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| Boilerpipe Text | Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Motto
Mens et Manus
(Latin)
Motto in English
"Mind and Hand"
[
1
]
Type
Private
research university
Established
April 10, 1861
; 164 years ago
Founder
William Barton Rogers
Accreditation
NECHE
Academic affiliations
AAU
AITU
NAICU
[
2
]
UARC
URA
Sea grant
Space grant
Endowment
$27.4 billion (2025)
[
3
]
President
Sally Kornbluth
Provost
Anantha P. Chandrakasan
Academic staff
1,090
[
4
]
Students
11,816 (Fall 2025)
[
5
]
Undergraduates
4,561 (Fall 2025)
[
5
]
Postgraduates
7,255 (Fall 2025)
[
5
]
Location
Cambridge, Massachusetts
,
United States
42°21âČ35âłN
71°05âČ31âłW
ï»ż / ï»ż
42.3597°N 71.0919°W
Campus
Midsize city
[
7
]
, 166 acres (67.2Â ha)
[
6
]
Newspaper
The Tech
Colors
Cardinal red and steel gray
[
8
]
Â
Â
Â
Nickname
Engineers
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division III
â
NEWMAC
NEISA
CWPA
UVC
EARC
EAWRC
Mascot
Tim the Beaver
[
9
]
Website
web
.mit
.edu
The
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(
MIT
) is a
private
research university
in
Cambridge, Massachusetts
, United States. Founded in 1861 to advance "useful knowledge", the university has played a significant role in the development of many areas of technology and science.
William Barton Rogers
founded MIT to accelerate
American industrialization
through scientific knowledge. Initially funded by a
federal land grant
, the institute adopted a German polytechnic model emphasizing laboratory instruction in
applied science
and
engineering
, and moved from Boston's Back Bay to its current campus in Cambridge in 1916. Early growth came through research contracts with private industry, though the institute remained financially constrained and focused primarily on practical engineering education into the 1930s.
MIT's transformation as a research enterprise began during
World War II
, when projects like the
Radiation Laboratory
made it the nation's largest non-industrial R&D contractor. Graduate enrollment and research funding grew rapidly in the postwar decades as faculty members such as
Vannevar Bush
helped shape federal support for basic science. In the late twentieth century, MIT became closely associated with
computer science
,
artificial intelligence
,
biotechnology
,
open-source
software development, and
"big science" initiatives
like the
Apollo Guidance Computer
and the
LIGO project
. Engineering remains its largest school, though MIT has also developed prominent programs in basic science, economics, management, architecture, and humanities.
MIT has an urban campus that extends more than a mile (1.6Â km) along the
Charles River
. Academic buildings are connected by an extensive corridor system. MIT's off-campus operations include the
Lincoln Laboratory
and the
Haystack Observatory
, as well as affiliated laboratories such as the
Broad
and
Whitehead Institutes
. Undergraduate life is known for
hands-on research
and
elaborate pranks
. Tuition is generally not charged to undergraduates from families with incomes below $200,000, and most graduate students are funded by research.
As of October 2024
,
105 Nobel laureates
,
[
10
]
26
Turing Award
winners, and 8
Fields Medalists
have been affiliated with MIT as alumni, faculty members, or researchers.
[
11
]
Alumni and faculty have founded many notable companies and served in senior government positions in the United States and abroad.
Foundation and vision
[
edit
]
[...] a school of industrial science aiding the advancement, development and practical application of science in connection with arts, agriculture, manufactures, and commerce [...]
[
12
]
ââMassachusetts General Court,
Acts of 1861, Chapter 183
In 1859, a proposal was submitted to the
Massachusetts General Court
to use newly filled lands in
Back Bay
, Boston for a "
Conservatory of Art and Science
", but the proposal failed.
[
13
]
[
14
]
A charter for the
incorporation
of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, proposed by
William Barton Rogers
, was signed by
John Albion Andrew
, the
governor of Massachusetts
, on April 10, 1861.
[
15
]
Rogers, a
geologist
who had recently arrived in Boston from the
University of Virginia
,
[
16
]
wanted to establish an institution to address rapid scientific and technological advances.
[
17
]
[
18
]
He did not wish to found a
professional school
, but a combination with elements of both professional and
liberal education
,
[
19
]
proposing that:
The true and only practicable object of a polytechnic school is, as I conceive, the teaching, not of the minute details and manipulations of the arts, which can be done only in the workshop, but the inculcation of those scientific principles which form the basis and explanation of them, and along with this, a full and methodical review of all their leading processes and operations in connection with physical laws.
[
20
]
The Rogers Plan reflected the
German research university model
, emphasizing an independent faculty engaged in research, as well as instruction oriented around seminars and laboratories.
[
21
]
[
22
]
Original
Rogers Building
in
Back Bay, Boston
, 1872
Two days after MIT was chartered, the
first battle
of the
Civil War
broke out. After a long delay through the war years, MIT's first classes were held in the Mercantile Building in Boston in 1865.
[
23
]
The new institute was founded as part of the
Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act
to fund institutions "to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes" and was a land-grant school.
[
24
]
[
25
]
In 1863, under the same act, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts founded the
Massachusetts Agricultural College
, which later developed into the
University of Massachusetts Amherst
. In 1866, the proceeds from land sales went toward new buildings in the Back Bay.
[
26
]
"Boston Tech" students with
dynamos
MIT was informally called "Boston Tech".
[
26
]
The institute adopted the
European polytechnic university model
and emphasized laboratory instruction from an early date.
[
21
]
Despite chronic financial problems, the institute saw growth in the last two decades of the 19th century under President
Francis Amasa Walker
.
[
27
]
Programs in electrical, chemical, marine, and sanitary engineering were introduced,
[
28
]
[
29
]
new buildings were built, and the size of the student body increased to more than one thousand.
[
27
]
The curriculum drifted to a vocational emphasis, with less focus on theoretical science.
[
30
]
The fledgling school still suffered from chronic financial shortages which diverted the attention of the MIT leadership. During these "Boston Tech" years, MIT faculty and alumni rebuffed
Harvard University
president (and former MIT faculty)
Charles W. Eliot
's repeated attempts to merge MIT with Harvard College's
Lawrence Scientific School
.
[
31
]
There would be at least six attempts to absorb MIT into Harvard.
[
32
]
In its cramped Back Bay location, MIT could not afford to expand its overcrowded facilities, driving a desperate search for a new campus and funding. Eventually, the MIT Corporation approved a formal agreement to merge with Harvard and move to then-remote
Allston
, over the vehement objections of MIT faculty, students, and alumni.
[
32
]
The merger plan collapsed in 1905 when the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that MIT could not sell its Back Bay land.
[
33
]
"New Technology" campus in
Cambridge
, opened in 1916.
In 1912, MIT acquired its current campus by purchasing a one-mile (1.6Â km) tract of
filled lands
along the Cambridge side of the Charles River.
[
34
]
[
35
]
The
neoclassical
"New Technology" campus was designed by
William W. Bosworth
[
36
]
and had been funded largely by anonymous donations from a mysterious "Mr. Smith", starting in 1912. In January 1920, the donor was revealed to be the industrialist
George Eastman
, an inventor of film production methods and founder of
Eastman Kodak
.
[
a
]
In 1916, with the first academic buildings complete, the MIT administration and the MIT charter crossed the
Charles River
on the ceremonial barge
Bucentaur
built for the occasion.
[
38
]
[
39
]
Industry dependence and reform
[
edit
]
Unlike the
Ivy League
universities, MIT drew an unusually large share of its students from families of moderate means and depended heavily on
tuition
rather than
endowment
income for its operating budget.
[
40
]
The "Technology Plan," launched by President
Richard Maclaurin
in 1919, sought to deepen industry patronage. Under the plan, corporations paid MIT an annual retaining fee in exchange for access to faculty, library resources, and technical services.
[
41
]
By the late 1920s, more than a third of the teaching staff were engaged in research, testing, or consulting for industry, with MIT handling an expanding volume of corporate contracts.
[
42
]
An industry orientation meant that salaries and faculty research funds lagged behind those at other East Coast research universities, heavy work on industry problems limited basic research, and foundations would not fund an institution solving industrial problems.
[
43
]
[
44
]
By the late 1920s MIT was regarded by elite universities as a "mere engineering school servicing industry".
[
45
]
Vannevar Bush
(l) and
Karl Compton
(r) led reforms to funding and curriculum
A mandate for reform came from board members tied to industry research:
Gerard Swope
, president of
General Electric
, and
Frank B. Jewett
, head of
Bell Telephone Laboratories
. Both argued that practice-oriented training was obsolete and industry needed engineers grounded in fundamental science.
[
46
]
[
47
]
In 1930 they recruited the physicist
Karl Compton
to carry out a broad program of reform.
[
44
]
As president, Compton overhauled the science departments first, recruiting a cohort of research-oriented faculty.
[
48
]
In 1932, he reorganized MIT into schools of engineering, science, and architecture, created a formal
graduate school
, and appointed
Vannevar Bush
as vice president and dean of engineering.
[
49
]
To relieve dependence on industry, the pair centralized all industrial contracts, established a patent licensing program, and curtailed faculty consulting.
[
50
]
[
51
]
Compton also tripled philanthropic support for research and campaigned for federal government support of university science.
[
52
]
[
53
]
The reforms were uneven. Physics, chemistry, and electrical engineering advanced rapidly, but much of the engineering school did virtually no research well into the 1930s. Faculty resisted changes to shop practice and consulting arrangements.
[
54
]
Even so, by the mid-1930s, MIT had been admitted to the
Association of American Universities
, the organization of the nation's top research universities.
[
55
]
[
56
]
The institutional changes of this decade positioned MIT to take a leading role in wartime research after 1940.
[
57
]
Navy recruits training on
Rad Lab
radar systems
In June 1940, Vannevar Bush, who had left MIT's administration to lead the
Carnegie Institution
in Washington, persuaded President Roosevelt to create the
National Defense Research Committee
(NDRC) to mobilize civilian science for defense.
[
58
]
The NDRC's first major project was a laboratory for microwave radar research. After other proposed sites fell through, Bush and other science administrators turned to Compton, who agreed to host the project at MIT.
[
59
]
[
60
]
The
Radiation Laboratory
, as it was called to conceal its purpose, opened in 1940 and grew from a staff of thirty to roughly 4,000 and rivaled the
Manhattan Project
in scale: the NDRC division under which it operated expended some $1.5 billion on radar systems.
[
61
]
[
62
]
The Rad Lab contract was the first and largest wartime research agreement between the federal government and a university; its terms became a model for postwar governmentâuniversity contracts.
[
59
]
[
63
]
[
b
]
By war's end MIT had received $117 million ($20.9 billion in 2025) in government R&D contracts, more than any industrial contractor and roughly a third of all NDRC spending on university research.
[
66
]
[
67
]
Margaret Hamilton
wrote guidance code for the Apollo moon landings
The Rad Lab closed in 1945, but opened a new era of large military research contracts at MIT. New interdepartmental laboratories took shape: the
Research Laboratory of Electronics
(1946) inherited the Rad Lab's facilities and an ArmyâNavy contract for basic research in microwaves and electronics; the
Laboratory for Nuclear Science
(1946) opened with Navy support;
Lincoln Laboratory
(1951) was created to develop a
continental air-defense radar network
for the Air Force.
[
68
]
[
69
]
Charles Stark Draper
's wartime gunsight laboratory, renamed the
Instrumentation Laboratory
, expanded into inertial guidance for
ballistic missiles
and computerized guidance for the
Apollo lunar mission
.
[
70
]
The new laboratories became the primary training ground for graduate students in science and engineering and spawned dozens of firms along the
Route 128
corridor.
[
71
]
[
c
]
The cumulative effect transformed MIT into a different kind of institution. Between the early 1930s and the mid-1950s, the faculty doubled and the graduate student body quintupled.
[
73
]
Federal funding, negligible before the war, reached $38 million by 1944, and by 1957 research expenditures represented 72 percent of MIT's operating budget.
[
74
]
[
75
]
The Department of Defense was the dominant sponsor for much of this period.
[
71
]
[
75
]
By 1962 the physicist
Alvin Weinberg
, coiner of the term "
big science
," said it was difficult "to tell whether MIT is a university with many government research laboratories appended to it or a cluster of government research laboratories with a very good educational institution attached to it."
[
76
]
[
77
]
Vietnam-era opposition
[
edit
]
Most defense-funded work on campus was basic and unclassified.
[
71
]
[
75
]
The major exception was the Instrumentation Laboratory, where "Doc" Draper's practice of carrying projects from conception through deployment had made the lab an anomaly in university research.
[
78
]
Its work on guidance systems for
Poseidon
MIRV
warheads drew particular criticism as destabilizing the Cold War arms race.
[
79
]
Draper and picketers at the Instrumentation Lab
Opposition to the
Vietnam War
brought these tensions to a head. On March 4, 1969, students and faculty organized a research stoppage to protest the military applications of science; out of the faculty effort grew the
Union of Concerned Scientists
.
[
80
]
[
81
]
President
Howard Johnson
convened a review panel on the Instrumentation Lab and Lincoln Lab, chaired by Sloan School dean William Pounds, even as demonstrations continued into the fall.
The Pounds Panel reaffirmed the place of the labs at MIT and recommended diversification and oversight, not military divestiture.
[
82
]
[
83
]
In May 1970, Johnson announced that the Instrumentation Laboratory would be separated from MIT, and it became the independent
Draper Laboratory
in 1973.
[
84
]
[
d
]
MIT established a policy that on-campus research must be open and publishable, and classified work was consolidated at
Lincoln Laboratory
's off-campus site.
[
88
]
[
e
]
Postwar educational reform
[
edit
]
The Institute's new scale and resources raised questions about its educational direction. By 1946, research dwarfed the academic budget.
[
90
]
The number of graduate students rose from roughly 700 in 1940 to 2,700 by 1959; the ratio of graduate to undergraduate students shifted from about 1:3 before the war to nearly 1:1.
[
73
]
Federal research contracts, which supported research assistants, drove much of this growth. By the late 1950s, MIT had "virtually become a graduate school with a strong undergraduate school."
[
73
]
At Vice President
James Killian
's urging in 1947, MIT faculty formed a Committee on Educational Survey chaired by chemical engineer
Warren K. Lewis
.
[
91
]
[
f
]
After two years of study, the Lewis Committee produced a landmark report.
[
92
]
It reaffirmed the founding principle that the undergraduate program should integrate useful training and liberal education, and warned that a preoccupation with research was coming at the expense of undergraduate teaching.
[
93
]
[
94
]
It called for MIT students to build creative and intellectual autonomy rather than command of routine procedures.
[
95
]
[
94
]
In 1950, the Corporation approved the committee's recommendation for a
School of Humanities and Social Studies
to stand on equal footing with the existing schools.
[
96
]
[
g
]
The new school offered general education for undergraduates alongside graduate programs in political science, economics, linguistics, and
science and technology studies
.
[
97
]
Reform in engineering met greater resistance. Professors hired to advance applied science in the 1930s were opposed by older faculty attached to practical instruction and shop-centered training.
[
98
]
In mechanical engineering,
Richard Söderberg
and reformers dismantled machinery laboratories.
Gordon Brown
gave higher priority to modern physics within electrical engineering and instituted new programs in engineering science across departments.
[
73
]
[
h
]
These changes, part of a national movement to put engineering education on scientific footing, reshaped the MIT undergraduate experience in a single generation.
[
100
]
New educational experiments sought to improve undergraduate training. In 1957,
Edwin H. Land
, the inventor of instant photography, gave a lecture arguing that students should engage in original research from their arrival on campus, working with faculty rather than waiting years to reach the research frontier.
[
101
]
In 1969, the new
Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program
(UROP), directed by physicist
Margaret MacVicar
, allowed undergraduates to participate in research projects across the Institute. This was widely adopted at other schools and was later identified by
Clark Kerr
as one of the few genuine university reforms from the 1960s.
[
102
]
From the 1970s onward, MIT's reduced portfolio of on-campus defense research was matched by a rise in federal health research.
[
i
]
[
103
]
The
Center for Cancer Research
, opened in 1974 in a converted candy factory (E17) on Ames Street, marked a turning point. Founded by
Salvador Luria
with a
National Cancer Institute
grant and staffed by a cohort recruited with
David Baltimore
, including
Phillip Sharp
,
Nancy Hopkins
, and
Robert Weinberg
, the center quickly became one of the strongest groups in cancer biology in the country.
[
104
]
[
105
]
[
j
]
After a contentious public debate over
recombinant DNA
research was resolved by a Cambridge city ordinance in 1977, MIT expanded biological research through a series of independent but affiliated research institutes whose investigators hold MIT faculty appointments.
[
107
]
The
Whitehead Institute
(1982) added sixteen investigators to the biology community. Mathematician
Eric Lander
, working from the Whitehead, established a genome center in 1990 that became a major contributor to the
Human Genome Project
.
[
103
]
[
108
]
The
Broad Institute
(2003), a joint enterprise with Harvard, grew out of that effort into one of the largest genomic research operations in the world.
[
103
]
[
105
]
The
McGovern Institute for Brain Research
(2001) and the
Picower Institute for Learning and Memory
(2002) extended the model into the neurosciences.
[
103
]
New buildings for biology, neuroscience, genomics, and cancer research rose on the northeast campus. In 1998, a new Department of Biological Engineering was created at the interface of molecular biology and engineering.
[
103
]
Investments in the life sciences induced a biotechnology
industry cluster
around Kendall Square. Homegrown firms such as
Biogen
and
Genzyme
first expanded in the area. In 2002,
Novartis
relocated its research headquarters to Cambridge, a decision that drew virtually every major pharmaceutical company to follow over the next decade.
[
109
]
In 2004, the appointment of neuroscientist
Susan Hockfield
as MIT's sixteenth president, the first life scientist to lead MIT, reflected the programs' maturity.
[
110
]
In 2006, President Hockfield launched the
MIT Energy Initiative
to investigate challenges posed by increasing
global energy consumption
.
[
111
]
The 1985
MIT Media Lab
building, designed by
I.M. Pei
, houses researchers developing novel uses of computer technology.
Programs that emerged from defense projectsâ
Whirlwind
, the Research Laboratory of Electronics, and the
SAGE
air-defense systemâgave rise in the 1960s to digital computing laboratories.
Project MAC
, launched in 1963 with
ARPA
funding, drew researchers from scattered departments into a single effort around
time-sharing
and
artificial intelligence
.
[
112
]
[
113
]
Project MAC was reorganized in 1976 as the
Laboratory for Computer Science
(LCS).
[
114
]
A culture of student programmers grew out of the
Tech Model Railroad Club
, whose members were more drawn to the electrical switching systems beneath the layout than to the trains themselves.
[
112
]
[
115
]
These groups became the nucleus of the
AI Laboratory
, regarded as the birthplace of
hacker culture
.
[
115
]
When commercial pressures began pulling researchers into spinoff companies in the early 1980s,
Richard Stallman
responded by launching the
GNU Project
(1983) and the
Free Software Foundation
(1985), establishing a framework for
free software
that shaped the later
open-source
movement.
[
116
]
In 1983, MIT launched
Project Athena
, an eight-year partnership with
IBM
and the
Digital Equipment Corporation
that placed networked workstations across campus and produced widely adopted infrastructure, including the
Kerberos
authentication protocol and the
X Window System
.
[
117
]
In 1985,
Nicholas Negroponte
and former MIT president
Jerome Wiesner
founded the
Media Lab
, which focused on integration of computing with communication, design, and the arts, drawing researchers from the AI Lab.
[
118
]
Its industry sponsorship model helped draw technology firms to establish research outposts in nearby
Kendall Square
.
[
118
]
In 1994,
Tim Berners-Lee
established the
World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) at the Laboratory for Computer Science to develop open standards for the web.
[
118
]
In 2003, the AI Laboratory and LCS merged to form the
Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
(CSAIL), now the largest research laboratory at the Institute.
[
118
]
Open-access ideas running from the AI Lab found new expression when MIT launched
OpenCourseWare
in 2002, a project whose architects explicitly drew on the open-source principle that knowledge systems should be freely accessible.
[
119
]
[
120
]
In 2018, MIT announced the creation of the
Schwarzman College of Computing
, a billion-dollar initiative to integrate artificial intelligence research and education across the Institute.
[
121
]
In 1991, the
Department of Justice
sued MIT and the eight
Ivy League
universities, alleging that their practice of jointly setting need-based financial aid for commonly admitted students violated
antitrust law
. The other schools signed
consent decrees
and MIT contested the suit alone under
Charles Vest
.
[
122
]
[
123
]
[
k
]
A federal appeals court ruled in MIT's favor in 1993, and Congress subsequently passed legislation permitting need-based aid coordination among universities.
[
123
]
In 1999, a committee of women faculty in the School of Science, led by biologist Nancy Hopkins, published a report documenting that senior women faculty received less laboratory space, lower salaries, and fewer institutional resources than male colleagues of comparable rank.
[
124
]
[
125
]
President Vest publicly acknowledged the findings, writing that he now understood gender discrimination at MIT to be "far more reality than perception."
[
124
]
The report prompted policy changes across MIT's schools, spurred similar investigations at nine other universities, and was credited with advancing gender parity in academic science nationally.
[
126
]
Three days after the
Boston Marathon bombing
of April 2013,
MIT Police
officer
Sean Collier
was fatally shot by the bombers on campus, setting off a manhunt that shut down much of the Boston metropolitan area.
[
127
]
His memorial service drew more than 10,000 people.
[
128
]
MIT's central campus from above the
Harvard Bridge
. Left of center is the Great Dome, with the Stata Center and Kendall Square behind.
MIT's 166-acre (67.2Â ha) campus in the city of
Cambridge
spans approximately a mile along the north side of the
Charles River
basin.
[
6
]
The campus is divided roughly in half by
Massachusetts Avenue
, with most dormitories and student life facilities to the west and most academic buildings to the east. The bridge closest to MIT is the
Harvard Bridge
, which is known for being marked off in a
non-standard unit of length
â the
smoot
.
[
129
]
[
130
]
The
Kendall/MIT
subway
station is located on the northeastern edge of the campus, in
Kendall Square
. Since the 1960s, MIT and other firms have intensively developed high-rise educational, retail, residential, startup incubator, and office space around the station. The Cambridge neighborhoods surrounding MIT are a mixture of modern offices for high-tech firms, old industry buildings, and low-rise residential neighborhoods.
[
131
]
[
132
]
The
MIT Museum
has moved immediately adjacent to a Kendall Square subway entrance, joining the
List Visual Arts Center
on the eastern end of the campus.
[
133
]
Each building at MIT
has a number
(possibly preceded by a
W
,
N
,
E
, or
NW
) designation, and most have a name as well. Typically, academic and office buildings are referred to primarily by number while residence halls are referred to by name. The organization of building numbers roughly corresponds to the order in which the buildings were built and their location relative (north, west, and east) to the original center cluster of Maclaurin buildings.
[
134
]
Many of the buildings are connected above ground as well as through an extensive network of tunnels, providing protection from the Cambridge weather as well as a venue for
roof and tunnel hacking
.
[
135
]
[
136
]
The campus' primary energy source is natural gas. In connection with capital campaigns to expand the campus, the Institute has also extensively renovated existing buildings to improve their energy efficiency. MIT has also taken steps to reduce its environmental impact by running
alternative fuel
campus shuttles, subsidizing
public transportation passes
, constructing
solar power offsets
, and building a
cogeneration
plant to power campus electricity, heating, and cooling requirements.
[
137
]
[
138
]
Research facilities
[
edit
]
MIT's on-campus nuclear reactor
[
139
]
is one of the most powerful university-based
nuclear reactors
in the United States. The prominence of the reactor's containment building in a densely populated area has been controversial,
[
140
]
but MIT maintains that it is well-secured.
[
141
]
MIT Nano, also known as Building 12, is the campus' central facility for nanoscale research. Its 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m
2
)
cleanroom
and research space, visible through glass panels, is the largest research facility of its kind in the United States.
[
142
]
At US$400 million to construct, it is also one of the costliest buildings on campus. The facility also provides nanoimaging capabilities with vibration damped imaging and metrology suites sitting atop a 5
Ă
10
6
 lb (2,300,000 kg) slab of concrete underground.
[
143
]
Other notable campus facilities include a pressurized
wind tunnel
for testing
aerodynamic
research, a
towing tank
for testing ship and ocean structure designs, and previously
Alcator C-Mod
, which was the largest fusion device operated by any university.
[
144
]
[
145
]
MIT's campus-wide wireless network was completed in the fall of 2005 and consists of nearly 3,000 access points covering 9.4
Ă
10
6
 sq ft (870,000 m
2
) of campus.
[
146
]
MIT's Building 10 and Great Dome overlooking Killian Court
MIT has a history of commissioning innovative buildings.
[
147
]
[
148
]
The first buildings for the Cambridge campus, completed in 1916 and designed by
William Welles Bosworth
, were the first non-industrial buildings built from reinforced concrete in the United States.
[
l
]
[
150
]
Bosworth's ideaâindustrial efficiency inside, classical aesthetics outsideâwas influenced by the
City Beautiful movement
of the early 1900s. His design features the
Pantheon
-esque Great Dome overlooking Killian Court, where
graduation
ceremonies are held each year.
[
150
]
The friezes of the limestone-clad buildings around Killian Court are engraved with the names of important scientists and philosophers.
[
m
]
The
Infinite Corridor
runs the east-west length of the Bosworth's buildings, beginning at Lobby 7 despite a name suggesting it has no beginning.
[
132
]
The
Stata Center
houses
CSAIL
,
LIDS
, linguistics, and philosophy.
Buildings on the modern campus, many connected to the Bosworth's original buildings, range from utilitarian to high design. The demolished
Building 20
and surviving Building 24, constructed cheaply with little architectural effort, have been acclaimed for their research utility.
[
153
]
After World War II, MIT commissioned many of its new buildings from high-profile architects. Among the post-war
modernist architecture
on campus is
Alvar Aalto
's Baker House (1947),
Eero Saarinen
's
MIT Chapel
and
Kresge Auditorium
(1955), and
I.M. Pei
's four research buildings:
Green
, Dreyfus, Landau, and
Wiesner
.
[
154
]
[
155
]
[
156
]
More recent buildings like
Frank Gehry
's
Stata Center
(2004),
Steven Holl
's
Simmons Hall
(2002),
Charles Correa
's Building 46 (2005), and
Fumihiko Maki
's Media Lab Extension (2009) stand out among the Boston area's traditional architecture as examples of contemporary campus "
starchitecture
".
[
147
]
[
157
]
These high-end buildings have not always been well received;
[
158
]
[
159
]
in 2010,
The Princeton Review
included MIT in a list of twenty schools whose campuses are "tiny, unsightly, or both".
[
160
]
Simmons Hall
, an undergraduate dormitory.
Undergraduates are guaranteed four-year housing in one of MIT's 11 undergraduate dormitories.
[
161
]
Those living on campus can receive support and mentoring from live-in graduate students and faculty.
[
162
]
Because housing assignments are made based on the preferences of the students themselves, diverse social atmospheres can be sustained in different living groups; for example, according to the
Yale Daily News
staff's
The Insider's Guide to the Colleges, 2010
, "The split between East Campus and West Campus is a significant characteristic of MIT. East Campus has gained a reputation as a thriving counterculture."
[
163
]
MIT also has five dormitories for single graduate students and two apartment buildings on campus for married student families.
[
164
]
MIT has an active Greek and
co-op housing
system, including thirty-six
fraternities
,
sororities
, and independent living groups (
FSILGs
).
[
165
]
As of 2015
, 98% of all undergraduates lived in MIT-affiliated housing; 54% of the men participated in fraternities and 20% of the women were involved in sororities.
[
166
]
Most FSILGs are located across the river in
Back Bay
near where MIT was founded, and there is also a cluster of fraternities on MIT's West Campus that face the Charles River Basin.
[
167
]
After the 1997 alcohol-related death of Scott Krueger, a new pledge at the
Phi Gamma Delta
fraternity, MIT required all freshmen to live in the dormitory system starting in 2002.
[
168
]
Because FSILGs had previously housed as many as 300 freshmen off-campus, the new policy could not be implemented until
Simmons Hall
opened in that year.
[
169
]
In 2013â2014, MIT abruptly closed and then demolished undergrad dorm Bexley Hall, citing extensive water damage that made repairs infeasible. In 2017, MIT shut down Senior House after a century of service as an undergrad dorm. That year, MIT administrators released data showing just 60% of Senior House residents had graduated in four years. Campus-wide, the four-year graduation rate is 84% (the cumulative graduation rate is significantly higher).
[
170
]
Off-campus real estate
[
edit
]
MIT has substantial
commercial real estate
holdings in Cambridge on which it pays
property taxes
, plus an additional voluntary
payment in lieu of taxes
(PILOT) on academic buildings which are legally tax-exempt. As of 2017
, it is the largest taxpayer in the city, contributing approximately 14% of the city's annual revenues.
[
171
]
Holdings include
Technology Square
, parts of
Kendall Square
,
University Park
, and many properties in
Cambridgeport
and
Area 4
neighboring the main campus.
[
172
]
The land is held for investment purposes and potential long-term expansion.
[
173
]
Organization and administration
[
edit
]
Lobby 7 at 77
Massachusetts Avenue
is regarded as the main entrance to campus.
MIT is a state-chartered
nonprofit corporation
governed by a privately appointed
board
known as the
MIT Corporation
.
[
174
]
The Corporation has 60â80 members at any time, some with fixed terms, some with life appointments, and eight who serve
ex officio
.
[
174
]
[
175
]
[
176
]
[
177
]
The Corporation approves the budget, new programs, degrees and faculty appointments, and elects a president to manage the university and preside for the Institute's faculty.
[
174
]
[
132
]
The current president is
Sally Kornbluth
, a cell biologist and former provost at
Duke University
, who became MIT's eighteenth president in January 2023.
[
178
]
MIT has five schools (
Science
,
Engineering
,
Architecture and Planning
,
Management
, and
Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences
) and one college (
Schwarzman College of Computing
); the institute does not operate a law school or a medical school.
[
n
]
[
180
]
[
181
]
Faculty committees control many areas of MIT's curriculum, research, student life, and administrative affairs.
[
182
]
The chair of each of MIT's academic departments reports to the dean of that department's school, who in turn reports to the Provost.
[
183
]
Academic departments also report to "Visiting Committees," specialized bodies of Corporation members and outside experts who evaluate the performance, activities, and needs of each department.
MIT's
endowment
, real estate, and other financial assets are managed through by the MIT Investment Management Company (MITIMCo), a subsidiary of the MIT Corporation created in 2004.
[
184
]
A minor revenue source for much of the Institute's history, the endowment's role in MIT operations has grown due to strong investment returns since the 1990s, making it
one the largest U.S. university endowments
.
[
185
]
Among its holdings are a majority of shares in the audio equipment manufacturer
Bose Corporation
, as well as a commercial real estate portfolio in
Kendall Square
.
[
186
]
[
187
]
Undergraduate admissions statistics
2022 entering
class
[
188
]
Change vs.
2017
[
189
]
Admit rate
4.0%
(
Â
â3.2)
Yield rate
85.0%
(
Â
+9.5)
Test scores
middle 50%
SAT
Total
1520â â1570
ACT
Composite
35â36
MIT is a large, highly residential, research university with a majority of enrollments in graduate and professional programs.
[
190
]
The university has been
accredited
by the
New England Association of Schools and Colleges
since 1929.
[
191
]
MIT operates on a
4â1â4 academic calendar
with the fall semester beginning after
Labor Day
and ending in mid-December, a 4-week "Independent Activities Period" in the month of January, and the spring semester commencing in early February and ceasing in late May.
[
192
]
MIT students refer to both their majors and classes using numbers or acronyms alone.
[
193
]
Departments and their corresponding majors are numbered in the approximate order of their foundation; for example, Civil and Environmental Engineering is
Course 1
, while Linguistics and Philosophy is
Course 24
.
[
194
]
Students majoring in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), the most popular department, collectively identify themselves as "Course 6". MIT students use a combination of the department's course number and the number assigned to the class to identify their subjects; for instance, the introductory calculus-based
classical mechanics
course is simply "8.01" (pronounced
eight-oh-one
) at MIT.
[
195
]
[
o
]
Undergraduate program
[
edit
]
Enrollment in MIT (2017â2024)
Academic Year
Undergraduates
Graduate
Total Enrollment
2017â2018
[
189
]
4,547
6,919
11,466
2018â2019
[
198
]
4,602
6,972
11,574
2019â2020
[
199
]
4,530
6,990
11,520
2020â2021
[
200
]
4,361
6,893
11,254
2021â2022
[
201
]
4,638
7,296
11,934
2022â2023
[
188
]
4,657
7,201
11,858
2023â2024
[
5
]
4,576
7,344
11,920
The four-year, full-time undergraduate program maintains a balance between professional majors and those in the arts and sciences. In 2010, it was dubbed "most selective" by
U.S. News
,
[
202
]
admitting few transfer students
[
190
]
and 4.1% of its applicants in the 2020â2021 admissions cycle.
[
203
]
It is
need-blind
for both domestic and international applicants.
[
204
]
MIT offers 44 undergraduate degrees across its five schools.
[
205
]
In the 2017â2018 academic year, 1,045 Bachelor of Science degrees (abbreviated "
SB
") were granted, the only type of undergraduate degree MIT now awards.
[
needs update
]
[
206
]
[
207
]
In the 2024 fall term, among students who had designated a major, the School of Engineering was the most popular division, enrolling 72% of students in its 19 undergraduate degree programs, followed by the School of Science (20%), Sloan School of Management (4.7%), School of Humanities, Arts, & Social Sciences (1.5%), and School of Architecture and Planning (1.8%). The largest undergraduate degree programs were in Computer Science and Engineering (
Course 6â3
), Mechanical Engineering (
Course 2
), Artificial Intelligence and Decision Making (
Course 6-4
), Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (
Course 6â2
), and Mathematics (
Course 18
).
[
5
]
The
Infinite Corridor
is the primary passageway through campus.
All undergraduates are required to complete a core curriculum called the General Institute Requirements (GIRs).
[
208
]
The Science Requirement, generally completed during freshman year as prerequisites for classes in science and engineering majors, comprises two semesters of physics, two semesters of calculus, one semester of chemistry, and one semester of biology. There is a Laboratory Requirement, usually satisfied by an appropriate class in a course major. The Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences (HASS) Requirement consists of eight semesters of classes in the humanities, arts, and social sciences, including at least one semester from each division as well as the courses required for a designated concentration in a HASS division. Under the Communication Requirement, two of the HASS classes, plus two of the classes taken in the designated major must be "communication-intensive",
[
209
]
including "substantial instruction and practice in oral presentation".
[
210
]
Finally, all students are required to complete a
swimming
test;
[
211
]
non-varsity athletes must also take four quarters of
physical education
classes.
[
208
]
Most classes rely on a combination of lectures, recitations led by associate professors or graduate students, weekly problem sets ("p-sets"), and periodic quizzes or tests. While the pace and difficulty of MIT coursework has been compared to "drinking from a fire hose",
[
212
]
[
213
]
[
214
]
the freshmen retention rate at MIT is similar to other research universities.
[
202
]
The "pass/no-record" grading system relieves some pressure for first-year undergraduates. For each class taken in the fall term, freshmen transcripts will either report only that the class was passed, or otherwise not have any record of it. In the spring term, passing grades (A, B, C) appear on the transcript while non-passing grades are again not recorded.
[
215
]
(Grading had previously been "pass/no record" all freshman year, but was amended for the Class of 2006 to prevent students from
gaming the system
by completing required major classes in their freshman year.
[
216
]
) Also, freshmen may choose to join alternative learning communities, such as
Experimental Study Group
,
Concourse
, or Terrascope.
[
215
]
MIT's curriculum encourages students to apply scientific knowledge in practical domains, an idea summarized in the institute motto of
mens et manus
or "mind and hand."
[
217
]
[
218
]
Courses emphasizes uses of engineering knowledge in arenas like product design competitions and control design.
[
219
]
[
220
]
In 1969,
Margaret MacVicar
founded the
Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program
(UROP) to enable undergraduates to collaborate directly with faculty members and researchers. Students join or initiate research projects ("UROPs") for academic credit, pay, or on a volunteer basis through postings on the UROP website or by contacting faculty members directly.
[
221
]
A substantial majority of undergraduates participate.
[
222
]
[
223
]
Students often become
published
, file
patent applications
, and/or launch
start-up companies
based upon their experience in UROPs.
[
224
]
[
225
]
The program has been widely emulated at other U.S. universities.
[
226
]
In 1970, the then-Dean of Institute Relations, Benson R. Snyder, published
The Hidden Curriculum
,
arguing that education at MIT was often slighted in favor of following a set of unwritten expectations and that graduating with good grades was more often the product of figuring out the system rather than a solid education. The successful student, according to Snyder, was the one who was able to discern which of the formal requirements were to be ignored in favor of which unstated norms. For example, organized student groups had compiled "
course bibles
"âcollections of problem-set and examination questions and answers for later students to use as references. This sort of gamesmanship, Snyder argued, hindered development of a creative intellect and contributed to student discontent and unrest.
[
227
]
[
228
]
MIT's graduate program has high coexistence with the undergraduate program, and many courses are taken by qualified students at both levels. MIT offers a comprehensive doctoral program with degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and
STEM fields
as well as professional degrees, including the
Master of Business Administration
(MBA).
[
190
]
The Institute offers graduate programs leading to academic degrees such as the Master of Science (which is abbreviated as MS at MIT), various Engineer's Degrees, Doctor of Philosophy (
PhD
), and
Doctor of Science
(DSc) and interdisciplinary graduate programs such as the
MD-PhD
(with
Harvard Medical School
) and a joint program in
oceanography
with
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
.
[
229
]
[
230
]
[
231
]
[
232
]
Admission to graduate programs is decentralized; applicants apply directly to the department or degree program. More than 90% of doctoral students are supported by fellowships, research assistantships (RAs), or teaching assistantships (TAs).
[
233
]
Academic rankings
National
Forbes
[
234
]
1
U.S. News & World Report
[
235
]
2
Washington Monthly
[
236
]
10
WSJ
/College Pulse
[
237
]
2
Global
ARWU
[
238
]
3
QS
[
239
]
1
THE
[
240
]
2
U.S. News & World Report
[
241
]
2
MIT places among the top five in many overall rankings of universities (see table right) and rankings based on students'
revealed preferences
.
[
242
]
[
243
]
[
244
]
In 2026, it was ranked 4th among the worldâs top universities by
Time
magazine and
Statista
.
[
245
]
For several years,
U.S. News & World Report
, the
QS World University Rankings
, and the
Academic Ranking of World Universities
have ranked MIT's School of Engineering first, as did the 1995
National Research Council
report.
[
246
]
In the same lists, MIT's strongest showings apart from in engineering are in computer science, the natural sciences, business, architecture, economics, linguistics, mathematics, and, to a lesser extent, political science and philosophy.
[
247
]
Times Higher Education
has recognized MIT as one of the world's "six super brands" on its
World Reputation Rankings
, along with
Berkeley
,
Cambridge
,
Harvard
,
Oxford
, and
Stanford
.
[
248
]
In 2019, it was ranked #3 among the universities around the world by
SCImago Institutions Rankings
.
[
249
]
In 2017, the
Times Higher Education World University Rankings
also rated MIT the #2 university for arts and humanities.
[
250
]
[
251
]
MIT was ranked #7 in 2015 and #6 in 2017 of the Nature Index Annual Tables, which measure the largest contributors to papers published in 82 leading journals.
[
252
]
[
253
]
[
254
]
Georgetown University researchers ranked MIT #3 in the US for 20-year
return on investment
.
[
255
]
Eero Saarinen
's
Kresge Auditorium
(1955) is a classic example of
post-war architecture
.
The university historically pioneered research and training collaborations between academia, industry and government.
[
256
]
[
257
]
 In 1946, President Compton, Harvard Business School professor
Georges Doriot
, and Massachusetts Investor Trust chairman Merrill Grisswold founded
American Research and Development Corporation
, the first American
venture-capital
firm.
[
258
]
[
259
]
 In 1948, Compton established the MIT Industrial Liaison Program.
[
260
]
Throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, American politicians and business leaders accused MIT and other universities of contributing to a
declining economy
by
transferring
taxpayer-funded research and technology to international â especially
Japanese
â firms that were competing with struggling American businesses.
[
261
]
[
262
]
On the other hand, MIT's extensive collaboration with the federal government on research projects has led to several MIT leaders serving as
presidential scientific advisers
since 1940.
[
p
]
MIT established a Washington Office in 1991 to continue effective
lobbying
for research funding and national
science policy
.
[
264
]
[
265
]
The
US Justice Department
began an investigation in 1989, and in 1991 filed an
antitrust suit
against MIT, the eight
Ivy League
colleges, and eleven other institutions for allegedly engaging in
price-fixing
during their annual "Overlap Meetings", which were held to prevent bidding wars over promising prospective students from consuming funds for need-based scholarships.
[
266
]
[
267
]
While the Ivy League institutions
settled
,
[
268
]
MIT contested the charges, arguing that the practice was not anti-competitive because it ensured the availability of aid for the greatest number of students.
[
269
]
[
270
]
MIT ultimately prevailed when the Justice Department dropped the case in 1994.
[
271
]
[
272
]
Walker Memorial is a monument to MIT's fourth president,
Francis Amasa Walker
.
MIT's proximity
[
q
]
to
Harvard University
("the other school up the
river
") has led to a substantial number of research collaborations such as the
HarvardâMIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology
and the
Broad Institute
.
[
273
]
In addition, students at the two schools can
cross-register
for credits toward their own school's degrees without any additional fees.
[
273
]
A cross-registration program between MIT and
Wellesley College
has also existed since 1969, and in 2002 the
CambridgeâMIT Institute
launched an undergraduate exchange program between MIT and the
University of Cambridge
.
[
273
]
MIT also has a long-term partnership with
Imperial College London
, for both student exchanges and research collaboration.
[
274
]
[
275
]
More modest cross-registration programs have been established with
Boston University
,
Brandeis University
,
Tufts University
,
Massachusetts College of Art
, and the
School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
.
[
273
]
MIT maintains substantial research and faculty ties with independent research organizations in the Boston area, such as the
Charles Stark Draper Laboratory
, the
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
, and the
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
.
[
232
]
Ongoing international research and educational collaborations include the
Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions
(AMS Institute),
[
276
]
Singapore-MIT Alliance, MIT-
Politecnico di Milano
,
[
273
]
[
277
]
MIT-
Zaragoza
International Logistics Program, and projects in other countries through the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) program.
[
273
]
[
278
]
The mass-market magazine
Technology Review
is published by MIT through a subsidiary company, as is a special edition that also serves as an
alumni magazine
.
[
279
]
[
280
]
The
MIT Press
is a major
university press
, publishing over 200 books and 30 journals annually, emphasizing science and technology as well as arts, architecture, new media, current events, and social issues.
[
281
]
MIT Microphotonics Center and
PhotonDelta
founded the global roadmap for integrated photonics: Integrated Photonics Systems Roadmap â International (IPSR-I). The first edition has been published in 2020. The roadmap is an amalgamation of two previously independent roadmaps: the IPSR roadmap of MIT Microphotonics Center and AIM Photonics in the United States, and the WTMF (World Technology Mapping Forum) of PhotonDelta in Europe.
[
282
]
In 2022, Open Philanthropy donated $13,277,348 to MIT to study potential risks from AI.
[
283
]
Libraries, collections, and museums
[
edit
]
The MIT library system consists of five subject libraries: Barker (Engineering), Dewey (Economics), Hayden (Humanities and Science), Lewis (Music), and Rotch (Arts and Architecture). There are also various specialized libraries and archives. The libraries contain more than 2.9 million printed volumes, 2.4 million microforms, 49,000 print or electronic journal subscriptions, and 670 reference databases. The past decade has seen a trend of increased focus on digital over print resources in the libraries.
[
284
]
Notable collections include the Lewis Music Library with an emphasis on 20th and 21st-century music and electronic music,
[
285
]
the
List Visual Arts Center
's rotating exhibitions of contemporary art,
[
286
]
and the Compton Gallery's cross-disciplinary exhibitions.
[
287
]
MIT allocates a percentage of the budget for all new construction and renovation to commission and support its extensive public art and outdoor sculpture collection.
[
288
]
[
289
]
The
MIT Museum
was founded in 1971 and collects, preserves, and exhibits artifacts significant to the culture and
history of MIT
. The museum now engages in significant educational outreach programs for the general public, including the annual
Cambridge Science Festival
, the first celebration of this kind in the United States. Since 2005, its official mission has been, "to engage the wider community with MIT's science, technology and other areas of scholarship in ways that will best serve the nation and the world in the 21st century".
[
290
]
MIT was elected to the
Association of American Universities
in 1934 and is
classified
among "R1: Doctoral Universities â Very high research activity";
[
291
]
[
190
]
research expenditures totaled $952 million in 2017.
[
292
]
The federal government was the largest source of sponsored research, with the
Department of Health and Human Services
granting $255.9 million,
Department of Defense
$97.5 million,
Department of Energy
$65.8 million,
National Science Foundation
$61.4 million, and
NASA
$27.4 million.
[
293
]
MIT employs approximately 1300 researchers in addition to faculty.
[
294
]
In 2011, MIT faculty and researchers disclosed 632 inventions, were issued 153 patents, earned $85.4 million in cash income, and received $69.6 million in royalties.
[
295
]
Through programs like the Deshpande Center, MIT faculty leverage their research and discoveries into multi-million-dollar commercial ventures.
[
296
]
In electronics,
magnetic-core memory
,
radar
,
single-electron transistors
, and
inertial guidance
controls were invented or substantially developed by MIT researchers.
[
297
]
[
298
]
Harold Eugene Edgerton
was a pioneer in
high-speed photography
and
sonar
.
[
299
]
[
300
]
Claude E. Shannon
developed much of modern
information theory
and discovered the application of
Boolean logic
to
digital circuit
design theory.
[
301
]
In the domain of computer science, MIT faculty and researchers made fundamental contributions to
cybernetics
,
artificial intelligence
,
computer languages
,
machine learning
,
robotics
, and
cryptography
.
[
298
]
[
302
]
At least nine
Turing Award
laureates and seven recipients of the
Draper Prize
in engineering have been or are currently associated with MIT.
[
303
]
[
304
]
Current and previous physics faculty have won eight
Nobel Prizes
,
[
305
]
four
ICTP Dirac Medals
,
[
306
]
and three
Wolf Prizes
predominantly for their contributions to subatomic and
quantum
theory.
[
307
]
Members of the chemistry department have been awarded three
Nobel Prizes
and one Wolf Prize for the discovery of novel syntheses and methods.
[
305
]
MIT biologists have been awarded six
Nobel Prizes
for their contributions to genetics, immunology, oncology, and molecular biology.
[
305
]
Professor
Eric Lander
was one of the principal leaders of the
Human Genome Project
.
[
308
]
[
309
]
Positronium
atoms,
[
310
]
synthetic
penicillin
,
[
311
]
synthetic self-replicating molecules
,
[
312
]
and the genetic bases for
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(also known as ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease) and
Huntington's disease
were first discovered at MIT.
[
313
]
Jerome Lettvin
transformed the study of cognitive science with his paper "What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain".
[
314
]
Researchers developed a system to convert MRI scans into 3D printed physical models.
[
315
]
Beginning in 1980,
Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory
(LIGO) was designed and constructed by a team of scientists from
California Institute of Technology
, MIT, and industrial contractors, and funded by the
National Science Foundation
. It was designed to open the field of
gravitational-wave astronomy
through the detection of
gravitational waves
predicted by
general relativity
.
[
316
]
Gravitational waves were
detected for the first time
by the LIGO detector in 2015. For contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves, two Caltech physicists,
Kip Thorne
and
Barry Barish
, and MIT physicist
Rainer Weiss
won the
Nobel Prize in physics
in 2017.
[
317
]
Weiss, who is also an MIT graduate, designed the laser interferometric technique, which served as the essential blueprint for the LIGO.
[
318
]
In the domain of humanities, arts, and social sciences, as of October 2019 MIT economists have been awarded seven
Nobel Prizes
and nine
John Bates Clark Medals
.
[
305
]
[
319
]
Linguists
Noam Chomsky
and
Morris Halle
authored seminal texts on
generative grammar
and
phonology
.
[
320
]
[
321
]
The
MIT Media Lab
, founded in 1985 within the
School of Architecture and Planning
and known for its unconventional research,
[
322
]
[
323
]
has been home to influential researchers such as
constructivist
educator and
Logo
creator
Seymour Papert
.
[
324
]
Spanning many of the above fields,
MacArthur Fellowships
(the so-called "Genius Grants") have been awarded to 50 people associated with MIT.
[
325
]
Five
Pulitzer Prize
âwinning writers currently work at or have retired from MIT.
[
326
]
Four current or former faculty are members of the
American Academy of Arts and Letters
.
[
327
]
Allegations of
research misconduct
or improprieties have received substantial press coverage. Professor
David Baltimore
, a
Nobel Laureate
, became embroiled in a misconduct investigation starting in 1986 that led to Congressional hearings in 1991.
[
328
]
[
329
]
Professor
Ted Postol
has accused the MIT administration since 2000 of attempting to
whitewash
potential research misconduct at the Lincoln Lab facility involving a
ballistic missile defense
test, though a final investigation into the matter has not been completed.
[
330
]
[
331
]
Associate Professor
Luk Van Parijs
was dismissed in 2005 following allegations of scientific misconduct and found guilty of the same by the
United States Office of Research Integrity
in 2009.
[
332
]
[
333
]
In 2019,
Clarivate Analytics
named 54 members of MIT's faculty to its list of "Highly Cited Researchers". That number places MIT eighth among the world's universities.
[
334
]
Oncogene
â
Robert Weinberg
discovered genetic basis of human
cancer
.
[
335
]
Reverse transcription
â
David Baltimore
independently isolated, in 1970 at MIT, two RNA tumor viruses:
R-MLV
and again
RSV
.
[
336
]
Thermal death time
â
Samuel Cate Prescott
and
William Lyman Underwood
from 1895 to 1898. Done for
canning
of food. Applications later found useful in
medical devices
,
pharmaceuticals
, and
cosmetics
.
[
337
]
Electroweak interaction
â
Steven Weinberg
proposed the electroweak unification theory, which gave rise to the modern formulation of the
Standard Model
, in 1967 at MIT.
[
338
]
Computer and applied sciences
[
edit
]
Akamai Technologies
â
Daniel Lewin
and
Tom Leighton
developed a faster
content delivery network
, now one of the world's largest
distributed computing
platforms, responsible for serving between 15 and 30 percent of all web traffic.
[
339
]
Cryptography
â MIT researchers
Ron Rivest
,
Adi Shamir
and
Leonard Adleman
developed one of the first practical
public-key cryptosystems
, the
RSA cryptosystem
, and started a company,
RSA Security
.
[
340
]
Digital circuits
â
Claude Shannon
, while a master's degree student at MIT, developed the digital circuit design theory which paved the way for modern computers.
[
341
]
Electronic ink
â developed by
Joseph Jacobson
at
MIT Media Lab
.
[
342
]
Emacs (text editor)
â development began during the 1970s at the
MIT AI Lab
.
[
343
]
Flight recorder (black box)
â
Charles Stark Draper
developed the black box at
MIT's Instrumentation Laboratory
. That lab later made the
Apollo Moon landings
possible through the
Apollo Guidance Computer
it designed for
NASA
.
[
344
]
GNU Project
â
Richard Stallman
formally founded the
free software movement
in 1983 by launching the
GNU Project
at MIT.
[
345
]
[
346
]
[
347
]
Julia (programming language)
â Development was started in 2009, by
Jeff Bezanson
,
Stefan Karpinski
,
Viral B. Shah
, and
Alan Edelman
, all at MIT at that time, and continued with the contribution of a dedicated MIT Julia Lab
[
348
]
Lisp (programming language)
â
John McCarthy
invented Lisp at MIT in 1958.
[
349
]
Lithium-ion battery efficiencies
â Yet-Ming Chiang and his group at MIT showed a substantial improvement in the performance of lithium batteries by boosting the material's conductivity by
doping
it
[
350
]
with
aluminium
,
niobium
and
zirconium
.
[
351
]
[
352
]
Macsyma
, one of the oldest general-purpose computer algebra systems; the GPL-licensed version
Maxima
remains in wide use.
[
353
]
MIT OpenCourseWare
â the
OpenCourseWare
movement started in 1999 when the
University of TĂŒbingen
in Germany published videos of
lectures
online for its
timms
initiative (TĂŒbinger Internet Multimedia Server).
[
354
]
The OCW movement only took off, however, with the launch of MIT OpenCourseWare and the Open Learning Initiative at
Carnegie Mellon University
[
355
]
in October 2002. The movement was soon reinforced by the launch of similar projects at
Yale
,
Utah State University
, the
University of Michigan
and the
University of California, Berkeley
.
[
356
]
Perdix micro-drone
â autonomous drone that uses
artificial intelligence
to swarm with many other Perdix drones.
[
357
]
Project MAC
â groundbreaking research in
operating systems
,
artificial intelligence
, and the
theory of computation
.
DARPA
funded project.
[
358
]
Microwave radar
â developed at MIT's
Radiation Laboratory
during
World War II
.
[
359
]
SKETCHPAD
â invented by
Ivan Sutherland
at MIT (presented in his PhD thesis). It pioneered the way for
humanâcomputer interaction
(HCI).
[
360
]
Sketchpad is considered to be the ancestor of modern
computer-aided design
(CAD) programs as well as a major breakthrough in the development of
computer graphics
in general.
[
361
]
VisiCalc
â first
spreadsheet
computer program for
personal computers
, originally released for the
Apple II
by
VisiCorp
. MIT alumni
Dan Bricklin
and
Bob Frankston
rented time sharing at night on an MIT mainframe computer (that cost $1/hr for use).
[
362
]
World Wide Web Consortium
â founded in 1994 by
Tim Berners-Lee
, (W3C) is the main international
standards organization
for the
World Wide Web
[
363
]
X Window System
â pioneering architecture-independent system for graphical user interfaces that has been widely used for
Unix
and
Linux
systems.
[
364
]
Companies and entrepreneurship
[
edit
]
MIT alumni and faculty have founded numerous companies, some of which are shown below:
[
365
]
[
366
]
Analog Devices
, 1965, co-founders
Ray Stata
, (SB, SM) and Matthew Lorber (SB)
BlackRock
, 1988, co-founder Bennett Golub, (SB, SM, PhD)
Bose Corporation
, 1964, founder
Amar Bose
(SB, PhD)
Boston Dynamics
, 1992, founder
Marc Raibert
(PhD)
BuzzFeed
, 2006, co-founder
Jonah Peretti
(SM)
Dropbox
, 2007, founders
Drew Houston
(SB) and
Arash Ferdowsi
(drop-out)
Hewlett-Packard
, 1939, co-founder
William R. Hewlett
(SM)
HuffPost
,
2005, co-founder
Jonah Peretti
(SM)
Intel
, 1968, co-founder
Robert Noyce
(PhD)
Khan Academy
, 2008, founder
Salman Khan
(SB, SM)
[
367
]
Koch Industries
, 1940, founder
Fred C. Koch
(SB), sons
William
(SB, PhD),
David
(SB)
Qualcomm
, 1985, co-founders
Irwin M. Jacobs
(SM, PhD) and
Andrew Viterbi
(SB, SM)
Raytheon
, 1922, co-founder
Vannevar Bush
(DEng, Professor)
Renaissance Technologies
, 1982, founder
James Simons
(SB)
Scale AI
, 2016, founder
Alexandr Wang
(drop-out)
Texas Instruments
, 1930, founder
Cecil Howard Green
(SB, SM)
TSMC
, 1987, founder
Morris Chang
(SB, SM)
VMware
, 1998, co-founder
Diane Greene
(SM)
ROTC
students celebrate
Veterans Day
at MIT in 2019.
