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| Boilerpipe Text | Mango fruits – single and halved
A
mango
is an edible
stone fruit
produced by the tropical tree
Mangifera indica
. It originated in the northeastern part of the
Indian subcontinent
, in what is now Bangladesh,
northeastern India
and
Myanmar.
M. indica
has been cultivated in
South
and Southeast Asia since ancient times, resulting in two modern mango cultivar lineages: the "Indian" and the "Southeast Asian" types.
[
1
]
Other species in the genus
Mangifera
also produce edible fruits called "mangoes," most of which are found in the
Malesian
ecoregion.
[
2
]
There are several hundred
cultivars of mango
worldwide. Depending on the cultivar, mango fruit varies in size, shape, sweetness, skin colour, and flesh colour, which may be pale yellow, gold, green, or orange. Mango is the
national fruit
of
India
,
Pakistan
, and the
Philippines
, while the mango tree is the
national tree
of Bangladesh.
Etymology
The English word
mango
(plural
mangoes
or
mangos
) originated in the 16th century from the
Portuguese
word
manga
, from the
Malayalam
manga
, and ultimately from the
Tamil
mā
(
மா
, 'mango tree') +
kāy
(
ங்காய்
, 'unripe fruit/vegetable').
[
3
]
[
4
]
[
5
]
[
6
]
The scientific name,
Mangifera indica
,
can be translated as "a plant bearing mangoes in India".
[
5
]
Description
Mango trees grow to 30–40 metres (98–131 feet) tall, with a crown radius of 10–15 m (33–49 ft). The trees are long-lived, as some specimens still fruit after 300 years.
[
7
]
In deep soil, the
taproot
descends to a depth of 6 m (20 ft), with profuse, wide-spreading feeder roots and anchor roots penetrating deeply into the soil. The
leaves
are
evergreen
, alternate, simple, 15–35 centimetres (6–14 inches) long, and 6–16 cm (
2
+
1
⁄
2
–
6
+
1
⁄
2
in) broad; when the leaves are young they are orange-pink, rapidly changing to a dark, glossy red, then dark green as they mature. The
flowers
are produced in terminal
panicles
10–40 cm (4–
15
+
1
⁄
2
in) long; each flower is small and white with five petals
5–10 millimetres (
3
⁄
16
–
3
⁄
8
in) long, with a mild, sweet fragrance. Over 500
varieties
of mangoes are known,
[
8
]
many of which ripen in summer, while some give a double crop.
[
9
]
The fruit takes four to five months from flowering to ripening.
[
8
]
The ripe fruit varies according to cultivar in size, shape, colour, sweetness, and eating quality. Depending on the cultivar, fruits are variously yellow, orange, red, or green. The fruit has a single flat, oblong
pit
that can be
fibrous
or hairy on the surface and does not separate easily from the pulp. The fruits may be somewhat round, oval, or
kidney
-shaped, ranging from 5–25 centimetres (2–10 in) in length and from 140 grams (5 oz) to 2 kilograms (5 lb) in weight per individual fruit. The skin is leather-like, waxy, smooth, and fragrant, with colours ranging from green to yellow, yellow-orange, yellow-red, or blushed with various shades of red, purple, pink, or yellow when fully ripe.
[
8
]
Ripe intact mangoes give off a distinctive
resinous
, sweet smell.
[
8
]
Inside the
stone
with its 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) thick woody
endocarp
is a single
seed
, 4–7 cm (1.6–2.8 in) long. Mangoes have
recalcitrant seeds
which do not survive freezing and drying.
[
10
]
Mango trees grow readily from seeds, with
germination
success highest when seeds are obtained from mature fruits.
[
8
]
Tree
Flowers and immature fruits
Unripe mangoes
Fruit with single seed, cut open
Stone
(
endocarp
, surrounding the seed)
Taxonomy
Mangoes originated from the region between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, and northeastern India.
[
11
]
[
1
]
The mango is considered an
evolutionary anachronism
, whereby
seed dispersal
was once accomplished by a now-
extinct
evolutionary
forager
, such as a
megafauna
mammal.
[
12
]
From their center of origin, mangoes diverged into two genetically distinct populations: the subtropical Indian group and the tropical Southeast Asian group. The Indian group is characterized by having
monoembryonic
fruits, while the Southeast Asian group is characterized by
polyembryonic
fruits.
[
11
]
[
1
]
It was previously believed that mangoes originated from a single
domestication
event in South Asia before being spread to Southeast Asia, but a 2019 study found no evidence of a center of diversity in India. Instead, it identified a higher unique genetic diversity in Southeast Asian cultivars than in Indian cultivars, indicating that mangoes may have originally been domesticated first in Southeast Asia before being introduced to South Asia. However, the authors cautioned that the diversity in Southeast Asian mangoes might be the result of other reasons (like
interspecific hybridization
with other
Mangifera
species native to the
Malesian
ecoregion). Nevertheless, the existence of two distinct genetic populations identified by the study indicates that the domestication of the mango is more complex than previously assumed and would at least indicate multiple domestication events in Southeast Asia and South Asia.
[
11
]
[
1
]
Cultivars
There are hundreds of named mango cultivars. In mango
orchards
, several cultivars are often grown to improve pollination. Many desired cultivars are
monoembryonic
and must be propagated by
grafting
, or they do not breed true. A common monoembryonic cultivar is
'Alphonso'
, an important export product, considered "the king of mangoes".
[
13
]
Cultivars that excel in one climate may fail elsewhere. For example, Indian cultivars such as 'Julie,' a prolific cultivar in Jamaica, require annual
fungicide
treatments to escape the lethal
fungal disease
anthracnose
in Florida. Asian mangoes are resistant to anthracnose.
[
14
]
The current
western
market is dominated by the cultivar
'Tommy Atkins'
, a seedling of
'Haden'
that first fruited in 1940 in southern Florida and was initially rejected commercially by Florida researchers.
[
15
]
Growers and importers worldwide have embraced the cultivar for its excellent productivity and disease resistance,
shelf life
, transportability, size, and appealing colour.
[
16
]
Although the Tommy Atkins cultivar is commercially successful, other cultivars may be preferred by consumers for eating pleasure, such as Alphonso.
[
13
]
[
16
]
'Carabao'
, a typical "Southeast Asian type"
polyembryonic
cultivar
'Langra'
, a typical "Indian type"
monoembryonic
cultivar
Many varieties from India
Distribution and habitat
From tropical Asia, mangoes were introduced to East Africa by
Arab
and
Persian
traders in the ninth to tenth centuries. The 14th-century Moroccan traveler
Ibn Battuta
reported it at
Mogadishu
.
[
17
]
It was spread further into other areas around the world during the
Colonial Era
. The
Portuguese Empire
spread the mango from their colony in
Goa
to East and West Africa. From West Africa, they introduced it to Brazil from the 16th to the 17th centuries. From Brazil, it spread northwards to the
Caribbean
and eastern Mexico by the mid to late 18th century. The
Spanish Empire
also introduced mangoes directly from the Philippines to western Mexico via the
Manila galleons
from at least the 16th century. Mangoes were only introduced to Florida by 1833.
[
1
]
[
18
]
Cultivation
The mango is cultivated in most
frost
-free tropical and warmer subtropical climates. It is cultivated extensively in South Asia, Southeast Asia,
East
and West Africa, the tropical and subtropical Americas, and the
Caribbean
.
[
19
]
Mangoes are also grown in
Andalusia
, Spain (mainly in
Málaga province
), as its coastal subtropical climate is one of the few places in mainland Europe that permits the growth of tropical plants and fruit trees. The
Canary Islands
are another notable Spanish producer of the fruit. Other minor cultivators include North America (in South Florida and the California
Coachella Valley
), Hawai'i, and Australia.
[
20
]
Many commercial
cultivars
grown in Europe are grafted onto the cold-hardy rootstock of the
Gomera-1
mango cultivar, originally from Cuba. Its root system is well adapted to a coastal Mediterranean climate.
[
21
]
A breakthrough in mango cultivation was the use of
potassium nitrate
and
ethrel
to induce flowering in mangoes. The discovery was made by
Filipino
horticulturist
Ramon Barba
in 1974 and was developed from the unique traditional method of inducing mango flowering using smoke in the Philippines. It allowed mango plantations to induce regular flowering and fruiting year-round. Previously, mangoes were seasonal because they only flowered every 16 to 18 months. The method is now used in most mango-producing countries.
[
22
]
[
23
]
Diseases
Mango trees are subject to
many diseases
, including
alternaria rot
,
anthracnose
,
bacterial black spot
, and
powdery mildew
.
[
24
]
[
25
]
Spongy tissue is a ripening disorder correlated with
calcium deficiency
and characterized by spongy, brown-black flesh beginning near the seeds.
[
26
]
It was estimated in 1989 to affect approximately 30% of Alphonso mangoes.
[
27
]
Among the pests of the fruit's cultivation is the
mango mealybug
; it sucks sap from inflorescences, causing reduced fruit set and seriously harming crop production.
[
28
]
Anthracnose in inflorescence
Powdery mildew
causing leaf blight
Mango* production
2023, millions of tonnes
India
26.2
Indonesia
4.1
China
3.9
Mexico
2.7
Pakistan
2.6
Brazil
2.3
Malawi
2.1
World
61.1
*Includes mangosteens and guavas; Source:
FAOSTAT
of the United Nations
[
29
]
Production
In 2023, world production of mangoes,
mangosteens
and
guavas
was 61 million
tonnes
, led by India with 43% of the total, and
Indonesia
and China as secondary producers.
[
29
]
Culinary uses
Mangoes are generally sweet, although the taste and texture of the flesh vary across cultivars; some, such as
Alphonso
, have a soft, pulpy, juicy texture similar to an overripe
plum
, while others, such as
Tommy Atkins
, are firmer with a fibrous texture.
[
30
]
Mangoes are used in many cuisines. Sour, unripe mangoes are used in side dishes in
Indian cuisine
such as
mango chutney
[
31
]
and
pickles
such as
avakaya
.
[
32
]
A summer drink called
aam panna
is made with mangoes.
[
33
]
Mango lassi
is consumed throughout South Asia, prepared by mixing ripe mangoes or mango pulp with
buttermilk
and sugar.
[
34
]
[
35
]
In
Indonesian cuisine
, unripe mango is processed into
asinan
,
rujak
and
sambal pencit/mangga muda
,
[
36
]
or eaten with
edible salt
.
[
37
]
Raw green mangoes can be sliced and eaten like a salad.
[
38
]
In most parts of Southeast Asia, they are commonly eaten with
fish sauce
, vinegar, soy sauce, or with a dash of salt (plain or spicy) – a combination usually known as "mango salad" in English.
[
39
]
In the Philippines, green mangoes are eaten with savory condiments such as
bagoong
(salty
fish
or
shrimp paste
),
soy sauce
, vinegar, or chilis.
[
40
]
[
41
]
Mango float
and
mango cake
, which use slices of ripe mangoes, are eaten in the Philippines.
[
42
]
The "hedgehog" style of preparation on
Carabao mangoes
Alphonso mango chunks
A glass of mango juice
Sour unripe mangoes eaten with
shrimp paste
, salt, chili, vinegar or
soy sauce
in the
Philippines
Phytochemistry
Major flavour chemicals of the 'Alphonso' mango from India
Numerous
phytochemicals
are present in mango
peel
and pulp, such as the
triterpene
lupeol
.
[
43
]
Mango peel pigments under study include
carotenoids
, such as the
provitamin A
compound,
beta-carotene
,
lutein
and
alpha-carotene
,
[
44
]
[
45
]
and
polyphenols
, such as
quercetin
,
kaempferol
,
gallic acid
,
caffeic acid
,
catechins
and
tannins
.
[
46
]
[
47
]
Mango contains a unique
xanthonoid
called
mangiferin
.
[
48
]
Phytochemical and nutrient content appears to vary across mango
cultivars
.
[
49
]
Up to 25 different carotenoids have been isolated from mango pulp, the densest of which was beta-carotene, which accounts for the yellow-orange
pigmentation
of most mango cultivars.
[
50
]
Mango leaves also have significant polyphenol content, including
xanthonoids
, mangiferin and gallic acid.
[
51
]
Flavor
The
flavor
of mango fruits is conferred by several volatile organic chemicals, mainly
terpenes
,
furanones
,
lactones
, and
esters
. Different varieties or
cultivars of mangoes
can have flavours made up of different volatile chemicals or the same volatile chemicals in different quantities.
[
52
]
In general,
New World
mango cultivars are characterized by the dominance of δ-3-carene, a monoterpene flavorant; whereas, high concentration of other monoterpenes such as (Z)-ocimene and myrcene, as well as the presence of lactones and furanones, is the unique feature of
Old World
cultivars.
[
53
]
[
54
]
In India,
'Alphonso'
is one of the most popular cultivars. In 'Alphonso' mango, the lactones, and furanones are synthesized during ripening, whereas terpenes and the other flavorants are present in both the developing (immature) and ripening fruits.
[
55
]
[
56
]
[
57
]
Ethylene
, a ripening-related hormone well known to be involved in ripening of mango fruits, causes changes in the flavor composition of mango fruits upon exogenous application, as well.
[
58
]
[
59
]
In contrast to the huge amount of information available on the chemical composition of mango flavour, the biosynthesis of these chemicals has not been studied in depth; only a handful of genes encoding the enzymes of flavour biosynthetic pathways have been characterized to date.
[
60
]
[
61
]
[
62
]
[
63
]
Mango
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy
250 kJ (60 kcal)
Carbohydrates
15 g
Sugars
13.7
Dietary fiber
1.6 g
Fat
0.38 g
Saturated
0.092 g
Monounsaturated
0.14 g
Polyunsaturated
omega−3
omega−6
0.071 g
0.051 g
0.019 g
Protein
0.82 g
Vitamins and minerals
Vitamins
Quantity
%DV
†
Vitamin A equiv.
beta-Carotene
lutein
zeaxanthin
6%
54 μg
6%
640 μg
23 μg
Thiamine (B
1
)
2%
0.028 mg
Riboflavin (B
2
)
3%
0.038 mg
Niacin (B
3
)
4%
0.669 mg
Pantothenic acid (B
5
)
4%
0.197 mg
Vitamin B
6
7%
0.119 mg
Folate (B
9
)
11%
43 μg
Choline
1%
7.6 mg
Vitamin C
40%
36.4 mg
Vitamin E
6%
0.9 mg
Vitamin K
4%
4.2 μg
Minerals
Quantity
%DV
†
Calcium
1%
11 mg
Copper
12%
0.111 mg
Iron
1%
0.16 mg
Magnesium
2%
10 mg
Manganese
3%
0.063 mg
Phosphorus
1%
14 mg
Potassium
6%
168 mg
Selenium
1%
0.6 μg
Sodium
0%
1 mg
Zinc
1%
0.09 mg
Other constituents
Quantity
Water
83.5 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†
Percentages estimated using
US recommendations
for adults,
[
64
]
except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the
National Academies
.
[
65
]
Toxicity
Contact with oils in mango leaves, stems, sap, and skin can cause
dermatitis
and
anaphylaxis
in susceptible individuals.
[
8
]
[
66
]
[
67
]
Those with a history of contact dermatitis induced by
urushiol
(an allergen found in
poison ivy
,
poison oak
, or
poison sumac
) may be most at risk for mango contact dermatitis.
[
68
]
Other mango compounds potentially responsible for dermatitis or allergic reactions include
mangiferin
.
[
8
]
Cross-reactions may occur between mango allergens and urushiol.
[
69
]
Sensitized individuals may not be able to eat peeled mangoes or drink mango juice safely.
[
8
]
When mango trees are flowering in spring, local people with allergies may experience breathing difficulty, itching of the eyes, or facial swelling, even before flower
pollen
becomes airborne. In this case, the irritant is likely to be the
vaporized
essential oil
from flowers. During the primary ripening season of mangoes, contact with mango plant parts – primarily
sap
, leaves, and fruit skin
[
8
]
– is the most common cause of plant dermatitis in Hawaii.
[
70
]
Nutrition
A raw mango is 84% water, 15%
carbohydrates
, 1%
protein
, and has negligible fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), raw mango supplies 60
calories
and is a rich source of
vitamin C
(40% of the
Daily Value
, DV) with moderate amounts of
folate
(11% DV) and
copper
(12% DV), while other
micronutrients
are low in content (table).
Culture
The mango is the
national fruit
of India,
[
71
]
[
72
]
Pakistan
,
[
73
]
and the
Philippines
.
[
74
]
It is the
national tree
of Bangladesh.
[
75
]
In India, the harvesting and sale of mangoes is during March–May and this is annually covered by news agencies.
[
13
]
In
Tamil Nadu
, the mango is one of the three royal fruits, along with
banana
and
jackfruit
, for their sweetness and flavour.
