | [Joint Himalayan Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Himalayan_Committee "Joint Himalayan Committee") [Mount Everest Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_Committee "Mount Everest Committee") | |
| [In media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_media_related_to_Mount_Everest "List of media related to Mount Everest") | *[Beyond the Edge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Edge_\(2013_film\) "Beyond the Edge (2013 film)")* [*The Climb* (book)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Climb_\(book\) "The Climb (book)") [*The Climb* (2007 film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Climb_\(2007_film\) "The Climb (2007 film)") *[The Epic of Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Epic_of_Everest "The Epic of Everest")* [*Everest* (1998 film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_\(1998_film\) "Everest (1998 film)") [*Everest* (2015 film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_\(2015_film\) "Everest (2015 film)") [*Everest* (Indian TV series)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_\(Indian_TV_series\) "Everest (Indian TV series)") *[Everest '82](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_%2782 "Everest '82")* *[Everest: Beyond the Limit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest:_Beyond_the_Limit "Everest: Beyond the Limit")* [EverestMax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EverestMax "EverestMax") [Expedition Everest (roller coaster)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_Everest "Expedition Everest") *[Into Thin Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_Thin_Air "Into Thin Air")* *[The Man Who Skied Down Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Skied_Down_Everest "The Man Who Skied Down Everest")* [Mount Everest webcam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_webcam "Mount Everest webcam") [*Paths of Glory*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paths_of_Glory_\(Archer_novel\) "Paths of Glory (Archer novel)") [*Peak*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_\(novel\) "Peak (novel)") *[The Conquest of Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conquest_of_Everest "The Conquest of Everest")* *[The Wildest Dream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wildest_Dream "The Wildest Dream")* *[Wings Over Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_Over_Everest "Wings Over Everest")* | |
| [Years](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Mount_Everest_expeditions "Timeline of Mount Everest expeditions") | [1970 disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Mount_Everest_disaster "1970 Mount Everest disaster") [1974 avalanche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_French_Mount_Everest_expedition "1974 French Mount Everest expedition") [1988 disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Czechoslovak_-_New_Zealand_Mount_Everest_Southwest_Face_Expedition "1988 Czechoslovak - New Zealand Mount Everest Southwest Face Expedition") [1996 disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Mount_Everest_disaster "1996 Mount Everest disaster") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_in_2012 "Mount Everest in 2012") [2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_in_2013 "Mount Everest in 2013") [2014 avalanche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Mount_Everest_ice_avalanche "2014 Mount Everest ice avalanche") [2015 avalanches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Mount_Everest_avalanches "2015 Mount Everest avalanches") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_in_2016 "Mount Everest in 2016") [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_in_2017 "Mount Everest in 2017") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_in_2018 "Mount Everest in 2018") | |
| Mount Everest massif | [Khumbutse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbutse "Khumbutse") [Lhotse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse "Lhotse") [Lingtren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingtren "Lingtren") [Nuptse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuptse "Nuptse") [Pumori](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumori "Pumori") | |
| [Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mount_Everest_records "List of Mount Everest records") | [Times to the summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mount_Everest_summiters_by_frequency "List of Mount Everest summiters by frequency") [20th-century summiters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_20th-century_summiters_of_Mount_Everest "List of 20th-century summiters of Mount Everest") | |
| [Mountain guides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_guide "Mountain guide") | [List of Mount Everest guides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mount_Everest_guides "List of Mount Everest guides") [Sherpas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpa_people "Sherpa people") | |
| Links to related articles | |
|---|---|
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Eight-thousander "Template:Eight-thousander") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Eight-thousander "Template talk:Eight-thousander") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eight-thousander "Special:EditPage/Template:Eight-thousander")[Eight-thousanders (and major subsidiary peaks over 8,000m)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-thousander "Eight-thousander") | |
| [Everest]() [South Summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Summit_\(Mount_Everest\) "South Summit (Mount Everest)") [K2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2 "K2") [Kangchenjunga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga") [Yalung Kang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalung_Kang "Yalung Kang") [Kangchenjunga South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga_South "Kangchenjunga South") [Lhotse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse "Lhotse") [Lhotse Middle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse_Middle "Lhotse Middle") [Lhotse Shar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse_Shar "Lhotse Shar") [Makalu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makalu "Makalu") [Cho Oyu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Oyu "Cho Oyu") [Dhaulagiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri "Dhaulagiri") [Manaslu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu "Manaslu") [Nanga Parbat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat "Nanga Parbat") [Annapurna I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_I "Annapurna I") [Annapurna I East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_I_East "Annapurna I East") [Annapurna I Middle Peak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_I_Middle_Peak "Annapurna I Middle Peak") [Gasherbrum I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasherbrum_I "Gasherbrum I") [Broad Peak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Peak "Broad Peak") [Broad Peak Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Peak_Central "Broad Peak Central") [Gasherbrum II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasherbrum_II "Gasherbrum II") [Shishapangma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishapangma "Shishapangma") | |
| [List of ski descents of eight-thousanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ski_descents_of_eight-thousanders "List of ski descents of eight-thousanders") [List of climbers summiting all eight-thousanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-thousander#List_of_climbers_of_all_14 "Eight-thousander") [List of deaths on eight-thousanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deaths_on_eight-thousanders "List of deaths on eight-thousanders") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Highest_points_of_Asia "Template:Highest points of Asia") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Highest_points_of_Asia "Template talk:Highest points of Asia") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Highest_points_of_Asia "Special:EditPage/Template:Highest points of Asia")[Highest points of Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_Asian_countries "List of highest points of Asian countries") | |
| [Sovereign states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states "List of sovereign states") | [Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noshaq "Noshaq") [Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Aragats "Mount Aragats") [Azerbaijan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Bazard%C3%BCz%C3%BC "Mount Bazardüzü") [Bahrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_of_Smoke "Mountain of Smoke") [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saka_Haphong "Saka Haphong") [Bhutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangkhar_Puensum "Gangkhar Puensum") [Brunei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagon_Hill "Pagon Hill") [Cambodia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Aural "Phnom Aural") [China]() [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Olympus_\(Cyprus\) "Mount Olympus (Cyprus)") [East Timor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatamailau "Tatamailau") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Catherine "Mount Catherine") [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkhara "Shkhara") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga") [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puncak_Jaya "Puncak Jaya") [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Damavand "Mount Damavand") [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheekha_Dar "Cheekha Dar") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Meron "Mount Meron") [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fuji "Mount Fuji") [Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabal_Umm_ad_Dami "Jabal Umm ad Dami") [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Tengri "Khan Tengri") [North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Paektu "Mount Paektu") [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallasan "Hallasan") [Kuwait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_high_point "Kuwait high point") [Kyrgyzstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jengish_Chokusu "Jengish Chokusu") [Laos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phou_Bia "Phou Bia") [Lebanon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurnat_as_Sawda%27 "Qurnat as Sawda'") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kinabalu "Mount Kinabalu") [Maldives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Villingili "Mount Villingili") [Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%BCiten_Peak "Khüiten Peak") [Myanmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hkakabo_Razi "Hkakabo Razi") [Nepal]() [Oman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Shams "Jebel Shams") [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2 "K2") [Palestine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nabi_Yunis,_Palestine "Mount Nabi Yunis, Palestine") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Apo "Mount Apo") [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurayn_Abu_al_Bawl "Qurayn Abu al Bawl") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klyuchevskaya_Sopka "Klyuchevskaya Sopka") [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabal_Soudah "Jabal Soudah") [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukit_Timah_Hill "Bukit Timah Hill") [Sri Lanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidurutalagala "Pidurutalagala") [Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hermon "Mount Hermon") [Tajikistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismoil_Somoni_Peak "Ismoil Somoni Peak") [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_Inthanon "Doi Inthanon") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ararat "Mount Ararat") [Turkmenistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayribobo "Ayribobo") [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Jais "Jebel Jais") [Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpomish "Alpomish") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansipan "Fansipan") [Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabal_An-Nabi_Shu%27ayb "Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb") |
| [States with limited recognition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition "List of states with limited recognition") | [Abkhazia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dombay-Ulgen "Dombay-Ulgen") [Northern Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Selvili "Mount Selvili") [South Ossetia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Khalatsa "Mount Khalatsa") [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Shan "Yu Shan") |
| [Dependencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory "Dependent territory") and other territories | [British Indian Ocean Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Garcia "Diego Garcia") [Christmas Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Hill,_Christmas_Island "Murray Hill, Christmas Island") [Cocos (Keeling) Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island,_Cocos_\(Keeling\)_Islands "South Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands") [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Mo_Shan "Tai Mo Shan") [Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_de_Coloane "Alto de Coloane") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Himalayas "Template:Himalayas") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Himalayas "Template talk:Himalayas") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Himalayas "Special:EditPage/Template:Himalayas")[Himalayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas "Himalayas") | |
| [Countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_states "Himalayan states") | [Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan") [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh "Bangladesh") [Bhutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan "Bhutan") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal "Nepal") [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan") |
| Sub-ranges | [Great Himalayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Himalayas "Great Himalayas") [Lesser Himalayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Himalayan_Range "Lower Himalayan Range") [Sivalik Hills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivalik_Hills "Sivalik Hills") [Tibetan Himalayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Himalayas "Tibetan Himalayas") |
| [Geology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_Himalayas "Geology of the Himalayas") | [Indian plate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_plate "Indian plate") [Eurasian plate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_plate "Eurasian plate") [Main Boundary Thrust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Boundary_Thrust "Main Boundary Thrust") [Main Frontal Thrust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Frontal_Thrust "Main Frontal Thrust") [Main Himalayan Thrust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Himalayan_Thrust "Main Himalayan Thrust") [Main Central Thrust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Central_Thrust "Main Central Thrust") [South Tibetan Detachment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tibetan_Detachment "South Tibetan Detachment") [Tethys Ocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_Ocean "Tethys Ocean") |
| [Mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_the_Himalayas "Category:Mountain ranges of the Himalayas") | |
| | |
| [Eastern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Himalayas "Eastern Himalayas") | [Assam Himalaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_Himalaya "Assam Himalaya") [Black Mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mountains_\(Bhutan\) "Black Mountains (Bhutan)") [Dundwa Range](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundwa_Range "Dundwa Range") [Ganesh Himal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesh_Himal "Ganesh Himal") [Gurans Himal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurans_Himal "Gurans Himal") [Mahalangur Himal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalangur_Himal "Mahalangur Himal") [Mishmi Hills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishmi_Hills "Mishmi Hills") [Nalakankar Himal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalakankar_Himal "Nalakankar Himal") |
| [Western](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Himalayas "Western Himalayas") | [Dhauladhar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhauladhar "Dhauladhar") [Dudhatoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudhatoli "Dudhatoli") [Garhwal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwal_Range "Garhwal Range") [Kishtwar Himalaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwar_Himalaya "Kishtwar Himalaya") [Kumaon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumaon_region "Kumaon region") [Margalla Hills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margalla_Hills "Margalla Hills") [Ladakh Range](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh_Range "Ladakh Range") [Pir Panjal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Panjal "Pir Panjal") [Zanskar Range](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanskar_Range "Zanskar Range") |
| Related | [Arakan Yoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakan_Yoma "Arakan Yoma") [Garo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garo_Hills "Garo Hills") [Hindu Kush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kush "Hindu Kush") [Karakoram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram "Karakoram") [Jaintia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaintia_Hills "Jaintia Hills") [Khasi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khasi_Hills "Khasi Hills") [Lushai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lushai_Hills "Lushai Hills") [Naga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_Hills "Naga Hills") [Purvanchal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purvanchal_Range "Purvanchal Range") [Transhimalaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhimalaya "Transhimalaya") |
| [Peaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Himalayan_peaks_and_passes "List of Himalayan peaks and passes") | |
| | |
| [Eight-thousander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-thousander "Eight-thousander") | [Annapurna I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_I "Annapurna I") [Cho Oyu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Oyu "Cho Oyu") [Dhaulagiri I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_I "Dhaulagiri I") [Everest]() [Kanchenjunga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanchenjunga "Kanchenjunga") [Lhotse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse "Lhotse") [Makalu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makalu "Makalu") [Manaslu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu "Manaslu") [Nanga Parbat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat "Nanga Parbat") [Shishapangma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishapangma "Shishapangma") |
| [Ultras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ultras_of_the_Himalayas "List of ultras of the Himalayas") | [Ama Dablam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama_Dablam "Ama Dablam") [Bandarpunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandarpunch "Bandarpunch") [Dorje Lakpa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorje_Lakpa "Dorje Lakpa") [Gangkhar Puensum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangkhar_Puensum "Gangkhar Puensum") [Gurla Mandhata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurla_Mandhata "Gurla Mandhata") [Gyachung Kang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyachung_Kang "Gyachung Kang") [Gyala Peri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyala_Peri "Gyala Peri") [Jomolhari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomolhari "Jomolhari") [Kamet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamet "Kamet") [Kangtega](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangtega "Kangtega") [Kangto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangto "Kangto") [Kedarnath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedarnath_\(mountain\) "Kedarnath (mountain)") [Kula Kangri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula_Kangri "Kula Kangri") [Labuche Kang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labuche_Kang "Labuche Kang") [Langtang Lirung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langtang_Lirung "Langtang Lirung") [Machapuchare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machapuchare "Machapuchare") [Mana Peak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mana_Peak "Mana Peak") [Namcha Barwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namcha_Barwa "Namcha Barwa") [Nanda Devi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Devi "Nanda Devi") [Noijin Kangsang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noijin_Kangsang "Noijin Kangsang") [Nuptse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuptse "Nuptse") [Tongshanjiabu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongshanjiabu "Tongshanjiabu") [Yangra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangra "Yangra") |
| [Passes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Himalayan_peaks_and_passes "List of Himalayan peaks and passes") | [Banihal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banihal_Pass "Banihal Pass") [Bara-lacha la](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bara-lacha_la "Bara-lacha la") [Changla Pass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changla_Pass "Changla Pass") [Jelep La](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelep_La "Jelep La") [Khardung La](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khardung_La "Khardung La") [Kora La](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kora_La "Kora La") [Kunzum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunzum_Pass "Kunzum Pass") [Lipulekh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipulekh_Pass "Lipulekh Pass") [Mana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mana_Pass "Mana Pass") [Mohan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Pass "Mohan Pass") [Nathu La](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathu_La "Nathu La") [Rohtang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohtang_Pass "Rohtang Pass") [Sela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sela_Pass "Sela Pass") [Shipki La](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipki_La "Shipki La") [Thorong La](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorong_La "Thorong La") [Umling La](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umling_La "Umling La") [Zoji La](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoji_La "Zoji La") |
| Valleys | [Darma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darma_Valley "Darma Valley") [Doon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doon_Valley "Doon Valley") [Hunza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunza_Valley "Hunza Valley") [Kangra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangra_Valley "Kangra Valley") [Kashmir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_Valley "Kashmir Valley") [Kathmandu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley "Kathmandu Valley") [Kullu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullu_Valley "Kullu Valley") [Pokhara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokhara_Valley "Pokhara Valley") [Rolwaling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolwaling_Valley "Rolwaling Valley") |
| [Glaciers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Glaciers_of_the_Himalayas "Category:Glaciers of the Himalayas") | [Ambulapcha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulapcha_Glacier "Ambulapcha Glacier") [Angsi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angsi_Glacier "Angsi Glacier") [Bara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bara_Shigri_Glacier "Bara Shigri Glacier") [Chhota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhota_Shigri "Chhota Shigri") [Chumik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumik_Glacier "Chumik Glacier") [Dakshini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshini_Nanda_Devi_Glacier "Dakshini Nanda Devi Glacier") [Drang-Drung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang-Drung_Glacier "Drang-Drung Glacier") [Gangotri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangotri_Glacier "Gangotri Glacier") [Gomukh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomukh "Gomukh") [Hunku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunku_Glacier "Hunku Glacier") [Imja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imja_Glacier "Imja Glacier") [Kafni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafni_Glacier "Kafni Glacier") [Kalabaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabaland_Glacier "Kalabaland Glacier") [Kangshung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangshung_Glacier "Kangshung Glacier") [Kedarnath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedarnath_Glacier "Kedarnath Glacier") [Khatling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatling_Glacier "Khatling Glacier") [Khumbu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu_Glacier "Khumbu Glacier") [Khumbu Icefall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu_Icefall "Khumbu Icefall") [Langtang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langtang_Glacier "Langtang Glacier") [Lhotse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse_Shar_Glacier "Lhotse Shar Glacier") [Lonak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonak_Glacier "Lonak Glacier") [Machoi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machoi_Glacier "Machoi Glacier") [Meola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meola_Glacier "Meola Glacier") [Milam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milam_Glacier "Milam Glacier") [Namik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namik_Glacier "Namik Glacier") [Nanda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Devi_Glacier "Nanda Devi Glacier") [Nangpai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangpai_Gosum_Glacier "Nangpai Gosum Glacier") [Ngozumpa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngozumpa_glacier "Ngozumpa glacier") [Nupchu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupchu_Glacier "Nupchu Glacier") [Panchchuli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchchuli_Glacier "Panchchuli Glacier") [Pindari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindari_Glacier "Pindari Glacier") [Ralam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralam_Glacier "Ralam Glacier") [Rathong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathong_Glacier "Rathong Glacier") [Rongbuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongbuk_Glacier "Rongbuk Glacier") [Satopanth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satopanth_Glacier "Satopanth Glacier") [Shafat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafat_Glacier "Shafat Glacier") [Siachen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen_Glacier "Siachen Glacier") [Sona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sona_Glacier "Sona Glacier") [Teesta Khangtse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teesta_Khangtse_Glacier "Teesta Khangtse Glacier") [Thulagi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulagi_glacier "Thulagi glacier") [Yamatari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamatari_Glacier "Yamatari Glacier") [Yamunotri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamunotri "Yamunotri") [Zemu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemu_Glacier "Zemu Glacier") |
| Rivers | |
| | |
| [Indus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River "Indus River") | [Beas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beas_River "Beas River") [Baspa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baspa_River "Baspa River") [Parvati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvati_River_\(Himachal_Pradesh\) "Parvati River (Himachal Pradesh)") [Spiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiti_River "Spiti River") [Chenab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenab_River "Chenab River") [Marusudar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marusudar_River "Marusudar River") [Tawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawi_River "Tawi River") [Jhelum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhelum_River "Jhelum River") [Lidder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidder_River "Lidder River") [Neelum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelum_River "Neelum River") [Poonch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poonch_River "Poonch River") [Sind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind_River "Sind River") [Ravi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_River "Ravi River") [Shyok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shyok_River "Shyok River") [Nubra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubra_River "Nubra River") [Suru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suru_River_\(Indus\) "Suru River (Indus)") [Dras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dras_River "Dras River") [Shingo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingo_River "Shingo River") [Sutlej](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutlej "Sutlej") [Yapola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapola_River "Yapola River") [Zanskar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanskar_River "Zanskar River") [Markha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markha_River_\(India\) "Markha River (India)") [Tsarap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarap_River "Tsarap River") [Doda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doda_River "Doda River") |
| [Brahmaputra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra "Brahmaputra") | [Beki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beki_River "Beki River") [Dibang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibang_River "Dibang River") [Dihing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihing_River "Dihing River") [Kameng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameng_River "Kameng River") [Kolong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolong_River "Kolong River") [Lohit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohit_River "Lohit River") [Manas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas_River "Manas River") [Raidak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid%C4%81k_River "Raidāk River") [Sankosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankosh_River "Sankosh River") [Subansiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subansiri_River "Subansiri River") [Teesta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teesta_River "Teesta River") |
| [Ganges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges "Ganges") | [Alaknanda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaknanda_River "Alaknanda River") [Mandakini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandakini_River "Mandakini River") [Pindar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar_River "Pindar River") [Nandakini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandakini "Nandakini") [Dhauliganga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhauliganga_River "Dhauliganga River") [Rishiganga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishiganga "Rishiganga") [Bagmati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagmati_River "Bagmati River") [Bhagirathi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagirathi_River "Bhagirathi River") [Bhilangna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhilangna_River "Bhilangna River") [Jahanavi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahnavi_River "Jahnavi River") [Gandaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandaki_River "Gandaki River") [Ghaghara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaghara "Ghaghara") [Gori Ganga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gori_Ganga "Gori Ganga") [Rohni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohni_River "Rohni River") [Sarju](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarju "Sarju") [Sharda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharda_River "Sharda River") [Gomti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomti_River "Gomti River") [Kosi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosi_River "Kosi River") [Ramganga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramganga "Ramganga") [Yamuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamuna "Yamuna") |