The faculty and student body place a high value on
meritocracy
and on technical proficiency.
[
368
]
[
369
]
MIT has never awarded an
honorary degree
,
[
370
]
nor does it award
athletic scholarships
,
[
371
]
ad eundem
degrees
,
[
citation needed
]
or
Latin honors
[
372
]
upon graduation. However, MIT has twice awarded honorary professorships: to
Winston Churchill
in 1949 and
Salman Rushdie
in 1993.
[
373
]
Many
upperclass
students and alumni wear a large, heavy, distinctive
class ring
known as the "
Brass Rat
".
[
374
]
[
375
]
Originally created in 1929, the ring's official name is the "Standard Technology Ring".
[
376
]
The undergraduate ring design (a separate graduate student version exists as well) varies slightly from year to year to reflect the unique character of the MIT experience for that class, but always features a three-piece design, with the MIT seal and the class year each appearing on a separate face, flanking a large rectangular bezel bearing an image of a
beaver
.
[
374
]
The
initialism
IHTFP
, representing the informal school motto "I Hate This Fucking Place" and jocularly
euphemized
as "I Have Truly Found Paradise", "Institute Has The Finest Professors", "Institute of Hacks, TomFoolery and Pranks", "It's Hard to Fondle Penguins", and other variations, has occasionally been featured on the ring given its historical prominence in student culture.
[
377
]
MIT also shares a well-known
rivalry
with the
California Institute of Technology
(Caltech), stemming from both institutions' reputations as two of the highest ranked and most highly recognized science and engineering schools in the world.
[
378
]
The rivalry is an unusual college rivalry given its focus on academics and pranks instead of sports, and due to the geographic distance between the two (their campuses are separated by about 2580 miles and are on
opposite
coasts
of the United States). In 2005, Caltech students pranked MIT's Campus Preview Weekend by distributing t-shirts that read "MIT" on the front, and "...because not everyone can go to Caltech" on the back.
[
379
]
[
380
]
[
381
]
Additionally, the word Massachusetts in the "Massachusetts Institute of Technology" engraving on the exterior of the Lobby 7 dome was covered with a banner so that it read "That Other Institute of Technology". In 2006, MIT retaliated by posing as contractors and stealing the 1.7-ton, 130-year-old
Fleming cannon
, a Caltech landmark. The cannon was relocated to Cambridge, where it was displayed in front of the
Green Building
during the 2006 Campus Preview Weekend.
[
382
]
[
383
]
In September 2010, MIT students unsuccessfully tried to place a life-sized model of the
TARDIS
time machine from the
Doctor Who
(1963âpresent) television series on top of Baxter Hall at Caltech. A few months later, Caltech students collaborated to help MIT students place the TARDIS on top of their originally planned destination.
[
384
]
The rivalry has continued, most recently in 2014, when a group of Caltech students gave out mugs sporting the MIT logo on the front and the words "The Institute of Technology" on the back. When heated, the mugs turned orange and read, "Caltech, The Hotter Institute of Technology".
[
385
]
The start of the
MIT Mystery Hunt
in 2007
MIT has over 500 recognized student activity groups,
[
386
]
including a
campus radio station
,
The Tech
student newspaper, an annual
entrepreneurship competition
, a
crime club
, and weekly screenings of popular films by the
Lecture Series Committee
. Less traditional activities include the "world's largest open-shelf
collection of science fiction
" in English, a
model railroad club
, and a vibrant
folk dance
scene. Students, faculty, and staff are involved in over 50 educational outreach and public service programs through the
MIT Museum
, Edgerton Center, and MIT Public Service Center.
[
387
]
Fraternities and sororities provide a base of activities in addition to housing. Approximately 1,000 undergrads, 48% of men and 30% of women, participate in one of several dozen Greek Life men's, women's and co-ed chapters on the campus.
[
388
]
The
Independent Activities Period
is a four-week-long "term" offering hundreds of optional classes, lectures, demonstrations, and other activities throughout the month of January between the Fall and Spring semesters. Some of the most popular recurring IAP activities are Autonomous Robot Design (course 6.270), Robocraft Programming (6.370), and MasLab
competitions
,
[
389
]
the annual
"mystery hunt"
,
[
390
]
and
Charm School
.
[
391
]
[
392
]
More than 250 students pursue
externships
annually at companies in the US and abroad.
[
393
]
[
394
]
Many MIT students also engage in "hacking", which encompasses both the
physical exploration of areas
that are generally off-limits (such as rooftops and steam tunnels), as well as
elaborate practical jokes
.
[
395
]
[
396
]
Examples of high-profile hacks have included the
abduction of Caltech's cannon
,
[
397
]
reconstructing a
Wright Flyer
atop the Great Dome,
[
398
]
and adorning the
John Harvard
statue with the
Master Chief's Mjölnir Helmet
.
[
399
]
The
Zesiger Sports and Fitness Center
houses a two-story fitness center as well as swimming and diving pools.
MIT sponsors 31 varsity sports, reduced from 41 in 2009, and has one of the three broadest NCAA Division III athletic programs.
[
400
]
[
401
]
Nearly 20% of undergraduates play at least one varsity sport.
[
402
]
Applying athletes are considered by the academic standards applied to all applicants, though coaches may advocate for their admission.
[
402
]
[
403
]
MIT participates in the
NCAA's
Division III
and the
New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference
, with women's crew competing at the Division I level in the
Patriot League
. MIT's intercollegiate sports teams, called the Engineers, have won 22 Team National Championships and 42 Individual National Championships.
MIT is the all-time leader in
Academic All-America
selections (468 as of August 2025
), ahead of
Stanford University
and the
University of NebraskaâLincoln
across all NCAA divisions.
[
404
]
MIT Athletes won 13
Elite 90
awards and ranks first among NCAA Division III programs, and third among all divisions.
[
405
]
MIT affiliates have received major academic and professional honors across a range of fields. As of October 2024, 105 Nobel laureates, 26 Turing Award winners, and 8 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT as alumni, faculty, or researchers.
[
citation needed
]
The institute also counts 58 National Medal of Science recipients, 29 National Medal of Technology and Innovation recipients, and 84 MacArthur Fellows among its affiliates.
[
406
]
In public service, 41 MIT-affiliated astronauts have flown in space,
[
407
]
16 have served as Chief Scientist of the U.S. Air Force, and 8 alumni have served as foreign heads of state.
[
citation needed
]
Many alumni have also held senior positions in the U.S. federal government, including members of the Cabinet, the Federal Reserve, and the leadership of national defense and intelligence agencies. Alumni and faculty have founded or led many notable companies, particularly in technology, defense, and biotechnology.
Student body composition as of May 2, 2023
Race and ethnicity
[
408
]
Total
Asian
34%
White
22%
Hispanic
15%
Foreign national
11%
Other
[
r
]
10%
Black
8%
Economic diversity
Low-income
[
s
]
19%
Affluent
[
t
]
81%
MIT enrolled 4,535 undergraduates and 7,047 graduate students in 2024â2025.
[
409
]
In 2025, MIT admitted 4.5% of its applicants for first-year admission. 86% of admitted students enrolled.
[
409
]
[
410
]
MIT is one of nine U.S. colleges that is both
need-blind
and full-need for all undergraduate applicants, including international students.
[
411
]
All financial aid is based on demonstrated need, MIT does not offer merit or athletic scholarships.
[
411
]
Beginning with the 2025â2026 academic year, tuition is not charged to students from families with incomes below $200,000 with typical assets.
[
412
]
[
411
]
At times, annual increases led to a student tradition (dating back to the 1960s) of tongue-in-cheek "tuition riots."
[
413
]
The admissions process does not give preference to
children of alumni
.
[
414
]
[
415
]
A 2023 study by economists
Raj Chetty
, David Deming, and John Friedman found that legacy preferences, athletic recruitment, and non-academic ratings were the primary drivers of admissions advantages for wealthy applicants at twelve highly selective U.S. colleges. At MIT, students from the wealthiest families were no more likely to attend than other applicants with comparable test scores.
[
416
]
[
414
]
In August 2024, after the
U.S. Supreme Court
overruled race-based
affirmative action
in
Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard
(2023), the university reported that for the class of 2028, Black and Latino student enrollment decreased from previous averages to 5 and 11 percent, respectively, while
Asian American
enrollment increased to 47 percent.
[
417
]
[
418
]
MIT has been nominally
co-educational
since admitting
Ellen Swallow Richards
in 1870. Richards also became the first female member of MIT's faculty, specializing in
sanitary chemistry
.
[
419
]
[
420
]
Female students remained a small minority prior to the completion of the first wing of a women's dormitory,
McCormick Hall
, in 1963.
[
421
]
[
422
]
[
423
]
Between 1993 and 2009 the proportion of women rose from 34 percent to 45 percent of undergraduates and from 20 percent to 31 percent of graduate students.
[
196
]
[
424
]
As of 2009
, women outnumbered men in Biology, Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Architecture, Urban Planning, and Biological Engineering.
[
196
]
[
425
]
This section needs to be
updated
.
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
(
January 2022
)
A 2000 panel featuring Institute Professors Emeriti and Nobel Laureates (from left to right)
Franco Modigliani
,
Paul Samuelson
, and
Robert Solow
As of 2025
, MIT had 1,090
faculty
members.
[
4
]
Faculty are responsible for lecturing classes, for advising both graduate and undergraduate students, and for sitting on academic committees, as well as for conducting original research. Between 1964 and 2009 a total of seventeen faculty and staff members affiliated with MIT won
Nobel Prizes
(thirteen of them in the latter 25 years).
[
426
]
As of October 2020, 37 MIT faculty members, past or present, have won Nobel Prizes, the majority in
Economics
or
Physics
.
[
427
]
As of October 2013
, current faculty and teaching staff included 67
Guggenheim Fellows
, 6
Fulbright Scholars
, and 22
MacArthur Fellows
.
[
4
]
Faculty members who have made extraordinary contributions to their research field as well as the MIT community are granted appointments as
Institute Professors
for the remainder of their tenures.
Susan Hockfield
, a molecular
neurobiologist
, served as MIT's president from 2004 to 2012. She was the first woman to hold the post.
[
428
]
MIT faculty members have often been recruited to lead other colleges and universities. Founding faculty-member
Charles W. Eliot
became president of Harvard University in 1869, a post he would hold for 40 years, during which he had influence both on American higher education and on secondary education
[
429
]
. MIT alumnus and faculty member
George Ellery Hale
played a central role in the development of the
California Institute of Technology
(Caltech), and other faculty members have been key founders of
Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering
in nearby
Needham, Massachusetts
.
[
430
]
As of 2014
former provost
Robert A. Brown
served as president of
Boston University
[
431
]
; former provost
Mark Wrighton
is chancellor of
Washington University in St. Louis
[
432
]
; former associate provost
Alice Gast
is president of
Lehigh University
[
433
]
; and former professor
Suh Nam-pyo
is president of
KAIST
[
434
]
. Former dean of the School of Science
Robert J. Birgeneau
was the chancellor of the
University of California, Berkeley
(2004â2013)
[
435
]
; former professor
John Maeda
was president of
Rhode Island School of Design
(RISD, 2008â2013)
[
436
]
; former professor
David Baltimore
was president of
Caltech
(1997â2006)
[
437
]
; and MIT alumnus and former assistant professor
Hans Mark
served as chancellor of the
University of Texas
system (1984â1992).
[
438
]
In addition, faculty members have been recruited to lead governmental agencies; for example, former professor
Marcia McNutt
is president of the
National Academy of Sciences
,
[
439
]
urban studies professor
Xavier de Souza Briggs
served as the associate director of the
White House Office of Management and Budget
,
[
440
]
and biology professor
Eric Lander
was a co-chair of the
President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology
.
[
441
]
In 2013, faculty member
Ernest Moniz
was nominated by President Obama and later confirmed as
United States Secretary of Energy
.
[
442
]
[
443
]
Former professor Hans Mark served as Secretary of the Air Force from 1979 to 1981. Alumna and Institute Professor Sheila Widnall served as Secretary of the Air Force between 1993 and 1997, making her the first female Secretary of the Air Force and first woman to lead an entire branch of the US military in the Department of Defense. A 1999 report, met by promises of change by President Charles Vest, found that senior female faculty in the School of Science were often marginalized, and in return for equal professional accomplishments received reduced "salary, space, awards, resources, and response to outside offers".
[
444
]
As of 2017
, MIT was the second-largest employer in the city of Cambridge.
[
171
]
Based on feedback from employees, MIT was ranked No. 7 as a place to work, among US colleges and universities as of March 2013
.
[
445
]
Surveys cited a "smart", "creative", "friendly" environment, noting that the
work-life balance
tilts towards a "strong work ethic" but complaining about "low pay" compared to an industry position.
[
446
]
Many of MIT's over 120,000 alumni have achieved considerable success in scientific research, public service, education, and
business
. As of October 2020
, 41 MIT alumni have won Nobel Prizes, 48 have been selected as
Rhodes Scholars
,
[
447
]
61 have been selected as
Marshall Scholars
,
[
448
]
and 3 have been selected as
Mitchell Scholars
.
[
449
]
Alumni in United States politics and public service include former
Chairman of the Federal Reserve
Ben Bernanke
, former
MA-1
Representative
John Olver
, former
CA-13
Representative
Pete Stark
,
KY-4
Representative
Thomas Massie
, California Senator
Alex Padilla
, and former
National Economic Council
chairman
Lawrence H. Summers
.
[
450
]
MIT alumni have founded or co-founded many notable companies, such as
Intel
,
McDonnell
Douglas
,
Texas Instruments
,
3Com
,
Qualcomm
,
Bose
,
Raytheon
,
Apotex
,
Koch Industries
,
Rockwell International
,
Genentech
,
Dropbox
, and
Campbell Soup
. According to the British newspaper
The Guardian
, "a survey of living MIT alumni found that they have formed 25,800 companies, employing more than three million people including about a quarter of the workforce of Silicon Valley. Those firms collectively generate global revenues of about $1.9 trillion (ÂŁ1.2 trillion) a year". If the companies founded by MIT alumni were a country, they would have the 11th-highest
GDP
of any country in the world.
[
451
]
[
452
]
[
453
]
More than one third of the
United States' crewed spaceflights
have included
MIT-educated astronauts
, a contribution exceeding that of any university excluding the
United States service academies
.
[
454
]
Of the
12 people who have set foot on the Moon
as of 2019
, four graduated from MIT (among them
Apollo 11
Lunar Module
Pilot
Buzz Aldrin
). Alumnus and former faculty member
Qian Xuesen
led the
Chinese nuclear-weapons program
and became instrumental in Chinese rocket-program.
[
455
]
Noted alumni in other fields include health care policy analyst and journalist
Avik Roy
, children's book author
Hugh Lofting
,
[
456
]
[
457
]
sculptor
Daniel Chester French
, guitarist
Tom Scholz
of the band
Boston
, the British
BBC
and
ITN
correspondent and political advisor
David Walter
,
The New York Times
columnist and Nobel Prize-winning economist
Paul Krugman
,
The Bell Curve
author
Charles Murray
, and
United States Supreme Court building
architect
Cass Gilbert
.
[
458
]
Other distinguished alumni include economist Esther Duflo,
[
459
]
[
460
]
who received the
Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
in 2019 for her experimental approach to poverty alleviation; physicist
Mildred Dresselhaus
, a pioneer in carbon science and recipient of the
Presidential Medal of Freedom
[
461
]
[
462
]
; physicist and science policy leader
Shirley Ann Jackson
, former chair of the
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
and president of
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
[
463
]
[
464
]
; and astronaut
Eileen Collins
, the first woman to pilot and command a
Space Shuttle
mission.
[
465
]
[
466
]
Apollo 11
astronaut
Buzz Aldrin
, ScD 1963
UN Secretary-General
Kofi Annan
, SM 1972
Physics Nobel laureate
Richard Feynman
, SB 1939
[
467
]
TSMC
chairman
Morris Chang
, BS 1952, ME 1955
Prime Minister of Italy
Mario Draghi
, PhD 1977
Economics Nobel laureate
Esther Duflo
,
[
468
]
PhD 1999
Economics Nobel laureate
Paul Krugman
, PhD 1977
Architect
I. M. Pei
, BArch 1940
Information theorist
Claude Shannon
, PhD 1940
AMD
CEO
Lisa Su
, SB 1990, PhD 1994
Chemistry Nobel laureate
Robert Burns Woodward
, SB 1936, PhD 1937
[
469
]
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Engineering
Whitehead Institute
Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research
The Coop
, campus bookstore
^
Between 1912 and 1920, Eastman donated $20 million ($304.2 million in 2024 dollars) in cash and Kodak stock to MIT.
[
37
]
^
Other wartime projects at MIT included
Charles Stark Draper
's gyroscopic gunsights for the Navy, Gordon Brown's work on feedback-control systems in the
Servomechanisms Laboratory
, and dozens of smaller efforts across the Institute.
[
64
]
[
65
]
^
Research outgrowths of the interdepartmental laboratories included::
Magnetic-core memory
and
system dynamics
developments by
Jay Forrester
;
Information theory
by
Claude Shannon
and
Robert Fano
;
Cybernetics
writings by
Norbert Wiener
;
Generative grammar
by
Noam Chomsky
;
Artificial intelligence
by
Marvin Minsky
.
[
72
]
[
71
]
^
Johnson's action ran contrary to the activists' demands and the Pounds Panel recommendations. Most activists had sought conversion of the laboratories to civilian research, not divestiture, predicting that an independent laboratory would pursue weapons work without academic restraint.
[
85
]
Only two members of the 22-member panel had recommended separation.
[
83
]
[
86
]
After separation, the Draper Laboratory immediately became the largest nonprofit defense R&D contractor in the country, with DOD obligations exceeding 90 percent of its funding.
[
87
]
^
After the recommendation to diversify funding, Lincoln remained tilted toward military projects in the subsequent decade. By the mid-1980s roughly a quarter of its budget came from the
Strategic Defense Initiative
.
[
87
]
[
89
]
^
Killian, appointed president a year later in 1948, promoted the adoption of the committee's ideas.
^
The humanities and social sciences had previously been organized as a division with lower institutional status and no authority to grant degrees. The school later became known as the School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences
^
Brown originally advanced these ideas as head of electrical engineering. When he became dean of engineering in 1959, a
Ford Foundation
grant extended the engineering-science approach to metallurgy, mechanical engineering, and aeronautical engineering.
[
73
]
[
99
]
^
The share of on-campus research supported by the Department of Health and Human Services rose from 16 percent in 1970 to 33 percent by 2006, while the Department of Defense's share fell from 28 to 15 percent.
[
75
]
^
Baltimore received the
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
the following year; Sharp shared the prize in 1993 for his discovery of
RNA splicing
.
[
106
]
^
Responding to the antitrust allegations, MIT argued that aid allocations were charitable functions rather than commercial and directed limited aid toward the students who needed it most.
[
123
]
^
Historically, the neoclassical buildings numbered 1â6 and 10 are known as the "Bosworth buildings" or "Maclaurin buildings" after
the MIT president
who led MIT during their construction. MIT publications also refer to them as the "Main Group"âincluding 7 and 8, which were later additions.
[
149
]
^
The friezes of the marble-clad buildings surrounding Killian Court are carved in large Roman letters with the names of
Aristotle
,
Newton
,
Pasteur
,
Lavoisier
,
Faraday
,
Archimedes
,
da Vinci
,
Darwin
, and
Copernicus
; each of these names is surmounted by a cluster of appropriately related names in smaller letters. Lavoisier, for example, is placed in the company of
Boyle
,
Cavendish
,
Priestley
,
Dalton
,
Gay Lussac
,
Berzelius
,
Woehler
,
Liebig
,
Bunsen
,
Mendelejeff
[
sic
],
Perkin
, and
van't Hoff
.
[
151
]
[
152
]
^
The Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST) offers joint MD, MD-PhD, or Medical Engineering degrees in collaboration with
Harvard Medical School
.
[
179
]
^
Course numbers are sometimes presented in
Roman numerals
, e.g. "Course XVIII" for mathematics.
[
196
]
At least one MIT style guide now discourages this usage.
[
197
]
Also, some Course numbers have been re-assigned over time, so that the subject area of a degree may depend on the year it was awarded.
[
194
]
^
Vannevar Bush
was the director of the
Office of Scientific Research and Development
and general advisor to
Franklin D. Roosevelt
and
Harry Truman
,
James Rhyne Killian
was Special Assistant for Science and Technology for
Dwight D. Eisenhower
, and
Jerome Wiesner
advised
John F. Kennedy
and
Lyndon Johnson
.
[
263
]
^
MIT's Building 7 and Harvard's Johnston Gate, the traditional entrances to each school, are 1.72Â mi (2.77Â km) apart along
Massachusetts Avenue
.
^
Other consists of
Multiracial Americans
& those who prefer to not say.
^
The percentage of students who received an income-based federal
Pell Grant
intended for low-income students.
^
The percentage of students who are a part of the
American middle class
at the bare minimum.
^
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MIT Graphic Identity
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,
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Geiger 1993
, pp. 13â14.
^
LĂ©cuyer 2010
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^
LĂ©cuyer 2010
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Geiger 1993
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LĂ©cuyer 1992
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LĂ©cuyer 1992
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LĂ©cuyer 2010
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LĂ©cuyer 1992
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LĂ©cuyer 1992
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LĂ©cuyer 1992
, p. 163.
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LĂ©cuyer 1992
, pp. 163â165.
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Geiger 1993
, pp. 181â182.
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LĂ©cuyer 1992
, p. 159.
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Kevles 1995
, p. 252â257.
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LĂ©cuyer 1992
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LĂ©cuyer 1992
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LĂ©cuyer 2010
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LĂ©cuyer 1992
, pp. 170â171.
^
Leslie 1993
, pp. 6â7.
^
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Geiger 1993
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^
Leslie 1993
, pp. 21â22.
^
Geiger 1993
, p. 9.
^
Leslie 1993
, p. 22.
^
Burchard 1948
, pp. 215â221.
^
Burchard 1948
, pp. 127â143.
^
Douglas 2010
, pp. 90â92.
^
Leslie 1993
, p. 7.
^
Kevles 1995
, p. 342.
^
Geiger 1993
, pp. 66â67.
^
Leslie 1993
, pp. 15â16, 38â39, 144â145.
^
Leslie 1993
, pp. 90â94.
^
a
b
c
d
Leslie 1993
, pp. 15â16.
^
Wildes & Lindgren 1985
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^
a
b
c
d
e
LĂ©cuyer 1992
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LĂ©cuyer 1992
, p. 174.
^
a
b
c
d
Canizares, Claude R. (January 2007).
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doi
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Kaiser 2010
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^
Geiger 1993
, pp. 248â249.
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Leslie 1993
, pp. 233â235.
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Nelkin 1972
, pp. 55â58.
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Bridger 2015
, pp. 164â165.
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Leslie 1993
, pp. 235â237.
^
a
b
Nelkin 1972
, pp. 79â80.
^
Leslie 1993
, pp. 239â243.
^
Nelkin 1972
, pp. 78â79.
^
Leslie 1993
, pp. 236â237.
^
a
b
Leslie 1993
, pp. 244â245.
^
Geiger 1993
, pp. 249â250.
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Bridger 2015
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LĂ©cuyer 1992
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Killian 1985
, pp. 79â80.
^
Geiger 1993
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^
Lewis Committee 1949
, pp. 15â22.
^
a
b
Geiger 1993
, pp. 65â66.
^
Lewis Committee 1949
, pp. 15â17.
^
Lewis Committee 1949
, pp. 43â44.
^
Killian 1985
, pp. 221â222.
^
LĂ©cuyer 1992
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Killian 1985
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LĂ©cuyer 1992
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Killian 1985
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Durant 2010
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Durant 2010
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## Contents
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- [1 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#History)
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- [1\.1 Foundation and vision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Foundation_and_vision)
- [1\.2 Early developments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Early_developments)
- [1\.3 Industry dependence and reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Industry_dependence_and_reform)
- [1\.4 Defense research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Defense_research)
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- [1\.5 Postwar educational reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Postwar_educational_reform)
- [1\.6 Recent history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Recent_history)
- [1\.6.1 Life sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Life_sciences)
- [1\.6.2 Computation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Computation)
- [1\.6.3 Institutional life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Institutional_life)
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- [3 Organization and administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Organization_and_administration)
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- [4\.1 Undergraduate program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Undergraduate_program)
- [4\.2 Graduate program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Graduate_program)
- [4\.3 Rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Rankings)
- [4\.4 Collaborations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Collaborations)
- [4\.5 Libraries, collections, and museums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Libraries,_collections,_and_museums)
- [4\.6 Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Research)
- [5 Notable output](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Notable_output)
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- [5\.1 Natural sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Natural_sciences)
- [5\.2 Computer and applied sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Computer_and_applied_sciences)
- [5\.3 Companies and entrepreneurship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Companies_and_entrepreneurship)
- [6 Student life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Student_life)
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- [6\.1 Caltech Rivalry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Caltech_Rivalry)
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- [7 People](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#People)
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- [7\.3 Notable alumni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Notable_alumni)
- [8 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#See_also)
- [9 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Notes)
- [10 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#References)
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- [11 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#External_links)
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# Massachusetts Institute of Technology
105 languages
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- [Alemannisch](https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology â Alemannic")
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ŰčÙŰŻ Ù
ۧ۳ۧŰȘŰŽÙŰłŰȘŰł ÙÙŰȘÙۧÙŰ© â Arabic")
- [ۧÙۯۧ۱ۏ۩](https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7 "Ù
ŰčÙŰŻ Ù
ۧ۳ۧŰȘŰŽÙŰłŰȘŰł ŰŻŰȘÙÙÙÙÙŰŹÙۧ â Moroccan Arabic")
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ŰčÙŰŻ Ù
ۧ۳ۧŰȘŰŽÙŰłŰȘŰł ÙÙŰȘÙÙÙÙÙŰŹÙۧ â Egyptian Arabic")
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- [ŰȘÛ۱کۏÙ](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88 "Ù
ۧ۳ۧÚÙŰłŰȘ ŰȘÚ©ÙÙÙÙÚÛ Ű§ÙŰłŰȘÛŰȘÙŰłÙ â South Azerbaijani")
- [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_T%C3%A9knologi_Massachusetts "Institut TĂ©knologi Massachusetts â Balinese")
- [ĆœemaitÄĆĄka](https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa%C4%8Dusetsa_technuoluog%C4%97j%C4%97s_inst%C4%97tots "MasaÄusetsa technuoluogÄjÄs instÄtots â Samogitian")
- [ĐДлаŃŃŃĐșĐ°Ń (ŃĐ°ŃĐ°ŃĐșĐ”ĐČŃŃĐ°)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82 "ĐĐ°ŃĐ°ŃŃŃŃŃĐșŃ ŃŃŃ
ĐœĐ°Đ»ŃĐłŃŃĐœŃ ŃĐœŃŃŃŃŃŃ â Belarusian (TaraĆĄkievica orthography)")
- [ĐДлаŃŃŃĐșĐ°Ń](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82 "ĐĐ°ŃĐ°ŃŃŃĐ”ŃĐșŃ ŃŃŃ
ĐœĐ°Đ»Đ°ĐłŃŃĐœŃ ŃĐœŃŃŃŃŃŃ â Belarusian")
- [Betawi](https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_T%C3%A8hnolohi_Masacus%C3%A8t "Institut TĂšhnolohi MasacusĂšt â Betawi")
- [ĐŃлгаŃŃĐșĐž](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82 "ĐĐ°ŃĐ°ŃŃĐ·Đ”ŃŃĐșĐž ŃĐ”Ń
ĐœĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐłĐžŃĐ”Đœ ĐžĐœŃŃĐžŃŃŃ â Bulgarian")
- [à€à„à€à€Șà„à€°à„](https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8 "à€źà„à€žà„à€à€Żà„à€žà„à€à€žà„ à€Șà„à€°à„à€Šà„à€Żà„à€à€żà€à„ à€žà€à€žà„à€„à€Ÿà€š â Bhojpuri")
- [àŠŹàŠŸàŠàŠČàŠŸ](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF "àŠźà§àŠŻàŠŸàŠžàŠŸàŠà§àŠžà§àŠà§âàŠž àŠàŠšàŠžà§àŠàŠżàŠàŠżàŠàŠ àŠ
àŠŹ àŠà§àŠàŠšà§àŠČàŠàŠż â Bangla")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa%C4%8Dusetski_institut_za_tehnologiju "MasaÄusetski institut za tehnologiju â Bosnian")
- [CatalĂ ](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology â Catalan")
- [Ú©Ù۱ۯÛ](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%95%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%DA%98%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3 "ŰŠÛÙŰłŰȘÛŰȘÛÛ ŰȘÛÚ©ÙÛÙÛÚÛÛ Ù
ۧ۳ۧÚÙÙŰłÛŰȘŰł â Central Kurdish")
- [ÄeĆĄtina](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusettsk%C3%BD_technologick%C3%BD_institut "MassachusettskĂœ technologickĂœ institut â Czech")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology â Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology â German")
- [Zazaki](https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enstituy%C3%AA_Teknolociya_Massachusettsi "EnstituyĂȘ Teknolociya Massachusettsi â Dimli")
- [ÎλληΜÎčÎșÎŹ](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%99%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82 "΀ΔÏÎœÎżÎ»ÎżÎłÎčÎșÏ ÎÎœÏÏÎčÏÎżÏÏÎż ÎαÏαÏÎżÏ
ÏÎÏÎ·Ï â Greek")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa%C4%89useca_Instituto_de_Teknologio "MasaÄuseca Instituto de Teknologio â Esperanto")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_de_Tecnolog%C3%ADa_de_Massachusetts "Instituto de TecnologĂa de Massachusetts â Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusettsi_Tehnoloogiainstituut "Massachusettsi Tehnoloogiainstituut â Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology â Basque")
- [Ùۧ۱۳Û](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA "Ù
Ű€ŰłŰłÙ ÙÙۧÙŰ±Û Ù
ۧ۳ۧÚÙŰłŰȘ â Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology â Finnish")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology â French")
- [Nordfriisk](https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology â Northern Frisian")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institi%C3%BAid_Teicneola%C3%ADochta_Massachusetts "InstitiĂșid TeicneolaĂochta Massachusetts â Irish")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_de_Tecnolox%C3%ADa_de_Massachusetts "Instituto de TecnoloxĂa de Massachusetts â Galician")
- [柹柶èȘ / Hak-kĂą-ngĂź](https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_L%C3%AE-k%C3%BBng_Ho%CC%8Dk-yen "Massachusetts LĂź-kĂ»ng HoÌk-yen â Hakka Chinese")
- [ŚąŚŚšŚŚȘ](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A6%27%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A1 "ŚŚŚŚŚ ŚŚŚŚ ŚŚŚŚŚ Ś©Ś ŚŚĄŚŠ'ŚŚĄŚŚĄ â Hebrew")
- [à€čà€żà€šà„à€Šà„](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8 "à€źà„à€žà€Ÿà€à„à€žà„à€à„à€ž à€Șà„à€°à„à€Šà„à€Żà„à€à€żà€à„ à€žà€à€žà„à€„à€Ÿà€š â Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology â Croatian")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology â Hungarian")
- [ŐŐĄŐ”Ő„ÖŐ„Ő¶](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF "ŐŐĄŐœŐĄŐčŐžÖŐœŐ„Ő©ŐœŐ« ŐżŐ„ŐŐ¶ŐžŐŹŐžŐŁŐ«ŐĄŐŻŐĄŐ¶ Ő«Ő¶ŐœŐżŐ«ŐżŐžÖŐż â Armenian")
- [Interlingua](https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology â Interlingua")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Teknologi_Massachusetts "Institut Teknologi Massachusetts â Indonesian")
- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insituto_pri_Teknologio_en_Massachusetts "Insituto pri Teknologio en Massachusetts â Ido")
- [Ăslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology â Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology â Italian")
- [æ„æŹèȘ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B5%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BB%E3%83%83%E3%83%84%E5%B7%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6 "ăă”ăă„ăŒă»ăăć·„ç§ć€§ćŠ â Japanese")
- [á„áá ááŁáá](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98 "áááĄáá©áŁáĄááąáĄáᥠáąáá„áááááááᥠáááĄáąááąáŁáąá â Georgian")
- [ÒĐ°Đ·Đ°ÒŃĐ°](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B "ĐĐ°ŃŃĐ°ŃŃŃĐ”ŃŃ ŃĐ”Ń
ĐœĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐłĐžŃĐ»ŃÒ ĐžĐœŃŃĐžŃŃŃŃ â Kazakh")
- [àČàČšàłàČšàČĄ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF "àČźàłàČŻàČŸàČžàČàłàČžàłàČàłàČžàł àČàČšàłàČžàłàČàČżàČàłàČŻàłàČàł àČàČ«àł àČàłàČàłàČšàČŸàČČàČàČż â Kannada")
- [íê”ìŽ](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A4%EC%82%AC%EC%B6%94%EC%84%B8%EC%B8%A0_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B3%BC%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90 "맀ìŹì¶ìžìž êł”êłŒëíê” â Korean")
- [KurdĂź](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enst%C3%AEtuya_Teknolojiy%C3%AA_ya_Massachusetts%C3%AA "EnstĂźtuya TeknolojiyĂȘ ya MassachusettsĂȘ â Kurdish")
- [ĐŃŃĐłŃĐ·ŃĐ°](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83 "ĐĐ°ŃŃĐ°ŃŃŃĐ”ŃŃ ŃĐ”Ń
ĐœĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐłĐžŃĐ»ŃĐș ĐžĐœŃŃĐžŃŃŃŃ â Kyrgyz")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusettense_Institutum_Technologiae "Massachusettense Institutum Technologiae â Latin")
- [LietuviĆł](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa%C4%8Dusetso_technologijos_institutas "MasaÄusetso technologijos institutas â Lithuanian")
- [LatvieĆĄu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa%C4%8D%C5%ABsetsas_Tehnolo%C4%A3iju_instit%C5%ABts "MasaÄĆ«setsas TehnoloÄŁiju institĆ«ts â Latvian")
- [MadhurĂą](https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Teknologi_Massachusetts "Institut Teknologi Massachusetts â Madurese")
- [àŽźàŽČàŽŻàŽŸàŽłàŽ](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF "àŽźàŽžà”àŽžàŽŸàŽà”àŽžà”àŽ±à”àŽ±à”àŽžà” àŽà”»àŽžà”àŽ±à”àŽ±àŽżàŽ±à”àŽ±à”àŽŻà”àŽà”àŽà” àŽàŽ«à” àŽà”àŽà”àŽšà”àŽłàŽàŽż â Malayalam")
- [ĐĐŸĐœĐłĐŸĐ»](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD "ĐĐ°ŃŃĐ°ŃŃŃĐ”ŃŃŃŃĐœ йДŃ
ĐœĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐłĐžĐčĐœ Đ„ÒŻŃŃŃĐ»ŃĐœ â Mongolian")
- [à€źà€°à€Ÿà€ à„](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80 "à€źà„
à€žà„à€à„à€Żà„à€žà„à€à„à€ž à€à€šà„à€žà„à€à€żà€à„à€Żà„à€ à€à€« à€à„à€à„à€šà„à€Čà„à€à„ â Marathi")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Teknologi_Massachusetts "Institut Teknologi Massachusetts â Malay")
- [ááŒááșááŹááŹááŹ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA "áááșááŹáá»á°ážáááș á
ááșááŸáŻáááčááááŻááș â Burmese")
- [Ù
ۧŰČÙ۱ÙÙÛ](https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85.%D8%A2%DB%8C.%D8%AA%DB%8C. "ۧÙ
.ŰąÛ.ŰȘÛ. â Mazanderani")
- [PlattdĂŒĂŒtsch](https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology â Low German")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology â Dutch")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology â Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Norsk bokmĂ„l](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology â Norwegian BokmĂ„l")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology â Occitan")
- [àšȘà©°àšàšŸàšŹà©](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%9F "àšźà©àšžàšŸàšà©àšžàšàšž àš€àšàššàšŸàšČà©àšà© àšà©°àšžàšà©àšàšżàšàš â Punjabi")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology â Polish")
- [PiemontĂšis](https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_\(MIT\) "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) â Piedmontese")
- [ÙŸÙۏۧۚÛ](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C "Ù
Û۳ۧÚÛÙŰłÙčŰł ۧÙŰłÙčÛÙčÛÙÙč ŰąÙ ÙčÛÚ©ÙۧÙÙŰŹÛ â Western Punjabi")
- [PortuguĂȘs](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_de_Tecnologia_de_Massachusetts "Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts â Portuguese")
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ĐœĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐłĐžŃĐ”ŃĐșĐžĐč ĐžĐœŃŃĐžŃŃŃ â Russian")
- [ĐĄĐ°Ń
Đ° ŃŃла](https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0 "ĐĐ°ŃŃĐ°ŃŃŃĐ”ŃŃ ĐąĐ”Ń
ĐœĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐłĐžĐčĐ° ĐĐœŃŃĐžŃŃŃĐ° â Yakut")
- [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT "MIT â Sicilian")
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ŃĐČĐ°ŃŃĐșĐž](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology â Serbo-Croatian")
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ĐœĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐłĐžŃĐ” â Serbian")
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- [àź€àźźàźżàźŽàŻ](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D "àźźàźŸàźàźŸàźàŻàźàŻàźàŻàźàŻàźàŻ àź€àŻàźŽàźżàźČàŻàźšàŻàźàŻàźȘàźàŻ àźàźŽàźàźźàŻ â Tamil")
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ĐœĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐłĐžĐž ĐĐ°ŃŃĐ°ŃŃŃĐ”ŃŃ â Tajik")
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- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology â Tagalog")
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ۧ۳۳ۧÚÛŰłÛŰȘŰł ŰȘÛŰźÙÙÙÙÚŻÙÙÛ ŰŠÛÙÙÛÛ۱۳ÙŰȘÛŰȘÙ â Uyghur")
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ĐœĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐłŃŃĐœĐžĐč ŃĐœŃŃĐžŃŃŃ â Ukrainian")
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Û۳ۧÚÙŰłÙčŰł ۧÙŰłÙčÛÙčÛÙÙč ŰšŰ±Ű§ŰŠÛ ÙčÛÚ©ÙۧÙÙŰŹÛ â Urdu")
- [OÊ»zbekcha / ŃзбДĐșŃĐ°](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_texnologiya_instituti "Massachusetts texnologiya instituti â Uzbek")
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[Coordinates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system "Geographic coordinate system"): [42°21âČ35âłN 71°05âČ31âłWï»ż / ï»ż42\.3597°N 71.0919°Wï»ż / 42\.3597; -71.0919](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology¶ms=42.3597_N_71.0919_W_region:US-MA_type:edu)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US
"MIT" redirects here. For other uses, see [MIT (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_\(disambiguation\) "MIT (disambiguation)").
| | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIT_Seal.svg) | |
| Motto | *Mens et Manus* (Latin) |
| Motto in English | "Mind and Hand"[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-sealList_of_companies_founded_by_MIT_alumni-1) |
| Type | [Private](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university "Private university") [research university](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university "Research university") |
| Established | April 10, 1861; 164 years ago (1861-04-10) |
| Founder | [William Barton Rogers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers "William Barton Rogers") |
| [Accreditation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation "Higher education accreditation") | [NECHE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Commission_of_Higher_Education "New England Commission of Higher Education") |
| Academic affiliations | [AAU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities "Association of American Universities") [AITU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Independent_Technological_Universities "Association of Independent Technological Universities") [NAICU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Independent_Colleges_and_Universities "National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities")[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-2) [UARC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Affiliated_Research_Center "University Affiliated Research Center") [URA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities_Research_Association "Universities Research Association") [Sea grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sea_Grant_College_Program "National Sea Grant College Program") [Space grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Grant_College_and_Fellowship_Program "National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program") |
| [Endowment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_endowment "Financial endowment") | \$27.4 billion (2025)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-3) |
| [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_president "University president") | [Sally Kornbluth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Kornbluth "Sally Kornbluth") |
| [Provost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_\(education\) "Provost (education)") | [Anantha P. Chandrakasan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantha_P._Chandrakasan "Anantha P. Chandrakasan") |
| Academic staff | 1,090[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-MITFactFacStaff-4) |
| Students | 11,816 (Fall 2025)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Enrollment_Statistics-5) |
| [Undergraduates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_education "Undergraduate education") | 4,561 (Fall 2025)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Enrollment_Statistics-5) |
| [Postgraduates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate_education "Postgraduate education") | 7,255 (Fall 2025)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Enrollment_Statistics-5) |
| Location | [Cambridge, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts"), United States [42°21âČ35âłN 71°05âČ31âłWï»ż / ï»ż42\.3597°N 71.0919°Wï»ż / 42\.3597; -71.0919](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology¶ms=42.3597_N_71.0919_W_region:US-MA_type:edu) |
| Campus | Midsize city[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-7), 166 acres (67.2 ha)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Campus-6) |
| Newspaper | *[The Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tech_\(newspaper\) "The Tech (newspaper)")* |
| [Colors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_colors "School colors") | Cardinal red and steel gray[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-8) |
| [Nickname](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_nickname "Athletic nickname") | [Engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Engineers "MIT Engineers") |
| Sporting affiliations | [NCAA Division III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_III "NCAA Division III") â [NEWMAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Women%27s_and_Men%27s_Athletic_Conference "New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference") [NEISA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Intercollegiate_Sailing_Association "New England Intercollegiate Sailing Association") [CWPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Water_Polo_Association "Collegiate Water Polo Association") [UVC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Volleyball_Conference "United Volleyball Conference") [EARC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges "Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges") [EAWRC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Women%27s_Rowing_Colleges "Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges") |
| Mascot | [Tim the Beaver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditions_and_student_activities_at_MIT#Tim_the_Beaver "Traditions and student activities at MIT")[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-9) |
| Website | [web.mit.edu](https://web.mit.edu/) |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIT_2023_red_logo.svg) | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/12/42.36/-71.08/en) | |
The **Massachusetts Institute of Technology** (**MIT**) is a [private](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university "Private university") [research university](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university "Research university") in [Cambridge, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts"), United States. Founded in 1861 to advance "useful knowledge", the university has played a significant role in the development of many areas of technology and science.
[William Barton Rogers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers "William Barton Rogers") founded MIT to accelerate [American industrialization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States "Technological and industrial history of the United States") through scientific knowledge. Initially funded by a [federal land grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-grant_universities "Land-grant universities"), the institute adopted a German polytechnic model emphasizing laboratory instruction in [applied science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science "Applied science") and [engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering "Engineering"), and moved from Boston's Back Bay to its current campus in Cambridge in 1916. Early growth came through research contracts with private industry, though the institute remained financially constrained and focused primarily on practical engineering education into the 1930s.
MIT's transformation as a research enterprise began during [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), when projects like the [Radiation Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Radiation_Laboratory "MIT Radiation Laboratory") made it the nation's largest non-industrial R\&D contractor. Graduate enrollment and research funding grew rapidly in the postwar decades as faculty members such as [Vannevar Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush "Vannevar Bush") helped shape federal support for basic science. In the late twentieth century, MIT became closely associated with [computer science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science "Computer science"), [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence"), [biotechnology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology "Biotechnology"), [open-source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software_movement "Open-source software movement") software development, and ["big science" initiatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_science "Big science") like the [Apollo Guidance Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer "Apollo Guidance Computer") and the [LIGO project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIGO "LIGO"). Engineering remains its largest school, though MIT has also developed prominent programs in basic science, economics, management, architecture, and humanities.
MIT has an urban campus that extends more than a mile (1.6 km) along the [Charles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River "Charles River"). Academic buildings are connected by an extensive corridor system. MIT's off-campus operations include the [Lincoln Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory "MIT Lincoln Laboratory") and the [Haystack Observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haystack_Observatory "Haystack Observatory"), as well as affiliated laboratories such as the [Broad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Institute "Broad Institute") and [Whitehead Institutes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehead_Institute "Whitehead Institute"). Undergraduate life is known for [hands-on research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_Research_Opportunities_Program "Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program") and [elaborate pranks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacks_at_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Hacks at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology"). Tuition is generally not charged to undergraduates from families with incomes below \$200,000, and most graduate students are funded by research.
As of October 2024[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit), [105 Nobel laureates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation "List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation"),[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-10) 26 [Turing Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_Award "Turing Award") winners, and 8 [Fields Medalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_Medal "Fields Medal") have been affiliated with MIT as alumni, faculty members, or researchers.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-11) Alumni and faculty have founded many notable companies and served in senior government positions in the United States and abroad.
## History
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: History")\]
Main article: [History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology")
### Foundation and vision
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Foundation and vision")\]
> \[...\] a school of industrial science aiding the advancement, development and practical application of science in connection with arts, agriculture, manufactures, and commerce \[...\][\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-12)
â Massachusetts General Court, *Acts of 1861, Chapter 183*
In 1859, a proposal was submitted to the [Massachusetts General Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court "Massachusetts General Court") to use newly filled lands in [Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston,_Massachusetts "Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts"), Boston for a "[Conservatory of Art and Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatoire_national_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers "Conservatoire national des arts et métiers")", but the proposal failed.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-13)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-14) A charter for the [incorporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporation_\(business\) "Incorporation (business)") of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, proposed by [William Barton Rogers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers "William Barton Rogers"), was signed by [John Albion Andrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Albion_Andrew "John Albion Andrew"), the [governor of Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts "Governor of Massachusetts"), on April 10, 1861.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-15)
Rogers, a [geologist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology "Geology") who had recently arrived in Boston from the [University of Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia "University of Virginia"),[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-:02-16) wanted to establish an institution to address rapid scientific and technological advances.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-18) He did not wish to found a [professional school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education "Vocational education"), but a combination with elements of both professional and [liberal education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_education "Liberal education"),[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Lewis_Report-19) proposing that:
> The true and only practicable object of a polytechnic school is, as I conceive, the teaching, not of the minute details and manipulations of the arts, which can be done only in the workshop, but the inculcation of those scientific principles which form the basis and explanation of them, and along with this, a full and methodical review of all their leading processes and operations in connection with physical laws.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-20)
The Rogers Plan reflected the [German research university model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_European_research_universities#European_university_models_in_the_19th_and_20th_centuries "History of European research universities"), emphasizing an independent faculty engaged in research, as well as instruction oriented around seminars and laboratories.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Angulo_https://archive.org/details/williambartonrog00angu/page/155_155%E2%80%93156-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-22)
### Early developments
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Early developments")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIT_Rogers_Building_1872.jpg)
Original [Rogers Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Building_\(MIT\) "Rogers Building (MIT)") in [Back Bay, Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston "Back Bay, Boston"), 1872
Two days after MIT was chartered, the [first battle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter "Battle of Fort Sumter") of the [Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") broke out. After a long delay through the war years, MIT's first classes were held in the Mercantile Building in Boston in 1865.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-23) The new institute was founded as part of the [Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrill_Land-Grant_Colleges_Act "Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act") to fund institutions "to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes" and was a land-grant school.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrattonMannix2005251%E2%80%93276-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-LoC-25) In 1863, under the same act, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts founded the [Massachusetts Agricultural College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst#History "University of Massachusetts Amherst"), which later developed into the [University of Massachusetts Amherst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst "University of Massachusetts Amherst"). In 1866, the proceeds from land sales went toward new buildings in the Back Bay.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-BostonTech1-26)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIT_dynamo_room_Boston_campus_c1895_cropped.png)
"Boston Tech" students with [dynamos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo "Dynamo")
MIT was informally called "Boston Tech".[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-BostonTech1-26) The institute adopted the [European polytechnic university model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_European_research_universities "History of European research universities") and emphasized laboratory instruction from an early date.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Angulo_https://archive.org/details/williambartonrog00angu/page/155_155%E2%80%93156-21) Despite chronic financial problems, the institute saw growth in the last two decades of the 19th century under President [Francis Amasa Walker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker "Francis Amasa Walker").[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Dunbar1-27) Programs in electrical, chemical, marine, and sanitary engineering were introduced,[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-28)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Munroe1923a-29) new buildings were built, and the size of the student body increased to more than one thousand.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Dunbar1-27)
The curriculum drifted to a vocational emphasis, with less focus on theoretical science.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-30) The fledgling school still suffered from chronic financial shortages which diverted the attention of the MIT leadership. During these "Boston Tech" years, MIT faculty and alumni rebuffed [Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") president (and former MIT faculty) [Charles W. Eliot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Eliot "Charles W. Eliot")'s repeated attempts to merge MIT with Harvard College's [Lawrence Scientific School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Scientific_School "Lawrence Scientific School").[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-31) There would be at least six attempts to absorb MIT into Harvard.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Alexander-32) In its cramped Back Bay location, MIT could not afford to expand its overcrowded facilities, driving a desperate search for a new campus and funding. Eventually, the MIT Corporation approved a formal agreement to merge with Harvard and move to then-remote [Allston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allston "Allston"), over the vehement objections of MIT faculty, students, and alumni.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Alexander-32) The merger plan collapsed in 1905 when the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that MIT could not sell its Back Bay land.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-33)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_campus_aerial_all_buildings_1921_US_Army_cropped.png)
"New Technology" campus in [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts"), opened in 1916.
In 1912, MIT acquired its current campus by purchasing a one-mile (1.6 km) tract of [filled lands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamation "Land reclamation") along the Cambridge side of the Charles River.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-34)[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-35) The [neoclassical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture "Neoclassical architecture") "New Technology" campus was designed by [William W. Bosworth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_W._Bosworth "William W. Bosworth")[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-36) and had been funded largely by anonymous donations from a mysterious "Mr. Smith", starting in 1912. In January 1920, the donor was revealed to be the industrialist [George Eastman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eastman "George Eastman"), an inventor of film production methods and founder of [Eastman Kodak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman_Kodak "Eastman Kodak").[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-38) In 1916, with the first academic buildings complete, the MIT administration and the MIT charter crossed the [Charles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River "Charles River") on the ceremonial barge *Bucentaur* built for the occasion.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-39)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-40)
### Industry dependence and reform
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Industry dependence and reform")\]
Unlike the [Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League") universities, MIT drew an unusually large share of its students from families of moderate means and depended heavily on [tuition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuition "Tuition") rather than [endowment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_endowment "Financial endowment") income for its operating budget.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger199313%E2%80%9314-41) The "Technology Plan," launched by President [Richard Maclaurin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_C._Maclaurin "Richard C. Maclaurin") in 1919, sought to deepen industry patronage. Under the plan, corporations paid MIT an annual retaining fee in exchange for access to faculty, library resources, and technical services.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer201065%E2%80%9366-42) By the late 1920s, more than a third of the teaching staff were engaged in research, testing, or consulting for industry, with MIT handling an expanding volume of corporate contracts.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer201069%E2%80%9370-43) An industry orientation meant that salaries and faculty research funds lagged behind those at other East Coast research universities, heavy work on industry problems limited basic research, and foundations would not fund an institution solving industrial problems.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger1993179%E2%80%93181-44)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992157-45) By the late 1920s MIT was regarded by elite universities as a "mere engineering school servicing industry".[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992156%E2%80%93157-46)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_Compton_Vannevar_Bush_MIT_Presidents_Office_1932.jpg)
[Vannevar Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush "Vannevar Bush") (l) and [Karl Compton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Compton "Karl Compton") (r) led reforms to funding and curriculum
A mandate for reform came from board members tied to industry research: [Gerard Swope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Swope "Gerard Swope"), president of [General Electric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric "General Electric"), and [Frank B. Jewett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_B._Jewett "Frank B. Jewett"), head of [Bell Telephone Laboratories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Laboratories "Bell Telephone Laboratories"). Both argued that practice-oriented training was obsolete and industry needed engineers grounded in fundamental science.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer201070%E2%80%9371-47)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992157%E2%80%93158-48) In 1930 they recruited the physicist [Karl Compton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Taylor_Compton "Karl Taylor Compton") to carry out a broad program of reform.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992157-45)
As president, Compton overhauled the science departments first, recruiting a cohort of research-oriented faculty.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992159%E2%80%93160-49) In 1932, he reorganized MIT into schools of engineering, science, and architecture, created a formal [graduate school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_school "Graduate school"), and appointed [Vannevar Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush "Vannevar Bush") as vice president and dean of engineering.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992163-50) To relieve dependence on industry, the pair centralized all industrial contracts, established a patent licensing program, and curtailed faculty consulting.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992163%E2%80%93165-51)[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger1993181%E2%80%93182-52) Compton also tripled philanthropic support for research and campaigned for federal government support of university science.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992159-53)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKevles1995252%E2%80%93257-54)
The reforms were uneven. Physics, chemistry, and electrical engineering advanced rapidly, but much of the engineering school did virtually no research well into the 1930s. Faculty resisted changes to shop practice and consulting arrangements.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992165%E2%80%93166-55) Even so, by the mid-1930s, MIT had been admitted to the [Association of American Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities "Association of American Universities"), the organization of the nation's top research universities.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992156-56)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer201075-57) The institutional changes of this decade positioned MIT to take a leading role in wartime research after 1940.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992170%E2%80%93171-58)
### Defense research
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: Defense research")\]
Further information: [MIT Radiation Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Radiation_Laboratory "MIT Radiation Laboratory")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naval_Radar_Training_school_GCP-00075994_\(cropped\).jpg)
Navy recruits training on [Rad Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Radiation_Laboratory "MIT Radiation Laboratory") radar systems
In June 1940, Vannevar Bush, who had left MIT's administration to lead the [Carnegie Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Institution "Carnegie Institution") in Washington, persuaded President Roosevelt to create the [National Defense Research Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Research_Committee "National Defense Research Committee") (NDRC) to mobilize civilian science for defense.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie19936%E2%80%937-59) The NDRC's first major project was a laboratory for microwave radar research. After other proposed sites fell through, Bush and other science administrators turned to Compton, who agreed to host the project at MIT.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger19939%E2%80%9310-60)[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie199321%E2%80%9322-61)
The [Radiation Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Radiation_Laboratory "MIT Radiation Laboratory"), as it was called to conceal its purpose, opened in 1940 and grew from a staff of thirty to roughly 4,000 and rivaled the [Manhattan Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project "Manhattan Project") in scale: the NDRC division under which it operated expended some \$1.5 billion on radar systems.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger19939-62)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie199322-63) The Rad Lab contract was the first and largest wartime research agreement between the federal government and a university; its terms became a model for postwar governmentâuniversity contracts.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger19939%E2%80%9310-60)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurchard1948215%E2%80%93221-64)[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-67) By war's end MIT had received \$117 million (\$20.9 billion in 2025) in government R\&D contracts, more than any industrial contractor and roughly a third of all NDRC spending on university research.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie19937-68)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKevles1995342-69)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Margaret_Hamilton_-_restoration.jpg)
[Margaret Hamilton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_\(software_engineer\) "Margaret Hamilton (software engineer)") wrote guidance code for the Apollo moon landings
The Rad Lab closed in 1945, but opened a new era of large military research contracts at MIT. New interdepartmental laboratories took shape: the [Research Laboratory of Electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Laboratory_of_Electronics "Research Laboratory of Electronics") (1946) inherited the Rad Lab's facilities and an ArmyâNavy contract for basic research in microwaves and electronics; the [Laboratory for Nuclear Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laboratory_for_Nuclear_Science&action=edit&redlink=1 "Laboratory for Nuclear Science (page does not exist)") (1946) opened with Navy support; [Lincoln Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory "MIT Lincoln Laboratory") (1951) was created to develop a [continental air-defense radar network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment "Semi-Automatic Ground Environment") for the Air Force.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger199366%E2%80%9367-70)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie199315%E2%80%9316,_38%E2%80%9339,_144%E2%80%93145-71) [Charles Stark Draper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper "Charles Stark Draper")'s wartime gunsight laboratory, renamed the [Instrumentation Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draper_Laboratory "Draper Laboratory"), expanded into inertial guidance for [ballistic missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile "Ballistic missile") and computerized guidance for the [Apollo lunar mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer "Apollo Guidance Computer").[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie199390%E2%80%9394-72) The new laboratories became the primary training ground for graduate students in science and engineering and spawned dozens of firms along the [Route 128](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_128_\(Massachusetts\) "Route 128 (Massachusetts)") corridor.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie199315%E2%80%9316-73) [\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-75)
The cumulative effect transformed MIT into a different kind of institution. Between the early 1930s and the mid-1950s, the faculty doubled and the graduate student body quintupled.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992179-76) Federal funding, negligible before the war, reached \$38 million by 1944, and by 1957 research expenditures represented 72 percent of MIT's operating budget.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992174-77)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Canizares2007-78) The Department of Defense was the dominant sponsor for much of this period.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie199315%E2%80%9316-73)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Canizares2007-78) By 1962 the physicist [Alvin Weinberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Weinberg "Alvin Weinberg"), coiner of the term "[big science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_science "Big science")," said it was difficult "to tell whether MIT is a university with many government research laboratories appended to it or a cluster of government research laboratories with a very good educational institution attached to it."[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-79)[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaiser2010104%E2%80%93105-80)
#### Vietnam-era opposition
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Vietnam-era opposition")\]
Most defense-funded work on campus was basic and unclassified.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie199315%E2%80%9316-73)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Canizares2007-78) The major exception was the Instrumentation Laboratory, where "Doc" Draper's practice of carrying projects from conception through deployment had made the lab an anomaly in university research.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger1993248%E2%80%93249-81) Its work on guidance systems for [Poseidon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGM-73_Poseidon "UGM-73 Poseidon") [MIRV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIRV "MIRV") warheads drew particular criticism as destabilizing the Cold War arms race.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie1993233%E2%80%93235-82)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Draper_and_Instrumentation_Laboratory_picketers_1969-04-23_cropped.jpg)
Draper and picketers at the Instrumentation Lab
Opposition to the [Vietnam War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War") brought these tensions to a head. On March 4, 1969, students and faculty organized a research stoppage to protest the military applications of science; out of the faculty effort grew the [Union of Concerned Scientists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists "Union of Concerned Scientists").[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelkin197255%E2%80%9358-83)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBridger2015164%E2%80%93165-84) President [Howard Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Wesley_Johnson "Howard Wesley Johnson") convened a review panel on the Instrumentation Lab and Lincoln Lab, chaired by Sloan School dean William Pounds, even as demonstrations continued into the fall.
