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1. Shard Calculation

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Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa104)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID","crawl_time":1773243782,"first_indexed_time":1603271416,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Long_COVID s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Long COVID - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Long COVID\nOther names\nLong-haul COVID, post-COVID-19 syndrome, post-COVID-19 condition, post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), chronic COVID syndrome\n[\n1\n]\nSymptoms\nHighly varied, including\npost-exertional malaise\n(symptoms worsen with effort),\nfatigue\n,\nmuscle pain\n,\nshortness of breath\n,\nchest pain\nand\ncognitive dysfunction\n(\"brain fog\")\n[\n2\n]\nDuration\nWeeks to years, possibly lifelong\n[\n3\n]\nCauses\nCOVID-19\ninfection\nRisk factors\nFemale sex, age,\nobesity\n,\nasthma\n, more severe\nCOVID-19\ninfection\n[\n4\n]\nFrequency\n50–85% of hospitalised COVID-19 cases, 10–35% of non-hospitalised cases, and 8–12% of vaccinated cases\n[\n5\n]\nLong COVID\nor\nlong-haul COVID\nis a group of\nhealth problems\npersisting or developing after an initial period of\nCOVID‑19\ninfection. Symptoms can last weeks, months, or years and are often debilitating.\n[\n3\n]\nThe\nWorld Health Organization\ndefines long COVID as starting three months after the initial COVID‑19 infection, but other agencies define it as starting at four weeks after the initial infection.\n[\n2\n]\nLong COVID is characterised by a large number of symptoms that sometimes disappear and then reappear. Commonly reported symptoms of long COVID are\nfatigue\n, memory problems,\nshortness of breath\n, and\nsleep disorder\n.\n[\n6\n]\n[\n4\n]\n[\n7\n]\nSeveral other symptoms, including\nheadaches, mental health issues\n, initial\nloss of smell\nor\ntaste\n,\nmuscle weakness\n, fever, and\ncognitive dysfunction\nmay also present.\n[\n6\n]\n[\n7\n]\nSymptoms often get worse after mental or physical effort, a process called\npost-exertional malaise\n.\n[\n6\n]\nThere is a large overlap in symptoms with\nmyalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome\n(ME\/CFS).\n[\n2\n]\nThe\ncauses\nof long COVID are not understood.\nHypotheses\ninclude lasting damage to organs and blood vessels, problems with\nblood clotting\n, neurological dysfunction, persistent virus or a reactivation of latent viruses and\nautoimmunity\n.\n[\n3\n]\nDiagnosis of long COVID is based on (suspected or confirmed) COVID‑19 infection or symptoms—and by excluding alternative diagnoses.\n[\n8\n]\n[\n9\n]\nAs of 2024, the\nprevalence\nof long COVID is estimated to be about 6–7% in adults, and about 1% in children.\n[\n10\n]\nPrevalence might be reduced after\nvaccination\n.\n[\n11\n]\nRisk factors include but are not limited to: higher age, female sex, having\nasthma\n, and a more severe initial COVID‑19 infection.\n[\n4\n]\nAnyone can develop long COVID.\n[\n12\n]\nAs of 2025\n, there are no validated effective treatments.\n[\n3\n]\n[\n6\n]\nManagement of long COVID depends on symptoms. Rest is recommended for fatigue and\npacing\nfor post-exertional malaise. People with severe symptoms or those who were in\nintensive care\nmay require care from a team of specialists.\n[\n13\n]\nMost people with symptoms at 4 weeks recover by 12 weeks. Recovery is slower (or plateaus) for those still ill at 12 weeks.\n[\n13\n]\nFor a subset of people, for instance, those meeting the criteria for ME\/CFS, symptoms are expected to be lifelong.\n[\n3\n]\nGlobally, over 400 million people have experienced long COVID. Long COVID may be responsible for a loss of 1% of the world's gross domestic product.\n[\n10\n]\nClassification and terminology\n[\nedit\n]\nLong COVID\nis a patient-created term coined early in the pandemic by those suffering from long-term symptoms.\n[\n14\n]\n[\n15\n]\nWhile long COVID is the most prevalent name, the terms\nlong-haul COVID\n,\npost-COVID‑19 syndrome\n,\npost-COVID‑19 condition\n,\n[\n1\n]\n[\n16\n]\npost-acute sequelae of COVID‑19\n(\nPASC\n), and\nchronic COVID syndrome\nare also in use.\n[\n6\n]\nLong COVID may not be a single disease or syndrome. It could be an umbrella term including permanent organ damage,\npost-intensive care syndrome\n,\npost-viral fatigue syndrome\nand post-COVID syndrome.\n[\n2\n]\nThere are multiple definitions of long COVID, depending on country and institution. The most accepted is the\nWorld Health Organization\n(WHO) definition.\n[\n17\n]\nThe definitions differ in when long COVID starts, and how long persistent symptoms must have lasted.\n[\n17\n]\nFor instance, the WHO puts the onset of long COVID at three months post-infection, if there have been at least two months of persistent symptoms.\n[\n1\n]\n[\n16\n]\nIn contrast, the US\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention\n(CDC) puts the onset of \"Post-COVID Conditions\" at four weeks \"to emphasize the importance of initial clinical evaluation and supportive care during the initial 4 to 12 weeks after acute COVID‑19\"\n[\n8\n]\nAccording to the US\nNational Institutes of Health\n(NIH), postacute sequalae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) refers to ongoing, relapsing, or new symptoms, or other health effects that occur four or more weeks after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection.\n[\n18\n]\nThe British\nNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence\n(NICE) divides long COVID into two categories:\n[\n19\n]\nongoing symptomatic COVID‑19\nfor effects from four to twelve weeks after onset, and\npost-COVID‑19 syndrome\nfor effects that persist 12 or more weeks after onset.\nThe\nclinical case definitions\nspecify symptom onset and development. For instance, the WHO definition indicates that \"symptoms might be new onset following initial recovery or persist from the initial illness. Symptoms may also fluctuate or relapse over time.\"\n[\n1\n]\nThe NICE and WHO definition further require the exclusion of alternative diagnoses.\n[\n17\n]\nSpecifically for children and young people, a group of experts in the UK have published the only research definition which complements the clinical case definition in adults proposed by the WHO. This consensus research definition for long COVID in children and young people is: \"Post COVID‑19 condition occurs in young people with a history of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, with at least one persisting physical symptom for a minimum duration of 12 weeks after initial testing that cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis. The symptoms have an impact on everyday functioning, may continue or develop after COVID infection, and may fluctuate of relapse over time. The positive COVID‑19 test referred to in this definition can be a lateral flow antigen test, a PCR test or an antibody test.\"\n[\n20\n]\n[\n18\n]\nMany symptoms have similar severity in long COVID and ME\/CFS\nLong COVID is a\npost-acute infection syndrome\n(PAIS) and shares similarities with other such syndromes.\n[\n21\n]\nFor instance, there are similarities with\npost-Ebola syndrome\nand aftereffects of the\nchikungunya\nvirus. These conditions may have similar\npathophysiology\nto long COVID.\n[\n21\n]\n[\n22\n]\nLong COVID has many symptoms in common with\nmyalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome\n(ME\/CFS) and research estimates half of people with long COVID meet ME\/CFS diagnostic criteria.\n[\n23\n]\nLike long COVID, ME\/CFS is often triggered by infections, and some biological changes overlap.\n[\n24\n]\n[\n2\n]\nDysautonomia\nand\npostural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome\n(POTS) are also potential shared aspects of long COVID and ME\/CFS.\n[\n2\n]\n[\n25\n]\nHowever, long COVID symptoms include loss of smell and taste, neither of which feature frequently in ME\/CFS.\n[\n24\n]\nThere are over 50 long-term effects of COVID-19, including those that are symptoms of long COVID. The image shows the symptoms along with their estimated prevalence. Around 80% of people have at least one overall effect beyond two weeks following infection.\n[\n26\n]\nExternal videos\n\"Long Covid: A parallel pandemic\"\n,\nAkiko Iwasaki\nand others,\nKnowable Magazine\n, 8 August 2022.\nThere is a large set of\nsymptoms\nassociated with long COVID, impacting many different organs and body systems. Long COVID symptoms can differ significantly from person to person.\n[\n2\n]\nSymptom severity ranges from mild to incapacitating.\n[\n27\n]\nCommon symptoms reported in studies include\nfatigue\n,\nmuscle pain\n,\nshortness of breath\n,\nchest pain\n, cognitive dysfunction (\"\nbrain fog\n\") and\npost-exertional malaise\n(symptoms worsen after activity).\n[\n2\n]\nThis symptom worsening typically occurs 12 to 48 hours after activity and can be triggered by either mental or physical effort. It lasts between days and weeks.\n[\n8\n]\nChildren and adolescents can also experience serious symptoms and long-term adverse health effects, including serious mental health impacts related to persistent COVID‑19 symptoms.\n[\n28\n]\nThe most common symptoms in children are persistent fever,\nsore throat\n, problems with sleep, headaches, shortness of breath, muscle weakness, fatigue, loss of smell or distorted smell, and anxiety.\n[\n29\n]\n[\n30\n]\n[\n31\n]\nChildren and adolescents with long COVID experience three or more symptoms more frequently than control groups, but this has low certainty.\n[\n30\n]\nNeurological symptoms\n[\nedit\n]\nCommon\nneurological\nsymptoms in long COVID are difficulty concentrating, cognitive impairment and headaches.\n[\n3\n]\n[\n7\n]\nPeople also frequently experience\nloss of taste\nand\nloss of smell\n.\n[\n7\n]\nLikewise children and young people may also experience cognitive impairment.\n[\n32\n]\n[\n31\n]\nSome people with long COVID experience\ndysautonomia\n, a malfunction of the\nautonomic nervous system\n.\n[\n33\n]\n[\n25\n]\nPeople with dysautonomia may experience\npalpitations\nand\ntachycardia\n(raised heart rate) after minor effort or upon standing up. This can be associated with\ndizziness\nand\nnausea\n. If the heart rate is raised by 30 beats per minute or more after continuous standing; this is described as\npostural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome\n.\n[\n34\n]\nIn terms of mental health, people with long COVID often experience\nsleep difficulties.\n[\n7\n]\nDepression and\nanxiety\nlevels are raised in the first two months after infection, but return to normal afterwards.\n[\n35\n]\nThis was in contrast to other\nneurological\nsymptoms, such as brain fog and\nseizures\n, which lasted at least two years.\n[\n3\n]\nHowever, among people who were hospitalised for COVID, many have depression and anxiety 2 to 3 years after their infection.\n[\n36\n]\n[\n37\n]\nLungs, heart and digestive system\n[\nedit\n]\nDifficulty breathing is the second-most common symptom of long COVID,\n[\n38\n]\nbut this subjective symptom does not track with the severity of objective markers of inflammation.\n[\n39\n]\nShortness of breath\nis among the most common symptoms in children and young people as well.\n[\n31\n]\nPeople can also experience a persistent cough.\n[\n7\n]\nIn the\ncardiovascular system\n, effort intolerance (i.e., reduced ability to perform physical activities) and chest pain occur often in people with long COVID.\n[\n7\n]\nSufferers of Long COVID are also at increased risks of developing\nstrokes\n(i.e., damage to the brain caused by poor blood flow),\nmyocarditis\n(i.e., Inflammation of the\nheart muscle\n), the\npostural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome\n(i.e., abnormally large increases in heart rate upon sitting up or standing),\npulmonary embolisms\n(i.e., blockage of an artery in the lungs),\ndeep vein thrombosis\n(i.e.,\nblood clots\nin a\ndeep vein\n, such as one in the legs or\npelvis\n), and\nmyocardial infarction\n(i.e., heart attack).\n[\n2\n]\n[\n40\n]\n[\n41\n]\n[\n42\n]\n[\n43\n]\nLess frequently, people with long COVID experience\ndiarrhea\nand nausea.\n[\n7\n]\nReproductive system\n[\nedit\n]\nIn the female reproductive system, long COVID may disrupt\nfertility\n, the\nmenstrual cycle\n,\nmenopause\n, gonadal function, and ovarian sufficiency.\n[\n44\n]\nExacerbation of other long COVID symptoms around menstruation has also been documented.\n[\n44\n]\nJoint pain\nand muscle pain are frequently reported as symptoms of long COVID.\n[\n7\n]\nSome people experience hair loss and skin rashes.\n[\n45\n]\nPeople are at increased risk of\ntype\n \n1\nor\ntype\n \n2 diabetes\nafter recovering from acute COVID.\n[\n2\n]\nBecause the symptom combinations of long COVID vary significantly from person to person, one approach to researching the condition is to define subgroups or\nclusters\nof long-haulers. This would allow for more targeted clinical care.\n[\n2\n]\nCauses and mechanisms\n[\nedit\n]\nPossible causes of long COVID\nThe causes of long COVID are not understood. It is likely that there is no single cause, but instead multiple, and possibly overlapping, mechanisms that all contribute to the development of long COVID.\n[\n3\n]\nOrgan damage from the acute infection can explain a part of the symptoms, but long COVID is also observed in people where organ damage seems to be absent.\n[\n46\n]\nSeveral hypotheses have been put forward explaining long COVID, including:\n[\n3\n]\nblood clotting\nand\nendothelial dysfunction\nin the blood vessels\nneurological issues: problems with signalling from the\nbrainstem\nand the\nvagus nerve\nimmune system dysregulation, including the reactivation of viruses like the\nEpstein–Barr virus\nimpacts of the virus on the\nmicrobiota\n, including viral persistence\nautoimmunity\nFurther hypotheses include a dysfunction of the\nmitochondria\nand the cellular energy system,\n[\n47\n]\npersistent systemic\ninflammation\n, and the persistence of SARS-COV-19\nantigens\n.\n[\n48\n]\nOrgan damage from the acute infection may explain symptoms in some people with long COVID.\nRadiological\ntests such as lung\nmagnetic resonance imaging\n(MRI) often show up as normal even for people who show clear desaturation (lowered blood oxygen level) after mild exercise. Other tests, such as a\ndual-energy CT scan\n, do show\nperfusion defects\nin a subset of people with respiratory symptoms. Imaging of the heart show contradictory results. Imaging of brains show changes after COVID infection, even if this has not been studied in relation to long COVID. For instance, some show a smaller\nolfactory bulb\n, a brain region associated with smell.\n[\n2\n]\nIn a subset of people with long COVID, there is evidence that SARS-COV-2 remains in the body after the acute infection.\n[\n49\n]\nThis evidence comes from\nbiopsies\n, studies of blood plasma, and by the indirect immune effects of persistent virus. Viral DNA or proteins have been found months to a year after acute infection in various studies. A small study demonstrated viral RNA up to nearly two years after an acute infection in people with long COVID. Persistent virus has also been found in people without long COVID, but at a lower rate.\n[\n50\n]\nPersistent virus could lead to symptoms via possible effects on coagulation and via microbiome and neuroimmune abnormalities.\n[\n51\n]\nDuring or after acute COVID infection, various dormant viruses can become reactivated. For instance, SARS-COV-2 can reactivate the\nEpstein-Barr virus\n, the virus that is responsible for\ninfectious mononucleosis\n. This virus lies dormant in most people. There is some evidence of a relationship between its reactivation and long COVID. A correlation was also found between reactivation of\nendogenous retroviruses\nand severity of active COVID‑19.\n[\n52\n]\nAutoimmunity is another potential cause of long COVID. Some studies report\nauto-antibodies\n(antibodies directed against an individual's own\nproteins\n) in people with long COVID, but they are not found in all studies.\n[\n48\n]\nAutoantibodies are often induced during acute COVID, with a moderate relationship to disease severity. Evidence from electronic health care records show that people develop auto-immune diseases, such as\nlupus\nand\nrheumatoid arthritis\n, more frequently after a COVID‑19 infection, compared to controls.\n[\n2\n]\nIssues with increased blood clotting\nare another potential driver of long COVID development. During acute infection, there is direct damage to the linings of blood vessels (endothelial damage),\n[\n2\n]\nand the risk of\nthrombosis\n-related diseases stays elevated longer-term after infection. Issues with blood clotting can include hyperactive platelets and\nmicroclots\n. These microclots may induce oxygen shortage (\nhypoxia\n) in tissues.\n[\n49\n]\nThe clotting may potentially be driven by autoantibodies.\n[\n2\n]\nSeveral studies suggest that brain penetration of serum components and cytokines as derived from breakdowns to the integrity of the blood–brain barrier could contribute to the neurological manifestations of long COVID.\n[\n53\n]\nWomen are more at risk than men.\n[\n4\n]\nAge has been identified as another risk factor, with older people seemingly more at risk.\n[\n4\n]\nThis is also true for children, with older children at a higher risk than younger children.\n[\n17\n]\n[\n54\n]\nMost diagnoses of long COVID are in the 36–50 age bracket.\n[\n3\n]\nRisks of developing long COVID are also higher for people with lower incomes, people with fewer years of education and those from disadvantaged ethnic groups.\n[\n17\n]\n[\n49\n]\nPeople who\nsmoke\nalso have a higher risk of developing long COVID.\n[\n17\n]\nVarious health issues raise the risk of long COVID. For instance, people with\nobesity\nmore often report long COVID.\n[\n4\n]\nAsthma\nand\nchronic obstructive pulmonary disease\nare also risk factors.\n[\n17\n]\n[\n4\n]\nIn terms of\nmental health\n, depression and anxiety raise risks.\n[\n17\n]\nCharacteristics of the acute infection play a role in developing long COVID. People who experience a larger number of symptoms during the acute infection are more likely to develop long COVID, as well as people who require hospitalisation.\n[\n4\n]\nIn children and young people, the risk factors for long COVID include female sex, older age, and pre-existing diseases or mental health problems.\n[\n54\n]\nLong COVID risks may have been higher with the\nSARS-CoV2 Delta variant\ncompared to the\nOmicron variant\n. The higher infection rate from the Omicron variant means that it is still responsible for a large group of long-haulers.\n[\n17\n]\nThere are no standardised tests to determine if symptoms persisting after COVID‑19 infection are due to long COVID.\n[\n6\n]\n[\n9\n]\nDiagnosis is based on a history of suspected or confirmed COVID‑19 symptoms, and by\nconsidering\nand\nruling out alternative diagnoses\n.\n[\n8\n]\n[\n9\n]\nDiagnosis of long COVID can be challenging because of the wide range of symptoms people with long COVID may display.\n[\n9\n]\nEarly\ndiagnostic\ncriteria of long COVID required a laboratory-confirmed COVID‑19 infection, but criteria do not require this anymore, given that people may not get tested during the acute infection.\n[\n9\n]\nFor instance, people who develop long COVID after asymptomatic infection would have little reason to get tested.\n[\n8\n]\nFurthermore, tests for COVID are not foolproof, and can come back negative.\n[\n8\n]\nFalse negatives are more common for children, women and people with a low viral load.\n[\n3\n]\nThere are diagnostic tools available for some elements of long COVID, such as the\ntilt table test\nor a NASA lean test for POTS and\nMRI scans\nto test for cardiovascular impairment. Routine tests offered in standard care often come back normal.\n[\n3\n]\n[\n55\n]\n[\n56\n]\nPreventing a COVID-19 infection\nis the most effective way to prevent long COVID, for instance by improving ventilation, avoiding contact with people who test positive for COVID,\nwashing hands\n, and wearing a properly-fitted\nN95 mask\n.\n[\n57\n]\nTreatment during the acute phase may also reduce the risk of long COVID.\n[\n6\n]\nFor example, in two large, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials, treatment with\nmetformin\nduring acute infection lowered risk of diagnosis with Long COVID by 41-50%.\n[\n58\n]\nCOVID-19 vaccination\nseems to reduce risk of long COVID. Three doses of a COVID-19 vaccine may reduce the risk by 70%, while two doses give 43% protection and one dose gives 19% protection. The evidence is based on observational studies, rather than on randomised clinical trials.\n[\n59\n]\nThe large randomised control trials on COVID-19 vaccines did not include long COVID as an\noutcome measure\n.\n[\n60\n]\nAn analysis involving more than 20 million adults found that vaccinated people had a lower risk of long COVID compared with those who had not received a COVID‑19 vaccine; they were also protected against blood clots and heart failure development after the infection.\n[\n61\n]\n[\n62\n]\n[\n63\n]\nCenter for Post-COVID Care at Mount Sinai's Union Square offices in New York City\nAs of 2025\n, there are no established effective treatments for long COVID, although several countries and medical organizations have produced guidelines on managing long COVID for clinicians and the public.\n[\n6\n]\n[\n64\n]\n[\n65\n]\n[\n66\n]\nA 2025 review of interventions for managing long COVID symptoms concluded that the evidence for selecting certain interventions was highly imprecise with substantial clinical uncertainty, leading affected people to use costly and ineffective self-treatment options.\n[\n66\n]\nDismissive attitudes by clinicians for applying interventions, inadequate coverage of treatment by insurance companies, and restricted access to clinical specialists are also discouraging long COVID treatment plans.\n[\n66\n]\nPeople with long COVID may need care within several clinical disciplines for long-term monitoring or intervention of ongoing symptoms, and to implement social services,\nphysical therapy\n, or mental health care.\n[\n65\n]\nIn some countries, such as the UK and Germany, specialised long COVID\noutpatient clinics\nhave been established to assess individual cases for the extent of surveillance and treatment needed.\n[\n67\n]\nPrimary care physicians\nshould provide the first assessment of people with long COVID symptoms, leading to specialist referrals for more complex long COVID symptoms.\n[\n65\n]\n[\n67\n]\nManagement of long COVID depends on symptoms.\n[\n6\n]\n[\n66\n]\nRest, planning and prioritising are advised for people with fatigue. People who get post-exertional malaise may benefit from activity management with\npacing\n. People with allergic-type symptoms, such as\nskin rashes\n, may benefit from\nantihistamines\n.\n[\n13\n]\nThose with autonomic dysfunction may benefit from increased intake of fluids,\nelectrolytes\nand\ncompression garments\n.\n[\n13\n]\nLong-term follow-up of people with long COVID involves outcome reports from the people themselves to assess the impact on their quality of life, especially for those who were not hospitalised and receiving regular clinical follow-up.\n[\n65\n]\n[\n66\n]\n[\n67\n]\nDigital technologies, such as\nvideoconferencing\n, are being implemented between primary care physicians and people with long COVID as part of long-term monitoring.\n[\n65\n]\nAround two in three with symptoms at four weeks are expected to recover fully by week twelve.\n[\n13\n]\nHowever, the prognosis varies by person, and some may find symptoms worsen within the first three months.\n[\n8\n]\nRecovery after twelve weeks is variable: some people plateau, whilst others see a slow recovery.\n[\n13\n]\nThe prognosis also varies by symptom: neurological symptoms may have a delayed onset, and some get worse over time. Symptoms of the gut and lungs are more likely to reduce over time. Pain in muscles and joints seems worse at 2 years than at 1 year after infection. If people meet the diagnostic criteria for\nME\/CFS\nor for dysautonomia, their symptoms are likely to be lifelong.\n[\n3\n]\nLong COVID's prevalence varies by age and gender in the United States\nEstimates of the\nincidence\nand\nprevalence\nof long COVID vary widely. The estimates depend on the definition of long COVID, the population studied,\n[\n4\n]\nas well as a number of other methodological differences, such as whether a comparable cohort of individuals without COVID‑19 were included,\n[\n68\n]\nwhat kinds of symptoms are considered representative of long COVID,\n[\n68\n]\nand whether long COVID is assessed through a review of symptoms, through self-report of long COVID status, or some other method.\n[\n69\n]\nIn general, estimates of long COVID incidence based on statistically random sampling of the population are much lower than those based on certified infection, which has a tendency to skew towards more serious cases (including over-representation of hospitalized patients). Further, since incidence appears to be correlated with severity of infection, it is lower in vaccinated groups, on reinfection and during the omicron era, meaning that the time when data was recorded is important. For example, the UK's Office for National Statistics reported\n[\n70\n]\nin February 2023 (based on random sampling) that \"2.4% of adults and 0.6% of children and young people reported long COVID following a second COVID‑19 infection\". However, a prospective study by Statistics Canada identified a cumulative incidence of 15% after a first infection, 27% after two infections, and 38% after 3 infections.\n[\n71\n]\nAn August 2024 review found that the prevalence of long COVID is estimated to be about 6–7% in adults, and about 1% in children.\n[\n10\n]\nBy the end of 2023, roughly 400 million people had or have had long COVID. This may be a conservative estimate, as it is based on studies counting those with specific long COVID symptoms only, and not counting those who developed long COVID after an asymptomatic infection. While hospitalised people have higher risks of getting long COVID, most long-haulers had a mild infection and were able to recover from the acute infection at home.\n[\n10\n]\nTwo meta-analyses estimated the incidence of long COVID after infection at 43% and 58%. These estimates are controversial, as the primary studies they assessed had sampling and other biases. Furthermore, none of the definitions of long COVID have a minimum severity, so these numbers also include people with a single symptom that does not really affect them much.\n[\n5\n]\nIn the United States in June 2023, 6% of the population indicated having long COVID, as defined as symptoms that last for 3 months or more.\n[\n72\n]\nThis percentage had stayed stable since January that year, but was a decrease compared to June 2022.\n[\n72\n]\nOf people who had had a prior COVID infection, 11% indicated having long COVID. A quarter of those reported significant limitation in activity.\n[\n72\n]\nA study by the\nMedical Expenditure Panel Survey\nestimated that nearly 18 million people — had suffered from long COVID as of 2023, building on a study sponsored by the\nAgency for Healthcare Research and Quality\n.\n[\n73\n]\nIn a large population\ncohort study\nin Scotland, 42% of respondents said they had not fully recovered after 6 to 18 months after catching COVID, and 6% indicated they had not recovered at all. The risk of long COVID was associated with disease severity; people with asymptomatic infection did not have increased risk of long COVID symptoms compared to people who had never been infected. Those that had been hospitalised had 4.6 times higher odds of no recovery compared to nonhospitalised people.\n[\n74\n]\nLong COVID is less common in children and adolescents than in adults.\n[\n54\n]\nAround 16% of children and adolescents develop long COVID following infection.\n[\n29\n]\nSociety and culture\n[\nedit\n]\nA wall of pillows at the\nMuseum of Vancouver\n, each bearing stories from people with Long COVID\nPatient community and activism\n[\nedit\n]\nEarly in the pandemic, official guidance made a distinction between those with mild illness who did not require hospitalisation, and those with severe illness which did require hospitalisation. The typical recovery time for those with mild illness was said to be around two weeks\n[\n75\n]\nand media attention was mostly focused on those with a severe infection. Patients with long-lasting systems after a mild infection started to describe their symptoms on Twitter and blogs,\n[\n76\n]\nchallenging official assumptions.\n[\n15\n]\nThe term\nlong COVID\nwas reportedly first used in May 2020 as a\nhashtag\non Twitter by Elisa Perego, an archaeologist at\nUniversity College London\n.\n[\n14\n]\n[\n15\n]\nA month later, #LongCovid became a popular hashtag, alongside hashtags from non-English budding communities (for instance, #AprèsJ20 in French, and #koronaoire in Finnish).\n[\n15\n]\nExperiences shared online filled a gap in knowledge in how the media talked about the pandemic.\n[\n76\n]\nVia the media, the knowledge reached governments and health officials, making long COVID \"the first illness created through patients finding one another on Twitter\".\n[\n15\n]\nSome people experiencing long COVID have formed community care networks and support groups on social media websites.\n[\n67\n]\n[\n77\n]\nInternationally, there are several long COVID advocacy groups.\n[\n65\n]\n[\n78\n]\n[\n79\n]\n[\n15\n]\nClinical advice on self-management and online healthcare programs are used to support people with long COVID.\n[\n67\n]\nIn 2023, The organization International Long Covid Awareness (ILCA) created\nInternational Long Covid Awareness Day\non 15 March.\n[\n80\n]\n[\n81\n]\n[\n82\n]\n[\n83\n]\nThe\nMuseum of Vancouver\nbegan hosting the exhibition \"Living with Long COVID\" in October 2025, which includes stories and photographs from 46 people with the condition in Canada. The exhibition was co-produced with\nSimon Fraser University\n, and is scheduled to remain in place until March 2026.\n[\n84\n]\n[\n85\n]\nStigma in healthcare\n[\nedit\n]\nMany people with long COVID have difficulty accessing appropriate healthcare. The severity of their symptoms may be disbelieved, they may be subject to unsympathetic care, and their symptoms may not be investigated properly or may be falsely attributed to anxiety.\n[\n86\n]\n[\n65\n]\nPeople with long COVID may be misdiagnosed with mental disorders. Anxiety and depression questionnaires not designed for people with medical conditions can contribute to this; for example, a questionnaire may assume fatigue is due to depression or that palpitations are due to anxiety, even if explained by another condition like ME\/CFS or POTS.\n[\n3\n]\nThe impact of long COVID on people's ability to work is large. Estimates vary on how many people are out of work, or work reduced hours because of long COVID. For those with mild or moderate disease, between 12% and 23% had had long periods of absence or remained absent from work at 3 to 7 months. The share of people working adjusted hours or tasks after mild or moderate COVID, was around 8% to 45% after three to eight months.\n[\n87\n]\nThe percentage of people returning to work after hospitalisation was lower.\n[\n87\n]\nReturn to work after hospitalisation differed by country. In China and the US a higher percentage went back to work. In the US this could be partially explained by a lack of\npaid sick leave\nfor some workers.\n[\n88\n]\nThe\nInstitute for Fiscal Studies\nstudied labour impacts of long COVID in the UK in 2021. They concluded that of people who worked before contracting long COVID, one in ten had stopped working. Most of them were on sick leave rather than unemployed.\n[\n89\n]\nIt is estimated that reduced working hours and absence from work due to long COVID costs the\nUK economy\n£5.7 billion. The equivalent figure for\ninformal carers\nof people with long COVID is £4.8 billion.\n[\n90\n]\n[\n91\n]\nThe\nOECD\nestimates that 3 million people have left the work force due to long COVID in OECD countries. Only counting lost wages, this would amount to an economic loss of US$141 billion. When taking into account reduced quality of life as well, yearly economics costs due to long COVID were estimated to be between US$864 billion and US$1.04 trillion. This does not include health care costs.\n[\n92\n]\nAs a share of global\nGDP\n, impacts are estimated to be between 0.5% and 2.3%.\n[\n10\n]\nA study estimated that long COVID contributes to global economic cost of about $1 trillion a year for the 400 million afflicted.\n[\n93\n]\n[\n94\n]\nResearch is ongoing in many areas, including developing more accurate diagnostic criteria, refining estimates of its likelihood, identifying risk factors, gathering data for its impact on daily life, discovering which populations face barriers to adequate care, and learning how much protection vaccination provides.\n[\n95\n]\n[\n96\n]\nMany\nexperimental\nand\nrepurposed drugs\nare being investigated as possible treatments for different aspects of long COVID.\n[\n3\n]\n[\n97\n]\nThese include the anti-inflammatory\ncolchicine\n, the anticoagulant\nrivaroxaban\n, the antihistamines\nfamotidine\nand\nloratadine\n, various immune-modulating drugs, and the experimental\naptamer\ncompound\nBC-007 (Rovunaptabin)\n.\n[\n2\n]\n[\n3\n]\nIn 2021, the US\nNational Institutes of Health\nstarted funding the\nRECOVER Initiative\n, backed by $1.15 billion over four years,\n[\n98\n]\nto identify the causes, prevention and treatment of long COVID.\n[\n27\n]\nIn 2023, the\nOffice of Long COVID Research and Practice\nwas created to coordinate research across US government agencies.\n[\n99\n]\nAt the same time, RECOVER announced which clinical trials it will fund: these include a trial of\nPaxlovid\nagainst potential persistent infection, one for sleep disorder, one for cognitive impairment and one for problems with the\nautonomic nervous system\n.\n[\n100\n]\nIn 2023, a survey of over 3,700 people in the UK with long COVID, fatigue was the strongest predictor of poor everyday functioning, with depression and brain fog also being linked. Some 20% of those surveyed reported being unable to work.\n[\n101\n]\n[\n102\n]\nIn 2024, researchers working at UK universities published a commentary on what can be learned from long COVID in order to be better prepared for and recover faster from future pandemics. Some of these considerations include continuing the collection of large-scale data and making it easily accessible,\ninvolving those affected by long COVID in research\n, and focusing on\nhealth inequalities\naffecting recovery and wellbeing.\n[\n103\n]\nImpact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes\n– both acute and chronic neurological, psychiatric, olfactory, and mental health conditions\nList of people with long COVID\nMultisystem inflammatory syndrome in children\n– pediatric comorbidity from COVID-19\nPost viral cerebellar ataxia\n– clumsy movement appearing a few weeks after a viral infection\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\nSoriano JB, Murthy S, Marshall JC, Relan P, Diaz JV (April 2022).\n\"A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus\"\n.\nThe Lancet. 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(2023).\n\"Female reproductive health impacts of Long COVID and associated illnesses including ME\/CFS, POTS, and connective tissue disorders: a literature review\"\n.\nFrontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences\n.\n4\n1122673.\ndoi\n:\n10.3389\/fresc.2023.1122673\n.\nPMC\n \n10208411\n.\nPMID\n \n37234076\n.\n^\n\"COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19\"\n.\nNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence\n. 11 November 2021. p. 100. Archived from\nthe original\non 2 August 2023\n. Retrieved\n9 September\n2023\n.\n^\nCastanares-Zapatero D, Chalon P, Kohn L, Dauvrin M, Detollenaere J, Maertens de Noordhout C, et al. (December 2022).\n\"Pathophysiology and mechanism of long COVID: a comprehensive review\"\n.\nAnnals of Medicine\n.\n54\n(1):\n1473–\n1487.\ndoi\n:\n10.1080\/07853890.2022.2076901\n.\nPMC\n \n9132392\n.\nPMID\n \n35594336\n.\n^\nAstin R, Banerjee A, Baker MR, Dani M, Ford E, Hull JH, et al. (January 2023).\n\"Long COVID: mechanisms, risk factors and recovery\"\n.\nExperimental Physiology\n.\n108\n(1):\n12–\n27.\ndoi\n:\n10.1113\/EP090802\n.\nPMC\n \n10103775\n.\nPMID\n \n36412084\n.\nS2CID\n \n253760439\n.\n^\na\nb\nPerumal R, Shunmugam L, Naidoo K, Wilkins D, Garzino-Demo A, Brechot C, et al. (June 2023).\n\"Biological mechanisms underpinning the development of long COVID\"\n.\niScience\n.\n26\n(6) 106935.\nBibcode\n:\n2023iSci...26j6935P\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106935\n.\nPMC\n \n10193768\n.\nPMID\n \n37265584\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nTurner S, Khan MA, Putrino D, Woodcock A, Kell DB, Pretorius E (June 2023).\n\"Long COVID: pathophysiological factors and abnormalities of coagulation\"\n.\nTrends in Endocrinology and Metabolism\n.\n34\n(6). Pathophysiology of Long COVID:\n321–\n344.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/j.tem.2023.03.002\n.\nPMC\n \n10113134\n.\nPMID\n \n37080828\n.\n^\nProal AD, VanElzakker MB, Aleman S, Bach K, Boribong BP, Buggert M, et al. (September 2023).\n\"SARS-CoV-2 reservoir in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC)\"\n(PDF)\n.\nNature Immunology\n.\n24\n(10). SARS-CoV-2 reservoir in PASC.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/s41590-023-01601-2\n.\nPMID\n \n37667052\n.\nS2CID\n \n261527320\n.\nArchived\n(PDF)\nfrom the original on 28 April 2024\n. Retrieved\n28 April\n2024\n.\n^\nProal AD, VanElzakker MB, Aleman S, Bach K, Boribong BP, Buggert M, et al. (September 2023).\n\"SARS-CoV-2 reservoir in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC)\"\n(PDF)\n.\nNature Immunology\n.\n24\n(10). Mechanisms of disease.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/s41590-023-01601-2\n.\nPMID\n \n37667052\n.\nS2CID\n \n261527320\n.\nArchived\n(PDF)\nfrom the original on 28 April 2024\n. Retrieved\n28 April\n2024\n.\n^\nChen B, Julg B, Mohandas S, Bradfute SB (May 2023).\n\"Viral persistence, reactivation, and mechanisms of long COVID\"\n.\neLife\n.\n12\ne86015.\ndoi\n:\n10.7554\/eLife.86015\n.\nPMC\n \n10159620\n.\nPMID\n \n37140960\n.\n^\nGreene C, Connolly R, Brennan D, Laffan A, O'Keeffe E, Zaporojan L, et al. (March 2024).\n\"Blood-brain barrier disruption and sustained systemic inflammation in individuals with long COVID-associated cognitive impairment\"\n.\nNature Neuroscience\n.\n27\n(3):\n421–\n432.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/s41593-024-01576-9\n.\nPMC\n \n10917679\n.\nPMID\n \n38388736\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nZheng YB, Zeng N, Yuan K, Tian SS, Yang YB, Gao N, et al. (May 2023).\n\"Prevalence and risk factor for long COVID in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis and systematic review\"\n.\nJournal of Infection and Public Health\n.\n16\n(5):\n660–\n672.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.03.005\n.\nPMC\n \n9990879\n.\nPMID\n \n36931142\n.\n^\nLee C, Greenwood DC, Master H, Balasundaram K, Williams P, Scott JT, et al. (March 2024).\n\"Prevalence of orthostatic intolerance in long covid clinic patients and healthy volunteers: A multicenter study\"\n(PDF)\n.\nJournal of Medical Virology\n.\n96\n(3) e29486.\ndoi\n:\n10.1002\/jmv.29486\n.\nPMID\n \n38456315\n.\n^\n\"Is long COVID linked with orthostatic intolerance?\"\n.\nNIHR Evidence\n. 24 September 2024.\ndoi\n:\n10.3310\/nihrevidence_64342\n.\n^\n\"COVID-19 and Your Health\"\n.\nU.S.\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention\n(CDC)\n. 6 July 2023.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 26 February 2020\n. Retrieved\n3 September\n2023\n.\n^\nBramante CT, Boulware DR (29 January 2026).\n\"Preventing Long COVID With Metformin\"\n.\nClinical Infectious Diseases\nciaf700.\ndoi\n:\n10.1093\/cid\/ciaf700\n.\nPMID\n \n41608911\n.\n^\nPeine C, Stoliaroff-Pepin A, Reinacher U, Heldt K, Sarganas G, Piechotta V, et al. (2025).\n\"Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against post-COVID-19 condition\/long COVID: systematic review and meta-analysis\"\n.\nClinical Microbiology and Infection\n.\n31\n(12):\n1961–\n1971.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.07.026\n.\nISSN\n \n1198-743X\n.\nPMID\n \n40754067\n.\n^\nByambasuren O, Stehlik P, Clark J, Alcorn K, Glasziou P (28 February 2023).\n\"Effect of covid-19 vaccination on long covid: systematic review\"\n.\nBMJ Medicine\n.\n2\n(1) e000385.\ndoi\n:\n10.1136\/bmjmed-2022-000385\n.\nISSN\n \n2754-0413\n.\nPMC\n \n9978692\n.\nPMID\n \n36936268\n.\n^\nCatalà M, Mercadé-Besora N, Kolde R, Trinh NT, Roel E, Burn E, et al. (March 2024).\n\"The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines to prevent long COVID symptoms: staggered cohort study of data from the UK, Spain, and Estonia\"\n.\nThe Lancet. Respiratory Medicine\n.\n12\n(3):\n225–\n236.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/s2213-2600(23)00414-9\n.\nPMID\n \n38219763\n.\n^\n\"Vaccines reduce the risk of long COVID\"\n.\nNIHR Evidence\n. 24 July 2024.\ndoi\n:\n10.3310\/nihrevidence_63203\n.\n^\nMercadé-Besora N, Li X, Kolde R, Trinh NT, Sanchez-Santos MT, Man WY, et al. (April 2024).\n\"The role of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing post-COVID-19 thromboembolic and cardiovascular complications\"\n.\nHeart\n.\n110\n(9):\n635–\n643.\ndoi\n:\n10.1136\/heartjnl-2023-323483\n.\nPMC\n \n11041555\n.\nPMID\n \n38471729\n.\n^\n\"COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19\"\n.\nNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence\n. 11 November 2021. Archived from\nthe original\non 2 August 2023\n. Retrieved\n9 September\n2023\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\ng\nAiyegbusi OL, Hughes SE, Turner G, Rivera SC, McMullan C, Chandan JS, et al. (September 2021).\n\"Symptoms, complications and management of long COVID: a review\"\n.\nJournal of the Royal Society of Medicine\n.\n114\n(9):\n428–\n442.\ndoi\n:\n10.1177\/01410768211032850\n.\nPMC\n \n8450986\n.\nPMID\n \n34265229\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nIvlev I, Wagner J, Phillips T, Treadwell JR (21 February 2025).\n\"Interventions for Long COVID: A Narrative Review\"\n.\nJournal of General Internal Medicine\n.\n40\n(9):\n2005–\n2023.\ndoi\n:\n10.1007\/s11606-024-09254-z\n.\nISSN\n \n0884-8734\n.\nPMC\n 12325819.\nPMID\n \n39984803\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nWolf S, Zechmeister-Koss I, Erdös J (August 2022).\n\"Possible long COVID healthcare pathways: a scoping review\"\n.\nBMC Health Services Research\n.\n22\n(1) 1076.\ndoi\n:\n10.1186\/s12913-022-08384-6\n.\nPMC\n \n9396575\n.\nPMID\n \n35999605\n.\n^\na\nb\nNasserie T, Hittle M, Goodman SN (May 2021).\n\"Assessment of the Frequency and Variety of Persistent Symptoms Among Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review\"\n.\nJAMA Network Open\n.\n4\n(5): e2111417.\ndoi\n:\n10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.11417\n.\nPMC\n \n8155823\n.\nPMID\n \n34037731\n.\n^\n\"Technical article: Updated estimates of the prevalence of post-acute symptoms among people with coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK - Office for National Statistics\"\n.\nwww.ons.gov.uk\n. 16 September 2021.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 8 April 2024\n. Retrieved\n8 April\n2024\n.\n^\n\"New-onset, self-reported long COVID after coronavirus (COVID-19) reinfection in the UK: 23 February 2023\"\n. 23 February 2023.\n^\nGovernment of Canada SC (8 December 2023).\n\"Experiences of Canadians with long-term symptoms following COVID-19\"\n.\nwww150.statcan.gc.ca\n. Retrieved\n22 May\n2025\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nFord ND, Slaughter D, Edwards D, Dalton A, Perrine C, Vahratian A, et al. (August 2023).\n\"Long COVID and Significant Activity Limitation Among Adults, by Age – United States, June 1–13, 2022, to June 7–19, 2023\"\n.\nMMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report\n.\n72\n(32):\n866–\n870.\ndoi\n:\n10.15585\/mmwr.mm7232a3\n.\nPMC\n \n10415000\n.\nPMID\n \n37561665\n.\n^\nMcMahan I (15 July 2024).\n\"About 7 percent of U.S. adults have had long covid, report says\"\n.\nThe Washington Post\n.\n^\nHastie CE, Lowe DJ, McAuley A, Winter AJ, Mills NL, Black C, et al. (October 2022).\n\"Outcomes among confirmed cases and a matched comparison group in the Long-COVID in Scotland study\"\n.\nNature Communications\n.\n13\n(1) 5663.\nBibcode\n:\n2022NatCo..13.5663H\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/s41467-022-33415-5\n.\nPMC\n \n9556711\n.\nPMID\n \n36224173\n.\n^\nRushforth A, Ladds E, Wieringa S, Taylor S, Husain L, Greenhalgh T (October 2021).\n\"Long Covid – The illness narratives\"\n.\nSocial Science & Medicine\n.\n286\n114326.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114326\n.\nhdl\n:\n10044\/1\/91206\n.\nPMC\n \n7617381\n.\nPMID\n \n34425522\n.\nS2CID\n \n237281271\n.\n^\na\nb\nRoth PH, Gadebusch-Bondio M (January 2022).\n\"The contested meaning of \"long COVID\" – Patients, doctors, and the politics of subjective evidence\"\n.\nSocial Science & Medicine\n.\n292\n114619.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114619\n.\nPMC\n \n8629766\n.\nPMID\n \n34906823\n.\n^\nWitvliet MG (27 November 2020).\n\"Here's how it feels when COVID-19 symptoms last for months\"\n.\nPBS NewsHour\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 29 November 2020\n. Retrieved\n29 November\n2020\n.\n^\nMacnamara K.\n\"The Covid 'longhaulers' behind a global patient movement\"\n. AFP.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 4 February 2021\n. Retrieved\n30 January\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Patient-Led Research Collaborative for Long COVID\"\n.\nPatient Led Research Collaborative\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 10 January 2022\n. Retrieved\n8 January\n2022\n.\n^\n\"Our community came together to start International Long COVID Awareness Day in 2023. Here's how you can get involved this year\"\n.\nTheSickTimes.org\n. 14 March 2025\n. Retrieved\n23 March\n2025\n.\n^\n\"Long COVID Awareness Day\"\n.\nlongcfoundation.org\n. Retrieved\n23 March\n2025\n.\n^\n\"Long COVID awareness day 15th March\"\n.\nGreater Manchester Integrated Care\n. 11 March 2025\n. Retrieved\n23 March\n2025\n.\n^\n\"Covid remains a health risk\"\n.\nNational Seniors Australia\n. 14 March 2025\n. Retrieved\n23 March\n2025\n.\n^\n\"Living with Long COVID\"\n.\nMOV | Museum of Vancouver\n.\n^\nMah S, We G.\n\"Long COVID exhibition co-produced with community opens at the Museum of Vancouver\"\n.\nwww.sfu.ca\n.\n^\nHossain MM, Das J, Rahman F, Nesa F, Hossain P, Islam AM, et al. (16 February 2023). Canzan F (ed.).\n\"Living with \"long COVID\": A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative evidence\"\n.\nPLOS ONE\n.\n18\n(2) e0281884.\nBibcode\n:\n2023PLoSO..1881884H\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1371\/journal.pone.0281884\n.\nPMC\n \n9934341\n.\nPMID\n \n36795701\n.\n^\na\nb\nNittas V, Gao M, West EA, Ballouz T, Menges D, Wulf Hanson S, et al. (2022).\n\"Long COVID Through a Public Health Lens: An Umbrella Review\"\n.\nPublic Health Reviews\n.\n43\n1604501.\ndoi\n:\n10.3389\/phrs.2022.1604501\n.\nPMC\n \n8963488\n.\nPMID\n \n35359614\n.\n^\nGualano MR, Rossi MF, Borrelli I, Santoro PE, Amantea C, Daniele A, et al. (1 January 2022).\n\"Returning to work and the impact of post COVID-19 condition: A systematic review\"\n.\nWork\n.\n73\n(2):\n405–\n413.\ndoi\n:\n10.3233\/WOR-220103\n.\nPMID\n \n35938280\n.\nS2CID\n \n251293637\n.\n^\nWaters T, Wernham T (2022).\nLong COVID and the labour market\n(PDF)\n. The Institute for Fiscal Studies. pp. \n10–\n11.\nISBN\n \n978-1-80103-079-3\n.\nArchived\n(PDF)\nfrom the original on 5 August 2023\n. Retrieved\n5 August\n2023\n.\n^\nKwon J, Milne R, Rayner C, Rocha Lawrence R, Mullard J, Mir G, et al. (September 2024).\n\"Impact of Long COVID on productivity and informal caregiving\"\n.\nThe European Journal of Health Economics\n.\n25\n(7):\n1095–\n1115.\ndoi\n:\n10.1007\/s10198-023-01653-z\n.\nPMC\n \n11377524\n.\nPMID\n \n38146040\n.\n^\n\"How much does long COVID cost individuals, informal carers, and society?\"\n.\nNIHR Evidence\n. 28 August 2024.\ndoi\n:\n10.3310\/nihrevidence_64090\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 25 September 2024\n. Retrieved\n25 September\n2024\n.\n^\nGonzalez AE, Suzuki E (13 June 2024).\nThe impacts of long COVID across OECD countries\n(Report). OECD Health Working Papers. Paris: OECD.\ndoi\n:\n10.1787\/8bd08383-en\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 24 June 2024\n. Retrieved\n24 June\n2024\n.\n^\nBelluck P (9 August 2024).\n\"About 400 Million People Worldwide Have Had Long Covid, Researchers Say\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\nISSN\n \n0362-4331\n. Retrieved\n23 August\n2024\n.\n^\nAl-Aly Z, Davis H, McCorkell L, Soares L, Wulf-Hanson S, Iwasaki A, et al. (August 2024).\n\"Long COVID science, research and policy\"\n.