| Lakes | [Anchar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchar_Lake "Anchar Lake") [Bhimtal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhimtal_Lake "Bhimtal Lake") [Bhrigu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhrigu_Lake "Bhrigu Lake") [Bhullatal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhullatal "Bhullatal") [Brari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brari_Nambal "Brari Nambal") [Chander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chander_Naun "Chander Naun") [Chandra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra_Taal "Chandra Taal") [Dal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dal_Lake "Dal Lake") [Dashair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashair_Lake "Dashair Lake") [Dehnasar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehnasar_Lake "Dehnasar Lake") [Deoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoria_Tal "Deoria Tal") [Dhankar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhankar_Lake "Dhankar Lake") [Dodital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodital "Dodital") [Gadsar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadsar_Lake "Gadsar Lake") [Gangabal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangabal_Lake "Gangabal Lake") [Gangapurna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangapurna_Lake "Gangapurna Lake") [Ghadhasaru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghadhasaru_Lake "Ghadhasaru Lake") [Gil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Sar "Gil Sar") [Gokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokyo_Lakes "Gokyo Lakes") [Gurudongmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurudongmar_Lake "Gurudongmar Lake") [Hokersar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokersar "Hokersar") [Homkund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homkund "Homkund") [Imja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imja_Tsho "Imja Tsho") [Kamrunag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamrunag_Lake "Kamrunag Lake") [Kareri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareri_Lake "Kareri Lake") [Kausar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kausar_Nag "Kausar Nag") [Kedartal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedartal "Kedartal") [Khajjiar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khajjiar_Lake "Khajjiar Lake") [Khanpursar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanpursar "Khanpursar") [Khushal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khushal_Sar "Khushal Sar") [Krishansar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishansar_Lake "Krishansar Lake") [Menmecho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Menmecho "Lake Menmecho") [Lama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_Dal "Lama Dal") [Macchial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macchial_Lake "Macchial Lake") [Mahakali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakali_Lake "Mahakali Lake") [Manasbal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasbal_Lake "Manasbal Lake") [Manimahesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manimahesh_Lake "Manimahesh Lake") [Mansar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansar_Lake "Mansar Lake") [Marsar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsar_Lake "Marsar Lake") [Nainital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nainital_Lake "Nainital Lake") [Nako](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nako_Lake "Nako Lake") [Nandan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandan_Sar_Lake "Nandan Sar Lake") [Narayanbagh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayanbagh_Lake "Narayanbagh Lake") [Naukuchiatal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naukuchiatal "Naukuchiatal") [Nigeen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeen_Lake "Nigeen Lake") [Nilnag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilnag_Lake "Nilnag Lake") [Nundkol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nundkol_Lake "Nundkol Lake") [Pandoh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandoh_Lake "Pandoh Lake") [Pangong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangong_Lake "Pangong Lake") [Panna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannatal "Pannatal") [Phoksundo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoksundo_Lake "Phoksundo Lake") [Prashar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prashar_Lake "Prashar Lake") [Rara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rara_Lake "Rara Lake") [Renuka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renuka_Lake "Renuka Lake") [Rewalsar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewalsar_Lake "Rewalsar Lake") [Roopkund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roopkund "Roopkund") [Rukmani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukmani_Kund "Rukmani Kund") [Samiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samiti_Lake "Samiti Lake") [Satopanth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satopanth_Tal "Satopanth Tal") [Satsar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsar_Lake "Satsar Lake") [Sattal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sattal "Sattal") [Seruvalsar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seruvalsar_Lake "Seruvalsar Lake") [Sheshnag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheshnag_Lake "Sheshnag Lake") [South Lhonak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lhonak_Lake "South Lhonak Lake") [Suraj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suraj_Tal "Suraj Tal") [Surinsar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surinsar_Lake "Surinsar Lake") [Tarsar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsar_Lake "Tarsar Lake") [Tilicho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilicho_Lake "Tilicho Lake") [Tsho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsho_Rolpa "Tsho Rolpa") [Tso Kar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tso_Kar "Tso Kar") [Tso Lhamo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tso_Lhamo_Lake "Tso Lhamo Lake") [Tso Moriri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tso_Moriri "Tso Moriri") [Tsomgo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsomgo_Lake "Tsomgo Lake") [Tulian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulian_lake "Tulian lake") [Vishansar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishansar_Lake "Vishansar Lake") [Waskura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waskura_Lake "Waskura Lake") [Wular](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wular_Lake "Wular Lake") |
| [Ecoregions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology_of_the_Himalayas "Ecology of the Himalayas") | [Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows "Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows") [Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Himalayan_subalpine_conifer_forests "Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests") [Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Himalayan_broadleaf_forests "Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests") [Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_broadleaf_forests "Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests") [Himalayan subtropical pine forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_pine_forests "Himalayan subtropical pine forests") [Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows "Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows") [Western Himalayan broadleaf forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Himalayan_broadleaf_forests "Western Himalayan broadleaf forests") [Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Himalayan_subalpine_conifer_forests "Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests") |
| Towns | [Darjeeling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling "Darjeeling") [Dehradun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehradun "Dehradun") [Dharamshala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharamshala "Dharamshala") [Kathmandu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu "Kathmandu") [Kullu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullu "Kullu") [Manali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manali,_Himachal_Pradesh "Manali, Himachal Pradesh") [Mussoorie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussoorie "Mussoorie") [Nainital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nainital "Nainital") [Paro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paro,_Bhutan "Paro, Bhutan") [Shimla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla "Shimla") [Srinagar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagar "Srinagar") |
| Transport | |
| | |
| Road | [Arniko Highway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arniko_Highway "Arniko Highway") [East-West Highway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East-West_Highway "East-West Highway") [Hindustan-Tibet Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan-Tibet_Road "Hindustan-Tibet Road") [Jammu–Srinagar Highway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu%E2%80%93Srinagar_National_Highway "Jammu–Srinagar National Highway") [Karakoram Highway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram_Highway "Karakoram Highway") [Kathmandu–Terai Expressway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu%E2%80%93Terai_Expressway "Kathmandu–Terai Expressway") [Manali-Leh Highway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manali-Leh_Highway "Manali-Leh Highway") [Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimmu%E2%80%93Padum%E2%80%93Darcha_road "Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road") [Path of the Mani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_of_the_Mani "Path of the Mani") [Srinagar-Leh highway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_1_\(India\) "National Highway 1 (India)") [Tribhuvan Highway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribhuvan_Highway "Tribhuvan Highway") |
| Rail | [Darjeeling Himalayan Railway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway "Darjeeling Himalayan Railway") [Jammu–Baramulla line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu%E2%80%93Baramulla_line "Jammu–Baramulla line") [Kalka-Shimla Railway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalka-Shimla_Railway "Kalka-Shimla Railway") [Kangra Valley Railway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangra_Valley_Railway "Kangra Valley Railway") [Raxaul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raxaul "Raxaul")–[Amlekhganj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amlekhganj "Amlekhganj") |
| Air | [Chinyalisaur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinyalisaur_Airport "Chinyalisaur Airport") [Daporijo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daporijo_Airport "Daporijo Airport") [Daulat Beg Oldi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daulat_Beg_Oldi "Daulat Beg Oldi") [Dehradun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehradun_Airport "Dehradun Airport") [Kathmandu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu_Airport "Kathmandu Airport") [Kullu-Manali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullu_Airport "Kullu Airport") [Leh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leh_Airport "Leh Airport") [Lukla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing-Hillary_Airport "Tenzing-Hillary Airport") [Pakyong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakyong_Airport "Pakyong Airport") [Paro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paro_Airport "Paro Airport") [Pithoragarh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithoragarh_Airport "Pithoragarh Airport") [Shimla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla_Airport "Shimla Airport") [Srinagar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagar_Airport "Srinagar Airport") |
| Mountaineering | [Great Himalaya Trail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Himalaya_Trail "Great Himalaya Trail") [Himalayan Mountaineering Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_Mountaineering_Institute "Himalayan Mountaineering Institute") [Mountaineering expeditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountaineering_expeditions_to_the_Himalayas "Category:Mountaineering expeditions to the Himalayas") [Snowman Trek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowman_Trek "Snowman Trek") [Trekking peak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trekking_peak "Trekking peak") |
| People | [Aka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aka_people "Aka people") [Apatani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatani_people "Apatani people") [Balti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti_people "Balti people") [Bhutia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutia "Bhutia") [Dard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dard_people "Dard people") [Gaddi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaddi_language "Gaddi language") [Abor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galo_tribe "Galo tribe") [Gujjar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujjar "Gujjar") [Gurung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurung "Gurung") [Miri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Miri_people "Hill Miri people") [Kanet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanet "Kanet") [Kashmiri people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_people "Kashmiri people") [Khamti people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamti_people "Khamti people") [Khowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khowa_people "Khowa people") [Kirat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirat "Kirat") [Ladakhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhi_people "Ladakhi people") [Lepcha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepcha_people "Lepcha people") [Magar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magar_people "Magar people") [Mishmi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishmi_people "Mishmi people") [Newar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar "Newar") [Dafla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyishi "Nyishi") [Pahari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari_people_\(Nepal\) "Pahari people (Nepal)") [Sherpa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpa_people "Sherpa people") [Singpho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singpho_people "Singpho people") [Tamang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamang_people "Tamang people") |
| Religious sites | [Alchi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchi_Gompa "Alchi Gompa") [Amarnath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarnath_Temple "Amarnath Temple") [Changri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagri_Monastery "Chagri Monastery") [Chota Char Dham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Char_Dham "Chota Char Dham") [Badrinath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badrinath "Badrinath") [Gangotri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangotri "Gangotri") [Kedarnath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedarnath "Kedarnath") [Yamunotri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamunotri "Yamunotri") [Harmukh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmukh "Harmukh") [Hemis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemis_Monastery "Hemis Monastery") [Himavat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himavat "Himavat") [Kardang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardang_Monastery "Kardang Monastery") [Key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Monastery "Key Monastery") [Muktinath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muktinath "Muktinath") [Paro Taktsang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paro_Taktsang "Paro Taktsang") [Pashupatinath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashupatinath_Temple "Pashupatinath Temple") [Spituk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spituk_Monastery "Spituk Monastery") [Thikse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thikse_Monastery "Thikse Monastery") |
| Related | [Himalayan Database](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Himalayan_Database "The Himalayan Database") [Himalayan Rim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_Rim "Himalayan Rim") [Indian Himalayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Himalayan_Region "Indian Himalayan Region") [International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Centre_for_Integrated_Mountain_Development "International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development") [Works about the Himalayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Works_about_the_Himalayas "Category:Works about the Himalayas") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sacred_Mountains_of_China "Template:Sacred Mountains of China") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sacred_Mountains_of_China "Template talk:Sacred Mountains of China") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sacred_Mountains_of_China "Special:EditPage/Template:Sacred Mountains of China")[Sacred Mountains of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Mountains_of_China "Sacred Mountains of China") | |
| Five Great Mountains | [Tai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tai "Mount Tai") [Hua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hua "Mount Hua") [Heng (Hunan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Heng_\(Hunan\) "Mount Heng (Hunan)") [Heng (Shanxi)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Heng_\(Shanxi\) "Mount Heng (Shanxi)") [Song](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Song "Mount Song") |
| Four Sacred Chinese Buddhist Mountains | [Emei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Emei "Mount Emei") [Jiuhua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Jiuhua "Mount Jiuhua") [Putuo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Putuo "Mount Putuo") [Wutai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Wutai "Mount Wutai") |
| Four Sacred Tibetan Buddhist Mountains | [Kawagarbo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawagarbo "Kawagarbo") [Amne Machin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amne_Machin "Amne Machin") [Rinpoche (Kailash)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kailash "Mount Kailash") [Ghado Jobo](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghado_Jobo&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ghado Jobo (page does not exist)") |
| Four Sacred Taoist Mountains | [Wudang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wudang_Mountains "Wudang Mountains") [Longhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Longhu "Mount Longhu") [Qiyun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Qiyun "Mount Qiyun") [Qingcheng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Qingcheng "Mount Qingcheng") |
| Three Sacred Mountains | [Tian Shan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_Shan "Tian Shan") [Changbai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Paektu "Mount Paektu") [Kunlun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains "Kunlun Mountains") |
| Three Famous Mountains | [Huang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangshan "Huangshan") [Lushan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lu "Mount Lu") [Yandang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yandang_Mountains "Yandang Mountains") |
| Five Garrison Mountains | [Yi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Yi "Mount Yi") [Wu](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Wu_\(Shaanxi\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Mount Wu (Shaanxi) (page does not exist)") [Kuaiji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Xianglu "Mount Xianglu") [Yiwulü](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiwul%C3%BC_Mountain "Yiwulü Mountain") [Huo](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Huo&action=edit&redlink=1 "Mount Huo (page does not exist)") |
| Other Sacred Mountains | [Lao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lao "Mount Lao") [Zhongnan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongnan_Mountains "Zhongnan Mountains") [Gongga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Gongga "Mount Gongga") [Qomolangma (Everest)]() Three Holy Peaks of [Nyidên, Dabba (Yading)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yading "Yading") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Seven_Summits "Template:Seven Summits") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Seven_Summits "Template talk:Seven Summits") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seven_Summits "Special:EditPage/Template:Seven Summits")[Seven Summits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Summits "Seven Summits") | |
| Asia | **[Mount Everest]()** (8,848 m or 29,029 ft) |
| South America | **[Aconcagua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconcagua "Aconcagua")** (6,962 m or 22,841 ft) |
| North America | **[Denali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali "Denali")** (6,198 m or 20,335 ft) |
| Africa | **[Mount Kilimanjaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro "Mount Kilimanjaro")** (5,893 m or 19,334 ft) |
| Europe | |
| | |
| [Conventional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Caucasus#Watershed "Greater Caucasus") | **[Mount Elbrus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Elbrus "Mount Elbrus")** (5,642 m or 18,510 ft) |
| [Alternative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuma%E2%80%93Manych_Depression "Kuma–Manych Depression") | **[Mont Blanc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc "Mont Blanc")** (4,810 m or 15,781 ft) |
| Antarctica | **[Vinson Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinson_Massif "Vinson Massif")** (4,892 m or 16,050 ft) |
| Australia | |
| | |
| [Continent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_\(continent\) "Australia (continent)") | **[Puncak Jaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puncak_Jaya "Puncak Jaya")** (4,884 m or 16,024 ft) |
| [Political](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Oceania "United Nations geoscheme for Oceania") | **[Mount Wilhelm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Wilhelm "Mount Wilhelm")** (4,509 m or 14,793 ft) |
| [Mainland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Australia "Mainland Australia") | **[Mount Kosciuszko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kosciuszko "Mount Kosciuszko")** (2,228 m or 7,310 ft) |
| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q513#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | |
|---|---|
| International | [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/304910632) [2](https://viaf.org/viaf/315149524) [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/4040417-1) [FAST](https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1333948) |
| National | [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85045978) [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15289744k) [2](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11963711d) [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15289744k) [2](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11963711d) [Japan](https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628288) [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128521&CON_LNG=ENG) [Spain](https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX451838) [Croatia](http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000604412&local_base=nsk10) [Greece](https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=58027) [Korea](https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH1998036955) [Sweden](https://libris.kb.se/rp35400920gsz51) [Vatican](https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/4190) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007560299005171) |
| Other | [IdRef](https://www.idref.fr/02763857X) [NARA](https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10038395) [Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine](http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=24008) [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/place/8bb59313-2cee-444f-abb1-d12002294c98) |
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Mount Everest
211 languages
[Add topic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest) |
| Readable Markdown | | Mount Everest | |
|---|---|
| [Nepali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language "Nepali language"): सगरमाथा [Standard Tibetan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Tibetan_language "Standard Tibetan language"): ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mt._Everest_from_Gokyo_Ri_November_5,_2012.jpg)View of Mt. Everest from the west[\[note 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-1) | |
| Highest point | |
| [Elevation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit "Summit") | 8,848.86 m (29,031.7 ft)[\[note 2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-2) [Ranked 1st](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_on_Earth "List of highest mountains on Earth") |
| [Prominence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_prominence "Topographic prominence") | [Ranked 1st](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_by_prominence "List of mountain peaks by prominence") [(Special definition for Everest)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_prominence#Definitions "Topographic prominence") |
| [Isolation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_isolation "Topographic isolation") | n/a |
| [Listing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains "Lists of mountains") | [Eight-thousander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-thousander "Eight-thousander") [Seven Summits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Summits "Seven Summits") [Country high point (China and Nepal)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elevation_extremes_by_country "List of elevation extremes by country") [List of mountains in Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Nepal "List of mountains in Nepal") [List of mountains in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_China "List of mountains in China") [Ultra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_prominent_peak "Ultra prominent peak") [World's most isolated peaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_isolation#Isolation_table "Topographic isolation") 1st |
| [Coordinates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system "Geographic coordinate system") | [27°59′18″N 86°55′31″E / 27\.98833°N 86.92528°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Everest¶ms=27_59_18_N_86_55_31_E_type:mountain_scale:100000)[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-3) |
| Naming | |
| [Etymology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology "Etymology") | [George Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Everest "George Everest") |
| Native name | सगरमाथा ([Nepali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language "Nepali language")) *(*Sagarmāthā*)* ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ ([Standard Tibetan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Tibetan_language "Standard Tibetan language")) *(*Chomolungma* or *Qomolangma*)* 珠穆朗玛峰 ([Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language "Chinese language")) *(*Zhūmùlǎngmǎ Fēng*)* |
| English translation | Holy Mother, Skyhead |
| Geography | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/7/28/86.9/en) [](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright "About OpenStreetMaps") [](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use "Maps: terms of use") 60km 37miles  Bhutan  Nepal    Pakistan  India  China  [45](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngadi_Chuli "Ngadi Chuli") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngadi_Chuli "Ngadi Chuli South") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngadi_Chuli "Ngadi Chuli South")  [44](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liankang_Kangri "Liankang Kangri") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liankang_Kangri "Liankang Kangri (Gangkhar Puensum North, Liangkang Kangri)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liankang_Kangri "Liankang Kangri (Gangkhar Puensum North, Liangkang Kangri)")  [43](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula_Kangri "Kula Kangri") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula_Kangri "Kula Kangri") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula_Kangri "Kula Kangri")  [42](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_IV "Annapurna IV") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_IV "Annapurna IV") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_IV "Annapurna IV")  [41](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalchuli "Himalchuli") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalchuli "Himalchuli West") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalchuli "Himalchuli West")  [40](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_III "Annapurna III") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_III "Annapurna III") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_III "Annapurna III")  [39](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangkhar_Puensum "Gangkhar Puensum") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangkhar_Puensum "Gangkhar Puensum (Gangkar Punsum)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangkhar_Puensum "Gangkhar Puensum (Gangkar Punsum)")  [38](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangbachen "Kangbachen") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangbachen "Kangbachen Southwest") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangbachen "Kangbachen Southwest")  [37](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat "Nanga Parbat") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat "Silver Crag") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat "Silver Crag")  [36](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_\(mountain_range\) "Annapurna (mountain range)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_\(mountain_range\) "Annapurna Fang") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_\(mountain_range\) "Annapurna Fang")  [35](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_\(mountain_range\) "Dhaulagiri (mountain range)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_\(mountain_range\) "Dhaulagiri IV") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_\(mountain_range\) "Dhaulagiri IV")  [34](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molamenqing "Molamenqing") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molamenqing "Molamenqing (Phola Gangchen)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molamenqing "Molamenqing (Phola Gangchen)")  [33](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Peak "Hillary Peak") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Peak "Hillary Peak (Ngojumba Kang III)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Peak "Hillary Peak (Ngojumba Kang III)")  [32](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurla_Mandhata "Gurla Mandhata") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurla_Mandhata "Gurla Mandhata (Naimona'nyi, Namu Nan)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurla_Mandhata "Gurla Mandhata (Naimona'nyi, Namu Nan)")  [31](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbhakarna_Mountain "Kumbhakarna Mountain") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbhakarna_Mountain "Kumbhakarna Mountain (Mount Kumbhakarna, Jannu)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbhakarna_Mountain "Kumbhakarna Mountain (Mount Kumbhakarna, Jannu)")  [30](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_\(mountain_range\) "Dhaulagiri (mountain range)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_\(mountain_range\) "Dhaulagiri III") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_\(mountain_range\) "Dhaulagiri III")  [29](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Peak "Hillary Peak") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Peak "Ngojumba Kang II") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Peak "Ngojumba Kang II")  [28](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_II "Dhaulagiri II") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_II "Dhaulagiri II") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_II "Dhaulagiri II")  [27](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamet "Kamet") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamet "Kamet") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamet "Kamet")  [26](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemu_Gap_Peak "Zemu Gap Peak") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemu_Gap_Peak "Zemu Kang (Zemu Gap Peak)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemu_Gap_Peak "Zemu Kang (Zemu Gap Peak)")  [25](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namcha_Barwa "Namcha Barwa") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namcha_Barwa "Namcha Barwa (Namchabarwa)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namcha_Barwa "Namcha Barwa (Namchabarwa)")  [24](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomo_Lonzo "Chomo Lonzo") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomo_Lonzo "Chomo Lonzo (Chomolonzo, Chomolönzo, Chomo Lönzo, Jomolönzo, Lhamalangcho)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomo_Lonzo "Chomo Lonzo (Chomolonzo, Chomolönzo, Chomo Lönzo, Jomolönzo, Lhamalangcho)")  [23](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Devi "Nanda Devi") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Devi "Nanda Devi") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Devi "Nanda Devi")  [22](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuptse "Nuptse") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuptse "Nuptse (Nubtse)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuptse "Nuptse (Nubtse)")  [21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngadi_Chuli "Ngadi Chuli") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngadi_Chuli "Ngadi Chuli (Peak 29, Dakura, Dakum, Dunapurna)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngadi_Chuli "Ngadi Chuli (Peak 29, Dakura, Dakum, Dunapurna)")  [20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalchuli "Himalchuli") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalchuli "Himalchuli (Himal Chuli)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalchuli "Himalchuli (Himal Chuli)")  [19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangbachen "Kangbachen") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangbachen "Kangbachen") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangbachen "Kangbachen")  [18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Peak "Tenzing Peak") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Peak "Tenzing Peak (Ngojumba Kang, Ngozumpa Kang, Ngojumba Ri)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Peak "Tenzing Peak (Ngojumba Kang, Ngozumpa Kang, Ngojumba Ri)")  [17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_II "Annapurna II") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_II "Annapurna II") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_II "Annapurna II")  [16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyachung_Kang "Gyachung Kang") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyachung_Kang "Gyachung Kang") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyachung_Kang "Gyachung Kang")  [15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_I_East "Annapurna I East") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_I_East "Annapurna I East (Annapurna East Peak)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_I_East "Annapurna I East (Annapurna East Peak)")  [14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu "Manaslu") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu "Manaslu East") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu "Manaslu East")  [13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishapangma "Shishapangma") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishapangma "Shishapangma (Shishasbangma, Xixiabangma)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishapangma "Shishapangma (Shishasbangma, Xixiabangma)")  [12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna "Annapurna") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna "Annapurna") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna "Annapurna")  [11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat "Nanga Parbat") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat "Nanga Parbat (Diamer)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat "Nanga Parbat (Diamer)")  [10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu "Manaslu") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu "Manaslu (Kutang)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu "Manaslu (Kutang)")  [9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri "Dhaulagiri") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri "Dhaulagiri") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri "Dhaulagiri")  [8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Oyu "Cho Oyu") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Oyu "Cho Oyu") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Oyu "Cho Oyu")  [7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga Central") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga Central")  [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga_South "Kangchenjunga South") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga_South "Kangchenjunga South") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga_South "Kangchenjunga South")  [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makalu "Makalu") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makalu "Makalu") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makalu "Makalu")  [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalung_Kang "Yalung Kang") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalung_Kang "Yalung Kang (Kanchenjunga West)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalung_Kang "Yalung Kang (Kanchenjunga West)")  [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse "Lhotse") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse "Lhotse") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse "Lhotse")  [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga (Kanchenjunga, Kanchanjanghā, Khangchendzonga)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga (Kanchenjunga, Kanchanjanghā, Khangchendzonga)")  [1]() [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest") The major peaks (not mountains) above 7,500 m (24,600 ft) height in [Himalayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas "Himalayas"), rank identified in Himalayas alone (not the world).