The Pounds Panel reaffirmed the place of the labs at MIT and recommended diversification and oversight, not military divestiture.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie1993235%E2%80%93237-85)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelkin197279%E2%80%9380-86) In May 1970, Johnson announced that the Instrumentation Laboratory would be separated from MIT, and it became the independent [Draper Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draper_Laboratory "Draper Laboratory") in 1973.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie1993239%E2%80%93243-87)[\[d\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-91) MIT established a policy that on-campus research must be open and publishable, and classified work was consolidated at [Lincoln Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory "MIT Lincoln Laboratory")'s off-campus site.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger1993249%E2%80%93250-92)[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-94)
### Postwar educational reform
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Postwar educational reform")\]
The Institute's new scale and resources raised questions about its educational direction. By 1946, research dwarfed the academic budget.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992175%E2%80%93176-95) The number of graduate students rose from roughly 700 in 1940 to 2,700 by 1959; the ratio of graduate to undergraduate students shifted from about 1:3 before the war to nearly 1:1.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992179-76) Federal research contracts, which supported research assistants, drove much of this growth. By the late 1950s, MIT had "virtually become a graduate school with a strong undergraduate school."[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992179-76)
At Vice President [James Killian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Killian "James Killian")'s urging in 1947, MIT faculty formed a Committee on Educational Survey chaired by chemical engineer [Warren K. Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_K._Lewis "Warren K. Lewis").[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillian198579%E2%80%9380-96)[\[f\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-97) After two years of study, the Lewis Committee produced a landmark report.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger199365-98) It reaffirmed the founding principle that the undergraduate program should integrate useful training and liberal education, and warned that a preoccupation with research was coming at the expense of undergraduate teaching.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis_Committee194915%E2%80%9322-99)[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger199365%E2%80%9366-100) It called for MIT students to build creative and intellectual autonomy rather than command of routine procedures.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis_Committee194915%E2%80%9317-101)[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger199365%E2%80%9366-100)
In 1950, the Corporation approved the committee's recommendation for a [School of Humanities and Social Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_School_of_Humanities,_Arts,_and_Social_Sciences "MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences") to stand on equal footing with the existing schools.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis_Committee194943%E2%80%9344-102)[\[g\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-103) The new school offered general education for undergraduates alongside graduate programs in political science, economics, linguistics, and [science and technology studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies "Science and technology studies").[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillian1985221%E2%80%93222-104)
Reform in engineering met greater resistance. Professors hired to advance applied science in the 1930s were opposed by older faculty attached to practical instruction and shop-centered training.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992178%E2%80%93179-105) In mechanical engineering, [Richard Söderberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_S%C3%B6derberg "Richard Söderberg") and reformers dismantled machinery laboratories. [Gordon Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_S._Brown "Gordon S. Brown") gave higher priority to modern physics within electrical engineering and instituted new programs in engineering science across departments.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992179-76)[\[h\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-107) These changes, part of a national movement to put engineering education on scientific footing, reshaped the MIT undergraduate experience in a single generation.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992180-108)
New educational experiments sought to improve undergraduate training. In 1957, [Edwin H. Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_H._Land "Edwin H. Land"), the inventor of instant photography, gave a lecture arguing that students should engage in original research from their arrival on campus, working with faculty rather than waiting years to reach the research frontier.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillian1985174%E2%80%93177-109) In 1969, the new [Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_Research_Opportunities_Program "Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program") (UROP), directed by physicist [Margaret MacVicar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_MacVicar "Margaret MacVicar"), allowed undergraduates to participate in research projects across the Institute. This was widely adopted at other schools and was later identified by [Clark Kerr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Kerr "Clark Kerr") as one of the few genuine university reforms from the 1960s.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr2001127-110)
### Recent history
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Recent history")\]
#### Life sciences
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Life sciences")\]
From the 1970s onward, MIT's reduced portfolio of on-campus defense research was matched by a rise in federal health research.[\[i\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-111)[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp2006-112) The [Center for Cancer Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_Institute_for_Integrative_Cancer_Research "Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research"), opened in 1974 in a converted candy factory (E17) on Ames Street, marked a turning point. Founded by [Salvador Luria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Luria "Salvador Luria") with a [National Cancer Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute "National Cancer Institute") grant and staffed by a cohort recruited with [David Baltimore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Baltimore "David Baltimore"), including [Phillip Sharp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp "Phillip Allen Sharp"), [Nancy Hopkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Hopkins_\(scientist\) "Nancy Hopkins (scientist)"), and [Robert Weinberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_\(biologist\) "Robert Weinberg (biologist)"), the center quickly became one of the strongest groups in cancer biology in the country.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant2010148%E2%80%93149-113)[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._7-114)[\[j\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-116)
After a contentious public debate over [recombinant DNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_DNA "Recombinant DNA") research was resolved by a Cambridge city ordinance in 1977, MIT expanded biological research through a series of independent but affiliated research institutes whose investigators hold MIT faculty appointments.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant2010149%E2%80%93158-117) The [Whitehead Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehead_Institute "Whitehead Institute") (1982) added sixteen investigators to the biology community. Mathematician [Eric Lander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Lander "Eric Lander"), working from the Whitehead, established a genome center in 1990 that became a major contributor to the [Human Genome Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project "Human Genome Project").[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp2006-112)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant2010157-118) The [Broad Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Institute "Broad Institute") (2003), a joint enterprise with Harvard, grew out of that effort into one of the largest genomic research operations in the world.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp2006-112)[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._7-114) The [McGovern Institute for Brain Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGovern_Institute_for_Brain_Research "McGovern Institute for Brain Research") (2001) and the [Picower Institute for Learning and Memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picower_Institute_for_Learning_and_Memory "Picower Institute for Learning and Memory") (2002) extended the model into the neurosciences.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp2006-112) New buildings for biology, neuroscience, genomics, and cancer research rose on the northeast campus. In 1998, a new Department of Biological Engineering was created at the interface of molecular biology and engineering.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp2006-112)
Investments in the life sciences induced a biotechnology [industry cluster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_theory "Cluster theory") around Kendall Square. Homegrown firms such as [Biogen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogen "Biogen") and [Genzyme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genzyme "Genzyme") first expanded in the area. In 2002, [Novartis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novartis "Novartis") relocated its research headquarters to Cambridge, a decision that drew virtually every major pharmaceutical company to follow over the next decade.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._16-119) In 2004, the appointment of neuroscientist [Susan Hockfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Hockfield "Susan Hockfield") as MIT's sixteenth president, the first life scientist to lead MIT, reflected the programs' maturity.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-120) In 2006, President Hockfield launched the [MIT Energy Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Energy_Initiative "MIT Energy Initiative") to investigate challenges posed by increasing [global energy consumption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_resources_and_consumption "World energy resources and consumption").[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-121)
#### Computation
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: Computation")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIT_Media_Lab.jpg)
The 1985 [MIT Media Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab "MIT Media Lab") building, designed by [I.M. Pei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.M._Pei "I.M. Pei"), houses researchers developing novel uses of computer technology.
Programs that emerged from defense projectsâ[Whirlwind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Whirlwind "Project Whirlwind"), the Research Laboratory of Electronics, and the [SAGE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE_\(computer\) "SAGE (computer)") air-defense systemâgave rise in the 1960s to digital computing laboratories. [Project MAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_MAC "Project MAC"), launched in 1963 with [ARPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA "DARPA") funding, drew researchers from scattered departments into a single effort around [time-sharing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-sharing "Time-sharing") and [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence").[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._8-122)[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-LeeMcCarthy1992-123) Project MAC was reorganized in 1976 as the [Laboratory for Computer Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Laboratory_for_Computer_Science "MIT Laboratory for Computer Science") (LCS).[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildesLindgren1985ch._22-124) A culture of student programmers grew out of the [Tech Model Railroad Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech_Model_Railroad_Club "Tech Model Railroad Club"), whose members were more drawn to the electrical switching systems beneath the layout than to the trains themselves.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._8-122)[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2001ch._1-125) These groups became the nucleus of the [AI Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory "MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory"), regarded as the birthplace of [hacker culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_culture "Hacker culture").[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2001ch._1-125) When commercial pressures began pulling researchers into spinoff companies in the early 1980s, [Richard Stallman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman "Richard Stallman") responded by launching the [GNU Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project "GNU Project") (1983) and the [Free Software Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation "Free Software Foundation") (1985), establishing a framework for [free software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software "Free software") that shaped the later [open-source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software "Open-source software") movement.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2001chs._1,_6-126)
In 1983, MIT launched [Project Athena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Athena "Project Athena"), an eight-year partnership with [IBM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM "IBM") and the [Digital Equipment Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation "Digital Equipment Corporation") that placed networked workstations across campus and produced widely adopted infrastructure, including the [Kerberos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerberos_\(protocol\) "Kerberos (protocol)") authentication protocol and the [X Window System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System "X Window System").[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-127) In 1985, [Nicholas Negroponte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Negroponte "Nicholas Negroponte") and former MIT president [Jerome Wiesner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Wiesner "Jerome Wiesner") founded the [Media Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab "MIT Media Lab"), which focused on integration of computing with communication, design, and the arts, drawing researchers from the AI Lab.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._14-128) Its industry sponsorship model helped draw technology firms to establish research outposts in nearby [Kendall Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_Square "Kendall Square").[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._14-128)
In 1994, [Tim Berners-Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee "Tim Berners-Lee") established the [World Wide Web Consortium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium "World Wide Web Consortium") (W3C) at the Laboratory for Computer Science to develop open standards for the web.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._14-128) In 2003, the AI Laboratory and LCS merged to form the [Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory "MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory") (CSAIL), now the largest research laboratory at the Institute.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._14-128) Open-access ideas running from the AI Lab found new expression when MIT launched [OpenCourseWare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_OpenCourseWare "MIT OpenCourseWare") in 2002, a project whose architects explicitly drew on the open-source principle that knowledge systems should be freely accessible.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Vest2001-129)[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Abelson2008-130) In 2018, MIT announced the creation of the [Schwarzman College of Computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Schwarzman_College_of_Computing "MIT Schwarzman College of Computing"), a billion-dollar initiative to integrate artificial intelligence research and education across the Institute.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Gershgorn-131)
#### Institutional life
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: Institutional life")\]
In 1991, the [Department of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") sued MIT and the eight [Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League") universities, alleging that their practice of jointly setting need-based financial aid for commonly admitted students violated [antitrust law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act "Sherman Antitrust Act"). The other schools signed [consent decrees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent_decree "Consent decree") and MIT contested the suit alone under [Charles Vest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_M._Vest "Charles M. Vest").[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeyser201153%E2%80%9354-132)[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambergerCarlton2000-133)[\[k\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-134) A federal appeals court ruled in MIT's favor in 1993, and Congress subsequently passed legislation permitting need-based aid coordination among universities.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambergerCarlton2000-133)
In 1999, a committee of women faculty in the School of Science, led by biologist Nancy Hopkins, published a report documenting that senior women faculty received less laboratory space, lower salaries, and fewer institutional resources than male colleagues of comparable rank.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZernike2023ch._21-135)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-136) President Vest publicly acknowledged the findings, writing that he now understood gender discrimination at MIT to be "far more reality than perception."[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZernike2023ch._21-135) The report prompted policy changes across MIT's schools, spurred similar investigations at nine other universities, and was credited with advancing gender parity in academic science nationally.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZernike2023epilogue-137)
Three days after the [Boston Marathon bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Marathon_bombing "Boston Marathon bombing") of April 2013, [MIT Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_Police_Department "Massachusetts Institute of Technology Police Department") officer [Sean Collier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Collier "Sean Collier") was fatally shot by the bombers on campus, setting off a manhunt that shut down much of the Boston metropolitan area.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-138) His memorial service drew more than 10,000 people.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Bidgood-139)
## Campus
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: Campus")\]
Main article: [Campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIT_Main_Campus_aerial.jpg)
MIT's central campus from above the [Harvard Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Bridge "Harvard Bridge"). Left of center is the Great Dome, with the Stata Center and Kendall Square behind.
MIT's 166-acre (67.2 ha) campus in the city of [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts") spans approximately a mile along the north side of the [Charles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River "Charles River") basin.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Campus-6) The campus is divided roughly in half by [Massachusetts Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Avenue_\(metropolitan_Boston\) "Massachusetts Avenue (metropolitan Boston)"), with most dormitories and student life facilities to the west and most academic buildings to the east. The bridge closest to MIT is the [Harvard Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Bridge "Harvard Bridge"), which is known for being marked off in a [non-standard unit of length](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humorous_units_of_measurement "List of humorous units of measurement") â the [smoot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoot "Smoot").[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-140)[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-141)
The [Kendall/MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall/MIT_station "Kendall/MIT station") [subway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBTA_subway "MBTA subway") station is located on the northeastern edge of the campus, in [Kendall Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_Square "Kendall Square"). Since the 1960s, MIT and other firms have intensively developed high-rise educational, retail, residential, startup incubator, and office space around the station. The Cambridge neighborhoods surrounding MIT are a mixture of modern offices for high-tech firms, old industry buildings, and low-rise residential neighborhoods.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-142)[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-BO-143) The [MIT Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Museum "MIT Museum") has moved immediately adjacent to a Kendall Square subway entrance, joining the [List Visual Arts Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_Visual_Arts_Center "List Visual Arts Center") on the eastern end of the campus.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-New_MIT_Museum_Location-144)
Each building at MIT [has a number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Campus_organization "Campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology") (possibly preceded by a *W*, *N*, *E*, or *NW*) designation, and most have a name as well. Typically, academic and office buildings are referred to primarily by number while residence halls are referred to by name. The organization of building numbers roughly corresponds to the order in which the buildings were built and their location relative (north, west, and east) to the original center cluster of Maclaurin buildings.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Numbering_system-145) Many of the buildings are connected above ground as well as through an extensive network of tunnels, providing protection from the Cambridge weather as well as a venue for [roof and tunnel hacking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof_and_tunnel_hacking "Roof and tunnel hacking").[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-146)[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-147)
The campus' primary energy source is natural gas. In connection with capital campaigns to expand the campus, the Institute has also extensively renovated existing buildings to improve their energy efficiency. MIT has also taken steps to reduce its environmental impact by running [alternative fuel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel "Alternative fuel") campus shuttles, subsidizing [public transportation passes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CharlieCard "CharlieCard"), constructing [solar power offsets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits "Carbon offsets and credits"), and building a [cogeneration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogeneration "Cogeneration") plant to power campus electricity, heating, and cooling requirements.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-148)[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-149)
### Research facilities
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Research facilities")\]
[MIT's on-campus nuclear reactor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Nuclear_Research_Reactor "MIT Nuclear Research Reactor")[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-150) is one of the most powerful university-based [nuclear reactors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor "Nuclear reactor") in the United States. The prominence of the reactor's containment building in a densely populated area has been controversial,[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-151) but MIT maintains that it is well-secured.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-152)
MIT Nano, also known as Building 12, is the campus' central facility for nanoscale research. Its 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) [cleanroom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleanroom "Cleanroom") and research space, visible through glass panels, is the largest research facility of its kind in the United States.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-153) At US\$400 million to construct, it is also one of the costliest buildings on campus. The facility also provides nanoimaging capabilities with vibration damped imaging and metrology suites sitting atop a 5Ă10~~^~~6 lb (2,300,000 kg) slab of concrete underground.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-154)
Other notable campus facilities include a pressurized [wind tunnel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_tunnel "Wind tunnel") for testing [aerodynamic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamics "Aerodynamics") research, a [towing tank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_model_basin "Ship model basin") for testing ship and ocean structure designs, and previously [Alcator C-Mod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcator_C-Mod "Alcator C-Mod"), which was the largest fusion device operated by any university.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-155)[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-156) MIT's campus-wide wireless network was completed in the fall of 2005 and consists of nearly 3,000 access points covering 9.4Ă10~~^~~6 sq ft (870,000 m2) of campus.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-157)
### Architecture
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Architecture")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_\(MIT\)_\(54960815718\).jpg)
MIT's Building 10 and Great Dome overlooking Killian Court
MIT has a history of commissioning innovative buildings.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Starchitecture-158)[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-159) The first buildings for the Cambridge campus, completed in 1916 and designed by [William Welles Bosworth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Welles_Bosworth "William Welles Bosworth"), were the first non-industrial buildings built from reinforced concrete in the United States.[\[l\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-161)[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Jarzombek1-162) Bosworth's ideaâindustrial efficiency inside, classical aesthetics outsideâwas influenced by the [City Beautiful movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement "City Beautiful movement") of the early 1900s. His design features the [Pantheon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome "Pantheon, Rome")\-esque Great Dome overlooking Killian Court, where [graduation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduation "Graduation") ceremonies are held each year.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Jarzombek1-162) The friezes of the limestone-clad buildings around Killian Court are engraved with the names of important scientists and philosophers.[\[m\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-165) The [Infinite Corridor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Corridor "Infinite Corridor") runs the east-west length of the Bosworth's buildings, beginning at Lobby 7 despite a name suggesting it has no beginning.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-BO-143)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ray_and_Maria_Stata_Center_\(MIT\).JPG)
The [Stata Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stata_Center "Stata Center") houses [CSAIL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSAIL "CSAIL"), [LIDS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Laboratory_for_Information_and_Decision_Systems "MIT Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems"), linguistics, and philosophy.
Buildings on the modern campus, many connected to the Bosworth's original buildings, range from utilitarian to high design. The demolished [Building 20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_20 "Building 20") and surviving Building 24, constructed cheaply with little architectural effort, have been acclaimed for their research utility.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-166) After World War II, MIT commissioned many of its new buildings from high-profile architects. Among the post-war [modernist architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_architecture "Modernist architecture") on campus is [Alvar Aalto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto "Alvar Aalto")'s Baker House (1947), [Eero Saarinen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen "Eero Saarinen")'s [MIT Chapel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Chapel "MIT Chapel") and [Kresge Auditorium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresge_Auditorium "Kresge Auditorium") (1955), and [I.M. Pei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.M._Pei "I.M. Pei")'s four research buildings: [Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Building_\(MIT\) "Green Building (MIT)"), Dreyfus, Landau, and [Wiesner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesner_Building "Wiesner Building").[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-167)[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-168)[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-169)
More recent buildings like [Frank Gehry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gehry "Frank Gehry")'s [Stata Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stata_Center "Stata Center") (2004), [Steven Holl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Holl "Steven Holl")'s [Simmons Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MIT_undergraduate_dormitories#Simmons_Hall "List of MIT undergraduate dormitories") (2002), [Charles Correa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Correa "Charles Correa")'s Building 46 (2005), and [Fumihiko Maki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumihiko_Maki "Fumihiko Maki")'s Media Lab Extension (2009) stand out among the Boston area's traditional architecture as examples of contemporary campus "[starchitecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starchitect "Starchitect")".[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Starchitecture-158)[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-170) These high-end buildings have not always been well received;[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-171)[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-172) in 2010, *[The Princeton Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princeton_Review "The Princeton Review")* included MIT in a list of twenty schools whose campuses are "tiny, unsightly, or both".[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-173)
### Housing
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: Housing")\]
Main article: [Housing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_at_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Housing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology")
See also: [List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology fraternities, sororities, and ILGs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_fraternities,_sororities,_and_ILGs "List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology fraternities, sororities, and ILGs")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simmons_Hall,_MIT,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts.JPG)
[Simmons Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_at_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Simmons_Hall "Housing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology"), an undergraduate dormitory.
Undergraduates are guaranteed four-year housing in one of MIT's 11 undergraduate dormitories.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-174) Those living on campus can receive support and mentoring from live-in graduate students and faculty.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-175) Because housing assignments are made based on the preferences of the students themselves, diverse social atmospheres can be sustained in different living groups; for example, according to the *Yale Daily News* staff's *The Insider's Guide to the Colleges, 2010*, "The split between East Campus and West Campus is a significant characteristic of MIT. East Campus has gained a reputation as a thriving counterculture."[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-176) MIT also has five dormitories for single graduate students and two apartment buildings on campus for married student families.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-177)
MIT has an active Greek and [co-op housing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_housing_cooperative "Student housing cooperative") system, including thirty-six [fraternities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternity "Fraternity"), [sororities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorority "Sorority"), and independent living groups ([FSILGs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSILG "FSILG")).[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-178) As of 2015[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit), 98% of all undergraduates lived in MIT-affiliated housing; 54% of the men participated in fraternities and 20% of the women were involved in sororities.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CDS-179) Most FSILGs are located across the river in [Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay "Back Bay") near where MIT was founded, and there is also a cluster of fraternities on MIT's West Campus that face the Charles River Basin.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-180) After the 1997 alcohol-related death of Scott Krueger, a new pledge at the [Phi Gamma Delta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Gamma_Delta "Phi Gamma Delta") fraternity, MIT required all freshmen to live in the dormitory system starting in 2002.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-181) Because FSILGs had previously housed as many as 300 freshmen off-campus, the new policy could not be implemented until [Simmons Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MIT_undergraduate_dormitories#Simmons_Hall "List of MIT undergraduate dormitories") opened in that year.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-182)
In 2013â2014, MIT abruptly closed and then demolished undergrad dorm Bexley Hall, citing extensive water damage that made repairs infeasible. In 2017, MIT shut down Senior House after a century of service as an undergrad dorm. That year, MIT administrators released data showing just 60% of Senior House residents had graduated in four years. Campus-wide, the four-year graduation rate is 84% (the cumulative graduation rate is significantly higher).[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-183)
### Off-campus real estate
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: Off-campus real estate")\]
MIT has substantial [commercial real estate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_real_estate "Commercial real estate") holdings in Cambridge on which it pays [property taxes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_tax "Property tax"), plus an additional voluntary [payment in lieu of taxes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_in_lieu_of_taxes "Payment in lieu of taxes") (PILOT) on academic buildings which are legally tax-exempt. As of 2017[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit), it is the largest taxpayer in the city, contributing approximately 14% of the city's annual revenues.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CommFacts-184) Holdings include [Technology Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_Square_\(Cambridge,_Massachusetts\) "Technology Square (Cambridge, Massachusetts)"), parts of [Kendall Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_Square "Kendall Square"), [University Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_Park_\(Cambridge\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "University Park (Cambridge) (page does not exist)"), and many properties in [Cambridgeport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeport,_Cambridge "Cambridgeport, Cambridge") and [Area 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_4,_Cambridge "Area 4, Cambridge") neighboring the main campus.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-185) The land is held for investment purposes and potential long-term expansion.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-186)
## Organization and administration
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: Organization and administration")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIT_Lobby_7.jpg)
Lobby 7 at 77 [Massachusetts Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Avenue_\(metropolitan_Boston\) "Massachusetts Avenue (metropolitan Boston)") is regarded as the main entrance to campus.
MIT is a state-chartered [nonprofit corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_corporation "Nonprofit corporation") governed by a privately appointed [board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors "Board of directors") known as the **MIT Corporation**.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Mead-187) The Corporation has 60â80 members at any time, some with fixed terms, some with life appointments, and eight who serve *[ex officio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_officio_member "Ex officio member")*.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Mead-187)[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-188)[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-189)[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-190) The Corporation approves the budget, new programs, degrees and faculty appointments, and elects a president to manage the university and preside for the Institute's faculty.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Mead-187)[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-BO-143) The current president is [Sally Kornbluth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Kornbluth "Sally Kornbluth"), a cell biologist and former provost at [Duke University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University "Duke University"), who became MIT's eighteenth president in January 2023.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-191)
MIT has five schools ([Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_School_of_Science "Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science"), [Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_School_of_Engineering "Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Engineering"), [Architecture and Planning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_School_of_Architecture_and_Planning "MIT School of Architecture and Planning"), [Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management "MIT Sloan School of Management"), and [Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_School_of_Humanities,_Arts,_and_Social_Sciences "MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences")) and one college ([Schwarzman College of Computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Schwarzman_College_of_Computing "MIT Schwarzman College of Computing")); the institute does not operate a law school or a medical school.[\[n\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-193)[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Schools-194)[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-195) Faculty committees control many areas of MIT's curriculum, research, student life, and administrative affairs.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-196) The chair of each of MIT's academic departments reports to the dean of that department's school, who in turn reports to the Provost.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-197) Academic departments also report to "Visiting Committees," specialized bodies of Corporation members and outside experts who evaluate the performance, activities, and needs of each department.
MIT's [endowment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_endowment "Financial endowment"), real estate, and other financial assets are managed through by the MIT Investment Management Company (MITIMCo), a subsidiary of the MIT Corporation created in 2004.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-198) A minor revenue source for much of the Institute's history, the endowment's role in MIT operations has grown due to strong investment returns since the 1990s, making it [one the largest U.S. university endowments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_the_United_States_by_endowment_size "List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment size").[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-199) Among its holdings are a majority of shares in the audio equipment manufacturer [Bose Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose_Corporation "Bose Corporation"), as well as a commercial real estate portfolio in [Kendall Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_Square "Kendall Square").[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-200)[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-201)
## Academics
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: Academics")\]
| Undergraduate admissions statistics | |
|---|---|
| 2022 entering class[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CDS2022-23-202)Change vs. 2017[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CDS2017-18-203) | |
| Admit rate | 4\.0% ( â3.2) |
| [Yield rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_\(college_admissions\) "Yield (college admissions)") | 85\.0% ( \+9.5) |
| Test scores [middle 50%](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interquartile_range "Interquartile range") | |
| [SAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT "SAT") Total | 1520â â1570 |
| [ACT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_\(test\) "ACT (test)") Composite | 35â36 |
MIT is a large, highly residential, research university with a majority of enrollments in graduate and professional programs.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Carnegie-204) The university has been [accredited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_accreditation "Educational accreditation") by the [New England Association of Schools and Colleges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Association_of_Schools_and_Colleges "New England Association of Schools and Colleges") since 1929.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-205) MIT operates on a [4â1â4 academic calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_term#Collegiate_calendars "Academic term") with the fall semester beginning after [Labor Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day_\(United_States\) "Labor Day (United States)") and ending in mid-December, a 4-week "Independent Activities Period" in the month of January, and the spring semester commencing in early February and ceasing in late May.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-206)
MIT students refer to both their majors and classes using numbers or acronyms alone.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-207) Departments and their corresponding majors are numbered in the approximate order of their foundation; for example, Civil and Environmental Engineering is Course 1, while Linguistics and Philosophy is Course 24.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Butcher-208) Students majoring in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), the most popular department, collectively identify themselves as "Course 6". MIT students use a combination of the department's course number and the number assigned to the class to identify their subjects; for instance, the introductory calculus-based [classical mechanics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanics "Classical mechanics") course is simply "8.01" (pronounced *eight-oh-one*) at MIT.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-209)[\[o\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-212)
### Undergraduate program
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: Undergraduate program")\]
| Academic Year | Undergraduates | Graduate | Total Enrollment |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2017â2018[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CDS2017-18-203) | 4,547 | 6,919 | 11,466 |
| 2018â2019[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CDS2018-19-213) | 4,602 | 6,972 | 11,574 |
| 2019â2020[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CDS2019-20-214) | 4,530 | 6,990 | 11,520 |
| 2020â2021[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CDS2020-21-215) | 4,361 | 6,893 | 11,254 |
| 2021â2022[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CDS2021-22-216) | 4,638 | 7,296 | 11,934 |
| 2022â2023[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CDS2022-23-202) | 4,657 | 7,201 | 11,858 |
| 2023â2024[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Enrollment_Statistics-5) | 4,576 | 7,344 | 11,920 |
The four-year, full-time undergraduate program maintains a balance between professional majors and those in the arts and sciences. In 2010, it was dubbed "most selective" by *[U.S. News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report "U.S. News & World Report")*,[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-:0-217) admitting few transfer students[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Carnegie-204) and 4.1% of its applicants in the 2020â2021 admissions cycle.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-218) It is [need-blind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need-blind "Need-blind") for both domestic and international applicants.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-219) MIT offers 44 undergraduate degrees across its five schools.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-220) In the 2017â2018 academic year, 1,045 Bachelor of Science degrees (abbreviated "[SB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienti%C3%A6_Baccalaureus "ScientiĂŠ Baccalaureus")") were granted, the only type of undergraduate degree MIT now awards.\[*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")*\][\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Degrees-221)[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-222) In the 2024 fall term, among students who had designated a major, the School of Engineering was the most popular division, enrolling 72% of students in its 19 undergraduate degree programs, followed by the School of Science (20%), Sloan School of Management (4.7%), School of Humanities, Arts, & Social Sciences (1.5%), and School of Architecture and Planning (1.8%). The largest undergraduate degree programs were in Computer Science and Engineering (Course 6â3), Mechanical Engineering (Course 2), Artificial Intelligence and Decision Making (Course 6-4), Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (Course 6â2), and Mathematics (Course 18).[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Enrollment_Statistics-5)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Infinitecorridor.jpg)
The [Infinite Corridor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Corridor "Infinite Corridor") is the primary passageway through campus.
All undergraduates are required to complete a core curriculum called the General Institute Requirements (GIRs).[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-GIR-223) The Science Requirement, generally completed during freshman year as prerequisites for classes in science and engineering majors, comprises two semesters of physics, two semesters of calculus, one semester of chemistry, and one semester of biology. There is a Laboratory Requirement, usually satisfied by an appropriate class in a course major. The Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences (HASS) Requirement consists of eight semesters of classes in the humanities, arts, and social sciences, including at least one semester from each division as well as the courses required for a designated concentration in a HASS division. Under the Communication Requirement, two of the HASS classes, plus two of the classes taken in the designated major must be "communication-intensive",[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CommReq-224) including "substantial instruction and practice in oral presentation".[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CommReqFac-225) Finally, all students are required to complete a [swimming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_swimming "Human swimming") test;[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-226) non-varsity athletes must also take four quarters of [physical education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_education "Physical education") classes.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-GIR-223)
Most classes rely on a combination of lectures, recitations led by associate professors or graduate students, weekly problem sets ("p-sets"), and periodic quizzes or tests. While the pace and difficulty of MIT coursework has been compared to "drinking from a fire hose",[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-227)[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-228)[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-229) the freshmen retention rate at MIT is similar to other research universities.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-:0-217) The "pass/no-record" grading system relieves some pressure for first-year undergraduates. For each class taken in the fall term, freshmen transcripts will either report only that the class was passed, or otherwise not have any record of it. In the spring term, passing grades (A, B, C) appear on the transcript while non-passing grades are again not recorded.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Freshman_Year-230) (Grading had previously been "pass/no record" all freshman year, but was amended for the Class of 2006 to prevent students from [gaming the system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaming_the_system "Gaming the system") by completing required major classes in their freshman year.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-231)) Also, freshmen may choose to join alternative learning communities, such as [Experimental Study Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_Study_Group "Experimental Study Group"), [Concourse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concourse_Program_at_MIT "Concourse Program at MIT"), or Terrascope.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Freshman_Year-230)
MIT's curriculum encourages students to apply scientific knowledge in practical domains, an idea summarized in the institute motto of *mens et manus* or "mind and hand."[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrattonMannix2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2026]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. \(February_2026\)">page needed</span>]]</i>]</sup>-232)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-233) Courses emphasizes uses of engineering knowledge in arenas like product design competitions and control design.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-234)[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-235) In 1969, [Margaret MacVicar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_MacVicar "Margaret MacVicar") founded the [Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_Research_Opportunities_Program "Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program") (UROP) to enable undergraduates to collaborate directly with faculty members and researchers. Students join or initiate research projects ("UROPs") for academic credit, pay, or on a volunteer basis through postings on the UROP website or by contacting faculty members directly.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-236) A substantial majority of undergraduates participate.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-237)[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-238) Students often become [published](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal "Scientific journal"), file [patent applications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_application "Patent application"), and/or launch [start-up companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startup_company "Startup company") based upon their experience in UROPs.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-239)[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-240) The program has been widely emulated at other U.S. universities.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-241)
In 1970, the then-Dean of Institute Relations, Benson R. Snyder, published *[The Hidden Curriculum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hidden_Curriculum "The Hidden Curriculum"),* arguing that education at MIT was often slighted in favor of following a set of unwritten expectations and that graduating with good grades was more often the product of figuring out the system rather than a solid education. The successful student, according to Snyder, was the one who was able to discern which of the formal requirements were to be ignored in favor of which unstated norms. For example, organized student groups had compiled "[course bibles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Course_"Bibles" "History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology")"âcollections of problem-set and examination questions and answers for later students to use as references. This sort of gamesmanship, Snyder argued, hindered development of a creative intellect and contributed to student discontent and unrest.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-242)[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-243)
### Graduate program
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: Graduate program")\]
MIT's graduate program has high coexistence with the undergraduate program, and many courses are taken by qualified students at both levels. MIT offers a comprehensive doctoral program with degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and [STEM fields](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEM_fields "STEM fields") as well as professional degrees, including the [Master of Business Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration "Master of Business Administration") (MBA).[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Carnegie-204) The Institute offers graduate programs leading to academic degrees such as the Master of Science (which is abbreviated as MS at MIT), various Engineer's Degrees, Doctor of Philosophy ([PhD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD "PhD")), and [Doctor of Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Science "Doctor of Science") (DSc) and interdisciplinary graduate programs such as the [MD-PhD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD-PhD "MD-PhD") (with [Harvard Medical School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School")) and a joint program in [oceanography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography "Oceanography") with [Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institution "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution").[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-244)[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-245)[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-246)[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-:2-247)
Admission to graduate programs is decentralized; applicants apply directly to the department or degree program. More than 90% of doctoral students are supported by fellowships, research assistantships (RAs), or teaching assistantships (TAs).[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-248)
### Rankings
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: Rankings")\]
| [Academic rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings_in_the_United_States "College and university rankings in the United States") | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| [*Forbes*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Top_Colleges "America's Top Colleges")[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Rankings_Forbes_NU-249) | 1 |
| [*U.S. News & World Report*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking "U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking")[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_NU-250) | 2 |
| [*Washington Monthly*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monthly_college_rankings "Washington Monthly college rankings")[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Rankings_Wamo_NU-251) | 10 |
| [*WSJ*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")/College Pulse[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Rankings_WSJ_NU-252) | 2 |
| Global | |
| [*ARWU*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities "Academic Ranking of World Universities")[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Rankings_ARWU_W-253) | 3 |
| [*QS*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings "QS World University Rankings")[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Rankings_QS_W-254) | 1 |
| [*THE*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings "Times Higher Education World University Rankings")[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Rankings_THE_W-255) | 2 |
| [*U.S. News & World Report*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Ranking "U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking")[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_W-256) | 2 |
MIT places among the top five in many overall rankings of universities (see table right) and rankings based on students' [revealed preferences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revealed_preferences "Revealed preferences").[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-257)[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-258)[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-coughlan-259) In 2026, it was ranked 4th among the worldâs top universities by [*Time*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)") magazine and [Statista](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statista "Statista").[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-260) For several years, *[U.S. News & World Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report "U.S. News & World Report")*, the [QS World University Rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings "QS World University Rankings"), and the [Academic Ranking of World Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities "Academic Ranking of World Universities") have ranked MIT's School of Engineering first, as did the 1995 [National Research Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council "United States National Research Council") report.[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-1995_NRC-261) In the same lists, MIT's strongest showings apart from in engineering are in computer science, the natural sciences, business, architecture, economics, linguistics, mathematics, and, to a lesser extent, political science and philosophy.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-:1-262)
[Times Higher Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education "Times Higher Education") has recognized MIT as one of the world's "six super brands" on its *World Reputation Rankings*, along with [Berkeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley"), [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge"), [Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University"), [Oxford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford"), and [Stanford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University").[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-263) In 2019, it was ranked \#3 among the universities around the world by [SCImago Institutions Rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCImago_Institutions_Rankings "SCImago Institutions Rankings").[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-264) In 2017, the [Times Higher Education World University Rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings "Times Higher Education World University Rankings") also rated MIT the \#2 university for arts and humanities.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-THE-265)[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-SHASS-THE-266) MIT was ranked \#7 in 2015 and \#6 in 2017 of the Nature Index Annual Tables, which measure the largest contributors to papers published in 82 leading journals.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Nature_Index_2016-267)[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Nature_Index_2018-268)[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Nature_Index_FAQs-269) Georgetown University researchers ranked MIT \#3 in the US for 20-year [return on investment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_on_investment "Return on investment").[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-270)
### Collaborations
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: Collaborations")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kresge_Auditorium_-_Side_-_MIT_\(54960889209\).jpg)
[Eero Saarinen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen "Eero Saarinen")'s [Kresge Auditorium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresge_Auditorium "Kresge Auditorium") (1955) is a classic example of [post-war architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-century_modern "Mid-century modern").
The university historically pioneered research and training collaborations between academia, industry and government.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-271)[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-272) In 1946, President Compton, Harvard Business School professor [Georges Doriot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Doriot "Georges Doriot"), and Massachusetts Investor Trust chairman Merrill Grisswold founded [American Research and Development Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Research_and_Development_Corporation "American Research and Development Corporation"), the first American [venture-capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture-capital "Venture-capital") firm.[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-273)[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-274) In 1948, Compton established the MIT Industrial Liaison Program.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-275) Throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, American politicians and business leaders accused MIT and other universities of contributing to a [declining economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_1980s_recession "Late 1980s recession") by [transferring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_transfer "Technology transfer") taxpayer-funded research and technology to international â especially [Japanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Japan "Economy of Japan") â firms that were competing with struggling American businesses.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-276)[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-277) On the other hand, MIT's extensive collaboration with the federal government on research projects has led to several MIT leaders serving as [presidential scientific advisers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Science_Advisory_Committee "President's Science Advisory Committee") since 1940.[\[p\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-279) MIT established a Washington Office in 1991 to continue effective [lobbying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying "Lobbying") for research funding and national [science policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_policy "Science policy").[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-280)[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-281)
The [US Justice Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") began an investigation in 1989, and in 1991 filed an [antitrust suit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act "Sherman Antitrust Act") against MIT, the eight [Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League") colleges, and eleven other institutions for allegedly engaging in [price-fixing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price-fixing "Price-fixing") during their annual "Overlap Meetings", which were held to prevent bidding wars over promising prospective students from consuming funds for need-based scholarships.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-282)[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-283) While the Ivy League institutions [settled](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent_decree "Consent decree"),[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-284) MIT contested the charges, arguing that the practice was not anti-competitive because it ensured the availability of aid for the greatest number of students.[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Overlap-285)[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-286) MIT ultimately prevailed when the Justice Department dropped the case in 1994.[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-287)[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-288)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIT_Walker_Memorial.jpg)
Walker Memorial is a monument to MIT's fourth president, [Francis Amasa Walker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker "Francis Amasa Walker").
MIT's proximity[\[q\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-289) to [Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") ("the other school up the [river](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River "Charles River")") has led to a substantial number of research collaborations such as the [HarvardâMIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93MIT_Division_of_Health_Sciences_and_Technology "HarvardâMIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology") and the [Broad Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Institute "Broad Institute").[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-EdPart-290) In addition, students at the two schools can [cross-register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-registration "Cross-registration") for credits toward their own school's degrees without any additional fees.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-EdPart-290) A cross-registration program between MIT and [Wellesley College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College "Wellesley College") has also existed since 1969, and in 2002 the [CambridgeâMIT Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge%E2%80%93MIT_Institute "CambridgeâMIT Institute") launched an undergraduate exchange program between MIT and the [University of Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge").[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-EdPart-290) MIT also has a long-term partnership with [Imperial College London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London "Imperial College London"), for both student exchanges and research collaboration.[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-291)[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-292) More modest cross-registration programs have been established with [Boston University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University"), [Brandeis University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University "Brandeis University"), [Tufts University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University "Tufts University"), [Massachusetts College of Art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_College_of_Art "Massachusetts College of Art"), and the [School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_the_Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston "School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston").[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-EdPart-290)
MIT maintains substantial research and faculty ties with independent research organizations in the Boston area, such as the [Charles Stark Draper Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper_Laboratory "Charles Stark Draper Laboratory"), the [Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehead_Institute "Whitehead Institute"), and the [Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institution "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution").[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-:2-247) Ongoing international research and educational collaborations include the [Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam_Institute_for_Advanced_Metropolitan_Solutions&action=edit&redlink=1 "Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions (page does not exist)") (AMS Institute),[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-293) Singapore-MIT Alliance, MIT-[Politecnico di Milano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politecnico_di_Milano "Politecnico di Milano"),[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-EdPart-290)[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-294) MIT-[Zaragoza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zaragoza "University of Zaragoza") International Logistics Program, and projects in other countries through the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) program.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-EdPart-290)[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-295)
The mass-market magazine *[Technology Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_Review "Technology Review")* is published by MIT through a subsidiary company, as is a special edition that also serves as an [alumni magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumni_magazine "Alumni magazine").[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-296)[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-297) The [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press") is a major [university press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_press "University press"), publishing over 200 books and 30 journals annually, emphasizing science and technology as well as arts, architecture, new media, current events, and social issues.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-298)
MIT Microphotonics Center and [PhotonDelta](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PhotonDelta&action=edit&redlink=1 "PhotonDelta (page does not exist)") founded the global roadmap for integrated photonics: Integrated Photonics Systems Roadmap â International (IPSR-I). The first edition has been published in 2020. The roadmap is an amalgamation of two previously independent roadmaps: the IPSR roadmap of MIT Microphotonics Center and AIM Photonics in the United States, and the WTMF (World Technology Mapping Forum) of PhotonDelta in Europe.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-299) In 2022, Open Philanthropy donated \$13,277,348 to MIT to study potential risks from AI.[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-300)
### Libraries, collections, and museums
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: Libraries, collections, and museums")\]
See also: [Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_Libraries "Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries") and [Campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology § Artwork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Artwork "Campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology")
The MIT library system consists of five subject libraries: Barker (Engineering), Dewey (Economics), Hayden (Humanities and Science), Lewis (Music), and Rotch (Arts and Architecture). There are also various specialized libraries and archives. The libraries contain more than 2.9 million printed volumes, 2.4 million microforms, 49,000 print or electronic journal subscriptions, and 670 reference databases. The past decade has seen a trend of increased focus on digital over print resources in the libraries.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-301) Notable collections include the Lewis Music Library with an emphasis on 20th and 21st-century music and electronic music,[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-302) the [List Visual Arts Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_Visual_Arts_Center "List Visual Arts Center")'s rotating exhibitions of contemporary art,[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-303) and the Compton Gallery's cross-disciplinary exhibitions.[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-304) MIT allocates a percentage of the budget for all new construction and renovation to commission and support its extensive public art and outdoor sculpture collection.[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-305)[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-306)
The [MIT Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Museum "MIT Museum") was founded in 1971 and collects, preserves, and exhibits artifacts significant to the culture and [history of MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_MIT "History of MIT"). The museum now engages in significant educational outreach programs for the general public, including the annual [Cambridge Science Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Museum#Cambridge_Science_Festival "MIT Museum"), the first celebration of this kind in the United States. Since 2005, its official mission has been, "to engage the wider community with MIT's science, technology and other areas of scholarship in ways that will best serve the nation and the world in the 21st century".[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-MITMuseum-307)
### Research
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: Research")\]
MIT was elected to the [Association of American Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities "Association of American Universities") in 1934 and is [classified](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education "Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education") among "R1: Doctoral Universities â Very high research activity";[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-AAU-308)[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Carnegie-204) research expenditures totaled \$952 million in 2017.[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-309) The federal government was the largest source of sponsored research, with the [Department of Health and Human Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services "Department of Health and Human Services") granting \$255.9 million, [Department of Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense "United States Department of Defense") \$97.5 million, [Department of Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy "United States Department of Energy") \$65.8 million, [National Science Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation "National Science Foundation") \$61.4 million, and [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA") \$27.4 million.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Research-310) MIT employs approximately 1300 researchers in addition to faculty.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-MITFac-311) In 2011, MIT faculty and researchers disclosed 632 inventions, were issued 153 patents, earned \$85.4 million in cash income, and received \$69.6 million in royalties.[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-312) Through programs like the Deshpande Center, MIT faculty leverage their research and discoveries into multi-million-dollar commercial ventures.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-313)
In electronics, [magnetic-core memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory "Magnetic-core memory"), [radar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar "Radar"), [single-electron transistors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-electron_transistor "Single-electron transistor"), and [inertial guidance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_guidance "Inertial guidance") controls were invented or substantially developed by MIT researchers.[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-314)[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-RLE_History-315) [Harold Eugene Edgerton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Eugene_Edgerton "Harold Eugene Edgerton") was a pioneer in [high-speed photography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_photography "High-speed photography") and [sonar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar "Sonar").[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-316)[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-317) [Claude E. Shannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_E._Shannon "Claude E. Shannon") developed much of modern [information theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory "Information theory") and discovered the application of [Boolean logic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_logic "Boolean logic") to [digital circuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_circuit "Digital circuit") design theory.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-318) In the domain of computer science, MIT faculty and researchers made fundamental contributions to [cybernetics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Wiener "Norbert Wiener"), [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky "Marvin Minsky"), [computer languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum "Joseph Weizenbaum"), [machine learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Winston "Patrick Winston"), [robotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Brooks "Rodney Brooks"), and [cryptography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Rivest "Ronald Rivest").[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-RLE_History-315)[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-319) At least nine [Turing Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_Award "Turing Award") laureates and seven recipients of the [Draper Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draper_Prize "Draper Prize") in engineering have been or are currently associated with MIT.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-TuringAward-320)[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-321)
Current and previous physics faculty have won eight [Nobel Prizes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics "Nobel Prize in Physics"),[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-IR_Nobel-322) four [ICTP Dirac Medals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_Medal_\(ICTP\) "Dirac Medal (ICTP)"),[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-323) and three [Wolf Prizes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Prize "Wolf Prize") predominantly for their contributions to subatomic and [quantum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum "Quantum") theory.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-324) Members of the chemistry department have been awarded three [Nobel Prizes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry "Nobel Prize in Chemistry") and one Wolf Prize for the discovery of novel syntheses and methods.[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-IR_Nobel-322) MIT biologists have been awarded six [Nobel Prizes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Medicine "Nobel Prize in Medicine") for their contributions to genetics, immunology, oncology, and molecular biology.[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-IR_Nobel-322) Professor [Eric Lander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Lander "Eric Lander") was one of the principal leaders of the [Human Genome Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project "Human Genome Project").[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-325)[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-326) [Positronium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positronium "Positronium") atoms,[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-327) synthetic [penicillin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin "Penicillin"),[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-328) [synthetic self-replicating molecules](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Rebek "Julius Rebek"),[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-329) and the genetic bases for [Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis") (also known as ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease) and [Huntington's disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease "Huntington's disease") were first discovered at MIT.[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-MIT_Firsts-330) [Jerome Lettvin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Lettvin "Jerome Lettvin") transformed the study of cognitive science with his paper "What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain".[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-331) Researchers developed a system to convert MRI scans into 3D printed physical models.[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-332)
Beginning in 1980, [Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIGO "LIGO") (LIGO) was designed and constructed by a team of scientists from [California Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology "California Institute of Technology"), MIT, and industrial contractors, and funded by the [National Science Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation "National Science Foundation"). It was designed to open the field of [gravitational-wave astronomy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational-wave_astronomy "Gravitational-wave astronomy") through the detection of [gravitational waves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave "Gravitational wave") predicted by [general relativity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity "General relativity").[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-333) Gravitational waves were [detected for the first time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_observation_of_gravitational_waves "First observation of gravitational waves") by the LIGO detector in 2015. For contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves, two Caltech physicists, [Kip Thorne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kip_Thorne "Kip Thorne") and [Barry Barish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Barish "Barry Barish"), and MIT physicist [Rainer Weiss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Weiss "Rainer Weiss") won the [Nobel Prize in physics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_physics "Nobel Prize in physics") in 2017.[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-334) Weiss, who is also an MIT graduate, designed the laser interferometric technique, which served as the essential blueprint for the LIGO.[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-335)
In the domain of humanities, arts, and social sciences, as of October 2019 MIT economists have been awarded seven [Nobel Prizes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics "Nobel Prize in Economics") and nine [John Bates Clark Medals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bates_Clark_Medal "John Bates Clark Medal").[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-IR_Nobel-322)[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-336) Linguists [Noam Chomsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky "Noam Chomsky") and [Morris Halle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Halle "Morris Halle") authored seminal texts on [generative grammar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_grammar "Generative grammar") and [phonology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology "Phonology").[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-337)[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-338) The [MIT Media Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab "MIT Media Lab"), founded in 1985 within the [School of Architecture and Planning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_School_of_Architecture_and_Planning "MIT School of Architecture and Planning") and known for its unconventional research,[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-339)[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-340) has been home to influential researchers such as [constructivist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_\(learning_theory\) "Constructivism (learning theory)") educator and [Logo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo_\(programming_language\) "Logo (programming language)") creator [Seymour Papert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Papert "Seymour Papert").[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-341)
Spanning many of the above fields, [MacArthur Fellowships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellowship "MacArthur Fellowship") (the so-called "Genius Grants") have been awarded to 50 people associated with MIT.[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-MacArthur-342) Five [Pulitzer Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize "Pulitzer Prize")âwinning writers currently work at or have retired from MIT.[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Pulitzer-343) Four current or former faculty are members of the [American Academy of Arts and Letters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters "American Academy of Arts and Letters").[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-AcademyArts-344)
Allegations of [research misconduct](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_misconduct "Research misconduct") or improprieties have received substantial press coverage. Professor [David Baltimore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Baltimore "David Baltimore"), a [Nobel Laureate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physiology_or_Medicine "Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine"), became embroiled in a misconduct investigation starting in 1986 that led to Congressional hearings in 1991.[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Baltimore-345)[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Nobel_Winner-346) Professor [Ted Postol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Postol "Ted Postol") has accused the MIT administration since 2000 of attempting to [whitewash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewash_\(censorship\) "Whitewash (censorship)") potential research misconduct at the Lincoln Lab facility involving a [ballistic missile defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile_defense "Ballistic missile defense") test, though a final investigation into the matter has not been completed.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-347)[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-348) Associate Professor [Luk Van Parijs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk_Van_Parijs "Luk Van Parijs") was dismissed in 2005 following allegations of scientific misconduct and found guilty of the same by the [United States Office of Research Integrity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Research_Integrity "United States Office of Research Integrity") in 2009.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-349)[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-350)
In 2019, [Clarivate Analytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarivate_Analytics "Clarivate Analytics") named 54 members of MIT's faculty to its list of "Highly Cited Researchers". That number places MIT eighth among the world's universities.[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-351)
## Notable output
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: Notable output")\]
### Natural sciences
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: Natural sciences")\]
- [Oncogene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogene "Oncogene") â [Robert Weinberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_\(biologist\) "Robert Weinberg (biologist)") discovered genetic basis of human [cancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer "Cancer").[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-352)
- [Reverse transcription](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Baltimore#Reverse_transcriptase "David Baltimore") â [David Baltimore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Baltimore "David Baltimore") independently isolated, in 1970 at MIT, two RNA tumor viruses: [R-MLV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murine_leukemia_virus "Murine leukemia virus") and again [RSV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rous_sarcoma_virus "Rous sarcoma virus").[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-pmid4316300-353)
- [Thermal death time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_death_time "Thermal death time") â [Samuel Cate Prescott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Cate_Prescott "Samuel Cate Prescott") and [William Lyman Underwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lyman_Underwood "William Lyman Underwood") from 1895 to 1898. Done for [canning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning "Canning") of food. Applications later found useful in [medical devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_devices "Medical devices"), [pharmaceuticals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceuticals "Pharmaceuticals"), and [cosmetics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics "Cosmetics").[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-354)
- [Electroweak interaction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interaction "Electroweak interaction") â [Steven Weinberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg "Steven Weinberg") proposed the electroweak unification theory, which gave rise to the modern formulation of the [Standard Model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model "Standard Model"), in 1967 at MIT.[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-355)
### Computer and applied sciences
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: Computer and applied sciences")\]
- [Akamai Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akamai_Technologies "Akamai Technologies") â [Daniel Lewin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lewin "Daniel Lewin") and [Tom Leighton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Leighton "Tom Leighton") developed a faster [content delivery network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network "Content delivery network"), now one of the world's largest [distributed computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing "Distributed computing") platforms, responsible for serving between 15 and 30 percent of all web traffic.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-figures-356)
- [Cryptography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography "Cryptography") â MIT researchers [Ron Rivest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Rivest "Ron Rivest"), [Adi Shamir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shamir "Adi Shamir") and [Leonard Adleman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Adleman "Leonard Adleman") developed one of the first practical [public-key cryptosystems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography "Public-key cryptography"), the [RSA cryptosystem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_\(cryptosystem\) "RSA (cryptosystem)"), and started a company, [RSA Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_Security "RSA Security").[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-357)
- [Digital circuits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_circuits "Digital circuits") â [Claude Shannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon "Claude Shannon"), while a master's degree student at MIT, developed the digital circuit design theory which paved the way for modern computers.[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Fortune-358)
- [Electronic ink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_ink "Electronic ink") â developed by [Joseph Jacobson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jacobson "Joseph Jacobson") at [MIT Media Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab "MIT Media Lab").[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-359)
- [Emacs (text editor)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs "Emacs") â development began during the 1970s at the [MIT AI Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory "MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory").[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-360)
- [Flight recorder (black box)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_recorder "Flight recorder") â [Charles Stark Draper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper "Charles Stark Draper") developed the black box at [MIT's Instrumentation Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper_Laboratory "Charles Stark Draper Laboratory"). That lab later made the [Apollo Moon landings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program "Apollo program") possible through the [Apollo Guidance Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer "Apollo Guidance Computer") it designed for [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA").[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-361)
- [GNU Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project "GNU Project") â [Richard Stallman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman "Richard Stallman") formally founded the [free software movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_movement "Free software movement") in 1983 by launching the [GNU Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project "GNU Project") at MIT.[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-362)[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-363)[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-364)
- [Julia (programming language)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_\(programming_language\) "Julia (programming language)") â Development was started in 2009, by [Jeff Bezanson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezanson "Jeff Bezanson"), [Stefan Karpinski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Karpinski "Stefan Karpinski"), [Viral B. Shah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_B._Shah "Viral B. Shah"), and [Alan Edelman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Edelman "Alan Edelman"), all at MIT at that time, and continued with the contribution of a dedicated MIT Julia Lab[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-365)
- [Lisp (programming language)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_\(programming_language\) "Lisp (programming language)") â [John McCarthy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_\(computer_scientist\) "John McCarthy (computer scientist)") invented Lisp at MIT in 1958.[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-MCCARTHY-366)
- [Lithium-ion battery efficiencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_lithium-ion_battery#Commercialization_in_portable_applications:_1991-2007 "History of the lithium-ion battery") â Yet-Ming Chiang and his group at MIT showed a substantial improvement in the performance of lithium batteries by boosting the material's conductivity by [doping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_\(semiconductor\) "Doping (semiconductor)") it[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-367) with [aluminium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium "Aluminium"), [niobium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium "Niobium") and [zirconium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium "Zirconium").[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-368)[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-369)
- [Macsyma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macsyma "Macsyma"), one of the oldest general-purpose computer algebra systems; the GPL-licensed version [Maxima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxima_\(software\) "Maxima (software)") remains in wide use.[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-moses-370)
- [MIT OpenCourseWare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_OpenCourseWare "MIT OpenCourseWare") â the [OpenCourseWare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCourseWare "OpenCourseWare") movement started in 1999 when the [University of TĂŒbingen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen "University of TĂŒbingen") in Germany published videos of [lectures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture "Lecture") online for its *timms* initiative (TĂŒbinger Internet Multimedia Server).[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-tub99-371) The OCW movement only took off, however, with the launch of MIT OpenCourseWare and the Open Learning Initiative at [Carnegie Mellon University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University "Carnegie Mellon University")[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-372) in October 2002. The movement was soon reinforced by the launch of similar projects at [Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale "Yale"), [Utah State University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_University "Utah State University"), the [University of Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan "University of Michigan") and the [University of California, Berkeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley").[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-373)
- [Perdix micro-drone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdix_micro-drone "Perdix micro-drone") â autonomous drone that uses [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") to swarm with many other Perdix drones.[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-374)
- [Project MAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_MAC "Project MAC") â groundbreaking research in [operating systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system "Operating system"), [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence"), and the [theory of computation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_computation "Theory of computation"). [DARPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA "DARPA") funded project.[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-375)
- [Microwave radar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_in_World_War_II "Radar in World War II") â developed at MIT's [Radiation Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_Laboratory_\(MIT\) "Radiation Laboratory (MIT)") during [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II").[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-376)
- [SKETCHPAD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketchpad "Sketchpad") â invented by [Ivan Sutherland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Sutherland "Ivan Sutherland") at MIT (presented in his PhD thesis). It pioneered the way for [humanâcomputer interaction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction "Humanâcomputer interaction") (HCI).[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-SearsJacko2007-377) Sketchpad is considered to be the ancestor of modern [computer-aided design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design "Computer-aided design") (CAD) programs as well as a major breakthrough in the development of [computer graphics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics "Computer graphics") in general.[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-378)
- [VisiCalc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VisiCalc "VisiCalc") â first [spreadsheet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheet "Spreadsheet") computer program for [personal computers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer "Personal computer"), originally released for the [Apple II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II "Apple II") by [VisiCorp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VisiCorp "VisiCorp"). MIT alumni [Dan Bricklin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Bricklin "Dan Bricklin") and [Bob Frankston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Frankston "Bob Frankston") rented time sharing at night on an MIT mainframe computer (that cost \$1/hr for use).[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-379)
- [World Wide Web Consortium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium "World Wide Web Consortium") â founded in 1994 by [Tim Berners-Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee "Tim Berners-Lee"), (W3C) is the main international [standards organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards_organization "Standards organization") for the [World Wide Web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web "World Wide Web")[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-consortium-380)
- [X Window System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System "X Window System") â pioneering architecture-independent system for graphical user interfaces that has been widely used for [Unix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix "Unix") and [Linux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux "Linux") systems.[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-381)
### Companies and entrepreneurship
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: Companies and entrepreneurship")\]
MIT alumni and faculty have founded numerous companies, some of which are shown below:[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-382)[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-383)
- [Analog Devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Devices "Analog Devices"), 1965, co-founders [Ray Stata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Stata "Ray Stata"), (SB, SM) and Matthew Lorber (SB)
- [BlackRock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackRock "BlackRock"), 1988, co-founder Bennett Golub, (SB, SM, PhD)
- [Bose Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose_Corporation "Bose Corporation"), 1964, founder [Amar Bose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar_Bose "Amar Bose") (SB, PhD)
- [Boston Dynamics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Dynamics "Boston Dynamics"), 1992, founder [Marc Raibert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Raibert "Marc Raibert") (PhD)
- [BuzzFeed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuzzFeed "BuzzFeed"), 2006, co-founder [Jonah Peretti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_Peretti "Jonah Peretti") (SM)
- [Dropbox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropbox_\(service\) "Dropbox (service)"), 2007, founders [Drew Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Houston "Drew Houston") (SB) and [Arash Ferdowsi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arash_Ferdowsi "Arash Ferdowsi") (drop-out)
- [Hewlett-Packard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard "Hewlett-Packard"), 1939, co-founder [William R. Hewlett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Redington_Hewlett "William Redington Hewlett") (SM)
- *[HuffPost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost "HuffPost"),* 2005, co-founder [Jonah Peretti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_Peretti "Jonah Peretti") (SM)
- [Intel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel "Intel"), 1968, co-founder [Robert Noyce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Noyce "Robert Noyce") (PhD)
- [Khan Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Academy "Khan Academy"), 2008, founder [Salman Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_Khan "Sal Khan") (SB, SM)[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-384)
- [Koch Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_Industries "Koch Industries"), 1940, founder [Fred C. Koch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_C._Koch "Fred C. Koch") (SB), sons [William](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Koch_\(businessman\) "Bill Koch (businessman)") (SB, PhD), [David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Koch "David Koch") (SB)
- [Qualcomm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm "Qualcomm"), 1985, co-founders [Irwin M. Jacobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_M._Jacobs "Irwin M. Jacobs") (SM, PhD) and [Andrew Viterbi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi "Andrew Viterbi") (SB, SM)
- [Raytheon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon "Raytheon"), 1922, co-founder [Vannevar Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush "Vannevar Bush") (DEng, Professor)
- [Renaissance Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Technologies "Renaissance Technologies"), 1982, founder [James Simons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Harris_Simons "James Harris Simons") (SB)
- [Scale AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_AI "Scale AI"), 2016, founder [Alexandr Wang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Wang "Alexandr Wang") (drop-out)
- [Texas Instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments "Texas Instruments"), 1930, founder [Cecil Howard Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Howard_Green "Cecil Howard Green") (SB, SM)
- [TSMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSMC "TSMC"), 1987, founder [Morris Chang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Chang "Morris Chang") (SB, SM)
- [VMware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMware "VMware"), 1998, co-founder [Diane Greene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Greene "Diane Greene") (SM)
## Student life
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: Student life")\]
Main articles: [Traditions and student activities at MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditions_and_student_activities_at_MIT "Traditions and student activities at MIT") and [MIT class ring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_class_ring "MIT class ring")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VeteransDayMIT.jpg)
[ROTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps "Reserve Officers' Training Corps") students celebrate [Veterans Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_Day "Veterans Day") at MIT in 2019.