\nNature Medicine\n.\n30\n(8):\n2148–\n2164.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/s41591-024-03173-6\n.\nPMID\n \n39122965\n.\n^\n\"Post-COVID Conditions\"\n.\nU.S.\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention\n(CDC)\n. 16 December 2022.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 14 January 2022\n. Retrieved\n7 June\n2023\n.\n^\nMontani D, Savale L, Noel N, Meyrignac O, Colle R, Gasnier M, et al. (March 2022).\n\"Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome\"\n.\nEuropean Respiratory Review\n.\n31\n(163): 210185.\ndoi\n:\n10.1183\/16000617.0185-2021\n.\nPMC\n \n8924706\n.\nPMID\n \n35264409\n.\n^\nBuonsenso D (2023).\n\"Pharmacological trials for long COVID: first light at the end of the tunnel\"\n.\nThe Lancet. Regional Health – Europe\n.\n24\n100544.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/j.lanepe.2022.100544\n.\nISSN\n \n2666-7762\n.\nPMC\n \n9647474\n.\nPMID\n \n36407125\n.\n^\nSubbaraman N (March 2021).\n\"US health agency will invest $1 billion to investigate 'long COVID'\n\"\n.\nNature\n.\n591\n(7850): 356.\nBibcode\n:\n2021Natur.591..356S\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/d41586-021-00586-y\n.\nPMID\n \n33664445\n.\nS2CID\n \n232123730\n.\n^\nCohrs R (31 July 2023).\n\"NIH begins long-delayed clinical trials for long Covid, announces new research office\"\n.\nSTAT\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 31 July 2023\n. Retrieved\n31 July\n2023\n.\n^\nKozlov M (August 2023). \"NIH launches trials for long COVID treatments: what scientists think\".\nNature\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/d41586-023-02472-1\n.\nPMID\n \n37528203\n.\nS2CID\n \n260375952\n.\n^\nWalker S, Goodfellow H, Pookarnjanamorakot P, Murray E, Bindman J, Blandford A, et al. (June 2023).\n\"Impact of fatigue as the primary determinant of functional limitations among patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome: a cross-sectional observational study\"\n.\nBMJ Open\n.\n13\n(6) e069217.\ndoi\n:\n10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069217\n.\nPMC\n \n10335413\n.\nPMID\n \n37286327\n.\n^\n\"Long COVID: fatigue predicts poor everyday functioning\"\n. UK National Institute for Health and Care Research. 23 November 2023.\ndoi\n:\n10.3310\/nihrevidence_60359\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 4 December 2023\n. Retrieved\n4 December\n2023\n.\n^\nPinto Pereira SM, Newlands F, Anders J, Banerjee A, Beale S, Blandford A, et al. (23 September 2024). \"Long COVID: what do we know now and what are the challenges ahead?\".\nJournal of the Royal Society of Medicine\n.\n117\n(7):\n224–\n228.\ndoi\n:\n10.1177\/01410768241262661\n.\nISSN\n \n0141-0768\n.\nPMC\n 11450562.\nPMID\n \n39311897\n.\nLong-term effects of coronavirus (long COVID)\nat UK\nNational Health Service\nJackson JC (2023).\nClearing the Fog: From Surviving to Thriving with Long COVID – A Practical Guide\n. New York: Little, Brown Spark.\nISBN\n \n978-0-316-53009-5\n.\nOCLC\n \n1345215931\n.\n\"Long COVID: let patients help define long-lasting COVID symptoms\". Editorial.\nNature\n.\n586\n(7828): 170. October 2020.\nBibcode\n:\n2020Natur.586..170.\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/d41586-020-02796-2\n.\nPMID\n \n33029005\n.\nS2CID\n \n222217022\n.\nAlwan NA (August 2020). \"Track COVID-19 sickness, not just positive tests and deaths\".\nNature\n.\n584\n(7820): 170.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/d41586-020-02335-z\n.\nPMID\n \n32782377\n.\nS2CID\n \n221107554\n.\nKingstone T, Taylor AK, O'Donnell CA, Atherton H, Blane DN, Chew-Graham CA (December 2020).\n\"Finding the 'right' GP: a qualitative study of the experiences of people with long-COVID\"\n.\nBJGP Open\n.\n4\n(5) bjgpopen20X101143.\nRoyal College of General Practitioners\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.3399\/bjgpopen20X101143\n.\nPMC\n \n7880173\n.\nPMID\n \n33051223\n.\nS2CID\n \n222351478\n.\nSalisbury H (June 2020).\n\"Helen Salisbury: When will we be well again?\"\n.\nBMJ\n.\n369\nm2490.\ndoi\n:\n10.1136\/bmj.m2490\n.\nPMID\n \n32576550\n.\nS2CID\n \n219983336\n.\n\"Researching long COVID: addressing a new global health challenge\"\n.\nNIHR Evidence\n(Plain English summary). 12 May 2022.\ndoi\n:\n10.3310\/nihrevidence_50331\n.\nS2CID\n \n249942230\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 25 June 2022\n. Retrieved\n13 May\n2022\n.\nThe Lancet Infectious Diseases (August 2023).\n\"Where are the long COVID trials?\"\n.\nThe Lancet. Infectious Diseases\n.\n23\n(8): 879.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00440-1\n.\nPMID\n \n37507151\n.\nS2CID\n \n260272959\n.","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Long+COVID \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Long+COVID \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPersonal tools\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Long+COVID \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Long+COVID \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID)\n- [1 Classification and terminology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Classification_and_terminology)\n  Toggle Classification and terminology subsection\n  - [1\\.1 Definitions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Definitions)\n  - [1\\.2 Related illnesses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Related_illnesses)\n- [2 Signs and symptoms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Signs_and_symptoms)\n  Toggle Signs and symptoms subsection\n  - [2\\.1 Neurological symptoms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Neurological_symptoms)\n  - [2\\.2 Lungs, heart and digestive system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Lungs,_heart_and_digestive_system)\n  - [2\\.3 Reproductive system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Reproductive_system)\n  - [2\\.4 Other symptoms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Other_symptoms)\n  - [2\\.5 Subgroups](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Subgroups)\n- [3 Causes and mechanisms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Causes_and_mechanisms)\n  Toggle Causes and mechanisms subsection\n  - [3\\.1 Pathophysiology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Pathophysiology)\n  - [3\\.2 Risk factors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Risk_factors)\n- [4 Diagnosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Diagnosis)\n- [5 Prevention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Prevention)\n- [6 Treatment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Treatment)\n- [7 Prognosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Prognosis)\n- [8 Epidemiology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Epidemiology)\n- [9 Society and culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Society_and_culture)\n  Toggle Society and culture subsection\n  - [9\\.1 Patient community and activism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Patient_community_and_activism)\n  - [9\\.2 Stigma in healthcare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Stigma_in_healthcare)\n  - [9\\.3 Work-related impacts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Work-related_impacts)\n  - [9\\.4 Economic impacts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Economic_impacts)\n- [10 Research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Research)\n- [11 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#See_also)\n- [12 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#References)\n- [13 Further reading](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Further_reading)\n  Toggle Further reading subsection\n  - [13\\.1 General](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#General)\n  - [13\\.2 Books](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Books)\n  - [13\\.3 Journal articles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#Journal_articles)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Long COVID\n41 languages\n\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84 \"كوفيد الطويل – Arabic\")\n- [অসমীয়া](https:\/\/as.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%95%27%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1 \"দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী ক'ভিড – Assamese\")\n- [বাংলা](https:\/\/bn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97 \"দীর্ঘস্থায়ী করোনাভাইরাস রোগ – Bangla\")\n- [Català](https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_persistent \"COVID-19 persistent – Catalan\")\n- [Čeština](https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dlouh%C3%BD_covid \"Dlouhý covid – Czech\")\n- [Dansk](https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Senf%C3%B8lger_af_COVID-19 \"Senfølger af COVID-19 – Danish\")\n- [Deutsch](https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID \"Long COVID – German\")\n- [Ελληνικά](https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%87%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1_COVID-19 \"Μακροχρόνια COVID-19 – Greek\")\n- [Español](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_persistente \"COVID-19 persistente – Spanish\")\n- [Euskara](https:\/\/eu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID_iraunkor \"COVID iraunkor – Basque\")\n- [فارسی](https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86 \"کووید مزمن – Persian\")\n- [Suomi](https:\/\/fi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19:n_pitk%C3%A4aikaiset_ja_pysyv%C3%A4t_vaikutukset \"COVID-19:n pitkäaikaiset ja pysyvät vaikutukset – Finnish\")\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Covid_long \"Covid long – French\")\n- [Hausa](https:\/\/ha.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dogon_COVID-19 \"Dogon COVID-19 – Hausa\")\n- [עברית](https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94 \"השפעות ארוכות טווח של הקורונה – Hebrew\")\n- [Hrvatski](https:\/\/hr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dugotrajni_COVID \"Dugotrajni COVID – Croatian\")\n- [Magyar](https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poszt-Covid-szindr%C3%B3ma \"Poszt-Covid-szindróma – Hungarian\")\n- [Bahasa Indonesia](https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Covid-19_jangka_panjang \"Covid-19 jangka panjang – Indonesian\")\n- [Ido](https:\/\/io.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sindromo_di_pos-KOVID-19 \"Sindromo di pos-KOVID-19 – Ido\")\n- [Italiano](https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sindrome_post-COVID-19 \"Sindrome post-COVID-19 – Italian\")\n- [日本語](https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID \"Long COVID – Japanese\")\n- [ქართული](https:\/\/ka.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98 \"ხანგრძლივი კოვიდი – Georgian\")\n- [한국어](https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%EB%A7%8C%EC%84%B1_%EC%BD%94%EB%A1%9C%EB%82%98 \"만성 코로나 – Korean\")\n- [Bahasa Melayu](https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_jangka_panjang \"COVID-19 jangka panjang – Malay\")\n- [Nederlands](https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_covid \"Long covid – Dutch\")\n- [Norsk bokmål](https:\/\/no.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Senf%C3%B8lger_av_Covid-19 \"Senfølger av Covid-19 – Norwegian Bokmål\")\n- [ଓଡ଼ିଆ](https:\/\/or.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC-%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%AF_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BE \"କୋଭିଡ଼-୧୯ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ଅବସ୍ଥା – Odia\")\n- [Polski](https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID \"Long COVID – Polish\")\n- [Português](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_persistente \"COVID-19 persistente – Portuguese\")\n- [Română](https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Afec%C8%9Biunea_post-COVID-19 \"Afecțiunea post-COVID-19 – Romanian\")\n- [Русский](https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC \"Постковидный синдром – Russian\")\n- [Simple English](https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID \"Long COVID – Simple English\")\n- [Slovenščina](https:\/\/sl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dolgi_covid \"Dolgi covid – Slovenian\")\n- [Shqip](https:\/\/sq.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Covid-i_kronik \"Covid-i kronik – Albanian\")\n- [Svenska](https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Postcovid \"Postcovid – Swedish\")\n- [ไทย](https:\/\/th.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94-19 \"ผลระยะยาวของโควิด-19 – Thai\")\n- [Türkçe](https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uzun_COVID \"Uzun COVID – Turkish\")\n- [Українська](https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC \"Постковідний синдром – Ukrainian\")\n- [Tiếng Việt](https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/H%E1%BB%99i_ch%E1%BB%A9ng_h%E1%BA%ADu_COVID-19 \"Hội chứng hậu COVID-19 – Vietnamese\")\n- [粵語](https:\/\/zh-yue.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%AD%A6%E8%82%BA%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E7%97%87%E7%8B%80 \"武肺長期症狀 – Cantonese\")\n- [中文](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E9%95%BF%E6%9C%9F%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E7%97%87 \"2019冠状病毒病长期综合症 – Chinese\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q100732653#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Long_COVID \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/Long_COVID \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/Long_COVID \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&oldid=1341727068 \"Permanent link to this revision of this page\")\n- [Page information](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=info \"More information about this page\")\n- [Cite this page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Long_COVID&id=1341727068&wpFormIdentifier=titleform \"Information on how to cite this page\")\n- [Get shortened URL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLong_COVID)\n\nPrint\/export\n\n- [Download as PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Long_COVID&action=show-download-screen \"Download this page as a PDF file\")\n- [Printable version](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&printable=yes \"Printable version of this page [p]\")\n\nIn other projects\n\n- [Wikimedia Commons](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Long_COVID)\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q100732653 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n[![This is a good article. Click here for more information.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/94\/Symbol_support_vote.svg\/20px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Good_articles* \"This is a good article. Click here for more information.\")\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nLong-term complication of COVID-19\n\n\"Post COVID\" redirects here. For the *South Park* special, see [South Park: Post COVID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Park:_Post_COVID \"South Park: Post COVID\").\n\nMedical condition\n\n| Long COVID |   |\n|---|---|\n| Other names | Long-haul COVID, post-COVID-19 syndrome, post-COVID-19 condition, post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), chronic COVID syndrome[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnLancet-1) |\n| [Symptoms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Signs_and_symptoms \"Signs and symptoms\") | Highly varied, including [post-exertional malaise](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-exertional_malaise \"Post-exertional malaise\") (symptoms worsen with effort), [fatigue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fatigue \"Fatigue\"), [muscle pain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muscle_pain \"Muscle pain\"), [shortness of breath](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shortness_of_breath \"Shortness of breath\"), [chest pain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chest_pain \"Chest pain\") and [cognitive dysfunction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_dysfunction \"Cognitive dysfunction\") (\"brain fog\")[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) |\n| Duration | Weeks to years, possibly lifelong[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) |\n| [Causes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cause_\$medicine\$ \"Cause (medicine)\") | [COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") infection |\n| [Risk factors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Risk_factor \"Risk factor\") | Female sex, age, [obesity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obesity \"Obesity\"), [asthma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asthma \"Asthma\"), more severe [COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") infection[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) |\n| Frequency | 50–85% of hospitalised COVID-19 cases, 10–35% of non-hospitalised cases, and 8–12% of vaccinated cases[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Lancet2024-5) |\n\n**Long COVID** or **long-haul COVID** is a group of [health problems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sequela \"Sequela\") persisting or developing after an initial period of [COVID‑19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") infection. Symptoms can last weeks, months, or years and are often debilitating.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) The [World Health Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") defines long COVID as starting three months after the initial COVID‑19 infection, but other agencies define it as starting at four weeks after the initial infection.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)\n\nLong COVID is characterised by a large number of symptoms that sometimes disappear and then reappear. Commonly reported symptoms of long COVID are [fatigue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fatigue \"Fatigue\"), memory problems, [shortness of breath](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shortness_of_breath \"Shortness of breath\"), and [sleep disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sleep_disorder \"Sleep disorder\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Several other symptoms, including [headaches, mental health issues](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_COVID-19_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes \"Impact of COVID-19 on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes\"), initial [loss of smell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anosmia \"Anosmia\") or [taste](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ageusia \"Ageusia\"), [muscle weakness](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muscle_weakness \"Muscle weakness\"), fever, and [cognitive dysfunction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_dysfunction \"Cognitive dysfunction\") may also present.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Symptoms often get worse after mental or physical effort, a process called [post-exertional malaise](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-exertional_malaise \"Post-exertional malaise\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6) There is a large overlap in symptoms with [myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myalgic_encephalomyelitis\/chronic_fatigue_syndrome \"Myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome\") (ME\/CFS).[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)\n\nThe [causes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cause_\$medicine\$ \"Cause (medicine)\") of long COVID are not understood. [Hypotheses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypothesis \"Hypothesis\") include lasting damage to organs and blood vessels, problems with [blood clotting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coagulation \"Coagulation\"), neurological dysfunction, persistent virus or a reactivation of latent viruses and [autoimmunity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autoimmunity \"Autoimmunity\").[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) Diagnosis of long COVID is based on (suspected or confirmed) COVID‑19 infection or symptoms—and by excluding alternative diagnoses.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8)[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37182545-9)\n\nAs of 2024, the [prevalence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prevalence \"Prevalence\") of long COVID is estimated to be about 6–7% in adults, and about 1% in children.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-:0-10) Prevalence might be reduced after [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine \"COVID-19 vaccine\").[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Byambasuren_2023-11) Risk factors include but are not limited to: higher age, female sex, having [asthma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asthma \"Asthma\"), and a more severe initial COVID‑19 infection.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) Anyone can develop long COVID.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-12) As of 2025[\\[update\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit), there are no validated effective treatments.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6) Management of long COVID depends on symptoms. Rest is recommended for fatigue and [pacing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pacing_\$activity_management\$ \"Pacing (activity management)\") for post-exertional malaise. People with severe symptoms or those who were in [intensive care](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intensive_care_unit \"Intensive care unit\") may require care from a team of specialists.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13) Most people with symptoms at 4 weeks recover by 12 weeks. Recovery is slower (or plateaus) for those still ill at 12 weeks.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13) For a subset of people, for instance, those meeting the criteria for ME\/CFS, symptoms are expected to be lifelong.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)\n\nGlobally, over 400 million people have experienced long COVID. Long COVID may be responsible for a loss of 1% of the world's gross domestic product.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-:0-10)\n\n## Classification and terminology\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Classification and terminology\")\\]\n\n*Long COVID* is a patient-created term coined early in the pandemic by those suffering from long-term symptoms.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Perego_2020-14)[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15) While long COVID is the most prevalent name, the terms *long-haul COVID*, *post-COVID‑19 syndrome*, *post-COVID‑19 condition*,[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnLancet-1)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnWHO-16) *post-acute sequelae of COVID‑19* (*PASC*), and *chronic COVID syndrome* are also in use.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6)\n\nLong COVID may not be a single disease or syndrome. It could be an umbrella term including permanent organ damage, [post-intensive care syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-intensive_care_syndrome \"Post-intensive care syndrome\"), [post-viral fatigue syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-viral_fatigue_syndrome \"Post-viral fatigue syndrome\") and post-COVID syndrome.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)\n\n### Definitions\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Definitions\")\\]\n\nThere are multiple definitions of long COVID, depending on country and institution. The most accepted is the [World Health Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") (WHO) definition.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17)\n\nThe definitions differ in when long COVID starts, and how long persistent symptoms must have lasted.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17) For instance, the WHO puts the onset of long COVID at three months post-infection, if there have been at least two months of persistent symptoms.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnLancet-1)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnWHO-16) In contrast, the US [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\") (CDC) puts the onset of \"Post-COVID Conditions\" at four weeks \"to emphasize the importance of initial clinical evaluation and supportive care during the initial 4 to 12 weeks after acute COVID‑19\"[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8) According to the US [National Institutes of Health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Institutes_of_Health \"National Institutes of Health\") (NIH), postacute sequalae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) refers to ongoing, relapsing, or new symptoms, or other health effects that occur four or more weeks after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid38321938-18)\n\nThe British [National Institute for Health and Care Excellence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence \"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence\") (NICE) divides long COVID into two categories:[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-nice_p5-19)\n\n- *ongoing symptomatic COVID‑19* for effects from four to twelve weeks after onset, and\n- *post-COVID‑19 syndrome* for effects that persist 12 or more weeks after onset.\n\nThe [clinical case definitions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clinical_case_definition \"Clinical case definition\") specify symptom onset and development. For instance, the WHO definition indicates that \"symptoms might be new onset following initial recovery or persist from the initial illness. Symptoms may also fluctuate or relapse over time.\"[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnLancet-1)\n\nThe NICE and WHO definition further require the exclusion of alternative diagnoses.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17)\n\nSpecifically for children and young people, a group of experts in the UK have published the only research definition which complements the clinical case definition in adults proposed by the WHO. This consensus research definition for long COVID in children and young people is: \"Post COVID‑19 condition occurs in young people with a history of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, with at least one persisting physical symptom for a minimum duration of 12 weeks after initial testing that cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis. The symptoms have an impact on everyday functioning, may continue or develop after COVID infection, and may fluctuate of relapse over time. The positive COVID‑19 test referred to in this definition can be a lateral flow antigen test, a PCR test or an antibody test.\"[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-20)[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid38321938-18)\n\n### Related illnesses\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Related illnesses\")\\]\n\n[![A graph showing roughly 50 symptom severities for ME\/CFS and long COVID](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/52\/Similar_degrees_of_ME-CFS_and_long_Covid_symptoms.webp\/500px-Similar_degrees_of_ME-CFS_and_long_Covid_symptoms.webp.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Similar_degrees_of_ME-CFS_and_long_Covid_symptoms.webp)\n\nMany symptoms have similar severity in long COVID and ME\/CFS\n\nLong COVID is a [post-acute infection syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-acute_infection_syndrome \"Post-acute infection syndrome\") (PAIS) and shares similarities with other such syndromes.[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35585196-21) For instance, there are similarities with [post-Ebola syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-Ebola_syndrome \"Post-Ebola syndrome\") and aftereffects of the [chikungunya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chikungunya \"Chikungunya\") virus. These conditions may have similar [pathophysiology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pathophysiology \"Pathophysiology\") to long COVID.[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35585196-21)[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33442016-22)\n\nLong COVID has many symptoms in common with [myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myalgic_encephalomyelitis\/chronic_fatigue_syndrome \"Myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome\") (ME\/CFS) and research estimates half of people with long COVID meet ME\/CFS diagnostic criteria.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37793728-23) Like long COVID, ME\/CFS is often triggered by infections, and some biological changes overlap.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37342500-24)[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) [Dysautonomia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dysautonomia \"Dysautonomia\") and [postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Postural_orthostatic_tachycardia_syndrome \"Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome\") (POTS) are also potential shared aspects of long COVID and ME\/CFS.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-:1-25) However, long COVID symptoms include loss of smell and taste, neither of which feature frequently in ME\/CFS.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37342500-24)\n\n## Signs and symptoms\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Signs and symptoms\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/87\/Long-term_effects_of_COVID-19.webp\/500px-Long-term_effects_of_COVID-19.webp.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Long-term_effects_of_COVID-19.webp)\n\nThere are over 50 long-term effects of COVID-19, including those that are symptoms of long COVID. The image shows the symptoms along with their estimated prevalence. Around 80% of people have at least one overall effect beyond two weeks following infection.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid34373540-26)\n\n| External videos |\n|---|\n| [![video icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1b\/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg\/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [\"Long Covid: A parallel pandemic\"](https:\/\/knowablemagazine.org\/article\/health-disease\/2022\/long-covid-parallel-pandemic), [Akiko Iwasaki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akiko_Iwasaki \"Akiko Iwasaki\") and others, *[Knowable Magazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knowable_Magazine \"Knowable Magazine\")*, 8 August 2022. |\n\nThere is a large set of [symptoms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Signs_and_symptoms \"Signs and symptoms\") associated with long COVID, impacting many different organs and body systems. Long COVID symptoms can differ significantly from person to person.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) Symptom severity ranges from mild to incapacitating.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-nih.gov-27)\n\nCommon symptoms reported in studies include [fatigue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fatigue \"Fatigue\"), [muscle pain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myalgia \"Myalgia\"), [shortness of breath](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shortness_of_breath \"Shortness of breath\"), [chest pain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chest_pain \"Chest pain\"), cognitive dysfunction (\"[brain fog](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clouding_of_consciousness \"Clouding of consciousness\")\") and [post-exertional malaise](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-exertional_malaise \"Post-exertional malaise\") (symptoms worsen after activity).[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) This symptom worsening typically occurs 12 to 48 hours after activity and can be triggered by either mental or physical effort. It lasts between days and weeks.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8)\n\nChildren and adolescents can also experience serious symptoms and long-term adverse health effects, including serious mental health impacts related to persistent COVID‑19 symptoms.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37734886-28) The most common symptoms in children are persistent fever, [sore throat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sore_throat \"Sore throat\"), problems with sleep, headaches, shortness of breath, muscle weakness, fatigue, loss of smell or distorted smell, and anxiety.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37476923-29)[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Behnood-2023-30)[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-:2-31) Children and adolescents with long COVID experience three or more symptoms more frequently than control groups, but this has low certainty.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Behnood-2023-30)\n\n### Neurological symptoms\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Neurological symptoms\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Impact of COVID-19 on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_COVID-19_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes \"Impact of COVID-19 on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes\")\n\nCommon [neurological](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neurology \"Neurology\") symptoms in long COVID are difficulty concentrating, cognitive impairment and headaches.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) People also frequently experience [loss of taste](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ageusia \"Ageusia\") and [loss of smell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anosmia \"Anosmia\").[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Likewise children and young people may also experience cognitive impairment.[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-32)[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-:2-31)\n\nSome people with long COVID experience [dysautonomia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dysautonomia \"Dysautonomia\"), a malfunction of the [autonomic nervous system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autonomic_nervous_system \"Autonomic nervous system\").[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35198136-33)[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-:1-25) People with dysautonomia may experience [palpitations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palpitations \"Palpitations\") and [tachycardia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tachycardia \"Tachycardia\") (raised heart rate) after minor effort or upon standing up. This can be associated with [dizziness](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dizziness \"Dizziness\") and [nausea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nausea \"Nausea\"). If the heart rate is raised by 30 beats per minute or more after continuous standing; this is described as [postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Postural_orthostatic_tachycardia_syndrome \"Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome\").[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36828559-34)\n\nIn terms of mental health, people with long COVID often experience [sleep difficulties.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insomnia \"Insomnia\")[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Depression and [anxiety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety \"Anxiety\") levels are raised in the first two months after infection, but return to normal afterwards.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid38510743-35) This was in contrast to other [neurological](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neurology \"Neurology\") symptoms, such as brain fog and [seizures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seizure \"Seizure\"), which lasted at least two years.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) However, among people who were hospitalised for COVID, many have depression and anxiety 2 to 3 years after their infection.[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-36)[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-37)\n\n### Lungs, heart and digestive system\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Lungs, heart and digestive system\")\\]\n\nDifficulty breathing is the second-most common symptom of long COVID,[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35596571-38) but this subjective symptom does not track with the severity of objective markers of inflammation.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid351059853-39) [Shortness of breath](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shortness_of_breath \"Shortness of breath\") is among the most common symptoms in children and young people as well.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-:2-31) People can also experience a persistent cough.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7)\n\nIn the [cardiovascular system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Circulatory_system \"Circulatory system\"), effort intolerance (i.e., reduced ability to perform physical activities) and chest pain occur often in people with long COVID.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Sufferers of Long COVID are also at increased risks of developing [strokes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stroke \"Stroke\") (i.e., damage to the brain caused by poor blood flow), [myocarditis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myocarditis \"Myocarditis\") (i.e., Inflammation of the [heart muscle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heart_muscle \"Heart muscle\")), the [postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Postural_orthostatic_tachycardia_syndrome \"Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome\") (i.e., abnormally large increases in heart rate upon sitting up or standing), [pulmonary embolisms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pulmonary_embolism \"Pulmonary embolism\") (i.e., blockage of an artery in the lungs), [deep vein thrombosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deep_vein_thrombosis \"Deep vein thrombosis\") (i.e., [blood clots](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blood_clots \"Blood clots\") in a [deep vein](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deep_vein \"Deep vein\"), such as one in the legs or [pelvis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pelvis \"Pelvis\")), and [myocardial infarction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myocardial_infarction \"Myocardial infarction\") (i.e., heart attack).[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33615088-40)[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid34231404-41)[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35411333-42)[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid32677459-43)\n\nLess frequently, people with long COVID experience [diarrhea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diarrhea \"Diarrhea\") and nausea.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7)\n\n### Reproductive system\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Reproductive system\")\\]\n\nIn the female reproductive system, long COVID may disrupt [fertility](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fertility \"Fertility\"), the [menstrual cycle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Menstrual_cycle \"Menstrual cycle\"), [menopause](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Menopause \"Menopause\"), gonadal function, and ovarian sufficiency.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37234076-44) Exacerbation of other long COVID symptoms around menstruation has also been documented.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37234076-44)\n\n### Other symptoms\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Other symptoms\")\\]\n\n[Joint pain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arthralgia \"Arthralgia\") and muscle pain are frequently reported as symptoms of long COVID.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Some people experience hair loss and skin rashes.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-nice_p100-45) People are at increased risk of [type 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Type_1_diabetes \"Type 1 diabetes\") or [type 2 diabetes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Type_2_diabetes \"Type 2 diabetes\") after recovering from acute COVID.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)\n\n### Subgroups\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Subgroups\")\\]\n\nBecause the symptom combinations of long COVID vary significantly from person to person, one approach to researching the condition is to define subgroups or [clusters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phenotype_\$clinical_medicine\$ \"Phenotype (clinical medicine)\") of long-haulers. This would allow for more targeted clinical care.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)\n\n## Causes and mechanisms\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: Causes and mechanisms\")\\]\n\n[![Diagram of the body showing autoimmune response, persistent virus, organ damage, and microclots](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/06\/Long_Covid_possible_causes.webp\/500px-Long_Covid_possible_causes.webp.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Long_Covid_possible_causes.webp)\n\nPossible causes of long COVID\n\nThe causes of long COVID are not understood. It is likely that there is no single cause, but instead multiple, and possibly overlapping, mechanisms that all contribute to the development of long COVID.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) Organ damage from the acute infection can explain a part of the symptoms, but long COVID is also observed in people where organ damage seems to be absent.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35594336-46) Several hypotheses have been put forward explaining long COVID, including:[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)\n\n- [blood clotting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coagulation \"Coagulation\") and [endothelial dysfunction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endothelial_dysfunction \"Endothelial dysfunction\") in the blood vessels\n- neurological issues: problems with signalling from the [brainstem](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brainstem \"Brainstem\") and the [vagus nerve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vagus_nerve \"Vagus nerve\")\n- immune system dysregulation, including the reactivation of viruses like the [Epstein–Barr virus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus \"Epstein–Barr virus\")\n- impacts of the virus on the [microbiota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microbiota \"Microbiota\"), including viral persistence\n- [autoimmunity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autoimmunity \"Autoimmunity\")\n\nFurther hypotheses include a dysfunction of the [mitochondria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mitochondrion \"Mitochondrion\") and the cellular energy system,[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36412084-47) persistent systemic [inflammation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inflammation \"Inflammation\"), and the persistence of SARS-COV-19 [antigens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antigen \"Antigen\").[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid372655842-48)\n\n### Pathophysiology\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: Pathophysiology\")\\]\n\nOrgan damage from the acute infection may explain symptoms in some people with long COVID. [Radiological](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radiological \"Radiological\") tests such as lung [magnetic resonance imaging](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magnetic_resonance_imaging \"Magnetic resonance imaging\") (MRI) often show up as normal even for people who show clear desaturation (lowered blood oxygen level) after mild exercise. Other tests, such as a [dual-energy CT scan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dual-energy_CT \"Dual-energy CT\"), do show [perfusion defects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perfusion \"Perfusion\") in a subset of people with respiratory symptoms. Imaging of the heart show contradictory results. Imaging of brains show changes after COVID infection, even if this has not been studied in relation to long COVID. For instance, some show a smaller [olfactory bulb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olfactory_bulb \"Olfactory bulb\"), a brain region associated with smell.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)\n\nIn a subset of people with long COVID, there is evidence that SARS-COV-2 remains in the body after the acute infection.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37080828-49) This evidence comes from [biopsies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biopsy \"Biopsy\"), studies of blood plasma, and by the indirect immune effects of persistent virus. Viral DNA or proteins have been found months to a year after acute infection in various studies. A small study demonstrated viral RNA up to nearly two years after an acute infection in people with long COVID. Persistent virus has also been found in people without long COVID, but at a lower rate.[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37667052-50) Persistent virus could lead to symptoms via possible effects on coagulation and via microbiome and neuroimmune abnormalities.[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37667052-b-51)\n\nDuring or after acute COVID infection, various dormant viruses can become reactivated. For instance, SARS-COV-2 can reactivate the [Epstein-Barr virus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus \"Epstein–Barr virus\"), the virus that is responsible for [infectious mononucleosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Infectious_mononucleosis \"Infectious mononucleosis\"). This virus lies dormant in most people. There is some evidence of a relationship between its reactivation and long COVID. A correlation was also found between reactivation of [endogenous retroviruses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endogenous_retrovirus \"Endogenous retrovirus\") and severity of active COVID‑19.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37140960-52)\n\nAutoimmunity is another potential cause of long COVID. Some studies report [auto-antibodies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autoantibody \"Autoantibody\") (antibodies directed against an individual's own [proteins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protein \"Protein\")) in people with long COVID, but they are not found in all studies.[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid372655842-48) Autoantibodies are often induced during acute COVID, with a moderate relationship to disease severity. Evidence from electronic health care records show that people develop auto-immune diseases, such as [lupus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lupus \"Lupus\") and [rheumatoid arthritis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rheumatoid_arthritis \"Rheumatoid arthritis\"), more frequently after a COVID‑19 infection, compared to controls.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)\n\n[Issues with increased blood clotting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thrombophilia \"Thrombophilia\") are another potential driver of long COVID development. During acute infection, there is direct damage to the linings of blood vessels (endothelial damage),[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) and the risk of [thrombosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thrombosis \"Thrombosis\")\\-related diseases stays elevated longer-term after infection. Issues with blood clotting can include hyperactive platelets and [microclots](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microclots \"Microclots\"). These microclots may induce oxygen shortage ([hypoxia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypoxia_\$medical\$ \"Hypoxia (medical)\")) in tissues.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37080828-49) The clotting may potentially be driven by autoantibodies.