[
76
]
The mango has a traditional context in the culture of South Asia. In his
edicts
, the Mauryan emperor
Ashoka
references the planting of fruit- and shade-bearing trees along imperial roads in his Major Pillar Edict No.5:
[
77
]
"On the roads
banyan
-trees were caused to be planted by me, (in order that) they might afford shade to cattle and men, (and) mango-groves were caused to be planted."
In medieval India, the Indo-Persian poet
Amir Khusrau
termed the mango "
Naghza Tarin Mewa Hindustan
" – "the fairest fruit of Hindustan".
[
78
]
The Mughal Empire was especially fond of the fruits: the emperor
Babur
praises the mango in his
Baburnama
.
[
79
]
Mughal emperor
Akbar
(1556–1605) is said to have planted a mango orchard of 100,000 trees near
Darbhanga
, Bihar.
[
80
]
Mango flowers and leaves are used in the worship of the
Hindu
goddess
Saraswati
at the spring festival of
Vasant Panchami
.
[
81
]
The leaves are used as decorations in celebrations of
Ganesh Chaturthi
for the elephant-headed god
Ganesha
.
[
82
]
The
Jain
goddess
Ambika
is traditionally represented as sitting under a mango tree.
[
83
]
The classical Sanskrit poet
Kalidasa
sang the praises of mangoes.
[
84
]
Paisley patterns
, with a teardrop-shaped motif or
boteh
on shawls and
saris
, are named for the unripe mango in languages across the
Indian subcontinent
, such as
kalka
in
Bengali
,
[
85
]
[
86
]
ambi
in
Punjabi
,
[
87
]
and
kairi
in
Hindi
.
[
86
]
E. M. Forster
's 1924 novel
A Passage to India
has the character Dr. Aziz suggest to the English character Cyril Fielding "For you I shall arrange a lady with breasts like mangoes".
[
88
]
Mangoes were the subject of the
mango cult
in China during the
Cultural Revolution
as symbols of chairman
Mao Zedong
's love for the people.
[
89
]
Image of
Ambika
under a mango tree in Cave 34 of the
Ellora Caves
Paisley patterns
are named for the mango in languages of the
Indian subcontinent
.
References
^
a
b
c
d
e
Warschefsky, Emily J.; Wettberg, Eric J. B. (June 2019).
"Population genomic analysis of mango (
Mangifera indica
) suggests a complex history of domestication"
.
New Phytologist
.
222
(4):
2023–
2037.
Bibcode
:
2019NewPh.222.2023W
.
doi
:
10.1111/nph.15731
.
hdl
:
20.500.14849/285
.
PMID
30730057
.
^
Sherman, Amir; Rubinstein, Mor; Eshed, Ravit; Benita, Miri; Ish-Shalom, Mazal; Sharabi-Schwager, Michal; Rozen, Ada; Saada, David; Cohen, Yuval; Ophir, Ron (December 2015).
"Mango (
Mangifera indica
L.) germplasm diversity based on single nucleotide polymorphisms derived from the transcriptome"
.
BMC Plant Biology
.
15
(1): 277.
Bibcode
:
2015BMCPB..15..277S
.
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:
10.1186/s12870-015-0663-6
.
PMC
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.
PMID
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.
^
"Mango"
. Online Etymology Dictionary. 2024
. Retrieved
14 April
2024
.
^
Fabricius, J. P. (1972).
"J. P. Fabricius's Tamil and English dictionary. 4th ed., rev.and enl"
.
dsal.uchicago.edu
. Retrieved
15 December
2023
.
^
a
b
Prakash, Om (2005).
A Tryst with Mango: Retrospect, Aspects, Prospects
. APH Publishing. pp. xiv.
ISBN
978-81-7648-912-6
.
^
"mango
n.
(1)"
.
OED Online
.
Oxford University Press
. June 2021.
^
"Mango"
.
California Rare Fruit Growers
. Archived from
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on 19 October 2020
. Retrieved
4 November
2015
.
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
Morton, Julia Frances (1987).
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. NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University. pp.
221–
239.
ISBN
978-0-9610184-1-2
.
^
"Mango (Mangifera indica) varieties"
.
toptropicals.com
. Retrieved
2 January
2014
.
^
Marcos-Filho, Julio.
"Physiology of Recalcitrant Seeds"
(PDF)
. Ohio State University. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 24 January 2014
. Retrieved
3 December
2014
.
^
a
b
c
Kuhn, David N.; Bally, Ian S. E.; Dillon, Natalie L.; Innes, David; Groh, Amy M.; Rahaman, Jordon; Ophir, Ron; Cohen, Yuval; Sherman, Amir (20 April 2017).
"Genetic Map of Mango: A Tool for Mango Breeding"
.
Frontiers in Plant Science
.
8
577.
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:
2017FrPS....8..577K
.
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:
10.3389/fpls.2017.00577
.
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5397511
.
PMID
28473837
.
^
Spengler, Robert N. (April 2020).
"Anthropogenic Seed Dispersal: Rethinking the Origins of Plant Domestication"
.
Trends in Plant Science
.
25
(4):
340–
348.
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:
2020TPS....25..340S
.
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:
10.1016/j.tplants.2020.01.005
.
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Further reading
Ensminger, Audrey H.; et al. (1995).
The Concise Encyclopedia of Foods & Nutrition
. CRC Press. p.
651
.
ISBN
978-0-8493-4455-8
.
Litz, Richard E. (editor, 2009).
The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses
. 2nd edition. CABI.
ISBN
978-1-84593-489-7
Susser, Allen (2001).
The Great Mango Book: A Guide with Recipes
. Ten Speed Press.
ISBN
978-1-58008-204-4
External links
Sorting
Mangifera
species
Pine Island Nursery's Mango Variety viewer |
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango)
- [1 Etymology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#Etymology)
- [2 Description](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#Description)
- [3 Taxonomy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#Taxonomy)
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- [3\.1 Cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#Cultivars)
- [4 Distribution and habitat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#Distribution_and_habitat)
- [5 Cultivation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#Cultivation)
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- [5\.1 Diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#Diseases)
- [6 Production](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#Production)
- [7 Culinary uses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#Culinary_uses)
- [8 Phytochemistry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#Phytochemistry)
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- [8\.1 Flavor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#Flavor)
- [8\.2 Toxicity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#Toxicity)
- [9 Nutrition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#Nutrition)
- [10 Culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#Culture)
- [11 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#References)
- [12 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#Further_reading)
- [13 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#External_links)
Toggle the table of contents
# Mango
138 languages
- [Acèh](https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamplam "Mamplam – Acehnese")
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%AC "أنبج – Arabic")
- [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7 "منجا – Egyptian Arabic")
- [অসমীয়া](https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE "আম – Assamese")
- [Atikamekw](https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamincic_ka_mirokisitc "Wamincic ka mirokisitc – Atikamekw")
- [Aymar aru](https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catu%C3%B1a "Catuña – Aymara")
- [Bikol Central](https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangga "Mangga – Central Bikol")
- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0_\(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4\) "Манга (плод) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)")
- [भोजपुरी](https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE "आम – Bhojpuri")
- [Bamanankan](https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangoro "Mangoro – Bambara")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE "আম – Bangla")
- [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangez "Mangez – Breton")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango "Mango – Bosnian")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_\(fruita\) "Mango (fruita) – Catalan")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%86 "مانگۆ – Central Kurdish")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango "Mango – Czech")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango "Mango – Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango "Mango – Danish")
- [Dagbanli](https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%94%C5%8Bgu "Mɔŋgu – Dagbani")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangofrucht "Mangofrucht – German")
- [Thuɔŋjäŋ](https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%8Bgaa "Maŋgaa – Dinka")
- [डोटेली](https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AE "आँम – Doteli")
- [ދިވެހިބަސް](https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%84%DE%AA "އަނބު – Divehi")
- [ཇོང་ཁ](https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2 "ཨམ་ཅུ་ཀུ་ལི – Dzongkha")
- [Eʋegbe](https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%8Bgo "Maŋgo – Ewe")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF "Μάνγκο – Greek")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_\(frukto\) "Mango (frukto) – Esperanto")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_\(fruta\) "Mango (fruta) – Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango "Mango – Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango "Mango – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87 "انبه – Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_\(hedelm%C3%A4\) "Mango (hedelmä) – Finnish")
- [Võro](https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango "Mango – Võro")
- [Fɔ̀ngbè](https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaga "Amaga – Fon")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangue "Mangue – French")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mang%C3%B3 "Mangó – Irish")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_\(froita\) "Manga (froita) – Galician")
- [गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni](https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambo "Ambo – Goan Konkani")
- [ગુજરાતી](https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80 "કેરી – Gujarati")
- [Wayuunaiki](https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monku "Monku – Wayuu")
- [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangwaro "Mangwaro – Hausa")
- [客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî](https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A2n-son "Fân-son – Hakka Chinese")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95 "מנגו – Hebrew")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE "आम – Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango "Mango – Croatian")
- [Kreyòl ayisyen](https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango "Mango – Haitian Creole")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B8_\(%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A3\) "Մանգո (միրգ) – Armenian")
- [Արեւմտահայերէն](https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D6%85 "Մանկօ – Western Armenian")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangga "Mangga – Indonesian")
- [Ilokano](https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangga "Mangga – Iloko")
- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango "Mango – Ido")
- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mang%C3%B3 "Mangó – Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_\(frutto\) "Mango (frutto) – Italian")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC "マンゴー – Japanese")
- [Patois](https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manggo "Manggo – Jamaican Creole English")
- [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelem "Pelem – Javanese")
- [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D "მანგო – Georgian")
- [Tyap](https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1manggorong "A̱manggorong – Tyap")
- [Kongo](https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga "Manga – Kongo")
- [Kumoring](https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manggo "Manggo – Komering")
- [ភាសាខ្មែរ](https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99 "ស្វាយ – Khmer")
- [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%81 "ಮಾವು – Kannada")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%9D%EA%B3%A0 "망고 – Korean")
- [Перем коми](https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE "Манго – Komi-Permyak")
- [کٲشُر](https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8E%D9%85%D9%9B%D8%A8 "اَمٛب – Kashmiri")
- [Коми](https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE "Манго – Komi")
- [Кыргызча](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_\(%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88\) "Манго (жемиш) – Kyrgyz")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangus "Mangus – Latin")
- [Lëtzebuergesch](https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango "Mango – Luxembourgish")
- [Лакку](https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE "Манго – Lak")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangas "Mangas – Lithuanian")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango "Mango – Latvian")
- [मैथिली](https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE "आम – Maithili")
- [Malagasy](https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga "Manga – Malagasy")
- [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99 "മാങ്ങ – Malayalam")
- [ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ](https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A7 "ꯍꯩꯅꯧ – Manipuri")
- [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE "आंबा – Marathi")
- [Кырык мары](https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE "Манго – Western Mari")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangga "Mangga – Malay")
- [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8 "သရက်သီး – Burmese")
- [नेपाली](https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AA "आँप – Nepali")
- [नेपाल भाषा](https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82 "अं – Newari")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_\(fruit\) "Mango (fruit) – Dutch")
- [Sesotho sa Leboa](https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menk%C3%B4 "Menkô – Northern Sotho")
- [Nupe](https://nup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango "Mango – Nupe")
- [Diné bizaad](https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naakaii_bich%CA%BCil_%C5%82itsxoo%C3%AD "Naakaii bichʼil łitsxooí – Navajo")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_\(fruch\) "Manga (fruch) – Occitan")
- [Oromoo](https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambalafee "Ambalafee – Oromo")
- [Ирон](https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE "Манго – Ossetic")
- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC "ਅੰਬ – Punjabi")
- [Kapampangan](https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangga "Mangga – Pampanga")
- [Papiamentu](https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango "Mango – Papiamento")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_\(owoc\) "Mango (owoc) – Polish")
- [Piemontèis](https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango "Mango – Piedmontese")
- [پنجابی](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8 "امب – Western Punjabi")
- [Nawat](https://ppl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangu "Mangu – Nawat")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_\(fruta\) "Manga (fruta) – Portuguese")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_\(fruct\) "Mango (fruct) – Romanian")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_\(%D1%84%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82\) "Манго (фрукт) – Russian")
- [Ikinyarwanda](https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umwembe "Umwembe – Kinyarwanda")
- [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangu "Mangu – Sicilian")
- [سنڌي](https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8 "انب – Sindhi")
- [Sängö](https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2ngo "Mângo – Sango")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango "Mango – Slovak")
- [سرائیکی](https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8 "امب – Saraiki")
- [Soomaaliga](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambe "Cambe – Somali")
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango "Mango – Albanian")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_\(plod\) "Mango (plod) – Serbian")
- [Sunda](https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manggah "Manggah – Sundanese")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_\(frukt\) "Mango (frukt) – Swedish")
- [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embe "Embe – Swahili")
- [ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ](https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%80%EA%A0%9D "ꠀꠝ – Sylheti")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D "மாம்பழம் – Tamil")
- [ತುಳು](https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81 "ಕುಕ್ಕು – Tulu")
- [ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ](https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%90%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%A8%E1%A5%92 "ᥛᥣᥐᥱ ᥛᥨᥒ – Tai Nuea")
- [తెలుగు](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF "మామిడి – Telugu")
- [Тоҷикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0_\(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0\) "Анба (мева) – Tajik")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangga "Mangga – Tagalog")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango "Mango – Turkish")
- [Xitsonga](https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manghozi "Manghozi – Tsonga")
- [Татарча / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_\(%D2%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88\) "Манго (җимеш) – Tatar")
- [Twi](https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amango "Amango – Twi")
- [Reo tahiti](https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%AB "Vī – Tahitian")
- [Удмурт](https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE "Манго – Udmurt")
- [ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche](https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88 "مانگو – Uyghur")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_\(%D1%84%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82\) "Манго (фрукт) – Ukrainian")
- [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85 "آم – Urdu")
- [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_\(meva\) "Mango (meva) – Uzbek")
- [Tshivenda](https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango "Mango – Venda")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xo%C3%A0i "Xoài – Vietnamese")
- [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangga "Mangga – Waray")
- [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%92%E6%9E%9C "芒果 – Wu")
- [Yorùbá](https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango "Mango – Yoruba")
- [Vahcuengh](https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makmanghgoj "Makmanghgoj – Zhuang")
- [文言](https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%A7%E6%9E%9C "杧果 – Literary Chinese")
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%92%E6%9E%9C "芒果 – Cantonese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%92%E6%9E%9C "芒果 – Chinese")
- [IsiZulu](https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umango "Umango – Zulu")
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English
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tropical fruit
This article is about the fruit. For other uses, see [Mango (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_\(disambiguation\) "Mango (disambiguation)").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mangos_-_single_and_halved.jpg)
Mango fruits – single and halved
A **mango** is an edible [stone fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupe "Drupe") produced by the tropical tree *[Mangifera indica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera_indica "Mangifera indica")*. It originated in the northeastern part of the [Indian subcontinent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent "Indian subcontinent"), in what is now Bangladesh, [northeastern India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_India "Northeast India") and [Myanmar.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar "Myanmar") *M. indica* has been cultivated in [South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia "South Asia") and Southeast Asia since ancient times, resulting in two modern mango cultivar lineages: the "Indian" and the "Southeast Asian" types.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Warschefsky-1) Other species in the genus *[Mangifera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera "Mangifera")* also produce edible fruits called "mangoes," most of which are found in the [Malesian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malesia "Malesia") ecoregion.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Sherman-2)
There are several hundred [cultivars of mango](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mango_cultivars "List of mango cultivars") worldwide. Depending on the cultivar, mango fruit varies in size, shape, sweetness, skin colour, and flesh colour, which may be pale yellow, gold, green, or orange. Mango is the [national fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_fruit "National fruit") of [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India"), [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan"), and the [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), while the mango tree is the [national tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_trees "List of national trees") of Bangladesh.