The faculty and student body place a high value on [meritocracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritocracy "Meritocracy") and on technical proficiency.[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-385)[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-386) MIT has never awarded an [honorary degree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree "Honorary degree"),[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-387) nor does it award [athletic scholarships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_scholarship "Athletic scholarship"),[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-388) *[ad eundem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_eundem_degree "Ad eundem degree")* [degrees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_eundem_degree "Ad eundem degree"),\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] or [Latin honors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_honors "Latin honors")[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-389) upon graduation. However, MIT has twice awarded honorary professorships: to [Winston Churchill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill "Winston Churchill") in 1949 and [Salman Rushdie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Rushdie "Salman Rushdie") in 1993.[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-390)
Many [upperclass](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/upperclassman "wikt:upperclassman") students and alumni wear a large, heavy, distinctive [class ring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_ring "Class ring") known as the "[Brass Rat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_Rat "Brass Rat")".[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Brass_Rat-391)[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-BrassRat2013-392) Originally created in 1929, the ring's official name is the "Standard Technology Ring".[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-393) The undergraduate ring design (a separate graduate student version exists as well) varies slightly from year to year to reflect the unique character of the MIT experience for that class, but always features a three-piece design, with the MIT seal and the class year each appearing on a separate face, flanking a large rectangular bezel bearing an image of a [beaver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Beaver "American Beaver").[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Brass_Rat-391) The [initialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialism "Initialism") [IHTFP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHTFP "IHTFP"), representing the informal school motto "I Hate This Fucking Place" and jocularly [euphemized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemized "Euphemized") as "I Have Truly Found Paradise", "Institute Has The Finest Professors", "Institute of Hacks, TomFoolery and Pranks", "It's Hard to Fondle Penguins", and other variations, has occasionally been featured on the ring given its historical prominence in student culture.[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-394)
### Caltech Rivalry
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=30 "Edit section: Caltech Rivalry")\]
Main article: [CaltechâMIT rivalry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltech%E2%80%93MIT_rivalry "CaltechâMIT rivalry")
MIT also shares a well-known [rivalry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltech%E2%80%93MIT_rivalry "CaltechâMIT rivalry") with the [California Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology "California Institute of Technology") (Caltech), stemming from both institutions' reputations as two of the highest ranked and most highly recognized science and engineering schools in the world.[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-395) The rivalry is an unusual college rivalry given its focus on academics and pranks instead of sports, and due to the geographic distance between the two (their campuses are separated by about 2580 miles and are on [opposite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States "West Coast of the United States") [coasts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States "East Coast of the United States") of the United States). In 2005, Caltech students pranked MIT's Campus Preview Weekend by distributing t-shirts that read "MIT" on the front, and "...because not everyone can go to Caltech" on the back.[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-calvsmit-396)[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-397)[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-mit2005-398) Additionally, the word Massachusetts in the "Massachusetts Institute of Technology" engraving on the exterior of the Lobby 7 dome was covered with a banner so that it read "That Other Institute of Technology". In 2006, MIT retaliated by posing as contractors and stealing the 1.7-ton, 130-year-old [Fleming cannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_System_at_the_California_Institute_of_Technology#Fleming_cannon "House System at the California Institute of Technology"), a Caltech landmark. The cannon was relocated to Cambridge, where it was displayed in front of the [Green Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Building_\(MIT\) "Green Building (MIT)") during the 2006 Campus Preview Weekend.[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-399)[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-400) In September 2010, MIT students unsuccessfully tried to place a life-sized model of the [TARDIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TARDIS "TARDIS") time machine from the *[Doctor Who](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who "Doctor Who")* (1963âpresent) television series on top of Baxter Hall at Caltech. A few months later, Caltech students collaborated to help MIT students place the TARDIS on top of their originally planned destination.[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-401) The rivalry has continued, most recently in 2014, when a group of Caltech students gave out mugs sporting the MIT logo on the front and the words "The Institute of Technology" on the back. When heated, the mugs turned orange and read, "Caltech, The Hotter Institute of Technology".[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-402)
### Activities
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=31 "Edit section: Activities")\]
Main article: [Traditions and student activities at MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditions_and_student_activities_at_MIT "Traditions and student activities at MIT")
See also: [Hacks at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacks_at_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Hacks at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology")
See also: [List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology fraternities and sororities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_fraternities_and_sororities "List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology fraternities and sororities")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huntbeginsinlobby7.jpg)
The start of the [MIT Mystery Hunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Mystery_Hunt "MIT Mystery Hunt") in 2007
MIT has over 500 recognized student activity groups,[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-403) including a [campus radio station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMBR "WMBR"), *[The Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tech_\(newspaper\) "The Tech (newspaper)")* student newspaper, an annual [entrepreneurship competition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_$100K_Entrepreneurship_Competition "MIT $100K Entrepreneurship Competition"), a [crime club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Crime_Club "MIT Crime Club"), and weekly screenings of popular films by the [Lecture Series Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_life_and_culture_at_MIT#Lecture_Series_Committee "Student life and culture at MIT"). Less traditional activities include the "world's largest open-shelf [collection of science fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Science_Fiction_Society "MIT Science Fiction Society")" in English, a [model railroad club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMRC "TMRC"), and a vibrant [folk dance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech_Squares "Tech Squares") scene. Students, faculty, and staff are involved in over 50 educational outreach and public service programs through the [MIT Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Museum "MIT Museum"), Edgerton Center, and MIT Public Service Center.[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-404)
Fraternities and sororities provide a base of activities in addition to housing. Approximately 1,000 undergrads, 48% of men and 30% of women, participate in one of several dozen Greek Life men's, women's and co-ed chapters on the campus.[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-405)
The [Independent Activities Period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_life_and_culture_at_MIT#Independent_Activities_Period "Student life and culture at MIT") is a four-week-long "term" offering hundreds of optional classes, lectures, demonstrations, and other activities throughout the month of January between the Fall and Spring semesters. Some of the most popular recurring IAP activities are Autonomous Robot Design (course 6.270), Robocraft Programming (6.370), and MasLab [competitions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditions_and_student_activities_at_MIT#Competitions "Traditions and student activities at MIT"),[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Discover-406) the annual ["mystery hunt"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Mystery_Hunt "MIT Mystery Hunt"),[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Globe-407) and [Charm School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditions_and_student_activities_at_MIT#Independent_Activities_Period "Traditions and student activities at MIT").[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CharmSchool-408)[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-409) More than 250 students pursue [externships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externships "Externships") annually at companies in the US and abroad.[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-410)[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-411)
Many MIT students also engage in "hacking", which encompasses both the [physical exploration of areas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof_and_tunnel_hacking "Roof and tunnel hacking") that are generally off-limits (such as rooftops and steam tunnels), as well as [elaborate practical jokes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacks_at_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Hacks at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology").[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-412)[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-413) Examples of high-profile hacks have included the [abduction of Caltech's cannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltech%27s_rival "Caltech's rival"),[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-414) reconstructing a [Wright Flyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Flyer "Wright Flyer") atop the Great Dome,[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-415) and adorning the [John Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvard "John Harvard") statue with the [Master Chief's Mjölnir Helmet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Chief_\(Halo\) "Master Chief (Halo)").[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-416)
### Athletics
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=32 "Edit section: Athletics")\]
Main article: [MIT Engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Engineers "MIT Engineers")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIT_Z_Center.jpg)
The [Zesiger Sports and Fitness Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zesiger_Sports_and_Fitness_Center "Zesiger Sports and Fitness Center") houses a two-story fitness center as well as swimming and diving pools.
MIT sponsors 31 varsity sports, reduced from 41 in 2009, and has one of the three broadest NCAA Division III athletic programs.[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-417)[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-418) Nearly 20% of undergraduates play at least one varsity sport.[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-AthleteFAQ-419) Applying athletes are considered by the academic standards applied to all applicants, though coaches may advocate for their admission.[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-AthleteFAQ-419)[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-SchillSoriero-420)
MIT participates in the [NCAA's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association "National Collegiate Athletic Association") [Division III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_III_\(NCAA\) "Division III (NCAA)") and the [New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Women%27s_and_Men%27s_Athletic_Conference "New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference"), with women's crew competing at the Division I level in the [Patriot League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_League "Patriot League"). MIT's intercollegiate sports teams, called the Engineers, have won 22 Team National Championships and 42 Individual National Championships.
MIT is the all-time leader in [Academic All-America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_All-America "Academic All-America") selections (468 as of August 2025[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit)), ahead of [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") and the [University of NebraskaâLincoln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln "University of NebraskaâLincoln") across all NCAA divisions.[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-421) MIT Athletes won 13 [Elite 90](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_90_Award "Elite 90 Award") awards and ranks first among NCAA Division III programs, and third among all divisions.[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-422)
## People
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: People")\]
Further information: [List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Massachusetts Institute of Technology")
MIT affiliates have received major academic and professional honors across a range of fields. As of October 2024, 105 Nobel laureates, 26 Turing Award winners, and 8 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT as alumni, faculty, or researchers.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] The institute also counts 58 National Medal of Science recipients, 29 National Medal of Technology and Innovation recipients, and 84 MacArthur Fellows among its affiliates.[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-423)
In public service, 41 MIT-affiliated astronauts have flown in space,[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-424) 16 have served as Chief Scientist of the U.S. Air Force, and 8 alumni have served as foreign heads of state.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] Many alumni have also held senior positions in the U.S. federal government, including members of the Cabinet, the Federal Reserve, and the leadership of national defense and intelligence agencies. Alumni and faculty have founded or led many notable companies, particularly in technology, defense, and biotechnology.
### Students
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=34 "Edit section: Students")\]
| Race and ethnicity[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-425) | Total | |
|---|---|---|
| [Asian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans") | 34% | |
| [White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites "Non-Hispanic whites") | 22% | |
| [Hispanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") | 15% | |
| [Foreign national](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_national "Foreign national") | 11% | |
| Other[\[r\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-426) | 10% | |
| [Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans "African Americans") | 8% | |
| [Economic diversity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_diversity "Economic diversity") | | |
| [Low-income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_lower_class "American lower class")[\[s\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-427) | 19% | |
| [Affluent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States "Affluence in the United States")[\[t\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-428) | 81% | |
MIT enrolled 4,535 undergraduates and 7,047 graduate students in 2024â2025.[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CDS2024-25-429) In 2025, MIT admitted 4.5% of its applicants for first-year admission. 86% of admitted students enrolled.[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CDS2024-25-429)[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-TechYield2025-430)
MIT is one of nine U.S. colleges that is both [need-blind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need-blind_admission "Need-blind admission") and full-need for all undergraduate applicants, including international students.[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-MITSFS-431) All financial aid is based on demonstrated need, MIT does not offer merit or athletic scholarships.[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-MITSFS-431) Beginning with the 2025â2026 academic year, tuition is not charged to students from families with incomes below \$200,000 with typical assets.[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-WBUR2024-432)[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-MITSFS-431) At times, annual increases led to a student tradition (dating back to the 1960s) of tongue-in-cheek "tuition riots."[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Tuition_Riot-433)
The admissions process does not give preference to [children of alumni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_preferences "Legacy preferences").[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-NYTChetty2023-434)[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Petersen2012-435) A 2023 study by economists [Raj Chetty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Chetty "Raj Chetty"), David Deming, and John Friedman found that legacy preferences, athletic recruitment, and non-academic ratings were the primary drivers of admissions advantages for wealthy applicants at twelve highly selective U.S. colleges. At MIT, students from the wealthiest families were no more likely to attend than other applicants with comparable test scores.[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Chetty2023-436)[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-NYTChetty2023-434)
In August 2024, after the [U.S. Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court "U.S. Supreme Court") overruled race-based [affirmative action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States "Affirmative action in the United States") in *[Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._Harvard "Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard")* (2023), the university reported that for the class of 2028, Black and Latino student enrollment decreased from previous averages to 5 and 11 percent, respectively, while [Asian American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans") enrollment increased to 47 percent.[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-437)[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-438)
MIT has been nominally [co-educational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-education "Co-education") since admitting [Ellen Swallow Richards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards "Ellen Swallow Richards") in 1870. Richards also became the first female member of MIT's faculty, specializing in [sanitary chemistry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_health "Environmental health").[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Bowden-439)[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CHFBio-440) Female students remained a small minority prior to the completion of the first wing of a women's dormitory, [McCormick Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Dexter_McCormick "Katherine Dexter McCormick"), in 1963.[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-441)[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-442)[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-443) Between 1993 and 2009 the proportion of women rose from 34 percent to 45 percent of undergraduates and from 20 percent to 31 percent of graduate students.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Enrollments-210)[\[424\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-444) As of 2009[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit), women outnumbered men in Biology, Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Architecture, Urban Planning, and Biological Engineering.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Enrollments-210)[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Women_Enrollments-445)
### Faculty and staff
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=35 "Edit section: Faculty and staff")\]
Main articles: [List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_faculty "List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty") and [List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Massachusetts Institute of Technology")
| | |
|---|---|
|  | This section needs to be **updated**. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. *(January 2022)* |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ford-MIT_Nobel_Laureate_Lecture_Series_2000-09-18.jpg)
A 2000 panel featuring Institute Professors Emeriti and Nobel Laureates (from left to right) [Franco Modigliani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Modigliani "Franco Modigliani"), [Paul Samuelson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Samuelson "Paul Samuelson"), and [Robert Solow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Solow "Robert Solow")
As of 2025[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit), MIT had 1,090 [faculty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_\(academic_staff\) "Faculty (academic staff)") members.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-MITFactFacStaff-4) Faculty are responsible for lecturing classes, for advising both graduate and undergraduate students, and for sitting on academic committees, as well as for conducting original research. Between 1964 and 2009 a total of seventeen faculty and staff members affiliated with MIT won [Nobel Prizes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize "Nobel Prize") (thirteen of them in the latter 25 years).[\[426\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-446) As of October 2020, 37 MIT faculty members, past or present, have won Nobel Prizes, the majority in [Economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences "Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences") or [Physics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics "Nobel Prize in Physics").[\[427\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Faculty_Awards-447)
As of October 2013[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit), current faculty and teaching staff included 67 [Guggenheim Fellows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellow "Guggenheim Fellow"), 6 [Fulbright Scholars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_Scholar "Fulbright Scholar"), and 22 [MacArthur Fellows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellow "MacArthur Fellow").[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-MITFactFacStaff-4) Faculty members who have made extraordinary contributions to their research field as well as the MIT community are granted appointments as [Institute Professors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_Professor "Institute Professor") for the remainder of their tenures. [Susan Hockfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Hockfield "Susan Hockfield"), a molecular [neurobiologist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobiology "Neurobiology"), served as MIT's president from 2004 to 2012. She was the first woman to hold the post.[\[428\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Hockfield-448)
MIT faculty members have often been recruited to lead other colleges and universities. Founding faculty-member [Charles W. Eliot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Eliot "Charles W. Eliot") became president of Harvard University in 1869, a post he would hold for 40 years, during which he had influence both on American higher education and on secondary education[\[429\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-449). MIT alumnus and faculty member [George Ellery Hale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale "George Ellery Hale") played a central role in the development of the [California Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology "California Institute of Technology") (Caltech), and other faculty members have been key founders of [Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_W._Olin_College_of_Engineering "Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering") in nearby [Needham, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needham,_Massachusetts "Needham, Massachusetts").[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-450)
As of 2014[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit) former provost [Robert A. Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Brown "Robert A. Brown") served as president of [Boston University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University")[\[431\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-451); former provost [Mark Wrighton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_S._Wrighton "Mark S. Wrighton") is chancellor of [Washington University in St. Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis "Washington University in St. Louis")[\[432\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-452); former associate provost [Alice Gast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Gast "Alice Gast") is president of [Lehigh University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_University "Lehigh University")[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-453); and former professor [Suh Nam-pyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suh_Nam-pyo "Suh Nam-pyo") is president of [KAIST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAIST "KAIST")[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-454). Former dean of the School of Science [Robert J. Birgeneau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Birgeneau "Robert J. Birgeneau") was the chancellor of the [University of California, Berkeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley") (2004â2013)[\[435\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-455); former professor [John Maeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maeda "John Maeda") was president of [Rhode Island School of Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design "Rhode Island School of Design") (RISD, 2008â2013)[\[436\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-456); former professor [David Baltimore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Baltimore "David Baltimore") was president of [Caltech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltech "Caltech") (1997â2006)[\[437\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-457); and MIT alumnus and former assistant professor [Hans Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Mark "Hans Mark") served as chancellor of the [University of Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas "University of Texas") system (1984â1992).[\[438\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-458)
In addition, faculty members have been recruited to lead governmental agencies; for example, former professor [Marcia McNutt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_McNutt "Marcia McNutt") is president of the [National Academy of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences "National Academy of Sciences"),[\[439\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-459) urban studies professor [Xavier de Souza Briggs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_de_Souza_Briggs "Xavier de Souza Briggs") served as the associate director of the [White House Office of Management and Budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Management_and_Budget "White House Office of Management and Budget"),[\[440\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-460) and biology professor [Eric Lander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Lander "Eric Lander") was a co-chair of the [President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Council_of_Advisors_on_Science_and_Technology "President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology").[\[441\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-461) In 2013, faculty member [Ernest Moniz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Moniz "Ernest Moniz") was nominated by President Obama and later confirmed as [United States Secretary of Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy "United States Secretary of Energy").[\[442\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-nytimes-nominee-462)[\[443\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-463) Former professor Hans Mark served as Secretary of the Air Force from 1979 to 1981. Alumna and Institute Professor Sheila Widnall served as Secretary of the Air Force between 1993 and 1997, making her the first female Secretary of the Air Force and first woman to lead an entire branch of the US military in the Department of Defense. A 1999 report, met by promises of change by President Charles Vest, found that senior female faculty in the School of Science were often marginalized, and in return for equal professional accomplishments received reduced "salary, space, awards, resources, and response to outside offers".[\[444\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-464)
As of 2017[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit), MIT was the second-largest employer in the city of Cambridge.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CommFacts-184) Based on feedback from employees, MIT was ranked No. 7 as a place to work, among US colleges and universities as of March 2013[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit).[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Glassdoor-465) Surveys cited a "smart", "creative", "friendly" environment, noting that the [work-life balance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work-life_balance "Work-life balance") tilts towards a "strong work ethic" but complaining about "low pay" compared to an industry position.[\[446\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-GlassdoorMIT-466)
### Notable alumni
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=36 "Edit section: Notable alumni")\]
For a more comprehensive list, see [List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_alumni "List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni") and [List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Massachusetts Institute of Technology").
Many of MIT's over 120,000 alumni have achieved considerable success in scientific research, public service, education, and [business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_sector "Business sector"). As of October 2020[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit), 41 MIT alumni have won Nobel Prizes, 48 have been selected as [Rhodes Scholars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholar "Rhodes Scholar"),[\[447\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-467) 61 have been selected as [Marshall Scholars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Scholar "Marshall Scholar"),[\[448\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-IRAwardsHonors-468) and 3 have been selected as [Mitchell Scholars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Scholarship "Mitchell Scholarship").[\[449\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-:3-469)
Alumni in United States politics and public service include former [Chairman of the Federal Reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Federal_Reserve "Chairman of the Federal Reserve") [Ben Bernanke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke "Ben Bernanke"), former [MA-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_1st_congressional_district "Massachusetts's 1st congressional district") Representative [John Olver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Olver "John Olver"), former [CA-13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_13th_congressional_district "California's 13th congressional district") Representative [Pete Stark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Stark "Pete Stark"), [KY-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%27s_4th_congressional_district "Kentucky's 4th congressional district") Representative [Thomas Massie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Massie "Thomas Massie"), California Senator [Alex Padilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Padilla "Alex Padilla"), and former [National Economic Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Economic_Council "United States National Economic Council") chairman [Lawrence H. Summers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_H._Summers "Lawrence H. Summers").[\[450\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-470)
MIT alumni have founded or co-founded many notable companies, such as [Intel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Noyce "Robert Noyce"), [McDonnell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Smith_McDonnell "James Smith McDonnell") [Douglas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wills_Douglas,_Sr. "Donald Wills Douglas, Sr."), [Texas Instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Howard_Green "Cecil Howard Green"), [3Com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe "Robert Metcalfe"), [Qualcomm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi "Andrew Viterbi"), [Bose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar_Bose "Amar Bose"), [Raytheon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush "Vannevar Bush"), [Apotex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotex "Apotex"), [Koch Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_C._Koch "Fred C. Koch"), [Rockwell International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Rockwell "Willard Rockwell"), [Genentech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Swanson "Robert A. Swanson"), [Dropbox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Houston "Drew Houston"), and [Campbell Soup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thompson_Dorrance "John Thompson Dorrance"). According to the British newspaper *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*, "a survey of living MIT alumni found that they have formed 25,800 companies, employing more than three million people including about a quarter of the workforce of Silicon Valley. Those firms collectively generate global revenues of about \$1.9 trillion (ÂŁ1.2 trillion) a year". If the companies founded by MIT alumni were a country, they would have the 11th-highest [GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product "Gross domestic product") of any country in the world.[\[451\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Entrepreneur-471)[\[452\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Kauffman-472)[\[453\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-473)
More than one third of the [United States' crewed spaceflights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions#Human_spaceflight "List of NASA missions") have included [MIT-educated astronauts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_alumni#Alumni_Astronauts "List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni"), a contribution exceeding that of any university excluding the [United States service academies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_service_academies "United States service academies").[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-474) Of the [12 people who have set foot on the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts "List of Apollo astronauts") as of 2019[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit), four graduated from MIT (among them [Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11") [Lunar Module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module "Apollo Lunar Module") Pilot [Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin")). Alumnus and former faculty member [Qian Xuesen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qian_Xuesen "Qian Xuesen") led the [Chinese nuclear-weapons program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_China "Nuclear weapons of China") and became instrumental in Chinese rocket-program.[\[455\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-475)
Noted alumni in other fields include health care policy analyst and journalist [Avik Roy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avik_Roy "Avik Roy"), children's book author [Hugh Lofting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Lofting "Hugh Lofting"),[\[456\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-476)[\[457\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-477) sculptor [Daniel Chester French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French "Daniel Chester French"), guitarist [Tom Scholz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Scholz "Tom Scholz") of the band [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_\(band\) "Boston (band)"), the British *[BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC "BBC")* and *[ITN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITN "ITN")* correspondent and political advisor [David Walter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Walter_\(British_journalist_and_politician\) "David Walter (British journalist and politician)"), *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* columnist and Nobel Prize-winning economist [Paul Krugman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman "Paul Krugman"), *[The Bell Curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bell_Curve "The Bell Curve")* author [Charles Murray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Murray_\(political_scientist\) "Charles Murray (political scientist)"), and [United States Supreme Court building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_building "United States Supreme Court building") architect [Cass Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Gilbert "Cass Gilbert").[\[458\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-WDL-478) Other distinguished alumni include economist Esther Duflo,[\[459\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-479)[\[460\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-480) who received the [Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences "Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences") in 2019 for her experimental approach to poverty alleviation; physicist [Mildred Dresselhaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus "Mildred Dresselhaus"), a pioneer in carbon science and recipient of the [Presidential Medal of Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom "Presidential Medal of Freedom")[\[461\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-481)[\[462\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-482); physicist and science policy leader [Shirley Ann Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson "Shirley Ann Jackson"), former chair of the [U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission "Nuclear Regulatory Commission") and president of [Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute")[\[463\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-483)[\[464\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-484); and astronaut [Eileen Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Collins "Eileen Collins"), the first woman to pilot and command a [Space Shuttle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle "Space Shuttle") mission.[\[465\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-485)[\[466\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-486)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buzz_Aldrin_\(3x4_cropped\).jpg "Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin, ScD 1963")
[Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11") astronaut [Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin"), ScD 1963
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kofi_Annan_2012_\(cropped\).jpg "UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, SM 1972")
UN Secretary-General [Kofi Annan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan "Kofi Annan"), SM 1972
- [![Physics Nobel laureate Richard Feynman, SB 1939\[467\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Richard_Feynman_1959_%28cropped%29.png/120px-Richard_Feynman_1959_%28cropped%29.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Feynman_1959_\(cropped\).png "Physics Nobel laureate Richard Feynman, SB 1939[467]")
Physics Nobel laureate [Richard Feynman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman "Richard Feynman"), SB 1939[\[467\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-487)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ben_Bernanke_official_portrait.jpg "Federal Reserve Bank chairman Ben Bernanke, PhD 1979")
[Federal Reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve "Federal Reserve") Bank chairman [Ben Bernanke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke "Ben Bernanke"), PhD 1979
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:11.21_2020_APEC%E6%9A%A8%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E5%BE%8C%E8%A8%98%E8%80%85%E6%9C%83_\(50628253717\)_\(cropped2\).jpg "TSMC chairman Morris Chang, BS 1952, ME 1955")
[TSMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSMC "TSMC") chairman [Morris Chang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Chang "Morris Chang"), BS 1952, ME 1955
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mario_Draghi_in_2021_crop.jpg "Prime Minister of Italy Mario Draghi, PhD 1977")
Prime Minister of Italy [Mario Draghi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Draghi "Mario Draghi"), PhD 1977
- [![Economics Nobel laureate Esther Duflo,\[468\] PhD 1999](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Esther_Duflo_-_Pop%21Tech_2009_-_001_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Esther_Duflo_-_Pop%21Tech_2009_-_001_%28cropped%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Esther_Duflo_-_Pop!Tech_2009_-_001_\(cropped\).jpg "Economics Nobel laureate Esther Duflo,[468] PhD 1999")
Economics Nobel laureate [Esther Duflo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Duflo "Esther Duflo"),[\[468\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-488) PhD 1999
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brewster_Kahle_\(cropped\).jpg "Internet Archive founder Brewster Kahle, SB 1982")
[Internet Archive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive "Internet Archive") founder [Brewster Kahle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster_Kahle "Brewster Kahle"), SB 1982
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P20230814AS-0367_\(cropped\).jpg "Economics Nobel laureate Paul Krugman, PhD 1977")
Economics Nobel laureate [Paul Krugman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman "Paul Krugman"), PhD 1977
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ronald_mcnair.jpg "Challenger astronaut Ronald McNair, PhD 1976")
[*Challenger* astronaut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-51-L "STS-51-L") [Ronald McNair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_McNair "Ronald McNair"), PhD 1976
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benjamin_Netanyahu,_February_2023_\(cropped\).jpg "Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu, BS 1975, MS 1976")
[Prime Minister of Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel "Prime Minister of Israel") [Benjamin Netanyahu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu "Benjamin Netanyahu"), BS 1975, MS 1976
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Itzhak_Perlman_with_I.M._Pei,_architect,_looking_at_model_of_NYC_Convention_Center_\(03124v\)_\(cropped\).jpg "Architect I. M. Pei, BArch 1940")
Architect [I. M. Pei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._M._Pei "I. M. Pei"), BArch 1940
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ClaudeShannon_MFO3807.jpg "Information theorist Claude Shannon, PhD 1940")
Information theorist [Claude Shannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon "Claude Shannon"), PhD 1940
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_P_Sloan_Bachrach_portrait_\(cropped\)\(2\).png "General Motors CEO Alfred P. Sloan, SB 1895")
[General Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors") CEO [Alfred P. Sloan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_P._Sloan "Alfred P. Sloan"), SB 1895
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SXSW-2024-alih-OB7A0861-Lisa_Su_\(cropped_2\).jpg "AMD CEO Lisa Su, SB 1990, PhD 1994")
[AMD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD "AMD") CEO [Lisa Su](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Su "Lisa Su"), SB 1990, PhD 1994
- [![Chemistry Nobel laureate Robert Burns Woodward, SB 1936, PhD 1937\[469\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/Robert_Woodward_Nobel.jpg/120px-Robert_Woodward_Nobel.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Woodward_Nobel.jpg "Chemistry Nobel laureate Robert Burns Woodward, SB 1936, PhD 1937[469]")
Chemistry Nobel laureate [Robert Burns Woodward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward "Robert Burns Woodward"), SB 1936, PhD 1937[\[469\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-489)
## See also
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=37 "Edit section: See also")\]
- [Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_School_of_Engineering "Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Engineering")
- [Whitehead Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehead_Institute "Whitehead Institute")
- [Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Institute "Broad Institute")
- [Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_Institute_for_Integrative_Cancer_Research "Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research")
- [The Coop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard/MIT_Cooperative_Society "Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society"), campus bookstore
## Notes
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=38 "Edit section: Notes")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-38)** Between 1912 and 1920, Eastman donated \$20 million (\$304.2 million in 2024 dollars) in cash and Kodak stock to MIT.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-37)
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-67)** Other wartime projects at MIT included [Charles Stark Draper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper "Charles Stark Draper")'s gyroscopic gunsights for the Navy, Gordon Brown's work on feedback-control systems in the [Servomechanisms Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servomechanisms_Laboratory "Servomechanisms Laboratory"), and dozens of smaller efforts across the Institute.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurchard1948127%E2%80%93143-65)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas201090%E2%80%9392-66)
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-75)**
Research outgrowths of the interdepartmental laboratories included::
- [Magnetic-core memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory "Magnetic-core memory") and [system dynamics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_dynamics "System dynamics") developments by [Jay Forrester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Forrester "Jay Forrester");
- [Information theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory "Information theory") by [Claude Shannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon "Claude Shannon") and [Robert Fano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fano "Robert Fano");
- [Cybernetics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics "Cybernetics") writings by [Norbert Wiener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Wiener "Norbert Wiener");
- [Generative grammar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_grammar "Generative grammar") by [Noam Chomsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky "Noam Chomsky");
- [Artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") by [Marvin Minsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky "Marvin Minsky").[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildesLindgren1985-74)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie199315%E2%80%9316-73)
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-91)** Johnson's action ran contrary to the activists' demands and the Pounds Panel recommendations. Most activists had sought conversion of the laboratories to civilian research, not divestiture, predicting that an independent laboratory would pursue weapons work without academic restraint.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelkin197278%E2%80%9379-88) Only two members of the 22-member panel had recommended separation.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelkin197279%E2%80%9380-86)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie1993236%E2%80%93237-89) After separation, the Draper Laboratory immediately became the largest nonprofit defense R\&D contractor in the country, with DOD obligations exceeding 90 percent of its funding.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie1993244%E2%80%93245-90)
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-94)** After the recommendation to diversify funding, Lincoln remained tilted toward military projects in the subsequent decade. By the mid-1980s roughly a quarter of its budget came from the [Strategic Defense Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative "Strategic Defense Initiative").[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie1993244%E2%80%93245-90)[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBridger2015191%E2%80%93192-93)
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-97)** Killian, appointed president a year later in 1948, promoted the adoption of the committee's ideas.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-103)** The humanities and social sciences had previously been organized as a division with lower institutional status and no authority to grant degrees. The school later became known as the School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-107)** Brown originally advanced these ideas as head of electrical engineering. When he became dean of engineering in 1959, a [Ford Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation "Ford Foundation") grant extended the engineering-science approach to metallurgy, mechanical engineering, and aeronautical engineering.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992179-76)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillian1985182%E2%80%93183-106)
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-111)** The share of on-campus research supported by the Department of Health and Human Services rose from 16 percent in 1970 to 33 percent by 2006, while the Department of Defense's share fell from 28 to 15 percent.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Canizares2007-78)
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-116)** Baltimore received the [Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine") the following year; Sharp shared the prize in 1993 for his discovery of [RNA splicing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_splicing "RNA splicing").[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant2010156%E2%80%93157-115)
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-134)** Responding to the antitrust allegations, MIT argued that aid allocations were charitable functions rather than commercial and directed limited aid toward the students who needed it most.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambergerCarlton2000-133)
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-161)** Historically, the neoclassical buildings numbered 1â6 and 10 are known as the "Bosworth buildings" or "Maclaurin buildings" after [the MIT president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_C._Maclaurin "Richard C. Maclaurin") who led MIT during their construction. MIT publications also refer to them as the "Main Group"âincluding 7 and 8, which were later additions.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-160)
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-165)** The friezes of the marble-clad buildings surrounding Killian Court are carved in large Roman letters with the names of [Aristotle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle "Aristotle"), [Newton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton "Isaac Newton"), [Pasteur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur "Louis Pasteur"), [Lavoisier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier "Antoine Lavoisier"), [Faraday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday "Michael Faraday"), [Archimedes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes "Archimedes"), [da Vinci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci "Leonardo da Vinci"), [Darwin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin "Charles Darwin"), and [Copernicus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus "Nicolaus Copernicus"); each of these names is surmounted by a cluster of appropriately related names in smaller letters. Lavoisier, for example, is placed in the company of [Boyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle "Robert Boyle"), [Cavendish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavendish "Henry Cavendish"), [Priestley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley "Joseph Priestley"), [Dalton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton "John Dalton"), [Gay Lussac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac "Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac"), [Berzelius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius "Jöns Jakob Berzelius"), [Woehler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler "Friedrich Wöhler"), [Liebig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig "Justus von Liebig"), [Bunsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bunsen "Robert Bunsen"), [Mendelejeff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev "Dmitri Mendeleev") \[*[sic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic "Sic")*\], [Perkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Henry_Perkin "Sir William Henry Perkin"), and [van't Hoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff "Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff").[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-163)[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-TechNames-164)
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-193)** The Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST) offers joint MD, MD-PhD, or Medical Engineering degrees in collaboration with [Harvard Medical School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School").[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-192)
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-212)** Course numbers are sometimes presented in [Roman numerals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals "Roman numerals"), e.g. "Course XVIII" for mathematics.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Enrollments-210) At least one MIT style guide now discourages this usage.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-211) Also, some Course numbers have been re-assigned over time, so that the subject area of a degree may depend on the year it was awarded.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Butcher-208)
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-279)** [Vannevar Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush "Vannevar Bush") was the director of the [Office of Scientific Research and Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Scientific_Research_and_Development "Office of Scientific Research and Development") and general advisor to [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") and [Harry Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman "Harry Truman"), [James Rhyne Killian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rhyne_Killian "James Rhyne Killian") was Special Assistant for Science and Technology for [Dwight D. Eisenhower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower"), and [Jerome Wiesner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Wiesner "Jerome Wiesner") advised [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") and [Lyndon Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson "Lyndon Johnson").[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-278)
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-289)** MIT's Building 7 and Harvard's Johnston Gate, the traditional entrances to each school, are 1.72 mi (2.77 km) apart along [Massachusetts Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Avenue_\(metropolitan_Boston\) "Massachusetts Avenue (metropolitan Boston)").
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-426)** Other consists of [Multiracial Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans") & those who prefer to not say.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-427)** The percentage of students who received an income-based federal [Pell Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell_Grant "Pell Grant") intended for low-income students.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-428)** The percentage of students who are a part of the [American middle class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_middle_class "American middle class") at the bare minimum.
## References
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=39 "Edit section: References")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-sealList_of_companies_founded_by_MIT_alumni_1-0)**
["Symbols: Seal"](http://web.mit.edu/graphicidentity/symbols/seal.html). *MIT Graphic Identity*. MIT. Retrieved 2010-09-08.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-2)**
["NAICU â Membership"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151109231238/http://www.naicu.edu/member_center/members.asp). Archived from [the original](http://www.naicu.edu/member_center/members.asp) on 2015-11-09.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-3)**
As of 30 June 2025[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit),
["Report of the Treasurer"](https://vpf.mit.edu/sites/default/files/downloads/TreasurersReport/MITTreasurersReport2025.pdf) (PDF). MIT. Retrieved 2025-10-14.
4. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-MITFactFacStaff_4-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-MITFactFacStaff_4-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-MITFactFacStaff_4-2)
["Faculty and Staff"](http://web.mit.edu/facts/faculty.html). *MIT Facts*. MIT. Retrieved 2025-03-21.
5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Enrollment_Statistics_5-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Enrollment_Statistics_5-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Enrollment_Statistics_5-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Enrollment_Statistics_5-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Enrollment_Statistics_5-4)
["Enrollment Statistics by Year"](https://registrar.mit.edu/statistics-reports/enrollment-statistics-year). MIT Registrar's Office. Retrieved 2025-12-30.
6. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Campus_6-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Campus_6-1)
["The Campus"](http://web.mit.edu/facts/campus.html). MIT Facts 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-11.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-7)**
["College Navigator â Massachusetts Institute of Technology"](https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=massach&s=all&id=166683). *nces.ed.gov*.
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["Colors - MIT Graphic Identity"](http://web.mit.edu/graphicidentity/colors.html). Retrieved 2016-05-25.
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["History of Tim"](https://timbeaver100.mit.edu/history-tim). *TimBeaver100.MIT.edu*. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
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["How many Nobel Prize Laureates are affiliated with MIT?"](https://ir.mit.edu/projects/honors-and-awards-database/). *MIT Admissions*. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
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["Notable Awards"](https://www.csail.mit.edu/about/notable-awards). *MIT CSAIL*. Retrieved 2019-10-18.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-12)**
["Charter of the MIT Corporation"](https://corporation.mit.edu/about-corporation/charter/). Retrieved 2025-04-01.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-13)**
Kneeland, Samuel (March 1859). ["Committee Report: Conservatory of Art and Science"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100612090711/http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/pdf/house260.pdf) (PDF). Massachusetts House of Representatives, House No. 260. Archived from [the original](http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/pdf/house260.pdf) (PDF) on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-14)**
["MIT Timeline"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130219203038/http://libraries.mit.edu/sites/mithistory/mit-timeline/). *MIT History*. MIT Institute Archives. Archived from [the original](http://libraries.mit.edu/sites/mithistory/mit-timeline/) on 2013-02-19. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-15)**
["Acts and Resolves of the General Court Relating to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150701055022/http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/pdf/1861%20Charter.pdf) (PDF). *MIT History*. MIT Institute Archives. Archived from [the original](http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/pdf/1861%20Charter.pdf) (PDF) on 2015-07-01. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-:02_16-0)**
["Collection: William Barton Rogers papers \| MIT ArchivesSpace"](https://archivesspace.mit.edu/repositories/2/resources/586). *MIT Libraries ArchiveSpace*. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-17)**
["MIT Facts 2012: Origins and Leadership"](http://web.mit.edu/facts/origins.html). *MIT Facts*. MIT. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-18)**
Rogers, William (1861). ["Objects and Plan of an Institute of Technology: including a Society of Arts, a Museum of Arts, and a School of Industrial Science; proposed to be established in Boston"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100612092224/http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/pdf/objects-plan.pdf) (PDF). The Committee of Associated Institutions of Science and Arts. Archived from [the original](http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/pdf/objects-plan.pdf) (PDF) on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Lewis_Report_19-0)** Lewis 1949, p. 8.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-20)**
["Letter from William Barton Rogers to His Brother Henry"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105859/http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/timeline/letter1846.html). Institute Archives, MIT. 1846-03-13. Archived from [the original](http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/timeline/letter1846.html) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
21. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Angulo_https://archive.org/details/williambartonrog00angu/page/155_155%E2%80%93156_21-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Angulo_https://archive.org/details/williambartonrog00angu/page/155_155%E2%80%93156_21-1)
Angulo, A.J. (2009-01-26). [*William Barton Rogers and the Idea of MIT*](https://archive.org/details/williambartonrog00angu/page/155). The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. [155â156](https://archive.org/details/williambartonrog00angu/page/155). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8018-9033-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9033-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9033-8")
.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-22)**
Angulo, A. J. (2017). "The Initial Reception of MIT, 1860sâ1880s". In Geiger, Roger L. (ed.). *Perspectives on the History of Higher Education*. pp. 1â28\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.4324/9781315126296](https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315126296). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-315-12629-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-12629-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-315-12629-6")
.
23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-23)**
Andrews, Elizabeth; Murphy, Nora; Rosko, Tom (2000). ["William Barton Rogers: MIT's Visionary Founder"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080512091317/http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/wbr-visionary/). MIT. Archived from [the original](http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/wbr-visionary/) on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2006-03-08.
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrattonMannix2005251%E2%80%93276_24-0)** [Stratton & Mannix 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFStrattonMannix2005), pp. 251â276.
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-LoC_25-0)**
["Morrill Act:Primary Documents of American History"](https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Morrill.html). *[Library of Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress "Library of Congress")*. 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
26. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-BostonTech1_26-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-BostonTech1_26-1)
Prescott, Samuel C (1954). *When MIT Was "Boston Tech", 1861â1916*. [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press").
27. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Dunbar1_27-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Dunbar1_27-1)
Dunbar, Charles F. (1897). "The Career of Francis Amasa Walker". *The Quarterly Journal of Economics*. **11** (4): 436â448\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2307/1880719](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1880719). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [1880719](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1880719).
[ProQuest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest "ProQuest") [127808960](https://www.proquest.com/docview/127808960).
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-28)**
["Explore campus, visit Boston, and find out if MIT fits you to a tea"](http://web.mit.edu/spotlight/tea-party/). 2006-12-16. Retrieved 2006-12-16.
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Munroe1923a_29-0)**
Munroe, James P. (1923). *A Life of Francis Amasa Walker*. New York: Henry Holt & Company. pp. 233, 382.
30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-30)** Lewis 1949, p. 12.
31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-31)**
["Alumni Petition Opposing MIT-Harvard Merger, 1904â05"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100722160408/https://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/harvard-mit/index.html). Institute Archives, MIT. Archived from [the original](http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/harvard-mit/index.html) on 2010-07-22. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
32. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Alexander_32-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Alexander_32-1)
Alexander, Philip N. ["MIT-Harvard Rivalry Timeline"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140714173624/http://mta.scripts.mit.edu/CES/mit-harvard-rivalry-timeline/). *MIT Music and Theater Arts News*. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from [the original](http://mta.scripts.mit.edu/CES/mit-harvard-rivalry-timeline/) on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-33)**
Budari, Robert (2022-06-29). ["How MIT ended up on Memorial Drive"](https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/06/29/1053303/how-mit-ended-up-on-memorial-drive/). *MIT Tech Review*. Retrieved 2024-09-28.
34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-34)**
["Souvenir Program, Dedication of Cambridge Campus, 1916"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120510124840/http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/pageant/index.html). *Object of the Month*. MIT Institute Archives & Special Collections. Archived from [the original](http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/pageant/index.html) on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-35)**
[*Middlesex Canal (Massachusetts) map, 1852*](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1852_Middlesex_Canal_\(Massachusetts\)_map.jpg) (Map). J. B. Shields. 1852. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-36)**
["Freeman's 1912 Design for the "New Technology""](https://web.archive.org/web/20120527195219/http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/freeman/index.html). *Object of the Month*. MIT Institute Archives & Special Collections. Archived from [the original](http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/freeman/index.html) on 2012-05-27. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-37)**
Lindsay, David (2000). ["Eastman Becomes a Mystery Donor to MIT"](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/george-eastman/). PBS-WGBH.
38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-39)**
["MIT150 Exhibition Nomination"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160305232529/http://museum.mit.edu/nom150/entries/546). *museum.mit.edu*. Archived from [the original](http://museum.mit.edu/nom150/entries/546) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-01-03.
39. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-40)**
["MIT Museum"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230416/https://webmuseum.mit.edu/media.php?module=subjects&type=popular&kv=9&media=20). *webmuseum.mit.edu*. Archived from [the original](https://webmuseum.mit.edu/media.php?module=subjects&type=popular&kv=9&media=20) on 2023-08-10. Retrieved 2016-01-03.
40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger199313%E2%80%9314_41-0)** [Geiger 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFGeiger1993), pp. 13â14.
41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer201065%E2%80%9366_42-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer2010), pp. 65â66.
42. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer201069%E2%80%9370_43-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer2010), pp. 69â70.
43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger1993179%E2%80%93181_44-0)** [Geiger 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFGeiger1993), pp. 179â181.
44. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992157_45-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992157_45-1) [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), p. 157.
45. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992156%E2%80%93157_46-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), pp. 156â157.
46. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer201070%E2%80%9371_47-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer2010), pp. 70â71.
47. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992157%E2%80%93158_48-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), pp. 157â158.
48. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992159%E2%80%93160_49-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), pp. 159â160.
49. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992163_50-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), p. 163.
50. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992163%E2%80%93165_51-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), pp. 163â165.
51. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger1993181%E2%80%93182_52-0)** [Geiger 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFGeiger1993), pp. 181â182.
52. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992159_53-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), p. 159.
53. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKevles1995252%E2%80%93257_54-0)** [Kevles 1995](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFKevles1995), p. 252â257.
54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992165%E2%80%93166_55-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), pp. 165â166.
55. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992156_56-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), p. 156.
56. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer201075_57-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer2010), p. 75.
57. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992170%E2%80%93171_58-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), pp. 170â171.
58. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie19936%E2%80%937_59-0)** [Leslie 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLeslie1993), pp. 6â7.
59. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger19939%E2%80%9310_60-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger19939%E2%80%9310_60-1) [Geiger 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFGeiger1993), pp. 9â10.
60. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie199321%E2%80%9322_61-0)** [Leslie 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLeslie1993), pp. 21â22.
61. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger19939_62-0)** [Geiger 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFGeiger1993), p. 9.
62. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie199322_63-0)** [Leslie 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLeslie1993), p. 22.
63. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurchard1948215%E2%80%93221_64-0)** [Burchard 1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFBurchard1948), pp. 215â221.
64. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurchard1948127%E2%80%93143_65-0)** [Burchard 1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFBurchard1948), pp. 127â143.
65. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas201090%E2%80%9392_66-0)** [Douglas 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFDouglas2010), pp. 90â92.
66. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie19937_68-0)** [Leslie 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLeslie1993), p. 7.
67. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKevles1995342_69-0)** [Kevles 1995](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFKevles1995), p. 342.
68. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger199366%E2%80%9367_70-0)** [Geiger 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFGeiger1993), pp. 66â67.
69. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie199315%E2%80%9316,_38%E2%80%9339,_144%E2%80%93145_71-0)** [Leslie 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLeslie1993), pp. 15â16, 38â39, 144â145.
70. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie199390%E2%80%9394_72-0)** [Leslie 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLeslie1993), pp. 90â94.
71. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie199315%E2%80%9316_73-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie199315%E2%80%9316_73-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie199315%E2%80%9316_73-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie199315%E2%80%9316_73-3) [Leslie 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLeslie1993), pp. 15â16.
72. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWildesLindgren1985_74-0)** [Wildes & Lindgren 1985](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFWildesLindgren1985).
73. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992179_76-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992179_76-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992179_76-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992179_76-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992179_76-4) [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), p. 179.
74. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992174_77-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), p. 174.
75. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Canizares2007_78-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Canizares2007_78-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Canizares2007_78-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Canizares2007_78-3)
Canizares, Claude R. (January 2007). ["Sixty-six Years of Sponsored Research"](https://web.mit.edu/fnl/volume/193/canizares.html). *MIT Faculty Newsletter*. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
76. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-79)**
Weinberg, Alvin M. (1962-04-06). "The Federal Laboratories and Science Education". *[Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_\(journal\) "Science (journal)")*. **136** (3512): 30. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1126/science.136.3512.27](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.136.3512.27).
77. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaiser2010104%E2%80%93105_80-0)** [Kaiser 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFKaiser2010), pp. 104â105.
78. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger1993248%E2%80%93249_81-0)** [Geiger 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFGeiger1993), pp. 248â249.
79. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie1993233%E2%80%93235_82-0)** [Leslie 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLeslie1993), pp. 233â235.
80. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelkin197255%E2%80%9358_83-0)** [Nelkin 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFNelkin1972), pp. 55â58. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNelkin1972 ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors "Category:Harv and Sfn template errors"))
81. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBridger2015164%E2%80%93165_84-0)** [Bridger 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFBridger2015), pp. 164â165.
82. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie1993235%E2%80%93237_85-0)** [Leslie 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLeslie1993), pp. 235â237.
83. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelkin197279%E2%80%9380_86-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelkin197279%E2%80%9380_86-1) [Nelkin 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFNelkin1972), pp. 79â80. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNelkin1972 ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors "Category:Harv and Sfn template errors"))
84. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie1993239%E2%80%93243_87-0)** [Leslie 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLeslie1993), pp. 239â243.
85. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelkin197278%E2%80%9379_88-0)** [Nelkin 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFNelkin1972), pp. 78â79. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNelkin1972 ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors "Category:Harv and Sfn template errors"))
86. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie1993236%E2%80%93237_89-0)** [Leslie 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLeslie1993), pp. 236â237.
87. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie1993244%E2%80%93245_90-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie1993244%E2%80%93245_90-1) [Leslie 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLeslie1993), pp. 244â245.
88. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger1993249%E2%80%93250_92-0)** [Geiger 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFGeiger1993), pp. 249â250.
89. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBridger2015191%E2%80%93192_93-0)** [Bridger 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFBridger2015), pp. 191â192.
90. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992175%E2%80%93176_95-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), pp. 175â176.
91. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillian198579%E2%80%9380_96-0)** [Killian 1985](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFKillian1985), pp. 79â80. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKillian1985 ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors "Category:Harv and Sfn template errors"))
92. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger199365_98-0)** [Geiger 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFGeiger1993), p. 65.
93. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis_Committee194915%E2%80%9322_99-0)** [Lewis Committee 1949](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLewis_Committee1949), pp. 15â22. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLewis\_Committee1949 ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors "Category:Harv and Sfn template errors"))
94. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger199365%E2%80%9366_100-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger199365%E2%80%9366_100-1) [Geiger 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFGeiger1993), pp. 65â66.
95. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis_Committee194915%E2%80%9317_101-0)** [Lewis Committee 1949](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLewis_Committee1949), pp. 15â17. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLewis\_Committee1949 ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors "Category:Harv and Sfn template errors"))
96. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis_Committee194943%E2%80%9344_102-0)** [Lewis Committee 1949](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLewis_Committee1949), pp. 43â44. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLewis\_Committee1949 ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors "Category:Harv and Sfn template errors"))
97. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillian1985221%E2%80%93222_104-0)** [Killian 1985](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFKillian1985), pp. 221â222. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKillian1985 ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors "Category:Harv and Sfn template errors"))
98. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992178%E2%80%93179_105-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), pp. 178â179.
99. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillian1985182%E2%80%93183_106-0)** [Killian 1985](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFKillian1985), pp. 182â183. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKillian1985 ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors "Category:Harv and Sfn template errors"))
100. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992180_108-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), p. 180.
101. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillian1985174%E2%80%93177_109-0)** [Killian 1985](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFKillian1985), pp. 174â177. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKillian1985 ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors "Category:Harv and Sfn template errors"))
102. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr2001127_110-0)** [Kerr 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFKerr2001), p. 127.
103. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp2006_112-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp2006_112-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp2006_112-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp2006_112-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp2006_112-4) [Sharp 2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFSharp2006).
104. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant2010148%E2%80%93149_113-0)** [Durant 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFDurant2010), pp. 148â149.
105. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._7_114-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._7_114-1) [Buderi 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFBuderi2022), ch. 7.
106. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant2010156%E2%80%93157_115-0)** [Durant 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFDurant2010), pp. 156â157.
107. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant2010149%E2%80%93158_117-0)** [Durant 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFDurant2010), pp. 149â158.
108. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant2010157_118-0)** [Durant 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFDurant2010), p. 157.
109. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._16_119-0)** [Buderi 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFBuderi2022), ch. 16.
110. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-120)**
["Dr. Susan Hockfield selected 16th president"](https://news.mit.edu/2004/president-announcement). MIT News. 2004-08-26. Retrieved 2026-03-29.
111. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-121)**
["About MITEI"](http://web.mit.edu/mitei/about/index.html). MIT Energy Initiative. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
112. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._8_122-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._8_122-1) [Buderi 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFBuderi2022), ch. 8.
113. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-LeeMcCarthy1992_123-0)**
Lee, J. A. N.; McCarthy, J.; Licklider, J. C. R. (1992). "The beginnings at MIT". *[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Annals_of_the_History_of_Computing "IEEE Annals of the History of Computing")*. **14** (1): 18â54\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1109/85.145317](https://doi.org/10.1109%2F85.145317).
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115. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond2001ch._1_125-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond2001ch._1_125-1) [Raymond 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFRaymond2001), ch. 1.
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327. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-AcademyArts_344-0)**
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329. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Nobel_Winner_346-0)**
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330. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-347)**
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332. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-349)**
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333. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-350)**
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334. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-351)**
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335. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-352)**
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336. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-pmid4316300_353-0)**
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339. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-figures_356-0)**
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340. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-357)**
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341. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Fortune_358-0)**
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342. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-359)**
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344. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-361)**
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345. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-362)**
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346. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-363)**
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347. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-364)**
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348. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-365)**
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349. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-MCCARTHY_366-0)**
John McCarthy. ["Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine, Part I"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215327/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/recursive.html). Archived from [the original](http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/recursive.html) on October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 13, 2006.
350. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-367)**
Chung, S. Y.; Bloking, J. T.; Chiang, Y. M. (2002). "Electronically conductive phospho-olivines as lithium storage electrodes". *Nature Materials*. **1** (2): 123â128\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2002NatMa...1..123C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002NatMa...1..123C). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1038/nmat732](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmat732). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [12618828](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12618828). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [2741069](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2741069).
351. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-368)**
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352. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-369)**
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353. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-moses_370-0)**
Moses, Joel (May 2008). ["Macsyma: A Personal History"](http://esd.mit.edu/Faculty_Pages/moses/Macsyma.pdf) (PDF). Milestones in Computer Algebra.
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354. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-tub99_371-0)**
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355. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-372)**
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356. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-373)**
Jacobs, Lynn F.; Hyman, Jeremy S. (2013-04-10). [*The Secrets of College Success*](https://books.google.com/books?id=PFUI2ZC7nwsC&dq=MIT+OpenCourseWare+utah+yale&pg=PT113). John Wiley & Sons. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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357. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-374)**
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358. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-375)**
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359. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-376)**
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360. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-SearsJacko2007_377-0)**
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361. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-378)**
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362. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-379)**
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363. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-consortium_380-0)**
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364. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-381)**
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365. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-382)**
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366. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-383)**
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367. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-384)**
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368. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-385)**
[Jones, Marilee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilee_Jones "Marilee Jones"). ["MIT freshman application & financial aid information"](https://web.archive.org/web/20061107035149/http://web.mit.edu/admissions/pdf/MITinstructions.pdf) (PDF). MIT Admissions Office. Archived from [the original](http://web.mit.edu/admissions/pdf/MITinstructions.pdf) (PDF) on 2006-11-07. Retrieved 2007-01-02. "We are a meritocracy. We judge each other by our ideas, our creativity and our accomplishments, not by who our families are."
369. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-386)**
Bernanke, Ben S. (2006-06-09). ["2006 Commencement Speech at MIT"](https://web.archive.org/web/20061007204443/http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2006/20060609/default.htm). Archived from [the original](https://www.federalreserve.gov/boardDocs/speeches/2006/20060609/default.htm) on 2006-10-07. Retrieved 2007-01-02. "Mathematical approaches to economics have at times been criticized as lacking in practical value. Yet the MIT Economics Department has trained many economists who have played leading roles in government and in the private sector, including the current heads of four central banks: those of [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Chile "Central Bank of Chile"), [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Israel "Bank of Israel"), [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_d%27Italia "Banca d'Italia"), and, I might add, the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System "Federal Reserve System")."
370. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-387)**
["No honorary degrees is an MIT tradition going back to ... Thomas Jefferson"](http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2001/commdegrees.html). MIT News Office. 2001-06-08. Retrieved 2006-05-07. "MIT's founder, [William Barton Rogers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers "William Barton Rogers"), regarded the practice of giving honorary degrees as 'literary almsgiving ... of spurious merit and noisy popularity ... '"
371. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-388)**
["Does MIT provide any academic or athletic scholarships?"](https://mitadmissions.org/help/faq/scholarships/). *MIT Admissions*. Retrieved 2023-02-25. "MIT provides financial aid on the basis of financial need only. We don't award money based on any measure of meritâacademic, athletic, artistic, or anything else."
372. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-389)**
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457. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-477)**
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458. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-WDL_478-0)**
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### Sources
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=40 "Edit section: Sources")\]
*Also see the [bibliography](http://libraries.mit.edu/sites/mithistory/bibliography/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120222043839/http://libraries.mit.edu/sites/mithistory/bibliography/) 2012-02-22 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") maintained by MIT's [Institute Archives & Special Collections](http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/) and Written Works in MIT in popular culture.*
- Abelmann, Walter H. (2004). [*The Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology: The First 25 Years, 1970â1995*](https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674014589). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780674014589](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674014589 "Special:BookSources/9780674014589")
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- Angulo, A. J. (2007). "The Initial Reception of MIT, 1860sâ1880s". *History of Higher Education Annual*. **26**: 1â28\.
- Bamberger, Gustavo E.; Carlton, Dennis W. (2000). "Antitrust and Higher Education: MIT Financial Aid (1993)". In Kwoka, John E.; White, Lawrence J. (eds.). *The Antitrust Revolution* (3rd ed.). [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). pp. 264â285\.
- [Brand, Stewart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Brand "Stewart Brand") (1987). *The Media Lab: Inventing the Future at MIT*. [Viking Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Press "Viking Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-670-81442-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-81442-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-670-81442-8")
.
`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default "Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default"))
- Bridger, Sarah (2015). *Scientists at War, The Ethics of Cold War Weapons Research*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780674736825](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674736825 "Special:BookSources/9780674736825")
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- Buderi, Robert (2022). *Where Futures Converge: Kendall Square and the Making of a Global Innovation Hub*. [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780262046510](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262046510 "Special:BookSources/9780262046510")
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- [Burchard, John Ely](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ely_Burchard "John Ely Burchard") (1948). [*Q.E.D.: MIT in World War II*](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012432384). New York: J. Wiley & Sons; Chapman & Hall. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1625883](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1625883).
- Douglas, Deborah (2010). "MIT and War". In Kaiser, David (ed.). *Becoming MIT: Moments of Decision*. MIT Press. pp. 81â102\. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [j.ctt5hhbpp.8](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hhbpp.8).
- Durant, John (2010). "Refrain from Using the Alphabet". In Kaiser, David (ed.). *Becoming MIT: Moments of Decision*. [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). pp. 141â163\. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [j.ctt5hhbpp.11](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hhbpp.11).
- Etzkowitz, Henry (2002). *MIT and the Rise of Entrepreneurial Science*. [Routledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge "Routledge"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780415435055](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415435055 "Special:BookSources/9780415435055")
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- [Geiger, Roger L.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_L._Geiger "Roger L. Geiger") (1986). [*To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities: 1900â1940*](https://archive.org/details/toadvanceknowled0000geig). New York; London: Oxford University Press.
- Geiger, Roger L. (1993). [*Research and Relevant Knowledge : American Research Universities since World War II*](https://archive.org/details/researchrelevant0000geig_i9p3/page/n5/mode/2up). New York; London: Oxford University Press.
- Hapgood, Fred (1992). [*Up the Infinite Corridor: MIT and the Technical Imagination*](https://archive.org/details/upinfinitecorrid00hapg). Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780201082937](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780201082937 "Special:BookSources/9780201082937")
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- Jarzombek, Mark (2004). *Designing MIT: Bosworth's New Tech*. Boston, Mass.: Northeastern University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781555536190](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555536190 "Special:BookSources/9781555536190")
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- [Kaiser, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kaiser_\(physicist\) "David Kaiser (physicist)") (2010). "Elephant on the Charles: Postwar Growing Pains". In Kaiser, David (ed.). *Becoming MIT: Moments of Decision*. Cambridge, MA: [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). pp. 103â121\. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [j.ctt5hhbpp.9](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hhbpp.9).
- [Kerr, Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Kerr "Clark Kerr") (2001) \[1963\]. [*The Uses of the University*](https://archive.org/details/usesofuniversity0000kerr_x6g3/page/n5/mode/2up) (5th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0674005327](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674005327 "Special:BookSources/978-0674005327")
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- [Kevles, Daniel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kevles "Daniel Kevles") (1995) \[1978\]. [*The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America*](https://archive.org/details/physicistshistor0000kevl) (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press â via [Internet Archive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive "Internet Archive").
- Keyser, Samuel Jay (2011). *Mens et Mania: The MIT Nobody Knows*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780262015943](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262015943 "Special:BookSources/9780262015943")
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- LĂ©cuyer, Christophe (1992). "The Making of a Science Based Technological University: Karl Compton, James Killian, and the Reform of MIT, 1930â1957". *Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences*. **23** (1): 153â180\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2307/27757693](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F27757693). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [27757693](https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757693).
- LĂ©cuyer, Christophe (2010). "Patrons and a Plan". In Kaiser, David (ed.). *Becoming MIT: Moments of Decision*. MIT Press. pp. 59â80\. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [j.ctt5hhbpp.7](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hhbpp.7).
- Leslie, Stuart W. (1993). *The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford*. New York: Columbia University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780231079587](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231079587 "Special:BookSources/9780231079587")
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- Lewis, Warren K.; Robnett, Ronald H.; Soderberg, C. Richard; Stratton, Julius A.; Loofbourow, John R. (1949). [*Report of the Committee on Educational Survey (Lewis Report)*](https://web.archive.org/web/20120507000129/http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/pdf/lewis.pdf) (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). Archived from [the original](http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/pdf/lewis.pdf) (PDF) on 2012-05-07. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
- Mitchell, William J. (2007). *Imagining MIT: Designing a Campus for the Twenty-first Century*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780262134798](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262134798 "Special:BookSources/9780262134798")
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- Nelkin, Dorothy. (1972). *The University and Military Research: Moral politics at MIT (science, technology and society)*. New York: Cornell University Press.
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8014-0711-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-0711-7 "Special:BookSources/0-8014-0711-7")
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- Peterson, T. F. (2003). [*Nightwork: A History of Hacks and Pranks at MIT*](https://archive.org/details/nightworkhistory0000pete). Cambridge, Massachusetts: [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780262661379](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262661379 "Special:BookSources/9780262661379")
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- Prescott, Samuel C. (1954). *When MIT was "Boston Tech", 1861â1916* (Reprint ed.). [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780262661393](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262661393 "Special:BookSources/9780262661393")
.
`{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date "Help:CS1 errors"))
- [Raymond, Eric S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond "Eric S. Raymond") (2001). *[The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar "The Cathedral and the Bazaar")*. [O'Reilly Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media "O'Reilly Media"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-596-00108-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00108-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00108-7")
.
`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default "Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default"))
- Renehan, Colm (2007). [*Peace activism at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1975 to 2001: A case study*](https://www.proquest.com/openview/94b5a4c0d9029739cb8f4d1c4b330c46/1) (Thesis).
- Servos, John W. (1980). "The Industrial Relations of Science: Chemical Engineering at MIT, 1900-1939". *Isis*. **71** (4): 531â549\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1086/352591](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F352591). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [230499](https://www.jstor.org/stable/230499).
- Shrock, Robert Rakes (1982). *Geology at MIT 1865â1965: A History of the First Hundred Years of Geology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780262192118](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262192118 "Special:BookSources/9780262192118")
.
- Sharp, Phillip A. (JanuaryâFebruary 2006). ["Life Sciences at MIT: A History and Perspective"](https://web.mit.edu/fnl/volume/183/sharp.html). *MIT Faculty Newsletter*. **XVIII** (3).
- Simha, O. Robert (2003). *MIT Campus Planning, 1960â2000: An Annotated Chronology*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780262692946](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262692946 "Special:BookSources/9780262692946")
.
- Snyder, Benson R. (1971). *The Hidden Curriculum*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780262690430](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262690430 "Special:BookSources/9780262690430")
.
- Stratton, Julius Adams; Mannix, Loretta H. (2005). *Mind and Hand: The Birth of MIT*. MIT Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-262-19524-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19524-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19524-9")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [62873345](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62873345).
- Vest, Charles M. (2004). [*Pursuing the Endless Frontier: Essays on MIT and the Role of Research Universities*](https://archive.org/details/pursuingendlessf00vest). Cambridge, Massachusetts: [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780262220729](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262220729 "Special:BookSources/9780262220729")
.
- Wildes, Karl L.; Lindgren, Nilo A. (1985). [*A Century of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1882â1982*](https://archive.org/details/centuryofelectri0000wild). Cambridge, Massachusetts: [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780262231190](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262231190 "Special:BookSources/9780262231190")
.
- Zernike, Kate (2023). *The Exceptions: Nancy Hopkins, MIT, and the Fight for Women in Science*. [Scribner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribner_\(publisher\) "Scribner (publisher)"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781982131838](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781982131838 "Special:BookSources/9781982131838")
.
## External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "commons:Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology").
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Wikiquote has quotations related to ***[Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "q:Special:Search/Massachusetts Institute of Technology")***.
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg) Texts on Wikisource:
- "[Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_\(1921\)/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Massachusetts Institute of Technology")". *[Collier's New Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia "Collier's Encyclopedia")*. 1921.
- "[Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_\(1920\)/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology,_The "s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The")". *[Encyclopedia Americana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana "Encyclopedia Americana")*. 1920.
- "[Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "s:The New Student's Reference Work/Massachusetts Institute of Technology")". *[The New Student's Reference Work](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work "s:The New Student's Reference Work")*. 1914.
- "[Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "s:The New International EncyclopĂŠdia/Massachusetts Institute of Technology")". *[New International Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia "New International Encyclopedia")*. 1905.
- [Swain, George Fillmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fillmore_Swain "George Fillmore Swain") (July 1900). "[Technical Education at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_57/July_1900/Technical_Education_at_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "s:Popular Science Monthly/Volume 57/July 1900/Technical Education at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology")". *[Popular Science Monthly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly "Popular Science Monthly")*. Vol. 57.
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Template:Massachusetts Institute of Technology") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Template talk:Massachusetts Institute of Technology") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts Institute of Technology")[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]() | | |
|---|---|---|
| **Located in**: [Cambridge, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts") | | |
| [Academics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_academics "Massachusetts Institute of Technology academics") | | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIT_Kresge_Auditorium.jpg) |
| | | |
| Schools | [Architecture and Planning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_School_of_Architecture_and_Planning "MIT School of Architecture and Planning") [Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_School_of_Engineering "Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Engineering") [Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_School_of_Humanities,_Arts,_and_Social_Sciences "MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences") [Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_School_of_Science "Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science") [Sloan School of Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management "MIT Sloan School of Management") [Schwarzman College of Computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Schwarzman_College_of_Computing "MIT Schwarzman College of Computing") | |
| Departments | [Biology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Department_of_Biology "MIT Department of Biology") [Brain and Cognitive Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Department_of_Brain_and_Cognitive_Sciences "MIT Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences") [Economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Department_of_Economics "MIT Department of Economics") [Mathematics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Department_of_Mathematics "MIT Department of Mathematics") [Physics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Department_of_Physics "MIT Department of Physics") [Health Sciences and Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93MIT_Program_in_Health_Sciences_and_Technology "HarvardâMIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology") | |
| Research | | |
| | | |
| Centers | [Bits and Atoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Bits_and_Atoms "Center for Bits and Atoms") [Information Systems Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Center_for_Information_Systems_Research "MIT Center for Information Systems Research") [International Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Center_for_International_Studies "MIT Center for International Studies") [Theoretical Physics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Center_for_Theoretical_Physics "MIT Center for Theoretical Physics") [Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory "MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory") [Institute for Medical Engineering and Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Medical_Engineering_and_Science "Institute for Medical Engineering and Science") [Koch Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_Institute_for_Integrative_Cancer_Research "Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research") | |
| Laboratories | [Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_for_Electromagnetic_and_Electronic_Systems "Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems") [Information and Decision Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Laboratory_for_Information_and_Decision_Systems "MIT Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems") [Lincoln Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory "MIT Lincoln Laboratory") [Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Green_High_Performance_Computing_Center "Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center") [McGovern Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGovern_Institute_for_Brain_Research "McGovern Institute for Brain Research") [Media Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab "MIT Media Lab") [Nuclear Research Reactor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Nuclear_Research_Reactor "MIT Nuclear Research Reactor") [Picower Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picower_Institute_for_Learning_and_Memory "Picower Institute for Learning and Memory") [Plasma Science and Fusion Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Plasma_Science_and_Fusion_Center "MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center") [Research Laboratory of Electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Laboratory_of_Electronics "Research Laboratory of Electronics") [Senseable City Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Senseable_City_Lab "MIT Senseable City Lab") [J-PAL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Jameel_Poverty_Action_Lab "Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab") | |
| Affiliates | [Whitehead Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehead_Institute "Whitehead Institute") [Broad Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Institute "Broad Institute") | |
| People | [Alumni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_alumni "List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni") [Faculty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_faculty "List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty") [Institute Professors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Institute_Professors_at_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "List of Institute Professors at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology") [Presidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "List of Presidents of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology") [William Barton Rogers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers "William Barton Rogers") | |
| Culture | [Brass Rat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_class_ring "MIT class ring") [Caltech rivalry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltech%E2%80%93MIT_rivalry "CaltechâMIT rivalry") [Hacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacks_at_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Hacks at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology") [LemelsonâMIT Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemelson%E2%80%93MIT_Prize "LemelsonâMIT Prize") [List Visual Arts Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_Visual_Arts_Center "List Visual Arts Center") [MIT \$100K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_$100K_Entrepreneurship_Competition "MIT $100K Entrepreneurship Competition") [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press") *[MIT Technology Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review "MIT Technology Review")* [MIT Science Fiction Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Science_Fiction_Society "MIT Science Fiction Society") [Mystery Hunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Mystery_Hunt "MIT Mystery Hunt") [Project Athena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Athena "Project Athena") [Smoot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoot "Smoot") [Student Information Processing Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Information_Processing_Board "Student Information Processing Board") [Tech Model Railroad Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech_Model_Railroad_Club "Tech Model Railroad Club") [Tech Squares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech_Squares "Tech Squares") *[The Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tech_\(newspaper\) "The Tech (newspaper)")* [Traditions and activities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditions_and_student_activities_at_MIT "Traditions and student activities at MIT") | |
| [Campus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology") | [Chapel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Chapel "MIT Chapel") [Dormitories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_at_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Housing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology") [Fraternities and sororities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MIT_fraternities,_sororities,_and_ILGs "List of MIT fraternities, sororities, and ILGs") [Green Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Building_\(MIT\) "Green Building (MIT)") [Infinite Corridor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Corridor "Infinite Corridor") [Killian Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killian_Court "Killian Court") [Kresge Auditorium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresge_Auditorium "Kresge Auditorium") [Libraries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_Libraries "Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries") [MIT Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Museum "MIT Museum") [Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_Police_Department "Massachusetts Institute of Technology Police Department") [Stata Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stata_Center "Stata Center") [Sean Collier Memorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Collier_Memorial "Sean Collier Memorial") [Wiesner Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesner_Building "Wiesner Building") | |
| [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology") | [Building 20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_20 "Building 20") [Radiation Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Radiation_Laboratory "MIT Radiation Laboratory") [Round Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Hill_\(Dartmouth,_Massachusetts\) "Round Hill (Dartmouth, Massachusetts)") | |
| Athletics | | |
| | | |
| Teams | [Engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Engineers "MIT Engineers") [Football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Engineers_football "MIT Engineers football") [Sailing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Engineers_sailing "MIT Engineers sailing") | |
| Venues | [Zesiger Sports and Fitness Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zesiger_Sports_and_Fitness_Center "Zesiger Sports and Fitness Center") | |
| Projects | [MIT App Inventor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_App_Inventor "MIT App Inventor") [MIT OpenCourseWare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_OpenCourseWare "MIT OpenCourseWare") [MITx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MITx "MITx") [*Rad Lab Series*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Radiation_Laboratory_Series "MIT Radiation Laboratory Series") [Scratch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_\(programming_language\) "Scratch (programming language)") [Tech Dinghy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech_Dinghy "Tech Dinghy") | |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology") | | |
| Links to related articles | |
|---|---|
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:MIT_presidents "Template:MIT presidents") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:MIT_presidents "Template talk:MIT presidents") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MIT_presidents "Special:EditPage/Template:MIT presidents")[Presidents of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "List of Presidents of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology") | |
| [William Barton Rogers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers "William Barton Rogers") (1862) [John Daniel Runkle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Daniel_Runkle "John Daniel Runkle") (1870) [William Barton Rogers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers "William Barton Rogers") (1879) [Francis Amasa Walker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker "Francis Amasa Walker") (1881) [James Crafts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Crafts "James Crafts") (1897) [Henry Smith Pritchett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Smith_Pritchett "Henry Smith Pritchett") (1900) [Arthur Amos Noyes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Amos_Noyes "Arthur Amos Noyes") \# (1907) [Richard Cockburn Maclaurin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cockburn_Maclaurin "Richard Cockburn Maclaurin") (1909) [Elihu Thomson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_Thomson "Elihu Thomson") \# (1920) [Ernest Fox Nichols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Fox_Nichols "Ernest Fox Nichols") (1921) [Elihu Thomson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_Thomson "Elihu Thomson") \# (1922) [Samuel Wesley Stratton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Wesley_Stratton "Samuel Wesley Stratton") (1923) [Karl Taylor Compton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Taylor_Compton "Karl Taylor Compton") (1930) [James Rhyne Killian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rhyne_Killian "James Rhyne Killian") (1948) [Julius Adams Stratton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Adams_Stratton "Julius Adams Stratton") (1959) [Howard Wesley Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Wesley_Johnson "Howard Wesley Johnson") (1966) [Jerome Wiesner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Wiesner "Jerome Wiesner") (1971) [Paul E. Gray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_E._Gray "Paul E. Gray") (1980) [Charles M. Vest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_M._Vest "Charles M. Vest") (1990) [Susan Hockfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Hockfield "Susan Hockfield") (2004) [L. Rafael Reif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Rafael_Reif "L. Rafael Reif") (2012) [Sally Kornbluth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Kornbluth "Sally Kornbluth") (2023) | |
| **Key**: \# denotes acting president | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Template:Cambridge, Massachusetts") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Template talk:Cambridge, Massachusetts") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Special:EditPage/Template:Cambridge, Massachusetts")[Cambridge, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts") | |
| History | [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Timeline of Cambridge, Massachusetts") |
| Squares | [Central Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Square,_Cambridge "Central Square, Cambridge") [Harvard Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Square "Harvard Square") [Inman Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inman_Square "Inman Square") [Kendall Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_Square "Kendall Square") [Lechmere Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechmere_Square "Lechmere Square") [Porter Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_Square "Porter Square") |
| Neighborhoods | [East Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Cambridge,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts "East Cambridge, Cambridge, Massachusetts") (Area 1) [MIT Campus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Campus_\(Area_2\),_Cambridge,_Massachusetts "MIT Campus (Area 2), Cambridge, Massachusetts") (Area 2) [Wellington-Harrington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington-Harrington "Wellington-Harrington") (Area 3) [The Port](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Port,_Cambridge "The Port, Cambridge") (Area 4) [Cambridgeport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeport,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridgeport, Cambridge, Massachusetts") (Area 5) [Mid-Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Cambridge "Mid-Cambridge") (Area 6) [Riverside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_Cambridge "Riverside, Cambridge") (Area 7) [Agassiz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agassiz,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Agassiz, Cambridge, Massachusetts") (Area 8) [Neighborhood Nine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood_Nine "Neighborhood Nine") (Area 9) [West Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Cambridge_\(neighborhood\) "West Cambridge (neighborhood)") (Area 10) [North Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Cambridge,_Massachusetts "North Cambridge, Massachusetts") (Area 11) [Cambridge Highlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Highlands "Cambridge Highlands") (Area 12) [Strawberry Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry_Hill,_Cambridge "Strawberry Hill, Cambridge") (Area 13) |
| Education | [Cambridge PSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Public_School_District "Cambridge Public School District") [Amigos School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amigos_School "Amigos School") [Graham and Parks School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_and_Parks_School "Graham and Parks School") [Rindge and Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Rindge_and_Latin_School "Cambridge Rindge and Latin School") [Community Charter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Charter_School_of_Cambridge "Community Charter School of Cambridge") [Prospect Hill Academy Charter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_Hill_Academy_Charter_School "Prospect Hill Academy Charter School") [Buckingham Browne & Nichols School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Browne_%26_Nichols_School "Buckingham Browne & Nichols School") [St. Paul's Choir School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Choir_School "St. Paul's Choir School") [Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") [template](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Harvard_University "Template:Harvard University") [Massachusetts Institute of Technology]() [template](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:MIT "Template:MIT") [Lesley University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_University "Lesley University") [Cambridge Public Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Public_Library "Cambridge Public Library") |
| Landmarks | [National Register of Historic Places listings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cambridge,_Massachusetts "National Register of Historic Places listings in Cambridge, Massachusetts") [List of tallest buildings and structures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Cambridge,_Massachusetts "List of tallest buildings and structures in Cambridge, Massachusetts") [City Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts_City_Hall "Cambridge, Massachusetts City Hall") [Cambridge Common](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Common "Cambridge Common") [Harvard Book Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Book_Store "Harvard Book Store") [Mount Auburn Cemetery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Cemetery "Mount Auburn Cemetery") |
| Transportation | [Bus routes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MBTA_bus_routes "List of MBTA bus routes") [MBTA Green Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_\(MBTA\) "Green Line (MBTA)") ([Lechmere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechmere_station "Lechmere station")) [MBTA Red Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_\(MBTA\) "Red Line (MBTA)") ([Alewife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alewife_station "Alewife station") [Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_station_\(MBTA\) "Central station (MBTA)") [Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_station "Harvard station") [Porter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_station "Porter station") [Kendall/MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall/MIT_station "Kendall/MIT station")) [MA-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_2 "Massachusetts Route 2")/[MA-2A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_2A "Massachusetts Route 2A"), [MA-16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_16 "Massachusetts Route 16"), [MA-28](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_28 "Massachusetts Route 28"), [MA-60](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_60 "Massachusetts Route 60"), [US-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_3_in_Massachusetts "U.S. Route 3 in Massachusetts") |
| This list is incomplete. | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:QuestBridge "Template:QuestBridge") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:QuestBridge "Template talk:QuestBridge") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:QuestBridge "Special:EditPage/Template:QuestBridge")[QuestBridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuestBridge "QuestBridge") partner institutions | |
| [Amherst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_College "Amherst College") [Barnard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard_College "Barnard College") [Boston C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College "Boston College") [Boston U](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University") [Bowdoin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowdoin_College "Bowdoin College") [Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University") [Caltech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology "California Institute of Technology") [Carleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_College "Carleton College") [Case Western Reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University "Case Western Reserve University") [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago "University of Chicago") [Claremont McKenna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremont_McKenna_College "Claremont McKenna College") [Colby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colby_College "Colby College") [Colgate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate_University "Colgate University") [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_College "Colorado College") [Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") [Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") [Dartmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College") [Davidson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidson_College "Davidson College") [Denison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denison_University "Denison University") [Duke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University "Duke University") [Emory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_University "Emory University") [Grinnell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinnell_College "Grinnell College") [Hamilton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_College "Hamilton College") [Haverford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverford_College "Haverford College") [Holy Cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross "College of the Holy Cross") [Johns Hopkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University "Johns Hopkins University") [Macalester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macalester_College "Macalester College") [MIT]() [Middlebury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebury_College "Middlebury College") [Northwestern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University "Northwestern University") [Notre Dame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame "University of Notre Dame") [Oberlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_College "Oberlin College") [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") [Pomona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomona_College "Pomona College") [Princeton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University") [Rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_University "Rice University") [Scripps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_College "Scripps College") [Skidmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidmore_College "Skidmore College") [Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_College "Smith College") [Southern California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California "University of Southern California") [Stanford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") [Swarthmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarthmore_College "Swarthmore College") [Tufts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University "Tufts University") [Vanderbilt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University "Vanderbilt University") [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia "University of Virginia") [Vassar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassar_College "Vassar College") [Washington and Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University "Washington and Lee University") [Washington St. Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis "Washington University in St. Louis") [Wellesley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College "Wellesley College") [Wesleyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_University "Wesleyan University") [Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_College "Williams College") [Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Association_of_American_Universities "Template:Association of American Universities") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Association_of_American_Universities "Template talk:Association of American Universities") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Association_of_American_Universities "Special:EditPage/Template:Association of American Universities")[Association of American Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities "Association of American Universities") | |
| [Public](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university "Public university") | [Arizona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arizona "University of Arizona") [Arizona State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University "Arizona State University") California [Berkeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley") [Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis "University of California, Davis") [Irvine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine "University of California, Irvine") [Riverside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside "University of California, Riverside") [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles "University of California, Los Angeles") [San Diego](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego "University of California, San Diego") [Santa Barbara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara "University of California, Santa Barbara") [Santa Cruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz "University of California, Santa Cruz") [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder "University of Colorado Boulder") [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida "University of Florida") [Georgia Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology "Georgia Institute of Technology") [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign "University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign") [Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington "Indiana University Bloomington") [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa "University of Iowa") [Kansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kansas "University of Kansas") [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park "University of Maryland, College Park") [McGill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University "McGill University") [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan "University of Michigan") [Michigan State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University "Michigan State University") [Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota "University of Minnesota") [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri "University of Missouri") New York [Buffalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_at_Buffalo "University at Buffalo") [Stony Brook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Brook_University "Stony Brook University") [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill") [Ohio State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University "Ohio State University") [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oregon "University of Oregon") [Pennsylvania State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University "Pennsylvania State University") [Pittsburgh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh "University of Pittsburgh") [Purdue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University "Purdue University") [Rutgers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University "Rutgers University") [South Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Florida "University of South Florida") [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin "University of Texas at Austin") [Texas A\&M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University "Texas A&M University") [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto "University of Toronto") [Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah "University of Utah") [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia "University of Virginia") [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington "University of Washington") [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison "University of WisconsinâMadison") |
| [Private](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university "Private university") | [Boston U](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University") [Brandeis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University "Brandeis University") [Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University") [Caltech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology "California Institute of Technology") [Carnegie Mellon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University "Carnegie Mellon University") [Case Western Reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University "Case Western Reserve University") [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago "University of Chicago") [Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") [Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") [Dartmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College") [Duke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University "Duke University") [Emory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_University "Emory University") [George Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University "George Washington University") [Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") [Johns Hopkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University "Johns Hopkins University") [Miami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami "University of Miami") [MIT]() [Northwestern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University "Northwestern University") [Notre Dame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame "University of Notre Dame") [NYU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University "New York University") [Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") [Princeton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University") [Rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_University "Rice University") [Rochester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rochester "University of Rochester") [Southern California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California "University of Southern California") [Stanford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") [Tufts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University "Tufts University") [Tulane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulane_University "Tulane University") [Vanderbilt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University "Vanderbilt University") [Washington St. Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis "Washington University in St. Louis") [Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association "Template:Southeastern Universities Research Association") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association "Template talk:Southeastern Universities Research Association") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association "Special:EditPage/Template:Southeastern Universities Research Association")[Southeastern Universities Research Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association "Southeastern Universities Research Association") | |
| Standard members | [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama "University of Alabama") [UAB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham "University of Alabama at Birmingham") [UAHuntsville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama_in_Huntsville "University of Alabama in Huntsville") [Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arkansas "University of Arkansas") [Auburn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_University "Auburn University") [Baylor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baylor_University "Baylor University") [Catholic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America "Catholic University of America") [UCF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Central_Florida "University of Central Florida") [Christopher Newport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Newport_University "Christopher Newport University") [Clemson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemson_University "Clemson University") [Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Delaware "University of Delaware") [Duke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University "Duke University") [East Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Carolina_University "East Carolina University") [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida "University of Florida") [Florida Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Atlantic_University "Florida Atlantic University") [Florida Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Institute_of_Technology "Florida Institute of Technology") [FIU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_International_University "Florida International University") [Florida State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_University "Florida State University") [George Mason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mason_University "George Mason University") [George Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University "George Washington University") [Georgetown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University "Georgetown University") [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia "University of Georgia") [Georgia Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Tech "Georgia Tech") [Georgia State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_University "Georgia State University") [Hampton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_University "Hampton University") [Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Houston "University of Houston") [James Madison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison_University "James Madison University") [Kentucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kentucky "University of Kentucky") [UL Lafayette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Louisiana_at_Lafayette "University of Louisiana at Lafayette") [LSU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University "Louisiana State University") [Louisiana Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Tech_University "Louisiana Tech University") [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park "University of Maryland, College Park") [UMBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_Baltimore_County "University of Maryland, Baltimore County") [MIT]() [Memphis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Memphis "University of Memphis") [Miami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami "University of Miami") [Ole Miss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mississippi "University of Mississippi") [Mississippi State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_University "Mississippi State University") [New Orleans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Orleans "University of New Orleans") [Norfolk State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_State_University "Norfolk State University") [North Carolina A\&T](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_State_University "North Carolina A&T State University") [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill") [NC State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University "North Carolina State University") [Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma "University of Oklahoma") [Old Dominion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_University "Old Dominion University") [Regina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Regina "University of Regina") [Rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_University "Rice University") [Richmond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Richmond "University of Richmond") [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina "University of South Carolina") [South Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Florida "University of South Florida") [Southern Miss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_Mississippi "University of Southern Mississippi") [Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tennessee,_Knoxville "University of Tennessee, Knoxville") [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin "University of Texas at Austin") [Texas A\&M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University "Texas A&M University") [Tulane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulane_University "Tulane University") [Vanderbilt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University "Vanderbilt University") [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia "University of Virginia") [VCU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University "Virginia Commonwealth University") [Virginia Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech "Virginia Tech") [Virginia State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_University "Virginia State University") [West Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_University "West Virginia University") [William & Mary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary "College of William & Mary") |
| Affiliate members | [Idaho State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_State_University "Idaho State University") [Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_University "Ohio University") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston "Template:Colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston "Template talk:Colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston "Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston")[Colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston "List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston") | |
| Current | [Babson College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babson_College "Babson College") [Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Institute_of_Technology "Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology") [Bentley University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley_University "Bentley University") [Berklee College of Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music "Berklee College of Music") [Boston Architectural College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Architectural_College "Boston Architectural College") [Boston Baptist College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Baptist_College "Boston Baptist College") [Boston College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College "Boston College") [Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Graduate_School_of_Psychoanalysis "Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis") [Boston University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University") [Brandeis University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University "Brandeis University") [Bunker Hill Community College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Community_College "Bunker Hill Community College") [Curry College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_College "Curry College") [Emerson College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_College "Emerson College") [Emmanuel College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_College_\(Massachusetts\) "Emmanuel College (Massachusetts)") [Endicott College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endicott_College "Endicott College") [Fisher College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_College "Fisher College") [Gordon College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_College_\(Massachusetts\) "Gordon College (Massachusetts)") [Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon-Conwell_Theological_Seminary "Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary") [Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") [Hebrew College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_College "Hebrew College") [Hellenic College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_College_and_Holy_Cross_Greek_Orthodox_School_of_Theology "Hellenic College and Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology") [Hult International Business School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hult_International_Business_School "Hult International Business School") [Labouré College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour%C3%A9_College "Labouré College") [Lasell University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasell_University "Lasell University") [Lesley University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_University "Lesley University") [Longy School of Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longy_School_of_Music "Longy School of Music") (now the Longy School of Music of Bard College) [Massachusetts Bay Community College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Community_College "Massachusetts Bay Community College") [Massachusetts College of Art and Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_College_of_Art_and_Design "Massachusetts College of Art and Design") [Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_College_of_Pharmacy_and_Health_Sciences "Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences") [Massachusetts Institute of Technology]() [Massachusetts School of Law at Andover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_School_of_Law_at_Andover "Massachusetts School of Law at Andover") [Merrimack College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrimack_College "Merrimack College") [MGH Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGH_Institute_of_Health_Professions "MGH Institute of Health Professions") [Middlesex Community College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_Community_College_\(Massachusetts\) "Middlesex Community College (Massachusetts)") [New England College of Optometry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_College_of_Optometry "New England College of Optometry") [New England Conservatory of Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music "New England Conservatory of Music") [New England School of Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_School_of_Law "New England School of Law") [Northeastern University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University "Northeastern University") [North Shore Community College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_Community_College "North Shore Community College") [Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olin_College "Olin College") [Quincy College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_College "Quincy College") [Regis College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_College_\(Massachusetts\) "Regis College (Massachusetts)") [Roxbury Community College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury_Community_College "Roxbury Community College") [St. John's Seminary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Seminary_\(Massachusetts\) "Saint John's Seminary (Massachusetts)") [Simmons University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmons_University "Simmons University") [Suffolk University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_University "Suffolk University") [Tufts University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University "Tufts University") [University of Massachusetts Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston "University of Massachusetts Boston") [Urban College of Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_College_of_Boston "Urban College of Boston") [Wellesley College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College "Wellesley College") [Wentworth Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Institute_of_Technology "Wentworth Institute of Technology") [William James College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James_College "William James College") |
| Former | [Andover Newton Theological School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andover_Newton_Theological_School "Andover Newton Theological School") (merged into [Yale Divinity School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Divinity_School "Yale Divinity School") 2017) [Aquinas College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquinas_College_\(Massachusetts\) "Aquinas College (Massachusetts)") (closed 2000) Art Institute of Boston (merged into [Lesley University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_University "Lesley University") 1998) [Atlantic Union College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Union_College "Atlantic Union College") (closed 2011) [Bay State College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_State_College "Bay State College") (closed 2023) [Becker College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becker_College "Becker College") (closed 2021) [Boston Conservatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Conservatory "Boston Conservatory") (merged into [Berklee College of Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music "Berklee College of Music") 2016) [Bradford College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_College "Bradford College") (merged into [Merrimack College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrimack_College "Merrimack College") 2000) [Burdett College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdett_College "Burdett College") (merged into [Bay State College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_State_College "Bay State College")) [Cambridge College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_College "Cambridge College") (now merged into [Bay Path University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Path_University "Bay Path University")) [Eastern Nazarene College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Nazarene_College "Eastern Nazarene College") (closed 2025) [Episcopal Divinity School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Divinity_School "Episcopal Divinity School") Lowell State College (merged into [UMass Lowell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell "University of Massachusetts Lowell") 1975) Lowell Technological Institute (merged into [UMass Lowell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell "University of Massachusetts Lowell") 1975) Marian Court College (closed 2015) Mount Alvernia College (closed 1973) [Mount Ida College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ida_College "Mount Ida College") (closed 2018, land acquired as Charles River Campus of [UMass Amherst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst "University of Massachusetts Amherst") 2018) New England College of Business and Finance, LLC (merged into [Cambridge College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_College "Cambridge College") 2020) [New England Institute of Art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Institute_of_Art "New England Institute of Art") (closed 2018) [College of the Sacred Heart (Newton)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_College_of_the_Sacred_Heart "Newton College of the Sacred Heart") (merged into [Boston College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College "Boston College") 1989) [Newbury College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbury_College_\(United_States\) "Newbury College (United States)") (closed 2019) [Pine Manor College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Manor_College "Pine Manor College") (now [Messina College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina_College "Messina College") of [Boston College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College "Boston College")) Saint Stephen's College (closed 1972) School of the [Museum of Fine Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston "Museum of Fine Arts, Boston") (SMFA) (now part of [Tufts University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University "Tufts University")) Southern New England School of Law (merged into [UMass Dartmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Dartmouth "University of Massachusetts Dartmouth") 2010) Stanley College (closed 1959) Stevens College [Wheelock College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelock_College "Wheelock College") (merged into [Boston University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University") education college 2018) |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Laidlaw_Scholars "Template:Laidlaw Scholars") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Laidlaw_Scholars&action=edit&redlink=1 "Template talk:Laidlaw Scholars (page does not exist)") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Laidlaw_Scholars "Special:EditPage/Template:Laidlaw Scholars")[Laidlaw Scholars Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laidlaw_Scholars "Laidlaw Scholars") | |
| Universities | [Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University") [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge") [Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") [Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") [Duke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University "Duke University") [Durham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_University "Durham University") [EPFL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne "Ăcole Polytechnique FĂ©dĂ©rale de Lausanne") [Georgetown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University "Georgetown University") [Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong "University of Hong Kong") [Imperial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London "Imperial College London") [Leeds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leeds "University of Leeds") [LSE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics "London School of Economics") [MIT]() [NYUAD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Abu_Dhabi "New York University Abu Dhabi") [Oxford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford") [St Andrews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews "University of St Andrews") [TCD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin "Trinity College Dublin") [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto "University of Toronto") [Tufts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University "Tufts University") [UCL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London "University College London") |
| Business Schools | [Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Business_School "Columbia Business School") [HEC Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEC_Paris "HEC Paris") [IE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IE_Business_School "IE Business School") [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Business_School "London Business School") [SaĂŻd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%AFd_Business_School "SaĂŻd Business School") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Polytechnic_Universities "Template:Polytechnic Universities") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Polytechnic_Universities "Template talk:Polytechnic Universities") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polytechnic_Universities "Special:EditPage/Template:Polytechnic Universities")[Institutes of technology, polytechnics, and technological universities in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_technology_\(United_States\) "Institute of technology (United States)") | |
| Public | [Air Force Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Institute_of_Technology "Air Force Institute of Technology") [ASU Polytechnic School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University_Polytechnic_campus "Arizona State University Polytechnic campus") [Arkansas Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Tech_University "Arkansas Tech University") Cal Poly ([Humboldt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Polytechnic_University,_Humboldt "California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt"), [Pomona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Polytechnic_University,_Pomona "California State Polytechnic University, Pomona"), and [San Luis Obispo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Polytechnic_State_University "California Polytechnic State University")) [Colorado Mines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_School_of_Mines "Colorado School of Mines") [Florida Poly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Polytechnic_University "Florida Polytechnic University") [Georgia Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology "Georgia Institute of Technology") [Iowa State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_State_University "Iowa State University") [K-State Salina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_State_University_Salina_Aerospace_and_Technology_Campus "Kansas State University Salina Aerospace and Technology Campus") [Louisiana Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Tech_University "Louisiana Tech University") [Michigan Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Technological_University "Michigan Technological University") [Missouri S\&T](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_University_of_Science_and_Technology "Missouri University of Science and Technology") [Montana Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_Technological_University "Montana Technological University") [New Jersey Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Institute_of_Technology "New Jersey Institute of Technology") [New Mexico Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_Institute_of_Mining_and_Technology "New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology") [Oklahoma State University Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_University_Institute_of_Technology "Oklahoma State University Institute of Technology") [Oregon Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology "Oregon Institute of Technology") [South Dakota Mines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_School_of_Mines_and_Technology "South Dakota School of Mines and Technology") [Southern Poly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Polytechnic_State_University "Southern Polytechnic State University") [SUNY Poly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Polytechnic_Institute "State University of New York Polytechnic Institute") [Tennessee Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Technological_University "Tennessee Technological University") [Texas Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Tech_University "Texas Tech University") [Utah Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Tech_University "Utah Tech University") [UWâStout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Stout "University of WisconsinâStout") [Virginia Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech "Virginia Tech") [Washburn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washburn_Institute_of_Technology "Washburn Institute of Technology") [Wichita State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_State_University_Campus_of_Applied_Sciences_and_Technology "Wichita State University Campus of Applied Sciences and Technology") [WVU Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_University_Institute_of_Technology "West Virginia University Institute of Technology") |
| Private | [Caltech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology "California Institute of Technology") [Capitol Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Technology_University "Capitol Technology University") [Clarkson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkson_University "Clarkson University") [Florida Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Institute_of_Technology "Florida Institute of Technology") [Harrisburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg_University_of_Science_and_Technology "Harrisburg University of Science and Technology") [Harvey Mudd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Mudd_College "Harvey Mudd College") [Illinois Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology "Illinois Institute of Technology") [Indiana Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Institute_of_Technology "Indiana Institute of Technology") [Kettering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettering_University "Kettering University") [Lawrence Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Technological_University "Lawrence Technological University") [MIT]() [New England Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Institute_of_Technology "New England Institute of Technology") [NYIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Institute_of_Technology "New York Institute of Technology") [Rensselaer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute") [RIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology "Rochester Institute of Technology") [RoseâHulman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose%E2%80%93Hulman_Institute_of_Technology "RoseâHulman Institute of Technology") [San Francisco Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_University "San Francisco Bay University") [Stevens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevens_Institute_of_Technology "Stevens Institute of Technology") [Wentworth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Institute_of_Technology "Wentworth Institute of Technology") [WPI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Polytechnic_Institute "Worcester Polytechnic Institute") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:AICUM "Template:AICUM") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:AICUM "Template talk:AICUM") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AICUM "Special:EditPage/Template:AICUM")[Association of Independent Colleges and Universities in Massachusetts (AICUM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Independent_Colleges_and_Universities_in_Massachusetts "Association of Independent Colleges and Universities in Massachusetts") | |