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)\n\nSeveral studies suggest that brain penetration of serum components and cytokines as derived from breakdowns to the integrity of the blood–brain barrier could contribute to the neurological manifestations of long COVID.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-53)\n\n### Risk factors\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: Risk factors\")\\]\n\nWomen are more at risk than men.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) Age has been identified as another risk factor, with older people seemingly more at risk.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) This is also true for children, with older children at a higher risk than younger children.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17)[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36931142-54) Most diagnoses of long COVID are in the 36–50 age bracket.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) Risks of developing long COVID are also higher for people with lower incomes, people with fewer years of education and those from disadvantaged ethnic groups.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17)[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37080828-49) People who [smoke](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smoking \"Smoking\") also have a higher risk of developing long COVID.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17)\n\nVarious health issues raise the risk of long COVID. For instance, people with [obesity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obesity \"Obesity\") more often report long COVID.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) [Asthma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asthma \"Asthma\") and [chronic obstructive pulmonary disease](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease \"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease\") are also risk factors.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) In terms of [mental health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mental_health \"Mental health\"), depression and anxiety raise risks.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17)\n\nCharacteristics of the acute infection play a role in developing long COVID. People who experience a larger number of symptoms during the acute infection are more likely to develop long COVID, as well as people who require hospitalisation.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4)\n\nIn children and young people, the risk factors for long COVID include female sex, older age, and pre-existing diseases or mental health problems.[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36931142-54)\n\nLong COVID risks may have been higher with the [SARS-CoV2 Delta variant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant\") compared to the [Omicron variant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant\"). The higher infection rate from the Omicron variant means that it is still responsible for a large group of long-haulers.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17)\n\n## Diagnosis\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=13 \"Edit section: Diagnosis\")\\]\n\nThere are no standardised tests to determine if symptoms persisting after COVID‑19 infection are due to long COVID.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6)[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37182545-9) Diagnosis is based on a history of suspected or confirmed COVID‑19 symptoms, and by [considering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Differential_diagnosis \"Differential diagnosis\") and [ruling out alternative diagnoses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diagnosis_of_exclusion \"Diagnosis of exclusion\").[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8)[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37182545-9) Diagnosis of long COVID can be challenging because of the wide range of symptoms people with long COVID may display.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37182545-9)\n\nEarly [diagnostic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diagnosis \"Diagnosis\") criteria of long COVID required a laboratory-confirmed COVID‑19 infection, but criteria do not require this anymore, given that people may not get tested during the acute infection.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37182545-9) For instance, people who develop long COVID after asymptomatic infection would have little reason to get tested.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8) Furthermore, tests for COVID are not foolproof, and can come back negative.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8) False negatives are more common for children, women and people with a low viral load.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)\n\nThere are diagnostic tools available for some elements of long COVID, such as the [tilt table test](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tilt_table_test \"Tilt table test\") or a NASA lean test for POTS and [MRI scans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magnetic_resonance_imaging \"Magnetic resonance imaging\") to test for cardiovascular impairment. Routine tests offered in standard care often come back normal.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-55)[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-56)\n\n## Prevention\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=14 \"Edit section: Prevention\")\\]\n\n[Preventing a COVID-19 infection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19#Prevention \"COVID-19\") is the most effective way to prevent long COVID, for instance by improving ventilation, avoiding contact with people who test positive for COVID, [washing hands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hand_washing \"Hand washing\"), and wearing a properly-fitted [N95 mask](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N95_respirator \"N95 respirator\").[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-CDC-2023-57) Treatment during the acute phase may also reduce the risk of long COVID.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6) For example, in two large, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials, treatment with [metformin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metformin \"Metformin\") during acute infection lowered risk of diagnosis with Long COVID by 41-50%.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-58)\n\n[COVID-19 vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination \"COVID-19 vaccination\") seems to reduce risk of long COVID. Three doses of a COVID-19 vaccine may reduce the risk by 70%, while two doses give 43% protection and one dose gives 19% protection. The evidence is based on observational studies, rather than on randomised clinical trials.[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-59) The large randomised control trials on COVID-19 vaccines did not include long COVID as an [outcome measure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outcome_measure \"Outcome measure\").[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-60) An analysis involving more than 20 million adults found that vaccinated people had a lower risk of long COVID compared with those who had not received a COVID‑19 vaccine; they were also protected against blood clots and heart failure development after the infection.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-61)[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-62)[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-63)\n\n## Treatment\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=15 \"Edit section: Treatment\")\\]\n\nSee also: [List of investigational long COVID drugs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_investigational_long_COVID_drugs \"List of investigational long COVID drugs\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7a\/Center_for_Post-COVID_Care.jpg\/250px-Center_for_Post-COVID_Care.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Center_for_Post-COVID_Care.jpg)\n\nCenter for Post-COVID Care at Mount Sinai's Union Square offices in New York City\n\nAs of 2025[\\[update\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit), there are no established effective treatments for long COVID, although several countries and medical organizations have produced guidelines on managing long COVID for clinicians and the public.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6)[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-nice-64)[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65)[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-ivlev-66) A 2025 review of interventions for managing long COVID symptoms concluded that the evidence for selecting certain interventions was highly imprecise with substantial clinical uncertainty, leading affected people to use costly and ineffective self-treatment options.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-ivlev-66) Dismissive attitudes by clinicians for applying interventions, inadequate coverage of treatment by insurance companies, and restricted access to clinical specialists are also discouraging long COVID treatment plans.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-ivlev-66)\n\nPeople with long COVID may need care within several clinical disciplines for long-term monitoring or intervention of ongoing symptoms, and to implement social services, [physical therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Physical_therapy \"Physical therapy\"), or mental health care.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65) In some countries, such as the UK and Germany, specialised long COVID [outpatient clinics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outpatient_department \"Outpatient department\") have been established to assess individual cases for the extent of surveillance and treatment needed.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35999605-67) [Primary care physicians](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_practitioner \"General practitioner\") should provide the first assessment of people with long COVID symptoms, leading to specialist referrals for more complex long COVID symptoms.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65)[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35999605-67)\n\nManagement of long COVID depends on symptoms.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6)[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-ivlev-66) Rest, planning and prioritising are advised for people with fatigue. People who get post-exertional malaise may benefit from activity management with [pacing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pacing_\$activity_management\$ \"Pacing (activity management)\"). People with allergic-type symptoms, such as [skin rashes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skin_rashes \"Skin rashes\"), may benefit from [antihistamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antihistamines \"Antihistamines\").[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13) Those with autonomic dysfunction may benefit from increased intake of fluids, [electrolytes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electrolyte \"Electrolyte\") and [compression garments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compression_garment \"Compression garment\").[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13)\n\nLong-term follow-up of people with long COVID involves outcome reports from the people themselves to assess the impact on their quality of life, especially for those who were not hospitalised and receiving regular clinical follow-up.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65)[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-ivlev-66)[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35999605-67) Digital technologies, such as [videoconferencing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Videotelephony \"Videotelephony\"), are being implemented between primary care physicians and people with long COVID as part of long-term monitoring.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65)\n\n## Prognosis\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=16 \"Edit section: Prognosis\")\\]\n\nAround two in three with symptoms at four weeks are expected to recover fully by week twelve.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13) However, the prognosis varies by person, and some may find symptoms worsen within the first three months.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8) Recovery after twelve weeks is variable: some people plateau, whilst others see a slow recovery.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13)\n\nThe prognosis also varies by symptom: neurological symptoms may have a delayed onset, and some get worse over time. Symptoms of the gut and lungs are more likely to reduce over time. Pain in muscles and joints seems worse at 2 years than at 1 year after infection. If people meet the diagnostic criteria for [ME\/CFS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ME\/CFS \"ME\/CFS\") or for dysautonomia, their symptoms are likely to be lifelong.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)\n\n## Epidemiology\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=17 \"Edit section: Epidemiology\")\\]\n\n[![Chart called \"Who is Most Likely to Get Long Covid?\" showing that the prevalence of long Covid is somewhat higher in women and middle-aged adults](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/f\/fb\/Statista_long_covid.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Statista_long_covid.jpg)\n\nLong COVID's prevalence varies by age and gender in the United States\n\nEstimates of the [incidence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Incidence_\$epidemiology\$ \"Incidence (epidemiology)\") and [prevalence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prevalence \"Prevalence\") of long COVID vary widely. The estimates depend on the definition of long COVID, the population studied,[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) as well as a number of other methodological differences, such as whether a comparable cohort of individuals without COVID‑19 were included,[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid34037731-68) what kinds of symptoms are considered representative of long COVID,[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid34037731-68) and whether long COVID is assessed through a review of symptoms, through self-report of long COVID status, or some other method.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-www.ons.gov.uk-2024-69)\n\nIn general, estimates of long COVID incidence based on statistically random sampling of the population are much lower than those based on certified infection, which has a tendency to skew towards more serious cases (including over-representation of hospitalized patients). Further, since incidence appears to be correlated with severity of infection, it is lower in vaccinated groups, on reinfection and during the omicron era, meaning that the time when data was recorded is important. For example, the UK's Office for National Statistics reported [\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-www.ons.gov.uk-2023-70) in February 2023 (based on random sampling) that \"2.4% of adults and 0.6% of children and young people reported long COVID following a second COVID‑19 infection\". However, a prospective study by Statistics Canada identified a cumulative incidence of 15% after a first infection, 27% after two infections, and 38% after 3 infections.[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-71)\n\nAn August 2024 review found that the prevalence of long COVID is estimated to be about 6–7% in adults, and about 1% in children.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-:0-10) By the end of 2023, roughly 400 million people had or have had long COVID. This may be a conservative estimate, as it is based on studies counting those with specific long COVID symptoms only, and not counting those who developed long COVID after an asymptomatic infection. While hospitalised people have higher risks of getting long COVID, most long-haulers had a mild infection and were able to recover from the acute infection at home.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-:0-10)\n\nTwo meta-analyses estimated the incidence of long COVID after infection at 43% and 58%. These estimates are controversial, as the primary studies they assessed had sampling and other biases. Furthermore, none of the definitions of long COVID have a minimum severity, so these numbers also include people with a single symptom that does not really affect them much.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Lancet2024-5)\n\nIn the United States in June 2023, 6% of the population indicated having long COVID, as defined as symptoms that last for 3 months or more.[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37561665-72) This percentage had stayed stable since January that year, but was a decrease compared to June 2022.[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37561665-72) Of people who had had a prior COVID infection, 11% indicated having long COVID. A quarter of those reported significant limitation in activity.[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37561665-72) A study by the [Medical Expenditure Panel Survey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_Expenditure_Panel_Survey \"Medical Expenditure Panel Survey\") estimated that nearly 18 million people — had suffered from long COVID as of 2023, building on a study sponsored by the [Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality \"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality\").[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-73)\n\nIn a large population [cohort study](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cohort_study \"Cohort study\") in Scotland, 42% of respondents said they had not fully recovered after 6 to 18 months after catching COVID, and 6% indicated they had not recovered at all. The risk of long COVID was associated with disease severity; people with asymptomatic infection did not have increased risk of long COVID symptoms compared to people who had never been infected. Those that had been hospitalised had 4.6 times higher odds of no recovery compared to nonhospitalised people.[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36224173-74)\n\nLong COVID is less common in children and adolescents than in adults.[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36931142-54) Around 16% of children and adolescents develop long COVID following infection.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37476923-29)\n\n## Society and culture\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=18 \"Edit section: Society and culture\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f7\/LongCovidExhibition.jpg\/250px-LongCovidExhibition.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:LongCovidExhibition.jpg)\n\nA wall of pillows at the [Museum of Vancouver](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Museum_of_Vancouver \"Museum of Vancouver\"), each bearing stories from people with Long COVID\n\n|   |\n|---|\n| Part of [a series](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:COVID-19_pandemic \"Category:COVID-19 pandemic\") on the |\n| [COVID-19 pandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") |\n| [![Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each \"ball\" is an atom.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/94\/Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png\/250px-Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png \"Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each \\\"ball\\\" is an atom.\") Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each \"ball\" is an atom. |\n| [COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") (disease) [SARS-CoV-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2 \"SARS-CoV-2\") (virus) [Cases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_cases \"COVID-19 pandemic cases\") [Deaths](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths \"COVID-19 pandemic deaths\") |\n| [Timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic\") [2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019\") 2020 [January](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020\") [February](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020\") [March](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020\") [April](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020\") [May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020\") [June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020\") [July](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020\") [August](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020\") [September](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020\") [October](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020\") [November](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020\") [December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020\") 2021 [January](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021\") [February](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021\") [March](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021\") [April](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021\") [May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021\") [June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021\") [July](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021\") [August](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021\") [September](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021\") [October](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021\") [November](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021\") [December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021\") 2022 [January](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022\") [February](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022\") [March](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022\") [April](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022\") [May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022\") [June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022\") [July](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022\") [August](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022\") [September](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022\") [October](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022\") [November](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022\") [December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022\") [2023](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2023 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023\") |\n| [Locations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory \"COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory\") [By country and territory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory \"COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory\") [Africa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa \"COVID-19 pandemic in Africa\") [Antarctica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica \"COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica\") [Asia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Asia\") [Europe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe \"COVID-19 pandemic in Europe\") [North America](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America \"COVID-19 pandemic in North America\") [Oceania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania\") [South America](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America \"COVID-19 pandemic in South America\") By conveyance [Cruise ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships \"COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships\") [Naval ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_on_naval_ships \"COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships\") |\n| International response [Endemic phase](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endemic_phase_of_COVID-19 \"Endemic phase of COVID-19\") [Evacuations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Face masks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [International aid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Origin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Origin_of_SARS-CoV-2 \"Origin of SARS-CoV-2\") [Lockdowns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_lockdowns \"COVID-19 lockdowns\") [by country](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_lockdowns_by_country \"COVID-19 lockdowns by country\") [Misinformation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation \"COVID-19 misinformation\") [by governments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments \"COVID-19 misinformation by governments\") [Fake treatments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19 \"List of unproven methods against COVID-19\") [Social distancing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Software](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Use_and_development_of_software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation \"Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation\") [Travel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [United Nations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [World Health Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Health_Organization%27s_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"World Health Organization's response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [WTO IP waiver](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TRIPS_Agreement_waiver \"TRIPS Agreement waiver\") [Undercounting of deaths](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Undercounting_of_COVID-19_pandemic_deaths_by_country \"Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country\") [COVID-19 apps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_apps \"COVID-19 apps\") [Zero-COVID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zero-COVID \"Zero-COVID\") [National responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Africa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa \"National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa\") [China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19 \"Chinese government response to COVID-19\") [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Germany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Ghana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghanaian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Ghanaian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [India](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Irish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Netherlands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dutch_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Dutch government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [New Zealand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Nigeria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nigerian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Russian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Sweden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swedish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Swedish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [government](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [US](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [federal government](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Vietnam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnamese_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Vietnamese government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") |\n| Medical response [Disease testing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_testing \"COVID-19 testing\") [Breathalyzer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronavirus_breathalyzer \"Coronavirus breathalyzer\") [Development](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Development_of_COVID-19_tests \"Development of COVID-19 tests\") [Drug development](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_drug_development \"COVID-19 drug development\") [Drug repurposing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research \"COVID-19 drug repurposing research\") [Public health mitigation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19 \"Public health mitigation of COVID-19\") [Vaccines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine \"COVID-19 vaccine\") [History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development \"History of COVID-19 vaccine development\") [Research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine_clinical_research \"COVID-19 vaccine clinical research\") [VITT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embolic_and_thrombotic_events_after_COVID-19_vaccination \"Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination\") [Deployment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines \"Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines\") [Authorizations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_COVID-19_vaccine_authorizations \"List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations\") [Operation Warp Speed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Warp_Speed \"Operation Warp Speed\") [Misinformation and hesitancy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy \"COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy\") [US](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States\") [Vaccine card](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine_card \"COVID-19 vaccine card\") [Vaccine passports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic\") Current vaccines [CoronaVac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CoronaVac \"CoronaVac\") [Covaxin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Covaxin \"Covaxin\") [Convidecia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convidecia \"Convidecia\") [Janssen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine \"Janssen COVID-19 vaccine\") [Medigen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MVC_COVID-19_vaccine \"MVC COVID-19 vaccine\") [Moderna](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine \"Moderna COVID-19 vaccine\") [Novavax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine \"Novavax COVID-19 vaccine\") [Oxford–AstraZeneca](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine \"Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine\") [Pfizer–BioNTech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine \"Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine\") [Sinopharm BIBP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine \"Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine\") [Sputnik V](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine \"Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine\") |\n| [Variants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 \"Variants of SARS-CoV-2\") [Variants of concern](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_variant_of_concern \"SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern\") [Alpha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant\") [Beta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant\") [Gamma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant\") [Delta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant\") [Omicron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant\") Other variants [Epsilon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Epsilon_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant\") [Zeta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Zeta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant\") [Eta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Eta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant\") [Theta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Theta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant\") [Iota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Iota_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant\") [Kappa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Kappa_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant\") [Lambda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Lambda_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant\") [Mu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Mu_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant\") [Cluster 5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cluster_5 \"Cluster 5\") [Lineage B.1.617](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_lineage_B.1.617 \"SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617\") |\n| [Economic impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") and [recession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_recession \"COVID-19 recession\") [Arts and culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage\") [Aviation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_aviation \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation\") [Cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry\") [Cinema](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema\") [films](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_films_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"List of films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Disney](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Walt_Disney_Company \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Walt Disney Company\") [Fashion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry\") [Financial markets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Food industry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_food_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry\") [Food security](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Journalism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism\") [Music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_music_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry\") [Performing arts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_performing_arts \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts\") [Retail](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail\") [Shipping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021%E2%80%932022_global_supply_chain_crisis#Shipping \"2021–2022 global supply chain crisis\") [Television](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television\") [US](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States\") [sportscasting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_American_sports_broadcasting \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on American sports broadcasting\") [programs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_American_television_series_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"List of American television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Tourism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism\") [Video games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry\") By country [Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada\") [India](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India\") [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland\") [Malaysia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") [New Zealand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia\") [UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom\") [US](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\") [By sport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports\") [Association football](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_association_football \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football\") [Baseball](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_baseball \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on baseball\") [Basketball](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_basketball \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on basketball\") [Combat sports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_combat_sports \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on combat sports\") [Cricket](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cricket \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket\") [Disc golf](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_disc_golf \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disc golf\") [Gaelic games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Gaelic_games \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games\") [Gridiron football](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_gridiron_football \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gridiron football\") [Ice hockey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ice_hockey \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ice hockey\") [Motorsport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_motorsport \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorsport\") [Rugby league](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_rugby_league \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rugby league\") |\n| [Impacts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Long COVID]() [Neurological and psychological symptoms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_COVID-19_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes \"Impact of COVID-19 on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes\") [Post-exertional malaise](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-exertional_malaise \"Post-exertional malaise\") [Society](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") [African diaspora](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_African_diaspora \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the African diaspora\") [Indian migrant workers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Indian_migrant_workers \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indian migrant workers\") [Animals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_and_animals \"COVID-19 pandemic and animals\") [Alzheimer's disease patients](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_COVID-19 \"Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19\") [Crime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_crime \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime\") [Death rates by country](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country \"COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country\") [Disability](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_people_with_disabilities \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities\") [Domestic violence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_domestic_violence \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence\") [Emergency evacuations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emergency_evacuation_procedures_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Emergency evacuation procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education\") [Female](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_female_education \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on female education\") [Environment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment\") [Hospitals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_hospitals \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitals\") [Language](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glossary_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic\") [LGBTQ community](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_LGBTQ_community \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the LGBTQ community\") [Long-term care](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_long-term_care_facilities \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities\") [Media coverage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Mental health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Migration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_migration \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on migration\") [Military](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_military \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military\") [Notable deaths](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19 \"List of deaths due to COVID-19\") [Other health issues](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues\") [Popular culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture \"COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture\") [Protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Pregnancy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_in_pregnancy \"COVID-19 in pregnancy\") [Prisons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_prisons \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons\") [Religion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion\") [Catholic Church](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church\") [Hajj](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj\") [Science and technology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology\") [Social media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media\") [Strikes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strikes_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Suicides](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_suicide_rates \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide rates\") [Telehealth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_telehealth_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the telehealth industry\") [Xenophobia and racism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Politics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Diplomacy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_international_relations \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations\") [Infected leaders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_political_officials_who_have_tested_positive_for_COVID-19 \"List of political officials who have tested positive for COVID-19\") [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland\") [Malaysia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") [New Zealand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia\") [UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom\") [US](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\") |\n| [![virus icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4d\/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg\/20px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:SARS-CoV-2_\$Wikimedia_colors\$.svg) [COVID-19 portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:COVID-19 \"Portal:COVID-19\") |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_sidebar \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic sidebar\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:COVID-19_pandemic_sidebar \"Template talk:COVID-19 pandemic sidebar\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_sidebar \"Special:EditPage\/Template:COVID-19 pandemic sidebar\") |\n\n### Patient community and activism\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=19 \"Edit section: Patient community and activism\")\\]\n\nEarly in the pandemic, official guidance made a distinction between those with mild illness who did not require hospitalisation, and those with severe illness which did require hospitalisation. The typical recovery time for those with mild illness was said to be around two weeks[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid34425522-75) and media attention was mostly focused on those with a severe infection. Patients with long-lasting systems after a mild infection started to describe their symptoms on Twitter and blogs,[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Roth_2022-76) challenging official assumptions.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15)\n\nThe term *long COVID* was reportedly first used in May 2020 as a [hashtag](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hashtag \"Hashtag\") on Twitter by Elisa Perego, an archaeologist at [University College London](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_College_London \"University College London\").[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Perego_2020-14)[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15) A month later, \\#LongCovid became a popular hashtag, alongside hashtags from non-English budding communities (for instance, \\#AprèsJ20 in French, and \\#koronaoire in Finnish).[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15)\n\nExperiences shared online filled a gap in knowledge in how the media talked about the pandemic.[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Roth_2022-76) Via the media, the knowledge reached governments and health officials, making long COVID \"the first illness created through patients finding one another on Twitter\".[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15)\n\nSome people experiencing long COVID have formed community care networks and support groups on social media websites.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35999605-67)[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Witvliet-2020-77) Internationally, there are several long COVID advocacy groups.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65)[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Macnamara-2021-78)[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Patient_Led_Research_Collaborative-79)[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15) Clinical advice on self-management and online healthcare programs are used to support people with long COVID.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35999605-67)\n\nIn 2023, The organization International Long Covid Awareness (ILCA) created **International Long Covid Awareness Day** on 15 March.[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-80)[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-81)[\\[82\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-82)[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-83)\n\nThe [Museum of Vancouver](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Museum_of_Vancouver \"Museum of Vancouver\") began hosting the exhibition \"Living with Long COVID\" in October 2025, which includes stories and photographs from 46 people with the condition in Canada. The exhibition was co-produced with [Simon Fraser University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simon_Fraser_University \"Simon Fraser University\"), and is scheduled to remain in place until March 2026.[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-84)[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-85)\n\n### Stigma in healthcare\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=20 \"Edit section: Stigma in healthcare\")\\]\n\nMany people with long COVID have difficulty accessing appropriate healthcare. The severity of their symptoms may be disbelieved, they may be subject to unsympathetic care, and their symptoms may not be investigated properly or may be falsely attributed to anxiety.[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36795701-86)[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65) People with long COVID may be misdiagnosed with mental disorders. Anxiety and depression questionnaires not designed for people with medical conditions can contribute to this; for example, a questionnaire may assume fatigue is due to depression or that palpitations are due to anxiety, even if explained by another condition like ME\/CFS or POTS.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)\n\n### Work-related impacts\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=21 \"Edit section: Work-related impacts\")\\]\n\nThe impact of long COVID on people's ability to work is large. Estimates vary on how many people are out of work, or work reduced hours because of long COVID. For those with mild or moderate disease, between 12% and 23% had had long periods of absence or remained absent from work at 3 to 7 months. The share of people working adjusted hours or tasks after mild or moderate COVID, was around 8% to 45% after three to eight months.[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Nittas_2022-87) The percentage of people returning to work after hospitalisation was lower.