## Etymology
The English word *mango* (plural *mangoes* or *mangos*) originated in the 16th century from the [Portuguese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language "Portuguese language") word *manga*, from the [Malayalam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam "Malayalam") *manga*, and ultimately from the [Tamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language "Tamil language") *mā* (மா, 'mango tree') + *kāy* (ங்காய், 'unripe fruit/vegetable').[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-oed-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-prakash-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-OxfordED-6) The scientific name, *[Mangifera indica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera_indica "Mangifera indica"),* can be translated as "a plant bearing mangoes in India".[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-prakash-5)
## Description
Mango trees grow to 30–40 metres (98–131 feet) tall, with a crown radius of 10–15 m (33–49 ft). The trees are long-lived, as some specimens still fruit after 300 years.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Californiararefruitgrowers-7)
In deep soil, the [taproot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taproot "Taproot") descends to a depth of 6 m (20 ft), with profuse, wide-spreading feeder roots and anchor roots penetrating deeply into the soil. The [leaves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaves "Leaves") are [evergreen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen "Evergreen"), alternate, simple, 15–35 centimetres (6–14 inches) long, and 6–16 cm (2\+1⁄2–6\+1⁄2 in) broad; when the leaves are young they are orange-pink, rapidly changing to a dark, glossy red, then dark green as they mature. The [flowers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower "Flower") are produced in terminal [panicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panicle "Panicle") 10–40 cm (4–15\+1⁄2 in) long; each flower is small and white with five petals 5–10 millimetres (3⁄16–3⁄8 in) long, with a mild, sweet fragrance. Over 500 [varieties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_\(botany\) "Variety (botany)") of mangoes are known,[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Morton-8) many of which ripen in summer, while some give a double crop.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-9) The fruit takes four to five months from flowering to ripening.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Morton-8)
The ripe fruit varies according to cultivar in size, shape, colour, sweetness, and eating quality. Depending on the cultivar, fruits are variously yellow, orange, red, or green. The fruit has a single flat, oblong [pit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrena "Pyrena") that can be [fibrous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre "Fibre") or hairy on the surface and does not separate easily from the pulp. The fruits may be somewhat round, oval, or [kidney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney "Kidney")\-shaped, ranging from 5–25 centimetres (2–10 in) in length and from 140 grams (5 oz) to 2 kilograms (5 lb) in weight per individual fruit. The skin is leather-like, waxy, smooth, and fragrant, with colours ranging from green to yellow, yellow-orange, yellow-red, or blushed with various shades of red, purple, pink, or yellow when fully ripe.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Morton-8)
Ripe intact mangoes give off a distinctive [resinous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin "Resin"), sweet smell.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Morton-8) Inside the [stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrena "Pyrena") with its 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) thick woody [endocarp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocarp "Endocarp") is a single [seed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed "Seed"), 4–7 cm (1.6–2.8 in) long. Mangoes have [recalcitrant seeds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recalcitrant_seed "Recalcitrant seed") which do not survive freezing and drying.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-osu-10) Mango trees grow readily from seeds, with [germination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germination "Germination") success highest when seeds are obtained from mature fruits.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Morton-8)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manguier_portant_des_mangues_bien_mures.jpg "Tree")
Tree
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MangoImmatureFruits.JPG "Flowers and immature fruits")
Flowers and immature fruits
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mango_tree_with_fruit_in_Rinc%C3%B3n,_Puerto_Rico.jpg "Unripe mangoes")
Unripe mangoes
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mangifera_indica_pit.jpg "Fruit with single seed, cut open")
Fruit with single seed, cut open
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Himsagar%27_mango_stone_\(seed\).jpg "Stone (endocarp, surrounding the seed)")
[Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrena "Pyrena") ([endocarp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocarp "Endocarp"), surrounding the seed)
## Taxonomy
Mangoes originated from the region between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, and northeastern India.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Kuhn-11)[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Warschefsky-1) The mango is considered an [evolutionary anachronism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_anachronism "Evolutionary anachronism"), whereby [seed dispersal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_dispersal "Seed dispersal") was once accomplished by a now-[extinct](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction "Extinction") evolutionary [forager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraging "Foraging"), such as a [megafauna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megafauna "Megafauna") mammal.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-12)
From their center of origin, mangoes diverged into two genetically distinct populations: the subtropical Indian group and the tropical Southeast Asian group. The Indian group is characterized by having [monoembryonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoembryonic "Monoembryonic") fruits, while the Southeast Asian group is characterized by [polyembryonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyembryonic "Polyembryonic") fruits.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Kuhn-11)[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Warschefsky-1)
It was previously believed that mangoes originated from a single [domestication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication "Domestication") event in South Asia before being spread to Southeast Asia, but a 2019 study found no evidence of a center of diversity in India. Instead, it identified a higher unique genetic diversity in Southeast Asian cultivars than in Indian cultivars, indicating that mangoes may have originally been domesticated first in Southeast Asia before being introduced to South Asia. However, the authors cautioned that the diversity in Southeast Asian mangoes might be the result of other reasons (like [interspecific hybridization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interspecific_hybridization "Interspecific hybridization") with other *[Mangifera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera "Mangifera")* species native to the [Malesian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malesia "Malesia") ecoregion). Nevertheless, the existence of two distinct genetic populations identified by the study indicates that the domestication of the mango is more complex than previously assumed and would at least indicate multiple domestication events in Southeast Asia and South Asia.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Kuhn-11)[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Warschefsky-1)
### Cultivars
Main article: [List of mango cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mango_cultivars "List of mango cultivars")
There are hundreds of named mango cultivars. In mango [orchards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard "Orchard"), several cultivars are often grown to improve pollination. Many desired cultivars are [monoembryonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoembryony "Monoembryony") and must be propagated by [grafting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting "Grafting"), or they do not breed true. A common monoembryonic cultivar is ['Alphonso'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonso_\(mango\) "Alphonso (mango)"), an important export product, considered "the king of mangoes".[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-NYTAllen-13)
Cultivars that excel in one climate may fail elsewhere. For example, Indian cultivars such as 'Julie,' a prolific cultivar in Jamaica, require annual [fungicide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungicide "Fungicide") treatments to escape the lethal [fungal disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal_disease "Fungal disease") [anthracnose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracnose "Anthracnose") in Florida. Asian mangoes are resistant to anthracnose.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-14)
The current [western](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world "Western world") market is dominated by the cultivar ['Tommy Atkins'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Atkins_\(mango\) "Tommy Atkins (mango)"), a seedling of ['Haden'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haden_\(mango\) "Haden (mango)") that first fruited in 1940 in southern Florida and was initially rejected commercially by Florida researchers.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-15) Growers and importers worldwide have embraced the cultivar for its excellent productivity and disease resistance, [shelf life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelf_life "Shelf life"), transportability, size, and appealing colour.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-star-16) Although the Tommy Atkins cultivar is commercially successful, other cultivars may be preferred by consumers for eating pleasure, such as Alphonso.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-NYTAllen-13)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-star-16)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:09251jfFilipino_foods_fruits_Bulacan_landmarksfvf_37.jpg "'Carabao', a typical \"Southeast Asian type\" polyembryonic cultivar")
['Carabao'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabao_mango "Carabao mango"), a typical "Southeast Asian type" [polyembryonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyembryonic "Polyembryonic") cultivar
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mango_LangraBenarsi_Asit_fs8.jpg "'Langra', a typical \"Indian type\" monoembryonic cultivar")
['Langra'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langra_mango "Langra mango"), a typical "Indian type" [monoembryonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoembryonic "Monoembryonic") cultivar
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mangoes_sold_in_India.jpg "Many varieties from India")
Many varieties from India
## Distribution and habitat
From tropical Asia, mangoes were introduced to East Africa by [Arab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab "Arab") and [Persian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia "Persia") traders in the ninth to tenth centuries. The 14th-century Moroccan traveler [Ibn Battuta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta "Ibn Battuta") reported it at [Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu "Mogadishu").[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-watson-17) It was spread further into other areas around the world during the [Colonial Era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Era "Colonial Era"). The [Portuguese Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire "Portuguese Empire") spread the mango from their colony in [Goa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa "Goa") to East and West Africa. From West Africa, they introduced it to Brazil from the 16th to the 17th centuries. From Brazil, it spread northwards to the [Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean "Caribbean") and eastern Mexico by the mid to late 18th century. The [Spanish Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire "Spanish Empire") also introduced mangoes directly from the Philippines to western Mexico via the [Manila galleons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_galleon "Manila galleon") from at least the 16th century. Mangoes were only introduced to Florida by 1833.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Warschefsky-1)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-pg-18)
## Cultivation
The mango is cultivated in most [frost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost "Frost")\-free tropical and warmer subtropical climates. It is cultivated extensively in South Asia, Southeast Asia, [East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa "East Africa") and West Africa, the tropical and subtropical Americas, and the [Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean "Caribbean").[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Altendorf-19) Mangoes are also grown in [Andalusia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia "Andalusia"), Spain (mainly in [Málaga province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_M%C3%A1laga "Province of Málaga")), as its coastal subtropical climate is one of the few places in mainland Europe that permits the growth of tropical plants and fruit trees. The [Canary Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands "Canary Islands") are another notable Spanish producer of the fruit. Other minor cultivators include North America (in South Florida and the California [Coachella Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachella_Valley "Coachella Valley")), Hawai'i, and Australia.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-20)
Many commercial [cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar "Cultivar") grown in Europe are grafted onto the cold-hardy rootstock of the *Gomera-1* mango cultivar, originally from Cuba. Its root system is well adapted to a coastal Mediterranean climate.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-21)
A breakthrough in mango cultivation was the use of [potassium nitrate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_nitrate "Potassium nitrate") and [ethrel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethrel "Ethrel") to induce flowering in mangoes. The discovery was made by [Filipino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_people "Filipino people") [horticulturist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulturist "Horticulturist") [Ramon Barba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Barba "Ramon Barba") in 1974 and was developed from the unique traditional method of inducing mango flowering using smoke in the Philippines. It allowed mango plantations to induce regular flowering and fruiting year-round. Previously, mangoes were seasonal because they only flowered every 16 to 18 months. The method is now used in most mango-producing countries.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-22)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-nagao-23)
### Diseases
Mango trees are subject to [many diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mango_diseases "List of mango diseases"), including [alternaria rot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternaria_alternata "Alternaria alternata"), [anthracnose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracnose "Anthracnose"), [bacterial black spot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthomonas_campestris "Xanthomonas campestris"), and [powdery mildew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oidium_mangiferae "Oidium mangiferae").[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Prakash_2004-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Ploetz_2003-25) Spongy tissue is a ripening disorder correlated with [calcium deficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_deficiency_\(plant_disorder\) "Calcium deficiency (plant disorder)") and characterized by spongy, brown-black flesh beginning near the seeds.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-26) It was estimated in 1989 to affect approximately 30% of Alphonso mangoes.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-27) Among the pests of the fruit's cultivation is the [mango mealybug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_mealybug "Mango mealybug"); it sucks sap from inflorescences, causing reduced fruit set and seriously harming crop production.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Karar_Sayyed_2010-28)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bacterial_black_spot_of_mango_-_9077467185.jpg "bacterial black spot of mango")
[bacterial black spot of mango](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthomonas_campestris "Xanthomonas campestris")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mango-anthracnose_\(cropped\).jpg "Anthracnose in fruit")
[Anthracnose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracnose "Anthracnose") in fruit
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mango_anthracnose_1a_\(cropped\).jpg "Anthracnose in inflorescence")
Anthracnose in inflorescence
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mango_powdery_mildew_severe_leaf_blight_with_mycelium_1.jpg "Powdery mildew causing leaf blight")
[Powdery mildew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oidium_mangiferae "Oidium mangiferae") causing leaf blight
| | |
|---|---|
|  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") | 26\.2 |
|  [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia") | 4\.1 |
|  [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") | 3\.9 |
|  [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico "Mexico") | 2\.7 |
|  [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan") | 2\.6 |
|  [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") | 2\.3 |
|  [Malawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi "Malawi") | 2\.1 |
| **World** | **61\.1** |
| \*Includes mangosteens and guavas; Source: [FAOSTAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAOSTAT "FAOSTAT") of the United Nations[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-faostat-29) | |
## Production
In 2023, world production of mangoes, [mangosteens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangosteen "Mangosteen") and [guavas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guava "Guava") was 61 million [tonnes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne "Tonne"), led by India with 43% of the total, and [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia") and China as secondary producers.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-faostat-29)
## Culinary uses
Mangoes are generally sweet, although the taste and texture of the flesh vary across cultivars; some, such as [Alphonso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonso_\(mango\) "Alphonso (mango)"), have a soft, pulpy, juicy texture similar to an overripe [plum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum "Plum"), while others, such as [Tommy Atkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Atkins_\(mango\) "Tommy Atkins (mango)"), are firmer with a fibrous texture.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-clark-30)
Mangoes are used in many cuisines. Sour, unripe mangoes are used in side dishes in [Indian cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cuisine "Indian cuisine") such as [mango chutney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_chutney "Mango chutney")[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-31) and [pickles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_pickle "Mango pickle") such as [avakaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avakaya "Avakaya").[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-32)
A summer drink called *[aam panna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aam_panna "Aam panna")* is made with mangoes.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-33) [Mango lassi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_lassi "Mango lassi") is consumed throughout South Asia, prepared by mixing ripe mangoes or mango pulp with [buttermilk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttermilk "Buttermilk") and sugar.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-34)[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-35)
In [Indonesian cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine "Indonesian cuisine"), unripe mango is processed into *[asinan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asinan "Asinan")*, *[rujak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojak "Rojak")* and *[sambal pencit/mangga muda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambal#Indonesia "Sambal")*,[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-36) or eaten with [edible salt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt#Edible_salt "Salt").[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-37)
Raw green mangoes can be sliced and eaten like a salad.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-:0-38) In most parts of Southeast Asia, they are commonly eaten with [fish sauce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_sauce "Fish sauce"), vinegar, soy sauce, or with a dash of salt (plain or spicy) – a combination usually known as "mango salad" in English.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Valente-39) In the Philippines, green mangoes are eaten with savory condiments such as *[bagoong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoong "Bagoong")* (salty [fish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafood "Seafood") or [shrimp paste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_paste "Shrimp paste")), [soy sauce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_sauce "Soy sauce"), vinegar, or chilis.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-40)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-41) [Mango float](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_float "Mango float") and [mango cake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_cake "Mango cake"), which use slices of ripe mangoes, are eaten in the Philippines.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-42)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carabao_mangoes_\(Philippines\).jpg "The \"hedgehog\" style of preparation on Carabao mangoes")
The "hedgehog" style of preparation on [Carabao mangoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabao_mango "Carabao mango")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mango_inner.png "Alphonso mango chunks")
Alphonso mango chunks
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MANGO_SEASON_\(562892060\).jpg "Sliced Ataulfo mangoes")
Sliced [Ataulfo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataulfo_\(mango\) "Ataulfo (mango)") mangoes
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glass_of_Mango_Juice.jpg "A glass of mango juice")
A glass of mango juice
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mango_Chutney.jpg "Mango chutney")
Mango [chutney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chutney "Chutney")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green_mangoes_with_vinegar,_chili,_salt,_and_soy_sauce_\(Philippines\)_01.jpg "Sour unripe mangoes eaten with shrimp paste, salt, chili, vinegar or soy sauce in the Philippines")
Sour unripe mangoes eaten with [shrimp paste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_paste "Shrimp paste"), salt, chili, vinegar or [soy sauce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_sauce "Soy sauce") in the [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines")
## Phytochemistry
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flavor_chemicals_of_%22Alphonso%22_mango.jpg)
Major flavour chemicals of the 'Alphonso' mango from India
Numerous [phytochemicals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochemical "Phytochemical") are present in mango [peel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_\(fruit\) "Peel (fruit)") and pulp, such as the [triterpene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triterpene "Triterpene") [lupeol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupeol "Lupeol").[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-43) Mango peel pigments under study include [carotenoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoid "Carotenoid"), such as the [provitamin A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provitamin_A "Provitamin A") compound, [beta-carotene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-carotene "Beta-carotene"), [lutein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutein "Lutein") and [alpha-carotene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-carotene "Alpha-carotene"),[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-44)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-45) and [polyphenols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenols "Polyphenols"), such as [quercetin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercetin "Quercetin"), [kaempferol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaempferol "Kaempferol"), [gallic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_acid "Gallic acid"), [caffeic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeic_acid "Caffeic acid"), [catechins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan-3-ol "Flavan-3-ol") and [tannins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin "Tannin").[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-46)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-47) Mango contains a unique [xanthonoid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthonoid "Xanthonoid") called [mangiferin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangiferin "Mangiferin").[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-48)
Phytochemical and nutrient content appears to vary across mango [cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar "Cultivar").[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-49) Up to 25 different carotenoids have been isolated from mango pulp, the densest of which was beta-carotene, which accounts for the yellow-orange [pigmentation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmentation "Pigmentation") of most mango cultivars.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-50) Mango leaves also have significant polyphenol content, including [xanthonoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthonoid "Xanthonoid"), mangiferin and gallic acid.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-51)