| [Amherst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_College "Amherst College") [Anna Maria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_College "Anna Maria College") [Assumption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_University_\(Worcester\) "Assumption University (Worcester)") [Babson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babson_College "Babson College") [Bay Path](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Path_University "Bay Path University") [Benjamin F. Cummings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Cummings_Institute_of_Technology "Benjamin Franklin Cummings Institute of Technology") [Bentley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley_University "Bentley University") [Berklee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music "Berklee College of Music") [Boston Architectural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Architectural_College "Boston Architectural College") [Boston College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College "Boston College") [Boston Graduate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Graduate_School_of_Psychoanalysis "Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis") [Boston U](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University") [Brandeis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University "Brandeis University") [Cambridge College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_College "Cambridge College") [Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_University "Clark University") [College of the Holy Cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross "College of the Holy Cross") [Curry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_College "Curry College") [Dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_College "Dean College") [Eastern Nazarene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Nazarene_College "Eastern Nazarene College") [Elms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elms_College "Elms College") [Emerson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_College "Emerson College") [Emmanuel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_College_\(Massachusetts\) "Emmanuel College (Massachusetts)") [Endicott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endicott_College "Endicott College") [Fisher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_College "Fisher College") [Gordon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_College_\(Massachusetts\) "Gordon College (Massachusetts)") [Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_College "Hampshire College") [Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") [Labouré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour%C3%A9_College "Labouré College") [Lasell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasell_University "Lasell University") [Lesley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_University "Lesley University") [MCPHS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_College_of_Pharmacy_and_Health_Sciences "Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences") [MIT]() [Merrimack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrimack_College "Merrimack College") [MGH Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGH_Institute_of_Health_Professions "MGH Institute of Health Professions") [Montserrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat_College_of_Art "Montserrat College of Art") [Mount Holyoke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College "Mount Holyoke College") [NECO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_College_of_Optometry "New England College of Optometry") [New England Conservatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Conservatory "New England Conservatory") [Newbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbury_College_\(United_States\) "Newbury College (United States)") [Nichols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichols_College "Nichols College") [Northeastern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University "Northeastern University") [Olin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olin_College_of_Engineering "Olin College of Engineering") [Pine Manor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Manor_College "Pine Manor College") [Regis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_College,_Massachusetts "Regis College, Massachusetts") [Simmons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmons_University "Simmons University") [Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_College "Smith College") [Springfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_College_\(Massachusetts\) "Springfield College (Massachusetts)") [Stonehill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehill_College "Stonehill College") [Suffolk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_University "Suffolk University") [Thomas Aquinas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas_College "Thomas Aquinas College") [Tufts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University "Tufts University") [Urban College of Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_College_of_Boston "Urban College of Boston") [Wellesley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College "Wellesley College") [WIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Institute_of_Technology "Wentworth Institute of Technology") [Western New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_New_England_University "Western New England University") [Wheaton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheaton_College_\(Massachusetts\) "Wheaton College (Massachusetts)") [William James](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James_College "William James College") [Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_College "Williams College") [WPI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Polytechnic_Institute "Worcester Polytechnic Institute") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:New_England_Women%27s_and_Men%27s_Athletic_Conference_navbox "Template:New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference navbox") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:New_England_Women%27s_and_Men%27s_Athletic_Conference_navbox "Template talk:New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference navbox") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_England_Women%27s_and_Men%27s_Athletic_Conference_navbox "Special:EditPage/Template:New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference navbox")[New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Women%27s_and_Men%27s_Athletic_Conference "New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference") | |
| Current full members | [Babson **Beavers**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babson_College "Babson College") [Clark **Cougars**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_University "Clark University") [Coast Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy "United States Coast Guard Academy") [**Bears**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Guard_Bears "Coast Guard Bears") [Emerson **Lions**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_College "Emerson College") [MIT]() [**Engineers**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Engineers "MIT Engineers") [Mount Holyoke **Lyons**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College "Mount Holyoke College") [Salve Regina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salve_Regina_University "Salve Regina University") [**Seahawks**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salve_Regina_Seahawks "Salve Regina Seahawks") [Smith **Pioneers**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_College "Smith College") [Springfield **Pride**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_College "Springfield College") [Wellesley **Blue**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College "Wellesley College") [Wheaton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheaton_College_\(Massachusetts\) "Wheaton College (Massachusetts)") [**Lyons**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheaton_Lyons "Wheaton Lyons") [WPI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Polytechnic_Institute "Worcester Polytechnic Institute") [**Engineers**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPI_Engineers "WPI Engineers") |
| Current affiliate members | |
| | |
| Football | [Merchant Marine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy "United States Merchant Marine Academy") [**Mariners**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Marine_Mariners "Merchant Marine Mariners") [Norwich **Cadets**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_University "Norwich University") [SUNY Maritime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Maritime_College "State University of New York Maritime College") [**Privateers**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Privateers "Maritime Privateers") |
| Women's rowing | [Simmons **Sharks**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmons_University "Simmons University") |
| Former full member | [Brandeis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University "Brandeis University") [**Judges**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_Judges "Brandeis Judges") |
| Former affiliate member | [Catholic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America "Catholic University of America") [**Cardinals**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_University_Cardinals_football "Catholic University Cardinals football") [Maine Maritime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Maritime_Academy "Maine Maritime Academy") [**Mariners**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Maritime_Mariners "Maine Maritime Mariners") [Massachusetts Maritime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Maritime_Academy "Massachusetts Maritime Academy") [**Buccaneers**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Maritime_Buccaneers "Massachusetts Maritime Buccaneers") |
| Tournaments | [Basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEWMAC_men%27s_basketball_tournament "NEWMAC men's basketball tournament") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges "Template:Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges "Template talk:Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges "Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges")[Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges "Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges") | |
| [BU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University") [Terriers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers "Boston University Terriers") [Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University") [Bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears "Brown Bears") [Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") [Lions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Lions "Columbia Lions") [Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") [Big Red](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red "Cornell Big Red") [Dartmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College") [Big Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green "Dartmouth Big Green") [Georgetown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University "Georgetown University") [Hoyas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_Hoyas "Georgetown Hoyas") [Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") [Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson "Harvard Crimson") [Holy Cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross "College of the Holy Cross") [Crusaders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Cross_Crusaders "Holy Cross Crusaders") [MIT]() [Engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Athletics) [Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy "United States Naval Academy") [Midshipmen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Midshipmen "Navy Midshipmen") [Northeastern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University "Northeastern University") [Huskies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies "Northeastern Huskies") [Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") [Quakers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Boat_Club "College Boat Club") [Princeton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University") [Tigers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers "Princeton Tigers") [Rutgers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University "Rutgers University") [Scarlet Knights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights "Rutgers Scarlet Knights") [Syracuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University "Syracuse University") [Orange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Orange "Syracuse Orange") [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison "University of WisconsinâMadison") [Badgers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers "Wisconsin Badgers") [Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University") [Bulldogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs "Yale Bulldogs") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_Coast_Football_navbox "Template:Commonwealth Coast Football navbox") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_Coast_Football_navbox "Template talk:Commonwealth Coast Football navbox") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_Coast_Football_navbox "Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth Coast Football navbox")[Commonwealth Coast Football (formally New England Football Conference)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Coast_Football "Commonwealth Coast Football") | |
| Current CCC Football members | [Curry Colonels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_Colonels_football "Curry Colonels football") [Endicott Gulls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endicott_Gulls_football "Endicott Gulls football") [Husson Eagles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husson_Eagles_football "Husson Eagles football") [New England Nor'easters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Nor%27easters_football "New England Nor'easters football") [Nichols Bison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichols_Bison_football "Nichols Bison football") [Western New England Golden Bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_New_England_Golden_Bears_football "Western New England Golden Bears football") |
| Former CCC Football/NEFC members | [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becker_College "Becker College") [Hawks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becker_Hawks_football "Becker Hawks football") [Boston State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_State_College "Boston State College") [Warriors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_State_Warriors_football "Boston State Warriors football") [Bridgewater State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgewater_State_University "Bridgewater State University") [Bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgewater_State_Bears_football "Bridgewater State Bears football") [Coast Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy "United States Coast Guard Academy") [Bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Guard_Bears_football "Coast Guard Bears football") [Fitchburg State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitchburg_State_University "Fitchburg State University") [Falcons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitchburg_State_Falcons_football "Fitchburg State Falcons football") [Framingham State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framingham_State_University "Framingham State University") [Rams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framingham_State_Rams_football "Framingham State Rams football") [Maine Maritime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Maritime_Academy "Maine Maritime Academy") [Mariners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Maritime_Mariners_football "Maine Maritime Mariners football") [Salve Regina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salve_Regina_University "Salve Regina University") [Seahawks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salve_Regina_Seahawks_football "Salve Regina Seahawks football") [UMass Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston "University of Massachusetts Boston") [Beacons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMass_Boston_Beacons_football "UMass Boston Beacons football") [UMass Dartmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Dartmouth "University of Massachusetts Dartmouth") [Corsairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMass_Dartmouth_Corsairs_football "UMass Dartmouth Corsairs football") [UMass Lowell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell "University of Massachusetts Lowell") [River Hawks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMass_Lowell_River_Hawks_football "UMass Lowell River Hawks football") [Massachusetts Maritime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Maritime_Academy "Massachusetts Maritime Academy") [Buccaneers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Maritime_Buccaneers_football "Massachusetts Maritime Buccaneers football") [MIT]() [Engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Engineers_football "MIT Engineers football") [NEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_College "New England College") [Pilgrims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_College_Pilgrims_football "New England College Pilgrims football") [New Haven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Haven "University of New Haven") [Chargers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_Chargers_football "New Haven Chargers football") [Plymouth State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_State_University "Plymouth State University") [Panthers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_State_Panthers_football "Plymouth State Panthers football") [Western Connecticut State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Connecticut_State_University "Western Connecticut State University") [Wolves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Connecticut_Wolves_football "Western Connecticut Wolves football") [Westfield State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_State_University "Westfield State University") [Owls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_State_Owls_football "Westfield State Owls football") [Worcester State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_State_University "Worcester State University") [Lancers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_State_Lancers_football "Worcester State Lancers football") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Boston_landmarks "Template:Boston landmarks") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Boston_landmarks "Template talk:Boston landmarks") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boston_landmarks "Special:EditPage/Template:Boston landmarks")[Boston landmarks and tourist attractions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sites_of_interest_in_Boston "List of sites of interest in Boston") | |
| [African Meeting House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Meeting_House "African Meeting House") [Boston AthenĂŠum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Athen%C3%A6um "Boston AthenĂŠum") [Boston Central Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Central_Library "Boston Central Library") [Boston Children's Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Museum "Boston Children's Museum") [Boston Common](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Common "Boston Common") [Boston Convention and Exhibition Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Convention_and_Exhibition_Center "Boston Convention and Exhibition Center") [Boston Navy Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Navy_Yard "Boston Navy Yard") [Boston Public Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Public_Garden "Boston Public Garden") [Boston Public Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Public_Library "Boston Public Library") [Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party#Boston_Tea_Party_Ships_and_Museum "Boston Tea Party") [Citi Performing Arts Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boch_Center "Boch Center") [Bunker Hill Monument](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Monument "Bunker Hill Monument") [Downtown Crossing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Crossing "Downtown Crossing") [Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Institute_for_the_United_States_Senate "Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate") [Faneuil Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faneuil_Hall "Faneuil Hall") [Fenway Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park "Fenway Park") [Franklin Park Zoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Park_Zoo "Franklin Park Zoo") [Freedom Trail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Trail "Freedom Trail") [Institute of Contemporary Art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Boston "Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston") [Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Stewart_Gardner_Museum "Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum") [John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum "John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum") [Massachusetts Institute of Technology]() [Massachusetts State House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House "Massachusetts State House") [Museum of Fine Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston "Museum of Fine Arts, Boston") *[Appeal to the Great Spirit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_to_the_Great_Spirit "Appeal to the Great Spirit")* [Museum of Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Science_\(Boston\) "Museum of Science (Boston)") [New England Aquarium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Aquarium "New England Aquarium") [New England Holocaust Memorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Holocaust_Memorial "New England Holocaust Memorial") [Newbury Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbury_Street "Newbury Street") [Old City Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_Hall_\(Boston\) "Old City Hall (Boston)") [Old North Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_North_Church "Old North Church") [Old State House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_State_House_\(Boston\) "Old State House (Boston)") [Paul Revere House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere_House "Paul Revere House") [Prudential Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudential_Tower "Prudential Tower") [Quincy Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Market "Quincy Market") [*Samuel Adams* (Whitney)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Samuel_Adams "Statue of Samuel Adams") [South Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Station "South Station") [Symphony Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_Hall_\(Boston\) "Symphony Hall (Boston)") [TD Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Garden "TD Garden") [Trinity Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Church_\(Boston\) "Trinity Church (Boston)") [USS *Cassin Young* (DD-793)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cassin_Young "USS Cassin Young") [USS *Constitution*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Constitution "USS Constitution") [Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Constitution_Museum "USS Constitution Museum") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:CDIO "Template:CDIO") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:CDIO "Template talk:CDIO") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CDIO "Special:EditPage/Template:CDIO")[CDIO Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDIO_Initiative "CDIO Initiative") | |
| Africa | |
| | |
| Tunisia | [ESPRIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPRIT_\(university\) "ESPRIT (university)") |
| South Africa | [Johannesburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Johannesburg "University of Johannesburg") [Pretoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pretoria "University of Pretoria") |
| Asia-Pacific | |
| | |
| Australia | [Chisholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisholm_Institute "Chisholm Institute") [Curtin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtin_University "Curtin University") [Queensland Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_University_of_Technology "Queensland University of Technology") [Royal Melbourne Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Melbourne_Institute_of_Technology "Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology") [Sydney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney "University of Sydney") [Sunshine Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Sunshine_Coast "University of the Sunshine Coast") |
| China | [Beijing Petrochemical Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Institute_of_Petrochemical_Technology "Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology") [Beijing Jiaotong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Jiaotong_University "Beijing Jiaotong University") [Chengdu Information Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu_University_of_Information_Technology "Chengdu University of Information Technology") [Shantou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantou_University "Shantou University") [Tsinghua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsinghua_University "Tsinghua University") [Electronic Science and Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Electronic_Science_and_Technology_of_China "University of Electronic Science and Technology of China") [Yanshan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanshan_University "Yanshan University") [Dalian Neusoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalian_Neusoft_University_of_Information "Dalian Neusoft University of Information") |
| *Elsewhere* | [MARA Technological (Malaysia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Teknologi_MARA "Universiti Teknologi MARA") [Ungku Omar Poly (Malaysia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungku_Omar_Polytechnic "Ungku Omar Polytechnic") [Ibrahim Sultan Poly (Malaysia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Sultan_Polytechnic "Ibrahim Sultan Polytechnic") [Taylor's (Malaysia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor%27s_University "Taylor's University") [Auckland (New Zealand)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Auckland "University of Auckland") [Singapore Poly (Singapore)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Polytechnic "Singapore Polytechnic") [National Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_National_University,_Ho_Chi_Minh_City "Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City") |
| Europe | |
| | |
| Finland | [Lahti A.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahti_University_of_Applied_Sciences "Lahti University of Applied Sciences") [Lapland A.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_University_of_Applied_Sciences "Lapland University of Applied Sciences") [Metropolia A.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolia_University_of_Applied_Sciences "Metropolia University of Applied Sciences") [Novia A.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novia_University_of_Applied_Sciences "Novia University of Applied Sciences") [Savonia A.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savonia_University_of_Applied_Sciences "Savonia University of Applied Sciences") [SeinÀjoki A.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki_University_of_Applied_Sciences "SeinÀjoki University of Applied Sciences") [Tampere A.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere_University_of_Applied_Sciences "Tampere University of Applied Sciences") [Turku A.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku_University_of_Applied_Sciences "Turku University of Applied Sciences") [Turku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Turku "University of Turku") |
| Russia | [Astrakhan State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan_State_University "Astrakhan State University") [Moscow State Technical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauman_Moscow_State_Technical_University "Bauman Moscow State Technical University") [Cherepovets State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherepovets_State_University "Cherepovets State University") [Don State Technical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_State_Technical_University "Don State Technical University") [Kazan Federal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan_Federal_University "Kazan Federal University") [Moscow Aviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Aviation_Institute "Moscow Aviation Institute") [Moscow Physics and Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Institute_of_Physics_and_Technology "Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology") [Moscow Engineering Physics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Engineering_Physics_Institute "Moscow Engineering Physics Institute") [Moscow MEPhI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Nuclear_University_MEPhI "National Research Nuclear University MEPhI") [North-Eastern Federal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-Eastern_Federal_University "North-Eastern Federal University") [Orel State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryol_State_University "Oryol State University") [Saint Petersburg Aerospace Instrumentation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University_of_Aerospace_Instrumentation "Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation") [Siberian Federal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Federal_University "Siberian Federal University") [Skolkovo Science and Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolkovo_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology "Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology") [Tomsk Poly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomsk_Polytechnic_University "Tomsk Polytechnic University") [Tomsk Control Systems and Radioelectronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomsk_State_University_of_Control_Systems_and_Radio-electronics "Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radio-electronics") [Ural Federal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_Federal_University "Ural Federal University") |
| Sweden | [Blekinge Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blekinge_Institute_of_Technology "Blekinge Institute of Technology") [Chalmers Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalmers_University_of_Technology "Chalmers University of Technology") [Jönköping Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping_School_of_Engineering "Jönköping School of Engineering") [Kristianstad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianstad_University "Kristianstad University") [KTH Royal Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTH_Royal_Institute_of_Technology "KTH Royal Institute of Technology") [Linköping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping_University "Linköping University") [Linnaeus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaeus_University "Linnaeus University") [LuleÄ Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lule%C3%A5_University_of_Technology "LuleÄ University of Technology") [Skövde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sk%C3%B6vde "University of Skövde") [UmeÄ Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ume%C3%A5_Institute_of_Technology "UmeÄ Institute of Technology") [West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_West "University West") |
| UK | [Aston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_University "Aston University") [Bristol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bristol "University of Bristol") [Chichester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chichester "University of Chichester") [Hertfordshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire "University of Hertfordshire") [Lancaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_University "Lancaster University") [Leeds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leeds "University of Leeds") [Leicester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leicester "University of Leicester") [Liverpool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Liverpool "University of Liverpool") [Nottingham Trent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Trent_University "Nottingham Trent University") [Queen's Belfast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast "Queen's University Belfast") [Strathclyde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde "University of Strathclyde") [South Eastern Regional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Eastern_Regional_College "South Eastern Regional College") [Ulster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_University "Ulster University") |
| *Elsewhere* | [Gent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogeschool_Gent "Hogeschool Gent"), [Group T (Belgium)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groep_T "Groep T") [Aalborg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalborg_University "Aalborg University"), [Aarhus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_University "Aarhus University"), [Denmark Tech (Denmark)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Denmark "Technical University of Denmark") CESI group, [IMT Atlantique (France)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMT_Atlantique "IMT Atlantique") [EAH Jena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule_Jena "Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena"), [Hochschule Wismar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochschule_Wismar "Hochschule Wismar"), [RWTH Aachen (Germany)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_University "RWTH Aachen University") [Reykjavik (Iceland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjavik_University "Reykjavik University") [Limerick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Limerick "University of Limerick"), [Trinity College (Ireland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin "Trinity College Dublin") [Milan Poly (Italy)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Milan "Polytechnic University of Milan") [The Hague University of Applied Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague_University_of_Applied_Sciences "The Hague University of Applied Sciences"), [TU Delft Faculty of Aerospace Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TU_Delft_Faculty_of_Aerospace_Engineering "TU Delft Faculty of Aerospace Engineering"), [Twente (Netherlands)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Twente "University of Twente") [Norwegian Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_University_of_Science_and_Technology "Norwegian University of Science and Technology"), [Ăstfold (Norway)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stfold_University_College "Ăstfold University College") [GdaĆsk Tech (Poland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_University_of_Technology "GdaĆsk University of Technology") [Porto Superior Engineering (Portugal)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Superior_de_Engenharia_do_Porto "Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto") [Catalonia Poly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Catalonia "Polytechnic University of Catalonia"), [Madrid Tech (Spain)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Madrid "Technical University of Madrid") |
| North America | |
| | |
| Canada | [Montréal Poly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnique_Montr%C3%A9al "Polytechnique Montréal") [Queen's Kingston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston "Queen's University at Kingston") [Sheridan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheridan_College "Sheridan College") [Calgary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calgary "University of Calgary") [Manitoba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manitoba "University of Manitoba") |
| United States | [Arizona State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University "Arizona State University") [Cal State Northridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University,_Northridge "California State University, Northridge") [Duke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University "Duke University") [EmbryâRiddle Aeronautical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embry%E2%80%93Riddle_Aeronautical_University "EmbryâRiddle Aeronautical University") [MIT]() [Naval Postgraduate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School "Naval Postgraduate School") [Pennsylvania State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University "Pennsylvania State University") [Stanford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") [Naval Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy "United States Naval Academy") [Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arkansas "University of Arkansas") [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado "University of Colorado") [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan "University of Michigan") [Notre Dame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame "University of Notre Dame") |
| Central and South America | |
| | |
| Chile | [Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_University_of_the_Most_Holy_Conception "Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception") [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chile "University of Chile") [Los Lagos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Los_Lagos "University of Los Lagos") [Santiago Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Santiago,_Chile "University of Santiago, Chile") |
| Colombia | [Higher Studies of Incolda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICESI_University "ICESI University") [Colombia National](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Colombia "National University of Colombia") [Pontifical Xavierian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Xavierian_University "Pontifical Xavierian University") [Antioquia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Antioquia "University of Antioquia") [Santo Tomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas "University of Santo Tomas") [QuindĂo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Quind%C3%ADo "University of QuindĂo") |
| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49108#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | |
|---|---|
| International | [ISNI](https://isni.org/isni/0000000123412786) [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/150025207) [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/2179-9) |
| National | [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79006591) [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118704634) [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118704634) [Japan](https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629270) [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2002149458&CON_LNG=ENG) [Spain](https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX126469) [Portugal](http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/138815) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007265158305171) [Catalonia](https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058613794706706) |
| Geographic | [Structurae](https://structurae.net/structures/10060243) [MusicBrainz place](https://musicbrainz.org/place/16e98b68-4c65-4699-a703-7a91bc4808df) |
| Academics | [CiNii](https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00048903?l=en) |
| Artists | [ULAN](https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500263221) [Museum of Modern Art](https://www.moma.org/artists/8879) [2](https://www.moma.org/artists/77969) |
| People | [Trove](https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/915192) |
| Other | [IdRef](https://www.idref.fr/026460254) [MusicBrainz label](https://musicbrainz.org/label/8aba9473-a6f9-4720-bc62-7b67d942ad69) [SNAC](https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sv8d0k) [ELMCIP](https://elmcip.net/node/13007) [2](https://elmcip.net/node/17691) [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/b2c87e18-595b-458f-a620-dc5305e4b6aa) |
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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[Add topic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology) |
| Readable Markdown | | | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIT_Seal.svg) | |
| Motto | *Mens et Manus* (Latin) |
| Motto in English | "Mind and Hand"[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-sealList_of_companies_founded_by_MIT_alumni-1) |
| Type | [Private](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university "Private university") [research university](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university "Research university") |
| Established | April 10, 1861; 164 years ago |
| Founder | [William Barton Rogers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers "William Barton Rogers") |
| [Accreditation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation "Higher education accreditation") | [NECHE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Commission_of_Higher_Education "New England Commission of Higher Education") |
| Academic affiliations | [AAU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities "Association of American Universities") [AITU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Independent_Technological_Universities "Association of Independent Technological Universities") [NAICU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Independent_Colleges_and_Universities "National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities")[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-2) [UARC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Affiliated_Research_Center "University Affiliated Research Center") [URA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities_Research_Association "Universities Research Association") [Sea grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sea_Grant_College_Program "National Sea Grant College Program") [Space grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Grant_College_and_Fellowship_Program "National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program") |
| [Endowment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_endowment "Financial endowment") | \$27.4 billion (2025)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-3) |
| [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_president "University president") | [Sally Kornbluth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Kornbluth "Sally Kornbluth") |
| [Provost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_\(education\) "Provost (education)") | [Anantha P. Chandrakasan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantha_P._Chandrakasan "Anantha P. Chandrakasan") |
| Academic staff | 1,090[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-MITFactFacStaff-4) |
| Students | 11,816 (Fall 2025)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Enrollment_Statistics-5) |
| [Undergraduates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_education "Undergraduate education") | 4,561 (Fall 2025)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Enrollment_Statistics-5) |
| [Postgraduates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate_education "Postgraduate education") | 7,255 (Fall 2025)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Enrollment_Statistics-5) |
| Location | [Cambridge, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts"), United States [42°21âČ35âłN 71°05âČ31âłWï»ż / ï»ż42\.3597°N 71.0919°W](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology¶ms=42.3597_N_71.0919_W_region:US-MA_type:edu) |
| Campus | Midsize city[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-7), 166 acres (67.2 ha)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Campus-6) |
| Newspaper | *[The Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tech_\(newspaper\) "The Tech (newspaper)")* |
| [Colors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_colors "School colors") | Cardinal red and steel gray[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-8) |
| [Nickname](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_nickname "Athletic nickname") | [Engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Engineers "MIT Engineers") |
| Sporting affiliations | [NCAA Division III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_III "NCAA Division III") â [NEWMAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Women%27s_and_Men%27s_Athletic_Conference "New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference") [NEISA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Intercollegiate_Sailing_Association "New England Intercollegiate Sailing Association") [CWPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Water_Polo_Association "Collegiate Water Polo Association") [UVC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Volleyball_Conference "United Volleyball Conference") [EARC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges "Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges") [EAWRC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Women%27s_Rowing_Colleges "Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges") |
| Mascot | [Tim the Beaver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditions_and_student_activities_at_MIT#Tim_the_Beaver "Traditions and student activities at MIT")[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-9) |
| Website | [web.mit.edu](https://web.mit.edu/) |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIT_2023_red_logo.svg) | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/12/42.36/-71.08/en) | |
The **Massachusetts Institute of Technology** (**MIT**) is a [private](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university "Private university") [research university](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university "Research university") in [Cambridge, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts"), United States. Founded in 1861 to advance "useful knowledge", the university has played a significant role in the development of many areas of technology and science.
[William Barton Rogers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers "William Barton Rogers") founded MIT to accelerate [American industrialization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States "Technological and industrial history of the United States") through scientific knowledge. Initially funded by a [federal land grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-grant_universities "Land-grant universities"), the institute adopted a German polytechnic model emphasizing laboratory instruction in [applied science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science "Applied science") and [engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering "Engineering"), and moved from Boston's Back Bay to its current campus in Cambridge in 1916. Early growth came through research contracts with private industry, though the institute remained financially constrained and focused primarily on practical engineering education into the 1930s.
MIT's transformation as a research enterprise began during [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), when projects like the [Radiation Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Radiation_Laboratory "MIT Radiation Laboratory") made it the nation's largest non-industrial R\&D contractor. Graduate enrollment and research funding grew rapidly in the postwar decades as faculty members such as [Vannevar Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush "Vannevar Bush") helped shape federal support for basic science. In the late twentieth century, MIT became closely associated with [computer science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science "Computer science"), [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence"), [biotechnology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology "Biotechnology"), [open-source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software_movement "Open-source software movement") software development, and ["big science" initiatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_science "Big science") like the [Apollo Guidance Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer "Apollo Guidance Computer") and the [LIGO project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIGO "LIGO"). Engineering remains its largest school, though MIT has also developed prominent programs in basic science, economics, management, architecture, and humanities.
MIT has an urban campus that extends more than a mile (1.6 km) along the [Charles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River "Charles River"). Academic buildings are connected by an extensive corridor system. MIT's off-campus operations include the [Lincoln Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory "MIT Lincoln Laboratory") and the [Haystack Observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haystack_Observatory "Haystack Observatory"), as well as affiliated laboratories such as the [Broad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Institute "Broad Institute") and [Whitehead Institutes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehead_Institute "Whitehead Institute"). Undergraduate life is known for [hands-on research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_Research_Opportunities_Program "Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program") and [elaborate pranks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacks_at_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Hacks at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology"). Tuition is generally not charged to undergraduates from families with incomes below \$200,000, and most graduate students are funded by research.
As of October 2024, [105 Nobel laureates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation "List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation"),[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-10) 26 [Turing Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_Award "Turing Award") winners, and 8 [Fields Medalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_Medal "Fields Medal") have been affiliated with MIT as alumni, faculty members, or researchers.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-11) Alumni and faculty have founded many notable companies and served in senior government positions in the United States and abroad.
### Foundation and vision
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Foundation and vision")\]
> \[...\] a school of industrial science aiding the advancement, development and practical application of science in connection with arts, agriculture, manufactures, and commerce \[...\][\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-12)
â Massachusetts General Court, *Acts of 1861, Chapter 183*
In 1859, a proposal was submitted to the [Massachusetts General Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court "Massachusetts General Court") to use newly filled lands in [Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston,_Massachusetts "Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts"), Boston for a "[Conservatory of Art and Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatoire_national_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers "Conservatoire national des arts et métiers")", but the proposal failed.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-13)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-14) A charter for the [incorporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporation_\(business\) "Incorporation (business)") of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, proposed by [William Barton Rogers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers "William Barton Rogers"), was signed by [John Albion Andrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Albion_Andrew "John Albion Andrew"), the [governor of Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts "Governor of Massachusetts"), on April 10, 1861.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-15)
Rogers, a [geologist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology "Geology") who had recently arrived in Boston from the [University of Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia "University of Virginia"),[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-:02-16) wanted to establish an institution to address rapid scientific and technological advances.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-18) He did not wish to found a [professional school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education "Vocational education"), but a combination with elements of both professional and [liberal education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_education "Liberal education"),[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Lewis_Report-19) proposing that:
> The true and only practicable object of a polytechnic school is, as I conceive, the teaching, not of the minute details and manipulations of the arts, which can be done only in the workshop, but the inculcation of those scientific principles which form the basis and explanation of them, and along with this, a full and methodical review of all their leading processes and operations in connection with physical laws.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-20)
The Rogers Plan reflected the [German research university model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_European_research_universities#European_university_models_in_the_19th_and_20th_centuries "History of European research universities"), emphasizing an independent faculty engaged in research, as well as instruction oriented around seminars and laboratories.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Angulo_https://archive.org/details/williambartonrog00angu/page/155_155%E2%80%93156-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-22)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIT_Rogers_Building_1872.jpg)
Original [Rogers Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Building_\(MIT\) "Rogers Building (MIT)") in [Back Bay, Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston "Back Bay, Boston"), 1872
Two days after MIT was chartered, the [first battle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter "Battle of Fort Sumter") of the [Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") broke out. After a long delay through the war years, MIT's first classes were held in the Mercantile Building in Boston in 1865.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-23) The new institute was founded as part of the [Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrill_Land-Grant_Colleges_Act "Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act") to fund institutions "to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes" and was a land-grant school.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrattonMannix2005251%E2%80%93276-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-LoC-25) In 1863, under the same act, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts founded the [Massachusetts Agricultural College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst#History "University of Massachusetts Amherst"), which later developed into the [University of Massachusetts Amherst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst "University of Massachusetts Amherst"). In 1866, the proceeds from land sales went toward new buildings in the Back Bay.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-BostonTech1-26)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIT_dynamo_room_Boston_campus_c1895_cropped.png)
"Boston Tech" students with [dynamos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo "Dynamo")
MIT was informally called "Boston Tech".[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-BostonTech1-26) The institute adopted the [European polytechnic university model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_European_research_universities "History of European research universities") and emphasized laboratory instruction from an early date.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Angulo_https://archive.org/details/williambartonrog00angu/page/155_155%E2%80%93156-21) Despite chronic financial problems, the institute saw growth in the last two decades of the 19th century under President [Francis Amasa Walker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker "Francis Amasa Walker").[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Dunbar1-27) Programs in electrical, chemical, marine, and sanitary engineering were introduced,[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-28)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Munroe1923a-29) new buildings were built, and the size of the student body increased to more than one thousand.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Dunbar1-27)
The curriculum drifted to a vocational emphasis, with less focus on theoretical science.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-30) The fledgling school still suffered from chronic financial shortages which diverted the attention of the MIT leadership. During these "Boston Tech" years, MIT faculty and alumni rebuffed [Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") president (and former MIT faculty) [Charles W. Eliot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Eliot "Charles W. Eliot")'s repeated attempts to merge MIT with Harvard College's [Lawrence Scientific School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Scientific_School "Lawrence Scientific School").[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-31) There would be at least six attempts to absorb MIT into Harvard.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Alexander-32) In its cramped Back Bay location, MIT could not afford to expand its overcrowded facilities, driving a desperate search for a new campus and funding. Eventually, the MIT Corporation approved a formal agreement to merge with Harvard and move to then-remote [Allston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allston "Allston"), over the vehement objections of MIT faculty, students, and alumni.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Alexander-32) The merger plan collapsed in 1905 when the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that MIT could not sell its Back Bay land.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-33)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_campus_aerial_all_buildings_1921_US_Army_cropped.png)
"New Technology" campus in [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts"), opened in 1916.
In 1912, MIT acquired its current campus by purchasing a one-mile (1.6 km) tract of [filled lands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamation "Land reclamation") along the Cambridge side of the Charles River.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-34)[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-35) The [neoclassical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture "Neoclassical architecture") "New Technology" campus was designed by [William W. Bosworth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_W._Bosworth "William W. Bosworth")[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-36) and had been funded largely by anonymous donations from a mysterious "Mr. Smith", starting in 1912. In January 1920, the donor was revealed to be the industrialist [George Eastman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eastman "George Eastman"), an inventor of film production methods and founder of [Eastman Kodak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman_Kodak "Eastman Kodak").[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-38) In 1916, with the first academic buildings complete, the MIT administration and the MIT charter crossed the [Charles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River "Charles River") on the ceremonial barge *Bucentaur* built for the occasion.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-39)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-40)
### Industry dependence and reform
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Industry dependence and reform")\]
Unlike the [Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League") universities, MIT drew an unusually large share of its students from families of moderate means and depended heavily on [tuition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuition "Tuition") rather than [endowment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_endowment "Financial endowment") income for its operating budget.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger199313%E2%80%9314-41) The "Technology Plan," launched by President [Richard Maclaurin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_C._Maclaurin "Richard C. Maclaurin") in 1919, sought to deepen industry patronage. Under the plan, corporations paid MIT an annual retaining fee in exchange for access to faculty, library resources, and technical services.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer201065%E2%80%9366-42) By the late 1920s, more than a third of the teaching staff were engaged in research, testing, or consulting for industry, with MIT handling an expanding volume of corporate contracts.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer201069%E2%80%9370-43) An industry orientation meant that salaries and faculty research funds lagged behind those at other East Coast research universities, heavy work on industry problems limited basic research, and foundations would not fund an institution solving industrial problems.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger1993179%E2%80%93181-44)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992157-45) By the late 1920s MIT was regarded by elite universities as a "mere engineering school servicing industry".[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992156%E2%80%93157-46)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_Compton_Vannevar_Bush_MIT_Presidents_Office_1932.jpg)
[Vannevar Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush "Vannevar Bush") (l) and [Karl Compton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Compton "Karl Compton") (r) led reforms to funding and curriculum
A mandate for reform came from board members tied to industry research: [Gerard Swope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Swope "Gerard Swope"), president of [General Electric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric "General Electric"), and [Frank B. Jewett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_B._Jewett "Frank B. Jewett"), head of [Bell Telephone Laboratories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Laboratories "Bell Telephone Laboratories"). Both argued that practice-oriented training was obsolete and industry needed engineers grounded in fundamental science.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer201070%E2%80%9371-47)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992157%E2%80%93158-48) In 1930 they recruited the physicist [Karl Compton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Taylor_Compton "Karl Taylor Compton") to carry out a broad program of reform.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992157-45)
As president, Compton overhauled the science departments first, recruiting a cohort of research-oriented faculty.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992159%E2%80%93160-49) In 1932, he reorganized MIT into schools of engineering, science, and architecture, created a formal [graduate school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_school "Graduate school"), and appointed [Vannevar Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush "Vannevar Bush") as vice president and dean of engineering.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992163-50) To relieve dependence on industry, the pair centralized all industrial contracts, established a patent licensing program, and curtailed faculty consulting.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992163%E2%80%93165-51)[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger1993181%E2%80%93182-52) Compton also tripled philanthropic support for research and campaigned for federal government support of university science.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992159-53)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKevles1995252%E2%80%93257-54)
The reforms were uneven. Physics, chemistry, and electrical engineering advanced rapidly, but much of the engineering school did virtually no research well into the 1930s. Faculty resisted changes to shop practice and consulting arrangements.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992165%E2%80%93166-55) Even so, by the mid-1930s, MIT had been admitted to the [Association of American Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities "Association of American Universities"), the organization of the nation's top research universities.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992156-56)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer201075-57) The institutional changes of this decade positioned MIT to take a leading role in wartime research after 1940.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992170%E2%80%93171-58)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naval_Radar_Training_school_GCP-00075994_\(cropped\).jpg)
Navy recruits training on [Rad Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Radiation_Laboratory "MIT Radiation Laboratory") radar systems
In June 1940, Vannevar Bush, who had left MIT's administration to lead the [Carnegie Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Institution "Carnegie Institution") in Washington, persuaded President Roosevelt to create the [National Defense Research Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Research_Committee "National Defense Research Committee") (NDRC) to mobilize civilian science for defense.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie19936%E2%80%937-59) The NDRC's first major project was a laboratory for microwave radar research. After other proposed sites fell through, Bush and other science administrators turned to Compton, who agreed to host the project at MIT.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger19939%E2%80%9310-60)[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie199321%E2%80%9322-61)
The [Radiation Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Radiation_Laboratory "MIT Radiation Laboratory"), as it was called to conceal its purpose, opened in 1940 and grew from a staff of thirty to roughly 4,000 and rivaled the [Manhattan Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project "Manhattan Project") in scale: the NDRC division under which it operated expended some \$1.5 billion on radar systems.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger19939-62)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie199322-63) The Rad Lab contract was the first and largest wartime research agreement between the federal government and a university; its terms became a model for postwar governmentâuniversity contracts.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger19939%E2%80%9310-60)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurchard1948215%E2%80%93221-64)[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-67) By war's end MIT had received \$117 million (\$20.9 billion in 2025) in government R\&D contracts, more than any industrial contractor and roughly a third of all NDRC spending on university research.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie19937-68)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKevles1995342-69)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Margaret_Hamilton_-_restoration.jpg)
[Margaret Hamilton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_\(software_engineer\) "Margaret Hamilton (software engineer)") wrote guidance code for the Apollo moon landings
The Rad Lab closed in 1945, but opened a new era of large military research contracts at MIT. New interdepartmental laboratories took shape: the [Research Laboratory of Electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Laboratory_of_Electronics "Research Laboratory of Electronics") (1946) inherited the Rad Lab's facilities and an ArmyâNavy contract for basic research in microwaves and electronics; the [Laboratory for Nuclear Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laboratory_for_Nuclear_Science&action=edit&redlink=1 "Laboratory for Nuclear Science (page does not exist)") (1946) opened with Navy support; [Lincoln Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory "MIT Lincoln Laboratory") (1951) was created to develop a [continental air-defense radar network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment "Semi-Automatic Ground Environment") for the Air Force.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger199366%E2%80%9367-70)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie199315%E2%80%9316,_38%E2%80%9339,_144%E2%80%93145-71) [Charles Stark Draper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper "Charles Stark Draper")'s wartime gunsight laboratory, renamed the [Instrumentation Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draper_Laboratory "Draper Laboratory"), expanded into inertial guidance for [ballistic missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile "Ballistic missile") and computerized guidance for the [Apollo lunar mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer "Apollo Guidance Computer").[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie199390%E2%80%9394-72) The new laboratories became the primary training ground for graduate students in science and engineering and spawned dozens of firms along the [Route 128](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_128_\(Massachusetts\) "Route 128 (Massachusetts)") corridor.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie199315%E2%80%9316-73) [\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-75)
The cumulative effect transformed MIT into a different kind of institution. Between the early 1930s and the mid-1950s, the faculty doubled and the graduate student body quintupled.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992179-76) Federal funding, negligible before the war, reached \$38 million by 1944, and by 1957 research expenditures represented 72 percent of MIT's operating budget.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992174-77)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Canizares2007-78) The Department of Defense was the dominant sponsor for much of this period.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie199315%E2%80%9316-73)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Canizares2007-78) By 1962 the physicist [Alvin Weinberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Weinberg "Alvin Weinberg"), coiner of the term "[big science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_science "Big science")," said it was difficult "to tell whether MIT is a university with many government research laboratories appended to it or a cluster of government research laboratories with a very good educational institution attached to it."[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-79)[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaiser2010104%E2%80%93105-80)
#### Vietnam-era opposition
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Vietnam-era opposition")\]
Most defense-funded work on campus was basic and unclassified.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie199315%E2%80%9316-73)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Canizares2007-78) The major exception was the Instrumentation Laboratory, where "Doc" Draper's practice of carrying projects from conception through deployment had made the lab an anomaly in university research.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger1993248%E2%80%93249-81) Its work on guidance systems for [Poseidon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGM-73_Poseidon "UGM-73 Poseidon") [MIRV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIRV "MIRV") warheads drew particular criticism as destabilizing the Cold War arms race.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie1993233%E2%80%93235-82)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Draper_and_Instrumentation_Laboratory_picketers_1969-04-23_cropped.jpg)
Draper and picketers at the Instrumentation Lab
Opposition to the [Vietnam War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War") brought these tensions to a head. On March 4, 1969, students and faculty organized a research stoppage to protest the military applications of science; out of the faculty effort grew the [Union of Concerned Scientists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists "Union of Concerned Scientists").[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelkin197255%E2%80%9358-83)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBridger2015164%E2%80%93165-84) President [Howard Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Wesley_Johnson "Howard Wesley Johnson") convened a review panel on the Instrumentation Lab and Lincoln Lab, chaired by Sloan School dean William Pounds, even as demonstrations continued into the fall.
The Pounds Panel reaffirmed the place of the labs at MIT and recommended diversification and oversight, not military divestiture.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie1993235%E2%80%93237-85)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelkin197279%E2%80%9380-86) In May 1970, Johnson announced that the Instrumentation Laboratory would be separated from MIT, and it became the independent [Draper Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draper_Laboratory "Draper Laboratory") in 1973.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie1993239%E2%80%93243-87)[\[d\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-91) MIT established a policy that on-campus research must be open and publishable, and classified work was consolidated at [Lincoln Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory "MIT Lincoln Laboratory")'s off-campus site.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger1993249%E2%80%93250-92)[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-94)
### Postwar educational reform
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Postwar educational reform")\]
The Institute's new scale and resources raised questions about its educational direction. By 1946, research dwarfed the academic budget.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992175%E2%80%93176-95) The number of graduate students rose from roughly 700 in 1940 to 2,700 by 1959; the ratio of graduate to undergraduate students shifted from about 1:3 before the war to nearly 1:1.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992179-76) Federal research contracts, which supported research assistants, drove much of this growth. By the late 1950s, MIT had "virtually become a graduate school with a strong undergraduate school."[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992179-76)
At Vice President [James Killian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Killian "James Killian")'s urging in 1947, MIT faculty formed a Committee on Educational Survey chaired by chemical engineer [Warren K. Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_K._Lewis "Warren K. Lewis").[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillian198579%E2%80%9380-96)[\[f\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-97) After two years of study, the Lewis Committee produced a landmark report.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger199365-98) It reaffirmed the founding principle that the undergraduate program should integrate useful training and liberal education, and warned that a preoccupation with research was coming at the expense of undergraduate teaching.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis_Committee194915%E2%80%9322-99)[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger199365%E2%80%9366-100) It called for MIT students to build creative and intellectual autonomy rather than command of routine procedures.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis_Committee194915%E2%80%9317-101)[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger199365%E2%80%9366-100)
In 1950, the Corporation approved the committee's recommendation for a [School of Humanities and Social Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_School_of_Humanities,_Arts,_and_Social_Sciences "MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences") to stand on equal footing with the existing schools.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis_Committee194943%E2%80%9344-102)[\[g\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-103) The new school offered general education for undergraduates alongside graduate programs in political science, economics, linguistics, and [science and technology studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies "Science and technology studies").[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillian1985221%E2%80%93222-104)
Reform in engineering met greater resistance. Professors hired to advance applied science in the 1930s were opposed by older faculty attached to practical instruction and shop-centered training.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992178%E2%80%93179-105) In mechanical engineering, [Richard Söderberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_S%C3%B6derberg "Richard Söderberg") and reformers dismantled machinery laboratories. [Gordon Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_S._Brown "Gordon S. Brown") gave higher priority to modern physics within electrical engineering and instituted new programs in engineering science across departments.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992179-76)[\[h\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-107) These changes, part of a national movement to put engineering education on scientific footing, reshaped the MIT undergraduate experience in a single generation.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992180-108)
New educational experiments sought to improve undergraduate training. In 1957, [Edwin H. Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_H._Land "Edwin H. Land"), the inventor of instant photography, gave a lecture arguing that students should engage in original research from their arrival on campus, working with faculty rather than waiting years to reach the research frontier.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillian1985174%E2%80%93177-109) In 1969, the new [Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_Research_Opportunities_Program "Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program") (UROP), directed by physicist [Margaret MacVicar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_MacVicar "Margaret MacVicar"), allowed undergraduates to participate in research projects across the Institute. This was widely adopted at other schools and was later identified by [Clark Kerr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Kerr "Clark Kerr") as one of the few genuine university reforms from the 1960s.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr2001127-110)
From the 1970s onward, MIT's reduced portfolio of on-campus defense research was matched by a rise in federal health research.[\[i\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-111)[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp2006-112) The [Center for Cancer Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_Institute_for_Integrative_Cancer_Research "Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research"), opened in 1974 in a converted candy factory (E17) on Ames Street, marked a turning point. Founded by [Salvador Luria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Luria "Salvador Luria") with a [National Cancer Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute "National Cancer Institute") grant and staffed by a cohort recruited with [David Baltimore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Baltimore "David Baltimore"), including [Phillip Sharp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp "Phillip Allen Sharp"), [Nancy Hopkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Hopkins_\(scientist\) "Nancy Hopkins (scientist)"), and [Robert Weinberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_\(biologist\) "Robert Weinberg (biologist)"), the center quickly became one of the strongest groups in cancer biology in the country.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant2010148%E2%80%93149-113)[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._7-114)[\[j\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-116)
After a contentious public debate over [recombinant DNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_DNA "Recombinant DNA") research was resolved by a Cambridge city ordinance in 1977, MIT expanded biological research through a series of independent but affiliated research institutes whose investigators hold MIT faculty appointments.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant2010149%E2%80%93158-117) The [Whitehead Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehead_Institute "Whitehead Institute") (1982) added sixteen investigators to the biology community. Mathematician [Eric Lander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Lander "Eric Lander"), working from the Whitehead, established a genome center in 1990 that became a major contributor to the [Human Genome Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project "Human Genome Project").[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp2006-112)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant2010157-118) The [Broad Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Institute "Broad Institute") (2003), a joint enterprise with Harvard, grew out of that effort into one of the largest genomic research operations in the world.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp2006-112)[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._7-114) The [McGovern Institute for Brain Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGovern_Institute_for_Brain_Research "McGovern Institute for Brain Research") (2001) and the [Picower Institute for Learning and Memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picower_Institute_for_Learning_and_Memory "Picower Institute for Learning and Memory") (2002) extended the model into the neurosciences.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp2006-112) New buildings for biology, neuroscience, genomics, and cancer research rose on the northeast campus. In 1998, a new Department of Biological Engineering was created at the interface of molecular biology and engineering.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp2006-112)
Investments in the life sciences induced a biotechnology [industry cluster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_theory "Cluster theory") around Kendall Square. Homegrown firms such as [Biogen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogen "Biogen") and [Genzyme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genzyme "Genzyme") first expanded in the area. In 2002, [Novartis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novartis "Novartis") relocated its research headquarters to Cambridge, a decision that drew virtually every major pharmaceutical company to follow over the next decade.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._16-119) In 2004, the appointment of neuroscientist [Susan Hockfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Hockfield "Susan Hockfield") as MIT's sixteenth president, the first life scientist to lead MIT, reflected the programs' maturity.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-120) In 2006, President Hockfield launched the [MIT Energy Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Energy_Initiative "MIT Energy Initiative") to investigate challenges posed by increasing [global energy consumption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_resources_and_consumption "World energy resources and consumption").[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-121)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIT_Media_Lab.jpg)
The 1985 [MIT Media Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab "MIT Media Lab") building, designed by [I.M. Pei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.M._Pei "I.M. Pei"), houses researchers developing novel uses of computer technology.
Programs that emerged from defense projectsâ[Whirlwind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Whirlwind "Project Whirlwind"), the Research Laboratory of Electronics, and the [SAGE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE_\(computer\) "SAGE (computer)") air-defense systemâgave rise in the 1960s to digital computing laboratories. [Project MAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_MAC "Project MAC"), launched in 1963 with [ARPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA "DARPA") funding, drew researchers from scattered departments into a single effort around [time-sharing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-sharing "Time-sharing") and [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence").[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._8-122)[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-LeeMcCarthy1992-123) Project MAC was reorganized in 1976 as the [Laboratory for Computer Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Laboratory_for_Computer_Science "MIT Laboratory for Computer Science") (LCS).[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildesLindgren1985ch._22-124) A culture of student programmers grew out of the [Tech Model Railroad Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech_Model_Railroad_Club "Tech Model Railroad Club"), whose members were more drawn to the electrical switching systems beneath the layout than to the trains themselves.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._8-122)[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2001ch._1-125) These groups became the nucleus of the [AI Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory "MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory"), regarded as the birthplace of [hacker culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_culture "Hacker culture").[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2001ch._1-125) When commercial pressures began pulling researchers into spinoff companies in the early 1980s, [Richard Stallman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman "Richard Stallman") responded by launching the [GNU Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project "GNU Project") (1983) and the [Free Software Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation "Free Software Foundation") (1985), establishing a framework for [free software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software "Free software") that shaped the later [open-source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software "Open-source software") movement.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2001chs._1,_6-126)
In 1983, MIT launched [Project Athena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Athena "Project Athena"), an eight-year partnership with [IBM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM "IBM") and the [Digital Equipment Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation "Digital Equipment Corporation") that placed networked workstations across campus and produced widely adopted infrastructure, including the [Kerberos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerberos_\(protocol\) "Kerberos (protocol)") authentication protocol and the [X Window System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System "X Window System").[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-127) In 1985, [Nicholas Negroponte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Negroponte "Nicholas Negroponte") and former MIT president [Jerome Wiesner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Wiesner "Jerome Wiesner") founded the [Media Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab "MIT Media Lab"), which focused on integration of computing with communication, design, and the arts, drawing researchers from the AI Lab.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._14-128) Its industry sponsorship model helped draw technology firms to establish research outposts in nearby [Kendall Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_Square "Kendall Square").[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._14-128)
In 1994, [Tim Berners-Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee "Tim Berners-Lee") established the [World Wide Web Consortium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium "World Wide Web Consortium") (W3C) at the Laboratory for Computer Science to develop open standards for the web.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._14-128) In 2003, the AI Laboratory and LCS merged to form the [Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory "MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory") (CSAIL), now the largest research laboratory at the Institute.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuderi2022ch._14-128) Open-access ideas running from the AI Lab found new expression when MIT launched [OpenCourseWare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_OpenCourseWare "MIT OpenCourseWare") in 2002, a project whose architects explicitly drew on the open-source principle that knowledge systems should be freely accessible.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Vest2001-129)[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Abelson2008-130) In 2018, MIT announced the creation of the [Schwarzman College of Computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Schwarzman_College_of_Computing "MIT Schwarzman College of Computing"), a billion-dollar initiative to integrate artificial intelligence research and education across the Institute.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Gershgorn-131)
In 1991, the [Department of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") sued MIT and the eight [Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League") universities, alleging that their practice of jointly setting need-based financial aid for commonly admitted students violated [antitrust law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act "Sherman Antitrust Act"). The other schools signed [consent decrees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent_decree "Consent decree") and MIT contested the suit alone under [Charles Vest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_M._Vest "Charles M. Vest").[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeyser201153%E2%80%9354-132)[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambergerCarlton2000-133)[\[k\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-134) A federal appeals court ruled in MIT's favor in 1993, and Congress subsequently passed legislation permitting need-based aid coordination among universities.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambergerCarlton2000-133)
In 1999, a committee of women faculty in the School of Science, led by biologist Nancy Hopkins, published a report documenting that senior women faculty received less laboratory space, lower salaries, and fewer institutional resources than male colleagues of comparable rank.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZernike2023ch._21-135)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-136) President Vest publicly acknowledged the findings, writing that he now understood gender discrimination at MIT to be "far more reality than perception."[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZernike2023ch._21-135) The report prompted policy changes across MIT's schools, spurred similar investigations at nine other universities, and was credited with advancing gender parity in academic science nationally.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZernike2023epilogue-137)
Three days after the [Boston Marathon bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Marathon_bombing "Boston Marathon bombing") of April 2013, [MIT Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_Police_Department "Massachusetts Institute of Technology Police Department") officer [Sean Collier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Collier "Sean Collier") was fatally shot by the bombers on campus, setting off a manhunt that shut down much of the Boston metropolitan area.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-138) His memorial service drew more than 10,000 people.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Bidgood-139)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIT_Main_Campus_aerial.jpg)
MIT's central campus from above the [Harvard Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Bridge "Harvard Bridge"). Left of center is the Great Dome, with the Stata Center and Kendall Square behind.
MIT's 166-acre (67.2 ha) campus in the city of [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts") spans approximately a mile along the north side of the [Charles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River "Charles River") basin.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Campus-6) The campus is divided roughly in half by [Massachusetts Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Avenue_\(metropolitan_Boston\) "Massachusetts Avenue (metropolitan Boston)"), with most dormitories and student life facilities to the west and most academic buildings to the east. The bridge closest to MIT is the [Harvard Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Bridge "Harvard Bridge"), which is known for being marked off in a [non-standard unit of length](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humorous_units_of_measurement "List of humorous units of measurement") â the [smoot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoot "Smoot").[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-140)[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-141)
The [Kendall/MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall/MIT_station "Kendall/MIT station") [subway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBTA_subway "MBTA subway") station is located on the northeastern edge of the campus, in [Kendall Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_Square "Kendall Square"). Since the 1960s, MIT and other firms have intensively developed high-rise educational, retail, residential, startup incubator, and office space around the station. The Cambridge neighborhoods surrounding MIT are a mixture of modern offices for high-tech firms, old industry buildings, and low-rise residential neighborhoods.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-142)[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-BO-143) The [MIT Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Museum "MIT Museum") has moved immediately adjacent to a Kendall Square subway entrance, joining the [List Visual Arts Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_Visual_Arts_Center "List Visual Arts Center") on the eastern end of the campus.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-New_MIT_Museum_Location-144)
Each building at MIT [has a number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Campus_organization "Campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology") (possibly preceded by a *W*, *N*, *E*, or *NW*) designation, and most have a name as well. Typically, academic and office buildings are referred to primarily by number while residence halls are referred to by name. The organization of building numbers roughly corresponds to the order in which the buildings were built and their location relative (north, west, and east) to the original center cluster of Maclaurin buildings.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Numbering_system-145) Many of the buildings are connected above ground as well as through an extensive network of tunnels, providing protection from the Cambridge weather as well as a venue for [roof and tunnel hacking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof_and_tunnel_hacking "Roof and tunnel hacking").[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-146)[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-147)
The campus' primary energy source is natural gas. In connection with capital campaigns to expand the campus, the Institute has also extensively renovated existing buildings to improve their energy efficiency. MIT has also taken steps to reduce its environmental impact by running [alternative fuel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel "Alternative fuel") campus shuttles, subsidizing [public transportation passes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CharlieCard "CharlieCard"), constructing [solar power offsets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits "Carbon offsets and credits"), and building a [cogeneration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogeneration "Cogeneration") plant to power campus electricity, heating, and cooling requirements.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-148)[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-149)
### Research facilities
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Research facilities")\]
[MIT's on-campus nuclear reactor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Nuclear_Research_Reactor "MIT Nuclear Research Reactor")[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-150) is one of the most powerful university-based [nuclear reactors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor "Nuclear reactor") in the United States. The prominence of the reactor's containment building in a densely populated area has been controversial,[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-151) but MIT maintains that it is well-secured.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-152)
MIT Nano, also known as Building 12, is the campus' central facility for nanoscale research. Its 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) [cleanroom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleanroom "Cleanroom") and research space, visible through glass panels, is the largest research facility of its kind in the United States.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-153) At US\$400 million to construct, it is also one of the costliest buildings on campus. The facility also provides nanoimaging capabilities with vibration damped imaging and metrology suites sitting atop a 5Ă106 lb (2,300,000 kg) slab of concrete underground.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-154)
Other notable campus facilities include a pressurized [wind tunnel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_tunnel "Wind tunnel") for testing [aerodynamic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamics "Aerodynamics") research, a [towing tank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_model_basin "Ship model basin") for testing ship and ocean structure designs, and previously [Alcator C-Mod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcator_C-Mod "Alcator C-Mod"), which was the largest fusion device operated by any university.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-155)[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-156) MIT's campus-wide wireless network was completed in the fall of 2005 and consists of nearly 3,000 access points covering 9.4Ă106 sq ft (870,000 m2) of campus.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-157)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_\(MIT\)_\(54960815718\).jpg)
MIT's Building 10 and Great Dome overlooking Killian Court
MIT has a history of commissioning innovative buildings.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Starchitecture-158)[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-159) The first buildings for the Cambridge campus, completed in 1916 and designed by [William Welles Bosworth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Welles_Bosworth "William Welles Bosworth"), were the first non-industrial buildings built from reinforced concrete in the United States.[\[l\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-161)[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Jarzombek1-162) Bosworth's ideaâindustrial efficiency inside, classical aesthetics outsideâwas influenced by the [City Beautiful movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement "City Beautiful movement") of the early 1900s. His design features the [Pantheon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome "Pantheon, Rome")\-esque Great Dome overlooking Killian Court, where [graduation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduation "Graduation") ceremonies are held each year.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Jarzombek1-162) The friezes of the limestone-clad buildings around Killian Court are engraved with the names of important scientists and philosophers.[\[m\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-165) The [Infinite Corridor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Corridor "Infinite Corridor") runs the east-west length of the Bosworth's buildings, beginning at Lobby 7 despite a name suggesting it has no beginning.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-BO-143)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ray_and_Maria_Stata_Center_\(MIT\).JPG)
The [Stata Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stata_Center "Stata Center") houses [CSAIL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSAIL "CSAIL"), [LIDS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Laboratory_for_Information_and_Decision_Systems "MIT Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems"), linguistics, and philosophy.