[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-4) Legend 1：[Mount Everest]() 2：[Kangchenjunga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga") 3：[Lhotse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse "Lhotse") 4：[Yalung Kang, Kanchenjunga West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalung_Kang "Yalung Kang") 5：[Makalu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makalu "Makalu") 6：[Kangchenjunga South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga_South "Kangchenjunga South") 7：[Kangchenjunga Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga") 8：[Cho Oyu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Oyu "Cho Oyu") 9：[Dhaulagiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri "Dhaulagiri") 10：[Manaslu (Kutang)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu "Manaslu") 11：[Nanga Parbat (Diamer)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat "Nanga Parbat") 12：[Annapurna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna "Annapurna") 13：[Shishapangma (Shishasbangma, Xixiabangma)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishapangma "Shishapangma") 14：[Manaslu East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu "Manaslu") 15：[Annapurna East Peak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_I_East "Annapurna I East") 16： [Gyachung Kang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyachung_Kang "Gyachung Kang") 17：[Annapurna II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_II "Annapurna II") 18：[Tenzing Peak (Ngojumba Kang, Ngozumpa Kang, Ngojumba Ri)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Peak "Tenzing Peak") 19：[Kangbachen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangbachen "Kangbachen") 20：[Himalchuli (Himal Chuli)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalchuli "Himalchuli") 21：[Ngadi Chuli (Peak 29, Dakura, Dakum, Dunapurna)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngadi_Chuli "Ngadi Chuli") 22：[Nuptse (Nubtse)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuptse "Nuptse") 23：[Nanda Devi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Devi "Nanda Devi") 24：[Chomo Lonzo (Chomolonzo, Chomolönzo, Chomo Lönzo, Jomolönzo, Lhamalangcho)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomo_Lonzo "Chomo Lonzo") 25：[Namcha Barwa (Namchabarwa)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namcha_Barwa "Namcha Barwa") 26：[Zemu Kang (Zemu Gap Peak)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemu_Gap_Peak "Zemu Gap Peak") 27：[Kamet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamet "Kamet") 28：[Dhaulagiri II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_II "Dhaulagiri II") 29：[Ngojumba Kang II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Peak "Hillary Peak") 30：[Dhaulagiri III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_\(mountain_range\) "Dhaulagiri (mountain range)") 31：[Kumbhakarna Mountain (Mount Kumbhakarna, Jannu)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbhakarna_Mountain "Kumbhakarna Mountain") 32：[Gurla Mandhata (Naimona'nyi, Namu Nan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurla_Mandhata "Gurla Mandhata") 33：[Hillary Peak (Ngojumba Kang III)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Peak "Hillary Peak") 34：[Molamenqing (Phola Gangchen)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molamenqing "Molamenqing") 35：[Dhaulagiri IV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri_\(mountain_range\) "Dhaulagiri (mountain range)") 36：[Annapurna Fang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_\(mountain_range\) "Annapurna (mountain range)") 37：[Silver Crag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat "Nanga Parbat") 38：[Kangbachen Southwest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangbachen "Kangbachen") 39：[Gangkhar Puensum (Gangkar Punsum)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangkhar_Puensum "Gangkhar Puensum") 40：[Annapurna III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_III "Annapurna III") 41：[Himalchuli West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalchuli "Himalchuli") 42：[Annapurna IV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_IV "Annapurna IV") 43：[Kula Kangri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula_Kangri "Kula Kangri") 44：[Liankang Kangri (Gangkhar Puensum North, Liangkang Kangri)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liankang_Kangri "Liankang Kangri") 45：[Ngadi Chuli South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngadi_Chuli "Ngadi Chuli") | |
| []() | |
| Location on the border between [Koshi Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koshi_Province "Koshi Province"), Nepal and [Tibet Autonomous Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region "Tibet Autonomous Region"), China | |
| Location | [Solukhumbu District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solukhumbu_District "Solukhumbu District"), Koshi Province, Nepal;[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-5) [Tingri County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingri_County "Tingri County"), Xigazê, Tibet Autonomous Region, China[\[note 3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-6) |
| Countries | [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") and [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal "Nepal") |
| [Parent range](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_range "Mountain range") | [Mahalangur Himal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalangur_Himal "Mahalangur Himal"), Himalayas |
| Climbing | |
| [First ascent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_ascent "First ascent") | 29 May 1953 [Edmund Hillary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary "Edmund Hillary") and [Tenzing Norgay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay "Tenzing Norgay") [\[note 4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-7) [Ranked 1st](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_on_Earth "List of highest mountains on Earth") |
| [Normal route](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_route "Normal route") | [Southeast Ridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Col "South Col") (Nepal) |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Everest_North_Face_toward_Base_Camp_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg)
North Face of Everest as seen from the path to [North Base Camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_base_camps "Everest base camps")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Everest_morning.jpg)
View from the south (Nepal) shows Everest rising behind the ridge connecting [Nuptse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuptse "Nuptse") and [Lhotse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse "Lhotse"); in the foreground are [Thamserku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamserku "Thamserku"), [Kangtega](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangtega "Kangtega"), and [Ama Dablam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama_Dablam "Ama Dablam")
**Mount Everest** (known locally as **Sagarmāthā**[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-8) in [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal "Nepal") and **Qomolangma**[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-9) in [Tibet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet "Tibet")) is Earth's highest mountain above [sea level](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level "Sea level"). It lies in the [Mahalangur Himal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalangur_Himal "Mahalangur Himal") sub-range of the [Himalayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas "Himalayas") and marks part of the [China–Nepal border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nepal_border "China–Nepal border") at its summit.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-10) Its height was most recently measured in 2020 by Chinese and Nepali authorities as 8,848.86 m (29,031 ft 8\+1⁄2 in).[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-11)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-12)
Mount Everest attracts many climbers, including highly experienced mountaineers. There are two main climbing routes, one approaching the summit from the southeast in Nepal (known as the standard route) and the other from the north in Tibet. While not posing substantial technical climbing challenges on the standard route, Everest presents dangers such as [altitude sickness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_sickness "Altitude sickness"), weather, and wind, as well as hazards from [avalanches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche "Avalanche") and the [Khumbu Icefall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu_Icefall "Khumbu Icefall"). As of May 2024, 340 people have [died on Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_died_climbing_Mount_Everest "List of people who died climbing Mount Everest"). Over 200 bodies remain on the mountain and have not been removed due to the dangerous conditions.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-13)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Nuwer-14)
Climbers typically ascend only part of Mount Everest's elevation, as the mountain's full elevation is measured from the [geoid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid "Geoid"), which approximates sea level. The closest sea to Mount Everest's summit is the [Bay of Bengal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal "Bay of Bengal"), almost 700 km (430 mi) away. To approximate a climb of the entire height of Mount Everest, one would need to start from this coastline, a feat accomplished by [Tim Macartney-Snape's team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Macartney-Snape "Tim Macartney-Snape") in 1990. Climbers usually begin their ascent from base camps above 5,000 m (16,404 ft). The amount of elevation climbed from below these camps varies. On the Tibetan side, most climbers drive directly to the [North Base Camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_base_camps "Everest base camps"). On the Nepalese side, climbers generally fly into [Kathmandu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu "Kathmandu"), then [Lukla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukla "Lukla"), and trek to the [South Base Camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_base_camps "Everest base camps"), making the climb from Lukla to the summit about 6,000 m (20,000 ft) in elevation gain.
The first recorded efforts to reach Everest's summit were made by British [mountaineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering "Mountaineering"). As Nepal did not allow foreigners to enter the country at the time, the British made several attempts on the North Ridge route from the Tibetan side. After the first [reconnaissance expedition by the British in 1921](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_British_Mount_Everest_reconnaissance_expedition "1921 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition") reached 7,000 m (22,966 ft) on the [North Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Col "North Col"), the [1922 expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1922 British Mount Everest expedition") on its first summit attempt marked the first time a human had climbed above 8,000 m (26,247 ft) and it also pushed the North Ridge route up to 8,321 m (27,300 ft). On the [1924 expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1924 British Mount Everest expedition"), [George Mallory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mallory "George Mallory") and [Andrew Irvine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Irvine_\(mountaineer\) "Andrew Irvine (mountaineer)") made a final summit attempt on 8 June but never returned, leading to debate as to whether they were the first to reach the top. [Tenzing Norgay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay "Tenzing Norgay") and [Edmund Hillary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary "Edmund Hillary") made the [first documented ascent of Everest in 1953](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1953 British Mount Everest expedition"), using the Southeast Ridge route. Norgay had reached 8,595 m (28,199 ft) the previous year as a member of the [1952 Swiss expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Swiss_Mount_Everest_expedition "1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition"). The Chinese mountaineering team of [Wang Fuzhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Fuzhou "Wang Fuzhou"), [Gonpo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongbu_\(mountaineer\) "Gongbu (mountaineer)"), and Qu Yinhua made the first reported [ascent of the peak from the North Ridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Chinese_Mount_Everest_expedition "1960 Chinese Mount Everest expedition") on 25 May 1960.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-NorthRidge-15)
Name
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Papers_relating_to_the_Himalaya_and_Mount_Everest%22_in_Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Geographical_Society_of_London,_Vol._I_\(1857\),_p._346.jpg)
The name "Mount Everest" was first proposed in this 1856 speech, later published in 1857, in which the mountain was first confirmed as the world's highest.
Mount Everest's [Nepali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language "Nepali language")/[Sanskrit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit") name is *Sagarmāthā* ([IAST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration "International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration") transcription) or *Sagar-Matha*[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-16) (सगर-माथा, [\[sʌɡʌrmatʰa\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali "Help:IPA/Nepali"), lit. "goddess of the sky"[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-17)),[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-18) which means "the head in the great blue sky", being derived from सगर (sagar), meaning "sky", and माथा (māthā), meaning "head".[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-19)
The [Tibetan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Tibetan "Classical Tibetan") name for Everest is *Qomolangma* ([ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98 "wikt:ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ"), lit. "holy mother"). The name was first recorded (in a Chinese transcription) in the 1721 Kangxi Atlas, issued during the reign of [Qing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_China "Qing China") [Emperor Kangxi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Kangxi "Emperor Kangxi"); it first appeared in the West in 1733 as *Tchoumour Lancma*, on a map prepared by the French geographer [D'Anville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Bourguignon_d%27Anville "Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville") and based on Kangxi Atlas.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-20) The Tibetan name is also popularly romanised as *Chomolungma* and (in [Wylie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliteration "Wylie transliteration")) as *Jo-mo-glang-ma*.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-25)
The official [Chinese transcription](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_characters "Transcription into Chinese characters") is [珠穆朗玛峰](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E7%A9%86%E6%9C%97%E7%8E%9B%E5%B3%B0 "wikt:珠穆朗玛峰") ( [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters "Traditional Chinese characters") [珠穆朗瑪峰](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E7%A9%86%E6%9C%97%E7%91%AA%E5%B3%B0 "wikt:珠穆朗瑪峰")), or *Zhūmùlǎngmǎ Fēng* in [pinyin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin "Pinyin"). It is a phonetic transcription of the Tibetan name into [Standard Mandarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese "Standard Chinese"). While other Chinese names have been used historically, including *Shèngmǔ Fēng* ( [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_characters "Traditional characters") [聖母峰](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%AF%8D%E5%B3%B0 "wikt:聖母峰"), [s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_characters "Simplified characters") [圣母峰](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%AF%8D%E5%B3%B0 "wikt:圣母峰"), lit. "holy mother peak"), these names were largely phased out after the Chinese [Ministry of Internal Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Civil_Affairs "Ministry of Civil Affairs") issued a decree to adopt a sole name in May 1952.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-26)
The British geographic survey of 1849 attempted to preserve local names when possible (e.g., [Kangchenjunga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga") and [Dhaulagiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri "Dhaulagiri")). However, [Andrew Waugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Scott_Waugh "Andrew Scott Waugh"), the British [Surveyor General of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_General_of_India "Surveyor General of India"), claimed that he could not find a commonly used local name, and that his search for one had been hampered by the Nepalese and Tibetan policy of exclusion of foreigners. Waugh argued that – because there were many local names – it would be difficult to favour one name over all others; he therefore decided that Peak XV should be named after British surveyor [Sir George Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Everest "George Everest"), his predecessor as Surveyor General of India.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-everest_bwp70-27)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-ReferenceA-28)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-rgs1857-29) Everest himself opposed the honour, and told the [Royal Geographical Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society "Royal Geographical Society") in 1857 that "Everest" could neither be written in [Hindi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi "Hindi") nor pronounced by "[the native of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_people "Indian people")". Despite Everest's objections, Waugh's proposed name prevailed, and the Royal Geographical Society officially adopted the name "Mount Everest" in 1865.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-everest_bwp70-27)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-30) The modern pronunciation of Everest ()[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-31) is different from Sir George's pronunciation of his surname ( [*EEV\-rist*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key "Help:Pronunciation respelling key")).[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-32)
In the late 19th century, many European [cartographers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography "Cartography") incorrectly believed that a native name for the mountain was [Gaurishankar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaurishankar "Gaurishankar"), a mountain between [Kathmandu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu "Kathmandu") and Everest.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-33)
Other names
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gaurisankar_1890.jpg)
1890 graphic with the Himalayas, including Gaurisankar (Mount Everest) in the distance
- "Peak XV" (temporary, assigned by British Imperial Survey)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-everest_bwp70-27)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-ReferenceA-28)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-rgs1857-29)
- "Deodungha"[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-34) (Old Darjeeling)
- "Gauri Shankar", "Gaurishankar", or "Gaurisankar" (misattribution; used occasionally until about 1900. In modern times the name is used for [a different peak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaurishankar "Gaurishankar") about 30 miles (48 kilometres) away.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-35))
Surveys
19th century
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MountEverestRelief.png)
Mount Everest [relief map](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartographic_relief_depiction "Cartographic relief depiction")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tibetan_Plateau_and_Mount_Everest.png)
Profiles of the full elevation of Mount Everest
In 1802, the British began the [Great Trigonometrical Survey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Trigonometrical_Survey "Great Trigonometrical Survey") of India to fix, among other things, the locations, heights, and names of the world's highest mountains. Starting in southern India, the survey teams moved northward using giant [theodolites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodolite "Theodolite"), each weighing 500 kg (1,100 lb) and requiring 12 men to carry, to measure heights as accurately as possible. They reached the Himalayan foothills by the 1830s, but [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal "Kingdom of Nepal") was unwilling to allow the British to enter the country due to suspicions of their intentions. Several requests by the surveyors to enter Nepal were denied.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-everest_bwp70-27)
The British were forced to continue their observations from [Terai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai "Terai"), a region south of Nepal which is parallel to the Himalayas. Conditions in Terai were difficult because of torrential rains and [malaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria "Malaria"). Three survey officers died from malaria while two others had to retire because of failing health.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-everest_bwp70-27)
Nonetheless, in 1847, the British continued the survey and began detailed observations of the Himalayan peaks from observation stations up to 240 km (150 mi) distant. Weather restricted work to the last three months of the year. In November 1847, [Andrew Scott Waugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Scott_Waugh "Andrew Scott Waugh"), the British [Surveyor General of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_General_of_India "Surveyor General of India"), made several observations from the Sawajpore station at the east end of the Himalayas. [Kangchenjunga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga") was then [considered the highest peak in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_past_presumed_highest_mountains "List of past presumed highest mountains"), and with interest, he noted a peak beyond it, about 230 km (140 mi) away. John Armstrong, one of Waugh's subordinates, also saw the peak from a site farther west and called it peak "b". Waugh would later write that the observations indicated that peak "b" was higher than Kangchenjunga, but closer observations were required for verification. The following year, Waugh sent a survey official back to Terai to make closer observations of peak "b", but clouds thwarted his attempts.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-everest_bwp70-27)
In 1849, Waugh dispatched James Nicolson to the area, who made two observations from Jirol, 190 km (120 mi) away. Nicolson then took the largest [theodolite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodolite "Theodolite") and headed east, obtaining over 30 observations from five different locations, with the closest being 174 km (108 mi) from the peak.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-everest_bwp70-27)
Nicolson retreated to [Patna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna "Patna") on the [Ganges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges "Ganges") to perform the necessary calculations based on his observations. His raw data gave an average height of 9,200 m (30,200 ft) for peak "b", but this did not consider [light refraction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_refraction "Light refraction"), which distorts heights. However, the number clearly indicated that peak "b" was higher than Kangchenjunga. Nicolson contracted malaria and was forced to return home without finishing his calculations. Michael Hennessy, one of Waugh's assistants, had begun designating peaks based on [Roman numerals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals "Roman numerals"), with Kangchenjunga named Peak IX. Peak "b" now became known as Peak XV.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-everest_bwp70-27)
In 1852, stationed at the survey headquarters in [Dehradun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehradun "Dehradun"), [Radhanath Sikdar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhanath_Sikdar "Radhanath Sikdar"), an Indian mathematician and surveyor from [Bengal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal "Bengal") was the first to identify Everest as the world's highest peak, using [trigonometric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry "Trigonometry") calculations based on Nicolson's measurements.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-36) An official announcement that Peak XV was the highest was delayed for several years as the calculations were repeatedly verified. Waugh began work on Nicolson's data in 1854, and along with his staff spent almost two years working on the numbers, having to deal with the problems of light refraction, barometric pressure, and temperature over the vast distances of the observations. Finally, in March 1856 he announced his findings in a letter to his deputy in [Calcutta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata "Kolkata"). Kangchenjunga was declared to be 8,582 m (28,156 ft), while Peak XV was given the height of 8,840 m (29,002 ft). Waugh concluded that Peak XV was "most probably the highest in the world".[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-everest_bwp70-27) Peak XV (measured in feet) was calculated to be exactly 29,000 ft (8,839.2 m) high, but was publicly declared to be 29,002 ft (8,839.8 m) in order to avoid the impression that an exact height of 29000 ft was nothing more than a rounded estimate.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-37) Waugh is sometimes playfully credited with being "the first person to put two feet on top of Mount Everest".[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-38)
20th century
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CH-NP_79-80_Bdy_Map50.jpg)
Published by the Survey of [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal "Nepal"), this is Map 50 of the 57 map set at 1:50,000 scale "attached to the main text on the First Joint Inspection Survey, 1979–80, [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal "Nepal")\-China border." At the top centre, a boundary line, identified as separating "China" and "Nepal", passes through the summit contour. The boundary here and for much of the [China–Nepal border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nepal_border "China–Nepal border") follows the main Himalayan watershed divide.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ISS004E8852_everest.jpg)
[Kangshung Face (the east face)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangshung_Face "Kangshung Face") as seen from orbit
In 1856, Andrew Waugh announced Everest (then known as Peak XV) as 8,840 m (29,002 ft) high, after several years of calculations based on observations made by the [Great Trigonometrical Survey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Trigonometrical_Survey "Great Trigonometrical Survey").[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-39) From 1952 to 1954, the [Survey of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_of_India "Survey of India"), using [triangulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation "Triangulation") methods, determined that the height of Everest was 8,847.73 m (29,028 ft).[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-40) In 1975 it was subsequently reaffirmed by a Chinese measurement of 8,848.13 m (29,029.30 ft).[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-ABC_au-41) In both cases the snow cap, not the rock head, was measured. The 8,848 m (29,029 ft) height given was officially recognised by Nepal and China.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-42) Nepal planned a new survey in 2019 to determine if the [April 2015 Nepal earthquake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake "April 2015 Nepal earthquake") affected the height of the mountain.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-43)
In May 1999, an American Everest expedition directed by [Bradford Washburn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Washburn "Bradford Washburn") anchored a [GPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System "Global Positioning System") unit into the highest bedrock. A rock head elevation of 8,850 m (29,035 ft), and a snow/ice elevation 1 m (3 ft) higher, were obtained via this device.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-alpres-44) Although as of 2001, it has not been officially recognised by Nepal,[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-45) this figure is widely quoted. [Geoid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid "Geoid") uncertainty casts doubt upon the accuracy claimed by both the 1999 and 2005 (see [§ 21st-century surveys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#21st-century_surveys)) surveys.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-46)
In 1955, a detailed [photogrammetric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogrammetry "Photogrammetry") map (at a scale of 1:50,000) of the [Khumbu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu "Khumbu") region, including the south side of Mount Everest, was made by [Erwin Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schneider "Erwin Schneider") as part of the 1955 International Himalayan Expedition, which also attempted [Lhotse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse "Lhotse").