### Flavor
The [flavor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor_\(taste\) "Flavor (taste)") of mango fruits is conferred by several volatile organic chemicals, mainly [terpenes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene "Terpene"), [furanones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furanone "Furanone"), [lactones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactone "Lactone"), and [esters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester "Ester"). Different varieties or [cultivars of mangoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mango_cultivars "List of mango cultivars") can have flavours made up of different volatile chemicals or the same volatile chemicals in different quantities.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-52) In general, [New World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World "New World") mango cultivars are characterized by the dominance of δ-3-carene, a monoterpene flavorant; whereas, high concentration of other monoterpenes such as (Z)-ocimene and myrcene, as well as the presence of lactones and furanones, is the unique feature of [Old World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World "Old World") cultivars.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-culti-53)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-54) In India, ['Alphonso'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonso_\(mango\) "Alphonso (mango)") is one of the most popular cultivars. In 'Alphonso' mango, the lactones, and furanones are synthesized during ripening, whereas terpenes and the other flavorants are present in both the developing (immature) and ripening fruits.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-55)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-56)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-57) [Ethylene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene "Ethylene"), a ripening-related hormone well known to be involved in ripening of mango fruits, causes changes in the flavor composition of mango fruits upon exogenous application, as well.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-58)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-59) In contrast to the huge amount of information available on the chemical composition of mango flavour, the biosynthesis of these chemicals has not been studied in depth; only a handful of genes encoding the enzymes of flavour biosynthetic pathways have been characterized to date.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-60)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-61)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-62)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-63)
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| [Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy "Food energy") | 250 kJ (60 kcal) |
| **[Carbohydrates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate "Carbohydrate")** | 15 g |
| [Sugars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar "Sugar") | 13\.7 |
| [Dietary fiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber "Dietary fiber") | 1\.6 g |
| **[Fat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat "Fat")** | 0\.38 g |
| [Saturated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat "Saturated fat") | 0\.092 g |
| [Monounsaturated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat "Monounsaturated fat") | 0\.14 g |
| [Polyunsaturated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat "Polyunsaturated fat")[omega−3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid "Omega-3 fatty acid")[omega−6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid "Omega-6 fatty acid") | 0\.071 g0\.051 g0\.019 g |
| **[Protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_\(nutrient\) "Protein (nutrient)")** | 0\.82 g |
| Vitamins and minerals | |
| **[Vitamins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin "Vitamin")** | **Quantity** **%DV** † |
| [Vitamin A equiv.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A "Vitamin A")[beta-Carotene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Carotene "Beta-Carotene")[lutein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutein "Lutein") [zeaxanthin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeaxanthin "Zeaxanthin") | 6% 54 μg6% 640 μg23 μg |
| [Thiamine (B1)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine "Thiamine") | 2% 0.028 mg |
| [Riboflavin (B2)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin "Riboflavin") | 3% 0.038 mg |
| [Niacin (B3)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin_\(nutrient\) "Niacin (nutrient)") | 4% 0.669 mg |
| [Pantothenic acid (B5)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acid "Pantothenic acid") | 4% 0.197 mg |
| [Vitamin B6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6 "Vitamin B6") | 7% 0.119 mg |
| [Folate (B9)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate "Folate") | 11% 43 μg |
| [Choline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline "Choline") | 1% 7.6 mg |
| [Vitamin C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C "Vitamin C") | 40% 36.4 mg |
| [Vitamin E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E "Vitamin E") | 6% 0.9 mg |
| [Vitamin K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K "Vitamin K") | 4% 4.2 μg |
| **[Minerals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_\(nutrient\) "Mineral (nutrient)")** | **Quantity** **%DV** † |
| [Calcium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans "Calcium in biology") | 1% 11 mg |
| [Copper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_in_health "Copper in health") | 12% 0.111 mg |
| [Iron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism "Human iron metabolism") | 1% 0.16 mg |
| [Magnesium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology "Magnesium in biology") | 2% 10 mg |
| [Manganese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition "Manganese") | 3% 0.063 mg |
| [Phosphorus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role "Phosphorus") | 1% 14 mg |
| [Potassium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_in_biology "Potassium in biology") | 6% 168 mg |
| [Selenium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium_in_biology "Selenium in biology") | 1% 0.6 μg |
| [Sodium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_in_biology "Sodium in biology") | 0% 1 mg |
| [Zinc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role "Zinc") | 1% 0.09 mg |
| **Other constituents** | **Quantity** |
| Water | 83\.5 g |
| [Link to USDA Database entry](https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/1102670/nutrients) | |
| †Percentages estimated using [US recommendations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values "Reference Daily Intake") for adults,[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-FDADailyValues-64) except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the [National Academies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine").[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-65) | |
### Toxicity
Contact with oils in mango leaves, stems, sap, and skin can cause [dermatitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatitis "Dermatitis") and [anaphylaxis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis "Anaphylaxis") in susceptible individuals.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Morton-8)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Sareen-66)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-67) Those with a history of contact dermatitis induced by [urushiol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urushiol "Urushiol") (an allergen found in [poison ivy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_ivy "Poison ivy"), [poison oak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_oak "Poison oak"), or [poison sumac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_sumac "Poison sumac")) may be most at risk for mango contact dermatitis.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-68) Other mango compounds potentially responsible for dermatitis or allergic reactions include [mangiferin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangiferin "Mangiferin").[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Morton-8) Cross-reactions may occur between mango allergens and urushiol.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-69) Sensitized individuals may not be able to eat peeled mangoes or drink mango juice safely.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Morton-8)
When mango trees are flowering in spring, local people with allergies may experience breathing difficulty, itching of the eyes, or facial swelling, even before flower [pollen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen "Pollen") becomes airborne. In this case, the irritant is likely to be the [vaporized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor "Vapor") [essential oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil "Essential oil") from flowers. During the primary ripening season of mangoes, contact with mango plant parts – primarily [sap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sap "Sap"), leaves, and fruit skin[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Morton-8) – is the most common cause of plant dermatitis in Hawaii.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-autogenerated365-70)
## Nutrition
A raw mango is 84% water, 15% [carbohydrates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate "Carbohydrate"), 1% [protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_\(nutrient\) "Protein (nutrient)"), and has negligible fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), raw mango supplies 60 [calories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie "Calorie") and is a rich source of [vitamin C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C "Vitamin C") (40% of the [Daily Value](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Value "Daily Value"), DV) with moderate amounts of [folate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate "Folate") (11% DV) and [copper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_in_biology "Copper in biology") (12% DV), while other [micronutrients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronutrient "Micronutrient") are low in content (table).
## Culture
The mango is the [national fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_fruits "List of national fruits") of India,[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-71)[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-72) [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan"),[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-73) and the [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines").[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-74)It is the [national tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_trees "List of national trees") of Bangladesh.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-bd-75) In India, the harvesting and sale of mangoes is during March–May and this is annually covered by news agencies.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-NYTAllen-13) In [Tamil Nadu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu "Tamil Nadu"), the mango is one of the three royal fruits, along with [banana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana "Banana") and [jackfruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit "Jackfruit"), for their sweetness and flavour.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-76)
The mango has a traditional context in the culture of South Asia. In his [edicts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka "Edicts of Ashoka"), the Mauryan emperor [Ashoka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka "Ashoka") references the planting of fruit- and shade-bearing trees along imperial roads in his Major Pillar Edict No.5:[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Inscriptions_of_Asoka_p.119-77)
> "On the roads [banyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyan "Banyan")\-trees were caused to be planted by me, (in order that) they might afford shade to cattle and men, (and) mango-groves were caused to be planted."
In medieval India, the Indo-Persian poet [Amir Khusrau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Khusrau "Amir Khusrau") termed the mango "*Naghza Tarin Mewa Hindustan*" – "the fairest fruit of Hindustan".[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-78) The Mughal Empire was especially fond of the fruits: the emperor [Babur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur "Babur") praises the mango in his *[Baburnama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baburnama "Baburnama")*.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-79) Mughal emperor [Akbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar "Akbar") (1556–1605) is said to have planted a mango orchard of 100,000 trees near [Darbhanga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darbhanga "Darbhanga"), Bihar.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-MJMorgan-80) Mango flowers and leaves are used in the worship of the [Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism "Hinduism") goddess [Saraswati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraswati "Saraswati") at the spring festival of [Vasant Panchami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasant_Panchami "Vasant Panchami").[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-81) The leaves are used as decorations in celebrations of [Ganesh Chaturthi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi "Ganesh Chaturthi") for the elephant-headed god [Ganesha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha "Ganesha").[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-82) The [Jain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain "Jain") goddess [Ambika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambika_\(Jainism\) "Ambika (Jainism)") is traditionally represented as sitting under a mango tree.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-83) The classical Sanskrit poet [Kalidasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalidasa "Kalidasa") sang the praises of mangoes.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-84)
[Paisley patterns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley_\(design\) "Paisley (design)"), with a teardrop-shaped motif or *[boteh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boteh "Boteh")* on shawls and [saris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sari "Sari"), are named for the unripe mango in languages across the [Indian subcontinent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent "Indian subcontinent"), such as *kalka* in [Bengali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language "Bengali language"),[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-85)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Pathak_2024-86) *ambi* in [Punjabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language "Punjabi language"),[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-87) and *kairi* in [Hindi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi "Hindi").[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Pathak_2024-86) [E. M. Forster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._M._Forster "E. M. Forster")'s 1924 novel *[A Passage to India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Passage_to_India "A Passage to India")* has the character Dr. Aziz suggest to the English character Cyril Fielding "For you I shall arrange a lady with breasts like mangoes".[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-88) Mangoes were the subject of the [mango cult](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_cult "Mango cult") in China during the [Cultural Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution "Cultural Revolution") as symbols of chairman [Mao Zedong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong "Mao Zedong")'s love for the people.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-tele_HowC-89)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ellora_cave34_001.jpg "Image of Ambika under a mango tree in Cave 34 of the Ellora Caves")
Image of [Ambika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambika_\(Jainism\) "Ambika (Jainism)") under a mango tree in Cave 34 of the [Ellora Caves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellora_Caves "Ellora Caves")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paisley_pattern_BK-NM-3658.jpg "Paisley patterns are named for the mango in languages of the Indian subcontinent.")
[Paisley patterns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley_\(design\) "Paisley (design)") are named for the mango in languages of the [Indian subcontinent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent "Indian subcontinent").
## References
1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Warschefsky_1-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Warschefsky_1-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Warschefsky_1-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Warschefsky_1-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Warschefsky_1-4)
Warschefsky, Emily J.; Wettberg, Eric J. B. (June 2019). ["Population genomic analysis of mango (*Mangifera indica*) suggests a complex history of domestication"](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.15731). *New Phytologist*. **222** (4): 2023–2037\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2019NewPh.222.2023W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NewPh.222.2023W). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1111/nph.15731](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.15731). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\) "Hdl (identifier)"):[20\.500.14849/285](https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14849%2F285). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [30730057](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30730057).
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Sherman_2-0)**
Sherman, Amir; Rubinstein, Mor; Eshed, Ravit; Benita, Miri; Ish-Shalom, Mazal; Sharabi-Schwager, Michal; Rozen, Ada; Saada, David; Cohen, Yuval; Ophir, Ron (December 2015). ["Mango (*Mangifera indica* L.) germplasm diversity based on single nucleotide polymorphisms derived from the transcriptome"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4647706). *BMC Plant Biology*. **15** (1): 277. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2015BMCPB..15..277S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015BMCPB..15..277S). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1186/s12870-015-0663-6](https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12870-015-0663-6). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [4647706](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4647706). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [26573148](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26573148).
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-oed_3-0)**
["Mango"](https://www.etymonline.com/word/mango). Online Etymology Dictionary. 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-4)**
Fabricius, J. P. (1972). ["J. P. Fabricius's Tamil and English dictionary. 4th ed., rev.and enl"](https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/fabricius_query.py?page=230). *dsal.uchicago.edu*. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-prakash_5-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-prakash_5-1)
Prakash, Om (2005). [*A Tryst with Mango: Retrospect, Aspects, Prospects*](https://books.google.com/books?id=UAc_Pp6ahK8C&dq=mango+tamil+manga&pg=PR14). APH Publishing. pp. xiv. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-81-7648-912-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-912-6 "Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-912-6")
.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-OxfordED_6-0)**
["mango *n.* (1)"](https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/113430). *[OED Online](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary#Electronic_versions "Oxford English Dictionary")*. [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). June 2021.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Californiararefruitgrowers_7-0)**
["Mango"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201019172713/http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/mango.html). *California Rare Fruit Growers*. Archived from [the original](http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/mango.html) on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
8. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Morton_8-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Morton_8-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Morton_8-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Morton_8-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Morton_8-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Morton_8-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Morton_8-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Morton_8-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Morton_8-8)
Morton, Julia Frances (1987). [*Mango. In: Fruits of Warm Climates*](https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html). NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University. pp. 221–239\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-9610184-1-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9610184-1-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-9610184-1-2")
.
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Marcos-Filho, Julio. ["Physiology of Recalcitrant Seeds"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140124220404/http://seedbiology.osu.edu/HCS631_files/12B%20Recalcitrant%20Seeds.pdf) (PDF). Ohio State University. Archived from [the original](http://seedbiology.osu.edu/HCS631_files/12B%20Recalcitrant%20Seeds.pdf) (PDF) on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
11. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Kuhn_11-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Kuhn_11-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Kuhn_11-2)
Kuhn, David N.; Bally, Ian S. E.; Dillon, Natalie L.; Innes, David; Groh, Amy M.; Rahaman, Jordon; Ophir, Ron; Cohen, Yuval; Sherman, Amir (20 April 2017). ["Genetic Map of Mango: A Tool for Mango Breeding"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5397511). *Frontiers in Plant Science*. **8** 577. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2017FrPS....8..577K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017FrPS....8..577K). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3389/fpls.2017.00577](https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2017.00577). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [5397511](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5397511). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [28473837](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28473837).
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Spengler, Robert N. (April 2020). ["Anthropogenic Seed Dispersal: Rethinking the Origins of Plant Domestication"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2020.01.005). *Trends in Plant Science*. **25** (4): 340–348\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2020TPS....25..340S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020TPS....25..340S). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.tplants.2020.01.005](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2020.01.005). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\) "Hdl (identifier)"):[21\.11116/0000-0005-C7E0-D](https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116%2F0000-0005-C7E0-D). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [32191870](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32191870).
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Allen, Jonathan (10 May 2006). ["Mango Mania in India"](https://travel.nytimes.com/2006/05/10/travel/10mumbailetter.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
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Hunsberger, Adrian; Balerdi, Carlos (February 2012). ["DOORYARD DISEASE CONTROL FOR MANGOS IN FLORIDA"](https://sfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/miami-dade/documents/insect-pests-amp-diseases/Mango-Disease-Cntrl-HomeownersF.S..pdf) (PDF). University of Florida/IFAS Miami-Dade County Extension. Retrieved 10 March 2023. "Mango varieties that are susceptible to anthracnose are: 'Cogshall', 'Graham', 'Haden', 'Irwin', 'Julie', 'Kent', 'Mallika', 'Valencia Pride', 'Zill', and others. Those that are susceptible to powdery mildew are: 'Alphonso', 'Carrie', 'Glenn', 'Haden', 'Keitt', 'Kent', 'Nam Doc Mai', 'Zill' and a few others. These will most likely need to be sprayed with fungicides each year."
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Susser, Allen (2001). *The Great Mango Book*. New York: [Ten Speed Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Speed_Press "Ten Speed Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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[Watson, Andrew J.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Watson_\(historian\) "Andrew Watson (historian)") (1983). *Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world: the diffusion of crops and farming techniques, 700–1100*. [Cambridge University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press "Cambridge University Press"). pp. 72–3\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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Gepts, P. ["PLB143: Crop of the Day: Mango, *Mangifera indica*"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131206095819/http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/gepts/pb143/CROP/MANGO/mango.htm). *The Evolution of Crop Plants*. Dept. of Plant Sciences, Sect. of Crop & Ecosystem Sciences, [University of California, Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis "University of California, Davis"). Archived from [the original](http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/gepts/pb143/crop/mango/mango.htm) on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
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Litz, Richard E. (2009). *The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses*. Wallingford, UK: [Cambridge University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press "Cambridge University Press"). pp. 606–627\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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Nagao, Mike A.; Nishina, Melvin S. (1993). "Use of Potassium Nitrate on Mango Flowering". In Chia, C.L.; Evans, D.O. (eds.). [*Proceedings, Conference on Mango in Hawaii; March 9-11, 1993*](https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/16493). University of Hawaii. pp. 61–66\. [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\) "Hdl (identifier)"):[10125/16493](https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F16493).
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Prakash, Om (2004). "Diseases and Disorders of Mango and their Management". [*Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables Volume I*](https://link.springer.com/10.1007/1-4020-2606-4_13). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. p. 511–619. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1007/1-4020-2606-4\_13](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F1-4020-2606-4_13). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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Ma, Xiaowei; Liu, Bin; Zhang, Yuehua; Su, Muqing; Zheng, Bin; Wang, Songbiao; Wu, Hongxia (2023). "Unraveling correlations between calcium deficiency and spongy tissue in mango fruit flesh". *Scientia Horticulturae*. **309** 111694. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2023ScHor.30911694M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ScHor.30911694M). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.scienta.2022.111694](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scienta.2022.111694).