[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Nittas_2022-87) Return to work after hospitalisation differed by country. In China and the US a higher percentage went back to work. In the US this could be partially explained by a lack of [paid sick leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paid_sick_leave \"Paid sick leave\") for some workers.[\\[88\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35938280-88) The [Institute for Fiscal Studies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Institute_for_Fiscal_Studies \"Institute for Fiscal Studies\") studied labour impacts of long COVID in the UK in 2021. They concluded that of people who worked before contracting long COVID, one in ten had stopped working. Most of them were on sick leave rather than unemployed.[\\[89\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Waters-2022-89) It is estimated that reduced working hours and absence from work due to long COVID costs the [UK economy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Economy of the United Kingdom\") £5.7 billion. The equivalent figure for [informal carers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caregiver \"Caregiver\") of people with long COVID is £4.8 billion.[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-90)[\\[91\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-91)\n\n### Economic impacts\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=22 \"Edit section: Economic impacts\")\\]\n\nThe [OECD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OECD \"OECD\") estimates that 3 million people have left the work force due to long COVID in OECD countries. Only counting lost wages, this would amount to an economic loss of US\\$141 billion. When taking into account reduced quality of life as well, yearly economics costs due to long COVID were estimated to be between US\\$864 billion and US\\$1.04 trillion. This does not include health care costs.[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-92) As a share of global [GDP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GDP \"GDP\"), impacts are estimated to be between 0.5% and 2.3%.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-:0-10)\n\nA study estimated that long COVID contributes to global economic cost of about \\$1 trillion a year for the 400 million afflicted.[\\[93\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-93)[\\[94\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-94)\n\n## Research\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=23 \"Edit section: Research\")\\]\n\nSee also: [List of investigational long COVID drugs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_investigational_long_COVID_drugs \"List of investigational long COVID drugs\")\n\nResearch is ongoing in many areas, including developing more accurate diagnostic criteria, refining estimates of its likelihood, identifying risk factors, gathering data for its impact on daily life, discovering which populations face barriers to adequate care, and learning how much protection vaccination provides.[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Post-COVID_Conditions-95)[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-montani-96)\n\nMany [experimental](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Experimental_drug \"Experimental drug\") and [repurposed drugs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_repositioning \"Drug repositioning\") are being investigated as possible treatments for different aspects of long COVID.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)[\\[97\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-buon-97) These include the anti-inflammatory [colchicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colchicine \"Colchicine\"), the anticoagulant [rivaroxaban](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rivaroxaban \"Rivaroxaban\"), the antihistamines [famotidine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Famotidine \"Famotidine\") and [loratadine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loratadine \"Loratadine\"), various immune-modulating drugs, and the experimental [aptamer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aptamer \"Aptamer\") compound [BC-007 (Rovunaptabin)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BC-007 \"BC-007\").[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)\n\nIn 2021, the US [National Institutes of Health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Institutes_of_Health \"National Institutes of Health\") started funding the [RECOVER Initiative](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RECOVER_Initiative \"RECOVER Initiative\"), backed by \\$1.15 billion over four years,[\\[98\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33664445-98) to identify the causes, prevention and treatment of long COVID.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-nih.gov-27) In 2023, the [Office of Long COVID Research and Practice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_of_Long_COVID_Research_and_Practice \"Office of Long COVID Research and Practice\") was created to coordinate research across US government agencies.[\\[99\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Cohrs-2023-99) At the same time, RECOVER announced which clinical trials it will fund: these include a trial of [Paxlovid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nirmatrelvir\/ritonavir \"Nirmatrelvir\/ritonavir\") against potential persistent infection, one for sleep disorder, one for cognitive impairment and one for problems with the [autonomic nervous system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autonomic_nervous_system \"Autonomic nervous system\").[\\[100\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37528203-100)\n\nIn 2023, a survey of over 3,700 people in the UK with long COVID, fatigue was the strongest predictor of poor everyday functioning, with depression and brain fog also being linked. Some 20% of those surveyed reported being unable to work.[\\[101\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-walker-101)[\\[102\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-UK_National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Research-2023-102)\n\nIn 2024, researchers working at UK universities published a commentary on what can be learned from long COVID in order to be better prepared for and recover faster from future pandemics. Some of these considerations include continuing the collection of large-scale data and making it easily accessible, [involving those affected by long COVID in research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patient_and_public_involvement \"Patient and public involvement\"), and focusing on [health inequalities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Health_equity \"Health equity\") affecting recovery and wellbeing.[\\[103\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-103)\n\n## See also\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=24 \"Edit section: See also\")\\]\n\n- [Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes\") – both acute and chronic neurological, psychiatric, olfactory, and mental health conditions\n- [List of people with long COVID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_people_with_long_COVID \"List of people with long COVID\")\n- [Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Multisystem_inflammatory_syndrome_in_children \"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children\") – pediatric comorbidity from COVID-19\n- [Post viral cerebellar ataxia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post_viral_cerebellar_ataxia \"Post viral cerebellar ataxia\") – clumsy movement appearing a few weeks after a viral infection\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=25 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-defnLancet_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-defnLancet_1-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-defnLancet_1-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-defnLancet_1-3)\n   Soriano JB, Murthy S, Marshall JC, Relan P, Diaz JV (April 2022). [\"A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8691845). *The Lancet. Infectious Diseases*. **22** (4): e102–e107. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2022LanID..22.e102S](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2022LanID..22.e102S). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00703-9](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2821%2900703-9). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [8691845](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8691845). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [34951953](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34951953).\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-9) [***k***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-10) [***l***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-11) [***m***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-12) [***n***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-13) [***o***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-14) [***p***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-15)\n   Altmann DM, Whettlock EM, Liu S, Arachchillage DJ, Boyton RJ (July 2023). [\"The immunology of long COVID\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41577-023-00904-7). *Nature Reviews. Immunology*. **23** (10): 618–634\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1038\/s41577-023-00904-7](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41577-023-00904-7). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [37433988](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/37433988). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [259831825](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:259831825).\n3. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-9) [***k***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-10) [***l***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-11) [***m***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-12) [***n***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-13) [***o***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-14) [***p***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-15)\n   Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM, Topol EJ (March 2023). [\"Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9839201). *Nature Reviews. Microbiology*. **21** (3): 133–146\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41579-022-00846-2). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [9839201](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9839201). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [36639608](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/36639608).\n4. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-8)\n   Chen C, Haupert SR, Zimmermann L, Shi X, Fritsche LG, Mukherjee B (November 2022). [\"Global Prevalence of Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9047189). *The Journal of Infectious Diseases*. **226** (9): 1593–1607\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1093\/infdis\/jiac136](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Finfdis%2Fjiac136). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [9047189](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9047189). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [35429399](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/35429399).\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-Lancet2024_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-Lancet2024_5-1)\n   Greenhalgh T, Sivan M, Perlowski A, Nikolich JŽ (2024). [\"Long COVID: a clinical update\"](https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736\$24\$01136-X\/fulltext). *The Lancet*. **404** (10453): 707–724\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01136-X](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2824%2901136-X). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0140-6736](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0140-6736). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [39096925](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39096925).\n6. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-cdc2023_6-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-cdc2023_6-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-cdc2023_6-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-cdc2023_6-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-cdc2023_6-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-cdc2023_6-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-cdc2023_6-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-cdc2023_6-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-cdc2023_6-8)\n   [\"Long COVID or post-COVID conditions\"](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/long-term-effects\/index.html). 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[PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [37286327](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/37286327).\n102. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-UK_National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Research-2023_102-0)**\n     [\"Long COVID: fatigue predicts poor everyday functioning\"](https:\/\/evidence.nihr.ac.uk\/alert\/long-covid-fatigue-predicts-poor-everyday-functioning\/). UK National Institute for Health and Care Research. 23 November 2023. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.3310\/nihrevidence\\_60359](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310%2Fnihrevidence_60359). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231204094828\/https:\/\/evidence.nihr.ac.uk\/alert\/long-covid-fatigue-predicts-poor-everyday-functioning\/) from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.\n103. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-103)**\n     Pinto Pereira SM, Newlands F, Anders J, Banerjee A, Beale S, Blandford A, et al. (23 September 2024). \"Long COVID: what do we know now and what are the challenges ahead?\". *Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine*. **117** (7): 224–228\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1177\/01410768241262661](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F01410768241262661). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0141-0768](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0141-0768). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") 11450562. [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [39311897](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39311897).\n\n## Further reading\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=26 \"Edit section: Further reading\")\\]\n\n### General\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=27 \"Edit section: General\")\\]\n\n- [Long-term effects of coronavirus (long COVID)](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/coronavirus-covid-19\/long-term-effects-of-coronavirus-long-covid\/) at UK [National Health Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Health_Service \"National Health Service\")\n\n### Books\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=28 \"Edit section: Books\")\\]\n\n- Jackson JC (2023). [*Clearing the Fog: From Surviving to Thriving with Long COVID – A Practical Guide*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nVKHEAAAQBAJ). New York: Little, Brown Spark. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-0-316-53009-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-316-53009-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-316-53009-5\")\n  \n  . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\$identifier\$ \"OCLC (identifier)\") [1345215931](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/1345215931).\n\n### Journal articles\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=29 \"Edit section: Journal articles\")\\]\n\n- \"Long COVID: let patients help define long-lasting COVID symptoms\". Editorial. *Nature*. **586** (7828): 170. October 2020. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2020Natur.586..170.](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2020Natur.586..170.). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1038\/d41586-020-02796-2](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fd41586-020-02796-2). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [33029005](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33029005). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [222217022](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:222217022).\n- Alwan NA (August 2020). \"Track COVID-19 sickness, not just positive tests and deaths\". *Nature*. **584** (7820): 170. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1038\/d41586-020-02335-z](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fd41586-020-02335-z). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [32782377](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32782377). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [221107554](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:221107554).\n- Kingstone T, Taylor AK, O'Donnell CA, Atherton H, Blane DN, Chew-Graham CA (December 2020). [\"Finding the 'right' GP: a qualitative study of the experiences of people with long-COVID\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3399%2Fbjgpopen20X101143). *BJGP Open*. **4** (5) bjgpopen20X101143. [Royal College of General Practitioners](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_College_of_General_Practitioners \"Royal College of General Practitioners\"). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.3399\/bjgpopen20X101143](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3399%2Fbjgpopen20X101143). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [7880173](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7880173). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [33051223](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33051223). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [222351478](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:222351478).\n- Salisbury H (June 2020). [\"Helen Salisbury: When will we be well again?\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136%2Fbmj.m2490). *BMJ*. **369** m2490. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1136\/bmj.m2490](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136%2Fbmj.m2490). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [32576550](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32576550). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [219983336](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:219983336).\n- [\"Researching long COVID: addressing a new global health challenge\"](https:\/\/evidence.nihr.ac.uk\/themedreview\/researching-long-covid-addressing-a-new-global-health-challenge\/). *NIHR Evidence* (Plain English summary). 12 May 2022. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.3310\/nihrevidence\\_50331](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310%2Fnihrevidence_50331). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [249942230](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:249942230). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220625085434\/https:\/\/evidence.nihr.ac.uk\/themedreview\/researching-long-covid-addressing-a-new-global-health-challenge\/) from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.\n- The Lancet Infectious Diseases (August 2023). [\"Where are the long COVID trials?\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2823%2900440-1). *The Lancet. Infectious Diseases*. **23** (8): 879. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00440-1](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2823%2900440-1). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [37507151](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/37507151). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [260272959](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:260272959).\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| Classification | [D](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q100732653 \"d:Q100732653\") **[ICD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems \"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems\")\\-[11](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ICD-11 \"ICD-11\")**: [RA02](https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse\/latest-release\/mms\/en#2024855916) **[ICD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems \"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems\")\\-[10](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ICD-10 \"ICD-10\")**: [U09.9](https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse10\/2019\/en#\/U09.9) **[MeSH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_Subject_Headings \"Medical Subject Headings\")**: [D000094024](https:\/\/meshb.nlm.nih.gov\/record\/ui?ui=D000094024) **[SNOMED CT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SNOMED_CT \"SNOMED CT\")**: [1119303003](https:\/\/browser.ihtsdotools.org\/?perspective=full&conceptId1=1119303003&languages=en) |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:COVID-19_pandemic \"Template talk:COVID-19 pandemic\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic \"Special:EditPage\/Template:COVID-19 pandemic\")[COVID-19 pandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| **[COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\")** (disease) **[SARS-CoV-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2 \"SARS-CoV-2\")** (virus) |   |\n| [Timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Pre-pandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pandemic_predictions_and_preparations_prior_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Severe acute respiratory syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS \"SARS\") (SARS) [Middle East respiratory syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MERS \"MERS\") (MERS) [Crimson Contagion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crimson_Contagion \"Crimson Contagion\") [Disease X](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Disease_X \"Disease X\") [Exercise Cygnus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exercise_Cygnus \"Exercise Cygnus\") [2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019\") |\n| 2020 | [January](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020\") [February](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020\") [March](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020\") [April](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020\") [May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020\") [June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020\") [July](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020\") [August](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020\") [September](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020\") [October](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020\") [November](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020\") [December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020\") |\n| 2021 | [January](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021\") [February](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021\") [March](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021\") [April](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021\") [May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021\") [June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021\") [July](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021\") [August](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021\") [September](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021\") [October](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021\") [November](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021\") [December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021\") |\n| 2022 | [January](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022\") [February](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022\") [March](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022\") [April](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022\") [May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022\") [June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022\") [July](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022\") [August](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022\") [September](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022\") [October](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022\") [November](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022\") [December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022\") |\n| 2023 | [Timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2023 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023\") |\n| [Locations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory \"COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Africa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa \"COVID-19 pandemic in Africa\")([national responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa \"National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa\")) |   |\n|   |   |\n| Northern | [Algeria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Algeria \"COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria\") [Canary Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands\") [Ceuta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta\") [Egypt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt \"COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt\") [Libya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Libya \"COVID-19 pandemic in Libya\") [Mauritania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritania\") [Melilla](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla \"COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla\") [Morocco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Morocco \"COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco\") [Sudan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sudan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sudan\") [Tunisia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tunisia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tunisia\") [Western Sahara](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Sahara \"COVID-19 pandemic in Western Sahara\") [Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic\") |\n| Eastern | [Burundi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burundi \"COVID-19 pandemic in Burundi\") [Comoros](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Comoros \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Comoros\") [Djibouti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Djibouti \"COVID-19 pandemic in Djibouti\") [Eritrea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eritrea \"COVID-19 pandemic in Eritrea\") [Ethiopia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ethiopia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia\") [Kenya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kenya \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya\") [Madagascar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madagascar \"COVID-19 pandemic in Madagascar\") [Mauritius](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritius \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritius\") [Mayotte](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte\") [Réunion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union \"COVID-19 pandemic in Réunion\") [Rwanda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rwanda \"COVID-19 pandemic in Rwanda\") [Seychelles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Seychelles \"COVID-19 pandemic in Seychelles\") [Somalia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somalia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Somalia\") [Puntland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puntland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Puntland\") [Somaliland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somaliland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Somaliland\") [South Sudan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Sudan \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Sudan\") [Tanzania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tanzania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania\") [Uganda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uganda \"COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda\") |\n| Southern | [Angola](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Angola \"COVID-19 pandemic in Angola\") [Botswana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Botswana\") [Eswatini](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eswatini \"COVID-19 pandemic in Eswatini\") [Lesotho](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lesotho \"COVID-19 pandemic in Lesotho\") [Malawi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malawi \"COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi\") [Mozambique](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mozambique \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mozambique\") [Namibia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Namibia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Namibia\") [South Africa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa\") [list of deaths](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_COVID-19_deaths_in_South_Africa \"List of COVID-19 deaths in South Africa\") [Zambia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zambia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Zambia\") [Zimbabwe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zimbabwe \"COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe\") |\n| Central | [Cameroon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cameroon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cameroon\") [Central African Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Central_African_Republic \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Central African Republic\") [Chad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chad \"COVID-19 pandemic in Chad\") [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo\") [Republic of the Congo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of the Congo\") [Gabon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gabon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Gabon\") [São Tomé and Príncipe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe \"COVID-19 pandemic in São Tomé and Príncipe\") |\n| Western | [Benin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Benin \"COVID-19 pandemic in Benin\") [Burkina Faso](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burkina_Faso \"COVID-19 pandemic in Burkina Faso\") [Cape Verde](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cape_Verde \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cape Verde\") [Equatorial Guinea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Equatorial_Guinea \"COVID-19 pandemic in Equatorial Guinea\") [Gambia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Gambia \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Gambia\") [Ghana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana\") timeline 2020 [March–July](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_\$March%E2%80%93July_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (March–July 2020)\") [August–December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_\$August%E2%80%93December_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (August–December 2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (2021)\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghanaian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Ghanaian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") impact [education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana\") [Guinea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea\") [Guinea-Bissau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea-Bissau \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea-Bissau\") [Ivory Coast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ivory_Coast \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ivory Coast\") [Liberia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liberia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Liberia\") [Mali](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mali \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mali\") [Niger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niger \"COVID-19 pandemic in Niger\") [Nigeria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nigeria \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nigerian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha\") [Senegal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Senegal \"COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal\") [Sierra Leone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sierra_Leone \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sierra Leone\") [Togo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Togo \"COVID-19 pandemic in Togo\") |\n| [Asia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Asia\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Central\/North | [Kazakhstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan\") [Kyrgyzstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kyrgyzstan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kyrgyzstan\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Russia\") timeline [January–June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\$January%E2%80%93June_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (January–June 2020)\") [July–December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\$July%E2%80%93December_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (July–December 2020)\") impact [economic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia\") [social](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia\") [political](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia\") [Tajikistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tajikistan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tajikistan\") [Turkmenistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkmenistan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Turkmenistan\") [Uzbekistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uzbekistan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Uzbekistan\") |\n| East |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong \"COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong\") [Japan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Japan\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan\") [Tokyo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokyo \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tokyo\") [2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_and_2020_Summer_Paralympics \"COVID-19 cases at the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics\") [North Korea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Korea \"COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea\") [South Korea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Korea \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea\") [Macau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Macau \"COVID-19 pandemic in Macau\") [Mongolia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mongolia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mongolia\") [Taiwan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Taiwan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan\") [respirator diplomacy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan \"Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan\") |   |\n| [Mainland China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China \"COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China\") | [lockdown](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_lockdown_in_China \"COVID-19 lockdown in China\") [detail](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns_in_mainland_China \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in mainland China\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China \"COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China\") [Beijing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Beijing \"COVID-19 pandemic in Beijing\") [2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_and_2022_Winter_Paralympics \"COVID-19 cases at the 2022 Winter Olympics and 2022 Winter Paralympics\") [Heilongjiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Heilongjiang \"COVID-19 pandemic in Heilongjiang\") [Henan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Henan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Henan\") [Hubei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hubei \"COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei\") [Inner Mongolia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Inner_Mongolia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Inner Mongolia\") [Liaoning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liaoning \"COVID-19 pandemic in Liaoning\") [Shanghai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Shanghai \"COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai\") [2022 outbreak](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2022_Shanghai_COVID-19_outbreak \"2022 Shanghai COVID-19 outbreak\") [Sichuan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sichuan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sichuan\") [Tibet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tibet \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tibet\") [Xinjiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Xinjiang \"COVID-19 pandemic in Xinjiang\") |\n| [South](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Asia \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Afghanistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Afghanistan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Afghanistan\") [Bangladesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh\") [Bhutan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bhutan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bhutan\") [Maldives](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maldives \"COVID-19 pandemic in Maldives\") [Nepal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal\") [Pakistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pakistan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan\") [Tablighi Jamaat hotspot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Pakistan \"2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Pakistan\") [Sri Lanka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sri_Lanka \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka\") |   |\n| [India](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India \"COVID-19 pandemic in India\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [economic impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India\") [lockdown](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_lockdown_in_India \"COVID-19 lockdown in India\") [migrant workers' crisis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in India\") timeline 2020 [January–May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_\$January%E2%80%93May_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (January–May 2020)\") [June–December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_\$June%E2%80%93December_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (June–December 2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (2021)\") [union government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [PM CARES Fund](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PM_CARES_Fund \"PM CARES Fund\") [state government responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_state_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Indian state government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India \"COVID-19 vaccination in India\") [Vaccine Maitri](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaccine_Maitri \"Vaccine Maitri\") |   |\n| By location | [Andaman and Nicobar Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands\") [Andhra Pradesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andhra_Pradesh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Andhra Pradesh\") [Arunachal Pradesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arunachal_Pradesh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Arunachal Pradesh\") [Assam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Assam \"COVID-19 pandemic in Assam\") [Bihar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bihar \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bihar\") [Chandigarh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chandigarh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Chandigarh\") [Chhattisgarh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chhattisgarh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Chhattisgarh\") [Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu \"COVID-19 pandemic in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu\") [Delhi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delhi \"COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi\") [Tablighi Jamaat hotspot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Delhi \"2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Delhi\") [Goa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Goa \"COVID-19 pandemic in Goa\") [Gujarat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gujarat \"COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat\") [Haryana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haryana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Haryana\") [Himachal Pradesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Himachal_Pradesh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Himachal Pradesh\") [Jammu and Kashmir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir \"COVID-19 pandemic in Jammu and Kashmir\") [Jharkhand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jharkhand \"COVID-19 pandemic in Jharkhand\") [Karnataka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Karnataka \"COVID-19 pandemic in Karnataka\") [Kerala](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala\") [Ladakh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ladakh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ladakh\") [Lakshadweep](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lakshadweep \"COVID-19 pandemic in Lakshadweep\") [Madhya Pradesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madhya_Pradesh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Madhya Pradesh\") [Maharashtra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maharashtra \"COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra\") [Manipur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manipur \"COVID-19 pandemic in Manipur\") [Meghalaya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Meghalaya \"COVID-19 pandemic in Meghalaya\") [Mizoram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mizoram \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mizoram\") [Nagaland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nagaland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nagaland\") [Odisha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Odisha \"COVID-19 pandemic in Odisha\") [Puducherry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puducherry \"COVID-19 pandemic in Puducherry\") [Punjab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Punjab,_India \"COVID-19 pandemic in Punjab, India\") [Rajasthan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rajasthan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Rajasthan\") [Sikkim](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sikkim \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sikkim\") [Tamil Nadu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tamil_Nadu \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu\") [Telangana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Telangana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Telangana\") [Tripura](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tripura \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tripura\") [Uttar Pradesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttar_Pradesh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Uttar Pradesh\") [Uttarakhand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttarakhand \"COVID-19 pandemic in Uttarakhand\") [West Bengal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Bengal \"COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal\") |\n| [Southeast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Southeast_Asia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Asia\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Brunei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brunei \"COVID-19 pandemic in Brunei\") [Cambodia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cambodia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia\") [Indonesia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia\") timeline [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia (2021)\") [social restrictions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indonesia_large-scale_social_restrictions \"Indonesia large-scale social restrictions\") [Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Community_Activities_Restrictions_Enforcement \"Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement\") [Laos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Laos \"COVID-19 pandemic in Laos\") [Myanmar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Myanmar \"COVID-19 pandemic in Myanmar\") [Singapore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore \"COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2022)\") [circuit breaker response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020%E2%80%9321_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures \"2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore \"COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore\") [Thailand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand \"COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand \"COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand\") [Timor-Leste](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Timor-Leste \"COVID-19 pandemic in Timor-Leste\") [Vietnam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam \"COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnamese_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Vietnamese government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n| [Malaysia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") | impact [social](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") [economic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") [political](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia\") [Aid and relief efforts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aid_and_relief_efforts_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"Aid and relief efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") [movement control order](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malaysian_movement_control_order \"Malaysian movement control order\") [Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Malaysia \"2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Malaysia\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2022)\") [2023](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\$2023\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2023)\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") [Johor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Johor \"COVID-19 pandemic in Johor\") [Kuala Lumpur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuala_Lumpur \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kuala Lumpur\") [Sabah](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sabah \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sabah\") [Sarawak](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sarawak \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sarawak\") [Selangor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Selangor \"COVID-19 pandemic in