In the late 1980s, an even more detailed [topographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography "Topography") map of the Everest area was made under the direction of Bradford Washburn, using extensive [aerial photography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_photography "Aerial photography").[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-washburn_map-47)
21st century
On 9 October 2005, after several months of measurement and calculation, the [Chinese Academy of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences "Chinese Academy of Sciences") and State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping announced the height of Everest as 8,844.43 m (29,017.16 ft) with accuracy of ±0.21 m (8.3 in), claiming it was the most accurate and precise measurement to date.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-48) This height is based on the highest point of rock and not the snow and ice covering it. The Chinese team measured a snow-ice depth of 3.5 m (11 ft),[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-ABC_au-41) which is in agreement with a net elevation of 8,848 m (29,029 ft). An argument arose between China and Nepal as to whether the official height should be the rock height (8,844 m, China) or the snow height (8,848 m, Nepal). In 2010, both sides agreed that the height of Everest is 8,848 m, and Nepal recognises China's claim that the rock height of Everest is 8,844 m.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-49) On 8 December 2020, it was jointly announced by the two countries that the new official height is 8,848.86 metres (29,031.7 ft).[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-50)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-51)
It is thought that the [plate tectonics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics "Plate tectonics") of the [Main Himalayan Thrust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Himalayan_Thrust "Main Himalayan Thrust") and related faults, which form the [convergent boundary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_boundary "Convergent boundary") between the [Eurasian Plate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Plate "Eurasian Plate") and [Indian Plate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Plate "Indian Plate"), are adding to the height and moving the summit northeastwards. Two accounts suggest the rates of change are 4 mm (0.16 in) per year vertically and 3 to 6 mm (0.12 to 0.24 in) per year horizontally,[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-alpres-44)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-52) but another account mentions more lateral movement (27 mm or 1.1 in),[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-53) and even shrinkage has been suggested.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-54)
Comparisons
The summit of Everest is the point at which Earth's surface reaches the greatest distance [above sea level](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_sea_level "Above sea level"). Several other mountains are sometimes claimed to be the "tallest mountains on Earth". [Mauna Kea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_Kea "Mauna Kea") in Hawaii is tallest when measured from its base;[\[note 5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-base-55) it rises over 10,200 m (33,464.6 ft) from its base on the mid-ocean floor, but only attains 4,205 m (13,796 ft) above sea level.
By the same measure of base to summit, [Denali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali "Denali") (also called Mount McKinley) in [Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska "Alaska") is taller than Everest as well.[\[note 5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-base-55) Despite its height above sea level of only 6,190 m (20,308 ft), Denali sits atop a sloping plain with elevations from 300 to 900 m (980 to 2,950 ft), yielding a height above base in the range of 5,300 to 5,900 m (17,400 to 19,400 ft); a commonly quoted figure is 5,600 m (18,400 ft).[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-56)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-57) By comparison, reasonable base elevations for Everest range from 4,200 m (13,800 ft) on the south side to 5,200 m (17,100 ft) on the [Tibetan Plateau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau "Tibetan Plateau"), yielding a height above base in the range of 3,650 to 4,650 m (11,980 to 15,260 ft).[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-washburn_map-47)
The summit of [Chimborazo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimborazo "Chimborazo") in [Ecuador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador "Ecuador") is 2,168 m (7,113 ft) farther from Earth's centre (6,384.4 km or 3,967.1 mi) than that of Everest (6,382.3 km, 3,965.8 mi), because the Earth bulges at the equator.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-58) This is despite Chimborazo having a peak of 6,268 m (20,564.3 ft) above sea level versus Mount Everest's 8,848 m (29,028.9 ft).
Context and maps
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Everest-3D-Map-Type-EN.jpg "3D rendering of Mount Everest and surrounding terrain")
3D rendering of Mount Everest and surrounding terrain
Many of the highest mountains in the world are near Mount Everest, for example [Lhotse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse "Lhotse"), 8,516 m (27,940 ft); [Nuptse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuptse "Nuptse"), 7,855 m (25,771 ft), [Changtse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changtse "Changtse"), 7,580 m (24,870 ft) and [Khumbutse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbutse "Khumbutse"), 6,636 m (21,772 ft). On the southwest side, a major feature in the lower areas is the [Khumbu icefall and glacier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu_Glacier "Khumbu Glacier"), an obstacle to climbers on those routes but also to the base camps.
Southern and northern climbing routes as seen from the [International Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station "International Space Station") (The names on the photo are links to corresponding pages.)
Geology
Geologists have subdivided the rocks comprising Mount Everest into three units called [formations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_formation "Geologic formation").[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Scientiav5-59)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-IslandArcv14-60) Each formation is separated from the other by low-angle [faults](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_\(geology\) "Fault (geology)"), called [detachments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detachment_fault "Detachment fault"), along which they have been thrust southward over each other. From the summit of Mount Everest to its base these rock units are the Qomolangma Formation, the [North Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Col "North Col") Formation, and the [Rongbuk Formation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongbuk_Glacier "Rongbuk Glacier").
The Qomolangma Formation, also known as the Jolmo Lungama Formation,[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Everest1953Geo-61) runs from the summit to the top of the Yellow Band, about 8,600 m (28,200 ft) above sea level. It consists of greyish to dark grey or white, parallel laminated and bedded, [Ordovician](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician "Ordovician") limestone interlayered with subordinate beds of recrystallised [dolomite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite_\(rock\) "Dolomite (rock)") with [argillaceous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argillaceous_minerals "Argillaceous minerals") [laminae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment "Sediment") and [siltstone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltstone "Siltstone"). Gansser first reported finding microscopic fragments of [crinoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinoid "Crinoid") in this [limestone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone "Limestone").[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-62)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-63) Later [petrographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrograph "Petrograph") analysis of samples of the limestone from near the summit revealed them to be composed of carbonate pellets and finely fragmented remains of [trilobites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobite "Trilobite"), crinoids, and [ostracods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostracods "Ostracods"). Other samples were so badly sheared and recrystallised that their original constituents could not be determined. A thick, white-weathering [thrombolite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombolite "Thrombolite") bed that is 60 m (200 ft) thick comprises the foot of the "[Third Step](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Steps "Three Steps")", and base of the summit pyramid of Everest. This bed, which crops out starting about 70 m (230 ft) below the summit of Mount Everest, consists of sediments trapped, bound, and cemented by the biofilms of micro-organisms, especially [cyanobacteria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria "Cyanobacteria"), in shallow marine waters. The Qomolangma Formation is broken up by several high-angle faults that terminate at the low angle [normal fault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_fault "Normal fault"), the Qomolangma Detachment. This detachment separates it from the underlying Yellow Band. The lower five metres of the Qomolangma Formation overlying this detachment are very highly deformed.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Scientiav5-59)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-IslandArcv14-60)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-MyrowOthers2009-64)
The bulk of Mount Everest, between 7,000 and 8,600 m (23,000 and 28,200 ft), consists of the [North Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Col "North Col") Formation, of which the Yellow Band forms the upper part between 8,200 to 8,600 m (26,900 to 28,200 ft). The Yellow Band consists of [intercalated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercalation_\(geology\) "Intercalation (geology)") beds of Middle Cambrian [diopside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diopside "Diopside")\-[epidote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidote "Epidote")\-bearing [marble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble "Marble"), which weathers a distinctive yellowish brown, and [muscovite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovite "Muscovite")\-[biotite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotite "Biotite") phyllite and [semischist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schist "Schist"). Petrographic analysis of marble collected from about 8,300 m (27,200 ft) found it to consist as much as five per cent of the ghosts of recrystallised crinoid ossicles. The upper five metres of the Yellow Band lying adjacent to the Qomolangma Detachment is badly deformed. A 5–40 cm (2.0–15.7 in) thick fault [breccia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breccia "Breccia") separates it from the overlying Qomolangma Formation.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Scientiav5-59)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-IslandArcv14-60)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-MyrowOthers2009-64)
The remainder of the North Col Formation, exposed between 7,000 to 8,200 m (23,000 to 26,900 ft) on Mount Everest, consists of interlayered and deformed schist, [phyllite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllite "Phyllite"), and minor marble. Between 7,600 and 8,200 m (24,900 and 26,900 ft), the North Col Formation consists chiefly of biotite-quartz phyllite and chlorite-biotite phyllite intercalated with minor amounts of biotite-[sericite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sericite "Sericite")\-quartz schist. Between 7,000 and 7,600 m (23,000 and 24,900 ft), the lower part of the North Col Formation consists of biotite-quartz schist intercalated with epidote-quartz schist, biotite-calcite-quartz schist, and thin layers of [quartzose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz "Quartz") [marble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble "Marble"). These metamorphic rocks appear to be the result of the metamorphism of Middle to Early [Cambrian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian "Cambrian") deep sea [flysch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flysch "Flysch") composed of interbedded, [mudstone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudstone "Mudstone"), [shale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale "Shale"), clayey [sandstone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone "Sandstone"), calcareous sandstone, [graywacke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graywacke "Graywacke"), and sandy limestone. The base of the North Col Formation is a regional low-angle normal fault called the "Lhotse detachment".[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Scientiav5-59)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-IslandArcv14-60)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-MyrowOthers2009-64)
Below 7,000 m (23,000 ft), the Rongbuk Formation underlies the North Col Formation and forms the base of Mount Everest. It consists of [sillimanite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillimanite "Sillimanite")\-[K-feldspar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-feldspar "K-feldspar") grade schist and [gneiss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneiss "Gneiss") intruded by numerous [sills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sill_\(geology\) "Sill (geology)") and [dikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dike_\(geology\) "Dike (geology)") of [leucogranite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite "Granite") ranging in thickness from 1 cm to 1,500 m (0.4 in to 4,900 ft).[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-IslandArcv14-60)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-65) These leucogranites are part of a belt of Late [Oligocene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocene "Oligocene")–[Miocene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene "Miocene") intrusive rocks known as the Higher Himalayan leucogranite. They formed as the result of partial melting of [Paleoproterozoic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoproterozoic "Paleoproterozoic") to Ordovician high-grade metasedimentary rocks of the Higher Himalayan Sequence about 20 to 24 million years ago during the subduction of the Indian Plate.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-66)
Mount Everest consists of [sedimentary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rock "Sedimentary rock") and [metamorphic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rock "Metamorphic rock") rocks that have been faulted southward over continental crust composed of Archean granulites of the Indian Plate [during the Cenozoic collision of India with Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_Himalaya "Geology of the Himalaya").[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-67)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-68)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-69) Current interpretations argue that the Qomolangma and North Col formations consist of marine sediments that accumulated within the continental shelf of the northern passive continental margin of India before it collided with Asia. The Cenozoic collision of India with Asia subsequently deformed and metamorphosed these strata as it thrust them southward and upward.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-70)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-71) The Rongbuk Formation consists of a sequence of high-grade metamorphic and granitic rocks that were derived from the alteration of high-grade metasedimentary rocks. During the collision of India with Asia, these rocks were thrust downward and to the north as they were overridden by other strata; heated, metamorphosed, and partially melted at depths of over 15 to 20 kilometres (9.3 to 12.4 mi) below sea level; and then forced upward to surface by thrusting towards the south between two major detachments.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-72) Mount Everest is rising by about 2 mm per year.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-73)
IUGS geological heritage site
In respect of the recognition of the "highest rocks on the planet" as fossiliferous, marine limestone, the Ordovician Rocks of Mount Everest were included by the [International Union of Geological Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences "International Union of Geological Sciences") (IUGS) in its assemblage of 100 geological heritage sites around the world in a listing published in October 2022. The organisation defines an IUGS Geological Heritage Site as "a key place with geological elements and/or processes of international scientific relevance, used as a reference, and/or with a substantial contribution to the development of geological sciences through history."[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-74)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_Up_View_of_Mount_Everest_from_Kala_Patthar_\(5644_m\)_in_2023-IMG-3485.jpg "Mount Everest with snow melted, showing upper geologic layers in bands")
Mount Everest with snow melted, showing upper geologic layers in bands
Flora and fauna
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yak_at_third_lake_in_Gokyo.jpg)
A yak at around 4,790 m (15,720 ft)
There is very little native flora or fauna on Everest. A type of [moss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss "Moss") grows at 6,480 metres (21,260 ft) on Mount Everest and it may be the highest altitude plant species.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-75) An alpine cushion plant called *[Arenaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenaria_\(plant\) "Arenaria (plant)")* is known to grow below 5,500 metres (18,000 ft) in the region.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-autumn-76) According to the study based on satellite data from 1993 to 2018, vegetation is expanding in the Everest region. Researchers have found plants in areas that were previously deemed bare.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-77)
A minute black [jumping spider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumping_spider "Jumping spider") of the genus *[Euophrys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euophrys "Euophrys")* has been found at elevations as high as 6,700 metres (22,000 ft),[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-wanless-78) possibly making it the highest confirmed non-microscopic permanent resident on Earth. Another Euophrys species, *E. everestensis*, has been found at 5,030 metres (16,500 ft), and may feed on insects that have been blown there by the wind.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-wanless-78) There is a high likelihood of microscopic life at even higher altitudes.
The [bar-headed goose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-headed_goose "Bar-headed goose") migrates over the Himalayas and have been seen flying at the higher altitudes of the mountain.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-his7-79) In 1953, George Lowe (part of the expedition of Tenzing and Hillary) said that he saw bar-headed geese flying over Everest's summit.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-80) Another bird species, the [chough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chough "Chough"), have been spotted as high as the [South Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Col "South Col") at 7,906 m (25,938 ft)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-81) and [yellow-billed choughs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-billed_chough "Yellow-billed chough") have been seen as high as 7,900 m (25,919 ft).[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-his7-79)
[Yaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yak "Yak") are often used to haul gear for Mount Everest climbs. They can haul around 100 kg (220 pounds), have thick fur and large lungs.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-autumn-76) Other animals in the region include the [Himalayan tahr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_tahr "Himalayan tahr"), which is sometimes the prey of the [snow leopard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_leopard "Snow leopard").[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-82) The [Himalayan black bear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_black_bear "Himalayan black bear") can be found up to about 4,300 metres (14,000 ft) and the [red panda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_panda "Red panda") is also present in the region.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-83) One expedition found a surprising range of species in the region including a [pika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pika "Pika") and ten new species of ants.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-84)
Conservation
From the Nepalese side, Everest is protected as part of [Sagarmatha National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagarmatha_National_Park "Sagarmatha National Park"),[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-85) while from the Chinese side the mountain is protected as part of [Qomolangma National Nature Reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qomolangma_National_Nature_Preserve "Qomolangma National Nature Preserve").[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-86)
Climate
Mount Everest has an [ice cap climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cap_climate "Ice cap climate") (Köppen *EF*) with all months averaging well below freezing.[\[note 6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-87)
| Climate data for Mount Everest (Summit) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | −36 (−33) | −35 (−31) | −32 (−26) | −31 (−24) | −25 (−13) | −20 (−4) | −18 (0) | −18 (0) | −21 (−6) | −27 (−17) | −30 (−22) | −34 (−29) | −36 (−33) |
| Source: [\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-88) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Climate change
The icefall is moving by ~1m per day, a rate that has roughly doubled since 2009.
The base camp for Everest expeditions based out of Nepal is located by [Khumbu Glacier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu_Glacier "Khumbu Glacier"), which is rapidly thinning and destabilizing due to [climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change"), making it unsafe for climbers. As recommended by the committee formed by Nepal's government to facilitate and monitor mountaineering in the Everest region, Taranath Adhikari—the director general of Nepal's tourism department—said they have plans to move the base camp to a lower altitude. This would mean a longer distance for climbers between the base camp and Camp 1. Although officials had initially stated that the move might happen by 2024,[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-89) resistance from the climbing and Sherpa communities resulted in the move being put on hold, in part because there is no viable alternative camp location that would allow climbers to pass through the icefall in the safer early morning hours.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-90)
Meteorology
| [Atmospheric pressure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure "Atmospheric pressure") comparison | Pressure | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| [kilopascal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_\(unit\) "Pascal (unit)") | [psi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch "Pounds per square inch") | | |
| [Olympus Mons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympus_Mons "Olympus Mons") summit | 0\.03 | 0\.0044 | – |
| [Mars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars "Mars") average | 0\.6 | 0\.087 | – |
| [Hellas Planitia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_Planitia "Hellas Planitia") bottom | 1\.16 | 0\.168 | – |
| [Armstrong limit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_limit "Armstrong limit") | 6\.25 | 0\.906 | – |
| Mount Everest summit | 33\.7 | 4\.89 | [\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-91) |
| Earth [sea level](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level "Sea level") | 101\.3 | 14\.69 | – |
| [Dead Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea "Dead Sea") level | 106\.7 | 15\.48 | [\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-92) |
| Surface of [Venus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus "Venus") | 9,200 | 1,330 | [\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-93) |
In 2008, a new weather station at about 8,000 m (26,000 ft) elevation went online.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-uiaa-94) The project was orchestrated by Stations at High Altitude for Research on the Environment (SHARE), which also placed the [Mount Everest webcam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_webcam "Mount Everest webcam") in 2011.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-uiaa-94)[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-95) The solar-powered weather station is on the [South Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Col "South Col").[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-96)
Mount Everest extends into the upper [troposphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troposphere "Troposphere") and penetrates the [stratosphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratosphere "Stratosphere").[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-dz-97) The air pressure at the summit is generally about one-third what it is at sea level. The altitude can expose the summit to the fast and freezing winds of the [jet stream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_stream "Jet stream").[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Peplow2004-98) Winds commonly attain 160 km/h (100 mph);[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-theweek-99) in February 2004, a wind speed of 280 km/h (175 mph) was recorded at the summit.
These winds can hamper or endanger climbers, by blowing them into chasms[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-theweek-99) or (by [Bernoulli's principle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_principle "Bernoulli's principle")) by lowering the air pressure further, reducing available oxygen by up to 14 percent.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Peplow2004-98)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-100) To avoid the harshest winds, climbers typically aim for a 7- to 10-day window in the spring and fall when the Asian [monsoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon "Monsoon") season is starting up or ending.
Mount Everest hosts several weather stations that collect important data on high-altitude weather conditions. Among them is the Balcony Station, the highest weather station on the planet, located at about 8,430 metres (27,660 ft) above sea level. Set up by climate scientists Tom Matthews and Baker Perry in 2019, this station is positioned just below the summit of Everest, which is the highest point on Earth.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-101)
As of January 20, 2020, the Balcony Station ceased transmitting data.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-102)
Expeditions
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Climbing_through_the_Yellow_Band,_Mt._Everest,_-May_2007_a.jpg)
Climbers below the [Geneva Spur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Spur "Geneva Spur")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1963_reunion_of_the_1953_Everest-climbing_expedition.jpg)
Reunion of the 1953 British team
Because Everest is the highest mountain in the world, it has attracted considerable attention and climbing attempts. Whether the mountain was climbed in ancient times is unknown. It may have been climbed in 1924, although this has never been confirmed, as neither man making the attempt returned. Climbing routes have been established over decades of expeditions.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-103)
The summit is first known to have been reached by humans in 1953.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-la-104) Despite the effort poured into expeditions, only about 200 people had summited by 1987.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-la-104) Everest remained a difficult climb for decades, even by professional climbers and large national expeditions, which were the norm until the commercial era began in the 1990s.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-japtimes-105) As of December 2024, [The Himalayan Database](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Himalayan_Database "The Himalayan Database") recorded just under 13,000 total summits, by around 7,200 different people.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-106)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-107)[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-108)
Although lower mountains have longer or steeper climbs, Everest is so high the [jet stream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_stream "Jet stream") can hit it. Climbers can be faced with winds beyond 320 km/h (200 mph) when the weather shifts.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-109) At certain times of the year the jet stream shifts north, providing periods of relative calm at the mountain.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-wind-110) Other dangers include blizzards and avalanches.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-wind-110)
Early attempts
In 1885, [Clinton Thomas Dent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Thomas_Dent "Clinton Thomas Dent"), president of the [Alpine Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Club_\(UK\) "Alpine Club (UK)"), suggested climbing Everest was possible in his book *Above the Snow Line*.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-111) The northern approach to the mountain was discovered by [George Mallory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mallory "George Mallory") and [Guy Bullock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Bullock "Guy Bullock") on the initial [1921 British Reconnaissance Expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_British_Mount_Everest_reconnaissance_expedition "1921 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition"). It was not equipped for a serious attempt to climb the mountain. With Mallory leading, and thus becoming the first European to set foot on Everest's flanks, they climbed the North Col to an altitude of 7,005 metres (22,982 ft). From there, Mallory espied a route to the top, but the party was unprepared to climb further and descended. The British returned for a [1922 expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1922 British Mount Everest expedition"). On the first summit attempt Mallory, [Col. Felix Norton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Felix_Norton "Edward Felix Norton"), and [Howard Somervell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Somervell "Howard Somervell") without supplemental oxygen reached 8,225 m (26,985 ft), the first time a human reported to climb higher than 8,000 m (26,247 ft). [George Finch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Finch_\(chemist\) "George Finch (chemist)") together with [Geoffrey Bruce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Bruce "Geoffrey Bruce") climbed using oxygen for the first time. They ascended at a remarkable speed—290 metres (951 ft) per hour—and reached an altitude of 8,321 m (27,300 ft).