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Katrodia, J.S. (August 1989). ["Spongy Tissue in Mango – causes and control measures"](https://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1989.231.49). *Acta Horticulturae* (231): 814–826\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.17660/actahortic.1989.231.49](https://doi.org/10.17660%2Factahortic.1989.231.49).
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Karar, Haider; Sayyed, Ali H.; Arif, M. Jalal; Ashfaq, M.; Aslam, M. (2010). "Integration of cultural and mechanical practices for management of the mango mealybug Drosicha mangiferae". *Phytoparasitica*. **38** (3): 223–229\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1007/s12600-010-0094-8](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12600-010-0094-8).
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Clark, Melissa (1 April 2011). ["For everything there is a season, even mangoes"](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/06/dining/06appe.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
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["Recipe: Raw mango chutney"](http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/recipes/Recipe-Raw-mango-chutney/articleshow/13034557.cms). *[The Times Of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India "The Times of India")*. Retrieved 6 March 2026.
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Ranjan, Hriday (18 March 2019). ["Ode to the humble garlic pickle"](https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/mar/18/ode-to-the-humble-garlic-pickle-1952450.html). *[The New Indian Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express "The New Indian Express")*. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
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Sendari, Anugerah Ayu (8 June 2023). ["8 Resep Olahan Mangga Muda Menyegarkan, dari Manisan Sampai Sambal"](https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/5307201/8-resep-olahan-mangga-muda-menyegarkan-dari-manisan-sampai-sambal?page=9). *liputan6.com* (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 August 2024.
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Barreto, J.C.; Trevisan, M.T.; Hull, W.E. (2008). "Characterization and quantitation of polyphenolic compounds in bark, kernel, leaves, and peel of mango (*Mangifera indica* L.)". *J Agric Food Chem*. **56** (14): 5599–5610\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2008JAFC...56.5599B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JAFC...56.5599B). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1021/jf800738r](https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf800738r). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [18558692](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18558692).
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Pandit, Sagar S.; Chidley, Hemangi G.; Kulkarni, Ram S.; Pujari, Keshav H.; Giri, Ashok P.; Gupta, Vidya S. (2009). "Cultivar relationships in mango based on fruit volatile profiles". *Food Chemistry*. **114** (1): 363–372\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2009FoodC.114..363P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009FoodC.114..363P). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.foodchem.2008.09.107](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2008.09.107).
53. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-culti_53-0)** Pandit, S.S., Chidley, H.G., Kulkarni, 2009, [Cultivar relationships in mango based on fruit volatile profiles](http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814608011849/), Food Chemistry, 144, 363–372.
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Kulkarni, Ram S.; Chidley, Hemangi G.; Pujari, Keshav H.; Giri, Ashok P.; Gupta, Vidya S. (2012). "Geographic variation in the flavour volatiles of Alphonso mango". *Food Chemistry*. **130**: 58–66\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.foodchem.2011.06.053](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2011.06.053).
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Singh, Rajesh K.; Sane, Vidhu A.; Misra, Aparna; Ali, Sharique A.; Nath, Pravendra (2010). "Differential expression of the mango alcohol dehydrogenase gene family during ripening". *Phytochemistry*. **71** (13): 1485–1494\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2010PChem..71.1485S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PChem..71.1485S). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.phytochem.2010.05.024](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2010.05.024). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [20598721](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20598721).
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Kulkarni, Ram; Pandit, Sagar; Chidley, Hemangi; Nagel, Raimund; Schmidt, Axel; et al. (2013). "Characterization of three novel isoprenyl diphosphate synthases from the terpenoid rich mango fruit". *Plant Physiology and Biochemistry*. **71**: 121–131\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2013PlPB...71..121K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PlPB...71..121K). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.plaphy.2013.07.006](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.plaphy.2013.07.006). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [23911730](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23911730). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [46320747](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46320747).
63. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-63)** Kulkarni, R.S., Chidley H.G., Deshpande, A., Schmidt, A., Pujari, K.H., Giri, A.P., Gershenzon, Jonathan, Gupta, V.S., 2013, [An oxidoreductase from 'Alphonso' mango catalyzing biosynthesis of furaneol and reduction of reactive carbonyls](http://www.springerplus.com/content/2/1/494), SpringerPlus, 2, 494.
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[United States Food and Drug Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration") (2024). ["Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"](https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels). *FDA*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels) from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
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Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". *Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium*. pp. 101–124\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.17226/25353](https://doi.org/10.17226%2F25353). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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. [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [30844154](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154). [NCBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookshelf_ID_\(identifier\) "Bookshelf ID (identifier)") [NBK545428](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428).
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["National Fruit"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100820044013/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_fruit.php). *Know India*. Government of India. Archived from [the original](http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_fruit.php) on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
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[Hultzsch, Eugen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Hultzsch "Eugen Hultzsch") (1925). [*Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch*](https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch). [Clarendon Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Press "Clarendon Press"). p. 119.
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86. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Pathak_2024_86-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Pathak_2024_86-1)
Pathak, Anamika (2024). ["Mango-Kairi-Kalka-Paisley: Design in Indian art from architecture to textiles"](https://www.globalinch.org/article/mango-kairi-kalka-paisley-design-inindian-art-from-architecture-to-textiles/). *Asia InCH*. **43** (1). "'Kairi' (unripe mango) was adopted as design ... first seen as the decorative design in architecture ... later on, it was extensively used in textiles ... Kashmiri shawls."
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## Further reading
- Ensminger, Audrey H.; et al. (1995). [*The Concise Encyclopedia of Foods & Nutrition*](https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00ensm/page/651). CRC Press. p. [651](https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00ensm/page/651). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8493-4455-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-4455-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-4455-8")
.
- Litz, Richard E. (editor, 2009). *The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses*. 2nd edition. CABI.
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-84593-489-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-489-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-489-7")
- Susser, Allen (2001). *The Great Mango Book: A Guide with Recipes*. Ten Speed Press.
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-58008-204-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58008-204-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-58008-204-4")
## External links
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[Wikimedia Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons "Wikimedia Commons") has media related to:
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[Wikispecies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies "Wikispecies") has information related to ***[Mangifera](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mangifera "wikispecies:Mangifera")***.
- [Sorting *Mangifera* species](http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Mangifera.html)
- [Pine Island Nursery's Mango Variety viewer](https://web.archive.org/web/20180305150208/http://www.tropicalfruitnursery.com/mango/)
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| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mangoes "Template:Mangoes") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mangoes "Template talk:Mangoes") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mangoes "Special:EditPage/Template:Mangoes")[Mangoes]() | | |
|---|---|---|
| [Mango cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mango_cultivars "List of mango cultivars") | [Alampur Baneshan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alampur_Baneshan "Alampur Baneshan") [Alice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_\(mango\) "Alice (mango)") [Alphonso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonso_mango "Alphonso mango") [Amrapali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrapali_\(mango\) "Amrapali (mango)") [Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_\(mango\) "Anderson (mango)") [Angie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_\(mango\) "Angie (mango)") [Anwar Ratol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Ratol "Anwar Ratol") [Appemidi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appemidi_Mango "Appemidi Mango") [Ataulfo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataulfo_\(mango\) "Ataulfo (mango)") [Bailey's Marvel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey%27s_Marvel "Bailey's Marvel") [Banganapalle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banganapalle_\(mango\) "Banganapalle (mango)") [Bennet Alphonso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennet_Alphonso "Bennet Alphonso") [Beverly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_\(mango\) "Beverly (mango)") [Bombay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_\(mango\) "Bombay (mango)") [Brahm Kai Meu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahm_Kai_Meu "Brahm Kai Meu") [Brooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_\(mango\) "Brooks (mango)") [Carabao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabao_\(mango\) "Carabao (mango)") [Carrie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_\(mango\) "Carrie (mango)") [Chaunsa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaunsa "Chaunsa") [Chinna rasalu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinna_rasalu "Chinna rasalu") [Chok Anan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chok_Anan "Chok Anan") [Coconut Cream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_Cream_\(mango\) "Coconut Cream (mango)") [Cogshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogshall_\(mango\) "Cogshall (mango)") [Cushman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushman_\(mango\) "Cushman (mango)") [Dasheri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasheri "Dasheri") [Dot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_\(mango\) "Dot (mango)") [Duncan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_\(mango\) "Duncan (mango)") [Earlygold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earlygold "Earlygold") [Edward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_\(mango\) "Edward (mango)") [Eldon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldon_\(mango\) "Eldon (mango)") [Emerald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_\(mango\) "Emerald (mango)") [Fairchild](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_\(mango\) "Fairchild (mango)") [Fascell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascell "Fascell") [Fazli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazli_\(mango\) "Fazli (mango)") [Florigon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florigon "Florigon") [Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_\(mango\) "Ford (mango)") [Gary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_\(mango\) "Gary (mango)") [Gir Kesar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gir_Kesar "Gir Kesar") [Glenn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_\(mango\) "Glenn (mango)") [Goa Mankurad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_Mankurad_Mango "Goa Mankurad Mango") [Gold Nugget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Nugget "Gold Nugget") [Golden Lippens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Lippens "Golden Lippens") [Graham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_\(mango\) "Graham (mango)") [Haden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haden_\(mango\) "Haden (mango)") [Haribhanga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haribhanga_\(mango\) "Haribhanga (mango)") [Hatcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatcher_\(mango\) "Hatcher (mango)") [Himsagar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himsagar "Himsagar") [Honey Gold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_Gold "Honey Gold") [Ice Cream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cream_\(mango\) "Ice Cream (mango)") [Irwin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_\(mango\) "Irwin (mango)") [Ivory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_\(mango\) "Ivory (mango)") [Jakarta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_\(mango\) "Jakarta (mango)") [Jean Ellen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Ellen "Jean Ellen") [Julie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_\(mango\) "Julie (mango)") [Kari Ishad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Ishad "Kari Ishad") [Keitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keitt_\(mango\) "Keitt (mango)") [Kensington Pride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_Pride "Kensington Pride") [Kent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_\(mango\) "Kent (mango)") [Kuttiattoor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuttiattoor_Mango "Kuttiattoor Mango") [Lakshmanbhog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmanbhog "Lakshmanbhog") [Lancetilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancetilla "Lancetilla") [Langra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langra "Langra") [Lippens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippens_\(mango\) "Lippens (mango)") [Mahachanok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahachanok_\(mango\) "Mahachanok (mango)") [Malda Fazli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malda_Fazli_Mango "Malda Fazli Mango") [Malihabadi Dusseheri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malihabadi_Dusseheri_Mango "Malihabadi Dusseheri Mango") [Mallika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallika_\(mango\) "Mallika (mango)") [Manilita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilita "Manilita") [Marathwada Kesar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathwada_Kesar_Mango "Marathwada Kesar Mango") [Mulgoba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulgoba "Mulgoba") [Nam Dok Mai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_Dok_Mai "Nam Dok Mai") [Osteen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteen_\(mango\) "Osteen (mango)") [Palmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_\(mango\) "Palmer (mango)") [Panchadara Kalasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchadara_Kalasa "Panchadara Kalasa") [Parvin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvin_\(mango\) "Parvin (mango)") [Pico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_\(mango\) "Pico (mango)") [Raspuri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspuri "Raspuri") [Rewa Sunderja Mango](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewa_Sunderja_Mango "Rewa Sunderja Mango") [Rosigold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosigold "Rosigold") [Ruby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_\(mango\) "Ruby (mango)") [Saigon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saigon_\(mango\) "Saigon (mango)") [Sammar Bahisht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammar_Bahisht "Sammar Bahisht") [Sensation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensation_\(mango\) "Sensation (mango)") [Shan-e-Khuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan-e-Khuda "Shan-e-Khuda") [Sindhri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhri "Sindhri") [Sophie Fry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Fry "Sophie Fry") [Southern Blush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Blush "Southern Blush") [Spirit of '76](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_\(mango\) "Spirit of '76 (mango)") [Springfels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfels "Springfels") [Sunset](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_\(mango\) "Sunset (mango)") [Tommy Atkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Atkins_\(mango\) "Tommy Atkins (mango)") [Torbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torbert_\(mango\) "Torbert (mango)") [Totapuri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totapuri "Totapuri") [Valencia Pride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_Pride "Valencia Pride") [Van Dyke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Dyke_\(mango\) "Van Dyke (mango)") [Young](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_\(mango\) "Young (mango)") [Zill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zill_\(mango\) "Zill (mango)") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mangoes-left.jpg "Mango") Mango |
| Other commercial species | *[Mangifera altissima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera_altissima "Mangifera altissima")* (Pahutan) *[Mangifera casturi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera_casturi "Mangifera casturi")* (Kasturi) *[Mangifera caesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera_caesia "Mangifera caesia")* (Jack mango) *[Mangifera foetida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera_foetida "Mangifera foetida")* (Horse mango) *[Mangifera indica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera_indica "Mangifera indica")* *[Mangifera laurina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera_laurina "Mangifera laurina")* (Mangga kopyor) *[Mangifera sylvatica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera_sylvatica "Mangifera sylvatica")* (Himalayan mango) *[Mangifera zeylanica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera_zeylanica "Mangifera zeylanica")* (Sri Lankan mango) | |
| Mango dishes | [Amba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amba_\(condiment\) "Amba (condiment)") [Amchoor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amchoor "Amchoor") [Mango pickle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_pickle "Mango pickle") [Mango sticky rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_sticky_rice "Mango sticky rice") | |
| Other topics | [International Mango Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mango_Festival "International Mango Festival") [List of mango diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mango_diseases "List of mango diseases") [Mango cult](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_cult "Mango cult") | |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mangoes "Category:Mangoes") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg "Commons page") [Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mango "commons:Category:Mango") | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Agriculture_country_lists "Template:Agriculture country lists") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_country_lists "Template talk:Agriculture country lists") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_country_lists "Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture country lists")[Lists of countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories "Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories") by [agricultural output](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_producing_countries_of_agricultural_commodities "List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities") [rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_rankings "List of international rankings") | |
|---|---|
| [Cereals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cereal_production "List of countries by cereal production") | [Barley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_barley_production "List of countries by barley production") [Buckwheat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckwheat#Production "Buckwheat") [Corn/Maize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_corn_production_statistics "International corn production statistics") ([exports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_maize_exports "List of countries by maize exports")) [Millet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet#Production "Millet") [Oat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oat#Production_and_trade "Oat") [Rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rice_production "List of countries by rice production") ([exports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rice_exports "List of countries by rice exports")) [Rye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye#Production_and_consumption "Rye") [Sorghum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_sorghum#Cultivation_and_uses "Commercial sorghum") [Triticale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticale#Conventional_breeding_approaches "Triticale") [Wheat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_wheat_production_statistics "International wheat production statistics") [exports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wheat_exports "List of countries by wheat exports") |
| [Fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_fruit_production "List of countries by fruit production") | [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apple_production "List of countries by apple production") [Apricot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apricot_production "List of countries by apricot production") [Avocado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_avocado_production "List of countries by avocado production") [Banana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#Production_and_export "Banana") [Cherry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cherry_production "List of countries by cherry production") [Citrus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_production "Citrus production") [Orange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_\(fruit\)#Production "Orange (fruit)") [Coconut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coconut_production "List of countries by coconut production") [Cucumber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cucumber_production "List of countries by cucumber production") [Eggplant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_eggplant_production "List of countries by eggplant production") [Grape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_grape_production "List of countries by grape production") [Lemon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon#Production "Lemon") [Lime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_\(fruit\)#Production "Lime (fruit)") [Mango](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#Cultivation) [Papaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_papaya_production "List of countries by papaya production") [Pear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear_production_by_country "Pear production by country") [Pineapple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_pineapple_production "List of countries by pineapple production") [Plum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_plum_production "List of countries by plum production") [Tomato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tomato_production "List of countries by tomato production") [Watermelon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermelon#Cultivation "Watermelon") |
| [Vegetables](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vegetable_production "List of countries by vegetable production") | [Artichoke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_artichoke_production "List of countries by artichoke production") [Carrot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot#Production "Carrot") [Garlic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_garlic_production "List of countries by garlic production") [Onion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_onion_production "List of countries by onion production") [Potato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_potato_production "List of countries by potato production") [Rapeseed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapeseed#Production "Rapeseed") [Soybean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_soybean_production "List of countries by soybean production") [Turnip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot#Production "Carrot") |