Selangor\") |\n| [Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines\") | timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2022)\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [community quarantines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_community_quarantines_in_the_Philippines \"COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines\") [Luzon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enhanced_community_quarantine_in_Luzon \"Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon\") [evacuations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evacuations_by_the_Philippines_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Evacuations by the Philippines related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines \"COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines\") [Bangsamoro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangsamoro \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bangsamoro\") [Bicol Region](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bicol_Region \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Bicol Region\") [Cagayan Valley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cagayan_Valley \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cagayan Valley\") [Calabarzon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Calabarzon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Calabarzon\") [Caraga](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Caraga \"COVID-19 pandemic in Caraga\") [Central Luzon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Luzon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Central Luzon\") [Central Visayas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Visayas \"COVID-19 pandemic in Central Visayas\") [Cordillera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cordillera_Administrative_Region \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Cordillera Administrative Region\") [Davao Region](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Davao_Region \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Davao Region\") [Eastern Visayas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eastern_Visayas \"COVID-19 pandemic in Eastern Visayas\") [Ilocos Region](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Ilocos_Region \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Ilocos Region\") [Metro Manila](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Metro_Manila \"COVID-19 pandemic in Metro Manila\") [Mimaropa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mimaropa \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mimaropa\") [Northern Mindanao](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Mindanao \"COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Mindanao\") [Soccsksargen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Soccsksargen \"COVID-19 pandemic in Soccsksargen\") [Western Visayas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Visayas \"COVID-19 pandemic in Western Visayas\") [Zamboanga Peninsula](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zamboanga_Peninsula \"COVID-19 pandemic in Zamboanga Peninsula\") [Overseas Filipinos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Overseas_Filipinos_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Overseas Filipinos during the COVID-19 pandemic\") |\n| West | [Armenia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Armenia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Armenia\") [Azerbaijan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Azerbaijan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Azerbaijan\") [Artsakh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Artsakh \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Artsakh\") [Bahrain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bahrain \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bahrain\") [Cyprus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus\") [Northern Cyprus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus \"COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus\") [Egypt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt \"COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt\") [Georgia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_\$country\$ \"COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (country)\") [Abkhazia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Abkhazia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Abkhazia\") [South Ossetia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Ossetia \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Ossetia\") [Iran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran \"COVID-19 pandemic in Iran\") [Iraq](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iraq \"COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq\") [Kurdistan Region](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Kurdistan_Region \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Kurdistan Region\") [Israel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Israel \"COVID-19 pandemic in Israel\") [Jordan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jordan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan\") [Kuwait](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuwait \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait\") [Lebanon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lebanon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon\") [Oman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oman \"COVID-19 pandemic in Oman\") [Palestine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_State_of_Palestine \"COVID-19 pandemic in the State of Palestine\") [Qatar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Qatar \"COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar\") [Saudi Arabia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saudi_Arabia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_programme_in_Saudi_Arabia \"COVID-19 vaccination programme in Saudi Arabia\") [Syria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria \"COVID-19 pandemic in Syria\") [Turkey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey \"COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey\") [United Arab Emirates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates\") [Yemen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yemen \"COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen\") |\n| [Europe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe \"COVID-19 pandemic in Europe\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom \"History of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom\") timeline [January–June 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\$January%E2%80%93June_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2020)\") [July–December 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\$July%E2%80%93December_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2020)\") [January–June 2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\$January%E2%80%93June_2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2021)\") [July–December 2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\$July%E2%80%93December_2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2021)\") [January–June 2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\$January%E2%80%93June_2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2022)\") [July–December 2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\$July%E2%80%93December_2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2022)\") [2023](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\$2023\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (2023)\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Broadshare \"Operation Broadshare\") [Operation Rescript](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Rescript \"Operation Rescript\") [contracts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Controversies_regarding_COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Controversies regarding COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom\") impact [social](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom\") [economic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom\") [education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom\") |   |\n| By location | [England](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_England \"COVID-19 pandemic in England\") timeline 2020 [January–June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\$January%E2%80%93June_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (January–June 2020)\") [July–December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\$July%E2%80%93December_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (July–December 2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2022)\") [London](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_London \"COVID-19 pandemic in London\") [local lockdown regulations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_local_lockdown_regulations_in_England \"COVID-19 local lockdown regulations in England\") [first tier regulations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_COVID-19_tier_regulations_in_England \"First COVID-19 tier regulations in England\") [Northern Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2022)\") [Scotland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2022)\") [Wales](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales \"COVID-19 pandemic in Wales\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)\") [Crown Dependencies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Crown_Dependencies \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Crown Dependencies\") [Isle of Man](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Isle_of_Man \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Isle of Man\") [Jersey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jersey \"COVID-19 pandemic in Jersey\") [Guernsey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guernsey \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guernsey\") [Overseas territories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories \"COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories\") [Akrotiri and Dhekelia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Akrotiri and Dhekelia\") [British Indian Ocean Territory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory \"COVID-19 pandemic in the British Indian Ocean Territory\") [Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gibraltar \"COVID-19 pandemic in Gibraltar\") |\n| Eastern | [Belarus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus \"COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2022)\") [Kazakhstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan\") [Moldova](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Moldova \"COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova\") [Gagauzia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gagauzia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Gagauzia\") [Transnistria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Transnistria \"COVID-19 pandemic in Transnistria\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Russia\") timeline [January–June 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\$January%E2%80%93June_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (January–June 2020)\") [July–December 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\$July%E2%80%93December_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (July–December 2020)\") [government responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Russian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [political impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia\") [Turkey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey \"COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey\") [Ukraine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine\") [Crimea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Crimea \"COVID-19 pandemic in Crimea\") [Sevastopol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sevastopol \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sevastopol\") |\n| Western Balkans | [Albania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Albania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Albania\") [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina\") [Kosovo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kosovo \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kosovo\") [Montenegro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montenegro \"COVID-19 pandemic in Montenegro\") [North Macedonia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Macedonia \"COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia\") [Serbia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia\") |\n| [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Austria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austria \"COVID-19 pandemic in Austria\") [Belgium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium \"COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium\") [Bulgaria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria\") [Croatia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia\") [Cyprus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus\") [Northern Cyprus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus \"COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus\") [Czech Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Czech_Republic \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic\") [Denmark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Denmark \"COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark\") [Faroe Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Faroe_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Faroe Islands\") [Estonia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Estonia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia\") [Finland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Finland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Finland\") [Åland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_%C3%85land \"COVID-19 pandemic in Åland\") [France](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France \"COVID-19 pandemic in France\") [Guadeloupe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe\") [French Guiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana \"COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana\") [Réunion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union \"COVID-19 pandemic in Réunion\") [Martinique](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique \"COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique\") [Mayotte](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte\") [Normandy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Normandy \"COVID-19 pandemic in Normandy\") [Saint Martin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin\") [Germany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany \"COVID-19 pandemic in Germany\") [North Rhine-Westphalia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Rhine-Westphalia \"COVID-19 pandemic in North Rhine-Westphalia\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Greece](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greece \"COVID-19 pandemic in Greece\") [Hungary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hungary \"COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary\") [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2022)\") [economic impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland\") [social impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland\") [Italy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy \"COVID-19 pandemic in Italy\") [lockdowns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_lockdowns_in_Italy \"COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy\") [Latvia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Latvia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia\") [Lithuania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lithuania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Lithuania\") [Luxembourg](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Luxembourg \"COVID-19 pandemic in Luxembourg\") [Malta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malta \"COVID-19 pandemic in Malta\") [Netherlands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dutch_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Dutch government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Poland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Poland\") [Portugal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal \"COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal\") [Romania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Romania\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania\") [Slovakia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovakia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia\") [Slovenia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovenia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia\") [Spain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain \"COVID-19 pandemic in Spain\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain\") [Asturias](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asturias \"COVID-19 pandemic in Asturias\") [Canary Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands\") [Ceuta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta\") [Community of Madrid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Community_of_Madrid \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Community of Madrid\") [Melilla](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla \"COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla\") [Sweden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sweden \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swedish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Swedish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Operation Gloria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Gloria \"Operation Gloria\") |\n| EFTA countries | [Iceland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iceland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland\") [Liechtenstein](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liechtenstein \"COVID-19 pandemic in Liechtenstein\") [Norway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norway \"COVID-19 pandemic in Norway\") [Svalbard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Svalbard \"COVID-19 pandemic in Svalbard\") [Switzerland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Switzerland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland\") |\n| Microstates | [Andorra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andorra \"COVID-19 pandemic in Andorra\") [Monaco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Monaco \"COVID-19 pandemic in Monaco\") [San Marino](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_San_Marino \"COVID-19 pandemic in San Marino\") [Vatican City](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City \"COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City\") |\n| [North America](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America \"COVID-19 pandemic in North America\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Atlantic | [Bermuda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bermuda \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bermuda\") [Greenland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greenland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Greenland\") [Saint Pierre and Miquelon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Pierre and Miquelon\") |\n| Canada | [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada\") [economic impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada\") [federal aid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_aid_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada \"Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada \"COVID-19 vaccination in Canada\") [military response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Laser \"Operation Laser\") [Atlantic Bubble](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlantic_Bubble \"Atlantic Bubble\") [Alberta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta \"COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta\") [British Columbia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_British_Columbia \"COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia\") [Manitoba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manitoba \"COVID-19 pandemic in Manitoba\") [New Brunswick](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Brunswick \"COVID-19 pandemic in New Brunswick\") [Newfoundland and Labrador](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"COVID-19 pandemic in Newfoundland and Labrador\") [Northwest Territories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northwest_Territories \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Northwest Territories\") [Nova Scotia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nova_Scotia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nova Scotia\") [Nunavut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nunavut \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nunavut\") [Ontario](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2022)\") [Ottawa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ottawa \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ottawa\") [Peel Region](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_Peel \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of Peel\") [Toronto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Toronto \"COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto\") [York Region](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_York \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of York\") [Provincial government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Provincial_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario \"Provincial government response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario\") [Vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario \"COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario\") [Prince Edward Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Prince_Edward_Island \"COVID-19 pandemic in Prince Edward Island\") [Quebec](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Quebec \"COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec\") [Montreal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montreal \"COVID-19 pandemic in Montreal\") [boroughs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boroughs_of_Montreal_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Boroughs of Montreal during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Saskatchewan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan\") [Yukon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yukon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Yukon\") |\n| Caribbean |   |\n|   |   |\n| Countries | [Antigua and Barbuda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda \"COVID-19 pandemic in Antigua and Barbuda\") [Bahamas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bahamas \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Bahamas\") [Barbados](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Barbados \"COVID-19 pandemic in Barbados\") [Cuba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cuba \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba\") [Guantanamo Bay Naval Base](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base\") [Dominica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dominica \"COVID-19 pandemic in Dominica\") [Dominican Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Dominican_Republic \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Dominican Republic\") [Grenada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Grenada \"COVID-19 pandemic in Grenada\") [Haiti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haiti \"COVID-19 pandemic in Haiti\") [Jamaica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jamaica \"COVID-19 pandemic in Jamaica\") [Saint Kitts and Nevis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Kitts and Nevis\") [Saint Lucia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Lucia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Lucia\") [Saint Vincent and the Grenadines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\") [Trinidad and Tobago](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago \"COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago\") |\n| [British Overseas Territories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories \"COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories\") | [Anguilla](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Anguilla \"COVID-19 pandemic in Anguilla\") [British Virgin Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the British Virgin Islands\") [Cayman Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cayman_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Cayman Islands\") [Montserrat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montserrat \"COVID-19 pandemic in Montserrat\") [Turks and Caicos Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Turks and Caicos Islands\") [response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Broadshare \"Operation Broadshare\") |\n|   |   |\n| [Aruba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Aruba \"COVID-19 pandemic in Aruba\") [Curaçao](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cura%C3%A7ao \"COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao\") [Sint Maarten](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Maarten \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Maarten\") |   |\n| Caribbean Netherlands | [Bonaire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bonaire \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bonaire\") [Saba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saba \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saba\") [Sint Eustatius](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Eustatius \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Eustatius\") |\n| French West Indies | [Guadeloupe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe\") [Martinique](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique \"COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique\") [Saint Barthélemy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Barthélemy\") [Saint Martin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin\") |\n| US insular areas | [Puerto Rico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico \"COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico\") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands\") |\n| Central America | [Belize](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belize \"COVID-19 pandemic in Belize\") [Costa Rica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Costa_Rica \"COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica\") [El Salvador](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_El_Salvador \"COVID-19 pandemic in El Salvador\") [Guatemala](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guatemala \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guatemala\") [Honduras](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Honduras \"COVID-19 pandemic in Honduras\") [Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico \"COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico\") [Nicaragua](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nicaragua \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nicaragua\") [Panama](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Panama \"COVID-19 pandemic in Panama\") |\n| [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Trump administration communication](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2021)\") [social impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\") [economic impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\") [2021 hospital crisis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_hospital_crisis_in_the_U.S._from_COVID-19 \"2021 hospital crisis in the U.S. from COVID-19\") |   |\n| [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [federal government](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [state and local governments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._state_and_local_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [California government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"California government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [New York government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_state_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"New York state government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Texas government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Texas_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Texas government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Eastern States Multi-state Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eastern_States_Multi-state_Council \"Eastern States Multi-state Council\") [Midwest Governors Regional Pact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Midwest_Governors_Regional_Pact \"Midwest Governors Regional Pact\") [Western States Pact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_States_Pact \"Western States Pact\") |\n| By location | [Alabama](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alabama \"COVID-19 pandemic in Alabama\") [Alaska](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alaska \"COVID-19 pandemic in Alaska\") [American Samoa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa \"COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa\") [Arizona](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arizona \"COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona\") [Navajo Nation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Navajo_Nation \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Navajo Nation\") [Arkansas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arkansas \"COVID-19 pandemic in Arkansas\") [California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_California \"COVID-19 pandemic in California\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_California \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in California\") [S.F. Bay Area](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area \"COVID-19 pandemic in the San Francisco Bay Area\") [Colorado](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colorado \"COVID-19 pandemic in Colorado\") [Connecticut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Connecticut \"COVID-19 pandemic in Connecticut\") [Delaware](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delaware \"COVID-19 pandemic in Delaware\") [Florida](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Florida \"COVID-19 pandemic in Florida\") [Georgia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_\$U.S._state\$ \"COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (U.S. state)\") [Guam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guam\") [Hawaii](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii \"COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii\") [Idaho](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Idaho \"COVID-19 pandemic in Idaho\") [Illinois](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Illinois \"COVID-19 pandemic in Illinois\") [Indiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indiana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Indiana\") [Iowa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iowa \"COVID-19 pandemic in Iowa\") [Kansas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kansas \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kansas\") [Kentucky](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kentucky \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kentucky\") [Louisiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Louisiana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Louisiana\") [Maine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maine \"COVID-19 pandemic in Maine\") [Maryland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland\") [Massachusetts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts \"COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts\") [Boston](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston \"COVID-19 pandemic in Boston\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Boston\") [Michigan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Michigan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan\") [Minnesota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Minnesota \"COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota\") [Mississippi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mississippi \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mississippi\") [Missouri](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Missouri \"COVID-19 pandemic in Missouri\") [Montana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Montana\") [Nebraska](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nebraska \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nebraska\") [Nevada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada\") [New Hampshire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Hampshire \"COVID-19 pandemic in New Hampshire\") [New Jersey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Jersey \"COVID-19 pandemic in New Jersey\") [New Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Mexico \"COVID-19 pandemic in New Mexico\") [New York](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_\$state\$ \"COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)\") [New York City](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City \"COVID-19 pandemic in New York City\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City\") [North Carolina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Carolina \"COVID-19 pandemic in North Carolina\") [North Dakota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Dakota \"COVID-19 pandemic in North Dakota\") [Northern Mariana Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands\") [Ohio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ohio \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ohio\") [Columbus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Columbus,_Ohio \"COVID-19 pandemic in Columbus, Ohio\") [Oklahoma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oklahoma \"COVID-19 pandemic in Oklahoma\") [Oregon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oregon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Oregon\") [Portland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portland,_Oregon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Portland, Oregon\") [Pennsylvania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pennsylvania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania\") [Philadelphia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Philadelphia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Philadelphia\") [Puerto Rico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico \"COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico\") [Rhode Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rhode_Island \"COVID-19 pandemic in Rhode Island\") [South Carolina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Carolina \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Carolina\") [South Dakota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Dakota \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Dakota\") [Tennessee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tennessee \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee\") [Texas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas \"COVID-19 pandemic in Texas\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas\") [Austin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austin,_Texas \"COVID-19 pandemic in Austin, Texas\") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands\") [Utah](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Utah \"COVID-19 pandemic in Utah\") [Vermont](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vermont \"COVID-19 pandemic in Vermont\") [Virginia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Virginia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Virginia\") [Washington](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington_\$state\$ \"COVID-19 pandemic in Washington (state)\") [Washington, D.C.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington,_D.C. \"COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C.\") [White House](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak \"White House COVID-19 outbreak\") [West Virginia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Virginia \"COVID-19 pandemic in West Virginia\") [Wisconsin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wisconsin \"COVID-19 pandemic in Wisconsin\") [Wyoming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wyoming \"COVID-19 pandemic in Wyoming\") |\n| [Oceania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [American Samoa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa \"COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa\") [Cook Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cook_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Cook Islands\") [Easter Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island \"COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island\") [Federated States of Micronesia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Federated States of Micronesia\") [Fiji](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Fiji \"COVID-19 pandemic in Fiji\") [French Polynesia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Polynesia \"COVID-19 pandemic in French Polynesia\") [Guam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guam\") [Hawaii](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii \"COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii\") [Kiribati](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kiribati \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kiribati\") [Marshall Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Marshall_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Marshall Islands\") [Nauru](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nauru \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nauru\") [New Caledonia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Caledonia \"COVID-19 pandemic in New Caledonia\") [Niue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niue \"COVID-19 pandemic in Niue\") [Northern Mariana Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands\") [Palau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Palau \"COVID-19 pandemic in Palau\") [Papua New Guinea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Papua_New_Guinea \"COVID-19 pandemic in Papua New Guinea\") [Bougainville](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville\") [Pitcairn Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Pitcairn Islands\") [Samoa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Samoa \"COVID-19 pandemic in Samoa\") [Solomon Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Solomon_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Solomon Islands\") [Tokelau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokelau \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tokelau\") [Tonga](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tonga \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tonga\") [Tuvalu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tuvalu \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tuvalu\") [Vanuatu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vanuatu \"COVID-19 pandemic in Vanuatu\") [Wallis and Futuna](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wallis_and_Futuna \"COVID-19 pandemic in Wallis and Futuna\") |   |\n| [Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Australia\") | timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2020)\") 2021 [January–June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\$January%E2%80%93June_2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (January–June 2021)\") [July–December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\$July%E2%80%93December_2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (July–December 2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2022)\") [Australian Capital Territory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Australian Capital Territory\") [Christmas Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Christmas_Island \"COVID-19 pandemic in Christmas Island\") [Cocos (Keeling) Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cocos_\$Keeling\$_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands\") [New South Wales](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_South_Wales \"COVID-19 pandemic in New South Wales\") [Norfolk Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norfolk_Island \"COVID-19 pandemic in Norfolk Island\") [Northern Territory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Territory \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Territory\") [Queensland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Queensland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Queensland\") [South Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Australia \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Australia\") [Tasmania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tasmania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tasmania\") [Victoria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Victoria \"COVID-19 pandemic in Victoria\") [Western Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Australia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Western Australia\") |\n| [New Zealand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand \"COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand\") | timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2022)\") [2023](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\$2023\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2023)\") [economic impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Alert levels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_alert_levels_in_New_Zealand \"COVID-19 alert levels in New Zealand\") [Traffic light system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Protection_Framework \"COVID-19 Protection Framework\") [social impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand\") [managed isolation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_managed_isolation_in_New_Zealand \"COVID-19 managed isolation in New Zealand\") |\n| [South America](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America \"COVID-19 pandemic in South America\") | [Argentina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina \"COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina\") [human rights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina\") [Bolivia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bolivia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bolivia\") [Brazil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil \"COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil\") [São Paulo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_\$state\$ \"COVID-19 pandemic in São Paulo (state)\") [Chile](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile \"COVID-19 pandemic in Chile\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile\") [Easter Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island \"COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island\") [Colombia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia\") [Ecuador](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ecuador \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador\") [Falkland Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Falkland_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Falkland Islands\") [French Guiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana \"COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana\") [Guyana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guyana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guyana\") [Paraguay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Paraguay \"COVID-19 pandemic in Paraguay\") [Peru](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru \"COVID-19 pandemic in Peru\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru\") [Cusco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cusco \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cusco\") [Suriname](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Suriname \"COVID-19 pandemic in Suriname\") [Uruguay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uruguay \"COVID-19 pandemic in Uruguay\") [Venezuela](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela \"COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela\") |\n| Others | [Antarctica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica \"COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica\") [Cruise ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships \"COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships\") [*Diamond Princess*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Diamond_Princess \"COVID-19 pandemic on Diamond Princess\") [*Grand Princess*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Grand_Princess \"COVID-19 pandemic on Grand Princess\") [Naval ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_on_naval_ships \"COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships\") [*Charles de Gaulle*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Charles_de_Gaulle \"COVID-19 pandemic on Charles de Gaulle\") [USS *Theodore Roosevelt*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_on_USS_Theodore_Roosevelt \"COVID-19 pandemic on USS Theodore Roosevelt\") |\n| [Impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Culture and  entertainment |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Arts and cultural heritage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage\") | [References in popular culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture \"COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture\") [Cinema](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema\") [films affected](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_films_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"List of films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Corona-chan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corona-chan \"Corona-chan\") [Disney](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Walt_Disney_Company \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Walt Disney Company\") [Fashion industry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry\") [Music industry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_music_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry\") [Performing arts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_performing_arts \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts\") [Television](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television\") [U.S.