Buildings on the modern campus, many connected to the Bosworth's original buildings, range from utilitarian to high design. The demolished [Building 20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_20 "Building 20") and surviving Building 24, constructed cheaply with little architectural effort, have been acclaimed for their research utility.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-166) After World War II, MIT commissioned many of its new buildings from high-profile architects. Among the post-war [modernist architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_architecture "Modernist architecture") on campus is [Alvar Aalto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto "Alvar Aalto")'s Baker House (1947), [Eero Saarinen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen "Eero Saarinen")'s [MIT Chapel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Chapel "MIT Chapel") and [Kresge Auditorium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresge_Auditorium "Kresge Auditorium") (1955), and [I.M. Pei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.M._Pei "I.M. Pei")'s four research buildings: [Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Building_\(MIT\) "Green Building (MIT)"), Dreyfus, Landau, and [Wiesner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesner_Building "Wiesner Building").[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-167)[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-168)[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-169)
More recent buildings like [Frank Gehry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gehry "Frank Gehry")'s [Stata Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stata_Center "Stata Center") (2004), [Steven Holl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Holl "Steven Holl")'s [Simmons Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MIT_undergraduate_dormitories#Simmons_Hall "List of MIT undergraduate dormitories") (2002), [Charles Correa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Correa "Charles Correa")'s Building 46 (2005), and [Fumihiko Maki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumihiko_Maki "Fumihiko Maki")'s Media Lab Extension (2009) stand out among the Boston area's traditional architecture as examples of contemporary campus "[starchitecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starchitect "Starchitect")".[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Starchitecture-158)[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-170) These high-end buildings have not always been well received;[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-171)[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-172) in 2010, *[The Princeton Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princeton_Review "The Princeton Review")* included MIT in a list of twenty schools whose campuses are "tiny, unsightly, or both".[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-173)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simmons_Hall,_MIT,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts.JPG)
[Simmons Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_at_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Simmons_Hall "Housing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology"), an undergraduate dormitory.
Undergraduates are guaranteed four-year housing in one of MIT's 11 undergraduate dormitories.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-174) Those living on campus can receive support and mentoring from live-in graduate students and faculty.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-175) Because housing assignments are made based on the preferences of the students themselves, diverse social atmospheres can be sustained in different living groups; for example, according to the *Yale Daily News* staff's *The Insider's Guide to the Colleges, 2010*, "The split between East Campus and West Campus is a significant characteristic of MIT. East Campus has gained a reputation as a thriving counterculture."[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-176) MIT also has five dormitories for single graduate students and two apartment buildings on campus for married student families.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-177)
MIT has an active Greek and [co-op housing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_housing_cooperative "Student housing cooperative") system, including thirty-six [fraternities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternity "Fraternity"), [sororities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorority "Sorority"), and independent living groups ([FSILGs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSILG "FSILG")).[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-178) As of 2015, 98% of all undergraduates lived in MIT-affiliated housing; 54% of the men participated in fraternities and 20% of the women were involved in sororities.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CDS-179) Most FSILGs are located across the river in [Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay "Back Bay") near where MIT was founded, and there is also a cluster of fraternities on MIT's West Campus that face the Charles River Basin.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-180) After the 1997 alcohol-related death of Scott Krueger, a new pledge at the [Phi Gamma Delta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Gamma_Delta "Phi Gamma Delta") fraternity, MIT required all freshmen to live in the dormitory system starting in 2002.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-181) Because FSILGs had previously housed as many as 300 freshmen off-campus, the new policy could not be implemented until [Simmons Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MIT_undergraduate_dormitories#Simmons_Hall "List of MIT undergraduate dormitories") opened in that year.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-182)
In 2013â2014, MIT abruptly closed and then demolished undergrad dorm Bexley Hall, citing extensive water damage that made repairs infeasible. In 2017, MIT shut down Senior House after a century of service as an undergrad dorm. That year, MIT administrators released data showing just 60% of Senior House residents had graduated in four years. Campus-wide, the four-year graduation rate is 84% (the cumulative graduation rate is significantly higher).[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-183)
### Off-campus real estate
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: Off-campus real estate")\]
MIT has substantial [commercial real estate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_real_estate "Commercial real estate") holdings in Cambridge on which it pays [property taxes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_tax "Property tax"), plus an additional voluntary [payment in lieu of taxes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_in_lieu_of_taxes "Payment in lieu of taxes") (PILOT) on academic buildings which are legally tax-exempt. As of 2017, it is the largest taxpayer in the city, contributing approximately 14% of the city's annual revenues.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CommFacts-184) Holdings include [Technology Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_Square_\(Cambridge,_Massachusetts\) "Technology Square (Cambridge, Massachusetts)"), parts of [Kendall Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_Square "Kendall Square"), [University Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_Park_\(Cambridge\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "University Park (Cambridge) (page does not exist)"), and many properties in [Cambridgeport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeport,_Cambridge "Cambridgeport, Cambridge") and [Area 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_4,_Cambridge "Area 4, Cambridge") neighboring the main campus.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-185) The land is held for investment purposes and potential long-term expansion.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-186)
## Organization and administration
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: Organization and administration")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIT_Lobby_7.jpg)
Lobby 7 at 77 [Massachusetts Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Avenue_\(metropolitan_Boston\) "Massachusetts Avenue (metropolitan Boston)") is regarded as the main entrance to campus.
MIT is a state-chartered [nonprofit corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_corporation "Nonprofit corporation") governed by a privately appointed [board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors "Board of directors") known as the **MIT Corporation**.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Mead-187) The Corporation has 60â80 members at any time, some with fixed terms, some with life appointments, and eight who serve *[ex officio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_officio_member "Ex officio member")*.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Mead-187)[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-188)[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-189)[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-190) The Corporation approves the budget, new programs, degrees and faculty appointments, and elects a president to manage the university and preside for the Institute's faculty.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Mead-187)[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-BO-143) The current president is [Sally Kornbluth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Kornbluth "Sally Kornbluth"), a cell biologist and former provost at [Duke University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University "Duke University"), who became MIT's eighteenth president in January 2023.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-191)
MIT has five schools ([Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_School_of_Science "Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science"), [Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_School_of_Engineering "Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Engineering"), [Architecture and Planning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_School_of_Architecture_and_Planning "MIT School of Architecture and Planning"), [Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management "MIT Sloan School of Management"), and [Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_School_of_Humanities,_Arts,_and_Social_Sciences "MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences")) and one college ([Schwarzman College of Computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Schwarzman_College_of_Computing "MIT Schwarzman College of Computing")); the institute does not operate a law school or a medical school.[\[n\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-193)[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Schools-194)[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-195) Faculty committees control many areas of MIT's curriculum, research, student life, and administrative affairs.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-196) The chair of each of MIT's academic departments reports to the dean of that department's school, who in turn reports to the Provost.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-197) Academic departments also report to "Visiting Committees," specialized bodies of Corporation members and outside experts who evaluate the performance, activities, and needs of each department.
MIT's [endowment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_endowment "Financial endowment"), real estate, and other financial assets are managed through by the MIT Investment Management Company (MITIMCo), a subsidiary of the MIT Corporation created in 2004.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-198) A minor revenue source for much of the Institute's history, the endowment's role in MIT operations has grown due to strong investment returns since the 1990s, making it [one the largest U.S. university endowments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_the_United_States_by_endowment_size "List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment size").[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-199) Among its holdings are a majority of shares in the audio equipment manufacturer [Bose Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose_Corporation "Bose Corporation"), as well as a commercial real estate portfolio in [Kendall Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_Square "Kendall Square").[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-200)[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-201)
| Undergraduate admissions statistics | |
|---|---|
| 2022 entering class[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CDS2022-23-202)Change vs. 2017[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CDS2017-18-203) | |
| Admit rate | 4\.0% ( â3.2) |
| [Yield rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_\(college_admissions\) "Yield (college admissions)") | 85\.0% ( \+9.5) |
| Test scores [middle 50%](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interquartile_range "Interquartile range") | |
| [SAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT "SAT") Total | 1520â â1570 |
| [ACT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_\(test\) "ACT (test)") Composite | 35â36 |
MIT is a large, highly residential, research university with a majority of enrollments in graduate and professional programs.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Carnegie-204) The university has been [accredited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_accreditation "Educational accreditation") by the [New England Association of Schools and Colleges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Association_of_Schools_and_Colleges "New England Association of Schools and Colleges") since 1929.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-205) MIT operates on a [4â1â4 academic calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_term#Collegiate_calendars "Academic term") with the fall semester beginning after [Labor Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day_\(United_States\) "Labor Day (United States)") and ending in mid-December, a 4-week "Independent Activities Period" in the month of January, and the spring semester commencing in early February and ceasing in late May.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-206)
MIT students refer to both their majors and classes using numbers or acronyms alone.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-207) Departments and their corresponding majors are numbered in the approximate order of their foundation; for example, Civil and Environmental Engineering is Course 1, while Linguistics and Philosophy is Course 24.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Butcher-208) Students majoring in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), the most popular department, collectively identify themselves as "Course 6". MIT students use a combination of the department's course number and the number assigned to the class to identify their subjects; for instance, the introductory calculus-based [classical mechanics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanics "Classical mechanics") course is simply "8.01" (pronounced *eight-oh-one*) at MIT.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-209)[\[o\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-212)
### Undergraduate program
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: Undergraduate program")\]
| Academic Year | Undergraduates | Graduate | Total Enrollment |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2017â2018[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CDS2017-18-203) | 4,547 | 6,919 | 11,466 |
| 2018â2019[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CDS2018-19-213) | 4,602 | 6,972 | 11,574 |
| 2019â2020[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CDS2019-20-214) | 4,530 | 6,990 | 11,520 |
| 2020â2021[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CDS2020-21-215) | 4,361 | 6,893 | 11,254 |
| 2021â2022[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CDS2021-22-216) | 4,638 | 7,296 | 11,934 |
| 2022â2023[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CDS2022-23-202) | 4,657 | 7,201 | 11,858 |
| 2023â2024[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Enrollment_Statistics-5) | 4,576 | 7,344 | 11,920 |
The four-year, full-time undergraduate program maintains a balance between professional majors and those in the arts and sciences. In 2010, it was dubbed "most selective" by *[U.S. News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report "U.S. News & World Report")*,[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-:0-217) admitting few transfer students[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Carnegie-204) and 4.1% of its applicants in the 2020â2021 admissions cycle.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-218) It is [need-blind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need-blind "Need-blind") for both domestic and international applicants.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-219) MIT offers 44 undergraduate degrees across its five schools.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-220) In the 2017â2018 academic year, 1,045 Bachelor of Science degrees (abbreviated "[SB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienti%C3%A6_Baccalaureus "ScientiĂŠ Baccalaureus")") were granted, the only type of undergraduate degree MIT now awards.\[*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")*\][\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Degrees-221)[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-222) In the 2024 fall term, among students who had designated a major, the School of Engineering was the most popular division, enrolling 72% of students in its 19 undergraduate degree programs, followed by the School of Science (20%), Sloan School of Management (4.7%), School of Humanities, Arts, & Social Sciences (1.5%), and School of Architecture and Planning (1.8%). The largest undergraduate degree programs were in Computer Science and Engineering (Course 6â3), Mechanical Engineering (Course 2), Artificial Intelligence and Decision Making (Course 6-4), Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (Course 6â2), and Mathematics (Course 18).[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Enrollment_Statistics-5)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Infinitecorridor.jpg)
The [Infinite Corridor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Corridor "Infinite Corridor") is the primary passageway through campus.
All undergraduates are required to complete a core curriculum called the General Institute Requirements (GIRs).[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-GIR-223) The Science Requirement, generally completed during freshman year as prerequisites for classes in science and engineering majors, comprises two semesters of physics, two semesters of calculus, one semester of chemistry, and one semester of biology. There is a Laboratory Requirement, usually satisfied by an appropriate class in a course major. The Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences (HASS) Requirement consists of eight semesters of classes in the humanities, arts, and social sciences, including at least one semester from each division as well as the courses required for a designated concentration in a HASS division. Under the Communication Requirement, two of the HASS classes, plus two of the classes taken in the designated major must be "communication-intensive",[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CommReq-224) including "substantial instruction and practice in oral presentation".[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CommReqFac-225) Finally, all students are required to complete a [swimming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_swimming "Human swimming") test;[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-226) non-varsity athletes must also take four quarters of [physical education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_education "Physical education") classes.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-GIR-223)
Most classes rely on a combination of lectures, recitations led by associate professors or graduate students, weekly problem sets ("p-sets"), and periodic quizzes or tests. While the pace and difficulty of MIT coursework has been compared to "drinking from a fire hose",[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-227)[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-228)[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-229) the freshmen retention rate at MIT is similar to other research universities.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-:0-217) The "pass/no-record" grading system relieves some pressure for first-year undergraduates. For each class taken in the fall term, freshmen transcripts will either report only that the class was passed, or otherwise not have any record of it. In the spring term, passing grades (A, B, C) appear on the transcript while non-passing grades are again not recorded.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Freshman_Year-230) (Grading had previously been "pass/no record" all freshman year, but was amended for the Class of 2006 to prevent students from [gaming the system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaming_the_system "Gaming the system") by completing required major classes in their freshman year.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-231)) Also, freshmen may choose to join alternative learning communities, such as [Experimental Study Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_Study_Group "Experimental Study Group"), [Concourse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concourse_Program_at_MIT "Concourse Program at MIT"), or Terrascope.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Freshman_Year-230)
MIT's curriculum encourages students to apply scientific knowledge in practical domains, an idea summarized in the institute motto of *mens et manus* or "mind and hand."[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrattonMannix2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2026]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. \(February_2026\)">page needed</span>]]</i>]</sup>-232)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-233) Courses emphasizes uses of engineering knowledge in arenas like product design competitions and control design.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-234)[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-235) In 1969, [Margaret MacVicar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_MacVicar "Margaret MacVicar") founded the [Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_Research_Opportunities_Program "Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program") (UROP) to enable undergraduates to collaborate directly with faculty members and researchers. Students join or initiate research projects ("UROPs") for academic credit, pay, or on a volunteer basis through postings on the UROP website or by contacting faculty members directly.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-236) A substantial majority of undergraduates participate.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-237)[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-238) Students often become [published](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal "Scientific journal"), file [patent applications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_application "Patent application"), and/or launch [start-up companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startup_company "Startup company") based upon their experience in UROPs.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-239)[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-240) The program has been widely emulated at other U.S. universities.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-241)
In 1970, the then-Dean of Institute Relations, Benson R. Snyder, published *[The Hidden Curriculum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hidden_Curriculum "The Hidden Curriculum"),* arguing that education at MIT was often slighted in favor of following a set of unwritten expectations and that graduating with good grades was more often the product of figuring out the system rather than a solid education. The successful student, according to Snyder, was the one who was able to discern which of the formal requirements were to be ignored in favor of which unstated norms. For example, organized student groups had compiled "[course bibles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Course_"Bibles" "History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology")"âcollections of problem-set and examination questions and answers for later students to use as references. This sort of gamesmanship, Snyder argued, hindered development of a creative intellect and contributed to student discontent and unrest.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-242)[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-243)
MIT's graduate program has high coexistence with the undergraduate program, and many courses are taken by qualified students at both levels. MIT offers a comprehensive doctoral program with degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and [STEM fields](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEM_fields "STEM fields") as well as professional degrees, including the [Master of Business Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration "Master of Business Administration") (MBA).[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Carnegie-204) The Institute offers graduate programs leading to academic degrees such as the Master of Science (which is abbreviated as MS at MIT), various Engineer's Degrees, Doctor of Philosophy ([PhD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD "PhD")), and [Doctor of Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Science "Doctor of Science") (DSc) and interdisciplinary graduate programs such as the [MD-PhD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD-PhD "MD-PhD") (with [Harvard Medical School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School")) and a joint program in [oceanography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography "Oceanography") with [Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institution "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution").[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-244)[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-245)[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-246)[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-:2-247)
Admission to graduate programs is decentralized; applicants apply directly to the department or degree program. More than 90% of doctoral students are supported by fellowships, research assistantships (RAs), or teaching assistantships (TAs).[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-248)
| [Academic rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings_in_the_United_States "College and university rankings in the United States") | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| [*Forbes*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Top_Colleges "America's Top Colleges")[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Rankings_Forbes_NU-249) | 1 |
| [*U.S. News & World Report*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking "U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking")[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_NU-250) | 2 |
| [*Washington Monthly*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monthly_college_rankings "Washington Monthly college rankings")[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Rankings_Wamo_NU-251) | 10 |
| [*WSJ*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")/College Pulse[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Rankings_WSJ_NU-252) | 2 |
| Global | |
| [*ARWU*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities "Academic Ranking of World Universities")[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Rankings_ARWU_W-253) | 3 |
| [*QS*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings "QS World University Rankings")[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Rankings_QS_W-254) | 1 |
| [*THE*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings "Times Higher Education World University Rankings")[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Rankings_THE_W-255) | 2 |
| [*U.S. News & World Report*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Ranking "U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking")[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_W-256) | 2 |
MIT places among the top five in many overall rankings of universities (see table right) and rankings based on students' [revealed preferences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revealed_preferences "Revealed preferences").[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-257)[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-258)[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-coughlan-259) In 2026, it was ranked 4th among the worldâs top universities by [*Time*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)") magazine and [Statista](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statista "Statista").[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-260) For several years, *[U.S. News & World Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report "U.S. News & World Report")*, the [QS World University Rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings "QS World University Rankings"), and the [Academic Ranking of World Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities "Academic Ranking of World Universities") have ranked MIT's School of Engineering first, as did the 1995 [National Research Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council "United States National Research Council") report.[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-1995_NRC-261) In the same lists, MIT's strongest showings apart from in engineering are in computer science, the natural sciences, business, architecture, economics, linguistics, mathematics, and, to a lesser extent, political science and philosophy.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-:1-262)
[Times Higher Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education "Times Higher Education") has recognized MIT as one of the world's "six super brands" on its *World Reputation Rankings*, along with [Berkeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley"), [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge"), [Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University"), [Oxford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford"), and [Stanford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University").[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-263) In 2019, it was ranked \#3 among the universities around the world by [SCImago Institutions Rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCImago_Institutions_Rankings "SCImago Institutions Rankings").[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-264) In 2017, the [Times Higher Education World University Rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings "Times Higher Education World University Rankings") also rated MIT the \#2 university for arts and humanities.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-THE-265)[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-SHASS-THE-266) MIT was ranked \#7 in 2015 and \#6 in 2017 of the Nature Index Annual Tables, which measure the largest contributors to papers published in 82 leading journals.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Nature_Index_2016-267)[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Nature_Index_2018-268)[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Nature_Index_FAQs-269) Georgetown University researchers ranked MIT \#3 in the US for 20-year [return on investment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_on_investment "Return on investment").[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-270)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kresge_Auditorium_-_Side_-_MIT_\(54960889209\).jpg)
[Eero Saarinen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen "Eero Saarinen")'s [Kresge Auditorium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresge_Auditorium "Kresge Auditorium") (1955) is a classic example of [post-war architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-century_modern "Mid-century modern").
The university historically pioneered research and training collaborations between academia, industry and government.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-271)[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-272) In 1946, President Compton, Harvard Business School professor [Georges Doriot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Doriot "Georges Doriot"), and Massachusetts Investor Trust chairman Merrill Grisswold founded [American Research and Development Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Research_and_Development_Corporation "American Research and Development Corporation"), the first American [venture-capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture-capital "Venture-capital") firm.[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-273)[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-274) In 1948, Compton established the MIT Industrial Liaison Program.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-275) Throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, American politicians and business leaders accused MIT and other universities of contributing to a [declining economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_1980s_recession "Late 1980s recession") by [transferring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_transfer "Technology transfer") taxpayer-funded research and technology to international â especially [Japanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Japan "Economy of Japan") â firms that were competing with struggling American businesses.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-276)[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-277) On the other hand, MIT's extensive collaboration with the federal government on research projects has led to several MIT leaders serving as [presidential scientific advisers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Science_Advisory_Committee "President's Science Advisory Committee") since 1940.[\[p\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-279) MIT established a Washington Office in 1991 to continue effective [lobbying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying "Lobbying") for research funding and national [science policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_policy "Science policy").[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-280)[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-281)
The [US Justice Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") began an investigation in 1989, and in 1991 filed an [antitrust suit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act "Sherman Antitrust Act") against MIT, the eight [Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League") colleges, and eleven other institutions for allegedly engaging in [price-fixing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price-fixing "Price-fixing") during their annual "Overlap Meetings", which were held to prevent bidding wars over promising prospective students from consuming funds for need-based scholarships.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-282)[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-283) While the Ivy League institutions [settled](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent_decree "Consent decree"),[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-284) MIT contested the charges, arguing that the practice was not anti-competitive because it ensured the availability of aid for the greatest number of students.[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Overlap-285)[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-286) MIT ultimately prevailed when the Justice Department dropped the case in 1994.[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-287)[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-288)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIT_Walker_Memorial.jpg)
Walker Memorial is a monument to MIT's fourth president, [Francis Amasa Walker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker "Francis Amasa Walker").
MIT's proximity[\[q\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-289) to [Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") ("the other school up the [river](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River "Charles River")") has led to a substantial number of research collaborations such as the [HarvardâMIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93MIT_Division_of_Health_Sciences_and_Technology "HarvardâMIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology") and the [Broad Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Institute "Broad Institute").[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-EdPart-290) In addition, students at the two schools can [cross-register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-registration "Cross-registration") for credits toward their own school's degrees without any additional fees.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-EdPart-290) A cross-registration program between MIT and [Wellesley College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College "Wellesley College") has also existed since 1969, and in 2002 the [CambridgeâMIT Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge%E2%80%93MIT_Institute "CambridgeâMIT Institute") launched an undergraduate exchange program between MIT and the [University of Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge").[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-EdPart-290) MIT also has a long-term partnership with [Imperial College London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London "Imperial College London"), for both student exchanges and research collaboration.[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-291)[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-292) More modest cross-registration programs have been established with [Boston University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University"), [Brandeis University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University "Brandeis University"), [Tufts University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University "Tufts University"), [Massachusetts College of Art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_College_of_Art "Massachusetts College of Art"), and the [School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_the_Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston "School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston").[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-EdPart-290)
MIT maintains substantial research and faculty ties with independent research organizations in the Boston area, such as the [Charles Stark Draper Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper_Laboratory "Charles Stark Draper Laboratory"), the [Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehead_Institute "Whitehead Institute"), and the [Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institution "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution").[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-:2-247) Ongoing international research and educational collaborations include the [Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam_Institute_for_Advanced_Metropolitan_Solutions&action=edit&redlink=1 "Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions (page does not exist)") (AMS Institute),[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-293) Singapore-MIT Alliance, MIT-[Politecnico di Milano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politecnico_di_Milano "Politecnico di Milano"),[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-EdPart-290)[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-294) MIT-[Zaragoza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zaragoza "University of Zaragoza") International Logistics Program, and projects in other countries through the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) program.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-EdPart-290)[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-295)
The mass-market magazine *[Technology Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_Review "Technology Review")* is published by MIT through a subsidiary company, as is a special edition that also serves as an [alumni magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumni_magazine "Alumni magazine").[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-296)[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-297) The [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press") is a major [university press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_press "University press"), publishing over 200 books and 30 journals annually, emphasizing science and technology as well as arts, architecture, new media, current events, and social issues.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-298)
MIT Microphotonics Center and [PhotonDelta](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PhotonDelta&action=edit&redlink=1 "PhotonDelta (page does not exist)") founded the global roadmap for integrated photonics: Integrated Photonics Systems Roadmap â International (IPSR-I). The first edition has been published in 2020. The roadmap is an amalgamation of two previously independent roadmaps: the IPSR roadmap of MIT Microphotonics Center and AIM Photonics in the United States, and the WTMF (World Technology Mapping Forum) of PhotonDelta in Europe.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-299) In 2022, Open Philanthropy donated \$13,277,348 to MIT to study potential risks from AI.[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-300)
### Libraries, collections, and museums
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: Libraries, collections, and museums")\]
The MIT library system consists of five subject libraries: Barker (Engineering), Dewey (Economics), Hayden (Humanities and Science), Lewis (Music), and Rotch (Arts and Architecture). There are also various specialized libraries and archives. The libraries contain more than 2.9 million printed volumes, 2.4 million microforms, 49,000 print or electronic journal subscriptions, and 670 reference databases. The past decade has seen a trend of increased focus on digital over print resources in the libraries.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-301) Notable collections include the Lewis Music Library with an emphasis on 20th and 21st-century music and electronic music,[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-302) the [List Visual Arts Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_Visual_Arts_Center "List Visual Arts Center")'s rotating exhibitions of contemporary art,[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-303) and the Compton Gallery's cross-disciplinary exhibitions.[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-304) MIT allocates a percentage of the budget for all new construction and renovation to commission and support its extensive public art and outdoor sculpture collection.[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-305)[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-306)
The [MIT Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Museum "MIT Museum") was founded in 1971 and collects, preserves, and exhibits artifacts significant to the culture and [history of MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_MIT "History of MIT"). The museum now engages in significant educational outreach programs for the general public, including the annual [Cambridge Science Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Museum#Cambridge_Science_Festival "MIT Museum"), the first celebration of this kind in the United States. Since 2005, its official mission has been, "to engage the wider community with MIT's science, technology and other areas of scholarship in ways that will best serve the nation and the world in the 21st century".[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-MITMuseum-307)
MIT was elected to the [Association of American Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities "Association of American Universities") in 1934 and is [classified](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education "Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education") among "R1: Doctoral Universities â Very high research activity";[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-AAU-308)[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Carnegie-204) research expenditures totaled \$952 million in 2017.[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-309) The federal government was the largest source of sponsored research, with the [Department of Health and Human Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services "Department of Health and Human Services") granting \$255.9 million, [Department of Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense "United States Department of Defense") \$97.5 million, [Department of Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy "United States Department of Energy") \$65.8 million, [National Science Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation "National Science Foundation") \$61.4 million, and [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA") \$27.4 million.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Research-310) MIT employs approximately 1300 researchers in addition to faculty.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-MITFac-311) In 2011, MIT faculty and researchers disclosed 632 inventions, were issued 153 patents, earned \$85.4 million in cash income, and received \$69.6 million in royalties.[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-312) Through programs like the Deshpande Center, MIT faculty leverage their research and discoveries into multi-million-dollar commercial ventures.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-313)
In electronics, [magnetic-core memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory "Magnetic-core memory"), [radar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar "Radar"), [single-electron transistors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-electron_transistor "Single-electron transistor"), and [inertial guidance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_guidance "Inertial guidance") controls were invented or substantially developed by MIT researchers.[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-314)[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-RLE_History-315) [Harold Eugene Edgerton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Eugene_Edgerton "Harold Eugene Edgerton") was a pioneer in [high-speed photography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_photography "High-speed photography") and [sonar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar "Sonar").[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-316)[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-317) [Claude E. Shannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_E._Shannon "Claude E. Shannon") developed much of modern [information theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory "Information theory") and discovered the application of [Boolean logic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_logic "Boolean logic") to [digital circuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_circuit "Digital circuit") design theory.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-318) In the domain of computer science, MIT faculty and researchers made fundamental contributions to [cybernetics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Wiener "Norbert Wiener"), [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky "Marvin Minsky"), [computer languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum "Joseph Weizenbaum"), [machine learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Winston "Patrick Winston"), [robotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Brooks "Rodney Brooks"), and [cryptography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Rivest "Ronald Rivest").[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-RLE_History-315)[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-319) At least nine [Turing Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_Award "Turing Award") laureates and seven recipients of the [Draper Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draper_Prize "Draper Prize") in engineering have been or are currently associated with MIT.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-TuringAward-320)[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-321)
Current and previous physics faculty have won eight [Nobel Prizes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics "Nobel Prize in Physics"),[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-IR_Nobel-322) four [ICTP Dirac Medals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_Medal_\(ICTP\) "Dirac Medal (ICTP)"),[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-323) and three [Wolf Prizes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Prize "Wolf Prize") predominantly for their contributions to subatomic and [quantum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum "Quantum") theory.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-324) Members of the chemistry department have been awarded three [Nobel Prizes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry "Nobel Prize in Chemistry") and one Wolf Prize for the discovery of novel syntheses and methods.[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-IR_Nobel-322) MIT biologists have been awarded six [Nobel Prizes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Medicine "Nobel Prize in Medicine") for their contributions to genetics, immunology, oncology, and molecular biology.[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-IR_Nobel-322) Professor [Eric Lander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Lander "Eric Lander") was one of the principal leaders of the [Human Genome Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project "Human Genome Project").[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-325)[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-326) [Positronium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positronium "Positronium") atoms,[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-327) synthetic [penicillin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin "Penicillin"),[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-328) [synthetic self-replicating molecules](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Rebek "Julius Rebek"),[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-329) and the genetic bases for [Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis") (also known as ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease) and [Huntington's disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease "Huntington's disease") were first discovered at MIT.[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-MIT_Firsts-330) [Jerome Lettvin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Lettvin "Jerome Lettvin") transformed the study of cognitive science with his paper "What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain".[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-331) Researchers developed a system to convert MRI scans into 3D printed physical models.[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-332)
Beginning in 1980, [Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIGO "LIGO") (LIGO) was designed and constructed by a team of scientists from [California Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology "California Institute of Technology"), MIT, and industrial contractors, and funded by the [National Science Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation "National Science Foundation"). It was designed to open the field of [gravitational-wave astronomy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational-wave_astronomy "Gravitational-wave astronomy") through the detection of [gravitational waves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave "Gravitational wave") predicted by [general relativity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity "General relativity").[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-333) Gravitational waves were [detected for the first time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_observation_of_gravitational_waves "First observation of gravitational waves") by the LIGO detector in 2015. For contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves, two Caltech physicists, [Kip Thorne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kip_Thorne "Kip Thorne") and [Barry Barish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Barish "Barry Barish"), and MIT physicist [Rainer Weiss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Weiss "Rainer Weiss") won the [Nobel Prize in physics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_physics "Nobel Prize in physics") in 2017.[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-334) Weiss, who is also an MIT graduate, designed the laser interferometric technique, which served as the essential blueprint for the LIGO.[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-335)
In the domain of humanities, arts, and social sciences, as of October 2019 MIT economists have been awarded seven [Nobel Prizes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics "Nobel Prize in Economics") and nine [John Bates Clark Medals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bates_Clark_Medal "John Bates Clark Medal").[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-IR_Nobel-322)[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-336) Linguists [Noam Chomsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky "Noam Chomsky") and [Morris Halle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Halle "Morris Halle") authored seminal texts on [generative grammar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_grammar "Generative grammar") and [phonology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology "Phonology").[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-337)[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-338) The [MIT Media Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab "MIT Media Lab"), founded in 1985 within the [School of Architecture and Planning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_School_of_Architecture_and_Planning "MIT School of Architecture and Planning") and known for its unconventional research,[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-339)[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-340) has been home to influential researchers such as [constructivist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_\(learning_theory\) "Constructivism (learning theory)") educator and [Logo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo_\(programming_language\) "Logo (programming language)") creator [Seymour Papert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Papert "Seymour Papert").[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-341)
Spanning many of the above fields, [MacArthur Fellowships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellowship "MacArthur Fellowship") (the so-called "Genius Grants") have been awarded to 50 people associated with MIT.[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-MacArthur-342) Five [Pulitzer Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize "Pulitzer Prize")âwinning writers currently work at or have retired from MIT.[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Pulitzer-343) Four current or former faculty are members of the [American Academy of Arts and Letters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters "American Academy of Arts and Letters").[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-AcademyArts-344)
Allegations of [research misconduct](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_misconduct "Research misconduct") or improprieties have received substantial press coverage. Professor [David Baltimore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Baltimore "David Baltimore"), a [Nobel Laureate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physiology_or_Medicine "Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine"), became embroiled in a misconduct investigation starting in 1986 that led to Congressional hearings in 1991.[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Baltimore-345)[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Nobel_Winner-346) Professor [Ted Postol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Postol "Ted Postol") has accused the MIT administration since 2000 of attempting to [whitewash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewash_\(censorship\) "Whitewash (censorship)") potential research misconduct at the Lincoln Lab facility involving a [ballistic missile defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile_defense "Ballistic missile defense") test, though a final investigation into the matter has not been completed.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-347)[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-348) Associate Professor [Luk Van Parijs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk_Van_Parijs "Luk Van Parijs") was dismissed in 2005 following allegations of scientific misconduct and found guilty of the same by the [United States Office of Research Integrity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Research_Integrity "United States Office of Research Integrity") in 2009.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-349)[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-350)
In 2019, [Clarivate Analytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarivate_Analytics "Clarivate Analytics") named 54 members of MIT's faculty to its list of "Highly Cited Researchers". That number places MIT eighth among the world's universities.[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-351)
- [Oncogene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogene "Oncogene") â [Robert Weinberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_\(biologist\) "Robert Weinberg (biologist)") discovered genetic basis of human [cancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer "Cancer").[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-352)
- [Reverse transcription](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Baltimore#Reverse_transcriptase "David Baltimore") â [David Baltimore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Baltimore "David Baltimore") independently isolated, in 1970 at MIT, two RNA tumor viruses: [R-MLV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murine_leukemia_virus "Murine leukemia virus") and again [RSV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rous_sarcoma_virus "Rous sarcoma virus").[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-pmid4316300-353)
- [Thermal death time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_death_time "Thermal death time") â [Samuel Cate Prescott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Cate_Prescott "Samuel Cate Prescott") and [William Lyman Underwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lyman_Underwood "William Lyman Underwood") from 1895 to 1898. Done for [canning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning "Canning") of food. Applications later found useful in [medical devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_devices "Medical devices"), [pharmaceuticals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceuticals "Pharmaceuticals"), and [cosmetics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics "Cosmetics").[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-354)
- [Electroweak interaction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interaction "Electroweak interaction") â [Steven Weinberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg "Steven Weinberg") proposed the electroweak unification theory, which gave rise to the modern formulation of the [Standard Model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model "Standard Model"), in 1967 at MIT.[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-355)
### Computer and applied sciences
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: Computer and applied sciences")\]
- [Akamai Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akamai_Technologies "Akamai Technologies") â [Daniel Lewin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lewin "Daniel Lewin") and [Tom Leighton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Leighton "Tom Leighton") developed a faster [content delivery network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network "Content delivery network"), now one of the world's largest [distributed computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing "Distributed computing") platforms, responsible for serving between 15 and 30 percent of all web traffic.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-figures-356)
- [Cryptography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography "Cryptography") â MIT researchers [Ron Rivest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Rivest "Ron Rivest"), [Adi Shamir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shamir "Adi Shamir") and [Leonard Adleman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Adleman "Leonard Adleman") developed one of the first practical [public-key cryptosystems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography "Public-key cryptography"), the [RSA cryptosystem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_\(cryptosystem\) "RSA (cryptosystem)"), and started a company, [RSA Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_Security "RSA Security").[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-357)
- [Digital circuits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_circuits "Digital circuits") â [Claude Shannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon "Claude Shannon"), while a master's degree student at MIT, developed the digital circuit design theory which paved the way for modern computers.[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Fortune-358)
- [Electronic ink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_ink "Electronic ink") â developed by [Joseph Jacobson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jacobson "Joseph Jacobson") at [MIT Media Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab "MIT Media Lab").[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-359)
- [Emacs (text editor)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs "Emacs") â development began during the 1970s at the [MIT AI Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory "MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory").[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-360)
- [Flight recorder (black box)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_recorder "Flight recorder") â [Charles Stark Draper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper "Charles Stark Draper") developed the black box at [MIT's Instrumentation Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper_Laboratory "Charles Stark Draper Laboratory"). That lab later made the [Apollo Moon landings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program "Apollo program") possible through the [Apollo Guidance Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer "Apollo Guidance Computer") it designed for [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA").[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-361)
- [GNU Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project "GNU Project") â [Richard Stallman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman "Richard Stallman") formally founded the [free software movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_movement "Free software movement") in 1983 by launching the [GNU Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project "GNU Project") at MIT.[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-362)[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-363)[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-364)
- [Julia (programming language)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_\(programming_language\) "Julia (programming language)") â Development was started in 2009, by [Jeff Bezanson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezanson "Jeff Bezanson"), [Stefan Karpinski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Karpinski "Stefan Karpinski"), [Viral B. Shah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_B._Shah "Viral B. Shah"), and [Alan Edelman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Edelman "Alan Edelman"), all at MIT at that time, and continued with the contribution of a dedicated MIT Julia Lab[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-365)
- [Lisp (programming language)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_\(programming_language\) "Lisp (programming language)") â [John McCarthy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_\(computer_scientist\) "John McCarthy (computer scientist)") invented Lisp at MIT in 1958.[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-MCCARTHY-366)
- [Lithium-ion battery efficiencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_lithium-ion_battery#Commercialization_in_portable_applications:_1991-2007 "History of the lithium-ion battery") â Yet-Ming Chiang and his group at MIT showed a substantial improvement in the performance of lithium batteries by boosting the material's conductivity by [doping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_\(semiconductor\) "Doping (semiconductor)") it[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-367) with [aluminium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium "Aluminium"), [niobium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium "Niobium") and [zirconium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium "Zirconium").[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-368)[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-369)
- [Macsyma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macsyma "Macsyma"), one of the oldest general-purpose computer algebra systems; the GPL-licensed version [Maxima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxima_\(software\) "Maxima (software)") remains in wide use.[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-moses-370)
- [MIT OpenCourseWare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_OpenCourseWare "MIT OpenCourseWare") â the [OpenCourseWare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCourseWare "OpenCourseWare") movement started in 1999 when the [University of TĂŒbingen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen "University of TĂŒbingen") in Germany published videos of [lectures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture "Lecture") online for its *timms* initiative (TĂŒbinger Internet Multimedia Server).[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-tub99-371) The OCW movement only took off, however, with the launch of MIT OpenCourseWare and the Open Learning Initiative at [Carnegie Mellon University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University "Carnegie Mellon University")[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-372) in October 2002. The movement was soon reinforced by the launch of similar projects at [Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale "Yale"), [Utah State University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_University "Utah State University"), the [University of Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan "University of Michigan") and the [University of California, Berkeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley").[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-373)
- [Perdix micro-drone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdix_micro-drone "Perdix micro-drone") â autonomous drone that uses [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") to swarm with many other Perdix drones.[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-374)
- [Project MAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_MAC "Project MAC") â groundbreaking research in [operating systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system "Operating system"), [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence"), and the [theory of computation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_computation "Theory of computation"). [DARPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA "DARPA") funded project.[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-375)
- [Microwave radar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_in_World_War_II "Radar in World War II") â developed at MIT's [Radiation Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_Laboratory_\(MIT\) "Radiation Laboratory (MIT)") during [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II").[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-376)
- [SKETCHPAD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketchpad "Sketchpad") â invented by [Ivan Sutherland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Sutherland "Ivan Sutherland") at MIT (presented in his PhD thesis). It pioneered the way for [humanâcomputer interaction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction "Humanâcomputer interaction") (HCI).[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-SearsJacko2007-377) Sketchpad is considered to be the ancestor of modern [computer-aided design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design "Computer-aided design") (CAD) programs as well as a major breakthrough in the development of [computer graphics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics "Computer graphics") in general.[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-378)
- [VisiCalc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VisiCalc "VisiCalc") â first [spreadsheet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheet "Spreadsheet") computer program for [personal computers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer "Personal computer"), originally released for the [Apple II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II "Apple II") by [VisiCorp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VisiCorp "VisiCorp"). MIT alumni [Dan Bricklin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Bricklin "Dan Bricklin") and [Bob Frankston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Frankston "Bob Frankston") rented time sharing at night on an MIT mainframe computer (that cost \$1/hr for use).[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-379)
- [World Wide Web Consortium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium "World Wide Web Consortium") â founded in 1994 by [Tim Berners-Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee "Tim Berners-Lee"), (W3C) is the main international [standards organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards_organization "Standards organization") for the [World Wide Web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web "World Wide Web")[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-consortium-380)
- [X Window System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System "X Window System") â pioneering architecture-independent system for graphical user interfaces that has been widely used for [Unix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix "Unix") and [Linux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux "Linux") systems.[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-381)
### Companies and entrepreneurship
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: Companies and entrepreneurship")\]
MIT alumni and faculty have founded numerous companies, some of which are shown below:[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-382)[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-383)
- [Analog Devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Devices "Analog Devices"), 1965, co-founders [Ray Stata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Stata "Ray Stata"), (SB, SM) and Matthew Lorber (SB)
- [BlackRock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackRock "BlackRock"), 1988, co-founder Bennett Golub, (SB, SM, PhD)
- [Bose Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose_Corporation "Bose Corporation"), 1964, founder [Amar Bose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar_Bose "Amar Bose") (SB, PhD)
- [Boston Dynamics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Dynamics "Boston Dynamics"), 1992, founder [Marc Raibert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Raibert "Marc Raibert") (PhD)
- [BuzzFeed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuzzFeed "BuzzFeed"), 2006, co-founder [Jonah Peretti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_Peretti "Jonah Peretti") (SM)
- [Dropbox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropbox_\(service\) "Dropbox (service)"), 2007, founders [Drew Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Houston "Drew Houston") (SB) and [Arash Ferdowsi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arash_Ferdowsi "Arash Ferdowsi") (drop-out)
- [Hewlett-Packard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard "Hewlett-Packard"), 1939, co-founder [William R. Hewlett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Redington_Hewlett "William Redington Hewlett") (SM)
- *[HuffPost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost "HuffPost"),* 2005, co-founder [Jonah Peretti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_Peretti "Jonah Peretti") (SM)
- [Intel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel "Intel"), 1968, co-founder [Robert Noyce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Noyce "Robert Noyce") (PhD)
- [Khan Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Academy "Khan Academy"), 2008, founder [Salman Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_Khan "Sal Khan") (SB, SM)[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-384)
- [Koch Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_Industries "Koch Industries"), 1940, founder [Fred C. Koch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_C._Koch "Fred C. Koch") (SB), sons [William](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Koch_\(businessman\) "Bill Koch (businessman)") (SB, PhD), [David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Koch "David Koch") (SB)
- [Qualcomm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm "Qualcomm"), 1985, co-founders [Irwin M. Jacobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_M._Jacobs "Irwin M. Jacobs") (SM, PhD) and [Andrew Viterbi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi "Andrew Viterbi") (SB, SM)
- [Raytheon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon "Raytheon"), 1922, co-founder [Vannevar Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush "Vannevar Bush") (DEng, Professor)
- [Renaissance Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Technologies "Renaissance Technologies"), 1982, founder [James Simons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Harris_Simons "James Harris Simons") (SB)
- [Scale AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_AI "Scale AI"), 2016, founder [Alexandr Wang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Wang "Alexandr Wang") (drop-out)
- [Texas Instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments "Texas Instruments"), 1930, founder [Cecil Howard Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Howard_Green "Cecil Howard Green") (SB, SM)
- [TSMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSMC "TSMC"), 1987, founder [Morris Chang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Chang "Morris Chang") (SB, SM)
- [VMware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMware "VMware"), 1998, co-founder [Diane Greene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Greene "Diane Greene") (SM)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VeteransDayMIT.jpg)
[ROTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps "Reserve Officers' Training Corps") students celebrate [Veterans Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_Day "Veterans Day") at MIT in 2019.
The faculty and student body place a high value on [meritocracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritocracy "Meritocracy") and on technical proficiency.[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-385)[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-386) MIT has never awarded an [honorary degree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree "Honorary degree"),[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-387) nor does it award [athletic scholarships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_scholarship "Athletic scholarship"),[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-388) *[ad eundem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_eundem_degree "Ad eundem degree")* [degrees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_eundem_degree "Ad eundem degree"),\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] or [Latin honors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_honors "Latin honors")[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-389) upon graduation. However, MIT has twice awarded honorary professorships: to [Winston Churchill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill "Winston Churchill") in 1949 and [Salman Rushdie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Rushdie "Salman Rushdie") in 1993.[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-390)
Many [upperclass](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/upperclassman "wikt:upperclassman") students and alumni wear a large, heavy, distinctive [class ring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_ring "Class ring") known as the "[Brass Rat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_Rat "Brass Rat")".[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Brass_Rat-391)[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-BrassRat2013-392) Originally created in 1929, the ring's official name is the "Standard Technology Ring".[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-393) The undergraduate ring design (a separate graduate student version exists as well) varies slightly from year to year to reflect the unique character of the MIT experience for that class, but always features a three-piece design, with the MIT seal and the class year each appearing on a separate face, flanking a large rectangular bezel bearing an image of a [beaver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Beaver "American Beaver").[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Brass_Rat-391) The [initialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialism "Initialism") [IHTFP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHTFP "IHTFP"), representing the informal school motto "I Hate This Fucking Place" and jocularly [euphemized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemized "Euphemized") as "I Have Truly Found Paradise", "Institute Has The Finest Professors", "Institute of Hacks, TomFoolery and Pranks", "It's Hard to Fondle Penguins", and other variations, has occasionally been featured on the ring given its historical prominence in student culture.[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-394)
MIT also shares a well-known [rivalry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltech%E2%80%93MIT_rivalry "CaltechâMIT rivalry") with the [California Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology "California Institute of Technology") (Caltech), stemming from both institutions' reputations as two of the highest ranked and most highly recognized science and engineering schools in the world.[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-395) The rivalry is an unusual college rivalry given its focus on academics and pranks instead of sports, and due to the geographic distance between the two (their campuses are separated by about 2580 miles and are on [opposite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States "West Coast of the United States") [coasts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States "East Coast of the United States") of the United States). In 2005, Caltech students pranked MIT's Campus Preview Weekend by distributing t-shirts that read "MIT" on the front, and "...because not everyone can go to Caltech" on the back.[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-calvsmit-396)[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-397)[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-mit2005-398) Additionally, the word Massachusetts in the "Massachusetts Institute of Technology" engraving on the exterior of the Lobby 7 dome was covered with a banner so that it read "That Other Institute of Technology". In 2006, MIT retaliated by posing as contractors and stealing the 1.7-ton, 130-year-old [Fleming cannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_System_at_the_California_Institute_of_Technology#Fleming_cannon "House System at the California Institute of Technology"), a Caltech landmark. The cannon was relocated to Cambridge, where it was displayed in front of the [Green Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Building_\(MIT\) "Green Building (MIT)") during the 2006 Campus Preview Weekend.[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-399)[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-400) In September 2010, MIT students unsuccessfully tried to place a life-sized model of the [TARDIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TARDIS "TARDIS") time machine from the *[Doctor Who](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who "Doctor Who")* (1963âpresent) television series on top of Baxter Hall at Caltech. A few months later, Caltech students collaborated to help MIT students place the TARDIS on top of their originally planned destination.[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-401) The rivalry has continued, most recently in 2014, when a group of Caltech students gave out mugs sporting the MIT logo on the front and the words "The Institute of Technology" on the back. When heated, the mugs turned orange and read, "Caltech, The Hotter Institute of Technology".[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-402)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huntbeginsinlobby7.jpg)
The start of the [MIT Mystery Hunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Mystery_Hunt "MIT Mystery Hunt") in 2007
MIT has over 500 recognized student activity groups,[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-403) including a [campus radio station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMBR "WMBR"), *[The Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tech_\(newspaper\) "The Tech (newspaper)")* student newspaper, an annual [entrepreneurship competition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_$100K_Entrepreneurship_Competition "MIT $100K Entrepreneurship Competition"), a [crime club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Crime_Club "MIT Crime Club"), and weekly screenings of popular films by the [Lecture Series Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_life_and_culture_at_MIT#Lecture_Series_Committee "Student life and culture at MIT"). Less traditional activities include the "world's largest open-shelf [collection of science fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Science_Fiction_Society "MIT Science Fiction Society")" in English, a [model railroad club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMRC "TMRC"), and a vibrant [folk dance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech_Squares "Tech Squares") scene. Students, faculty, and staff are involved in over 50 educational outreach and public service programs through the [MIT Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Museum "MIT Museum"), Edgerton Center, and MIT Public Service Center.[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-404)
Fraternities and sororities provide a base of activities in addition to housing. Approximately 1,000 undergrads, 48% of men and 30% of women, participate in one of several dozen Greek Life men's, women's and co-ed chapters on the campus.[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-405)
The [Independent Activities Period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_life_and_culture_at_MIT#Independent_Activities_Period "Student life and culture at MIT") is a four-week-long "term" offering hundreds of optional classes, lectures, demonstrations, and other activities throughout the month of January between the Fall and Spring semesters. Some of the most popular recurring IAP activities are Autonomous Robot Design (course 6.270), Robocraft Programming (6.370), and MasLab [competitions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditions_and_student_activities_at_MIT#Competitions "Traditions and student activities at MIT"),[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Discover-406) the annual ["mystery hunt"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Mystery_Hunt "MIT Mystery Hunt"),[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Globe-407) and [Charm School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditions_and_student_activities_at_MIT#Independent_Activities_Period "Traditions and student activities at MIT").[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CharmSchool-408)[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-409) More than 250 students pursue [externships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externships "Externships") annually at companies in the US and abroad.[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-410)[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-411)
Many MIT students also engage in "hacking", which encompasses both the [physical exploration of areas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof_and_tunnel_hacking "Roof and tunnel hacking") that are generally off-limits (such as rooftops and steam tunnels), as well as [elaborate practical jokes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacks_at_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Hacks at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology").[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-412)[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-413) Examples of high-profile hacks have included the [abduction of Caltech's cannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltech%27s_rival "Caltech's rival"),[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-414) reconstructing a [Wright Flyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Flyer "Wright Flyer") atop the Great Dome,[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-415) and adorning the [John Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvard "John Harvard") statue with the [Master Chief's Mjölnir Helmet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Chief_\(Halo\) "Master Chief (Halo)").[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-416)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIT_Z_Center.jpg)
The [Zesiger Sports and Fitness Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zesiger_Sports_and_Fitness_Center "Zesiger Sports and Fitness Center") houses a two-story fitness center as well as swimming and diving pools.
MIT sponsors 31 varsity sports, reduced from 41 in 2009, and has one of the three broadest NCAA Division III athletic programs.[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-417)[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-418) Nearly 20% of undergraduates play at least one varsity sport.[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-AthleteFAQ-419) Applying athletes are considered by the academic standards applied to all applicants, though coaches may advocate for their admission.[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-AthleteFAQ-419)[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-SchillSoriero-420)
MIT participates in the [NCAA's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association "National Collegiate Athletic Association") [Division III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_III_\(NCAA\) "Division III (NCAA)") and the [New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Women%27s_and_Men%27s_Athletic_Conference "New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference"), with women's crew competing at the Division I level in the [Patriot League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_League "Patriot League"). MIT's intercollegiate sports teams, called the Engineers, have won 22 Team National Championships and 42 Individual National Championships.