| Other | [Cacao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobroma_cacao#Cultivation "Theobroma cacao") [Cassava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava "Cassava") [Coffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coffee_production "List of countries by coffee production") ([exports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coffee_exports "List of countries by coffee exports")) [Cotton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton#Leading_producer_countries "Cotton") [Fish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_industry_by_country "Fishing industry by country") [Meat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production "List of countries by meat production") [Milk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_milk_production "List of countries by milk production") [Palm oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#Production "Palm oil") [Sugar beet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_beet#Production_statistics "Sugar beet") [Sugar cane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane#Production "Sugarcane") [Sunflower seed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_seed#Cultivation "Sunflower seed") [Tea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea#Production "Tea") [Tobacco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_industry#Production_by_country_or_region "Tobacco industry") [Wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries "List of wine-producing countries") |
| Related | [Irrigated land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irrigated_land_area "List of countries by irrigated land area") [Land use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use_statistics_by_country "Land use statistics by country") [Organic farmland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_organic_farmland "List of countries by organic farmland") [Vegetable production](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vegetable_production "List of countries by vegetable production") |
| [List of international rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_rankings "List of international rankings") [Lists by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_by_country "Lists by country") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Symbols_of_Bangladesh "Template:Symbols of Bangladesh") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Symbols_of_Bangladesh "Template talk:Symbols of Bangladesh") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Symbols_of_Bangladesh "Special:EditPage/Template:Symbols of Bangladesh")[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bangladesh_\(1971\).svg) [National symbols of Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_Bangladesh "National symbols of Bangladesh") | | |
|---|---|---|
| Main symbols | [Amar Sonar Bangla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar_Sonar_Bangla "Amar Sonar Bangla") (national anthem) [Notuner Gaan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notuner_Gaan "Notuner Gaan") (national march) [National Emblem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Emblem_of_Bangladesh "National Emblem of Bangladesh") [Government Seal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh "Government Seal of Bangladesh") [Red-Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Bangladesh "Flag of Bangladesh") (national flag) [Bengali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language "Bengali language") (national language) |   |
| Monuments and Memorials | [Shaheed Minar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheed_Minar,_Dhaka "Shaheed Minar, Dhaka") (1952, martyr monument) [National Martyrs' Memorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Martyrs%27_Memorial "National Martyrs' Memorial") (1971, national monument) [Martyred Intellectuals Memorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyred_Intellectuals_Memorial "Martyred Intellectuals Memorial") (1971, martyr monument) [Column of Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_of_Independence "Column of Independence") (1971, independence monument) | |
| People | [Kazi Nazrul Islam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam "Kazi Nazrul Islam") (National poet) | |
| Flora and fauna | [Mango Tree]() (national tree) [Doel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_magpie-robin "Oriental magpie-robin") (national bird) [Water lily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea_nouchali "Nymphaea nouchali") (national flower) [Royal Bengal Tiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tiger "Bengal tiger") (national animal) [Jackfruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit "Jackfruit") (national fruit) [Ilish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilish "Ilish") (national fish) | |
| Other symbols | [Kabaddi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaddi "Kabaddi") (national game) [Bengali calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_calendars "Bengali calendars") (national calendar) | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Symbols_of_India "Template:Symbols of India") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Symbols_of_India "Template talk:Symbols of India") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Symbols_of_India "Special:EditPage/Template:Symbols of India")[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") [National symbols of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_India "National symbols of India") | | |
|---|---|---|
| Constitutional | [Flag of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_India "Flag of India") (Flag) [Emblem of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Emblem_of_India "State Emblem of India") (Emblem) [Satyameva Jayate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyameva_Jayate "Satyameva Jayate") (Motto) [Jana Gana Mana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jana_Gana_Mana "Jana Gana Mana") (Anthem) [Vande Mataram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vande_Mataram "Vande Mataram") (Song) [National Pledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Pledge_\(India\) "National Pledge (India)") (Pledge) | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg) |
| Flora and fauna | [Bengal tiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tiger "Bengal tiger") (Animal) [Indian peafowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_peafowl "Indian peafowl") (Bird) [Lotus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera "Nelumbo nucifera") (Flower) [Banyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus_benghalensis "Ficus benghalensis") (Tree) [Mango](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera_indica "Mangifera indica") (Fruit) [Indian elephant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_elephant "Indian elephant") (Heritage animal) [Ganges river dolphin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges_river_dolphin "Ganges river dolphin") (Aquatic animal) [King cobra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_cobra "King cobra") (Reptile) [Lactobacillus bulgaricus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_delbrueckii_subsp._bulgaricus "Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus") (Microbe) | |
| Days | [Independence Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_\(India\) "Independence Day (India)") [Republic Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Day_\(India\) "Republic Day (India)") [Gandhi Jayanti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_Jayanti "Gandhi Jayanti") | |
| Others | [Indian rupee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupee "Indian rupee") (Currency) [Ganges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges "Ganges") (River) [Indian Calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_national_calendar "Indian national calendar") (Calendar) | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Symbols_of_the_Philippines "Template:Symbols of the Philippines") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Symbols_of_the_Philippines "Template talk:Symbols of the Philippines") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Symbols_of_the_Philippines "Special:EditPage/Template:Symbols of the Philippines") [National symbols of the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines "National symbols of the Philippines") | | |
|---|---|---|
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| Unofficial | [Adobo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_adobo "Philippine adobo") [Anahaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saribus_rotundifolius "Saribus rotundifolius") [Bahay kubo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahay_kubo "Bahay kubo") [Bakya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakya "Bakya") [Balangay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balangay "Balangay") [Barong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barong_tagalog "Barong tagalog") and [Baro't saya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baro%27t_saya "Baro't saya") "*[Bayan Ko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayan_Ko "Bayan Ko")*" [Baybayin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin "Baybayin") [Carabao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabao "Carabao") [Cariñosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cari%C3%B1osa "Cariñosa") [Jeepney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeepney "Jeepney") [Juan dela Cruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_dela_Cruz "Juan dela Cruz") [Lechon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechon "Lechon") [Malacañang Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace "Malacañang Palace") [Mango]() [Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila "Manila") [Milkfish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkfish "Milkfish") [National Seal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines "Coat of arms of the Philippines") [Philippine peso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_peso "Philippine peso") [Sinigang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinigang "Sinigang") [Sipa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipa "Sipa") [Tinikling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinikling "Tinikling") *[Waling-waling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waling-waling "Waling-waling")* | |
| [National heroes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_hero_of_the_Philippines "National hero of the Philippines") | | |
| | | |
| Implied | [Andrés Bonifacio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio "Andrés Bonifacio") [José Rizal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal "José Rizal") | |
| Declared from national legislation | [Benigno Aquino Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_Jr. "Benigno Aquino Jr.") [Martyrs and heroes during the martial law period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution "People Power Revolution") [National Heroes Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heroes_Day_\(Philippines\) "National Heroes Day (Philippines)") [Veterans of the Second World War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Valor "Day of Valor") | |
| From bills and presidential proclamations | [José Abad Santos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Abad_Santos "José Abad Santos") [Corazon Aquino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino "Corazon Aquino") [Melchora Aquino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchora_Aquino "Melchora Aquino") [Emilio Aguinaldo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo "Emilio Aguinaldo") [Marcelo H. del Pilar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar "Marcelo H. del Pilar") [José W. Diokno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_W._Diokno "Jose W. Diokno") [Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Kudarat "Muhammad Kudarat") [Lapu-Lapu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapu-Lapu "Lapu-Lapu") [Josefa Llanes Escoda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefa_Llanes_Escoda "Josefa Llanes Escoda") [Vicente Lim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Lim "Vicente Lim") [Antonio Luna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Luna "Antonio Luna") [Apolinario Mabini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini "Apolinario Mabini") [Sergio Osmeña](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a "Sergio Osmeña") [Manuel L. Quezon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon "Manuel L. Quezon") [Manuel Roxas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas "Manuel Roxas") | |
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Mango
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| Readable Markdown | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mangos_-_single_and_halved.jpg)
Mango fruits – single and halved
A **mango** is an edible [stone fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupe "Drupe") produced by the tropical tree *[Mangifera indica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera_indica "Mangifera indica")*. It originated in the northeastern part of the [Indian subcontinent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent "Indian subcontinent"), in what is now Bangladesh, [northeastern India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_India "Northeast India") and [Myanmar.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar "Myanmar") *M. indica* has been cultivated in [South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia "South Asia") and Southeast Asia since ancient times, resulting in two modern mango cultivar lineages: the "Indian" and the "Southeast Asian" types.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Warschefsky-1) Other species in the genus *[Mangifera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera "Mangifera")* also produce edible fruits called "mangoes," most of which are found in the [Malesian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malesia "Malesia") ecoregion.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Sherman-2)
There are several hundred [cultivars of mango](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mango_cultivars "List of mango cultivars") worldwide. Depending on the cultivar, mango fruit varies in size, shape, sweetness, skin colour, and flesh colour, which may be pale yellow, gold, green, or orange. Mango is the [national fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_fruit "National fruit") of [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India"), [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan"), and the [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), while the mango tree is the [national tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_trees "List of national trees") of Bangladesh.
Etymology
The English word *mango* (plural *mangoes* or *mangos*) originated in the 16th century from the [Portuguese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language "Portuguese language") word *manga*, from the [Malayalam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam "Malayalam") *manga*, and ultimately from the [Tamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language "Tamil language") *mā* (மா, 'mango tree') + *kāy* (ங்காய், 'unripe fruit/vegetable').[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-oed-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-prakash-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-OxfordED-6) The scientific name, *[Mangifera indica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera_indica "Mangifera indica"),* can be translated as "a plant bearing mangoes in India".[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-prakash-5)
Description
Mango trees grow to 30–40 metres (98–131 feet) tall, with a crown radius of 10–15 m (33–49 ft). The trees are long-lived, as some specimens still fruit after 300 years.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Californiararefruitgrowers-7)
In deep soil, the [taproot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taproot "Taproot") descends to a depth of 6 m (20 ft), with profuse, wide-spreading feeder roots and anchor roots penetrating deeply into the soil. The [leaves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaves "Leaves") are [evergreen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen "Evergreen"), alternate, simple, 15–35 centimetres (6–14 inches) long, and 6–16 cm (2\+1⁄2–6\+1⁄2 in) broad; when the leaves are young they are orange-pink, rapidly changing to a dark, glossy red, then dark green as they mature. The [flowers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower "Flower") are produced in terminal [panicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panicle "Panicle") 10–40 cm (4–15\+1⁄2 in) long; each flower is small and white with five petals 5–10 millimetres (3⁄16–3⁄8 in) long, with a mild, sweet fragrance. Over 500 [varieties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_\(botany\) "Variety (botany)") of mangoes are known,[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Morton-8) many of which ripen in summer, while some give a double crop.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-9) The fruit takes four to five months from flowering to ripening.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Morton-8)
The ripe fruit varies according to cultivar in size, shape, colour, sweetness, and eating quality. Depending on the cultivar, fruits are variously yellow, orange, red, or green. The fruit has a single flat, oblong [pit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrena "Pyrena") that can be [fibrous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre "Fibre") or hairy on the surface and does not separate easily from the pulp. The fruits may be somewhat round, oval, or [kidney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney "Kidney")\-shaped, ranging from 5–25 centimetres (2–10 in) in length and from 140 grams (5 oz) to 2 kilograms (5 lb) in weight per individual fruit. The skin is leather-like, waxy, smooth, and fragrant, with colours ranging from green to yellow, yellow-orange, yellow-red, or blushed with various shades of red, purple, pink, or yellow when fully ripe.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Morton-8)
Ripe intact mangoes give off a distinctive [resinous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin "Resin"), sweet smell.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Morton-8) Inside the [stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrena "Pyrena") with its 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) thick woody [endocarp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocarp "Endocarp") is a single [seed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed "Seed"), 4–7 cm (1.6–2.8 in) long. Mangoes have [recalcitrant seeds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recalcitrant_seed "Recalcitrant seed") which do not survive freezing and drying.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-osu-10) Mango trees grow readily from seeds, with [germination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germination "Germination") success highest when seeds are obtained from mature fruits.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Morton-8)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manguier_portant_des_mangues_bien_mures.jpg "Tree")
Tree
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MangoImmatureFruits.JPG "Flowers and immature fruits")
Flowers and immature fruits
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mango_tree_with_fruit_in_Rinc%C3%B3n,_Puerto_Rico.jpg "Unripe mangoes")
Unripe mangoes
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mangifera_indica_pit.jpg "Fruit with single seed, cut open")
Fruit with single seed, cut open
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Himsagar%27_mango_stone_\(seed\).jpg "Stone (endocarp, surrounding the seed)")
[Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrena "Pyrena") ([endocarp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocarp "Endocarp"), surrounding the seed)
Taxonomy
Mangoes originated from the region between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, and northeastern India.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Kuhn-11)[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Warschefsky-1) The mango is considered an [evolutionary anachronism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_anachronism "Evolutionary anachronism"), whereby [seed dispersal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_dispersal "Seed dispersal") was once accomplished by a now-[extinct](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction "Extinction") evolutionary [forager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraging "Foraging"), such as a [megafauna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megafauna "Megafauna") mammal.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-12)
From their center of origin, mangoes diverged into two genetically distinct populations: the subtropical Indian group and the tropical Southeast Asian group. The Indian group is characterized by having [monoembryonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoembryonic "Monoembryonic") fruits, while the Southeast Asian group is characterized by [polyembryonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyembryonic "Polyembryonic") fruits.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Kuhn-11)[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Warschefsky-1)
It was previously believed that mangoes originated from a single [domestication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication "Domestication") event in South Asia before being spread to Southeast Asia, but a 2019 study found no evidence of a center of diversity in India. Instead, it identified a higher unique genetic diversity in Southeast Asian cultivars than in Indian cultivars, indicating that mangoes may have originally been domesticated first in Southeast Asia before being introduced to South Asia. However, the authors cautioned that the diversity in Southeast Asian mangoes might be the result of other reasons (like [interspecific hybridization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interspecific_hybridization "Interspecific hybridization") with other *[Mangifera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera "Mangifera")* species native to the [Malesian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malesia "Malesia") ecoregion). Nevertheless, the existence of two distinct genetic populations identified by the study indicates that the domestication of the mango is more complex than previously assumed and would at least indicate multiple domestication events in Southeast Asia and South Asia.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Kuhn-11)[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Warschefsky-1)
Cultivars
There are hundreds of named mango cultivars. In mango [orchards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard "Orchard"), several cultivars are often grown to improve pollination. Many desired cultivars are [monoembryonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoembryony "Monoembryony") and must be propagated by [grafting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting "Grafting"), or they do not breed true. A common monoembryonic cultivar is ['Alphonso'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonso_\(mango\) "Alphonso (mango)"), an important export product, considered "the king of mangoes".[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-NYTAllen-13)
Cultivars that excel in one climate may fail elsewhere. For example, Indian cultivars such as 'Julie,' a prolific cultivar in Jamaica, require annual [fungicide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungicide "Fungicide") treatments to escape the lethal [fungal disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal_disease "Fungal disease") [anthracnose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracnose "Anthracnose") in Florida. Asian mangoes are resistant to anthracnose.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-14)
The current [western](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world "Western world") market is dominated by the cultivar ['Tommy Atkins'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Atkins_\(mango\) "Tommy Atkins (mango)"), a seedling of ['Haden'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haden_\(mango\) "Haden (mango)") that first fruited in 1940 in southern Florida and was initially rejected commercially by Florida researchers.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-15) Growers and importers worldwide have embraced the cultivar for its excellent productivity and disease resistance, [shelf life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelf_life "Shelf life"), transportability, size, and appealing colour.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-star-16) Although the Tommy Atkins cultivar is commercially successful, other cultivars may be preferred by consumers for eating pleasure, such as Alphonso.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-NYTAllen-13)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-star-16)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:09251jfFilipino_foods_fruits_Bulacan_landmarksfvf_37.jpg "'Carabao', a typical \"Southeast Asian type\" polyembryonic cultivar")
['Carabao'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabao_mango "Carabao mango"), a typical "Southeast Asian type" [polyembryonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyembryonic "Polyembryonic") cultivar
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mango_LangraBenarsi_Asit_fs8.jpg "'Langra', a typical \"Indian type\" monoembryonic cultivar")
['Langra'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langra_mango "Langra mango"), a typical "Indian type" [monoembryonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoembryonic "Monoembryonic") cultivar
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mangoes_sold_in_India.jpg "Many varieties from India")
Many varieties from India
Distribution and habitat