The [next expedition was in 1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_British_Mount_Everest_Expedition "1924 British Mount Everest Expedition"). The initial attempt by Mallory and Geoffrey Bruce was aborted when weather conditions prevented the establishment of Camp VI. The next attempt was by Norton and Somervell, who climbed without oxygen and in perfect weather, traversing the North Face into the [Great Couloir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Couloir "Great Couloir"). Norton managed to reach, 8,572.8 m (28,126 ft) though he ascended only 30 m (100 ft) or so in the last hour. Mallory used oxygen equipment for a last-ditch effort. He chose young [Andrew Irvine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Irvine_\(mountaineer\) "Andrew Irvine (mountaineer)") as his partner.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-112) On 8 June 1924, George Mallory and [Andrew Irvine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Irvine_\(mountaineer\) "Andrew Irvine (mountaineer)") made an attempt on the summit via the North Col-North Ridge-Northeast Ridge route from which they never returned. On 1 May 1999, the [Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallory_and_Irvine_Research_Expedition "Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition") found Mallory's body on the North Face in a snow basin below and to the west of the traditional site of Camp VI. Controversy has raged in the mountaineering community whether one or both reached the summit 29 years before the first confirmed ascent and safe descent in 1953. Irvine's detached foot, still in a boot and sock, was found in 2024.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-113)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Condor_Films_1952.jpg)
1952 documentary
In 1933, [Lady Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy,_Lady_Houston "Lucy, Lady Houston"), a British [millionaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millionaire "Millionaire"), funded the [Houston Everest Flight of 1933](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston%E2%80%93Mount_Everest_flight_expedition "Houston–Mount Everest flight expedition"), which saw a formation of two [aeroplanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_Wallace "Westland Wallace") led by the [Marquess of Clydesdale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Douglas-Hamilton,_14th_Duke_of_Hamilton "Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton") fly over the Everest [summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_\(topography\) "Summit (topography)").[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-114)[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-115)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-116)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-117)
Early expeditions—such as [Charles Bruce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Granville_Bruce "Charles Granville Bruce")'s in the 1920s and [Hugh Ruttledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Ruttledge "Hugh Ruttledge")'s two unsuccessful attempts in [1933](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1933 British Mount Everest expedition") and [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1936 British Mount Everest expedition")—tried to ascend the mountain from [Tibet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet "Tibet"), via the North Face. Access was closed from the north to Western expeditions in 1950 after China took control of Tibet. In 1950, [Bill Tilman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Tilman "Bill Tilman") and a small party which included [Charles Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Snead_Houston "Charles Snead Houston"), Oscar Houston, and Betsy Cowles undertook an [exploratory expedition to Everest through Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_reconnaissance_from_Nepal#1950_Houston%E2%80%93Tilman_exploration_of_Solu_Khumbu "Mount Everest reconnaissance from Nepal") along the route which has become the standard approach to Everest from the south.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-118)
The [1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Swiss_Mount_Everest_expedition "1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition") was granted permission to attempt a climb from Nepal. It established a route through the Khumbu icefall and ascended to the South Col at an elevation of 7,986 m (26,201 ft). [Raymond Lambert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Lambert "Raymond Lambert") and [Sherpa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpa_people "Sherpa people") [Tenzing Norgay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay "Tenzing Norgay") were able to reach an elevation of about 8,595 m (28,199 ft) on the Southeast Ridge, setting a new climbing altitude record. Tenzing's experience was useful when he was hired to be part of the British expedition in 1953.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-119) The Swiss made another post-monsoon attempt in the autumn; they made it to the South Col but were driven back by winter winds and severe cold.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-120)[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-121)
First successful ascent by Tenzing and Hillary, 1953
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Hillary_and_Tenzing_Norgay.jpg)
[Edmund Hillary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary "Edmund Hillary") and [Tenzing Norgay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay "Tenzing Norgay")
In 1953, a ninth British expedition, led by [John Hunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunt,_Baron_Hunt "John Hunt, Baron Hunt"), returned to Nepal. Hunt selected two climbing pairs to attempt the summit. The first, [Tom Bourdillon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bourdillon "Tom Bourdillon") and [Charles Evans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Evans_\(mountaineer\) "Charles Evans (mountaineer)"), came within 100 m (330 ft) of the summit on 26 May 1953, but turned back after running into oxygen problems. As planned, their work in routefinding, breaking trail and oxygen caches were of great aid to the following pair. Two days later, the expedition made its second assault with the second pair: New Zealander [Edmund Hillary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary "Edmund Hillary") and [Tenzing Norgay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay "Tenzing Norgay"), a Nepali [Sherpa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpa_people "Sherpa people") climber. They reached the summit at 11:30 am local time on 29 May 1953 via the South Col route. At the time, both acknowledged it as a team effort by the whole expedition, but Tenzing revealed a few years later that Hillary had put his foot on the summit first.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Ullman-122) They took photos and buried sweets and a small cross in the snow before descending.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-123)
1950s–60s
On 23 May 1956, [Ernst Schmied](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Schmied "Ernst Schmied") and [Juerg Marmet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juerg_Marmet "Juerg Marmet") ascended.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-124) [Wang Fuzhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Fuzhou "Wang Fuzhou"), [Gonpo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongbu_\(mountaineer\) "Gongbu (mountaineer)") and Qu Yinhua of China made the first reported [ascent of the peak from the North Ridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Chinese_Mount_Everest_expedition "1960 Chinese Mount Everest expedition") in May 1960.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-NorthRidge-15) The first American to climb Everest, [Jim Whittaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Whittaker "Jim Whittaker"), joined by [Nawang Gombu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawang_Gombu "Nawang Gombu"), reached the summit on 1 May 1963 on the [American Mount Everest expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_American_Mount_Everest_expedition "1963 American Mount Everest expedition") and on 22 May on the same expedition [Tom Hornbein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hornbein "Tom Hornbein") and [Willi Unsoeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Unsoeld "Willi Unsoeld") were the first the traverse the mountain by climbing via the [North Face](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Face_\(Everest\) "North Face (Everest)") and descending via the [South Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Col "South Col").[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-125)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-126)
1970s
In 1970, Japanese mountaineers conducted a major expedition. The centrepiece was a large "siege"-style expedition, working on finding a new route up the Southwest Face.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnsworth2000594-127) Another element was an attempt to ski Everest.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-japtimes-105) Despite a staff of over one hundred and a decade of planning, the expedition suffered eight deaths and failed to summit.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-japtimes-105) However, Japanese expeditions enjoyed some successes. [Yuichiro Miura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuichiro_Miura "Yuichiro Miura") became the first man to ski down Everest from the South Col—he descended nearly 1,300 vertical metres (4,200 ft) from the South Col before falling with extreme injuries. Another success was an expedition that put four on the summit via the South Col route.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-japtimes-105)[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-128)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-129) Miura's exploits became the subject of film, and he went on to become the oldest person to summit Everest in 2003 aged 70 and in 2013 aged 80.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-130)
In 1975, [Junko Tabei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junko_Tabei "Junko Tabei") became the first woman to summit Everest.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-japtimes-105) The [1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_British_Mount_Everest_Southwest_Face_expedition "1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition") led and organised by [Chris Bonington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Bonington "Chris Bonington") made the first ascent of the Southwest Face from the [Western Cwm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Cwm "Western Cwm"). In 1978, [Reinhold Messner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner "Reinhold Messner") and [Peter Habeler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Habeler "Peter Habeler") made the first ascent of Everest without supplemental oxygen.
1979/1980: Winter Himalaism
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Everest_winter_1980_cert.jpg)
Confirmation of the summit obtained by [Nepal's Ministry of Tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Tourism_Board "Nepal Tourism Board")
The Polish climber [Andrzej Zawada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Zawada "Andrzej Zawada") headed the first winter ascent of Everest, the first winter ascent of an eight-thousander. On 15 January, the team managed to set up Camp III at 7,150 metres (23,460 ft) above sea level, but further action was stopped by hurricane-force winds. The weather improved after 11 February, when [Leszek Cichy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leszek_Cichy "Leszek Cichy"), Walenty Fiut and [Krzysztof Wielicki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Wielicki "Krzysztof Wielicki") set up camp IV on [South Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Col "South Col") at 7,906 metres (25,938 ft). Cichy and Wielicki started the final ascent at 6:50 am on 17 February. At 2:40 pm [Andrzej Zawada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Zawada "Andrzej Zawada") at base camp heard the climbers' voices over the radio – "We are on the summit! The strong wind blows all the time. It is unimaginably cold."[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-131)[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-theclymb.com-132)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-133) The successful winter ascent started a new decade of Winter Himalaism, which became a Polish specialisation. After 1980 Poles did ten first winter ascents on [8000 metre peaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-thousander "Eight-thousander").[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-134)[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-theclymb.com-132)[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-135)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-136)
Lho La tragedy, 1989
In 1989, Polish climbers under the leadership of Eugeniusz Chrobak organised an international expedition to Everest on a difficult western ridge. Ten Poles and nine foreigners participated, but only the Poles remained in the attempt for the summit. On 24 May, Chrobak and Andrzej Marciniak, starting from camp V at 8,200 metres (26,900 ft), overcame the ridge and reached the summit. But on 27 May, during an avalanche from the side of [Khumbutse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbutse "Khumbutse") near the [Lho La](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lho_La "Lho La") pass, four climbers were killed: Mirosław Dąsal, Mirosław Gardzielewski, [Zygmunt Andrzej Heinrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Andrzej_Heinrich "Zygmunt Andrzej Heinrich") and Wacław Otręba. The following day, due to his injuries, Chrobak died. Marciniak, who was injured, was saved by a rescue expedition in which [Artur Hajzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Hajzer "Artur Hajzer") and New Zealanders [Gary Ball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ball "Gary Ball") and [Rob Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Hall "Rob Hall") took part. The organisation of the rescue included [Reinhold Messner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner "Reinhold Messner"), [Elizabeth Hawley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Hawley "Elizabeth Hawley"), [Carlos Carsolio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Carsolio "Carlos Carsolio") and the US consul.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-137)
1996 disaster
On 10 and 11 May 1996, eight climbers died after guided expeditions were caught in a blizzard during a summit attempt on 10 May. During the 1996 season, 15 people died. These were the highest death tolls for a single weather event, and season, until the 16 deaths in the [2014 Mount Everest ice avalanche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Mount_Everest_ice_avalanche "2014 Mount Everest ice avalanche"). The guiding disaster gained publicity and raised questions about the commercialisation of climbing and the safety of guiding clients on Everest.
Journalist [Jon Krakauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Krakauer "Jon Krakauer"), on assignment from *[Outside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_\(magazine\) "Outside (magazine)")* magazine, was in one of the affected guided parties, and published the bestseller *[Into Thin Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_Thin_Air "Into Thin Air")*, which related his experience. Krakauer was critical of guide [Anatoli Boukreev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoli_Boukreev "Anatoli Boukreev").[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-138)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Russia_Beyond-139) A year later, Boukreev co-authored *[The Climb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Climb_\(book\) "The Climb (book)")*, in part as a rebuttal of Krakauer's portrayal.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-140) The dispute sparked debate within the climbing community. Boukreev was awarded The American Alpine Club's David Sowles Award for his rescue efforts on the expedition.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Russia_Beyond-139) In 2004 researchers from the [University of Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto "University of Toronto") told the *[New Scientist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist "New Scientist")* that analysis of conditions on 11 May suggested that weather caused oxygen levels to plunge about 14 per cent.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-141)[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-142)
One survivor was [Beck Weathers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck_Weathers "Beck Weathers"), left for dead about 275 metres (900 feet) from Camp 4 at 7,950 metres (26,085 feet). After spending a night on the mountain, Weathers made it back to Camp 4 with massive frostbite and vision impaired due to snow blindness.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-badassoftheweek.com-143) Fellow climbers considered his condition terminal and left him in a tent to die overnight.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-DMag-144) Weathers was lowered to Camp 2 and a helicopter rescue was organised by the Nepali Army.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-badassoftheweek.com-143)[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-DMag-144) The storm's impact on climbers on the North Ridge, where several climbers also died, was detailed in a first-hand account by [Matt Dickinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Dickinson "Matt Dickinson") in his book *The Other Side of Everest*. Sixteen-year-old Mark Pfetzer was on the climb and wrote about it in, *Within Reach: My Everest Story*. The 2015 feature film *[Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_\(2015_film\) "Everest (2015 film)")* is based on the events of this guiding disaster.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-145)
2006
| 2006 fatalities | |
|---|---|
| Deaths[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-146) | Nation[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-himalayandatabase2006-147) |
| Tuk Bahadur Thapa Masa |  [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal "Nepal") |
| Igor Plyushkin |  [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia "Russia") |
| [Vitor Negrete](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitor_Negrete "Vitor Negrete") |  [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") |
| [David Sharp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sharp_\(mountaineer\) "David Sharp (mountaineer)") |  [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") |
| Thomas Weber |  [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") |
| [Tomas Olsson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Olsson "Tomas Olsson") |  [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") |
| Jacques-Hugues Letrange |  [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France") |
| Ang Phinjo |  [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal "Nepal") |
| \*[Pavel Kalny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Kalny "Pavel Kalny") |  [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic") |
| Lhakpa Tseri[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-deaths-148) |  [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal "Nepal") |
| Dawa Temba[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-deaths-148) |  [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal "Nepal") |
| Sri Kishan[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-himalayandatabase2006-147) |  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") |
| *\*Lhotse face fatality* | |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avalanche_on_Everest.jpg)
Small avalanche on Everest, 2006
In 2006, 12 people died.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-149) [David Sharp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sharp_\(mountaineer\) "David Sharp (mountaineer)")'s death triggered debate and years of discussion about climbing ethics. The question was whether climbers had left a man to die and whether he could have been saved. He attempted to summit alone with two bottles of oxygen, compared to the standard five used by most climbers.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-150)[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-top-151) He arranged his permit through [Asian Trekking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Trekking "Asian Trekking"), a Kathmandu-based company that provided basic services to base camp, but not beyond that point.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-152) Sharp climbed without a radio or guide.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-top-151) Multiple climbing parties encountered Sharp in distress.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-153)
Double-amputee climber [Mark Inglis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Inglis "Mark Inglis") said that on 15 May his climbing party, and many others, had passed Sharp, sheltering under a rock overhang 450 metres (1,480 ft) below the summit, without attempting a rescue.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-154) Inglis said 40 people had passed by Sharp, but he might have been overlooked as climbers assumed Sharp was the corpse nicknamed "[Green Boots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Boots "Green Boots")",[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-155) but Inglis was not aware that climbers had tried to help Sharp despite being in the process of helping an injured woman, [Burçak Özoğlu Poçan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bur%C3%A7ak_%C3%96zo%C4%9Flu_Po%C3%A7an "Burçak Özoğlu Poçan"), down. There has been discussion about [Himex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himex "Himex") in the commentary on Inglis and Sharp. In regard to Inglis's initial comments, he later revised details because he had been interviewed while he was "physically and mentally exhausted, and in much pain. He had suffered frostbite – he later had five fingertips amputated."[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-thefever-156) It was estimated that Sharp summited on 14 May and began his descent, but on 15 May he was in trouble and being passed by climbers on their way up and down.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-change-157) It is believed he was suffering from hypoxia and was about 300 m (1,000 ft) from the summit on the North Side route.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-change-157)
[*The Tribune*, India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tribune_\(India\) "The Tribune (India)"), quoted someone who described what happened to Sharp as "the most shameful act in the history of mountaineering".[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-158) Much of this controversy was captured by the *[Discovery Channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channel "Discovery Channel")* while filming *[Everest: Beyond the Limit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest:_Beyond_the_Limit "Everest: Beyond the Limit")*. A crucial decision affecting Sharp is shown where a returning climber, adventurer [Maxim Chaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Chaya "Maxim Chaya"), is descending and radios his base camp manager ([Russell Brice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Brice "Russell Brice")) that he has found a frostbitten and unconscious climber in distress. Chaya is unable to identify Sharp, who had chosen to climb solo and did not identify himself to other climbers. The manager assumes Sharp is part of a group that has already calculated they must abandon him, and informs his lone climber there is no chance of him being able to help Sharp by himself. As Sharp's condition deteriorates and other descending climbers pass him, his opportunities for rescue diminish: his legs and feet curl from frostbite, preventing him walking; later descending climbers are lower on oxygen and lack the strength to offer aid; time runs out for Sherpas to return and rescue him. Sharp's body remained just below the summit on the Chinese side next to "Green Boots"; they shared a space in a rock cave that was an ad hoc tomb.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-change-157) Sharp's body was removed from the cave in 2007,[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-159) and since 2014, Green Boots has been missing, presumably removed or buried.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Nuwer-14)
As the Sharp debate started, on 26 May Australian climber [Lincoln Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Hall_\(climber\) "Lincoln Hall (climber)") was found alive after being left.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:2-160) He was found by a party of four climbers who, giving up their own attempt, stayed with Hall and descended with him and 11 Sherpas sent up to carry him down. Hall fully recovered. His team had assumed he had died from cerebral edema, and were instructed to cover him with rocks.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:2-160) There were no rocks to do this and he was abandoned.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:3-161) The erroneous information of his death was passed to his family.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:3-161)
2007
On 21 May 2007, Canadian climber [Meagan McGrath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meagan_McGrath "Meagan McGrath") initiated the successful high-altitude rescue of Nepali Usha Bista. McGrath was selected as a 2011 recipient of the Sir Edmund Hillary Foundation of Canada Humanitarian Award, which recognises a Canadian who has contributed a significant service in the Himalayan Region of Nepal.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-162)
Ascent statistics up to 2010 season
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EverestAscents.svg)
Ascents of Mount Everest by year through 2010
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sunrise_over_Everest.jpg)
The sun rising on Everest in 2011
By the end of 2010, there had been 5,104 summits by about 3,142 individuals, with 77 per cent accomplished since 2000.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-8000ers-163) The summit was achieved in 7 of the 22 years from 1953 to 1974 and not missed between 1975 and 2014.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-8000ers-163) An illustration of the explosion of popularity is provided by the number of daily ascents. Analysis of the [1996 Mount Everest disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Mount_Everest_disaster "1996 Mount Everest disaster") shows part of the blame was on the bottleneck caused by a large number of climbers (33 to 36) attempting to summit on the same day; this was unusually high at the time. By comparison, on 23 May 2010, the summit was reached by 169 climbers – more summits in a single day than in the 31 years from the first successful summit in 1953 to 1983.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-8000ers-163) Nearly all attempts at the summit are done using one of two main routes. In 2005–07, more than half elected to use the more challenging, but cheaper northeast route. In 2008, the northeast route was closed by the Chinese government for the season, and the only people able to summit from the north that year were athletes [carrying the Olympic torch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics_summit_of_Mt._Everest "2008 Summer Olympics summit of Mt. Everest") for the [2008 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics "2008 Summer Olympics").[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-164) The route was closed to foreigners in 2009 in the run-up to the 50th anniversary of the Dalai Lama's exile.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-165) These closures led to declining interest in the north route, and in 2010, two-thirds summitted from the south.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-8000ers-163)
2010s
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andreas_Breitfuss_Mt_Everest_Summit.jpg)
Selfie on the summit, 2012
The 2010s were a time of new highs and lows for the mountain, with disasters in 2013 and 2014 causing record deaths. In 2015 there were no summits for the first time in decades.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:0x-166) A record was set in 2019 with over 890 summiters.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-time5604758-167)
2014 avalanche
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Everest3d_qbd_2014116.jpg)
The location of the fatal ice avalanche on the 2014 route, and the revised 2015 route through the Khumbu
On 18 April 2014, an avalanche hit the area just below Base Camp 2.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-168) 16 people were killed, all Nepali guides, and nine injured.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-169) In response, Sherpa climbing guides walked off the job and most climbing companies pulled out in respect for the Sherpa people mourning their loss.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-170)[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-171)
2015 avalanche and earthquake
2015 was set to be a record-breaking season of climbs, with hundreds of permits. However, on 25 April 2015, an [earthquake measuring 7.8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake "April 2015 Nepal earthquake") [Mw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale "Moment magnitude scale") triggered an avalanche that hit [Everest Base Camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_Base_Camp "Everest Base Camp"),[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-172) shutting down the season.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-173) 18 bodies were recovered by the Indian Army mountaineering team.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-174) The avalanche began on [Pumori](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumori "Pumori"),[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-175) moved through the [Khumbu Icefall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu_Icefall "Khumbu Icefall") on the southwest side of Everest, and slammed into the [South Base Camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_Base_Camp#South_Base_Camp_in_Nepal "Everest Base Camp").[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-176) 2015 was the first time since 1974 with no spring summits, as all climbing teams pulled out.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-177)[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-WillEverest-178) One reason for this was the high probability of aftershocks.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-179) Just weeks after the first quake, the region experienced a 7.3 quake and there were [many aftershocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aftershocks_of_April_2015_Nepal_earthquake "List of aftershocks of April 2015 Nepal earthquake").[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-180)
The quakes trapped hundreds of climbers above the Khumbu icefall, and they had to be evacuated by helicopter as they ran low on supplies.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-supplies-181) The quake shifted the route through the ice fall, making it impassable.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-supplies-181) Bad weather made helicopter evacuation difficult.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-supplies-181) There was a large impact overall on Nepal, with 9,000 dead.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-182)[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-183) In Tibet, by 28 April at least 25 had died.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-184)
2016 and 2017
| Year | Summiters | References |
|---|---|---|
| 2010 | 543 | [\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-time5604758-167) |
| 2011 | 538 | [\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-time5604758-167) |
| [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_in_2012 "Mount Everest in 2012") | 547 | [\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-NG-20130600-185) |
| [2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_in_2013 "Mount Everest in 2013") | 658–670 | [\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-186)[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-time5604758-167) |
| 2014 | 106 | [\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-187) |
| 2015 | 0 | [\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-188)[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-time5604758-167) |
| [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_in_2016 "Mount Everest in 2016") | 641 | [\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-189) |
| [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_in_2017 "Mount Everest in 2017") | 648 | [\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk1-190) |
| [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_in_2018 "Mount Everest in 2018") | 807 | [\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:0x-166)[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:0-191) |
| 2019 | 891 | [\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-time5604758-167) |
| 2020 | 0 | [\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-192) |
Hawley's database records 641 made it to the summit in early 2016.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-193) 2017 was the biggest season yet, yielding hundreds of summiters and a handful of deaths.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-194) On 27 May, [Kami Rita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kami_Rita "Kami Rita") made his 21st summit with the Alpine Ascents Everest Expedition, one of three people, along with [Apa Sherpa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apa_Sherpa "Apa Sherpa") and [Phurba Tashi Sherpa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phurba_Tashi "Phurba Tashi") to make it to the summit 21 times.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-195)[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-196) The season had a tragic start with the death of [Ueli Steck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ueli_Steck "Ueli Steck"), who died from a fall during a warm-up climb.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-197) There was continued discussion about possible changes to the [Hillary Step](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Step "Hillary Step").[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-198) Summiters for 2017 was tallied up to be 648.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk1-190)
2018
A record 891 summited in 2018.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:4-199) One factor that aided this was an especially long and clear weather window of 11 days during the critical spring climbing season.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:0x-166)[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-auto5-200)[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:0-191) Various records were broken, including a summit by double-amputee [Xia Boyu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_Boyu "Xia Boyu"), after winning a case in the Nepali Supreme Court.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:0x-166) 7 climbers died.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:0x-166) Although record numbers summitted, old-time summiteers that made expeditions in the 1980s lamented the crowding, feces, and cost.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-auto5-200)
2019
| 2019 fatalities[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-upi.com-201) | |
|---|---|
| [Fatalities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_died_climbing_Mount_Everest "List of people who died climbing Mount Everest") | Nationality |
| Chris Daly |  [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") |
| Donald Cash |  [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") |
| Robin Fisher |  [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") |
| Druba Bista |  [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal "Nepal") |
| Kevin Hynes |  [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland") |
| Kalpana Dash |  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") |
| Anjali S. Kulkarni |  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") |
| Ernst Landgraf |  [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria "Austria") |
| Nihal Bagwan |  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") |
| Ravi Thakar |  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") |
| Chris Kulish |  [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") |
| Séamus Lawless\*[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Slater-202) |  [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland") |
| *\*Declared dead after missing* | |
The spring or pre-monsoon window for 2019 witnessed the deaths of climbers. Images of hundreds queuing to reach the summit and reports of climbers stepping over dead bodies dismayed people around the world.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-203)[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-204)[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-205)
There was an announcement of an expedition to re-measure the height of Everest, particularly in light of the 2015 earthquakes.[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-206)[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-207)[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-208) Among the climbing teams was a scientific expedition with a planned study of pollution, and how things like snow and vegetation influence the availability of food and water in the region.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-209) In the 2019 spring season, there were roughly 40 teams with almost 400 climbers and several hundred guides attempting to summit on the Nepali side.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-nbcrita-210)[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-cnnrita-211)[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-212) Nepal issued 381 climbing permits for 2019.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:4-199) For the northern routes in Chinese Tibet, several hundred more permits were issued.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-213) In May, Nepali mountaineering guide Kami Rita summited twice within a week, his 23rd and 24th ascents.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-214)[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-nbcrita-210)[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-cnnrita-211)
By 28 May, the death toll reached 11, when a climber died at about 7,900 m (26,000 ft) during the descent,[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-upi.com-201) and a 12th climber was missing and later declared dead.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Slater-202) The deaths were possibly due to crowding leading to delays high on the mountain, and shorter weather windows.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:4-199) Someone who had summited previously noted that when the weather window opens, long lines form as everyone rushes to summit and get back down.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-215)[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-216) Despite the number of deaths, reports indicated that a record 891 climbers summited in the spring 2019 climbing season.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:6-217)[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-time5604758-167) Although China has had permit restrictions, and Nepal requires a doctor to sign off on climbing permits,[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:6-217) the natural dangers of climbing such as falls and avalanches combined with medical issues aggravated by Everest's extreme altitude led to 2019 being a year with a comparatively high death toll.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:6-217)
2020s
Both Nepal and China prohibited foreign climbing groups during the 2020 season, due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). 2020 saw no summits from the Nepal (South) Side.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-218)
In October 2025, blizzard-like conditions prompted Chinese authorities to evacuate nearly 350 people by October 6, with about 200 more stranded on the Everest Scenic Area.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-219)[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-220)
Climbing
Permits
| Location | Altitude (km) | |
|---|---|---|
| Summit 8848 m / 29035 ft | 8\.8 | |
| Camp 4 8000 m / 26000 ft | 8\.0 | |
| Camp 3 6800 m / 22300 ft | 6\.8 | |
| Camp 2 6400 m / 21000 ft | 6\.4 | |
| Camp 1 6100 m / 20000 ft | 6\.1 | |
| Base camp 5400 m / 17700 ft | 5\.4 | |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hillary_Step_near_Everest_top_\(retouched\).jpg)
Looking up along the southern ridgeline in 2010, the face of the [Hillary Step](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Step "Hillary Step") is visible. The top of the Southwest Face is on the left in shadow, and to the right is the top of the East/Kangshung Face. In 2016 and 2017 there were reports the Hillary Step was changed, which triggered discussion in the climbing community.