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States\") [U.S. sports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_American_sports_broadcasting \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on American sports broadcasting\") [programs affected](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_American_television_series_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"List of American television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Video games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry\") |\n| [Education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Female education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_female_education \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on female education\") [Homeschooling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homeschooling_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n| By country | [Ghana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana\") [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the Republic of Ireland\") [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom\") [exam grading controversy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_United_Kingdom_school_exam_grading_controversy \"2020 United Kingdom school exam grading controversy\") [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_States \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United States\") |\n| [Sports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Bio-secure bubble](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bio-secure_bubble \"Bio-secure bubble\") |   |\n| By country | [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports in the Republic of Ireland\") [Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Philippine_sports \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Philippine sports\") |\n| By sport | [Association football](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_association_football \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football\") [Baseball](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_baseball \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on baseball\") [Basketball](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_basketball \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on basketball\") [NBA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suspension_of_the_2019%E2%80%9320_NBA_season \"Suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season\") [Combat sports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_combat_sports \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on combat sports\") [Cricket](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cricket \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket\") [Disc golf](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_disc_golf \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disc golf\") [Gaelic games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Gaelic_games \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games\") [Gridirion football (NCAAF, NFL, and CFL)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_gridiron_football \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gridiron football\") [Ice hockey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ice_hockey \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ice hockey\") [Motorsport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_motorsport \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorsport\") [Rugby league](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_rugby_league \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rugby league\") |\n| Society  and rights |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Social impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Social media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media\") [Stigma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_stigma_associated_with_COVID-19 \"Social stigma associated with COVID-19\") [Children](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_children \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children\") [foster care in the U.S.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_foster_care_in_the_United_States \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on foster care in the United States\") [Pandemic baking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pandemic_baking \"Pandemic baking\") |\n| Labor | [Healthcare workers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_healthcare_workers \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers\") [Indian migrant workers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Great Resignation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Resignation \"Great Resignation\") [Strikes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strikes_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic\") |\n| [Human rights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_rights_issues_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Human rights issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Argentina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina\") [Myanmar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"2021 Myanmar coup d'état\") |\n| Legal | [Abortion in the U.S.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_abortion_in_the_United_States \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on abortion in the United States\") [Crime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_crime \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime\") [Domestic violence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_domestic_violence \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence\") [Prisons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_prisons \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons\") [U.S. immigration detention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_U.S._immigration_detention \"COVID-19 pandemic in U.S. immigration detention\") |\n| Minority | [Gender](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gendered_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") [LGBT community](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_LGBT_community \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the LGBT community\") [African communities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities\") [Indian migrant workers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Indian_migrant_workers \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indian migrant workers\") [Disability community](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_people_with_disabilities \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities\") [Native American communities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Native_American_tribes_and_tribal_communities \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Native American tribes and tribal communities\") [Xenophobia and racism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") |\n| [Religion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion\") | [Catholic Church](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church\") [Hajj](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj\") |\n| [Economic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Charitable activity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charitable_activities_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Charitable activities related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [COVID-19 scams](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_scams \"COVID-19 scams\") [Travel restrictions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n| By country | [Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada\") [India](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India\") [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland\") [COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Pandemic_Unemployment_Payment \"COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment\") [Malaysia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") [New Zealand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia\") [U.K.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom\") [U.S.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\") |\n| By industry | [Aviation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_commercial_air_transport \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on commercial air transport\") [Airlines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_airlines_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"List of airlines impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Cannabis industry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry\") [Food industry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_food_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry\") [meat industry in Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_Canada \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in Canada\") [meat industry in the U.S.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_the_United_States \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in the United States\") [restaurant industry in the U.S.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_restaurant_industry_in_the_United_States \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the restaurant industry in the United States\") [Hospitals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_hospitals \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitals\") [ICU capacity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ICU_capacity \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ICU capacity\") [Long-term care facilities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_long-term_care_facilities \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities\") [Mink farming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cluster_5 \"Cluster 5\") [Public transport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_public_transport \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport\") [Retail](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail\") [Tourism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism\") |\n| Supply and trade | [Shortages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Chip supply](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020%E2%80%932023_global_chip_shortage \"2020–2023 global chip shortage\") [Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021%E2%80%932023_global_energy_crisis \"2021–2023 global energy crisis\") [Global supply chain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021%E2%80%932023_global_supply_chain_crisis \"2021–2023 global supply chain crisis\") [Oil price war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war \"2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war\") [Food security](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic\") |\n| [Financial markets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Global stock market crash](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_stock_market_crash \"2020 stock market crash\") [COVID-19 recession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_recession \"COVID-19 recession\") [Inflation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021%E2%80%932022_inflation_surge \"2021–2022 inflation surge\") |\n| Information |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Journalism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism\") [Media coverage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Wikipedia's response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n| [Misinformation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation \"COVID-19 misinformation\") | [Governments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments \"COVID-19 misinformation by governments\") [China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China \"COVID-19 misinformation by China\") [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States \"COVID-19 misinformation by the United States\") By country [Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada \"COVID-19 misinformation in Canada\") [Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines \"COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines\") [Ivermectin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic\") *[Plandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plandemic \"Plandemic\")* |\n| [Politics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [National responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Legislation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_COVID-19_pandemic_legislation \"List of COVID-19 pandemic legislation\") [List of political officials who have tested positive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_political_officials_who_have_tested_positive_for_COVID-19 \"List of political officials who have tested positive for COVID-19\") [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n| [Political impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in the Republic of Ireland\") [Malaysia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia\") |\n| [Protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Abkhazia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Abkhazia_unrest \"2021 Abkhazia unrest\") [Argentina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/17A \"17A\") [Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_Australia \"COVID-19 protests in Australia\") [Convoy to Canberra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convoy_to_Canberra \"Convoy to Canberra\") [Azerbaijan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_Azerbaijani_protests \"2020 Azerbaijani protests\") [Belarus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests \"2020–2021 Belarusian protests\") [Belgium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2022_Brussels_protests \"2022 Brussels protests\") [2020 protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_Brazilian_protests \"2020 Brazilian protests\") [2021 protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Brazilian_protests \"2021 Brazilian protests\") [Bulgaria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020%E2%80%932021_Bulgarian_protests \"2020–2021 Bulgarian protests\") [Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_Canada \"COVID-19 protests in Canada\") [convoy protest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canada_convoy_protest \"Canada convoy protest\") [Chile](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019%E2%80%932022_Chilean_protests \"2019–2022 Chilean protests\") [China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China \"2022 COVID-19 protests in China\") [Beijing Sitong Bridge protest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2022_Beijing_Sitong_Bridge_protest \"2022 Beijing Sitong Bridge protest\") [healthcare reform protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2023_Chinese_healthcare_reform_protests \"2023 Chinese healthcare reform protests\") [2021 protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Colombian_protests \"2021 Colombian protests\") [2022 protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2022_Colombian_protests \"2022 Colombian protests\") [Cuba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Cuban_protests \"2021 Cuban protests\") [Yellow vests protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yellow_vests_protests \"Yellow vests protests\") [labor protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_French_labor_protests \"2021 French labor protests\") [French West Indies social unrest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021%E2%80%932022_social_unrest_in_the_French_West_Indies \"2021–2022 social unrest in the French West Indies\") [convoy protest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France_convoy_protest \"France convoy protest\") [Germany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_Germany \"COVID-19 protests in Germany\") [Idar-Oberstein shooting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Idar-Oberstein_shooting \"2021 Idar-Oberstein shooting\") [Greece](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Greek_protests \"2021 Greek protests\") [Israel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_Israel \"COVID-19 protests in Israel\") [protests against Benjamin Netanyahu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020%E2%80%932021_protests_against_Benjamin_Netanyahu \"2020–2021 protests against Benjamin Netanyahu\") [Italy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protests_over_COVID-19_policies_in_Italy \"Protests over COVID-19 policies in Italy\") [Mongolia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Mongolian_protests \"2021 Mongolian protests\") [Netherlands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_the_Netherlands \"COVID-19 protests in the Netherlands\") [curfew riots](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Dutch_curfew_riots \"2021 Dutch curfew riots\") [New Zealand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_New_Zealand \"COVID-19 protests in New Zealand\") [Wellington protest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2022_Wellington_protest \"2022 Wellington protest\") [Paraguay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Paraguayan_protests \"2021 Paraguayan protests\") [Serbia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020%E2%80%932022_Serbian_protests \"2020–2022 Serbian protests\") [Tunisia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Tunisian_protests \"2021 Tunisian protests\") [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom \"COVID-19 protests in the United Kingdom\") [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 protests in the United States\") [Open the States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_the_States \"Open the States\") |\n| [International relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_international_relations \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations\") | [Aid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Italy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_reactions_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy \"International reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy\") [Moldovan–Romanian collaboration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moldovan%E2%80%93Romanian_collaboration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Moldovan–Romanian collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan \"Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan\") [Vaccine diplomacy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaccine_diplomacy \"Vaccine diplomacy\") |\n| [Language](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glossary_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Anthropause](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anthropause \"Anthropause\") [Doomscrolling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doomscrolling \"Doomscrolling\") [Flattening the curve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flattening_the_curve \"Flattening the curve\") [Green recovery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Green_recovery \"Green recovery\") [Long COVID]() [Social distancing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_distancing \"Social distancing\") [Superspreader](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Superspreading_event \"Superspreading event\") [Twindemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twindemic \"Twindemic\") [Zero-COVID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zero-COVID \"Zero-COVID\") [Zoom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoom_\$software\$ \"Zoom (software)\") [Zoom towns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoom_town \"Zoom town\") |\n| Others | [Animals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_and_animals \"COVID-19 pandemic and animals\") [Cluster 5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cluster_5 \"Cluster 5\") [Environment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment\") [Military](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_military \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military\") [Pregnant women](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_pregnant_women \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women\") [Science and technology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology\") |\n| Health issues |   |\n|   |   |\n| Medical topics | [Transmission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transmission_of_COVID-19 \"Transmission of COVID-19\") [Symptoms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Symptoms_of_COVID-19 \"Symptoms of COVID-19\") [Cancer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_and_cancer \"COVID-19 and cancer\") [Endemic COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endemic_COVID-19 \"Endemic COVID-19\") [Skin manifestations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cutaneous_manifestations_of_COVID-19 \"Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19\") [Long COVID]() [Mental health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes\") [Pregnancy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_in_pregnancy \"COVID-19 in pregnancy\") [Non-COVID-19–related health issues](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues\") [Shortages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Rehabilitation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rehabilitation_after_COVID-19 \"Rehabilitation after COVID-19\") [Unproven medical methods](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19 \"List of unproven methods against COVID-19\") |\n| Testing and epidemiology |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Datasets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_datasets \"COVID-19 datasets\") [Death rates by country](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country \"COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country\") [Disease testing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_testing \"COVID-19 testing\") [Breathalyzer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronavirus_breathalyzer \"Coronavirus breathalyzer\") [Operation Moonshot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Moonshot \"Operation Moonshot\") [Test to Release](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Test_to_Release \"Test to Release\") [UK Rapid Test Consortium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_Rapid_Test_Consortium \"UK Rapid Test Consortium\") [AbC-19 rapid antibody test](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AbC-19_rapid_antibody_test \"AbC-19 rapid antibody test\") [investigations into the origins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19 \"Investigations into the origin of COVID-19\") [lab leak theory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory \"COVID-19 lab leak theory\") [Rapid antigen test](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_rapid_antigen_test \"COVID-19 rapid antigen test\") [Software](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation \"Software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation\") [Surveillance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_surveillance \"COVID-19 surveillance\") [Undercounting COVID-19 deaths](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Undercounting_of_COVID-19_pandemic_deaths_by_country \"Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country\") |   |\n| [Apps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_apps \"COVID-19 apps\") | [Aarogya Setu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aarogya_Setu \"Aarogya Setu\") [BlueTrace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BlueTrace \"BlueTrace\") [careFIJI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CareFIJI \"CareFIJI\") [Coronavirus Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronavirus_Australia \"Coronavirus Australia\") [Corona-Warn-App](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corona-Warn-App \"Corona-Warn-App\") [COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Contact-Confirming_Application \"COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application\") [COVID Alert](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID_Alert \"COVID Alert\") (Canada) [COVIDSafe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVIDSafe \"COVIDSafe\") [COVID Tracker Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID_Tracker_Ireland \"COVID Tracker Ireland\") [Covid Watch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Covid_Watch \"Covid Watch\") [Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decentralized_Privacy-Preserving_Proximity_Tracing \"Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing\") [Exposure Notification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exposure_Notification \"Exposure Notification\") [Health Code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Health_Code \"Health Code\") [Healthy Together](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Healthy_Together \"Healthy Together\") [Immuni](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Immuni \"Immuni\") [Koronavilkku](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Koronavilkku \"Koronavilkku\") [LeaveHomeSafe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LeaveHomeSafe \"LeaveHomeSafe\") [MySejahtera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MySejahtera \"MySejahtera\") [NHS COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NHS_COVID-19 \"NHS COVID-19\") [NZ COVID Tracer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NZ_COVID_Tracer \"NZ COVID Tracer\") [NZ Pass Verifier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NZ_Pass_Verifier \"NZ Pass Verifier\") [PathCheck](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PathCheck \"PathCheck\") [PeduliLindungi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PeduliLindungi \"PeduliLindungi\") [SafeEntry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SafeEntry \"SafeEntry\") [SafePass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SafePass \"SafePass\") [StaySafe.ph](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/StaySafe.ph \"StaySafe.ph\") [SwissCovid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SwissCovid \"SwissCovid\") [TCN Protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TCN_Protocol \"TCN Protocol\") [Test, Trace, Protect](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Test,_Trace,_Protect \"Test, Trace, Protect\") [Thai Chana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_Chana \"Thai Chana\") [TousAntiCovid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TousAntiCovid \"TousAntiCovid\") [TraceTogether](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TraceTogether \"TraceTogether\") [Valtrace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valtrace \"Valtrace\") [Zoe Health Study](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoe_Health_Study \"Zoe Health Study\") |\n| Prevention | [Air purifier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Air_purifier \"Air purifier\") ([Corsi–Rosenthal Box](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corsi%E2%80%93Rosenthal_Box \"Corsi–Rosenthal Box\")) [Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chloroquine_and_hydroxychloroquine_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Evacuations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Face masks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Anti-mask sentiment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anti-mask_sentiment \"Anti-mask sentiment\") [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\") [Flattening the curve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flattening_the_curve \"Flattening the curve\") [Great Barrington Declaration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Barrington_Declaration \"Great Barrington Declaration\") [International aid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Lockdowns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_lockdowns \"COVID-19 lockdowns\") [Public health mitigation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19 \"Public health mitigation of COVID-19\") [Safe Hands Challenge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Safe_Hands_Challenge \"Safe Hands Challenge\") [Social distancing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Workplace hazard controls](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19 \"Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19\") [Zero-COVID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zero-COVID \"Zero-COVID\") |\n| [Vaccines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine \"COVID-19 vaccine\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Topics | [Authorizations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_COVID-19_vaccine_authorizations \"List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations\") [Clinical research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine_clinical_research \"COVID-19 vaccine clinical research\") [Deployment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines \"Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines\") [Development](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development \"History of COVID-19 vaccine development\") [EU Certificate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU_Digital_COVID_Certificate \"EU Digital COVID Certificate\") [Misinformation and hesitancy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy \"COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy\") [Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deaths_of_anti-vaccine_advocates_from_COVID-19 \"Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates from COVID-19\") [US](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States\") [Operation Warp Speed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Warp_Speed \"Operation Warp Speed\") (U.S.) [Post-vaccination complications](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embolic_and_thrombotic_events_after_COVID-19_vaccination \"Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination\") [Vaccine card](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine_card \"COVID-19 vaccine card\") [Vaccine passports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic\") |\n| Authorized |   |\n|   |   |\n| [DNA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DNA_vaccine \"DNA vaccine\") | [ZyCoV-D](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ZyCoV-D \"ZyCoV-D\") |\n| [Inactivated](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inactivated_vaccine \"Inactivated vaccine\") | [Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences_COVID-19_vaccine \"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences COVID-19 vaccine\") [CoronaVac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CoronaVac \"CoronaVac\") [Covaxin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Covaxin \"Covaxin\") [COVIran Barekat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVIran_Barekat \"COVIran Barekat\") [CoviVac (Russia)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CoviVac_\$Russia_COVID-19_vaccine\$ \"CoviVac (Russia COVID-19 vaccine)\") [FAKHRAVAC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FAKHRAVAC \"FAKHRAVAC\") [Minhai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minhai_COVID-19_vaccine \"Minhai COVID-19 vaccine\") [QazCovid-in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/QazCovid-in \"QazCovid-in\") [Sinopharm BIBP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine \"Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine\") [Sinopharm WIBP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinopharm_WIBP_COVID-19_vaccine \"Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine\") [Turkovac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkovac \"Turkovac\") [Valneva](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine \"Valneva COVID-19 vaccine\") |\n| [mRNA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MRNA_vaccine \"MRNA vaccine\") | [Moderna](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine \"Moderna COVID-19 vaccine\") [Pfizer–BioNTech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine \"Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine\") |\n| [Subunit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Subunit_vaccine \"Subunit vaccine\") | [Abdala](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abdala_\$vaccine\$ \"Abdala (vaccine)\") [Corbevax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corbevax \"Corbevax\") (Bio E COVID-19) [COVAX-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVAX-19 \"COVAX-19\") [EpiVacCorona](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EpiVacCorona \"EpiVacCorona\") [IndoVac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IndoVac \"IndoVac\") [MVC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MVC_COVID-19_vaccine \"MVC COVID-19 vaccine\") [Noora](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Noora_\$vaccine\$ \"Noora (vaccine)\") [Novavax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine \"Novavax COVID-19 vaccine\") [Razi Cov Pars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Razi_Cov_Pars \"Razi Cov Pars\") [Sinopharm CNBG](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinopharm_CNBG_COVID-19_vaccine \"Sinopharm CNBG COVID-19 vaccine\") [Soberana 02](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soberana_02 \"Soberana 02\") [Soberana Plus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soberana_Plus \"Soberana Plus\") [ZF2001](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ZF2001 \"ZF2001\") (Zifivax) |\n| [Viral vector](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viral_vector_vaccine \"Viral vector vaccine\") | [Convidecia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convidecia \"Convidecia\") [Janssen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine \"Janssen COVID-19 vaccine\") [Oxford–AstraZeneca](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine \"Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine\") [Sputnik V](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine \"Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine\") [Sputnik Light](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sputnik_Light \"Sputnik Light\") |\n| [Virus-like particles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virus-like_particle \"Virus-like particle\") | [CoVLP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CoVLP \"CoVLP\") |\n| In trials |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Attenuated](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Attenuated_vaccine \"Attenuated vaccine\") | [COVI-VAC (United States)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVI-VAC_\$U.S._COVID-19_vaccine\$ \"COVI-VAC (U.S. COVID-19 vaccine)\") |\n| DNA | [AG0302-COVID‑19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AG0302-COVID%E2%80%9119 \"AG0302-COVID‑19\") [GX-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GX-19 \"GX-19\") [Inovio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inovio_COVID-19_vaccine \"Inovio COVID-19 vaccine\") |\n| Inactivated | [KD-414](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KD-414 \"KD-414\") [NDV-HXP-S](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NDV-HXP-S \"NDV-HXP-S\") |\n| RNA | [ARCT-021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ARCT-021 \"ARCT-021\") [ARCT-154](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ARCT-154 \"ARCT-154\") [Bangavax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bangavax \"Bangavax\") [CureVac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CureVac_COVID-19_vaccine \"CureVac COVID-19 vaccine\") (terminated) [HGC019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HGC019 \"HGC019\") [mRNA-1283](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MRNA-1283 \"MRNA-1283\") [PTX-COVID19-B](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PTX-COVID19-B \"PTX-COVID19-B\") [Sanofi–Translate Bio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sanofi%E2%80%93Translate_Bio_COVID-19_vaccine \"Sanofi–Translate Bio COVID-19 vaccine\") (terminated) [Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stemirna_COVID-19_vaccine \"Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine\") [Walvax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walvax_COVID-19_vaccine \"Walvax COVID-19 vaccine\") |\n| Subunit | [202-CoV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/202-CoV \"202-CoV\") [AKS-452](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AKS-452 \"AKS-452\") [EuCorVac-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EuCorVac-19 \"EuCorVac-19\") [IVX-411](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IVX-411 \"IVX-411\") [Nanocovax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nanocovax \"Nanocovax\") [ReCOV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ReCOV \"ReCOV\") [Sanofi–GSK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine \"Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine\") [S-268019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S-268019 \"S-268019\") [SCB-2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SCB-2019 \"SCB-2019\") [SCTV01C](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SCTV01C \"SCTV01C\") [Skycovione](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skycovione \"Skycovione\") [UB-612](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UB-612 \"UB-612\") [V-01](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V-01 \"V-01\") [V451](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V451_vaccine \"V451 vaccine\") (terminated) [Vabiotech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vabiotech_COVID-19_vaccine \"Vabiotech COVID-19 vaccine\") [West China Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/West_China_Hospital_COVID-19_vaccine \"West China Hospital COVID-19 vaccine\") [Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ZF2001 \"ZF2001\") |\n| Viral vector | [AdCLD-CoV19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AdCLD-CoV19 \"AdCLD-CoV19\") [BriLife](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BriLife \"BriLife\") [COH04S1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COH04S1 \"COH04S1\") [DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT \"DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT\") [GRAd-COV2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GRAd-COV2 \"GRAd-COV2\") [ImmunityBio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ImmunityBio_COVID-19_vaccine \"ImmunityBio COVID-19 vaccine\") [iNCOVACC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/INCOVACC \"INCOVACC\") [INNA-051](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/INNA-051 \"INNA-051\") [NDV-HXP-S](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NDV-HXP-S \"NDV-HXP-S\") [Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaxart_COVID-19_vaccine \"Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine\") |\n| [Virus-like particles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virus-like_particle \"Virus-like particle\") | [ABNCoV2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ABNCoV2 \"ABNCoV2\") [LYB001](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LYB001 \"LYB001\") [MigVax-101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MigVax-101 \"MigVax-101\") [VBI-2902](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VBI-2902 \"VBI-2902\") |\n| [Deployment by location](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines \"Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Africa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Africa \"COVID-19 vaccination in Africa\") | [Algeria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Algeria \"COVID-19 vaccination in Algeria\") [Angola](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Angola \"COVID-19 vaccination in Angola\") [Botswana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Botswana \"COVID-19 vaccination in Botswana\") [Burkina Faso](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burkina_Faso \"COVID-19 vaccination in Burkina Faso\") [Burundi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burundi \"COVID-19 vaccination in Burundi\") [Cameroon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon \"COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon\") [Cape Verde](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cape_Verde \"COVID-19 vaccination in Cape Verde\") [Cameroon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon \"COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon\") [Chad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Chad \"COVID-19 vaccination in Chad\") [Comoros](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Comoros \"COVID-19 vaccination in the Comoros\") [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"COVID-19 vaccination in the Democratic Republic of the Congo\") [Djibouti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Djibouti \"COVID-19 vaccination in Djibouti\") [Egypt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Egypt \"COVID-19 vaccination in Egypt\") [Equatorial Guinea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Equatorial_Guinea \"COVID-19 vaccination in Equatorial Guinea\") [Eswatini](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Eswatini \"COVID-19 vaccination in Eswatini\") [Ghana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ghana \"COVID-19 vaccination in Ghana\") [Morocco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Morocco \"COVID-19 vaccination in Morocco\") [Nigeria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nigeria \"COVID-19 vaccination in Nigeria\") [Senegal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Senegal \"COVID-19 vaccination in Senegal\") [South Africa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Africa \"COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa\") [Zimbabwe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Zimbabwe \"COVID-19 vaccination in Zimbabwe\") |\n| Asia | [Bangladesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bangladesh \"COVID-19 vaccination in Bangladesh\") [Bhutan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bhutan \"COVID-19 vaccination in Bhutan\") [Mainland China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China \"COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China\") [India](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India \"COVID-19 vaccination in India\") [Indonesia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Indonesia \"COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia\") [Iran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iran \"COVID-19 vaccination in Iran\") [Israel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Israel \"COVID-19 vaccination in Israel\") [Japan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Japan \"COVID-19 vaccination in Japan\") [Kazakhstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Kazakhstan \"COVID-19 vaccination in Kazakhstan\") [Malaysia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Malaysia \"COVID-19 vaccination in Malaysia\") [Nepal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nepal \"COVID-19 vaccination in Nepal\") [Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines \"COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia \"COVID-19 vaccination in Russia\") [Singapore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore \"COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore\") [South Korea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Korea \"COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea\") [Sri Lanka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sri_Lanka \"COVID-19 vaccination in Sri Lanka\") [Taiwan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Taiwan \"COVID-19 vaccination in Taiwan\") [Thailand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand \"COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand\") [Turkey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Turkey \"COVID-19 vaccination in Turkey\") [United Arab Emirates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates \"COVID-19 vaccination in the United Arab Emirates\") [Vietnam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Vietnam \"COVID-19 vaccination in Vietnam\") |\n| Europe | [Albania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Albania \"COVID-19 vaccination in Albania\") [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"COVID-19 vaccination in Bosnia and Herzegovina\") [Bulgaria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bulgaria \"COVID-19 vaccination in Bulgaria\") [Croatia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Croatia \"COVID-19 vaccination in Croatia\") [Denmark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Denmark \"COVID-19 vaccination in Denmark\") [France](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_France \"COVID-19 vaccination in France\") [Germany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Germany \"COVID-19 vaccination in Germany\") [Greece](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Greece \"COVID-19 vaccination in Greece\") [Hungary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Hungary \"COVID-19 vaccination in Hungary\") [Iceland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iceland \"COVID-19 vaccination in Iceland\") [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland\") [Italy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Italy \"COVID-19 vaccination in Italy\") [Moldova](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Moldova \"COVID-19 vaccination in Moldova\") [Norway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Norway \"COVID-19 vaccination in Norway\") [Portugal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Portugal \"COVID-19 vaccination in Portugal\") [Romania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Romania \"COVID-19 vaccination in Romania\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia \"COVID-19 vaccination in Russia\") [Spain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Spain \"COVID-19 vaccination in Spain\") [Sweden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sweden \"COVID-19 vaccination in Sweden\") [Switzerland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Switzerland \"COVID-19 vaccination in Switzerland\") [Ukraine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ukraine \"COVID-19 vaccination in Ukraine\") [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Kingdom \"COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom\") |\n| North America | [Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada \"COVID-19 vaccination in Canada\") [Ontario](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario \"COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario\") [Quebec](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Quebec \"COVID-19 vaccination in Quebec\") [Haiti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Haiti \"COVID-19 vaccination in Haiti\") [Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico \"COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico\") [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 vaccination in the United States\") [mandates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_mandates_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 vaccination mandates in the United States\") |\n| Oceania | [Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Australia \"COVID-19 vaccination in Australia\") [Fiji](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Fiji \"COVID-19 vaccination in Fiji\") [New Zealand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_New_Zealand \"COVID-19 vaccination in New Zealand\") |\n| South America | [Argentina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Argentina \"COVID-19 vaccination in Argentina\") [Brazil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Brazil \"COVID-19 vaccination in Brazil\") [Colombia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Colombia \"COVID-19 vaccination in Colombia\") [Peru](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Peru \"COVID-19 vaccination in Peru\") |\n| Others |   |\n| [Treatment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treatment_and_management_of_COVID-19 \"Treatment and management of COVID-19\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Drug development](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_drug_development \"COVID-19 drug development\") [Drug repurposing research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research \"COVID-19 drug repurposing research\") [Baricitinib](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baricitinib \"Baricitinib\") [PANORAMIC trial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PANORAMIC_trial \"PANORAMIC trial\") (UK) [RECOVERY Trial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RECOVERY_Trial \"RECOVERY Trial\") (UK) [Solidarity trial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solidarity_trial \"Solidarity trial\") (WHO) |   |\n| [Monoclonal antibodies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monoclonal_antibody \"Monoclonal antibody\") | [Bamlanivimab\/etesevimab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bamlanivimab\/etesevimab \"Bamlanivimab\/etesevimab\") [Bamlanivimab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bamlanivimab \"Bamlanivimab\") Etesevimab [Bebtelovimab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bebtelovimab \"Bebtelovimab\") [Casirivimab\/imdevimab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Casirivimab\/imdevimab \"Casirivimab\/imdevimab\") [Regdanvimab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regdanvimab \"Regdanvimab\") [Sarilumab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sarilumab \"Sarilumab\") [Sotrovimab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sotrovimab \"Sotrovimab\") [Tixagevimab\/cilgavimab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tixagevimab\/cilgavimab \"Tixagevimab\/cilgavimab\") [Tocilizumab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tocilizumab \"Tocilizumab\") |\n| [Small molecule antivirals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antiviral_drug \"Antiviral drug\") | [Broad-spectrum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Broad-spectrum_antiviral_drug \"Broad-spectrum antiviral drug\") [Ensitrelvir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ensitrelvir \"Ensitrelvir\") [Molnupiravir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Molnupiravir \"Molnupiravir\") Co-packaged [Nirmatrelvir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nirmatrelvir \"Nirmatrelvir\") [ritonavir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nirmatrelvir\/ritonavir \"Nirmatrelvir\/ritonavir\") |\n| [Variants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 \"Variants of SARS-CoV-2\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Specific | [Alpha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant\") [Beta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant\") [Gamma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant\") [Delta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant\") [Epsilon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Epsilon_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant\") [Zeta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Zeta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant\") [Eta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Eta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant\") [Theta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Theta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant\") [Iota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Iota_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant\") [Kappa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Kappa_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant\") [Lambda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Lambda_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant\") [Mu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Mu_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant\") [Omicron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant \"Timeline of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant\") |\n| General | [Cluster 5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cluster_5 \"Cluster 5\") [Lineage B.1.617](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_lineage_B.1.617 \"SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617\") [Variant of concern](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_variant_of_concern \"SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern\") |\n| Institutions |   |\n|   |   |\n| Hospitals and medical clinics |   |\n|   |   |\n| Mainland China | [Central Hospital of Wuhan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Hospital_of_Wuhan \"Central Hospital of Wuhan\") [Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dabie_Mountain_Regional_Medical_Centre \"Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre\") [Fangcang hospitals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fangcang_hospital \"Fangcang hospital\") [Huoshenshan Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huoshenshan_Hospital \"Huoshenshan Hospital\") [Leishenshan Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leishenshan_Hospital \"Leishenshan Hospital\") [Xinjia Express Hotel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Collapse_of_Xinjia_Express_Hotel \"Collapse of Xinjia Express Hotel\") [Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Jinyintan_Hospital \"Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital\") |\n| Others | [Hospital ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hospital_ships_designated_for_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Hospital ships designated for the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Garran Surge Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garran_Surge_Centre \"Garran Surge Centre\") (Australia) [Hospital El Salvador](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hospital_El_Salvador \"Hospital El Salvador\") [Kemayoran Athletes Village](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kemayoran_Athletes_Village \"Kemayoran Athletes Village\") (Indonesia) [Pyongyang General Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyongyang_General_Hospital \"Pyongyang General Hospital\") (North Korea) [Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malaysia_Agro_Exposition_Park_Serdang \"Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang\") (Malaysia) [Mega Ligtas COVID Centers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mega_Ligtas_COVID_Centers \"Mega Ligtas COVID Centers\") (Philippines) [Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kandakadu_Treatment_and_Rehabilitation_Centre \"Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre\") (Sri Lanka) [Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sancaktepe_Prof._Dr._Feriha_%C3%96z_Emergency_Hospital \"Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital\") (Turkey) [Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6y_Prof._Dr._Murat_Dilmener_Emergency_Hospital \"Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital\") (Turkey) [COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_hospitals_in_the_United_Kingdom \"COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom\") [Birmingham](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Birmingham \"NHS Nightingale Hospital Birmingham\") [London](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_London \"NHS Nightingale Hospital London\") [North East](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_East \"NHS Nightingale Hospital North East\") [North West](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_West \"NHS Nightingale Hospital North West\") [Yorkshire and the Humber](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Yorkshire_and_the_Humber \"NHS Nightingale Hospital Yorkshire and the Humber\") [NHS Louisa Jordan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NHS_Louisa_Jordan \"NHS Louisa Jordan\") (Scotland) [Dragon's Heart Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dragon%27s_Heart_Hospital \"Dragon's Heart Hospital\") (Wales) |\n| Organizations |   |\n|   |   |\n| [National Cabinet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Cabinet_\$Australia\$ \"National Cabinet (Australia)\") (Australia) [ScienceUpFirst](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ScienceUpFirst \"ScienceUpFirst\") (Canada) [Wuhan Institute of Virology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology \"Wuhan Institute of Virology\") (China) [Independent SAGE](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Independent_SAGE \"Independent SAGE\") (United Kingdom) |   |\n| Health institutes | [Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention\") (African Union) [Ghana Infectious Disease Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghana_Infectious_Disease_Centre \"Ghana Infectious Disease Centre\") (Ghana) [Department of Health (Hong Kong)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Department_of_Health_\$Hong_Kong\$ \"Department of Health (Hong Kong)\") [Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korea_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_Agency \"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency\") (South Korea) [National Institute for Communicable Diseases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Institute_for_Communicable_Diseases \"National Institute for Communicable Diseases\") (South Africa) [Taiwan Centers for Disease Control](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwan_Centers_for_Disease_Control \"Taiwan Centers for Disease Control\") (Taiwan) |\n| Pandemic institutes | [National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_COVID-19_Commission_Advisory_Board \"National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board\") (Australia) [COVID-19 Immunity Task Force](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Immunity_Task_Force \"COVID-19 Immunity Task Force\") (Canada) [COVID-19 Supply Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Supply_Council \"COVID-19 Supply Council\") (Canada) [PREPARE](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PREPARE \"PREPARE\") (European Union) [National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Expert_Group_on_Vaccine_Administration_for_COVID-19 \"National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19\") (India) [COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Response_Acceleration_Task_Force \"COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force\") (Indonesia) [National Public Health Emergency Team](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Public_Health_Emergency_Team_\$2020\$ \"National Public Health Emergency Team (2020)\") (Ireland) [Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Novel_Coronavirus_Expert_Meeting \"Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting\") (Japan) [Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crisis_Preparedness_and_Response_Centre \"Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre\") (Malaysia) [Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Defeat_COVID-19_Ad_Hoc_Committee \"Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee\") (Philippines) [Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inter-Agency_Task_Force_for_the_Management_of_Emerging_Infectious_Diseases \"Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases\") (Philippines) [Central Epidemic Command Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Epidemic_Command_Center \"Central Epidemic Command Center\") (Taiwan) [Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronavirus_Scientific_Advisory_Board \"Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board\") (Turkey) [COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Genomics_UK_Consortium \"COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium\") (United Kingdom) [Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperial_College_COVID-19_Response_Team \"Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team\") (United Kingdom) [Joint Biosecurity Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joint_Biosecurity_Centre \"Joint Biosecurity Centre\") (United Kingdom) [Vaccine Taskforce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaccine_Taskforce \"Vaccine Taskforce\") (United Kingdom) [COVID-19 Advisory Board](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Advisory_Board \"COVID-19 Advisory Board\") (United States) [Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_American_Economic_Revival_Industry_Groups \"Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups\") (United States) [White House Coronavirus Task Force](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force \"White House Coronavirus Task Force\") (United States) [White House COVID-19 Response Team](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_House_COVID-19_Response_Team \"White House COVID-19 Response Team\") (United States) [GACH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GACH \"GACH\") (Uruguay) |\n| Relief funds | [PM CARES Fund](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PM_CARES_Fund \"PM CARES Fund\") (India) [Artist Relief](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Artist_Relief \"Artist Relief\") (United States) |\n| People |   |\n|   |   |\n| Medical professionals | [Ai Fen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ai_Fen \"Ai Fen\") [Corona Rintawan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corona_Rintawan \"Corona Rintawan\") [Li Wenliang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Wenliang \"Li Wenliang\") [Liu Wen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liu_Wen_\$doctor\$ \"Liu Wen (doctor)\") [Xie Linka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xie_Linka \"Xie Linka\") [Zhang Wenhong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Wenhong \"Zhang Wenhong\") |\n| [Researchers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Coronavirus_researchers \"Category:Coronavirus researchers\") | [Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Awang_Bulgiba_Awang_Mahmud \"Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud\") [Roberto Burioni](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roberto_Burioni \"Roberto Burioni\") [Chen Wei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chen_Wei_\$medical_scientist\$ \"Chen Wei (medical scientist)\") [Kizzmekia Corbett](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kizzmekia_Corbett \"Kizzmekia Corbett\") [Andrea Crisanti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andrea_Crisanti_\$scientist\$ \"Andrea Crisanti (scientist)\") [Peter Daszak](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_Daszak \"Peter Daszak\") [Christian Drosten](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christian_Drosten \"Christian Drosten\") [Neil Ferguson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neil_Ferguson_\$epidemiologist\$ \"Neil Ferguson (epidemiologist)\") [Dale Fisher](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dale_Fisher \"Dale Fisher\") [George F. Gao](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_F._Gao \"George F. Gao\") [Azra Ghani](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Azra_Ghani \"Azra Ghani\") [Sarah Gilbert](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sarah_Gilbert \"Sarah Gilbert\") [Guan Yi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guan_Yi \"Guan Yi\") [Kentaro Iwata](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kentaro_Iwata \"Kentaro Iwata\") [Katalin Karikó](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3 \"Katalin Karikó\") [Matt Keeling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Matt_Keeling \"Matt Keeling\") [Trudie Lang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trudie_Lang \"Trudie Lang\") [Li Lanjuan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Lanjuan \"Li Lanjuan\") [W. Ian Lipkin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/W._Ian_Lipkin \"W. Ian Lipkin\") [Ma Xiaowei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ma_Xiaowei \"Ma Xiaowei\") [Shabir Madhi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shabir_Madhi \"Shabir Madhi\") [Allison McGeer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allison_McGeer \"Allison McGeer\") [Camilla Rothe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camilla_Rothe \"Camilla Rothe\") [Shi Zhengli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shi_Zhengli \"Shi Zhengli\") [Moncef Slaoui](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moncef_Slaoui \"Moncef Slaoui\") [Mike Tildesley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mike_Tildesley \"Mike Tildesley\") [John Todd](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Todd_\$British_biologist\$ \"John Todd (British biologist)\") [Wang Chen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wang_Chen_\$physician\$ \"Wang Chen (physician)\") [Wang Guangfa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wang_Guangfa \"Wang Guangfa\") [Drew Weissman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drew_Weissman \"Drew Weissman\") [Yuen Kwok-yung](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yuen_Kwok-yung \"Yuen Kwok-yung\") [Zeng Guang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zeng_Guang \"Zeng Guang\") [Zhang Jixian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Jixian \"Zhang Jixian\") [Zhang Yongzhen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Yongzhen \"Zhang Yongzhen\") [Zhong Nanshan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhong_Nanshan \"Zhong Nanshan\") |\n| Officials |   |\n|   |   |\n| WHO | [Tedros Adhanom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus \"Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus\") (Director-General of the WHO) [Bruce Aylward](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bruce_Aylward \"Bruce Aylward\") (Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission) [Maria Van Kerkhove](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maria_Van_Kerkhove \"Maria Van Kerkhove\") (Technical Lead for COVID-19 response) [Michael J. Ryan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_J._Ryan_\$doctor\$ \"Michael J. Ryan (doctor)\") (Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme) |\n| By location | [Frank Atherton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frank_Atherton \"Frank Atherton\") (Wales) [Ashley Bloomfield](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ashley_Bloomfield \"Ashley Bloomfield\") (New Zealand) [Catherine Calderwood](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catherine_Calderwood \"Catherine Calderwood\") (Scotland) [Chang Shan-chwen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chang_Shan-chwen \"Chang Shan-chwen\") (Taiwan) [Anutin Charnvirakul](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anutin_Charnvirakul \"Anutin Charnvirakul\") (Thailand) [Chen Shih-chung](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chen_Shih-chung \"Chen Shih-chung\") (Taiwan) [Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chuang_Yin-ching \"Chuang Yin-ching\") (Taiwan) [Victor Costache](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Victor_Costache \"Victor Costache\") (Romania) [Fabrizio Curcio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fabrizio_Curcio \"Fabrizio Curcio\") (Italy) [Carmen Deseda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carmen_Deseda \"Carmen Deseda\") (Puerto Rico) [Jaap van Dissel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jaap_van_Dissel \"Jaap van Dissel\") (the Netherlands) [Christian Drosten](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christian_Drosten \"Christian Drosten\") (Germany) [Francisco Duque III](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Francisco_Duque_III \"Francisco Duque III\") (Philippines) [Anthony Fauci](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anthony_Fauci \"Anthony Fauci\") (United States) [Francesco Paolo Figliuolo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Francesco_Paolo_Figliuolo \"Francesco Paolo Figliuolo\") (Italy) [Graça Freitas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gra%C3%A7a_Freitas \"Graça Freitas\") (Portugal) [Henrique Gouveia e Melo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henrique_Gouveia_e_Melo \"Henrique Gouveia e Melo\") (Portugal) [Matt Hancock](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Matt_Hancock \"Matt Hancock\") (United Kingdom) [Hamad Hasan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hamad_Hasan \"Hamad Hasan\") (Lebanon) [Greg Hunt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greg_Hunt \"Greg Hunt\") (Australia) [Tony Holohan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tony_Holohan \"Tony Holohan\") (Ireland) [Jeong Eun-kyeong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeong_Eun-kyeong \"Jeong Eun-kyeong\") (South Korea) [Fahrettin Koca](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fahrettin_Koca \"Fahrettin Koca\") (Turkey) [Li Keqiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Keqiang \"Li Keqiang\") (China) [Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hugo_L%C3%B3pez-Gatell_Ram%C3%ADrez \"Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez\") (Mexico) [Michael McBride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_McBride_\$doctor\$ \"Michael McBride (doctor)\") (Northern Ireland) [Oriol Mitjà](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oriol_Mitj%C3%A0 \"Oriol Mitjà\") (Andorra) [Zweli Mkhize](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zweli_Mkhize \"Zweli Mkhize\") (South Africa) [Doni Monardo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doni_Monardo \"Doni Monardo\") (Indonesia) [Alma Möller](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alma_M%C3%B6ller \"Alma Möller\") (Iceland) [Saeed Namaki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saeed_Namaki \"Saeed Namaki\") (Iran) [Ala Nemerenco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ala_Nemerenco \"Ala Nemerenco\") (Moldova) [Nguyễn Thanh Long](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Thanh_Long \"Nguyễn Thanh Long\") (Vietnam) [Noor Hisham Abdullah](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Noor_Hisham_Abdullah \"Noor Hisham Abdullah\") (Malaysia) [Ali Pilli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ali_Pilli \"Ali Pilli\") (Northern Cyprus) [Daniel Salinas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Salinas \"Daniel Salinas\") (Uruguay) [Jérôme Salomon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Salomon \"Jérôme Salomon\") (France) [Fernando Simón](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fernando_Sim%C3%B3n \"Fernando Simón\") (Spain) [Gregor Smith](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregor_Smith \"Gregor Smith\") (Scotland) [Su Ih-jen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Su_Ih-jen \"Su Ih-jen\") (Taiwan) [Łukasz Szumowski](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%81ukasz_Szumowski \"Łukasz Szumowski\") (Poland) [Theresa Tam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theresa_Tam \"Theresa Tam\") (Canada) [Anders Tegnell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anders_Tegnell \"Anders Tegnell\") (Sweden) [Þórólfur Guðnason](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B3lfur_Gu%C3%B0nason \"Þórólfur Guðnason\") (Iceland) [Sotiris Tsiodras](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sotiris_Tsiodras \"Sotiris Tsiodras\") (Greece) [Harsh Vardhan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harsh_Vardhan_\$Delhi_politician\$ \"Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)\") (India) [Víðir Reynisson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V%C3%AD%C3%B0ir_Reynisson \"Víðir Reynisson\") (Iceland) [Carla Vizzotti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carla_Vizzotti \"Carla Vizzotti\") (Argentina) [Vlad Voiculescu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vlad_Voiculescu \"Vlad Voiculescu\") (Romania) [Chris Whitty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chris_Whitty \"Chris Whitty\") (United Kingdom) [Lawrence Wong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lawrence_Wong \"Lawrence Wong\") (Singapore) [Jeff Zients](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Zients \"Jeff Zients\") (United States) |\n| Others | [Chen Qiushi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chen_Qiushi \"Chen Qiushi\") [Brett Crozier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brett_Crozier \"Brett Crozier\") [Fang Bin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fang_Bin \"Fang Bin\") [Fang Fang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fang_Fang \"Fang Fang\") [Joseph Ashitey Hammond](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Ashitey_Hammond \"Joseph Ashitey Hammond\") [Li Zehua](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Zehua \"Li Zehua\") [Captain Tom Moore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Captain_Tom_Moore \"Captain Tom Moore\") [Qiu Menghuang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiu_Menghuang \"Qiu Menghuang\") [Ren Zhiqiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ren_Zhiqiang \"Ren Zhiqiang\") |\n| [List of deaths due to COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19 \"List of deaths due to COVID-19\") |   |\n| Data (templates) |   |\n|   |   |\n| Global | WHO situation reports [cases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_cases \"COVID-19 pandemic cases\") [deaths](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths \"COVID-19 pandemic deaths\") [World map by countries: confirmed per capita](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") |\n| Asia | [Afghanistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Afghanistan_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Afghanistan medical cases chart\") [Armenia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Armenia_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Armenia medical cases chart\") [Artsakh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Republic_of_Artsakh_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Republic of Artsakh medical cases chart\") [Azerbaijan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Azerbaijan_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Azerbaijan medical cases chart\") [Bahrain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Bahrain_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Bahrain medical cases chart\") [Bangladesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Bangladesh_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Bangladesh medical cases chart\") [by division](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Bangladesh_medical_cases_by_division \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Bangladesh medical cases by division\") [Bhutan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Bhutan_medical_cases \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Bhutan medical cases\") [cases chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Bhutan_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Bhutan medical cases chart\") [Brunei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Brunei_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Brunei medical cases chart\") [Cambodia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Cambodia_medical_cases \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Cambodia medical cases\") [cases chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Cambodia_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Cambodia medical cases chart\") [summary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Cambodia_medical_cases_summary \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Cambodia medical cases summary\") China [cases chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Mainland_China_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Mainland China medical cases chart\") [confirmed per capita](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Mainland_China_medical_cases_map_\$dots\$ \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Mainland China medical cases map (dots)\") [lockdowns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns_in_mainland_China \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in mainland China\") [by province](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/China_medical_cases_by_province \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/China medical cases by province\") [Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Hong_Kong_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Hong Kong medical cases chart\") [Macau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Macau_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Macau medical cases chart\") [Timor-Leste](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Timor-Leste_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Timor-Leste medical cases chart\") Egypt [Georgia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Georgia_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Georgia medical cases chart\") [India](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/India_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/India medical cases chart\") [Indonesia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Indonesia_medical_cases \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Indonesia medical cases\") [cases chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Indonesia_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Indonesia medical cases chart\") [Iran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Iran_medical_cases \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Iran medical cases\") [cases chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Iran_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Iran medical cases chart\") [Iraq](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Iraq_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Iraq medical cases chart\") [Israel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Israel_medical_cases \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Israel medical cases\") [cases chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Israel_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Israel medical cases chart\") [Japan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Japan_medical_cases \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Japan medical cases\") [cases chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Japan_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Japan medical cases chart\") [Jordan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Jordan_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Jordan medical cases chart\") [Kazakhstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Kazakhstan_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Kazakhstan medical cases chart\") [Kuwait cases chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Kuwait_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Kuwait medical cases chart\") [Kyrgyzstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Kyrgyzstan_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Kyrgyzstan medical cases chart\") [Laos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Laos_medical_cases \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Laos medical cases\") [Lebanon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Lebanon_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Lebanon medical cases chart\") [Malaysia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Malaysia_medical_cases \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Malaysia medical cases\") [cases chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Malaysia_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Malaysia medical cases chart\") [charts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Charts_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Charts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") Myanmar [cases chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Myanmar_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Myanmar medical cases chart\") [summary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Myanmar_medical_cases_summary \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Myanmar medical cases summary\") [Nepal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Nepal_medical_cases \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Nepal medical cases\") [cases chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Nepal_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Nepal medical cases chart\") [Oman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Oman_medical_cases \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Oman medical cases\") [cases chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Oman_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Oman medical cases chart\") [Pakistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Pakistan_medical_cases \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Pakistan medical cases\") [cases chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Pakistan_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Pakistan medical cases chart\") [Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Philippines_medical_cases \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Philippines medical cases\") [cases chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Philippines_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Philippines medical cases chart\") [areas of quarantine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_community_quarantines_in_the_Philippines \"Template:COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines\") [vaccinations chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Philippines_vaccinations_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Philippines vaccinations chart\") [Qatar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Qatar_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Qatar medical cases chart\") [Saudi Arabia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Saudi_Arabia_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Saudi Arabia medical cases chart\") [Singapore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Singapore_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Singapore medical cases chart\") [South Korea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/South_Korea_medical_cases \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/South Korea medical cases\") [cases chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/South_Korea_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/South Korea medical cases chart\") [vaccinations charts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:South_Korea_COVID-19_vaccination_charts \"Template:South Korea COVID-19 vaccination charts\") [Sri Lanka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Sri_Lanka_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Sri Lanka medical cases chart\") [Syria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Syria_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Syria medical cases chart\") [Taiwan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Taiwan_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Taiwan medical cases chart\") [vaccination charts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Taiwan_COVID-19_vaccination_charts \"Template:Taiwan COVID-19 vaccination charts\") [Tajikistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Tajikistan_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Tajikistan medical cases chart\") [Thailand cases chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Thailand_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Thailand medical cases chart\") [United Arab Emirates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/United_Arab_Emirates_medical_cases \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/United Arab Emirates medical cases\") [cases chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/United_Arab_Emirates_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/United Arab Emirates medical cases chart\") [Uzbekistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Uzbekistan_medical_cases \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Uzbekistan medical cases\") [cases chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Uzbekistan_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Uzbekistan medical cases chart\") [Vietnam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Vietnam_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Vietnam medical cases chart\") [statistics charts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam_statistics_charts \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam statistics charts\") [Yemen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Yemen_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Yemen medical cases chart\") |\n\n[Portals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents\/Portals \"Wikipedia:Contents\/Portals\"):\n\n- [![virus icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4d\/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg\/20px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:SARS-CoV-2_\$Wikimedia_colors\$.svg) [COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:COVID-19 \"Portal:COVID-19\")\n- ![icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d6\/WHO_Rod.svg\/20px-WHO_Rod.svg.png) [Medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Medicine \"Portal:Medicine\")\n- [![icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2f\/Sida-aids.png\/20px-Sida-aids.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sida-aids.png) [Viruses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Viruses \"Portal:Viruses\")\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Authority control databases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Authority_control \"Help:Authority control\"): National [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q100732653#identifiers \"Edit this at Wikidata\") | [Latvia](https:\/\/kopkatalogs.lv\/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000355921&P_CON_LNG=ENG) |\n\n![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1)\n\nRetrieved from \"<https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&oldid=1341727068>\"\n\n[Categories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Category \"Help:Category\"):\n\n- [Long COVID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Long_COVID \"Category:Long COVID\")\n- [Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues \"Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues\")\n\nHidden categories:\n\n- [Articles with short description](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Articles_with_short_description \"Category:Articles with short description\")\n- [Short description is different from Wikidata](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata \"Category:Short description is different from 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By using this site, you agree to the [Terms of Use](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Terms_of_Use \"foundation:Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Terms of Use\") and [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy \"foundation:Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy policy\"). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/), a non-profit organization.\n\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy)\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About)\n- [Disclaimers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)\n- [Contact Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us)\n- [Legal & safety contacts](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information)\n- [Code of Conduct](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)\n- [Developers](https:\/\/developer.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/stats.wikimedia.org\/#\/en.wikipedia.org)\n- [Cookie statement](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Cookie_statement)\n- [Mobile view](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)\n\n- [![Wikimedia Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/footer\/wikimedia.svg)](https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [![Powered by MediaWiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/resources\/assets\/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/)\n\nSearch\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\nLong COVID\n\n41 languages\n\n[Add topic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID)","attrs_readable_markdown":"| Long COVID |   |\n|---|---|\n| Other names | Long-haul COVID, post-COVID-19 syndrome, post-COVID-19 condition, post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), chronic COVID syndrome[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnLancet-1) |\n| [Symptoms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Signs_and_symptoms \"Signs and symptoms\") | Highly varied, including [post-exertional malaise](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-exertional_malaise \"Post-exertional malaise\") (symptoms worsen with effort), [fatigue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fatigue \"Fatigue\"), [muscle pain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muscle_pain \"Muscle pain\"), [shortness of breath](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shortness_of_breath \"Shortness of breath\"), [chest pain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chest_pain \"Chest pain\") and [cognitive dysfunction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_dysfunction \"Cognitive dysfunction\") (\"brain fog\")[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) |\n| Duration | Weeks to years, possibly lifelong[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) |\n| [Causes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cause_\$medicine\$ \"Cause (medicine)\") | [COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") infection |\n| [Risk factors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Risk_factor \"Risk factor\") | Female sex, age, [obesity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obesity \"Obesity\"), [asthma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asthma \"Asthma\"), more severe [COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") infection[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) |\n| Frequency | 50–85% of hospitalised COVID-19 cases, 10–35% of non-hospitalised cases, and 8–12% of vaccinated cases[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Lancet2024-5) |\n\n**Long COVID** or **long-haul COVID** is a group of [health problems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sequela \"Sequela\") persisting or developing after an initial period of [COVID‑19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") infection. Symptoms can last weeks, months, or years and are often debilitating.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) The [World Health Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") defines long COVID as starting three months after the initial COVID‑19 infection, but other agencies define it as starting at four weeks after the initial infection.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)\n\nLong COVID is characterised by a large number of symptoms that sometimes disappear and then reappear. Commonly reported symptoms of long COVID are [fatigue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fatigue \"Fatigue\"), memory problems, [shortness of breath](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shortness_of_breath \"Shortness of breath\"), and [sleep disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sleep_disorder \"Sleep disorder\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Several other symptoms, including [headaches, mental health issues](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_COVID-19_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes \"Impact of COVID-19 on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes\"), initial [loss of smell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anosmia \"Anosmia\") or [taste](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ageusia \"Ageusia\"), [muscle weakness](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muscle_weakness \"Muscle weakness\"), fever, and [cognitive dysfunction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_dysfunction \"Cognitive dysfunction\") may also present.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Symptoms often get worse after mental or physical effort, a process called [post-exertional malaise](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-exertional_malaise \"Post-exertional malaise\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6) There is a large overlap in symptoms with [myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myalgic_encephalomyelitis\/chronic_fatigue_syndrome \"Myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome\") (ME\/CFS).[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)\n\nThe [causes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cause_\$medicine\$ \"Cause (medicine)\") of long COVID are not understood. [Hypotheses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypothesis \"Hypothesis\") include lasting damage to organs and blood vessels, problems with [blood clotting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coagulation \"Coagulation\"), neurological dysfunction, persistent virus or a reactivation of latent viruses and [autoimmunity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autoimmunity \"Autoimmunity\").[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) Diagnosis of long COVID is based on (suspected or confirmed) COVID‑19 infection or symptoms—and by excluding alternative diagnoses.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8)[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37182545-9)\n\nAs of 2024, the [prevalence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prevalence \"Prevalence\") of long COVID is estimated to be about 6–7% in adults, and about 1% in children.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-:0-10) Prevalence might be reduced after [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine \"COVID-19 vaccine\").[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Byambasuren_2023-11) Risk factors include but are not limited to: higher age, female sex, having [asthma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asthma \"Asthma\"), and a more severe initial COVID‑19 infection.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) Anyone can develop long COVID.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-12) As of 2025, there are no validated effective treatments.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6) Management of long COVID depends on symptoms. Rest is recommended for fatigue and [pacing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pacing_\$activity_management\$ \"Pacing (activity management)\") for post-exertional malaise. People with severe symptoms or those who were in [intensive care](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intensive_care_unit \"Intensive care unit\") may require care from a team of specialists.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13) Most people with symptoms at 4 weeks recover by 12 weeks. Recovery is slower (or plateaus) for those still ill at 12 weeks.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13) For a subset of people, for instance, those meeting the criteria for ME\/CFS, symptoms are expected to be lifelong.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)\n\nGlobally, over 400 million people have experienced long COVID. Long COVID may be responsible for a loss of 1% of the world's gross domestic product.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-:0-10)\n\n## Classification and terminology\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Classification and terminology\")\\]\n\n*Long COVID* is a patient-created term coined early in the pandemic by those suffering from long-term symptoms.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Perego_2020-14)[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15) While long COVID is the most prevalent name, the terms *long-haul COVID*, *post-COVID‑19 syndrome*, *post-COVID‑19 condition*,[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnLancet-1)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnWHO-16) *post-acute sequelae of COVID‑19* (*PASC*), and *chronic COVID syndrome* are also in use.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6)\n\nLong COVID may not be a single disease or syndrome. It could be an umbrella term including permanent organ damage, [post-intensive care syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-intensive_care_syndrome \"Post-intensive care syndrome\"), [post-viral fatigue syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-viral_fatigue_syndrome \"Post-viral fatigue syndrome\") and post-COVID syndrome.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)\n\nThere are multiple definitions of long COVID, depending on country and institution. The most accepted is the [World Health Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") (WHO) definition.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17)\n\nThe definitions differ in when long COVID starts, and how long persistent symptoms must have lasted.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17) For instance, the WHO puts the onset of long COVID at three months post-infection, if there have been at least two months of persistent symptoms.