From tropical Asia, mangoes were introduced to East Africa by [Arab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab "Arab") and [Persian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia "Persia") traders in the ninth to tenth centuries. The 14th-century Moroccan traveler [Ibn Battuta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta "Ibn Battuta") reported it at [Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu "Mogadishu").[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-watson-17) It was spread further into other areas around the world during the [Colonial Era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Era "Colonial Era"). The [Portuguese Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire "Portuguese Empire") spread the mango from their colony in [Goa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa "Goa") to East and West Africa. From West Africa, they introduced it to Brazil from the 16th to the 17th centuries. From Brazil, it spread northwards to the [Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean "Caribbean") and eastern Mexico by the mid to late 18th century. The [Spanish Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire "Spanish Empire") also introduced mangoes directly from the Philippines to western Mexico via the [Manila galleons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_galleon "Manila galleon") from at least the 16th century. Mangoes were only introduced to Florida by 1833.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Warschefsky-1)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-pg-18)
Cultivation
The mango is cultivated in most [frost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost "Frost")\-free tropical and warmer subtropical climates. It is cultivated extensively in South Asia, Southeast Asia, [East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa "East Africa") and West Africa, the tropical and subtropical Americas, and the [Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean "Caribbean").[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Altendorf-19) Mangoes are also grown in [Andalusia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia "Andalusia"), Spain (mainly in [Málaga province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_M%C3%A1laga "Province of Málaga")), as its coastal subtropical climate is one of the few places in mainland Europe that permits the growth of tropical plants and fruit trees. The [Canary Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands "Canary Islands") are another notable Spanish producer of the fruit. Other minor cultivators include North America (in South Florida and the California [Coachella Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachella_Valley "Coachella Valley")), Hawai'i, and Australia.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-20)
Many commercial [cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar "Cultivar") grown in Europe are grafted onto the cold-hardy rootstock of the *Gomera-1* mango cultivar, originally from Cuba. Its root system is well adapted to a coastal Mediterranean climate.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-21)
A breakthrough in mango cultivation was the use of [potassium nitrate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_nitrate "Potassium nitrate") and [ethrel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethrel "Ethrel") to induce flowering in mangoes. The discovery was made by [Filipino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_people "Filipino people") [horticulturist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulturist "Horticulturist") [Ramon Barba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Barba "Ramon Barba") in 1974 and was developed from the unique traditional method of inducing mango flowering using smoke in the Philippines. It allowed mango plantations to induce regular flowering and fruiting year-round. Previously, mangoes were seasonal because they only flowered every 16 to 18 months. The method is now used in most mango-producing countries.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-22)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-nagao-23)
Diseases
Mango trees are subject to [many diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mango_diseases "List of mango diseases"), including [alternaria rot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternaria_alternata "Alternaria alternata"), [anthracnose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracnose "Anthracnose"), [bacterial black spot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthomonas_campestris "Xanthomonas campestris"), and [powdery mildew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oidium_mangiferae "Oidium mangiferae").[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Prakash_2004-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Ploetz_2003-25) Spongy tissue is a ripening disorder correlated with [calcium deficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_deficiency_\(plant_disorder\) "Calcium deficiency (plant disorder)") and characterized by spongy, brown-black flesh beginning near the seeds.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-26) It was estimated in 1989 to affect approximately 30% of Alphonso mangoes.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-27) Among the pests of the fruit's cultivation is the [mango mealybug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_mealybug "Mango mealybug"); it sucks sap from inflorescences, causing reduced fruit set and seriously harming crop production.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Karar_Sayyed_2010-28)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bacterial_black_spot_of_mango_-_9077467185.jpg "bacterial black spot of mango")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mango-anthracnose_\(cropped\).jpg "Anthracnose in fruit")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mango_anthracnose_1a_\(cropped\).jpg "Anthracnose in inflorescence")
Anthracnose in inflorescence
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mango_powdery_mildew_severe_leaf_blight_with_mycelium_1.jpg "Powdery mildew causing leaf blight")
[Powdery mildew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oidium_mangiferae "Oidium mangiferae") causing leaf blight
| | |
|---|---|
|  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") | 26\.2 |
|  [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia") | 4\.1 |
|  [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") | 3\.9 |
|  [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico "Mexico") | 2\.7 |
|  [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan") | 2\.6 |
|  [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") | 2\.3 |
|  [Malawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi "Malawi") | 2\.1 |
| **World** | **61\.1** |
| \*Includes mangosteens and guavas; Source: [FAOSTAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAOSTAT "FAOSTAT") of the United Nations[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-faostat-29) | |
Production
In 2023, world production of mangoes, [mangosteens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangosteen "Mangosteen") and [guavas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guava "Guava") was 61 million [tonnes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne "Tonne"), led by India with 43% of the total, and [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia") and China as secondary producers.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-faostat-29)
Culinary uses
Mangoes are generally sweet, although the taste and texture of the flesh vary across cultivars; some, such as [Alphonso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonso_\(mango\) "Alphonso (mango)"), have a soft, pulpy, juicy texture similar to an overripe [plum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum "Plum"), while others, such as [Tommy Atkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Atkins_\(mango\) "Tommy Atkins (mango)"), are firmer with a fibrous texture.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-clark-30)
Mangoes are used in many cuisines. Sour, unripe mangoes are used in side dishes in [Indian cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cuisine "Indian cuisine") such as [mango chutney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_chutney "Mango chutney")[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-31) and [pickles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_pickle "Mango pickle") such as [avakaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avakaya "Avakaya").[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-32)
A summer drink called *[aam panna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aam_panna "Aam panna")* is made with mangoes.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-33) [Mango lassi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_lassi "Mango lassi") is consumed throughout South Asia, prepared by mixing ripe mangoes or mango pulp with [buttermilk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttermilk "Buttermilk") and sugar.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-34)[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-35)
In [Indonesian cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine "Indonesian cuisine"), unripe mango is processed into *[asinan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asinan "Asinan")*, *[rujak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojak "Rojak")* and *[sambal pencit/mangga muda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambal#Indonesia "Sambal")*,[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-36) or eaten with [edible salt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt#Edible_salt "Salt").[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-37)
Raw green mangoes can be sliced and eaten like a salad.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-:0-38) In most parts of Southeast Asia, they are commonly eaten with [fish sauce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_sauce "Fish sauce"), vinegar, soy sauce, or with a dash of salt (plain or spicy) – a combination usually known as "mango salad" in English.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Valente-39) In the Philippines, green mangoes are eaten with savory condiments such as *[bagoong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoong "Bagoong")* (salty [fish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafood "Seafood") or [shrimp paste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_paste "Shrimp paste")), [soy sauce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_sauce "Soy sauce"), vinegar, or chilis.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-40)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-41) [Mango float](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_float "Mango float") and [mango cake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_cake "Mango cake"), which use slices of ripe mangoes, are eaten in the Philippines.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-42)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carabao_mangoes_\(Philippines\).jpg "The \"hedgehog\" style of preparation on Carabao mangoes")
The "hedgehog" style of preparation on [Carabao mangoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabao_mango "Carabao mango")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mango_inner.png "Alphonso mango chunks")
Alphonso mango chunks
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MANGO_SEASON_\(562892060\).jpg "Sliced Ataulfo mangoes")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glass_of_Mango_Juice.jpg "A glass of mango juice")
A glass of mango juice
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mango_Chutney.jpg "Mango chutney")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green_mangoes_with_vinegar,_chili,_salt,_and_soy_sauce_\(Philippines\)_01.jpg "Sour unripe mangoes eaten with shrimp paste, salt, chili, vinegar or soy sauce in the Philippines")
Sour unripe mangoes eaten with [shrimp paste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_paste "Shrimp paste"), salt, chili, vinegar or [soy sauce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_sauce "Soy sauce") in the [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines")
Phytochemistry
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flavor_chemicals_of_%22Alphonso%22_mango.jpg)
Major flavour chemicals of the 'Alphonso' mango from India
Numerous [phytochemicals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochemical "Phytochemical") are present in mango [peel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_\(fruit\) "Peel (fruit)") and pulp, such as the [triterpene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triterpene "Triterpene") [lupeol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupeol "Lupeol").[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-43) Mango peel pigments under study include [carotenoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoid "Carotenoid"), such as the [provitamin A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provitamin_A "Provitamin A") compound, [beta-carotene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-carotene "Beta-carotene"), [lutein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutein "Lutein") and [alpha-carotene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-carotene "Alpha-carotene"),[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-44)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-45) and [polyphenols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenols "Polyphenols"), such as [quercetin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercetin "Quercetin"), [kaempferol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaempferol "Kaempferol"), [gallic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_acid "Gallic acid"), [caffeic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeic_acid "Caffeic acid"), [catechins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan-3-ol "Flavan-3-ol") and [tannins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin "Tannin").[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-46)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-47) Mango contains a unique [xanthonoid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthonoid "Xanthonoid") called [mangiferin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangiferin "Mangiferin").[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-48)
Phytochemical and nutrient content appears to vary across mango [cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar "Cultivar").[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-49) Up to 25 different carotenoids have been isolated from mango pulp, the densest of which was beta-carotene, which accounts for the yellow-orange [pigmentation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmentation "Pigmentation") of most mango cultivars.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-50) Mango leaves also have significant polyphenol content, including [xanthonoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthonoid "Xanthonoid"), mangiferin and gallic acid.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-51)
Flavor
The [flavor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor_\(taste\) "Flavor (taste)") of mango fruits is conferred by several volatile organic chemicals, mainly [terpenes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene "Terpene"), [furanones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furanone "Furanone"), [lactones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactone "Lactone"), and [esters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester "Ester"). Different varieties or [cultivars of mangoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mango_cultivars "List of mango cultivars") can have flavours made up of different volatile chemicals or the same volatile chemicals in different quantities.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-52) In general, [New World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World "New World") mango cultivars are characterized by the dominance of δ-3-carene, a monoterpene flavorant; whereas, high concentration of other monoterpenes such as (Z)-ocimene and myrcene, as well as the presence of lactones and furanones, is the unique feature of [Old World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World "Old World") cultivars.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-culti-53)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-54) In India, ['Alphonso'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonso_\(mango\) "Alphonso (mango)") is one of the most popular cultivars. In 'Alphonso' mango, the lactones, and furanones are synthesized during ripening, whereas terpenes and the other flavorants are present in both the developing (immature) and ripening fruits.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-55)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-56)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-57) [Ethylene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene "Ethylene"), a ripening-related hormone well known to be involved in ripening of mango fruits, causes changes in the flavor composition of mango fruits upon exogenous application, as well.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-58)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-59) In contrast to the huge amount of information available on the chemical composition of mango flavour, the biosynthesis of these chemicals has not been studied in depth; only a handful of genes encoding the enzymes of flavour biosynthetic pathways have been characterized to date.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-60)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-61)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-62)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-63)
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| [Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy "Food energy") | 250 kJ (60 kcal) |
| **[Carbohydrates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate "Carbohydrate")** | 15 g |
| [Sugars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar "Sugar") | 13\.7 |
| [Dietary fiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber "Dietary fiber") | 1\.6 g |
| **[Fat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat "Fat")** | 0\.38 g |
| [Saturated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat "Saturated fat") | 0\.092 g |
| [Monounsaturated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat "Monounsaturated fat") | 0\.14 g |
| [Polyunsaturated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat "Polyunsaturated fat")[omega−3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid "Omega-3 fatty acid")[omega−6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid "Omega-6 fatty acid") | 0\.071 g0\.051 g0\.019 g |
| **[Protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_\(nutrient\) "Protein (nutrient)")** | 0\.82 g |
| Vitamins and minerals | |
| **[Vitamins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin "Vitamin")** | **Quantity** **%DV**† |
| [Vitamin A equiv.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A "Vitamin A")[beta-Carotene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Carotene "Beta-Carotene")[lutein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutein "Lutein") [zeaxanthin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeaxanthin "Zeaxanthin") | 6% 54 μg6% 640 μg23 μg |
| [Thiamine (B1)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine "Thiamine") | 2% 0.028 mg |
| [Riboflavin (B2)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin "Riboflavin") | 3% 0.038 mg |
| [Niacin (B3)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin_\(nutrient\) "Niacin (nutrient)") | 4% 0.669 mg |
| [Pantothenic acid (B5)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acid "Pantothenic acid") | 4% 0.197 mg |
| [Vitamin B6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6 "Vitamin B6") | 7% 0.119 mg |
| [Folate (B9)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate "Folate") | 11% 43 μg |
| [Choline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline "Choline") | 1% 7.6 mg |
| [Vitamin C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C "Vitamin C") | 40% 36.4 mg |
| [Vitamin E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E "Vitamin E") | 6% 0.9 mg |
| [Vitamin K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K "Vitamin K") | 4% 4.2 μg |
| **[Minerals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_\(nutrient\) "Mineral (nutrient)")** | **Quantity** **%DV**† |
| [Calcium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans "Calcium in biology") | 1% 11 mg |
| [Copper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_in_health "Copper in health") | 12% 0.111 mg |
| [Iron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism "Human iron metabolism") | 1% 0.16 mg |
| [Magnesium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology "Magnesium in biology") | 2% 10 mg |
| [Manganese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition "Manganese") | 3% 0.063 mg |
| [Phosphorus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role "Phosphorus") | 1% 14 mg |
| [Potassium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_in_biology "Potassium in biology") | 6% 168 mg |
| [Selenium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium_in_biology "Selenium in biology") | 1% 0.6 μg |
| [Sodium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_in_biology "Sodium in biology") | 0% 1 mg |
| [Zinc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role "Zinc") | 1% 0.09 mg |
| **Other constituents** | **Quantity** |
| Water | 83\.5 g |
| [Link to USDA Database entry](https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/1102670/nutrients) | |
| †Percentages estimated using [US recommendations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values "Reference Daily Intake") for adults,[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-FDADailyValues-64) except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the [National Academies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine").[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-65) | |
Toxicity
Contact with oils in mango leaves, stems, sap, and skin can cause [dermatitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatitis "Dermatitis") and [anaphylaxis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis "Anaphylaxis") in susceptible individuals.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Morton-8)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Sareen-66)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-67) Those with a history of contact dermatitis induced by [urushiol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urushiol "Urushiol") (an allergen found in [poison ivy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_ivy "Poison ivy"), [poison oak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_oak "Poison oak"), or [poison sumac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_sumac "Poison sumac")) may be most at risk for mango contact dermatitis.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-68) Other mango compounds potentially responsible for dermatitis or allergic reactions include [mangiferin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangiferin "Mangiferin").[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Morton-8) Cross-reactions may occur between mango allergens and urushiol.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-69) Sensitized individuals may not be able to eat peeled mangoes or drink mango juice safely.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Morton-8)
When mango trees are flowering in spring, local people with allergies may experience breathing difficulty, itching of the eyes, or facial swelling, even before flower [pollen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen "Pollen") becomes airborne. In this case, the irritant is likely to be the [vaporized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor "Vapor") [essential oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil "Essential oil") from flowers. During the primary ripening season of mangoes, contact with mango plant parts – primarily [sap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sap "Sap"), leaves, and fruit skin[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Morton-8) – is the most common cause of plant dermatitis in Hawaii.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-autogenerated365-70)
Nutrition
A raw mango is 84% water, 15% [carbohydrates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate "Carbohydrate"), 1% [protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_\(nutrient\) "Protein (nutrient)"), and has negligible fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), raw mango supplies 60 [calories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie "Calorie") and is a rich source of [vitamin C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C "Vitamin C") (40% of the [Daily Value](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Value "Daily Value"), DV) with moderate amounts of [folate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate "Folate") (11% DV) and [copper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_in_biology "Copper in biology") (12% DV), while other [micronutrients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronutrient "Micronutrient") are low in content (table).
Culture
The mango is the [national fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_fruits "List of national fruits") of India,[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-71)[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-72) [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan"),[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-73) and the [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines").[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-74)It is the [national tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_trees "List of national trees") of Bangladesh.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-bd-75) In India, the harvesting and sale of mangoes is during March–May and this is annually covered by news agencies.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-NYTAllen-13) In [Tamil Nadu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu "Tamil Nadu"), the mango is one of the three royal fruits, along with [banana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana "Banana") and [jackfruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit "Jackfruit"), for their sweetness and flavour.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-76)
The mango has a traditional context in the culture of South Asia. In his [edicts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka "Edicts of Ashoka"), the Mauryan emperor [Ashoka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka "Ashoka") references the planting of fruit- and shade-bearing trees along imperial roads in his Major Pillar Edict No.5:[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Inscriptions_of_Asoka_p.119-77)
> "On the roads [banyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyan "Banyan")\-trees were caused to be planted by me, (in order that) they might afford shade to cattle and men, (and) mango-groves were caused to be planted."