In 2014, Nepal issued 334 climbing permits, which were extended until 2019 due to the closure.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-ekantipur1-222) In 2015, Nepal issued 357 permits, but the mountain was closed again because of the avalanche and earthquake, and these permits were given a two-year extension to 2017.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-kathmandupost.ekantipur.com-223)[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-ekantipur1-222)
In 2017, a person who tried to climb Everest without the \$11,000 permit was caught after he made it past the Khumbu icefall. He faced, among other penalties, a \$22,000 fine and a possible four years in jail. In the end, he was allowed to return home but banned from mountaineering in Nepal for 10 years.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-224)
The number of permits issued each year by Nepal is:[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-kathmandupost.ekantipur.com-223)[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-225)
- 2008: 160
- 2009: 220
- 2010: 209
- 2011: 225
- 2012: 208
- 2013: 316
- 2014: 326 (extended for use through 2019)
- 2015: 356 (extended for use through 2017)
- 2016: 289
- 2017: 366 to 373
- 2018: 346
- 2019: 381
- 2020: 0 (no permits issued during the pandemic)
- 2021: 408 (current record)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-226)[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-227)
The Chinese side in Tibet is also managed with permits for summiting Everest.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-228) They did not issue permits in 2008, due to the [Olympic torch relay being taken to the summit of Mount Everest.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics_summit_of_Mt._Everest "2008 Summer Olympics summit of Mt. Everest")[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-229)
In March 2020, the governments of China and Nepal cancelled all climbing permits for Mount Everest due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-230)[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-231) In April 2020, a group of Chinese mountaineers began an expedition from the Chinese side. The mountain remained closed on the Chinese side to all foreign climbers.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-232) On 10 May 2021, a separation line was announced by Chinese authorities to prevent the spread of coronavirus from climbers ascending Nepal's side.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-233)
In April 2025, the Government of Nepal introduced a new regulation requiring climbers to have previously summited at least one 7,000-metre peak within Nepal before being eligible to obtain a permit for an expedition to Mount Everest. The rule is scheduled to come into effect from the Spring 2026 climbing season.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-234)
Commercial climbing
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_World%E2%80%99s_Tallest_Mountain_\(15473492788\).jpg)
Top down view showing the location of the summit, and its three main faces/sides
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Everest_Base_Camp_on_a_Stormy_Day.jpg)
[Everest Base Camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_base_camps "Everest base camps")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorakshep,_Everest_Zone,_Nepal.jpg)
[Gorak Shep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorakshep "Gorakshep") is about a three-hour walk to South EBC (Everest Base Camp).[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-235)
According to [Jon Krakauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Krakauer "Jon Krakauer"), the era of [commercialisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercialization "Commercialization") of Everest started in 1985, when the summit was reached by a guided expedition led by [David Breashears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Breashears "David Breashears") that included [Richard Bass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bass "Richard Bass"), a wealthy 55-year-old businessman and an amateur mountain climber with four years of climbing experience.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-236) By the early-1990s, several companies were offering guided tours to the mountain. [Rob Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Hall "Rob Hall"), one of the mountaineers who died in the [1996 disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Mount_Everest_disaster "1996 Mount Everest disaster"), had successfully guided 39 clients to the summit before that incident.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Krakauer-1997-237): 24, 42
By 2016, most guiding services cost between US\$35,000 and US\$200,000.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-heraldsun.com.au-238) Going with a "celebrity guide", usually a well-known mountaineer typically with decades of climbing experience and perhaps several Everest summits, can cost over £100,000 as of 2015.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-239) However, the services offered vary widely and it is "buyer beware" when doing deals in Nepal, one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-heraldsun.com.au-238)[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-240) Tourism contributed 7.9 per cent of the [gross domestic product](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product "Gross domestic product") (GDP) in 2019[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-241) in a country with high unemployment,[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-242) but an Everest porter can make nearly double the nation's average wage in a region in which other sources of income are lacking.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-243)
Costs beyond the guiding service can vary widely. It is technically possible to reach the summit with minimal additional expenses, and there are "budget" travel agencies that offer logistical support for such trips. A limited support service, offering only some meals at base camp and bureaucratic overhead like a permit, can cost as little as US\$7,000 as of 2007.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-thefever-156) However, this is considered difficult and dangerous (as illustrated by the case of [David Sharp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sharp_\(mountaineer\) "David Sharp (mountaineer)")).[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-244)
Climbing gear required to reach the summit may cost in excess of US\$8,000, and most climbers also use [bottled oxygen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottled_oxygen_\(climbing\) "Bottled oxygen (climbing)"), which adds around US\$3,000.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-ClimbingMagazineCost-245) The permit to enter the Everest area from the south via Nepal costs US\$10,000 to US\$30,000 per person, depending on the size of the team.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-ClimbingMagazineCost-245) The ascent typically starts at one of the [two base camps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_base_camps "Everest base camps") near the mountain, both of which are approximately 100 kilometres (60 mi) from [Kathmandu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu "Kathmandu") and 300 kilometres (190 mi) from [Lhasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhasa "Lhasa") (the two nearest cities with major airports). Transferring one's equipment from the airport to the base camp may add as much as US\$2,000.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-ClimbingMagazineCost-245)
Many climbers hire "full service" guide companies, which provide a wide spectrum of services, including the acquisition of permits, transportation to/from base camp, food, tents, [fixed ropes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_ropes "Fixed ropes"),[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-246) medical assistance while on the mountain, an experienced mountaineer guide, and even personal porters to carry one's backpack and cook one's meals. The cost of such a guide service may range from US\$40,000 to \$80,000 per person.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-247) Since most equipment is moved by [Sherpas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpa_people "Sherpa people"), clients of full-service guide companies can often keep their backpack weights under 10 kilograms (22 lb), or hire a Sherpa to carry their backpack for them. By contrast, climbers attempting less commercialised peaks, like [Denali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali "Denali"), are often expected to carry backpacks over 30 kilograms (66 lb) and, occasionally, to tow a [sled](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sled "Sled") with 35 kilograms (77 lb) of gear and food.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-248)
The degree of commercialisation of Mount Everest is a frequent subject of criticism.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-NG-20130600-185) [Jamling Tenzing Norgay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamling_Tenzing_Norgay "Jamling Tenzing Norgay"), the son of [Tenzing Norgay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay "Tenzing Norgay"), said in a 2003 interview that his late father would have been shocked to discover that rich thrill-seekers with no climbing experience were now routinely reaching the summit, "You still have to climb this mountain yourself with your feet. But the spirit of adventure is not there any more. It is lost. There are people going up there who have no idea how to put on [crampons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crampons "Crampons"). They are climbing because they have paid someone \$65,000. It is very selfish. It endangers the lives of others."[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-249)
One example of this is [Shriya Shah-Klorfine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shriya_Shah-Klorfine "Shriya Shah-Klorfine"), who had to be taught how to put on crampons during her summit attempt in 2012.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-250) She paid at least US\$40,000 to a new guiding company for the trip, and died when she ran out of oxygen during the descent after climbing for 27 hours straight.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-251)
[Reinhold Messner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner "Reinhold Messner") concurred in 2004:
> You could die in each climb and that meant you were responsible for yourself. We were real mountaineers: careful, aware and even afraid. By climbing mountains we were not learning how big we were. We were finding out how breakable, how weak and how full of fear we are. You can only get this if you expose yourself to high danger. I have always said that a mountain without danger is not a mountain....High altitude alpinism has become tourism and show. These commercial trips to Everest, they are still dangerous. But the guides and organisers tell clients, 'Don't worry, it's all organised.' The route is prepared by hundreds of Sherpas. Extra oxygen is available in all camps, right up to the summit. People will cook for you and lay out your beds. Clients feel safe and don't care about the risks.[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-252)
By 2015, Nepal was considering requiring that climbers have some experience, hoping this would both make the mountain safer and increase revenue.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-253) One barrier to this is that low-budget firms make money *not* taking inexperienced climbers to the summit.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-heraldsun.com.au-238) Those turned away by Western firms can often find another firm willing to take them for a price—that they return home soon after arriving after base camp, or part way up the mountain.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-heraldsun.com.au-238)
However, not all opinions on the subject among prominent mountaineers have been strictly negative. For example, [Edmund Hillary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary "Edmund Hillary") stated in 2003 that while "Having people pay \$65,000 and then be led up the mountain by a couple of experienced guides...isn't really mountaineering at all",[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-254) he was pleased by the changes brought to Everest area by Westerners:
> I don't have any regrets because I worked very hard indeed to improve the condition for the local people. When we first went in there they didn't have any schools, they didn't have any medical facilities, all over the years we have established 27 schools, we have two hospitals and a dozen medical clinics and then we've built bridges over wild mountain rivers and put in fresh water pipelines so in cooperation with the Sherpas we've done a lot to benefit them.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-255)
One of the early guided summiters, Richard Bass (of [Seven Summits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Summits "Seven Summits") fame) stated in 2003 that "Climbers should have high altitude experience before they attempt the really big mountains. People don't realise the difference between a 20,000-foot \[6,100 m\] mountain and 29,000-foot \[8,800 m\]. It's not just arithmetic. The reduction of oxygen in the air is proportionate to the altitude alright, but the effect on the human body is disproportionate—an exponential curve. People climb Denali \[6,190 m or 20,320 ft\] or Aconcagua \[6,960 m or 22,834 ft\] and think, 'Heck, I feel great up here, I'm going to try Everest.' But it's not like that."[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-256)
Speed climbing
Altitude tents
Some expedition teams have clients use altitude tents to pre-acclimatise prior to leaving for the mountain. Compared to traditional Everest expeditions that last 50 to 60 days, altitude tents can reduce the expedition time frame to 30 to 35 days.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-257)
Xenon gas
In 2025, four men climbed the mountain in one week. They claimed their inhalation of [xenon gas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_gas "Xenon gas") 10 days prior to stimulate [erythropoietin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin "Erythropoietin") production had eliminated the need for [altitude acclimatisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_acclimatisation "Altitude acclimatisation") over several weeks. The [International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Climbing_and_Mountaineering_Federation "International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation") (UIAA) criticised the decision, citing that there is no evidence that the inhalation of xenon improves performance in high elevation environments. Furthermore, the UIAA warned that as an anesthetic, xenon gas could result in impaired brain function, respiratory compromise, and death if used in an unmonitored setting.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-258)[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-259)[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-260)
Summiting with disabilities
Summiting Everest with disabilities has become popular in the 21st century. Sudarshan Gautam, a Canadian double-amputee, summited the mountain in 2013.[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-261) In the same year, Eli Reimer, a teenager with [Down syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome "Down syndrome"), hiked to the South Base Camp as part of a fundraising effort for his father's foundation.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-262)
Routes
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STS058-101-12_2.JPG)
Overview South Col route and North Col/Ridge route
Mount Everest has two main climbing routes, the Southeast Ridge from [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal "Nepal") and the North Ridge from [Tibet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet "Tibet"), as well as many other less frequently climbed routes.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-evhist-263) Of the two main routes, the Southeast Ridge is technically easier and more frequently used. It was the route used by [Edmund Hillary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary "Edmund Hillary") and [Tenzing Norgay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay "Tenzing Norgay") in 1953 and the first recognised of 15 routes to the top by 1996.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-evhist-263) This was, however, a route decision dictated more by politics than by design, as the Chinese border was closed to the western world in the 1950s, after [Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China").[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-264)
Most attempts are made during May, before the summer [monsoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon "Monsoon") season. As the monsoon season approaches, the [jet stream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_stream "Jet stream") shifts northward, thereby reducing the average wind speeds high on the mountain.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-265)[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-266) While attempts are sometimes made in September and October, after the monsoons, when the jet stream is again temporarily pushed northward, the additional snow deposited by the monsoons and the less stable weather patterns at the monsoons' tail end makes climbing extremely difficult.
Southeast Ridge
The ascent via the Southeast Ridge begins with a trek to [Base Camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_Base_Camp "Everest Base Camp") at 5,380 m (17,700 ft) on the south side of Everest, in Nepal. Expeditions usually fly into [Lukla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukla "Lukla") (2,860 m) from [Kathmandu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu "Kathmandu") and pass through [Namche Bazaar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namche_Bazaar "Namche Bazaar"). Climbers then hike to Base Camp, which usually takes six to eight days, allowing for proper altitude acclimatisation in order to prevent [altitude sickness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_sickness "Altitude sickness").[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-267) Climbing equipment and supplies are carried by [yaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yak "Yak"), [dzopkyos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzo "Dzo") (yak-cow hybrids), and human [porters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_\(carrier\) "Porter (carrier)") to Base Camp on the [Khumbu Glacier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu_Glacier "Khumbu Glacier"). When Hillary and Tenzing climbed Everest in 1953, the British expedition they were part of (comprising over 400 climbers, porters, and Sherpas at that point) started from the [Kathmandu Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley "Kathmandu Valley"), as there were no roads further east at that time.
Climbers spend a couple of weeks in Base Camp, acclimatising to the altitude. During that time, [Sherpas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpa_\(people\) "Sherpa (people)") and some expedition climbers set up ropes and ladders in the treacherous [Khumbu Icefall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu_Icefall "Khumbu Icefall").
[Seracs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serac "Serac"), [crevasses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crevasse "Crevasse"), and shifting blocks of ice make the icefall one of the most dangerous sections of the route. Many climbers and Sherpas have been killed in this section. To reduce the hazard, climbers usually begin their ascent well before dawn, when the freezing temperatures glue ice blocks in place.
Above the icefall is Camp I at 6,065 metres (19,900 ft).
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inside_Khumbu-Icefall.jpg)
Climber traversing Khumbu Icefall
From Camp I, climbers make their way up the [Western Cwm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Cwm "Western Cwm") to the base of the [Lhotse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse "Lhotse") Face, where Camp II or Advanced Base Camp (ABC) is established at 6,500 m (21,300 ft). The Western Cwm is a flat, gently rising glacial valley, marked by huge lateral crevasses in the centre, which prevent direct access to the upper reaches of the Cwm. Climbers are forced to cross on the far right, near the base of [Nuptse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuptse "Nuptse"), to a small passageway known as the "Nuptse corner". The Western Cwm is also called the "Valley of Silence" as the topography of the area generally cuts off wind from the climbing route. The [high altitude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_altitude "High altitude") and a clear, windless day can make the Western Cwm unbearably hot for climbers.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-nova-climb-268)
From Camp II, climbers ascend the Lhotse Face on [fixed ropes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_rope "Fixed rope"), up to Camp III, located on a small ledge at 7,470 m (24,500 ft). From there, it is another 500 metres to Camp IV on the [South Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Col "South Col") at 7,920 m (26,000 ft).
From Camp III to Camp IV, climbers are faced with two additional challenges: the [Geneva Spur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Spur "Geneva Spur") and the [Yellow Band](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Band "Yellow Band"). The Geneva Spur is an anvil-shaped rib of black rock named by the [1952 Swiss expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Swiss_Mount_Everest_Expedition "1952 Swiss Mount Everest Expedition"). Fixed ropes assist climbers in [scrambling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrambling "Scrambling") over this snow-covered rock band. The Yellow Band is a section of interlayered [marble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble "Marble"), [phyllite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllite "Phyllite"), and [semischist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schist "Schist"), which also requires about 100 metres of rope for traversing it.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-nova-climb-268)
On the [South Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Col "South Col"), climbers enter the [death zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_zone "Death zone"). Climbers making summit bids typically can endure no more than two or three days at this altitude. If the weather is not clear with low winds during these short few days, climbers are forced to descend, many all the way back down to Base Camp.
From Camp IV, climbers begin their summit push around midnight, with hopes of reaching the summit (still another 1,000 metres above) within 10 to 12 hours. Climbers first reach "The Balcony" at 8,400 m (27,600 ft), a small platform where they can rest and gaze at peaks to the south and east in the early light of dawn. Continuing up the ridge, climbers are then faced with a series of imposing rock steps which usually forces them to the east into the waist-deep snow, a serious [avalanche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche "Avalanche") hazard. At 8,750 m (28,700 ft), a small table-sized dome of ice and snow marks the [South Summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Summit_\(Everest\) "South Summit (Everest)").[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-nova-climb-268)
From the South Summit, climbers follow the knife-edge Southeast Ridge along what is known as the "Cornice traverse", where snow clings to intermittent rock. This is the most exposed section of the climb, and a misstep to the left would send one 2,400 m (7,900 ft) down the Southwest Face, while to the immediate right is the 3,050 m (10,010 ft) [Kangshung Face](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangshung_Face "Kangshung Face"). At the end of this traverse is an imposing 12 m (39 ft) rock wall, the [Hillary Step](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Step "Hillary Step"), at 8,790 m (28,840 ft).[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-269)
Hillary and Tenzing were the first climbers to ascend this step, and did so using primitive ice climbing equipment and ropes. Nowadays, climbers ascend using fixed ropes previously set up by Sherpas. Once above the step, it is a comparatively easy climb to the top on moderately angled snow slopes—though the [exposure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_\(heights\) "Exposure (heights)") on the ridge is extreme, especially while traversing large cornices of snow. With increasing numbers climbing the mountain, the Step has frequently become a bottleneck, with climbers forced to wait significant amounts of time for their turn on the ropes, leading to problems in getting climbers efficiently up and down the mountain.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
After the Hillary Step, climbers must traverse a loose and rocky section that has a large entanglement of fixed ropes that can be troublesome in bad weather. Climbers typically spend less than half an hour at the summit to allow time to descend to Camp IV before darkness sets in, to avoid serious problems with afternoon weather, or because supplemental oxygen tanks run out.