MIT is the all-time leader in [Academic All-America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_All-America "Academic All-America") selections (468 as of August 2025), ahead of [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") and the [University of NebraskaâLincoln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln "University of NebraskaâLincoln") across all NCAA divisions.[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-421) MIT Athletes won 13 [Elite 90](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_90_Award "Elite 90 Award") awards and ranks first among NCAA Division III programs, and third among all divisions.[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-422)
MIT affiliates have received major academic and professional honors across a range of fields. As of October 2024, 105 Nobel laureates, 26 Turing Award winners, and 8 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT as alumni, faculty, or researchers.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] The institute also counts 58 National Medal of Science recipients, 29 National Medal of Technology and Innovation recipients, and 84 MacArthur Fellows among its affiliates.[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-423)
In public service, 41 MIT-affiliated astronauts have flown in space,[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-424) 16 have served as Chief Scientist of the U.S. Air Force, and 8 alumni have served as foreign heads of state.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] Many alumni have also held senior positions in the U.S. federal government, including members of the Cabinet, the Federal Reserve, and the leadership of national defense and intelligence agencies. Alumni and faculty have founded or led many notable companies, particularly in technology, defense, and biotechnology.
| Race and ethnicity[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-425) | Total | |
|---|---|---|
| [Asian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans") | 34% | |
| [White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites "Non-Hispanic whites") | 22% | |
| [Hispanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") | 15% | |
| [Foreign national](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_national "Foreign national") | 11% | |
| Other[\[r\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-426) | 10% | |
| [Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans "African Americans") | 8% | |
| [Economic diversity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_diversity "Economic diversity") | | |
| [Low-income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_lower_class "American lower class")[\[s\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-427) | 19% | |
| [Affluent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States "Affluence in the United States")[\[t\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-428) | 81% | |
MIT enrolled 4,535 undergraduates and 7,047 graduate students in 2024â2025.[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CDS2024-25-429) In 2025, MIT admitted 4.5% of its applicants for first-year admission. 86% of admitted students enrolled.[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CDS2024-25-429)[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-TechYield2025-430)
MIT is one of nine U.S. colleges that is both [need-blind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need-blind_admission "Need-blind admission") and full-need for all undergraduate applicants, including international students.[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-MITSFS-431) All financial aid is based on demonstrated need, MIT does not offer merit or athletic scholarships.[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-MITSFS-431) Beginning with the 2025â2026 academic year, tuition is not charged to students from families with incomes below \$200,000 with typical assets.[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-WBUR2024-432)[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-MITSFS-431) At times, annual increases led to a student tradition (dating back to the 1960s) of tongue-in-cheek "tuition riots."[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Tuition_Riot-433)
The admissions process does not give preference to [children of alumni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_preferences "Legacy preferences").[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-NYTChetty2023-434)[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Petersen2012-435) A 2023 study by economists [Raj Chetty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Chetty "Raj Chetty"), David Deming, and John Friedman found that legacy preferences, athletic recruitment, and non-academic ratings were the primary drivers of admissions advantages for wealthy applicants at twelve highly selective U.S. colleges. At MIT, students from the wealthiest families were no more likely to attend than other applicants with comparable test scores.[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Chetty2023-436)[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-NYTChetty2023-434)
In August 2024, after the [U.S. Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court "U.S. Supreme Court") overruled race-based [affirmative action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States "Affirmative action in the United States") in *[Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._Harvard "Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard")* (2023), the university reported that for the class of 2028, Black and Latino student enrollment decreased from previous averages to 5 and 11 percent, respectively, while [Asian American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans") enrollment increased to 47 percent.[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-437)[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-438)
MIT has been nominally [co-educational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-education "Co-education") since admitting [Ellen Swallow Richards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards "Ellen Swallow Richards") in 1870. Richards also became the first female member of MIT's faculty, specializing in [sanitary chemistry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_health "Environmental health").[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Bowden-439)[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CHFBio-440) Female students remained a small minority prior to the completion of the first wing of a women's dormitory, [McCormick Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Dexter_McCormick "Katherine Dexter McCormick"), in 1963.[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-441)[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-442)[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-443) Between 1993 and 2009 the proportion of women rose from 34 percent to 45 percent of undergraduates and from 20 percent to 31 percent of graduate students.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Enrollments-210)[\[424\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-444) As of 2009, women outnumbered men in Biology, Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Architecture, Urban Planning, and Biological Engineering.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Enrollments-210)[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Women_Enrollments-445)
| | |
|---|---|
|  | This section needs to be **updated**. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. *(January 2022)* |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ford-MIT_Nobel_Laureate_Lecture_Series_2000-09-18.jpg)
A 2000 panel featuring Institute Professors Emeriti and Nobel Laureates (from left to right) [Franco Modigliani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Modigliani "Franco Modigliani"), [Paul Samuelson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Samuelson "Paul Samuelson"), and [Robert Solow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Solow "Robert Solow")
As of 2025, MIT had 1,090 [faculty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_\(academic_staff\) "Faculty (academic staff)") members.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-MITFactFacStaff-4) Faculty are responsible for lecturing classes, for advising both graduate and undergraduate students, and for sitting on academic committees, as well as for conducting original research. Between 1964 and 2009 a total of seventeen faculty and staff members affiliated with MIT won [Nobel Prizes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize "Nobel Prize") (thirteen of them in the latter 25 years).[\[426\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-446) As of October 2020, 37 MIT faculty members, past or present, have won Nobel Prizes, the majority in [Economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences "Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences") or [Physics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics "Nobel Prize in Physics").[\[427\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Faculty_Awards-447)
As of October 2013, current faculty and teaching staff included 67 [Guggenheim Fellows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellow "Guggenheim Fellow"), 6 [Fulbright Scholars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_Scholar "Fulbright Scholar"), and 22 [MacArthur Fellows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellow "MacArthur Fellow").[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-MITFactFacStaff-4) Faculty members who have made extraordinary contributions to their research field as well as the MIT community are granted appointments as [Institute Professors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_Professor "Institute Professor") for the remainder of their tenures. [Susan Hockfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Hockfield "Susan Hockfield"), a molecular [neurobiologist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobiology "Neurobiology"), served as MIT's president from 2004 to 2012. She was the first woman to hold the post.[\[428\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Hockfield-448)
MIT faculty members have often been recruited to lead other colleges and universities. Founding faculty-member [Charles W. Eliot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Eliot "Charles W. Eliot") became president of Harvard University in 1869, a post he would hold for 40 years, during which he had influence both on American higher education and on secondary education[\[429\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-449). MIT alumnus and faculty member [George Ellery Hale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale "George Ellery Hale") played a central role in the development of the [California Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology "California Institute of Technology") (Caltech), and other faculty members have been key founders of [Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_W._Olin_College_of_Engineering "Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering") in nearby [Needham, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needham,_Massachusetts "Needham, Massachusetts").[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-450)
As of 2014 former provost [Robert A. Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Brown "Robert A. Brown") served as president of [Boston University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University")[\[431\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-451); former provost [Mark Wrighton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_S._Wrighton "Mark S. Wrighton") is chancellor of [Washington University in St. Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis "Washington University in St. Louis")[\[432\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-452); former associate provost [Alice Gast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Gast "Alice Gast") is president of [Lehigh University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_University "Lehigh University")[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-453); and former professor [Suh Nam-pyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suh_Nam-pyo "Suh Nam-pyo") is president of [KAIST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAIST "KAIST")[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-454). Former dean of the School of Science [Robert J. Birgeneau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Birgeneau "Robert J. Birgeneau") was the chancellor of the [University of California, Berkeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley") (2004â2013)[\[435\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-455); former professor [John Maeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maeda "John Maeda") was president of [Rhode Island School of Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design "Rhode Island School of Design") (RISD, 2008â2013)[\[436\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-456); former professor [David Baltimore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Baltimore "David Baltimore") was president of [Caltech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltech "Caltech") (1997â2006)[\[437\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-457); and MIT alumnus and former assistant professor [Hans Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Mark "Hans Mark") served as chancellor of the [University of Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas "University of Texas") system (1984â1992).[\[438\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-458)
In addition, faculty members have been recruited to lead governmental agencies; for example, former professor [Marcia McNutt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_McNutt "Marcia McNutt") is president of the [National Academy of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences "National Academy of Sciences"),[\[439\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-459) urban studies professor [Xavier de Souza Briggs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_de_Souza_Briggs "Xavier de Souza Briggs") served as the associate director of the [White House Office of Management and Budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Management_and_Budget "White House Office of Management and Budget"),[\[440\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-460) and biology professor [Eric Lander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Lander "Eric Lander") was a co-chair of the [President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Council_of_Advisors_on_Science_and_Technology "President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology").[\[441\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-461) In 2013, faculty member [Ernest Moniz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Moniz "Ernest Moniz") was nominated by President Obama and later confirmed as [United States Secretary of Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy "United States Secretary of Energy").[\[442\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-nytimes-nominee-462)[\[443\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-463) Former professor Hans Mark served as Secretary of the Air Force from 1979 to 1981. Alumna and Institute Professor Sheila Widnall served as Secretary of the Air Force between 1993 and 1997, making her the first female Secretary of the Air Force and first woman to lead an entire branch of the US military in the Department of Defense. A 1999 report, met by promises of change by President Charles Vest, found that senior female faculty in the School of Science were often marginalized, and in return for equal professional accomplishments received reduced "salary, space, awards, resources, and response to outside offers".[\[444\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-464)
As of 2017, MIT was the second-largest employer in the city of Cambridge.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-CommFacts-184) Based on feedback from employees, MIT was ranked No. 7 as a place to work, among US colleges and universities as of March 2013.[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Glassdoor-465) Surveys cited a "smart", "creative", "friendly" environment, noting that the [work-life balance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work-life_balance "Work-life balance") tilts towards a "strong work ethic" but complaining about "low pay" compared to an industry position.[\[446\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-GlassdoorMIT-466)
Many of MIT's over 120,000 alumni have achieved considerable success in scientific research, public service, education, and [business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_sector "Business sector"). As of October 2020, 41 MIT alumni have won Nobel Prizes, 48 have been selected as [Rhodes Scholars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholar "Rhodes Scholar"),[\[447\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-467) 61 have been selected as [Marshall Scholars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Scholar "Marshall Scholar"),[\[448\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-IRAwardsHonors-468) and 3 have been selected as [Mitchell Scholars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Scholarship "Mitchell Scholarship").[\[449\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-:3-469)
Alumni in United States politics and public service include former [Chairman of the Federal Reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Federal_Reserve "Chairman of the Federal Reserve") [Ben Bernanke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke "Ben Bernanke"), former [MA-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_1st_congressional_district "Massachusetts's 1st congressional district") Representative [John Olver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Olver "John Olver"), former [CA-13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_13th_congressional_district "California's 13th congressional district") Representative [Pete Stark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Stark "Pete Stark"), [KY-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%27s_4th_congressional_district "Kentucky's 4th congressional district") Representative [Thomas Massie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Massie "Thomas Massie"), California Senator [Alex Padilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Padilla "Alex Padilla"), and former [National Economic Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Economic_Council "United States National Economic Council") chairman [Lawrence H. Summers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_H._Summers "Lawrence H. Summers").[\[450\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-470)
MIT alumni have founded or co-founded many notable companies, such as [Intel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Noyce "Robert Noyce"), [McDonnell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Smith_McDonnell "James Smith McDonnell") [Douglas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wills_Douglas,_Sr. "Donald Wills Douglas, Sr."), [Texas Instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Howard_Green "Cecil Howard Green"), [3Com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe "Robert Metcalfe"), [Qualcomm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi "Andrew Viterbi"), [Bose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar_Bose "Amar Bose"), [Raytheon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush "Vannevar Bush"), [Apotex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotex "Apotex"), [Koch Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_C._Koch "Fred C. Koch"), [Rockwell International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Rockwell "Willard Rockwell"), [Genentech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Swanson "Robert A. Swanson"), [Dropbox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Houston "Drew Houston"), and [Campbell Soup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thompson_Dorrance "John Thompson Dorrance"). According to the British newspaper *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*, "a survey of living MIT alumni found that they have formed 25,800 companies, employing more than three million people including about a quarter of the workforce of Silicon Valley. Those firms collectively generate global revenues of about \$1.9 trillion (ÂŁ1.2 trillion) a year". If the companies founded by MIT alumni were a country, they would have the 11th-highest [GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product "Gross domestic product") of any country in the world.[\[451\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Entrepreneur-471)[\[452\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Kauffman-472)[\[453\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-473)
More than one third of the [United States' crewed spaceflights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions#Human_spaceflight "List of NASA missions") have included [MIT-educated astronauts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_alumni#Alumni_Astronauts "List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni"), a contribution exceeding that of any university excluding the [United States service academies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_service_academies "United States service academies").[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-474) Of the [12 people who have set foot on the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts "List of Apollo astronauts") as of 2019, four graduated from MIT (among them [Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11") [Lunar Module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module "Apollo Lunar Module") Pilot [Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin")). Alumnus and former faculty member [Qian Xuesen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qian_Xuesen "Qian Xuesen") led the [Chinese nuclear-weapons program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_China "Nuclear weapons of China") and became instrumental in Chinese rocket-program.[\[455\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-475)
Noted alumni in other fields include health care policy analyst and journalist [Avik Roy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avik_Roy "Avik Roy"), children's book author [Hugh Lofting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Lofting "Hugh Lofting"),[\[456\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-476)[\[457\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-477) sculptor [Daniel Chester French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French "Daniel Chester French"), guitarist [Tom Scholz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Scholz "Tom Scholz") of the band [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_\(band\) "Boston (band)"), the British *[BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC "BBC")* and *[ITN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITN "ITN")* correspondent and political advisor [David Walter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Walter_\(British_journalist_and_politician\) "David Walter (British journalist and politician)"), *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* columnist and Nobel Prize-winning economist [Paul Krugman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman "Paul Krugman"), *[The Bell Curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bell_Curve "The Bell Curve")* author [Charles Murray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Murray_\(political_scientist\) "Charles Murray (political scientist)"), and [United States Supreme Court building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_building "United States Supreme Court building") architect [Cass Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Gilbert "Cass Gilbert").[\[458\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-WDL-478) Other distinguished alumni include economist Esther Duflo,[\[459\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-479)[\[460\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-480) who received the [Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences "Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences") in 2019 for her experimental approach to poverty alleviation; physicist [Mildred Dresselhaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus "Mildred Dresselhaus"), a pioneer in carbon science and recipient of the [Presidential Medal of Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom "Presidential Medal of Freedom")[\[461\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-481)[\[462\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-482); physicist and science policy leader [Shirley Ann Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson "Shirley Ann Jackson"), former chair of the [U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission "Nuclear Regulatory Commission") and president of [Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute")[\[463\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-483)[\[464\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-484); and astronaut [Eileen Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Collins "Eileen Collins"), the first woman to pilot and command a [Space Shuttle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle "Space Shuttle") mission.[\[465\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-485)[\[466\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-486)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buzz_Aldrin_\(3x4_cropped\).jpg "Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin, ScD 1963")
[Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11") astronaut [Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin"), ScD 1963
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kofi_Annan_2012_\(cropped\).jpg "UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, SM 1972")
UN Secretary-General [Kofi Annan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan "Kofi Annan"), SM 1972
- [![Physics Nobel laureate Richard Feynman, SB 1939\[467\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Richard_Feynman_1959_%28cropped%29.png/120px-Richard_Feynman_1959_%28cropped%29.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Feynman_1959_\(cropped\).png "Physics Nobel laureate Richard Feynman, SB 1939[467]")
Physics Nobel laureate [Richard Feynman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman "Richard Feynman"), SB 1939[\[467\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-487)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ben_Bernanke_official_portrait.jpg "Federal Reserve Bank chairman Ben Bernanke, PhD 1979")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:11.21_2020_APEC%E6%9A%A8%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E5%BE%8C%E8%A8%98%E8%80%85%E6%9C%83_\(50628253717\)_\(cropped2\).jpg "TSMC chairman Morris Chang, BS 1952, ME 1955")
[TSMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSMC "TSMC") chairman [Morris Chang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Chang "Morris Chang"), BS 1952, ME 1955
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mario_Draghi_in_2021_crop.jpg "Prime Minister of Italy Mario Draghi, PhD 1977")
Prime Minister of Italy [Mario Draghi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Draghi "Mario Draghi"), PhD 1977
- [![Economics Nobel laureate Esther Duflo,\[468\] PhD 1999](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Esther_Duflo_-_Pop%21Tech_2009_-_001_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Esther_Duflo_-_Pop%21Tech_2009_-_001_%28cropped%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Esther_Duflo_-_Pop!Tech_2009_-_001_\(cropped\).jpg "Economics Nobel laureate Esther Duflo,[468] PhD 1999")
Economics Nobel laureate [Esther Duflo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Duflo "Esther Duflo"),[\[468\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-488) PhD 1999
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brewster_Kahle_\(cropped\).jpg "Internet Archive founder Brewster Kahle, SB 1982")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P20230814AS-0367_\(cropped\).jpg "Economics Nobel laureate Paul Krugman, PhD 1977")
Economics Nobel laureate [Paul Krugman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman "Paul Krugman"), PhD 1977
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ronald_mcnair.jpg "Challenger astronaut Ronald McNair, PhD 1976")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benjamin_Netanyahu,_February_2023_\(cropped\).jpg "Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu, BS 1975, MS 1976")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Itzhak_Perlman_with_I.M._Pei,_architect,_looking_at_model_of_NYC_Convention_Center_\(03124v\)_\(cropped\).jpg "Architect I. M. Pei, BArch 1940")
Architect [I. M. Pei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._M._Pei "I. M. Pei"), BArch 1940
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ClaudeShannon_MFO3807.jpg "Information theorist Claude Shannon, PhD 1940")
Information theorist [Claude Shannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon "Claude Shannon"), PhD 1940
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_P_Sloan_Bachrach_portrait_\(cropped\)\(2\).png "General Motors CEO Alfred P. Sloan, SB 1895")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SXSW-2024-alih-OB7A0861-Lisa_Su_\(cropped_2\).jpg "AMD CEO Lisa Su, SB 1990, PhD 1994")
[AMD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD "AMD") CEO [Lisa Su](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Su "Lisa Su"), SB 1990, PhD 1994
- [![Chemistry Nobel laureate Robert Burns Woodward, SB 1936, PhD 1937\[469\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/Robert_Woodward_Nobel.jpg/120px-Robert_Woodward_Nobel.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Woodward_Nobel.jpg "Chemistry Nobel laureate Robert Burns Woodward, SB 1936, PhD 1937[469]")
Chemistry Nobel laureate [Robert Burns Woodward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward "Robert Burns Woodward"), SB 1936, PhD 1937[\[469\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-489)
- [Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_School_of_Engineering "Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Engineering")
- [Whitehead Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehead_Institute "Whitehead Institute")
- [Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Institute "Broad Institute")
- [Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_Institute_for_Integrative_Cancer_Research "Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research")
- [The Coop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard/MIT_Cooperative_Society "Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society"), campus bookstore
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-38)** Between 1912 and 1920, Eastman donated \$20 million (\$304.2 million in 2024 dollars) in cash and Kodak stock to MIT.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-37)
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-67)** Other wartime projects at MIT included [Charles Stark Draper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper "Charles Stark Draper")'s gyroscopic gunsights for the Navy, Gordon Brown's work on feedback-control systems in the [Servomechanisms Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servomechanisms_Laboratory "Servomechanisms Laboratory"), and dozens of smaller efforts across the Institute.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurchard1948127%E2%80%93143-65)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas201090%E2%80%9392-66)
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-75)**
Research outgrowths of the interdepartmental laboratories included::
- [Magnetic-core memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory "Magnetic-core memory") and [system dynamics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_dynamics "System dynamics") developments by [Jay Forrester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Forrester "Jay Forrester");
- [Information theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory "Information theory") by [Claude Shannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon "Claude Shannon") and [Robert Fano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fano "Robert Fano");
- [Cybernetics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics "Cybernetics") writings by [Norbert Wiener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Wiener "Norbert Wiener");
- [Generative grammar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_grammar "Generative grammar") by [Noam Chomsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky "Noam Chomsky");
- [Artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") by [Marvin Minsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky "Marvin Minsky").[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildesLindgren1985-74)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie199315%E2%80%9316-73)
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-91)** Johnson's action ran contrary to the activists' demands and the Pounds Panel recommendations. Most activists had sought conversion of the laboratories to civilian research, not divestiture, predicting that an independent laboratory would pursue weapons work without academic restraint.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelkin197278%E2%80%9379-88) Only two members of the 22-member panel had recommended separation.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelkin197279%E2%80%9380-86)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie1993236%E2%80%93237-89) After separation, the Draper Laboratory immediately became the largest nonprofit defense R\&D contractor in the country, with DOD obligations exceeding 90 percent of its funding.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie1993244%E2%80%93245-90)
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-94)** After the recommendation to diversify funding, Lincoln remained tilted toward military projects in the subsequent decade. By the mid-1980s roughly a quarter of its budget came from the [Strategic Defense Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative "Strategic Defense Initiative").[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie1993244%E2%80%93245-90)[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBridger2015191%E2%80%93192-93)
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-97)** Killian, appointed president a year later in 1948, promoted the adoption of the committee's ideas.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-103)** The humanities and social sciences had previously been organized as a division with lower institutional status and no authority to grant degrees. The school later became known as the School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-107)** Brown originally advanced these ideas as head of electrical engineering. When he became dean of engineering in 1959, a [Ford Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation "Ford Foundation") grant extended the engineering-science approach to metallurgy, mechanical engineering, and aeronautical engineering.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992179-76)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillian1985182%E2%80%93183-106)
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-111)** The share of on-campus research supported by the Department of Health and Human Services rose from 16 percent in 1970 to 33 percent by 2006, while the Department of Defense's share fell from 28 to 15 percent.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Canizares2007-78)
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-116)** Baltimore received the [Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine") the following year; Sharp shared the prize in 1993 for his discovery of [RNA splicing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_splicing "RNA splicing").[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant2010156%E2%80%93157-115)
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-134)** Responding to the antitrust allegations, MIT argued that aid allocations were charitable functions rather than commercial and directed limited aid toward the students who needed it most.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambergerCarlton2000-133)
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-161)** Historically, the neoclassical buildings numbered 1â6 and 10 are known as the "Bosworth buildings" or "Maclaurin buildings" after [the MIT president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_C._Maclaurin "Richard C. Maclaurin") who led MIT during their construction. MIT publications also refer to them as the "Main Group"âincluding 7 and 8, which were later additions.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-160)
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-165)** The friezes of the marble-clad buildings surrounding Killian Court are carved in large Roman letters with the names of [Aristotle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle "Aristotle"), [Newton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton "Isaac Newton"), [Pasteur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur "Louis Pasteur"), [Lavoisier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier "Antoine Lavoisier"), [Faraday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday "Michael Faraday"), [Archimedes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes "Archimedes"), [da Vinci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci "Leonardo da Vinci"), [Darwin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin "Charles Darwin"), and [Copernicus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus "Nicolaus Copernicus"); each of these names is surmounted by a cluster of appropriately related names in smaller letters. Lavoisier, for example, is placed in the company of [Boyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle "Robert Boyle"), [Cavendish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavendish "Henry Cavendish"), [Priestley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley "Joseph Priestley"), [Dalton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton "John Dalton"), [Gay Lussac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac "Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac"), [Berzelius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius "Jöns Jakob Berzelius"), [Woehler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler "Friedrich Wöhler"), [Liebig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig "Justus von Liebig"), [Bunsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bunsen "Robert Bunsen"), [Mendelejeff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev "Dmitri Mendeleev") \[*[sic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic "Sic")*\], [Perkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Henry_Perkin "Sir William Henry Perkin"), and [van't Hoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff "Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff").[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-163)[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-TechNames-164)
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-193)** The Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST) offers joint MD, MD-PhD, or Medical Engineering degrees in collaboration with [Harvard Medical School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School").[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-192)
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-212)** Course numbers are sometimes presented in [Roman numerals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals "Roman numerals"), e.g. "Course XVIII" for mathematics.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Enrollments-210) At least one MIT style guide now discourages this usage.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-211) Also, some Course numbers have been re-assigned over time, so that the subject area of a degree may depend on the year it was awarded.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-Butcher-208)
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-279)** [Vannevar Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush "Vannevar Bush") was the director of the [Office of Scientific Research and Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Scientific_Research_and_Development "Office of Scientific Research and Development") and general advisor to [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") and [Harry Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman "Harry Truman"), [James Rhyne Killian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rhyne_Killian "James Rhyne Killian") was Special Assistant for Science and Technology for [Dwight D. Eisenhower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower"), and [Jerome Wiesner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Wiesner "Jerome Wiesner") advised [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") and [Lyndon Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson "Lyndon Johnson").[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_note-278)
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-289)** MIT's Building 7 and Harvard's Johnston Gate, the traditional entrances to each school, are 1.72 mi (2.77 km) apart along [Massachusetts Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Avenue_\(metropolitan_Boston\) "Massachusetts Avenue (metropolitan Boston)").
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-426)** Other consists of [Multiracial Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans") & those who prefer to not say.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-427)** The percentage of students who received an income-based federal [Pell Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell_Grant "Pell Grant") intended for low-income students.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-428)** The percentage of students who are a part of the [American middle class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_middle_class "American middle class") at the bare minimum.
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-sealList_of_companies_founded_by_MIT_alumni_1-0)**
["Symbols: Seal"](http://web.mit.edu/graphicidentity/symbols/seal.html). *MIT Graphic Identity*. MIT. Retrieved 2010-09-08.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-2)**
["NAICU â Membership"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151109231238/http://www.naicu.edu/member_center/members.asp). Archived from [the original](http://www.naicu.edu/member_center/members.asp) on 2015-11-09.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-3)**
As of 30 June 2025,
["Report of the Treasurer"](https://vpf.mit.edu/sites/default/files/downloads/TreasurersReport/MITTreasurersReport2025.pdf) (PDF). MIT. Retrieved 2025-10-14.
4. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-MITFactFacStaff_4-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-MITFactFacStaff_4-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-MITFactFacStaff_4-2)
["Faculty and Staff"](http://web.mit.edu/facts/faculty.html). *MIT Facts*. MIT. Retrieved 2025-03-21.
5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Enrollment_Statistics_5-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Enrollment_Statistics_5-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Enrollment_Statistics_5-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Enrollment_Statistics_5-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Enrollment_Statistics_5-4)
["Enrollment Statistics by Year"](https://registrar.mit.edu/statistics-reports/enrollment-statistics-year). MIT Registrar's Office. Retrieved 2025-12-30.
6. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Campus_6-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Campus_6-1)
["The Campus"](http://web.mit.edu/facts/campus.html). MIT Facts 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-11.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-7)**
["College Navigator â Massachusetts Institute of Technology"](https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=massach&s=all&id=166683). *nces.ed.gov*.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-8)**
["Colors - MIT Graphic Identity"](http://web.mit.edu/graphicidentity/colors.html). Retrieved 2016-05-25.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-9)**
["History of Tim"](https://timbeaver100.mit.edu/history-tim). *TimBeaver100.MIT.edu*. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-10)**
["How many Nobel Prize Laureates are affiliated with MIT?"](https://ir.mit.edu/projects/honors-and-awards-database/). *MIT Admissions*. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-11)**
["Notable Awards"](https://www.csail.mit.edu/about/notable-awards). *MIT CSAIL*. Retrieved 2019-10-18.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-12)**
["Charter of the MIT Corporation"](https://corporation.mit.edu/about-corporation/charter/). Retrieved 2025-04-01.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-13)**
Kneeland, Samuel (March 1859). ["Committee Report: Conservatory of Art and Science"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100612090711/http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/pdf/house260.pdf) (PDF). Massachusetts House of Representatives, House No. 260. Archived from [the original](http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/pdf/house260.pdf) (PDF) on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-14)**
["MIT Timeline"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130219203038/http://libraries.mit.edu/sites/mithistory/mit-timeline/). *MIT History*. MIT Institute Archives. Archived from [the original](http://libraries.mit.edu/sites/mithistory/mit-timeline/) on 2013-02-19. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-15)**
["Acts and Resolves of the General Court Relating to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150701055022/http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/pdf/1861%20Charter.pdf) (PDF). *MIT History*. MIT Institute Archives. Archived from [the original](http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/pdf/1861%20Charter.pdf) (PDF) on 2015-07-01. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-:02_16-0)**
["Collection: William Barton Rogers papers \| MIT ArchivesSpace"](https://archivesspace.mit.edu/repositories/2/resources/586). *MIT Libraries ArchiveSpace*. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-17)**
["MIT Facts 2012: Origins and Leadership"](http://web.mit.edu/facts/origins.html). *MIT Facts*. MIT. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-18)**
Rogers, William (1861). ["Objects and Plan of an Institute of Technology: including a Society of Arts, a Museum of Arts, and a School of Industrial Science; proposed to be established in Boston"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100612092224/http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/pdf/objects-plan.pdf) (PDF). The Committee of Associated Institutions of Science and Arts. Archived from [the original](http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/pdf/objects-plan.pdf) (PDF) on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Lewis_Report_19-0)** Lewis 1949, p. 8.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-20)**
["Letter from William Barton Rogers to His Brother Henry"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105859/http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/timeline/letter1846.html). Institute Archives, MIT. 1846-03-13. Archived from [the original](http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/timeline/letter1846.html) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
21. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Angulo_https://archive.org/details/williambartonrog00angu/page/155_155%E2%80%93156_21-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Angulo_https://archive.org/details/williambartonrog00angu/page/155_155%E2%80%93156_21-1)
Angulo, A.J. (2009-01-26). [*William Barton Rogers and the Idea of MIT*](https://archive.org/details/williambartonrog00angu/page/155). The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. [155â156](https://archive.org/details/williambartonrog00angu/page/155). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8018-9033-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9033-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9033-8")
.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-22)**
Angulo, A. J. (2017). "The Initial Reception of MIT, 1860sâ1880s". In Geiger, Roger L. (ed.). *Perspectives on the History of Higher Education*. pp. 1â28\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.4324/9781315126296](https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315126296). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-315-12629-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-12629-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-315-12629-6")
.
23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-23)**
Andrews, Elizabeth; Murphy, Nora; Rosko, Tom (2000). ["William Barton Rogers: MIT's Visionary Founder"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080512091317/http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/wbr-visionary/). MIT. Archived from [the original](http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/wbr-visionary/) on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2006-03-08.
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrattonMannix2005251%E2%80%93276_24-0)** [Stratton & Mannix 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFStrattonMannix2005), pp. 251â276.
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-LoC_25-0)**
["Morrill Act:Primary Documents of American History"](https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Morrill.html). *[Library of Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress "Library of Congress")*. 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
26. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-BostonTech1_26-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-BostonTech1_26-1)
Prescott, Samuel C (1954). *When MIT Was "Boston Tech", 1861â1916*. [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press").
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40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger199313%E2%80%9314_41-0)** [Geiger 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFGeiger1993), pp. 13â14.
41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer201065%E2%80%9366_42-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer2010), pp. 65â66.
42. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer201069%E2%80%9370_43-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer2010), pp. 69â70.
43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger1993179%E2%80%93181_44-0)** [Geiger 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFGeiger1993), pp. 179â181.
44. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992157_45-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992157_45-1) [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), p. 157.
45. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992156%E2%80%93157_46-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), pp. 156â157.
46. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer201070%E2%80%9371_47-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer2010), pp. 70â71.
47. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992157%E2%80%93158_48-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), pp. 157â158.
48. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992159%E2%80%93160_49-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), pp. 159â160.
49. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992163_50-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), p. 163.
50. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992163%E2%80%93165_51-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), pp. 163â165.
51. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger1993181%E2%80%93182_52-0)** [Geiger 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFGeiger1993), pp. 181â182.
52. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992159_53-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), p. 159.
53. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKevles1995252%E2%80%93257_54-0)** [Kevles 1995](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFKevles1995), p. 252â257.
54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992165%E2%80%93166_55-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), pp. 165â166.
55. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992156_56-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), p. 156.
56. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer201075_57-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer2010), p. 75.
57. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992170%E2%80%93171_58-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), pp. 170â171.
58. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie19936%E2%80%937_59-0)** [Leslie 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLeslie1993), pp. 6â7.
59. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger19939%E2%80%9310_60-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger19939%E2%80%9310_60-1) [Geiger 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFGeiger1993), pp. 9â10.
60. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie199321%E2%80%9322_61-0)** [Leslie 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLeslie1993), pp. 21â22.
61. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger19939_62-0)** [Geiger 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFGeiger1993), p. 9.
62. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie199322_63-0)** [Leslie 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLeslie1993), p. 22.
63. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurchard1948215%E2%80%93221_64-0)** [Burchard 1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFBurchard1948), pp. 215â221.
64. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurchard1948127%E2%80%93143_65-0)** [Burchard 1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFBurchard1948), pp. 127â143.
65. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas201090%E2%80%9392_66-0)** [Douglas 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFDouglas2010), pp. 90â92.
66. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie19937_68-0)** [Leslie 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLeslie1993), p. 7.
67. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKevles1995342_69-0)** [Kevles 1995](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFKevles1995), p. 342.
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69. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie199315%E2%80%9316,_38%E2%80%9339,_144%E2%80%93145_71-0)** [Leslie 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLeslie1993), pp. 15â16, 38â39, 144â145.
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73. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992179_76-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992179_76-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992179_76-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992179_76-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992179_76-4) [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), p. 179.
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75. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Canizares2007_78-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Canizares2007_78-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Canizares2007_78-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Canizares2007_78-3)
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77. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaiser2010104%E2%80%93105_80-0)** [Kaiser 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFKaiser2010), pp. 104â105.
78. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger1993248%E2%80%93249_81-0)** [Geiger 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFGeiger1993), pp. 248â249.
79. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie1993233%E2%80%93235_82-0)** [Leslie 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLeslie1993), pp. 233â235.
80. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelkin197255%E2%80%9358_83-0)** [Nelkin 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFNelkin1972), pp. 55â58.
81. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBridger2015164%E2%80%93165_84-0)** [Bridger 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFBridger2015), pp. 164â165.
82. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie1993235%E2%80%93237_85-0)** [Leslie 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLeslie1993), pp. 235â237.
83. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelkin197279%E2%80%9380_86-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelkin197279%E2%80%9380_86-1) [Nelkin 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFNelkin1972), pp. 79â80.
84. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie1993239%E2%80%93243_87-0)** [Leslie 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLeslie1993), pp. 239â243.
85. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelkin197278%E2%80%9379_88-0)** [Nelkin 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFNelkin1972), pp. 78â79.
86. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie1993236%E2%80%93237_89-0)** [Leslie 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLeslie1993), pp. 236â237.
87. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie1993244%E2%80%93245_90-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie1993244%E2%80%93245_90-1) [Leslie 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLeslie1993), pp. 244â245.
88. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger1993249%E2%80%93250_92-0)** [Geiger 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFGeiger1993), pp. 249â250.
89. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBridger2015191%E2%80%93192_93-0)** [Bridger 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFBridger2015), pp. 191â192.
90. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9cuyer1992175%E2%80%93176_95-0)** [LĂ©cuyer 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFL%C3%A9cuyer1992), pp. 175â176.
91. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillian198579%E2%80%9380_96-0)** [Killian 1985](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFKillian1985), pp. 79â80.
92. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger199365_98-0)** [Geiger 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFGeiger1993), p. 65.
93. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis_Committee194915%E2%80%9322_99-0)** [Lewis Committee 1949](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFLewis_Committee1949), pp. 15â22.
94. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger199365%E2%80%9366_100-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger199365%E2%80%9366_100-1) [Geiger 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#CITEREFGeiger1993), pp. 65â66.
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301. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-318)**
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304. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-321)** Robert N. Noyce, Robert Langer, Bradford W. Parkinson, Ivan A. Getting, Butler W. Lampson, Timothy J. Berners-Lee, Rudolph Kalman
305. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-IR_Nobel_322-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-IR_Nobel_322-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-IR_Nobel_322-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-IR_Nobel_322-3)
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306. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-323)**
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307. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-324)**
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308. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-325)**
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309. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-326)**
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310. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-327)**
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311. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-328)**
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312. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-329)**
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319. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-336)**
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326. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Pulitzer_343-0)**
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332. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-349)**
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339. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-figures_356-0)**
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340. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-357)**
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342. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-359)**
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345. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-362)**
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347. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-364)**
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348. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-365)**
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349. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-MCCARTHY_366-0)**
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351. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-368)**
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354. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-tub99_371-0)**
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357. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-374)**
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Sears, Andrew; Jacko, Julie A. (2007-09-19). [*The Human-Computer Interaction Handbook: Fundamentals, Evolving Technologies and Emerging Applications, Second Edition*](https://books.google.com/books?id=A8TPF_O385AC&pg=PA5). CRC Press. p. 5. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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362. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-379)**
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364. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-381)**
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366. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-383)**
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367. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-384)**
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Bernanke, Ben S. (2006-06-09). ["2006 Commencement Speech at MIT"](https://web.archive.org/web/20061007204443/http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2006/20060609/default.htm). Archived from [the original](https://www.federalreserve.gov/boardDocs/speeches/2006/20060609/default.htm) on 2006-10-07. Retrieved 2007-01-02. "Mathematical approaches to economics have at times been criticized as lacking in practical value. Yet the MIT Economics Department has trained many economists who have played leading roles in government and in the private sector, including the current heads of four central banks: those of [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Chile "Central Bank of Chile"), [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Israel "Bank of Israel"), [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_d%27Italia "Banca d'Italia"), and, I might add, the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System "Federal Reserve System")."
370. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-387)**
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374. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Brass_Rat_391-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Brass_Rat_391-1)
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Chetty, Raj; Deming, David J.; Friedman, John N. (2024). ["Diversifying Society's Leaders? The Determinants and Causal Effects of Admission to Highly Selective Private Colleges"](https://opportunityinsights.org/paper/collegeadmissions/). *Quarterly Journal of Economics*. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1093/qje/qjae015](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fqje%2Fqjae015).
417. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-437)**
Hartocollis, Anemona; Saul, Stephanie (2024-08-21). ["At M.I.T., Black and Latino Enrollment Drops Sharply After Affirmative Action Ban"](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/21/us/mit-black-latino-enrollment-affirmative-action.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved 2024-08-22.
418. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-438)**
Maglione, Francesca; Lorin, Janet (2024-08-21). ["MIT's Drop in Black Students Shows Fallout From Top Court Ruling"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-21/mit-reports-drop-in-black-student-enrollment-for-incoming-class). *[Bloomberg News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News "Bloomberg News")*. Retrieved 2024-08-22.
419. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Bowden_439-0)**
Bowden, Mary Ellen (1997). [*Chemical achievers: the human face of the chemical sciences*](https://books.google.com/books?id=eCg5MgI2S54C&pg=PA156). Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. 156â158\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780941901123](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780941901123 "Special:BookSources/9780941901123")
.
420. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-CHFBio_440-0)**
["Ellen H. Swallow Richards"](https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/ellen-h-swallow-richards). *Science History Institute*. June 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
421. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-441)**
["McCormick Fact Sheet"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150220002345/http://mccormick.scripts.mit.edu/www/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/FactSheet.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://mccormick.scripts.mit.edu/www/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/FactSheet.pdf) (PDF) on 2015-02-20. Retrieved 2015-02-19.
422. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-442)**
Simha, O. R. (2003). [*MIT campus planning 1960â2000: An annotated chronology*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ldq-ZgxszzMC&pg=PA32). [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). pp. 32â33\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-262-69294-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-69294-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-262-69294-6")
. "In 1959, 158 women were enrolled at MIT."
423. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-443)**
Stratton, J. A. (1960). [*The president's report 1960*](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121656/http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/presidents-reports/1960.pdf) (PDF). p. 49. Archived from [the original](http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/presidents-reports/1960.pdf) (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2009-11-12. "Registration: In 1959â60 ... \[o\]ne hundred and fifty-five women were enrolled, \[2.5 percent of student body\]. ..."
424. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-444)**
EECS Women Undergraduate Enrollment Committee (1995-01-03). ["Chapter 1: Male/Female enrollment patterns in EECS at MIT and other schools"](http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/users/hal/women-enrollment-comm/final-report-ch1.html). *Women Undergraduate Enrollment in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT*. Retrieved 2006-12-08.
425. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Women_Enrollments_445-0)**
[*Enrollment statistics: Women students, Fall term 2009â2010*](http://web.mit.edu/registrar/stats/gender/index.html). 2009-10-09.
426. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-446)**
[*Nobel laureates and universities*](http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html). 2009. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
427. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Faculty_Awards_447-0)**
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428. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Hockfield_448-0)**
["Susan Hockfield, President, Massachusetts Institute of Technology â Biography"](http://web.mit.edu/hockfield/biography.html). MIT. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
429. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-449)**
["Charles William Eliot \| Research Starters \| EBSCO Research"](https://www.ebsco.com/). *EBSCO*. Retrieved 2025-12-12.
430. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-450)**
*collections.archives.caltech.edu* <https://collections.archives.caltech.edu/agents/people/3395>. Retrieved 2025-12-12.
431. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-451)**
["Robert A. Brown \| College of Engineering"](https://www.bu.edu/eng/profile/robert-a-brown/). *www.bu.edu*. Retrieved 2025-12-12.
432. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-452)**
["Mark S. Wrighton"](https://washu.edu/people/mark-s-wrighton/). Retrieved 2025-12-12.
433. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-453)**
["Remembering Former Lehigh President Alice P. Gast"](https://www2.lehigh.edu/remembering-former-lehigh-president-alice-p-gast). *Lehigh University News*. 2025-10-30. Retrieved 2025-12-12.
434. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-454)**
["Nam Pyo Suh \| Professional Education"](https://professional.mit.edu/programs/faculty-profiles/nam-pyo-suh). *professional.mit.edu*. Retrieved 2025-12-12.
435. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-455)**
["Robert J. Birgeneau » MIT Physics"](https://physics.mit.edu/faculty/robert-birgeneau/). *MIT Physics*. Retrieved 2025-12-12.
436. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-456)**
["John Maeda named president of Rhode Island School of Design"](https://news.mit.edu/2007/announcement-risd-1222). *MIT News \| Massachusetts Institute of Technology*. 2007-12-21. Retrieved 2025-12-12.
437. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-457)**
["Caltech Mourns the Passing of President Emeritus and Nobel Laureate David Baltimore"](https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/caltech-mourns-the-passing-of-president-emeritus-and-nobel-laureate-david-baltimore). *California Institute of Technology*. 2025-09-08. Retrieved 2025-12-12.
438. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-458)**
Barnes, Michael (2021-12-19). ["'God of aerospace engineering': Hans Mark, former UT chancellor who fled Nazis, dies at 92"](https://www.statesman.com/story/news/2021/12/19/hans-mark-obituary-ut-system-chancellor-austin-university-texas-aerospace-nasa-moon-landing/8962158002/). *Austin American-Statesman*. Retrieved 2025-12-12.
439. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-459)**
["Marcia McNutt Elected 22nd NAS President; New Treasurer, Council Members Chosen"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160221111144/http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/feb-16-2016-NASelection.html) (Press release). National Academy of Sciences. February 16, 2016. Archived from [the original](http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/feb-16-2016-NASelection.html) on February 21, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
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Calmes, Jackie; Broder, John (2013-03-04). ["Obama Announces 3 Cabinet Nominations"](https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/05/us/politics/obama-to-nominate-new-heads-for-energy-department-and-epa.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0&hp). *The New York Times*. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
443. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-463)**
Rampton, Roberta (2013-02-06). ["Exclusive: Obama considering MIT physicist Moniz for energy secretary â sources"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/2013/02/06/exclusive-microsoft-and-symantec-disrupt-cyber-crime-ring/). *Chicago Tribune*. Retrieved 2013-02-24.
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First and Second Committees on Women Faculty in the School of Science (March 1999). ["A Study on the Status of Women Faculty in Science at MIT"](https://web.archive.org/web/19990508212213/http://web.mit.edu/fnl/women/Fnlwomen.htm). *The MIT Faculty Newsletter*. **11** (4). [MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT "MIT"). Archived from [the original](http://web.mit.edu/fnl/women/Fnlwomen.htm) on 1999-05-08.
445. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Glassdoor_465-0)**
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446. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-GlassdoorMIT_466-0)**
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447. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-467)**
["Rhodes Scholarships: Number of Winners by Institution, U.S. Rhodes Scholars (1904â2019)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190215215642/http://www.rhodesscholar.org/assets/uploads/2019%20RS_Number%20of%20Winners%20by%20Institution.pdf) (PDF). *The Rhodes Trust*. Archived from [the original](http://www.rhodesscholar.org/assets/uploads/2019%20RS_Number%20of%20Winners%20by%20Institution.pdf) (PDF) on 2019-02-15.
448. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-IRAwardsHonors_468-0)**
MIT Office of Institutional Research. ["Awards and Honors"](http://web.mit.edu/ir/pop/awards/index.html). Retrieved 2014-03-11.
449. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-:3_469-0)**
Mongo, Julia (2020-11-24). ["Meghan Davis named 2022 Mitchell Scholar"](https://news.mit.edu/2020/meghan-davis-named-2022-mitchell-scholar-1124). *MIT News*. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
450. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-470)**
["Curriculum Vitae (Lawrence H. Summers)"](https://apps.hks.harvard.edu/faculty/cv/LawrenceSummers.pdf) (PDF). Harvard University. Retrieved 2020-09-08.
451. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Entrepreneur_471-0)**
Ericka Chickowski (2010-09-20). ["Gurus and Grads"](http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/217327). *Entrepreneur*.
452. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-Kauffman_472-0)**
["Kauffman Foundation study finds MIT alumni companies generate billions for regional economies"](http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/kauffman-study-0217.html). MIT News Office. 2009-02-17. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
453. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-473)**
Pilkington, Ed (2011-05-18). ["The MIT factor: celebrating 150 years of maverick genius"](https://www.theguardian.com/education/2011/may/18/mit-massachusetts-150-years-genius). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. Retrieved 2011-05-25.
454. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-474)**
["Notable Alumni"](https://web.archive.org/web/20061127113157/http://www.mitadmissions.org/topics/pulse/notable_alumni/). Archived from [the original](http://www.mitadmissions.org/topics/pulse/notable_alumni/) on 2006-11-27. Retrieved 2006-11-04.
455. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-475)** (in Chinese) [é±ćŠæŁźïŒćć°œé©é»æ„æç„ćœ ç«çźäčçæ·ĄæłćèȘ](http://scitech.people.com.cn/GB/10294899.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191921/http://scitech.people.com.cn/GB/10294899.html) 2016-03-03 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")ïŒäșșæ°çœïŒ2009ćčŽ10æ31æ„.Accessed October 31, 2009; (in Chinese) [çŸćœèȘç©șćšć2008ćčŽćșŠäșșç©:é±ćŠæŁź](http://news.163.com/09/1031/17/5MVIKNT90001124J.html)ïŒçœææąçŽą(ćčżć·)(2009ćčŽ10æ31æ„. Accessed November 11, 2009.
456. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-476)**
Silvey, Anita (1995). [*Children's Books and Their Creators*](https://books.google.com/books?id=DzV5M07MZigC&pg=RA4-PA415). Houghton Mifflin. p. 415. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-395-65380-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-65380-0 "Special:BookSources/0-395-65380-0")
.
457. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-477)**
["Avik Roy, "The Future of Health Care Law and Policy" \| University of Chicago Law School"](https://www.law.uchicago.edu/recordings/avik-roy-future-health-care-law-and-policy). *www.law.uchicago.edu*. 2016-02-04. Retrieved 2025-12-12.
458. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-WDL_478-0)**
["Study for Woolworth Building, New York"](http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11376/). *[World Digital Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Digital_Library "World Digital Library")*. 1910-12-10. Retrieved 2013-07-25.
459. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-479)**
["Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2019"](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2019/duflo/facts/). *NobelPrize.org*. Retrieved 2026-02-18.
460. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-480)**
Smialek, Jeanna (2019-10-14). ["Nobel Economics Prize Goes to Pioneers in Reducing Poverty"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/14/business/nobel-economics.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved 2026-02-18.
461. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-481)**
["President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom"](https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/10/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom). *whitehouse.gov*. 2014-11-10. Retrieved 2026-02-18.
462. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-482)**
Angier, Natalie (2012-07-02). ["Carbon Catalyst for Half a Century"](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/03/science/carbon-catalyst-for-half-a-century.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved 2026-02-18.
463. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-483)**
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464. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-484)**
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465. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-485)**
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466. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-486)**
Thulin, Lila. ["What It Was Like to Become the First Woman to Pilot and Command a Space Shuttle"](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/what-it-was-become-first-woman-pilot-and-command-space-shuttle-180973343/). *Smithsonian Magazine*. Retrieved 2026-02-18.
467. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-487)**
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468. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-488)**
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469. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#cite_ref-489)**
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*Also see the [bibliography](http://libraries.mit.edu/sites/mithistory/bibliography/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120222043839/http://libraries.mit.edu/sites/mithistory/bibliography/) 2012-02-22 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") maintained by MIT's [Institute Archives & Special Collections](http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/) and Written Works in MIT in popular culture.*
- Abelmann, Walter H. (2004). [*The Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology: The First 25 Years, 1970â1995*](https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674014589). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780674014589](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674014589 "Special:BookSources/9780674014589")
.
- Angulo, A. J. (2007). "The Initial Reception of MIT, 1860sâ1880s". *History of Higher Education Annual*. **26**: 1â28\.
- Bamberger, Gustavo E.; Carlton, Dennis W. (2000). "Antitrust and Higher Education: MIT Financial Aid (1993)". In Kwoka, John E.; White, Lawrence J. (eds.). *The Antitrust Revolution* (3rd ed.). [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). pp. 264â285\.
- [Brand, Stewart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Brand "Stewart Brand") (1987). *The Media Lab: Inventing the Future at MIT*. [Viking Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Press "Viking Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-670-81442-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-81442-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-670-81442-8")
.
`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default "Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default"))
- Bridger, Sarah (2015). *Scientists at War, The Ethics of Cold War Weapons Research*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780674736825](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674736825 "Special:BookSources/9780674736825")
.
- Buderi, Robert (2022). *Where Futures Converge: Kendall Square and the Making of a Global Innovation Hub*. [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780262046510](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262046510 "Special:BookSources/9780262046510")
.
- [Burchard, John Ely](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ely_Burchard "John Ely Burchard") (1948). [*Q.E.D.: MIT in World War II*](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012432384). New York: J. Wiley & Sons; Chapman & Hall. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1625883](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1625883).
- Douglas, Deborah (2010). "MIT and War". In Kaiser, David (ed.). *Becoming MIT: Moments of Decision*. MIT Press. pp. 81â102\. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [j.ctt5hhbpp.8](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hhbpp.8).
- Durant, John (2010). "Refrain from Using the Alphabet". In Kaiser, David (ed.). *Becoming MIT: Moments of Decision*. [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). pp. 141â163\. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [j.ctt5hhbpp.11](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hhbpp.11).
- Etzkowitz, Henry (2002). *MIT and the Rise of Entrepreneurial Science*. [Routledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge "Routledge"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780415435055](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415435055 "Special:BookSources/9780415435055")
.
- [Geiger, Roger L.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_L._Geiger "Roger L. Geiger") (1986). [*To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities: 1900â1940*](https://archive.org/details/toadvanceknowled0000geig). New York; London: Oxford University Press.
- Geiger, Roger L. (1993). [*Research and Relevant Knowledge : American Research Universities since World War II*](https://archive.org/details/researchrelevant0000geig_i9p3/page/n5/mode/2up). New York; London: Oxford University Press.
- Hapgood, Fred (1992). [*Up the Infinite Corridor: MIT and the Technical Imagination*](https://archive.org/details/upinfinitecorrid00hapg). Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780201082937](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780201082937 "Special:BookSources/9780201082937")
.
- Jarzombek, Mark (2004). *Designing MIT: Bosworth's New Tech*. Boston, Mass.: Northeastern University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781555536190](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555536190 "Special:BookSources/9781555536190")
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- [Kaiser, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kaiser_\(physicist\) "David Kaiser (physicist)") (2010). "Elephant on the Charles: Postwar Growing Pains". In Kaiser, David (ed.). *Becoming MIT: Moments of Decision*. Cambridge, MA: [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). pp. 103â121\. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [j.ctt5hhbpp.9](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hhbpp.9).
- [Kerr, Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Kerr "Clark Kerr") (2001) \[1963\]. [*The Uses of the University*](https://archive.org/details/usesofuniversity0000kerr_x6g3/page/n5/mode/2up) (5th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0674005327](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674005327 "Special:BookSources/978-0674005327")
.
- [Kevles, Daniel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kevles "Daniel Kevles") (1995) \[1978\]. [*The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America*](https://archive.org/details/physicistshistor0000kevl) (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press â via [Internet Archive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive "Internet Archive").
- Keyser, Samuel Jay (2011). *Mens et Mania: The MIT Nobody Knows*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780262015943](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262015943 "Special:BookSources/9780262015943")
.
- LĂ©cuyer, Christophe (1992). "The Making of a Science Based Technological University: Karl Compton, James Killian, and the Reform of MIT, 1930â1957". *Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences*. **23** (1): 153â180\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2307/27757693](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F27757693). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [27757693](https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757693).
- LĂ©cuyer, Christophe (2010). "Patrons and a Plan". In Kaiser, David (ed.). *Becoming MIT: Moments of Decision*. MIT Press. pp. 59â80\. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [j.ctt5hhbpp.7](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hhbpp.7).
- Leslie, Stuart W. (1993). *The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford*. New York: Columbia University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780231079587](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231079587 "Special:BookSources/9780231079587")
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- Lewis, Warren K.; Robnett, Ronald H.; Soderberg, C. Richard; Stratton, Julius A.; Loofbourow, John R. (1949). [*Report of the Committee on Educational Survey (Lewis Report)*](https://web.archive.org/web/20120507000129/http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/pdf/lewis.pdf) (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). Archived from [the original](http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/pdf/lewis.pdf) (PDF) on 2012-05-07. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
- Mitchell, William J. (2007). *Imagining MIT: Designing a Campus for the Twenty-first Century*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780262134798](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262134798 "Special:BookSources/9780262134798")
.
- Nelkin, Dorothy. (1972). *The University and Military Research: Moral politics at MIT (science, technology and society)*. New York: Cornell University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8014-0711-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-0711-7 "Special:BookSources/0-8014-0711-7")
.
- Peterson, T. F. (2003). [*Nightwork: A History of Hacks and Pranks at MIT*](https://archive.org/details/nightworkhistory0000pete). Cambridge, Massachusetts: [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780262661379](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262661379 "Special:BookSources/9780262661379")
.
- Prescott, Samuel C. (1954). *When MIT was "Boston Tech", 1861â1916* (Reprint ed.). [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780262661393](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262661393 "Special:BookSources/9780262661393")
.
- [Raymond, Eric S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond "Eric S. Raymond") (2001). *[The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar "The Cathedral and the Bazaar")*. [O'Reilly Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media "O'Reilly Media"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-596-00108-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00108-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00108-7")
.
`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default "Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default"))
- Renehan, Colm (2007). [*Peace activism at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1975 to 2001: A case study*](https://www.proquest.com/openview/94b5a4c0d9029739cb8f4d1c4b330c46/1) (Thesis).
- Servos, John W. (1980). "The Industrial Relations of Science: Chemical Engineering at MIT, 1900-1939". *Isis*. **71** (4): 531â549\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1086/352591](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F352591). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [230499](https://www.jstor.org/stable/230499).
- Shrock, Robert Rakes (1982). *Geology at MIT 1865â1965: A History of the First Hundred Years of Geology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780262192118](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262192118 "Special:BookSources/9780262192118")
.
- Sharp, Phillip A. (JanuaryâFebruary 2006). ["Life Sciences at MIT: A History and Perspective"](https://web.mit.edu/fnl/volume/183/sharp.html). *MIT Faculty Newsletter*. **XVIII** (3).
- Simha, O. Robert (2003). *MIT Campus Planning, 1960â2000: An Annotated Chronology*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780262692946](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262692946 "Special:BookSources/9780262692946")
.
- Snyder, Benson R. (1971). *The Hidden Curriculum*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780262690430](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262690430 "Special:BookSources/9780262690430")
.
- Stratton, Julius Adams; Mannix, Loretta H. (2005). *Mind and Hand: The Birth of MIT*. MIT Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-262-19524-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19524-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19524-9")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [62873345](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62873345).
- Vest, Charles M. (2004). [*Pursuing the Endless Frontier: Essays on MIT and the Role of Research Universities*](https://archive.org/details/pursuingendlessf00vest). Cambridge, Massachusetts: [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780262220729](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262220729 "Special:BookSources/9780262220729")
.
- Wildes, Karl L.; Lindgren, Nilo A. (1985). [*A Century of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1882â1982*](https://archive.org/details/centuryofelectri0000wild). Cambridge, Massachusetts: [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780262231190](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262231190 "Special:BookSources/9780262231190")
.
- Zernike, Kate (2023). *The Exceptions: Nancy Hopkins, MIT, and the Fight for Women in Science*. [Scribner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribner_\(publisher\) "Scribner (publisher)"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781982131838](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781982131838 "Special:BookSources/9781982131838")
.
- [Official website](https://mit.edu/) [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49108#P856 "Edit this at Wikidata")
- [Athletics website](https://mitathletics.com/)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg) Texts on Wikisource:
- "[Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_\(1921\)/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Massachusetts Institute of Technology")". *[Collier's New Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia "Collier's Encyclopedia")*. 1921.
- "[Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_\(1920\)/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology,_The "s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The")". *[Encyclopedia Americana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana "Encyclopedia Americana")*. 1920.
- "[Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "s:The New Student's Reference Work/Massachusetts Institute of Technology")". *[The New Student's Reference Work](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work "s:The New Student's Reference Work")*. 1914.
- "[Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "s:The New International EncyclopĂŠdia/Massachusetts Institute of Technology")". *[New International Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia "New International Encyclopedia")*. 1905.
- [Swain, George Fillmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fillmore_Swain "George Fillmore Swain") (July 1900). "[Technical Education at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_57/July_1900/Technical_Education_at_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "s:Popular Science Monthly/Volume 57/July 1900/Technical Education at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology")". *[Popular Science Monthly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly "Popular Science Monthly")*. Vol. 57. |
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