In medieval India, the Indo-Persian poet [Amir Khusrau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Khusrau "Amir Khusrau") termed the mango "*Naghza Tarin Mewa Hindustan*" – "the fairest fruit of Hindustan".[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-78) The Mughal Empire was especially fond of the fruits: the emperor [Babur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur "Babur") praises the mango in his *[Baburnama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baburnama "Baburnama")*.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-79) Mughal emperor [Akbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar "Akbar") (1556–1605) is said to have planted a mango orchard of 100,000 trees near [Darbhanga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darbhanga "Darbhanga"), Bihar.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-MJMorgan-80) Mango flowers and leaves are used in the worship of the [Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism "Hinduism") goddess [Saraswati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraswati "Saraswati") at the spring festival of [Vasant Panchami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasant_Panchami "Vasant Panchami").[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-81) The leaves are used as decorations in celebrations of [Ganesh Chaturthi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi "Ganesh Chaturthi") for the elephant-headed god [Ganesha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha "Ganesha").[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-82) The [Jain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain "Jain") goddess [Ambika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambika_\(Jainism\) "Ambika (Jainism)") is traditionally represented as sitting under a mango tree.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-83) The classical Sanskrit poet [Kalidasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalidasa "Kalidasa") sang the praises of mangoes.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-84)
[Paisley patterns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley_\(design\) "Paisley (design)"), with a teardrop-shaped motif or *[boteh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boteh "Boteh")* on shawls and [saris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sari "Sari"), are named for the unripe mango in languages across the [Indian subcontinent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent "Indian subcontinent"), such as *kalka* in [Bengali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language "Bengali language"),[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-85)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Pathak_2024-86) *ambi* in [Punjabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language "Punjabi language"),[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-87) and *kairi* in [Hindi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi "Hindi").[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-Pathak_2024-86) [E. M. Forster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._M._Forster "E. M. Forster")'s 1924 novel *[A Passage to India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Passage_to_India "A Passage to India")* has the character Dr. Aziz suggest to the English character Cyril Fielding "For you I shall arrange a lady with breasts like mangoes".[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-88) Mangoes were the subject of the [mango cult](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_cult "Mango cult") in China during the [Cultural Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution "Cultural Revolution") as symbols of chairman [Mao Zedong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong "Mao Zedong")'s love for the people.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_note-tele_HowC-89)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ellora_cave34_001.jpg "Image of Ambika under a mango tree in Cave 34 of the Ellora Caves")
Image of [Ambika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambika_\(Jainism\) "Ambika (Jainism)") under a mango tree in Cave 34 of the [Ellora Caves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellora_Caves "Ellora Caves")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paisley_pattern_BK-NM-3658.jpg "Paisley patterns are named for the mango in languages of the Indian subcontinent.")
[Paisley patterns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley_\(design\) "Paisley (design)") are named for the mango in languages of the [Indian subcontinent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent "Indian subcontinent").
References
1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Warschefsky_1-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Warschefsky_1-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Warschefsky_1-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Warschefsky_1-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Warschefsky_1-4)
Warschefsky, Emily J.; Wettberg, Eric J. B. (June 2019). ["Population genomic analysis of mango (*Mangifera indica*) suggests a complex history of domestication"](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.15731). *New Phytologist*. **222** (4): 2023–2037\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2019NewPh.222.2023W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NewPh.222.2023W). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1111/nph.15731](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.15731). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\) "Hdl (identifier)"):[20\.500.14849/285](https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14849%2F285). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [30730057](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30730057).
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Sherman_2-0)**
Sherman, Amir; Rubinstein, Mor; Eshed, Ravit; Benita, Miri; Ish-Shalom, Mazal; Sharabi-Schwager, Michal; Rozen, Ada; Saada, David; Cohen, Yuval; Ophir, Ron (December 2015). ["Mango (*Mangifera indica* L.) germplasm diversity based on single nucleotide polymorphisms derived from the transcriptome"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4647706). *BMC Plant Biology*. **15** (1): 277. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2015BMCPB..15..277S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015BMCPB..15..277S). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1186/s12870-015-0663-6](https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12870-015-0663-6). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [4647706](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4647706). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [26573148](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26573148).
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-oed_3-0)**
["Mango"](https://www.etymonline.com/word/mango). Online Etymology Dictionary. 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-4)**
Fabricius, J. P. (1972). ["J. P. Fabricius's Tamil and English dictionary. 4th ed., rev.and enl"](https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/fabricius_query.py?page=230). *dsal.uchicago.edu*. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-prakash_5-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-prakash_5-1)
Prakash, Om (2005). [*A Tryst with Mango: Retrospect, Aspects, Prospects*](https://books.google.com/books?id=UAc_Pp6ahK8C&dq=mango+tamil+manga&pg=PR14). APH Publishing. pp. xiv. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-81-7648-912-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-912-6 "Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-912-6")
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6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-OxfordED_6-0)**
["mango *n.* (1)"](https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/113430). *[OED Online](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary#Electronic_versions "Oxford English Dictionary")*. [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). June 2021.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Californiararefruitgrowers_7-0)**
["Mango"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201019172713/http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/mango.html). *California Rare Fruit Growers*. Archived from [the original](http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/mango.html) on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
8. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Morton_8-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Morton_8-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Morton_8-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Morton_8-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Morton_8-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Morton_8-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Morton_8-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Morton_8-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Morton_8-8)
Morton, Julia Frances (1987). [*Mango. In: Fruits of Warm Climates*](https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html). NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University. pp. 221–239\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-9610184-1-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9610184-1-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-9610184-1-2")
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9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-9)**
["Mango (Mangifera indica) varieties"](https://toptropicals.com/html/toptropicals/articles/fruit/varieties_mango.htm). *toptropicals.com*. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-osu_10-0)**
Marcos-Filho, Julio. ["Physiology of Recalcitrant Seeds"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140124220404/http://seedbiology.osu.edu/HCS631_files/12B%20Recalcitrant%20Seeds.pdf) (PDF). Ohio State University. Archived from [the original](http://seedbiology.osu.edu/HCS631_files/12B%20Recalcitrant%20Seeds.pdf) (PDF) on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
11. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Kuhn_11-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Kuhn_11-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Kuhn_11-2)
Kuhn, David N.; Bally, Ian S. E.; Dillon, Natalie L.; Innes, David; Groh, Amy M.; Rahaman, Jordon; Ophir, Ron; Cohen, Yuval; Sherman, Amir (20 April 2017). ["Genetic Map of Mango: A Tool for Mango Breeding"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5397511). *Frontiers in Plant Science*. **8** 577. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2017FrPS....8..577K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017FrPS....8..577K). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3389/fpls.2017.00577](https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2017.00577). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [5397511](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5397511). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [28473837](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28473837).
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-12)**
Spengler, Robert N. (April 2020). ["Anthropogenic Seed Dispersal: Rethinking the Origins of Plant Domestication"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2020.01.005). *Trends in Plant Science*. **25** (4): 340–348\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2020TPS....25..340S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020TPS....25..340S). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.tplants.2020.01.005](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2020.01.005). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\) "Hdl (identifier)"):[21\.11116/0000-0005-C7E0-D](https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116%2F0000-0005-C7E0-D). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [32191870](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32191870).
13. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-NYTAllen_13-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-NYTAllen_13-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-NYTAllen_13-2)
Allen, Jonathan (10 May 2006). ["Mango Mania in India"](https://travel.nytimes.com/2006/05/10/travel/10mumbailetter.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-14)**
Hunsberger, Adrian; Balerdi, Carlos (February 2012). ["DOORYARD DISEASE CONTROL FOR MANGOS IN FLORIDA"](https://sfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/miami-dade/documents/insect-pests-amp-diseases/Mango-Disease-Cntrl-HomeownersF.S..pdf) (PDF). University of Florida/IFAS Miami-Dade County Extension. Retrieved 10 March 2023. "Mango varieties that are susceptible to anthracnose are: 'Cogshall', 'Graham', 'Haden', 'Irwin', 'Julie', 'Kent', 'Mallika', 'Valencia Pride', 'Zill', and others. Those that are susceptible to powdery mildew are: 'Alphonso', 'Carrie', 'Glenn', 'Haden', 'Keitt', 'Kent', 'Nam Doc Mai', 'Zill' and a few others. These will most likely need to be sprayed with fungicides each year."
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-15)**
Susser, Allen (2001). *The Great Mango Book*. New York: [Ten Speed Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Speed_Press "Ten Speed Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-58008-204-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58008-204-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-58008-204-4")
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16. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-star_16-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-star_16-1)
Mintz, C. (24 May 2008). ["Sweet news: Ataulfos are in season"](https://www.thestar.com/life/2008/05/24/sweet_news_ataulfos_are_in_season.html). *[Toronto Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star "Toronto Star")*. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-watson_17-0)**
[Watson, Andrew J.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Watson_\(historian\) "Andrew Watson (historian)") (1983). *Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world: the diffusion of crops and farming techniques, 700–1100*. [Cambridge University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press "Cambridge University Press"). pp. 72–3\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-pg_18-0)**
Gepts, P. ["PLB143: Crop of the Day: Mango, *Mangifera indica*"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131206095819/http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/gepts/pb143/CROP/MANGO/mango.htm). *The Evolution of Crop Plants*. Dept. of Plant Sciences, Sect. of Crop & Ecosystem Sciences, [University of California, Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis "University of California, Davis"). Archived from [the original](http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/gepts/pb143/crop/mango/mango.htm) on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Altendorf_19-0)**
Altendorf, S. (2019). [*Major Tropical Fruits: Market Review 2018*](http://www.fao.org/3/ca5692en/ca5692en.pdf) (PDF). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-20)**
Litz, Richard E. (2009). *The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses*. Wallingford, UK: [Cambridge University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press "Cambridge University Press"). pp. 606–627\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-84593-489-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-489-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-489-7")
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21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-21)**
["actahort.org"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210228000410/http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=820_2). actahort.org. Archived from [the original](http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=820_2) on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-22)**
["The Scientist, the Patent and the Mangoes – Tripling the Mango Yield in the Philippines"](https://www.wipo.int/ipadvantage/en/details.jsp?id=2516). *World Intellectual Property Organization*. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-nagao_23-0)**
Nagao, Mike A.; Nishina, Melvin S. (1993). "Use of Potassium Nitrate on Mango Flowering". In Chia, C.L.; Evans, D.O. (eds.). [*Proceedings, Conference on Mango in Hawaii; March 9-11, 1993*](https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/16493). University of Hawaii. pp. 61–66\. [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\) "Hdl (identifier)"):[10125/16493](https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F16493).
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Prakash_2004_24-0)**
Prakash, Om (2004). "Diseases and Disorders of Mango and their Management". [*Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables Volume I*](https://link.springer.com/10.1007/1-4020-2606-4_13). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. p. 511–619. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1007/1-4020-2606-4\_13](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F1-4020-2606-4_13). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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. Retrieved 6 March 2026.
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Ploetz_2003_25-0)**
Ploetz, R. C. (2003). "Diseases of mango.". [*Diseases of tropical fruit crops*](http://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/9780851993904.0327). UK: CABI Publishing. p. 327–363. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1079/9780851993904.0327](https://doi.org/10.1079%2F9780851993904.0327). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-85199-390-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-390-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-390-4")
. Retrieved 6 March 2026.
26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-26)**
Ma, Xiaowei; Liu, Bin; Zhang, Yuehua; Su, Muqing; Zheng, Bin; Wang, Songbiao; Wu, Hongxia (2023). "Unraveling correlations between calcium deficiency and spongy tissue in mango fruit flesh". *Scientia Horticulturae*. **309** 111694. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2023ScHor.30911694M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ScHor.30911694M). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.scienta.2022.111694](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scienta.2022.111694).
27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-27)**
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Hershko, K.; Weinberg, I.; Ingber, A. (2005). "Exploring the mango – poison ivy connection: the riddle of discriminative plant dermatitis". *Contact Dermatitis*. **52** (1): 3–5\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00454.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0105-1873.2005.00454.x). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [15701120](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15701120). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [31162401](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31162401).
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Oka, K.; Saito, F.; Yasuhara, T.; Sugimoto, A. (2004). "A study of cross-reactions between mango contact allergens and urushiol". *Contact Dermatitis*. **51** (5–6\): 292–296\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.00451.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0105-1873.2004.00451.x). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [15606656](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15606656). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [6115016](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6115016).
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McGovern, T. W.; LaWarre, S. (2001). "Botanical briefs: the mango tree—*Mangifera indica* L.". *Cutis*. **67** (5): 365–366\. [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [11381849](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11381849).
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["National Fruit"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100820044013/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_fruit.php). *Know India*. Government of India. Archived from [the original](http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_fruit.php) on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
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["National Fruit"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200420013005/https://archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=13). Archived from [the original](http://archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=13) on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
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["Mangoes In The Philippines"](https://croplife.org/news-views/sharing-the-story/mangoes-from-the-philippines/). *CropLife*.
75. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-bd_75-0)**
["Mango tree, national tree of Bangladesh"](https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/mango-tree-national-tree). *bdnews24.com*. 15 November 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
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Subrahmanian, N.; Hikosaka, S.; Samuel, G.J. (1997). [*Tamil Social History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=PXXsAAAAIAAJ). p. 88.
77. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Inscriptions_of_Asoka_p.119_77-0)**
[Hultzsch, Eugen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Hultzsch "Eugen Hultzsch") (1925). [*Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch*](https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch). [Clarendon Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Press "Clarendon Press"). p. 119.
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Johar, Roshni (16 January 2025). ["The mango reigns supreme"](https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/musings/the-mango-reigns-supreme-411518/). *[The Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tribune_\(India\) "The Tribune (India)")*. Retrieved 6 March 2026.
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["Mangoes, Mughals, Hindu & Buddhist Traditions"](https://madrascourier.com/insight/mangoes-mughals-hindu-buddhist-traditions/). *Madras Courier*. 13 June 2022.
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Morgan, Curtis (22 June 1995). "The Nation Is Discovering What South Floridans Have Long Known: Mango Is the Sexiest Fruit on Earth". Food. *[Miami Herald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Herald "Miami Herald")*. p. 1E. "Mango culture owes much to Akbar, emperor of India's Mogul conquerors from 1556 to 1605, who planted an orchard of 100,000 trees near Darbhanga in Eastern India."
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Dilipsinh, K. S. (2004). "8 The Festival of Spring". *Kutch in Festival and Custom*. Har-Anand Publications. p. 98. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-81-241-0998-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0998-4 "Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0998-4")
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Sami, Adnan; et al. (2025). "Mango: Botany, Importance, and Uses". *Handbook of Research on Mango Fruit: Postharvest Science, Production, Nutrition, and Processing Technology*. Apple Academic Press. pp. 59–88\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1779643384](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1779643384 "Special:BookSources/978-1779643384")
.
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["Ambika In Jaina Art And Literature"](https://www.exoticindia.com/book/details/ambika-in-jaina-art-and-literature-IDH453/) – via exoticindiaart.com.
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.
86. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Pathak_2024_86-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#cite_ref-Pathak_2024_86-1)
Pathak, Anamika (2024). ["Mango-Kairi-Kalka-Paisley: Design in Indian art from architecture to textiles"](https://www.globalinch.org/article/mango-kairi-kalka-paisley-design-inindian-art-from-architecture-to-textiles/). *Asia InCH*. **43** (1). "'Kairi' (unripe mango) was adopted as design ... first seen as the decorative design in architecture ... later on, it was extensively used in textiles ... Kashmiri shawls."
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["The Punjab Dictionary"](https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/singh_query.py?qs=ambi&matchtype=default). 22 January 1895. Retrieved 10 March 2026.
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[Forster, E. M.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._M._Forster "E. M. Forster") (1924). "11". *A Passage to India*. [Edward Arnold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Arnold_\(publisher\) "Edward Arnold (publisher)").
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Moore, Malcolm (7 March 2013). ["How China came to worship the mango during the Cultural Revolution"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9914895/How-China-came-to-worship-the-mango-during-the-Cultural-Revolution.html). *[The Daily Telegraph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph "The Daily Telegraph")*. Additional reporting by Valentina Luo. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9914895/How-China-came-to-worship-the-mango-during-the-Cultural-Revolution.html) from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
Further reading
- Ensminger, Audrey H.; et al. (1995). [*The Concise Encyclopedia of Foods & Nutrition*](https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00ensm/page/651). CRC Press. p. [651](https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00ensm/page/651). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8493-4455-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-4455-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-4455-8")
.
- Litz, Richard E. (editor, 2009). *The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses*. 2nd edition. CABI. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-84593-489-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-489-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-489-7")
- Susser, Allen (2001). *The Great Mango Book: A Guide with Recipes*. Ten Speed Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-58008-204-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58008-204-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-58008-204-4")
External links
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)
- [Sorting *Mangifera* species](http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Mangifera.html)
- [Pine Island Nursery's Mango Variety viewer](https://web.archive.org/web/20180305150208/http://www.tropicalfruitnursery.com/mango/) |
| Shard | 152 (laksa) |
| Root Hash | 17790707453426894952 |
| Unparsed URL | org,wikipedia!en,/wiki/Mango s443 |