North Ridge route
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Everest_North_Face.jpg)
Mount Everest North Face from [Rongbuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongbuk_Monastery "Rongbuk Monastery") in Tibet
The North Ridge route begins from the north side of Everest, in [Tibet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet "Tibet"). Expeditions trek to the [Rongbuk Glacier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongbuk_Glacier "Rongbuk Glacier"), setting up base camp at 5,180 m (16,990 ft) on a gravel plain just below the glacier. To reach Camp II, climbers ascend the medial moraine of the east Rongbuk Glacier up to the base of [Changtse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changtse "Changtse"), at around 6,100 m (20,000 ft). Camp III (ABC – Advanced Base Camp) is situated below the [North Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Col "North Col") at 6,500 m (21,300 ft). To reach Camp IV on the North Col, climbers ascend the glacier to the foot of the col where fixed ropes are used to reach the North Col at 7,010 m (23,000 ft). From the North Col, climbers ascend the rocky North Ridge to set up Camp V at around 7,775 m (25,500 ft). The route crosses the North Face in a diagonal climb to the base of the Yellow Band, reaching the site of Camp VI at 8,230 m (27,000 ft). From Camp VI, climbers make their final summit push.
Climbers face a treacherous traverse from the base of the First Step: ascending from 8,501 to 8,534 m (27,890 to 28,000 ft), to the crux of the climb, the Second Step, ascending from 8,577 to 8,626 m (28,140 to 28,300 ft). (The Second Step includes a climbing aid called the "Chinese ladder", a metal ladder placed semi-permanently in 1975 by a party of Chinese climbers.[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-270) It has been almost continuously in place since, and ladders have been used by virtually all climbers on the route.) Once above the Second Step the inconsequential Third Step is clambered over, ascending from 8,690 to 8,800 m (28,510 to 28,870 ft). Once above these steps, the summit pyramid is climbed by a snow slope of 50 degrees, to the final summit ridge along which the top is reached.[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-271)
Summit
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amanecer_desde_la_cima_del_Everest_por_Carlos_Pauner.JPG)
A view from the summit of Mount Everest in May 2013
The summit of Everest has been described as "the size of a dining room table".[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-272) The summit is capped with snow over ice over rock, and the layer of snow varies from year to year.[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-273) The rock summit is made of Ordovician [limestone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone "Limestone") and is a low-grade metamorphic rock.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-274) (See the [Surveys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Surveys) section for more on its height and about the Everest rock summit.)
Below the summit, there is an area known as "rainbow valley", filled with dead bodies still wearing brightly coloured winter gear. Down to about 8,000 m (26,000 ft) is an area commonly called the "death zone", due to the high danger and low oxygen because of the low pressure.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-dz-97)
Death zone
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Everest_Peace_Project_-_Everest_summit.jpg)
The summit of Mount Everest from the North side
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Everest-fromKalarPatar.jpg)
From [Kala Patthar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala_Patthar "Kala Patthar"), Nepal
At the higher regions of Mount Everest, climbers seeking the summit typically spend substantial time within the [death zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_zone "Death zone") (altitudes higher than 8,000 m or 26,000 ft), and face significant challenges to survival. Temperatures can dip to very low levels, resulting in [frostbite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite "Frostbite") of any body part exposed to the air. Since temperatures are so low, snow is well-frozen in certain areas and death or injury by slipping and falling can occur. High winds at these altitudes on Everest are also a potential threat to climbers.
Another significant [threat to climbers is low atmospheric pressure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing#Effects_of_ambient_air_pressure "Breathing"). The atmospheric pressure at the top of Everest is about a third of sea level pressure or 0.333 standard atmospheres (337 mbar), resulting in the availability of only about a third as much oxygen to breathe.[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-275)
A sea-level dweller exposed to the atmospheric conditions at the altitude above 8,500 m (27,900 ft) without acclimatisation would likely lose consciousness within two to three minutes.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-276) At sea level, [blood oxygen saturation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_saturation_\(medicine\)#Definition "Oxygen saturation (medicine)") is generally 98 to 99 per cent. At base camp, blood saturation fell to between 85 and 87 per cent. Blood samples taken at the summit indicated very low oxygen levels in the blood. A side effect of low blood oxygen is a greatly increased breathing rate, often 80–90 breaths per minute as opposed to a more typical 20–30. Exhaustion can occur merely by attempting to breathe.[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-277)
Lack of oxygen, exhaustion, extreme cold, and climbing hazards all contribute to the death toll. An injured person who cannot walk is in serious trouble, since rescue by helicopter is generally impractical and carrying the person off the mountain is very risky. People who die during the climb are typically left behind. As of 2015, over 200 bodies remain on the mountain.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Nuwer-14)
> Debilitating symptoms consistent with high altitude cerebral oedema commonly present during descent from the summit of Mount Everest. Profound fatigue and late times in reaching the summit are early features associated with subsequent death.
— Mortality on Mount Everest, 1921–2006: descriptive study[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-278)
A 2008 study noted that the "death zone" is indeed where most Everest deaths occur, but also noted that most deaths occur during descent from the summit.[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-279) A 2014 article in *[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic "The Atlantic")* about deaths on Everest noted that while falling is one of the greatest dangers the death zone presents for all 8000ers, avalanches are a more common cause of death at lower altitudes.[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-280)
Despite this, Everest is safer for climbers than a number of peaks by some measurements, but it depends on the period.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-safer-281) Some examples are [Kangchenjunga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga "Kangchenjunga"), [K2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2 "K2"), [Annapurna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_Massif "Annapurna Massif"), [Nanga Parbat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat "Nanga Parbat"), and the [Eiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiger "Eiger") (especially the *nordwand*).[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-safer-281) Some factors that affect total mountain lethality include the level of popularity of the mountain, the skill of those climbing, and the difficulty of the climb.[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-282)
Another health hazard is [retinal haemorrhages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal_haemorrhage "Retinal haemorrhage"), which can damage eyesight and cause blindness.[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-eyes-283) Up to a quarter of Everest climbers can experience retinal haemorrhages, and although they usually heal within weeks of returning to lower altitudes, in 2010 a climber went blind and died in the death zone.[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-eyes-283)
The team made a huge effort for the next 12 hours to try to get him down the mountain, but to no avail, as they were unsuccessful in getting him through the difficult sections.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-theweek1-284) Even for the able, Everest's Northeast Ridge is recognised as a challenge. It is hard to rescue someone who has become incapacitated and it can be beyond the ability of rescuers to save *anyone* in such a difficult spot.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-theweek1-284) One way around this situation was pioneered by two Nepali men in 2011, who had intended to paraglide off the summit. They had no choice and were forced to go through with their plan anyway, because they had run out of bottled oxygen and supplies.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-abcnews1-285) They successfully launched off the summit and para-glided down to [Namche Bazaar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namche_Bazaar "Namche Bazaar") in just 42 minutes, without having to climb down the mountain.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-abcnews1-285)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iv%C3%A1n_Ernesto_G%C3%B3mez_Carrasco_en_la_cima_del_Monte_Everest.jpg)
Climber at the summit wearing an oxygen mask
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Everest_Oxygen_Graph.jpg)
Available oxygen at Everest
Most expeditions use [oxygen masks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_mask "Oxygen mask") and [tanks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottled_oxygen "Bottled oxygen") above 8,000 m (26,247 ft).[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-286) Everest can be climbed without supplementary oxygen, but only by the most accomplished mountaineers and at increased risk. Low oxygen impairs cognition, and the combination of extreme weather, low temperatures, and steep slopes often requires quick, accurate decisions. While about 95 per cent of climbers who reach the summit use [bottled oxygen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottled_oxygen "Bottled oxygen") in order to reach the top, about five per cent of climbers have summited Everest without supplemental oxygen. The death rate is double for those who attempt to reach the summit without supplemental oxygen.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-287) Travelling above 8,000 m (26,000 ft) altitude is a factor in [cerebral hypoxia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_hypoxia "Cerebral hypoxia").[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-thom-288) One study found that Mount Everest may be the highest an acclimatised human could go, but also found that climbers may suffer permanent neurological damage despite returning to lower altitudes.[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-thom-288)
The use of bottled oxygen to ascend Mount Everest has been controversial. It was first used on the [1922 British Mount Everest Expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_British_Mount_Everest_Expedition "1922 British Mount Everest Expedition") by [George Finch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Finch_\(chemist\) "George Finch (chemist)") and [Geoffrey Bruce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Bruce_\(mountaineer\) "Geoffrey Bruce (mountaineer)") who climbed up to 7,800 m (25,600 ft) at a spectacular speed of 300 vertical metres per hour (1,000 ft/h). Pinned down by a fierce storm, they escaped death by breathing oxygen from a jury-rigged set-up during the night. The next day they climbed to 8,100 m (26,600 ft) at 270 m/h (900 ft/h) – nearly three times as fast as non-oxygen users. Yet the use of oxygen was considered so unsportsmanlike that none of the rest of the Alpine world recognised this high ascent rate.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
[George Mallory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mallory "George Mallory") described the use of such oxygen as unsportsmanlike, but he later concluded that it would be impossible for him to summit without it and consequently used it on his final attempt in 1924.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-289) When [Tenzing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay "Tenzing Norgay") and Hillary made the first successful summit in 1953, they also used [open-circuit bottled oxygen sets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottled_oxygen_\(climbing\) "Bottled oxygen (climbing)"), with the expedition's physiologist [Griffith Pugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith_Pugh "Griffith Pugh") referring to the oxygen debate as a "futile controversy", noting that oxygen "greatly increases subjective appreciation of the surroundings, which after all is one of the chief reasons for climbing."[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-290) For the next twenty-five years, bottled oxygen was considered standard for any successful summit.
> ...although an acclimatised lowlander can survive for a time on the summit of Everest without supplemental oxygen, one is so close to the limit that even a modicum of excess exertion may impair brain function.
— Thomas F. Hornbein in *The high-altitude brain*[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-thom-288)
[Reinhold Messner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner "Reinhold Messner") was the first climber to break the bottled oxygen tradition and in 1978, with [Peter Habeler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Habeler "Peter Habeler"), made the first successful climb without it. In 1980, Messner summited the mountain solo, without supplemental oxygen or any porters or climbing partners, on the more difficult northwest route. Once the climbing community was satisfied that the mountain could be climbed without supplemental oxygen, many purists then took the next logical step of insisting that is how it *should* be climbed.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Krakauer-1997-237): 154
The aftermath of the [1996 disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Mount_Everest_disaster "1996 Mount Everest disaster") further intensified the debate. [Jon Krakauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Krakauer "Jon Krakauer")'s *[Into Thin Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_Thin_Air "Into Thin Air")* (1997) expressed the author's personal criticisms of the use of bottled oxygen. Krakauer wrote that the use of bottled oxygen allowed otherwise unqualified climbers to attempt to summit, leading to dangerous situations and more deaths. The disaster was partially caused by the sheer number of climbers (34 on that day) attempting to ascend, causing bottlenecks at the Hillary Step and delaying many climbers, most of whom summited after the usual 14:00 turnaround time. He proposed banning bottled oxygen except for emergency cases, arguing that this would both decrease the growing pollution on Everest—many bottles have accumulated on its slopes—and keep marginally qualified climbers off the mountain.
The 1996 disaster also introduced the issue of the guide's role in using bottled oxygen.[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-291)
Guide [Anatoli Boukreev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoli_Boukreev "Anatoli Boukreev")'s decision not to use bottled oxygen was sharply criticised by Jon Krakauer. Boukreev's supporters (who include G. Weston DeWalt, who co-wrote *[The Climb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Climb_\(book\) "The Climb (book)")*) state that using bottled oxygen gives a false sense of security.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-292) Krakauer and his supporters point out that, without bottled oxygen, Boukreev could not directly help his clients descend.[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-293)
The low oxygen can cause a mental fog-like impairment of cognitive abilities described as "delayed and lethargic thought process, clinically defined as bradypsychia" even after returning to lower altitudes.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-altitude-294) In severe cases, climbers can experience hallucinations. Some studies have found that high-altitude climbers, including Everest climbers, experience altered brain structure.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-altitude-294)
Autumn climbing
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Everest_as_seen_from_Drukair.jpg)
Everest in September 2006
Although generally less popular than spring, Mount Everest has also been climbed in the autumn (also called the "post-monsoon season").[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-autumn-76)[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-fall-295) For example, in 2010 Eric Larsen and five Nepali guides summited Everest in the autumn for the first time in ten years.[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-fall-295) The autumn season, when the monsoon ends, is regarded as more dangerous because there is typically a lot of new snow which can be unstable.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-wind-110) However, this increased snow can make it more popular with certain winter sports like skiing and snowboarding.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-autumn-76) Two Japanese climbers also summited in October 1973.[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-296)
Chris Chandler and Bob Cormack summited Everest in October 1976 as part of the American Bicentennial Everest Expedition that year, the first Americans to make an autumn ascent of Mount Everest according to the *[Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")*.[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-297) By the 21st century, summer and autumn can be more popular with skiing and snowboard attempts on Mount Everest.[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-298) During the 1980s, climbing in autumn was actually more popular than in spring.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-299) U.S. astronaut [Karl Gordon Henize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gordon_Henize "Karl Gordon Henize") died in October 1993 on an autumn expedition, conducting an experiment on radiation. The amount of [background radiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_radiation "Background radiation") increases with higher altitudes.[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-300)
The mountain has also been climbed in the winter, but that is not popular because of the combination of cold high winds and shorter days.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-301) By January the peak is typically battered by 270 km/h (170 mph) winds and the average temperature of the summit is around −33 °F (−36 °C).[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-autumn-76)
Thefts and crime
Some climbers have reported life-threatening thefts from supply caches. In May 2006, [Vitor Negrete](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitor_Negrete "Vitor Negrete"), the first Brazilian to climb Everest without oxygen and part of David Sharp's party, died during his descent, and theft of gear and food from his high-altitude camp may have contributed.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-302)[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-303) In addition to theft, Michael Kodas describes in his book, *High Crimes: The Fate of Everest in an Age of Greed* (2008):[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-304) unethical guides and Sherpas, [prostitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_Tibet "Prostitution in Tibet") and gambling at the Tibet Base Camp, fraud related to the sale of oxygen bottles, and climbers collecting donations under the pretense of removing trash from the mountain.[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-305)[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-306)
The Chinese side of Everest in Tibet was described as "out of control" in 2007 after one Canadian had all his gear stolen and was abandoned by his Sherpa.[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-stolen-307) Another Sherpa helped the victim get off the mountain safely and gave him some spare gear. Other climbers have also reported missing oxygen bottles, which can be worth hundreds of dollars each. Hundreds of climbers pass by people's tents, making it hard to safeguard against theft.[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-stolen-307) In the late 2010s, the reports of theft of oxygen bottles from camps became more common.[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-308)
Timeline
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KhumbuIcefall.jpg)
The Khumbu Icefall in 2005
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Western_Cwm_-_14th_May_2011.jpg)
The Western Cwm ("Coom"), with Everest on the left and [Lhotse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse "Lhotse") to the right
By the end of the 2010 climbing season, there had been 5,104 ascents to the summit by about 3,142 individuals.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-8000ers-163) Some notable "firsts" by climbers include:
- **1922**: First climb to 8,000 metres (26,247 ft), by [George Mallory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mallory "George Mallory"), [Col. Felix Norton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Felix_Norton "Edward Felix Norton"), and [Howard Somervell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Somervell "Howard Somervell")
- **1952**: First climb to [South Col](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Col "South Col") by [1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Swiss_Mount_Everest_expedition "1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition")
- **1953**: First ascent, by [Tenzing Norgay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay "Tenzing Norgay") and [Edmund Hillary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary "Edmund Hillary") on [1953 British Mount Everest expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1953 British Mount Everest expedition")
- **1960**: First reported ascent from the North Ridge by [Wang Fuzhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Fuzhou "Wang Fuzhou"), [Gonpo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongbu_\(mountaineer\) "Gongbu (mountaineer)") and Qu Yinhua of China.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-NorthRidge-15)
- **1975**: First female ascent, by [Junko Tabei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junko_Tabei "Junko Tabei") (16 May).[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-8000ers-163)[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-JapanTimes-309)
- **1975**: First female ascent from the North Ridge, by [Phanthog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanthog "Phanthog"), deputy head of the second Chinese Everest expedition that sent nine climbers to the summit (27 May).[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-310)[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-311)[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-312)
- **1978**: First ascent without supplemental oxygen by [Reinhold Messner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner "Reinhold Messner") and [Peter Habeler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Habeler "Peter Habeler")[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-NOVA_fwo-313)
- **1978**: First solo ascent, by [Franz Oppurg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Oppurg "Franz Oppurg")[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-314)
- **1980**: First winter ascent, by Polish National Expedition Winter 1979/1980 ([Leszek Cichy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leszek_Cichy "Leszek Cichy") and [Krzysztof Wielicki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Wielicki "Krzysztof Wielicki")[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-315)[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-316))
- **1980**: Second solo ascent, and the first without supplemental oxygen, by Reinhold Messner[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-NOVA_fwo-313)
- **1988**: First "cross-over" climb by Chinese, Japanese and Nepali teams which ascended the peak simultaneously from both the North and South sides of the mountain and descended down the other side.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-JapanTimes-309) The cross-over climb was also the first to be recorded on live broadcast television.
- **1988**: First descent by paraglider, by [Jean-Marc Boivin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marc_Boivin "Jean-Marc Boivin")[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-A_view_from_the_top_of_the_world-317)
- **1988**: First female ascent without supplemental oxygen by [Lydia Bradey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Bradey "Lydia Bradey")[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-318)
- **2000**: [Lhakpa Sherpa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhakpa_Sherpa "Lhakpa Sherpa") becomes first Nepali woman to summit Everest and survive.[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-319)
- **2000**: First descent by ski by [Davo Karničar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davo_Karni%C4%8Dar "Davo Karničar")[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-320)
- **2001**: First descent by snowboard by [Marco Siffredi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Siffredi "Marco Siffredi")[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Everest_News-321)[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Smith-322)
- **2001**: First ascent by a blind climber, [Erik Weihenmayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Weihenmayer "Erik Weihenmayer")[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-323)
- **2025**: First descent by ski without supplemental oxygen by [Andrzej Bargiel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Bargiel "Andrzej Bargiel")[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:1-324)[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:5-325)
Aviation
1933: Flight over Everest
[Lucy, Lady Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy,_Lady_Houston "Lucy, Lady Houston"), a British [millionaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millionaire "Millionaire") former [showgirl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showgirl "Showgirl"), funded the Houston Everest Flight of 1933. A formation of [airplanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane "Airplane") led by the [Marquess of Clydesdale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Douglas-Hamilton,_14th_Duke_of_Hamilton "Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton") flew over the summit in an effort to photograph the unknown terrain.[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-326)
1988: First climb and glide
On 26 September 1988, having climbed the mountain via the Southeast Ridge, [Jean-Marc Boivin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marc_Boivin "Jean-Marc Boivin") made the first [paraglider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraglider "Paraglider") descent of Everest,[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-A_view_from_the_top_of_the_world-317) in the process creating the record for the fastest descent of the mountain and the highest paraglider flight. Boivin said: "I was tired when I reached the top because I had broken much of the trail, and to run at this altitude was quite hard."[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Back-327)
1991: Hot air balloon flyover
In 1991, four men in two balloons achieved the first [hot-air balloon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-air_balloon "Hot-air balloon") flight over Mount Everest.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-balloon-328) In one balloon were Andy Elson and [Eric Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Jones_\(climber\) "Eric Jones (climber)") (cameraman), and in the other balloon Chris Dewhirst and [Leo Dickinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Dickinson "Leo Dickinson") (cameraman).[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-elson-329) Dickinson went on to write a book about the adventure called *Ballooning Over Everest*.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-elson-329) The hot-air balloons were modified to function at up to 12,000 m (40,000 ft) altitude.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-elson-329) Reinhold Messner called one of Dickinson's panoramic views of Everest, captured on the now discontinued Kodak [Kodachrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodachrome "Kodachrome") film, the "best snap on Earth", according to UK newspaper *[The Telegraph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph "The Daily Telegraph")*.[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-330) Dewhirst has offered to take passengers on a repeat of this feat for US\$2.6 million per passenger.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-balloon-328)
2005: Pilot summits with helicopter
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eurocopter_AS-350B-3_Ecureuil_AN0980259.jpg)
Photo of a Eurocopter AS350 B3 "Squirrel"
In May 2005, pilot [Didier Delsalle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didier_Delsalle "Didier Delsalle") of France landed a [Eurocopter AS350](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_AS350 "Eurocopter AS350") B3 helicopter on the summit of Mount Everest.[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-eurocopter-331) He needed to land for two minutes to set the [Fédération Aéronautique Internationale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale "Fédération Aéronautique Internationale") (FAI) official record, but he stayed for about four minutes, twice.[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-eurocopter-331) In this type of landing the rotors stay engaged, which avoids relying on the snow to fully support the aircraft. The flight set [rotorcraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorcraft "Rotorcraft") world [records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mount_Everest_records "List of Mount Everest records"), for highest of both landing and take-off.[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-fai-332)
Some press reports suggested that the report of the summit landing was a misunderstanding of a South Col landing, but he had also landed on South Col two days earlier,[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-333) with this landing and the Everest records confirmed by the FAI.[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-fai-332) Delsalle also rescued two Japanese climbers at 4,880 m (16,000 ft) while he was there. One climber noted that the new record meant a better chance of rescue.[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-eurocopter-331)
2011: Paraglide off summit
On 21 May 2011, Nepalis Lakpa Tsheri Sherpa and Sano Babu Sunuwar paraglided from Everest's summit to [Namche Bazaar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namche_Bazaar "Namche Bazaar") in 42 minutes.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-abcnews1-285)[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-334) After the flight they hiked, biked, and [kayaked](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayaking "Kayaking") to the Indian Ocean, reaching the Bay of Bengal by 27 June 2011, thereby becoming the first people to complete a continuous summit-to-sea descent from Everest.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-nationalgeographic1-335) They accomplished the ground-breaking feat despite Babu having never previously climbed, and Lakpa having never kayaked and not even knowing how to swim.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-nationalgeographic1-335) The duo subsequently won National Geographic Adventurers of the Year for 2012 for their exploits.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-nationalgeographic1-335) In 2013 footage of the flight was shown on the television news program *[Nightline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightline "Nightline")*.[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-336)
2014: Helicopter-assisted ascent
In 2014, a team financed and led by mountaineer [Wang Jing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Jing_\(mountaineer\) "Wang Jing (mountaineer)") used a helicopter to fly from South Base Camp to Camp II to avoid the Khumbu Icefall, and thence climbed to the Everest summit.[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-nationalgeographic2-337) This climb immediately sparked outrage and controversy in much of the mountaineering world over the legitimacy and propriety of her climb.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-news.nationalgeographic.com-338)[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-339) Nepal ended up investigating Wang, who initially denied the claim that she had flown to Camp II, admitting only that some support crew were flown to that higher camp, over the Khumbu Icefall.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-340) In August 2014, however, she stated that she had flown to Camp II because the icefall was impassable. "If you don't fly to Camp II, you just go home", she said in an interview. In that same interview, she also insisted that she had never tried to hide this fact.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-news.nationalgeographic.com-338)
Her team had had to use the south side because the Chinese had denied them a permit to climb. Ultimately, the Chinese refusal may have been beneficial to Nepal's interests, allowing the government to showcase improved local hospitals and providing the opportunity for a new hybrid aviation/mountaineering style, triggering discussions about helicopter use in the mountaineering world.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-news.nationalgeographic.com-338) National Geographic noted that a village festooned Wang with honours after she donated US\$30,000 to the town's hospital. Wang won the [International Mountaineer of the Year Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Mountaineer_of_the_Year_Award&action=edit&redlink=1 "International Mountaineer of the Year Award (page does not exist)") from the Nepal government in June 2014.[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-nationalgeographic2-337)
2016: Helicopter business increases
In 2016 the increased use of helicopters was noted for increased efficiency and for hauling material over the deadly Khumbu icefall.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-blogs.dw.com-341) In particular it was noted that flights saved icefall porters 80 trips but still increased commercial activity at Everest.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-blogs.dw.com-341) After many Nepalis died in the icefall in 2014, the government had wanted helicopters to handle more transportation to Camp 1 but this was not possible because of the 2015 earthquake closing the mountain, so this was then implemented in 2016 (helicopters did prove instrumental in rescuing many people in 2015 though).[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-blogs.dw.com-341) That summer Bell tested the [412EPI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_412#Variants "Bell 412"), which conducted a series of tests including hovering at 5,500 m (18,000 ft) and flying as high as 6,100 m (20,000 ft) altitude near Mount Everest.[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-342)
Extreme sports
Mount Everest has been host to other winter sports and adventuring besides mountaineering, including snowboarding, skiing, paragliding, and BASE jumping.
[Yuichiro Miura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuichiro_Miura "Yuichiro Miura") became the first man to ski down Everest in the 1970s. He descended nearly 1,300 vertical metres (4,200 ft) from the South Col before falling with extreme injuries.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-japtimes-105) Stefan Gatt and Marco Siffredi snowboarded Mount Everest in 2001.[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-TransWorld_SNOWboarding-343) Other Everest skiers include [Davo Karničar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davo_Karni%C4%8Dar "Davo Karničar") of Slovenia, who completed a top to South Base Camp descent in 2000, [Hans Kammerlander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kammerlander "Hans Kammerlander") of Italy in 1996 on the north side, and Kit DesLauriers of the United States in 2006.[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-344) Marco Siffredi died in 2002 on his second snow-boarding expedition.[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-TransWorld_SNOWboarding-343) In 2025, [Andrzej Bargiel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Bargiel "Andrzej Bargiel") completed the first descent by ski without supplemental oxygen.[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:1-324)[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-:5-325)
Various types of gliding descents have slowly become more popular, and are noted for their rapid descents to lower camps. In 1986 [Steve McKinney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McKinney_\(skier\) "Steve McKinney (skier)") led an expedition to Mount Everest.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-345) Frenchman [Jean-Marc Boivin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marc_Boivin "Jean-Marc Boivin") made the first [paraglider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraglider "Paraglider") descent of Everest in September 1988, descending in minutes from the Southeast Ridge to a lower camp.[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-A_view_from_the_top_of_the_world-317) In 2011, Nepalis Sano Babu Sunuwar and Lakpa Tsheri Sherpa made a gliding descent from the Everest summit down 5,000 metres (16,400 ft) in 45 minutes.[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-346)
Religious significance
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rongbuk_Monastery_Everest.jpg)
The [Rongbuk Monastery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongbuk_Monastery "Rongbuk Monastery"), with Mount Everest in the background
The southern part of Mount Everest is regarded as one of several "hidden valleys" of refuge designated by [Padmasambhava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava "Padmasambhava"), a ninth-century "[lotus-born](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_birth "Lotus birth")" Buddhist saint.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-natgeo1-347)
Near the base of the north side of Everest lies [Rongbuk Monastery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongbuk_Monastery "Rongbuk Monastery"), which has been called the "sacred threshold to Mount Everest, with the most dramatic views of the world."[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-348) For [Sherpas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpa_people "Sherpa people") living on the slopes of Everest in the [Khumbu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu "Khumbu") region of Nepal, Rongbuk Monastery is an important pilgrimage site, accessed in a few days of travel across the Himalayas through [Nangpa La](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangpa_La "Nangpa La").[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Ullman-122)
[Miyolangsangma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyolangsangma "Miyolangsangma"), a [Tibetan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet "Tibet") [Buddhist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist "Buddhist") "*Goddess of Inexhaustible Giving*", is believed to have lived at the top of Mount Everest. According to Sherpa Buddhist monks, Mount Everest is Miyolangsangma's palace and playground, and all climbers are only partially welcome guests, having arrived without invitation.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-natgeo1-347)
The [Sherpa people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpa_people "Sherpa people") also believe that Mount Everest and its flanks are blessed with spiritual energy, and one should show reverence when passing through this sacred landscape. Here, the [karmic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma "Karma") effects of one's actions are magnified, and impure thoughts are best avoided.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-natgeo1-347)
Waste management
In 2015, the president of the Nepal Mountaineering Association warned that pollution, especially human waste, has reached critical levels. As much as 12,000 kg (26,500 lb) of human excrement each season is left behind on the mountain.[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-349) Human waste is strewn across the verges of the route to the summit, making the four sleeping areas on the route up Everest's south side minefields of human excrement. Climbers above Base Camp—for the 62-year history of climbing on the mountain—have most commonly either buried their excrement in holes they dug by hand in the snow, or slung it into crevasses, or simply defecated wherever convenient, often within metres of their tents. The only place where climbers can defecate without worrying about contaminating the mountain is Base Camp. At approximately 5,500 m (18,000 ft), Base Camp sees the most activity of all camps on Everest because climbers acclimate and rest there. In the late-1990s, expeditions began using toilets that they fashioned from blue plastic 190-litre (50-US-gallon) barrels fitted with a toilet seat and enclosed.[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-350)
The problem of human waste is compounded by the presence of more anodyne waste: spent oxygen tanks, abandoned tents, empty cans and bottles. The Nepali government now requires each climber to pack out eight kilograms of waste when descending the mountain.[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-351)
In February 2019, due to the mounting waste problem, China closed the base camp on its side of Everest to visitors without climbing permits. Tourists are allowed to go as far as the [Rongbuk Monastery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongbuk_Monastery "Rongbuk Monastery").[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-352)
In April 2019, the [Solukhumbu district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solukhumbu_District "Solukhumbu District")'s [Khumbu Pasanglhamu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumbu_Pasanglhamu "Khumbu Pasanglhamu") Rural Municipality launched a campaign to collect nearly 10,000 kg (20,000 lb) of garbage from Everest.[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-353) Five years later, 2024, waste removal is receiving continuing attention.[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-354)[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-355)[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-356)
See also
- [Chinese plan for a rail tunnel under Mount Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhasa#Rail "Lhasa")
- [Everesting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everesting "Everesting") – Cycling activity
- [List of deaths on eight-thousanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deaths_on_eight-thousanders "List of deaths on eight-thousanders")
- [List of elevation extremes by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elevation_extremes_by_country "List of elevation extremes by country")
- [List of Mount Everest death statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mount_Everest_death_statistics "List of Mount Everest death statistics")
- [List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mount_Everest_summiters_by_number_of_times_to_the_summit "List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit")
- [List of people who died climbing Mount Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_died_climbing_Mount_Everest "List of people who died climbing Mount Everest")
- [List of ski descents of Eight-Thousanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ski_descents_of_Eight-Thousanders "List of ski descents of Eight-Thousanders") – Notable records on mountains over 8000m
- [List of tallest mountains in the Solar System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_mountains_in_the_Solar_System "List of tallest mountains in the Solar System")
- [Mount Everest in popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_in_popular_culture "Mount Everest in popular culture")
- [Mount Hood climbing accidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hood_climbing_accidents "Mount Hood climbing accidents")
- [Mukhiyapatti Musharniya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhiyapatti_Musharniya_Rural_Municipality "Mukhiyapatti Musharniya Rural Municipality") – The lowest point of Nepal
- [Qomolangma National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qomolangma_National_Park "Qomolangma National Park") – National park in Tibet, China
- [Rongbuk Glacier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongbuk_Glacier "Rongbuk Glacier") – Glacier in Tibet, China
- [Sagarmatha National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagarmatha_National_Park "Sagarmatha National Park") – National Park of Nepal
- [The Himalayan Database](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Himalayan_Database "The Himalayan Database") – Elizabeth Hawley's climbing statistics
- [Timeline of Mount Everest expeditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Mount_Everest_expeditions "Timeline of Mount Everest expeditions")
Notes
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-1)** From [Gokyo Ri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokyo_Ri "Gokyo Ri")
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-2)** Based on the 2020 surveys of elevation of snow cap, i.e. the highest point of permanent snow ice on the summit—as opposed to the highest point of rock, which was measured at roughly 8,844 metres. For more details, see *[Surveys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#Surveys)*.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-6)** The position of the summit of Everest on the international border is clearly shown on detailed topographic mapping, including official Nepali mapping.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-7)** It remains unclear whether [George Mallory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mallory "George Mallory") and [Andrew Irvine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Irvine_\(mountaineer\) "Andrew Irvine (mountaineer)") reached the summit in 1924 or not. For more details, see *[1924 British Mount Everest expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_British_Mount_Everest_expedition "1924 British Mount Everest expedition")*.
5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-base_55-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-base_55-1) The "base" of a mountain is a problematic notion in general with no universally accepted definition. However, for a peak rising out of relatively flat terrain, such as Mauna Kea or Denali, an "approximate" height above "base" can be calculated. Everest is more complicated since it only rises above relatively flat terrain on its north (Tibetan Plateau) side. Hence the concept of "base" has even less meaning for Everest than for Mauna Kea or Denali, and the range of numbers for "height above base" is wider. In general, comparisons based on "height above base" are somewhat suspect.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-87)** In the table below, the temperature given is the average lowest temperature recorded in that month. So, in an average year, the lowest recorded July temperature will be −18 degrees Celsius, and the lowest recorded January temperature will be −36 degrees Celsius.
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-8)** [Nepali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language "Nepali language"): सगरमाथा, Nepali pronunciation: [\[səɡərˈmɑːtʰaː\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali "Help:IPA/Nepali")
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-9)** [Standard Tibetan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Tibetan_language "Standard Tibetan language"): ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ, Tibetan pronunciation: [\[t͡ɕo˧˥ mo˧˥ ɡlɑːŋ˥˩ mɑː˥\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan "Help:IPA/Tibetan")
References
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-3)**
["Mount Everest"](http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10640). *Peakbagger.com*.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-4)**
["Peak Bagger:Himalaya, Central Nepal Himalaya, Khumbu, Ghurka Himal, Annapurna Himal, Xishapangma Area, Sikkim-Eastern Nepal Himalaya, Western Nepal Himalaya, Assam Himalaya, Punjab Himalaya, Bhutan Himalaya, Garwhal Himalaya, Ganesh Himal"](https://www.peakbagger.com/range.aspx?rid=48). Retrieved 22 October 2024.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-5)** *Geography of Nepal: Physical, Economic, Cultural and Regional* by Netra Bahadur Thapa, D. P. Thapa Orient Longmans, 1969.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-10)**
Bishart, Andrew (4 May 2016). ["China's New Road May Clear a Path for More Everest Climbers"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180921114517/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/adventure-blog/2016/05/04/how-the-everest-experience-is-different-in-china-versus-nepal/). *National Geographic*. Archived from [the original](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/adventure-blog/2016/05/04/how-the-everest-experience-is-different-in-china-versus-nepal/) on 21 September 2018.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-11)**
["Mount Everest is two feet taller, China and Nepal announce"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201208113343/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/12/new-height-of-mount-everest-announced-by-china-and-nepal/). *National Geographic*. Archived from [the original](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/12/new-height-of-mount-everest-announced-by-china-and-nepal/) on 8 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-12)**
Joe Phelan (28 October 2022). ["Is Mount Everest really the tallest mountain on Earth? It depends how you measure height"](https://www.livescience.com/tallest-mountain-on-earth). *livescience.com*. Future US, Inc. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211226121526/https://www.livescience.com/tallest-mountain-on-earth) from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-13)**
["How Many Dead Bodies Are On Mount Everest?"](https://www.climbernews.com/how-many-dead-bodies-are-on-mount-everest/). *climbernews.com*. Climber News. 7 November 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241005160805/https://www.climbernews.com/how-many-dead-bodies-are-on-mount-everest/) from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2023. "As of November 2022, 310 people have died while attempting to climb Mount Everest."
8. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-Nuwer_14-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-Nuwer_14-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-Nuwer_14-2)
[Rachel Nuwer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Nuwer "Rachel Nuwer") (8 October 2015). ["Death in the clouds: The problem with Everest's 200+ bodies"](https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20151008-the-graveyard-in-the-clouds-everests-200-dead-bodies). BBC. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241005160807/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20151008-the-graveyard-in-the-clouds-everests-200-dead-bodies) from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
9. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-NorthRidge_15-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-NorthRidge_15-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-NorthRidge_15-2)
Lewis, Jon E. (2012). ["Appendix 1"](https://books.google.com/books?id=vWqeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT212). *The Mammoth Book of How it Happened – Everest*. Little, Brown Book Group. p. 212. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-78033-727-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78033-727-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-78033-727-2")
.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-16)**
["Sagar-Matha: Nepal"](http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1507822&fid=4445&c=nepal). *Geographical Names*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220326070315/https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1507822&fid=4445&c=nepal) from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-17)**
Krakauer, Jon (1997). *Into Thin Air: A Personal Account of the Mt. Everest Disaster*. New York: Villard. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-679-45752-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-45752-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-679-45752-7")
.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-18)**
Unsworth, Walt (2000). *Everest – The Mountaineering History* (3rd ed.). Bâton Wicks. p. 584. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-898573-40-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898573-40-1 "Special:BookSources/978-1-898573-40-1")
.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-19)**
["Mt. Everest 1857"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071226022726/http://www.harappa.com/engr/darjeeling.html). harappa.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.harappa.com/engr/darjeeling.html#everest) on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-20)**
Storti, Craig (2021). [*The Hunt for Mount Everest*](https://books.google.com/books?id=f34jEAAAQBAJ). Quercus. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-5293-6629-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5293-6629-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-5293-6629-7")
. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241005160709/https://books.google.com/books?id=f34jEAAAQBAJ) from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-21)**
["Chomo-lungma: Nepal"](http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1506571&fid=4444&c=nepal). *Geographical Names*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210320212724/https://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1506571&fid=4444&c=nepal) from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-22)**
["Djomo-lungma: Nepal"](http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1506699&fid=4445&c=nepal). *Geographical Names*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210320212729/https://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1506699&fid=4445&c=nepal) from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-23)**
["Chomolongma: Nepal"](http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1506569&fid=4444&c=nepal). *Geographical Names*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210320212734/https://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1506569&fid=4444&c=nepal) from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-24)**
["Mount Jolmo Lungma: Nepal"](http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1506970&fid=4445&c=nepal). *Geographical Names*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210320212739/https://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1506970&fid=4445&c=nepal) from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-25)** Other variants include "Jomo Langma", "Chomo-lungma", "Djomo-lungma", "Jolmo Lungma", and "Chomolongma".[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-21)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-22)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-23)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-24)
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-26)**
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346. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-354)** [A record-holding Sherpa guide concerned about garbage on higher camps on Mount Everest](https://apnews.com/article/everest-nepal-sherpa-garbage-0e9ce2b7f1622244e3fc628f84b74000), apnews.com, Binaj Gurubacharya, May 29, 2024
347. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-355)** [Mount Everest's highest camp is littered with frozen garbage, and cleanup is likely to take years](https://apnews.com/article/mount-everest-cleanup-garbage-environment-nepal-0e123e215854b2c2a172492769348ee6), apnews.com, Binaj Gurubacharya, July 6, 2024
348. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_ref-356)** [Everest's highest camp littered with frozen garbage, and cleanup likely to take years, Sherpas say](https://apnews.com/video/nepal-kathmandu-d726e1821027434c94d04efb95c08390), apnews.com/video, July 6, 2024
Further reading
- Astill, Tony (2005). *Mount Everest: The Reconnaissance 1935*.
- [Boukreev, Anatoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoli_Boukreev "Anatoli Boukreev"); DeWalt, G. Weston (1997). [*The Climb: Tragic Ambitions on Everest*](https://archive.org/details/climbtragicambit00bouk_0). Saint Martin's Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-312-16814-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16814-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16814-8")
.
- [Hillary, Edmund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary "Edmund Hillary") (1953). *High Adventure*. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
- [Holdich, Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Holdich "Thomas Holdich") (1911). ["Everest, Mount"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Everest,_Mount) . *[Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition "Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition")*. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). p. 7.
- [Messner, Reinhold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner "Reinhold Messner") (1989). *The Crystal Horizon: Everest – the first solo ascent*. Seattle: The Mountaineers. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-89886-207-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-207-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-207-2")
.
- [Murray, W.H.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.H._Murray "W.H. Murray") (1953). *The Story of Everest, 1921–1952*. London: J.M. Dent & Sons.
- [Norgay, Tenzing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay "Tenzing Norgay"); Ullman, Ramsey James (1955). *Tiger of the Snows*. New York: Putnam.
- [Tilman, H.W.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Tilman "Bill Tilman") (1952). *Nepal Himalaya*. Cambridge University Press.
- Washburn, Bradford (November 1988). "Mount Everest: Surveying the Third Pole". *[National Geographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_\(magazine\) "National Geographic (magazine)")*. Vol. 174, no. 5. pp. 652–659\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0027-9358](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [643483454](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643483454).
- Fleetwood, Lachlan (May 2022). [*Science on the Roof of the World: Empire and the Remaking of the Himalaya*](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/science-on-the-roof-of-the-world/5E7BA0430A766D7008017E1E4F1231DE). Science in History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-009-12311-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-12311-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-009-12311-2")
.
External links
| External image |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Searchtool.svg) [360° panoramic view](https://maps.yandex.com/-/CVgluFYs) ([virtual tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_tour "Virtual tour")) |
- [Mount Everest on Himalaya-Info.org (German)](https://web.archive.org/web/20181025114329/http://himalaya-info.org/Map%20khumbu_mitte.htm)
- [360 panorama view from top of Mount Everest – large dimension drawing](http://www.staeudtner.com/allgemein/360-panorama-view-mount-everest-summit/)
- [*National Geographic* site on Mount Everest](https://web.archive.org/web/20050407035439/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/everest/)
- [NOVA site on Mount Everest](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/)
- [Imaging Everest, a collection of photographs](http://imagingeverest.rgs.org/Concepts/Imaging_Everest) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161114060108/http://imagingeverest.rgs.org/Concepts/Imaging_Everest/) 14 November 2016 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
- [Mount Everest on Summitpost](http://www.summitpost.org/mountain/rock/150230/everest.html)
- [Full list of all ascents of Everest up to and including 2008 (in PDF format)](http://www.8000ers.com/cms/content/view/52/185/)
- [Deaths by year](https://outdoorinquirer.com/mount-everest-deaths/) ([Summits and deaths per year](https://web.archive.org/web/20231005171820/http://everesthistory.com/everestsummits/summitsbyyear.htm))
- [Mount Everest panorama](http://thegreatindian.tripod.com/mountEverest.htm), [Mount Everest interactive panorama (QuickTime format)](https://www.panoramas.dk/fullscreen2/full22.html), Virtual panoramas
- [National Geographic, 2015 article with info-graphic on climbing routes](https://web.archive.org/web/20220314122829/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/150420-everest-climbing-sherpas-mountaineering-nepal-himalayas-guides)
- [Himalayan Database: Data Visualization of Mount Everest Summit, Attempt, and Death](https://www.himalayandatabase.com/) |
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