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnLancet-1)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnWHO-16) In contrast, the US [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\") (CDC) puts the onset of \"Post-COVID Conditions\" at four weeks \"to emphasize the importance of initial clinical evaluation and supportive care during the initial 4 to 12 weeks after acute COVID‑19\"[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8) According to the US [National Institutes of Health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Institutes_of_Health \"National Institutes of Health\") (NIH), postacute sequalae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) refers to ongoing, relapsing, or new symptoms, or other health effects that occur four or more weeks after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid38321938-18)\n\nThe British [National Institute for Health and Care Excellence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence \"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence\") (NICE) divides long COVID into two categories:[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-nice_p5-19)\n\n- *ongoing symptomatic COVID‑19* for effects from four to twelve weeks after onset, and\n- *post-COVID‑19 syndrome* for effects that persist 12 or more weeks after onset.\n\nThe [clinical case definitions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clinical_case_definition \"Clinical case definition\") specify symptom onset and development. For instance, the WHO definition indicates that \"symptoms might be new onset following initial recovery or persist from the initial illness. Symptoms may also fluctuate or relapse over time.\"[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnLancet-1)\n\nThe NICE and WHO definition further require the exclusion of alternative diagnoses.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17)\n\nSpecifically for children and young people, a group of experts in the UK have published the only research definition which complements the clinical case definition in adults proposed by the WHO. This consensus research definition for long COVID in children and young people is: \"Post COVID‑19 condition occurs in young people with a history of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, with at least one persisting physical symptom for a minimum duration of 12 weeks after initial testing that cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis. The symptoms have an impact on everyday functioning, may continue or develop after COVID infection, and may fluctuate of relapse over time. The positive COVID‑19 test referred to in this definition can be a lateral flow antigen test, a PCR test or an antibody test.\"[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-20)[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid38321938-18)\n\n[![A graph showing roughly 50 symptom severities for ME\/CFS and long COVID](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/52\/Similar_degrees_of_ME-CFS_and_long_Covid_symptoms.webp\/500px-Similar_degrees_of_ME-CFS_and_long_Covid_symptoms.webp.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Similar_degrees_of_ME-CFS_and_long_Covid_symptoms.webp)\n\nMany symptoms have similar severity in long COVID and ME\/CFS\n\nLong COVID is a [post-acute infection syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-acute_infection_syndrome \"Post-acute infection syndrome\") (PAIS) and shares similarities with other such syndromes.[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35585196-21) For instance, there are similarities with [post-Ebola syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-Ebola_syndrome \"Post-Ebola syndrome\") and aftereffects of the [chikungunya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chikungunya \"Chikungunya\") virus. These conditions may have similar [pathophysiology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pathophysiology \"Pathophysiology\") to long COVID.[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35585196-21)[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33442016-22)\n\nLong COVID has many symptoms in common with [myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myalgic_encephalomyelitis\/chronic_fatigue_syndrome \"Myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome\") (ME\/CFS) and research estimates half of people with long COVID meet ME\/CFS diagnostic criteria.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37793728-23) Like long COVID, ME\/CFS is often triggered by infections, and some biological changes overlap.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37342500-24)[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) [Dysautonomia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dysautonomia \"Dysautonomia\") and [postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Postural_orthostatic_tachycardia_syndrome \"Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome\") (POTS) are also potential shared aspects of long COVID and ME\/CFS.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-:1-25) However, long COVID symptoms include loss of smell and taste, neither of which feature frequently in ME\/CFS.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37342500-24)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/87\/Long-term_effects_of_COVID-19.webp\/500px-Long-term_effects_of_COVID-19.webp.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Long-term_effects_of_COVID-19.webp)\n\nThere are over 50 long-term effects of COVID-19, including those that are symptoms of long COVID. The image shows the symptoms along with their estimated prevalence. Around 80% of people have at least one overall effect beyond two weeks following infection.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid34373540-26)\n\n| External videos |\n|---|\n| [![video icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1b\/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg\/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [\"Long Covid: A parallel pandemic\"](https:\/\/knowablemagazine.org\/article\/health-disease\/2022\/long-covid-parallel-pandemic), [Akiko Iwasaki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akiko_Iwasaki \"Akiko Iwasaki\") and others, *[Knowable Magazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knowable_Magazine \"Knowable Magazine\")*, 8 August 2022. |\n\nThere is a large set of [symptoms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Signs_and_symptoms \"Signs and symptoms\") associated with long COVID, impacting many different organs and body systems. Long COVID symptoms can differ significantly from person to person.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) Symptom severity ranges from mild to incapacitating.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-nih.gov-27)\n\nCommon symptoms reported in studies include [fatigue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fatigue \"Fatigue\"), [muscle pain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myalgia \"Myalgia\"), [shortness of breath](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shortness_of_breath \"Shortness of breath\"), [chest pain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chest_pain \"Chest pain\"), cognitive dysfunction (\"[brain fog](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clouding_of_consciousness \"Clouding of consciousness\")\") and [post-exertional malaise](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-exertional_malaise \"Post-exertional malaise\") (symptoms worsen after activity).[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) This symptom worsening typically occurs 12 to 48 hours after activity and can be triggered by either mental or physical effort. It lasts between days and weeks.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8)\n\nChildren and adolescents can also experience serious symptoms and long-term adverse health effects, including serious mental health impacts related to persistent COVID‑19 symptoms.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37734886-28) The most common symptoms in children are persistent fever, [sore throat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sore_throat \"Sore throat\"), problems with sleep, headaches, shortness of breath, muscle weakness, fatigue, loss of smell or distorted smell, and anxiety.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37476923-29)[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Behnood-2023-30)[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-:2-31) Children and adolescents with long COVID experience three or more symptoms more frequently than control groups, but this has low certainty.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Behnood-2023-30)\n\n### Neurological symptoms\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Neurological symptoms\")\\]\n\nCommon [neurological](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neurology \"Neurology\") symptoms in long COVID are difficulty concentrating, cognitive impairment and headaches.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) People also frequently experience [loss of taste](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ageusia \"Ageusia\") and [loss of smell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anosmia \"Anosmia\").[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Likewise children and young people may also experience cognitive impairment.[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-32)[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-:2-31)\n\nSome people with long COVID experience [dysautonomia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dysautonomia \"Dysautonomia\"), a malfunction of the [autonomic nervous system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autonomic_nervous_system \"Autonomic nervous system\").[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35198136-33)[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-:1-25) People with dysautonomia may experience [palpitations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palpitations \"Palpitations\") and [tachycardia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tachycardia \"Tachycardia\") (raised heart rate) after minor effort or upon standing up. This can be associated with [dizziness](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dizziness \"Dizziness\") and [nausea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nausea \"Nausea\"). If the heart rate is raised by 30 beats per minute or more after continuous standing; this is described as [postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Postural_orthostatic_tachycardia_syndrome \"Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome\").[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36828559-34)\n\nIn terms of mental health, people with long COVID often experience [sleep difficulties.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insomnia \"Insomnia\")[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Depression and [anxiety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety \"Anxiety\") levels are raised in the first two months after infection, but return to normal afterwards.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid38510743-35) This was in contrast to other [neurological](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neurology \"Neurology\") symptoms, such as brain fog and [seizures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seizure \"Seizure\"), which lasted at least two years.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) However, among people who were hospitalised for COVID, many have depression and anxiety 2 to 3 years after their infection.[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-36)[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-37)\n\n### Lungs, heart and digestive system\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Lungs, heart and digestive system\")\\]\n\nDifficulty breathing is the second-most common symptom of long COVID,[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35596571-38) but this subjective symptom does not track with the severity of objective markers of inflammation.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid351059853-39) [Shortness of breath](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shortness_of_breath \"Shortness of breath\") is among the most common symptoms in children and young people as well.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-:2-31) People can also experience a persistent cough.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7)\n\nIn the [cardiovascular system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Circulatory_system \"Circulatory system\"), effort intolerance (i.e., reduced ability to perform physical activities) and chest pain occur often in people with long COVID.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Sufferers of Long COVID are also at increased risks of developing [strokes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stroke \"Stroke\") (i.e., damage to the brain caused by poor blood flow), [myocarditis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myocarditis \"Myocarditis\") (i.e., Inflammation of the [heart muscle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heart_muscle \"Heart muscle\")), the [postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Postural_orthostatic_tachycardia_syndrome \"Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome\") (i.e., abnormally large increases in heart rate upon sitting up or standing), [pulmonary embolisms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pulmonary_embolism \"Pulmonary embolism\") (i.e., blockage of an artery in the lungs), [deep vein thrombosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deep_vein_thrombosis \"Deep vein thrombosis\") (i.e., [blood clots](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blood_clots \"Blood clots\") in a [deep vein](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deep_vein \"Deep vein\"), such as one in the legs or [pelvis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pelvis \"Pelvis\")), and [myocardial infarction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myocardial_infarction \"Myocardial infarction\") (i.e., heart attack).[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33615088-40)[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid34231404-41)[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35411333-42)[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid32677459-43)\n\nLess frequently, people with long COVID experience [diarrhea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diarrhea \"Diarrhea\") and nausea.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7)\n\n### Reproductive system\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Reproductive system\")\\]\n\nIn the female reproductive system, long COVID may disrupt [fertility](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fertility \"Fertility\"), the [menstrual cycle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Menstrual_cycle \"Menstrual cycle\"), [menopause](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Menopause \"Menopause\"), gonadal function, and ovarian sufficiency.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37234076-44) Exacerbation of other long COVID symptoms around menstruation has also been documented.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37234076-44)\n\n[Joint pain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arthralgia \"Arthralgia\") and muscle pain are frequently reported as symptoms of long COVID.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Some people experience hair loss and skin rashes.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-nice_p100-45) People are at increased risk of [type 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Type_1_diabetes \"Type 1 diabetes\") or [type 2 diabetes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Type_2_diabetes \"Type 2 diabetes\") after recovering from acute COVID.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)\n\nBecause the symptom combinations of long COVID vary significantly from person to person, one approach to researching the condition is to define subgroups or [clusters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phenotype_\$clinical_medicine\$ \"Phenotype (clinical medicine)\") of long-haulers. This would allow for more targeted clinical care.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)\n\n## Causes and mechanisms\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: Causes and mechanisms\")\\]\n\n[![Diagram of the body showing autoimmune response, persistent virus, organ damage, and microclots](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/06\/Long_Covid_possible_causes.webp\/500px-Long_Covid_possible_causes.webp.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Long_Covid_possible_causes.webp)\n\nPossible causes of long COVID\n\nThe causes of long COVID are not understood. It is likely that there is no single cause, but instead multiple, and possibly overlapping, mechanisms that all contribute to the development of long COVID.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) Organ damage from the acute infection can explain a part of the symptoms, but long COVID is also observed in people where organ damage seems to be absent.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35594336-46) Several hypotheses have been put forward explaining long COVID, including:[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)\n\n- [blood clotting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coagulation \"Coagulation\") and [endothelial dysfunction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endothelial_dysfunction \"Endothelial dysfunction\") in the blood vessels\n- neurological issues: problems with signalling from the [brainstem](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brainstem \"Brainstem\") and the [vagus nerve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vagus_nerve \"Vagus nerve\")\n- immune system dysregulation, including the reactivation of viruses like the [Epstein–Barr virus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus \"Epstein–Barr virus\")\n- impacts of the virus on the [microbiota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microbiota \"Microbiota\"), including viral persistence\n- [autoimmunity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autoimmunity \"Autoimmunity\")\n\nFurther hypotheses include a dysfunction of the [mitochondria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mitochondrion \"Mitochondrion\") and the cellular energy system,[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36412084-47) persistent systemic [inflammation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inflammation \"Inflammation\"), and the persistence of SARS-COV-19 [antigens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antigen \"Antigen\").[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid372655842-48)\n\nOrgan damage from the acute infection may explain symptoms in some people with long COVID. [Radiological](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radiological \"Radiological\") tests such as lung [magnetic resonance imaging](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magnetic_resonance_imaging \"Magnetic resonance imaging\") (MRI) often show up as normal even for people who show clear desaturation (lowered blood oxygen level) after mild exercise. Other tests, such as a [dual-energy CT scan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dual-energy_CT \"Dual-energy CT\"), do show [perfusion defects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perfusion \"Perfusion\") in a subset of people with respiratory symptoms. Imaging of the heart show contradictory results. Imaging of brains show changes after COVID infection, even if this has not been studied in relation to long COVID. For instance, some show a smaller [olfactory bulb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olfactory_bulb \"Olfactory bulb\"), a brain region associated with smell.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)\n\nIn a subset of people with long COVID, there is evidence that SARS-COV-2 remains in the body after the acute infection.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37080828-49) This evidence comes from [biopsies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biopsy \"Biopsy\"), studies of blood plasma, and by the indirect immune effects of persistent virus. Viral DNA or proteins have been found months to a year after acute infection in various studies. A small study demonstrated viral RNA up to nearly two years after an acute infection in people with long COVID. Persistent virus has also been found in people without long COVID, but at a lower rate.[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37667052-50) Persistent virus could lead to symptoms via possible effects on coagulation and via microbiome and neuroimmune abnormalities.[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37667052-b-51)\n\nDuring or after acute COVID infection, various dormant viruses can become reactivated. For instance, SARS-COV-2 can reactivate the [Epstein-Barr virus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus \"Epstein–Barr virus\"), the virus that is responsible for [infectious mononucleosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Infectious_mononucleosis \"Infectious mononucleosis\"). This virus lies dormant in most people. There is some evidence of a relationship between its reactivation and long COVID. A correlation was also found between reactivation of [endogenous retroviruses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endogenous_retrovirus \"Endogenous retrovirus\") and severity of active COVID‑19.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37140960-52)\n\nAutoimmunity is another potential cause of long COVID. Some studies report [auto-antibodies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autoantibody \"Autoantibody\") (antibodies directed against an individual's own [proteins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protein \"Protein\")) in people with long COVID, but they are not found in all studies.[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid372655842-48) Autoantibodies are often induced during acute COVID, with a moderate relationship to disease severity. Evidence from electronic health care records show that people develop auto-immune diseases, such as [lupus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lupus \"Lupus\") and [rheumatoid arthritis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rheumatoid_arthritis \"Rheumatoid arthritis\"), more frequently after a COVID‑19 infection, compared to controls.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)\n\n[Issues with increased blood clotting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thrombophilia \"Thrombophilia\") are another potential driver of long COVID development. During acute infection, there is direct damage to the linings of blood vessels (endothelial damage),[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) and the risk of [thrombosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thrombosis \"Thrombosis\")\\-related diseases stays elevated longer-term after infection. Issues with blood clotting can include hyperactive platelets and [microclots](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microclots \"Microclots\"). These microclots may induce oxygen shortage ([hypoxia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypoxia_\$medical\$ \"Hypoxia (medical)\")) in tissues.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37080828-49) The clotting may potentially be driven by autoantibodies.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)\n\nSeveral studies suggest that brain penetration of serum components and cytokines as derived from breakdowns to the integrity of the blood–brain barrier could contribute to the neurological manifestations of long COVID.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-53)\n\nWomen are more at risk than men.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) Age has been identified as another risk factor, with older people seemingly more at risk.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) This is also true for children, with older children at a higher risk than younger children.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17)[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36931142-54) Most diagnoses of long COVID are in the 36–50 age bracket.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) Risks of developing long COVID are also higher for people with lower incomes, people with fewer years of education and those from disadvantaged ethnic groups.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17)[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37080828-49) People who [smoke](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smoking \"Smoking\") also have a higher risk of developing long COVID.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17)\n\nVarious health issues raise the risk of long COVID. For instance, people with [obesity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obesity \"Obesity\") more often report long COVID.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) [Asthma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asthma \"Asthma\") and [chronic obstructive pulmonary disease](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease \"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease\") are also risk factors.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) In terms of [mental health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mental_health \"Mental health\"), depression and anxiety raise risks.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17)\n\nCharacteristics of the acute infection play a role in developing long COVID. People who experience a larger number of symptoms during the acute infection are more likely to develop long COVID, as well as people who require hospitalisation.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4)\n\nIn children and young people, the risk factors for long COVID include female sex, older age, and pre-existing diseases or mental health problems.[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36931142-54)\n\nLong COVID risks may have been higher with the [SARS-CoV2 Delta variant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant\") compared to the [Omicron variant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant\"). The higher infection rate from the Omicron variant means that it is still responsible for a large group of long-haulers.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17)\n\nThere are no standardised tests to determine if symptoms persisting after COVID‑19 infection are due to long COVID.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6)[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37182545-9) Diagnosis is based on a history of suspected or confirmed COVID‑19 symptoms, and by [considering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Differential_diagnosis \"Differential diagnosis\") and [ruling out alternative diagnoses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diagnosis_of_exclusion \"Diagnosis of exclusion\").[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8)[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37182545-9) Diagnosis of long COVID can be challenging because of the wide range of symptoms people with long COVID may display.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37182545-9)\n\nEarly [diagnostic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diagnosis \"Diagnosis\") criteria of long COVID required a laboratory-confirmed COVID‑19 infection, but criteria do not require this anymore, given that people may not get tested during the acute infection.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37182545-9) For instance, people who develop long COVID after asymptomatic infection would have little reason to get tested.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8) Furthermore, tests for COVID are not foolproof, and can come back negative.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8) False negatives are more common for children, women and people with a low viral load.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)\n\nThere are diagnostic tools available for some elements of long COVID, such as the [tilt table test](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tilt_table_test \"Tilt table test\") or a NASA lean test for POTS and [MRI scans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magnetic_resonance_imaging \"Magnetic resonance imaging\") to test for cardiovascular impairment. Routine tests offered in standard care often come back normal.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-55)[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-56)\n\n[Preventing a COVID-19 infection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19#Prevention \"COVID-19\") is the most effective way to prevent long COVID, for instance by improving ventilation, avoiding contact with people who test positive for COVID, [washing hands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hand_washing \"Hand washing\"), and wearing a properly-fitted [N95 mask](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N95_respirator \"N95 respirator\").[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-CDC-2023-57) Treatment during the acute phase may also reduce the risk of long COVID.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6) For example, in two large, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials, treatment with [metformin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metformin \"Metformin\") during acute infection lowered risk of diagnosis with Long COVID by 41-50%.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-58)\n\n[COVID-19 vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination \"COVID-19 vaccination\") seems to reduce risk of long COVID. Three doses of a COVID-19 vaccine may reduce the risk by 70%, while two doses give 43% protection and one dose gives 19% protection. The evidence is based on observational studies, rather than on randomised clinical trials.[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-59) The large randomised control trials on COVID-19 vaccines did not include long COVID as an [outcome measure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outcome_measure \"Outcome measure\").[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-60) An analysis involving more than 20 million adults found that vaccinated people had a lower risk of long COVID compared with those who had not received a COVID‑19 vaccine; they were also protected against blood clots and heart failure development after the infection.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-61)[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-62)[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-63)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7a\/Center_for_Post-COVID_Care.jpg\/250px-Center_for_Post-COVID_Care.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Center_for_Post-COVID_Care.jpg)\n\nCenter for Post-COVID Care at Mount Sinai's Union Square offices in New York City\n\nAs of 2025, there are no established effective treatments for long COVID, although several countries and medical organizations have produced guidelines on managing long COVID for clinicians and the public.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6)[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-nice-64)[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65)[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-ivlev-66) A 2025 review of interventions for managing long COVID symptoms concluded that the evidence for selecting certain interventions was highly imprecise with substantial clinical uncertainty, leading affected people to use costly and ineffective self-treatment options.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-ivlev-66) Dismissive attitudes by clinicians for applying interventions, inadequate coverage of treatment by insurance companies, and restricted access to clinical specialists are also discouraging long COVID treatment plans.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-ivlev-66)\n\nPeople with long COVID may need care within several clinical disciplines for long-term monitoring or intervention of ongoing symptoms, and to implement social services, [physical therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Physical_therapy \"Physical therapy\"), or mental health care.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65) In some countries, such as the UK and Germany, specialised long COVID [outpatient clinics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outpatient_department \"Outpatient department\") have been established to assess individual cases for the extent of surveillance and treatment needed.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35999605-67) [Primary care physicians](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_practitioner \"General practitioner\") should provide the first assessment of people with long COVID symptoms, leading to specialist referrals for more complex long COVID symptoms.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65)[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35999605-67)\n\nManagement of long COVID depends on symptoms.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6)[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-ivlev-66) Rest, planning and prioritising are advised for people with fatigue. People who get post-exertional malaise may benefit from activity management with [pacing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pacing_\$activity_management\$ \"Pacing (activity management)\"). People with allergic-type symptoms, such as [skin rashes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skin_rashes \"Skin rashes\"), may benefit from [antihistamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antihistamines \"Antihistamines\").[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13) Those with autonomic dysfunction may benefit from increased intake of fluids, [electrolytes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electrolyte \"Electrolyte\") and [compression garments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compression_garment \"Compression garment\").[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13)\n\nLong-term follow-up of people with long COVID involves outcome reports from the people themselves to assess the impact on their quality of life, especially for those who were not hospitalised and receiving regular clinical follow-up.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65)[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-ivlev-66)[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35999605-67) Digital technologies, such as [videoconferencing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Videotelephony \"Videotelephony\"), are being implemented between primary care physicians and people with long COVID as part of long-term monitoring.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65)\n\nAround two in three with symptoms at four weeks are expected to recover fully by week twelve.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13) However, the prognosis varies by person, and some may find symptoms worsen within the first three months.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8) Recovery after twelve weeks is variable: some people plateau, whilst others see a slow recovery.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13)\n\nThe prognosis also varies by symptom: neurological symptoms may have a delayed onset, and some get worse over time. Symptoms of the gut and lungs are more likely to reduce over time. Pain in muscles and joints seems worse at 2 years than at 1 year after infection. If people meet the diagnostic criteria for [ME\/CFS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ME\/CFS \"ME\/CFS\") or for dysautonomia, their symptoms are likely to be lifelong.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)\n\n[![Chart called \"Who is Most Likely to Get Long Covid?\" showing that the prevalence of long Covid is somewhat higher in women and middle-aged adults](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/f\/fb\/Statista_long_covid.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Statista_long_covid.jpg)\n\nLong COVID's prevalence varies by age and gender in the United States\n\nEstimates of the [incidence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Incidence_\$epidemiology\$ \"Incidence (epidemiology)\") and [prevalence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prevalence \"Prevalence\") of long COVID vary widely. The estimates depend on the definition of long COVID, the population studied,[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) as well as a number of other methodological differences, such as whether a comparable cohort of individuals without COVID‑19 were included,[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid34037731-68) what kinds of symptoms are considered representative of long COVID,[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid34037731-68) and whether long COVID is assessed through a review of symptoms, through self-report of long COVID status, or some other method.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-www.ons.gov.uk-2024-69)\n\nIn general, estimates of long COVID incidence based on statistically random sampling of the population are much lower than those based on certified infection, which has a tendency to skew towards more serious cases (including over-representation of hospitalized patients). Further, since incidence appears to be correlated with severity of infection, it is lower in vaccinated groups, on reinfection and during the omicron era, meaning that the time when data was recorded is important. For example, the UK's Office for National Statistics reported [\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-www.ons.gov.uk-2023-70) in February 2023 (based on random sampling) that \"2.4% of adults and 0.6% of children and young people reported long COVID following a second COVID‑19 infection\". However, a prospective study by Statistics Canada identified a cumulative incidence of 15% after a first infection, 27% after two infections, and 38% after 3 infections.[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-71)\n\nAn August 2024 review found that the prevalence of long COVID is estimated to be about 6–7% in adults, and about 1% in children.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-:0-10) By the end of 2023, roughly 400 million people had or have had long COVID. This may be a conservative estimate, as it is based on studies counting those with specific long COVID symptoms only, and not counting those who developed long COVID after an asymptomatic infection. While hospitalised people have higher risks of getting long COVID, most long-haulers had a mild infection and were able to recover from the acute infection at home.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-:0-10)\n\nTwo meta-analyses estimated the incidence of long COVID after infection at 43% and 58%. These estimates are controversial, as the primary studies they assessed had sampling and other biases. Furthermore, none of the definitions of long COVID have a minimum severity, so these numbers also include people with a single symptom that does not really affect them much.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Lancet2024-5)\n\nIn the United States in June 2023, 6% of the population indicated having long COVID, as defined as symptoms that last for 3 months or more.[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37561665-72) This percentage had stayed stable since January that year, but was a decrease compared to June 2022.[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37561665-72) Of people who had had a prior COVID infection, 11% indicated having long COVID. A quarter of those reported significant limitation in activity.[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37561665-72) A study by the [Medical Expenditure Panel Survey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_Expenditure_Panel_Survey \"Medical Expenditure Panel Survey\") estimated that nearly 18 million people — had suffered from long COVID as of 2023, building on a study sponsored by the [Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality \"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality\").[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-73)\n\nIn a large population [cohort study](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cohort_study \"Cohort study\") in Scotland, 42% of respondents said they had not fully recovered after 6 to 18 months after catching COVID, and 6% indicated they had not recovered at all. The risk of long COVID was associated with disease severity; people with asymptomatic infection did not have increased risk of long COVID symptoms compared to people who had never been infected. Those that had been hospitalised had 4.6 times higher odds of no recovery compared to nonhospitalised people.[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36224173-74)\n\nLong COVID is less common in children and adolescents than in adults.[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36931142-54) Around 16% of children and adolescents develop long COVID following infection.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37476923-29)\n\n## Society and culture\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=18 \"Edit section: Society and culture\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f7\/LongCovidExhibition.jpg\/250px-LongCovidExhibition.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:LongCovidExhibition.jpg)\n\nA wall of pillows at the [Museum of Vancouver](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Museum_of_Vancouver \"Museum of Vancouver\"), each bearing stories from people with Long COVID\n\n### Patient community and activism\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=19 \"Edit section: Patient community and activism\")\\]\n\nEarly in the pandemic, official guidance made a distinction between those with mild illness who did not require hospitalisation, and those with severe illness which did require hospitalisation. The typical recovery time for those with mild illness was said to be around two weeks[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid34425522-75) and media attention was mostly focused on those with a severe infection. Patients with long-lasting systems after a mild infection started to describe their symptoms on Twitter and blogs,[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Roth_2022-76) challenging official assumptions.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15)\n\nThe term *long COVID* was reportedly first used in May 2020 as a [hashtag](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hashtag \"Hashtag\") on Twitter by Elisa Perego, an archaeologist at [University College London](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_College_London \"University College London\").[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Perego_2020-14)[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15) A month later, \\#LongCovid became a popular hashtag, alongside hashtags from non-English budding communities (for instance, \\#AprèsJ20 in French, and \\#koronaoire in Finnish).[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15)\n\nExperiences shared online filled a gap in knowledge in how the media talked about the pandemic.[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Roth_2022-76) Via the media, the knowledge reached governments and health officials, making long COVID \"the first illness created through patients finding one another on Twitter\".[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15)\n\nSome people experiencing long COVID have formed community care networks and support groups on social media websites.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35999605-67)[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Witvliet-2020-77) Internationally, there are several long COVID advocacy groups.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65)[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Macnamara-2021-78)[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Patient_Led_Research_Collaborative-79)[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15) Clinical advice on self-management and online healthcare programs are used to support people with long COVID.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35999605-67)\n\nIn 2023, The organization International Long Covid Awareness (ILCA) created **International Long Covid Awareness Day** on 15 March.[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-80)[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-81)[\\[82\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-82)[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-83)\n\nThe [Museum of Vancouver](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Museum_of_Vancouver \"Museum of Vancouver\") began hosting the exhibition \"Living with Long COVID\" in October 2025, which includes stories and photographs from 46 people with the condition in Canada. The exhibition was co-produced with [Simon Fraser University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simon_Fraser_University \"Simon Fraser University\"), and is scheduled to remain in place until March 2026.[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-84)[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-85)\n\n### Stigma in healthcare\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=20 \"Edit section: Stigma in healthcare\")\\]\n\nMany people with long COVID have difficulty accessing appropriate healthcare. The severity of their symptoms may be disbelieved, they may be subject to unsympathetic care, and their symptoms may not be investigated properly or may be falsely attributed to anxiety.[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36795701-86)[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65) People with long COVID may be misdiagnosed with mental disorders. Anxiety and depression questionnaires not designed for people with medical conditions can contribute to this; for example, a questionnaire may assume fatigue is due to depression or that palpitations are due to anxiety, even if explained by another condition like ME\/CFS or POTS.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)\n\nThe impact of long COVID on people's ability to work is large. Estimates vary on how many people are out of work, or work reduced hours because of long COVID. For those with mild or moderate disease, between 12% and 23% had had long periods of absence or remained absent from work at 3 to 7 months. The share of people working adjusted hours or tasks after mild or moderate COVID, was around 8% to 45% after three to eight months.[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Nittas_2022-87) The percentage of people returning to work after hospitalisation was lower.[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Nittas_2022-87) Return to work after hospitalisation differed by country. In China and the US a higher percentage went back to work. In the US this could be partially explained by a lack of [paid sick leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paid_sick_leave \"Paid sick leave\") for some workers.[\\[88\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35938280-88) The [Institute for Fiscal Studies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Institute_for_Fiscal_Studies \"Institute for Fiscal Studies\") studied labour impacts of long COVID in the UK in 2021. They concluded that of people who worked before contracting long COVID, one in ten had stopped working. Most of them were on sick leave rather than unemployed.[\\[89\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Waters-2022-89) It is estimated that reduced working hours and absence from work due to long COVID costs the [UK economy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Economy of the United Kingdom\") £5.7 billion. The equivalent figure for [informal carers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caregiver \"Caregiver\") of people with long COVID is £4.8 billion.[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-90)[\\[91\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-91)\n\nThe [OECD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OECD \"OECD\") estimates that 3 million people have left the work force due to long COVID in OECD countries. Only counting lost wages, this would amount to an economic loss of US\\$141 billion. When taking into account reduced quality of life as well, yearly economics costs due to long COVID were estimated to be between US\\$864 billion and US\\$1.04 trillion. This does not include health care costs.[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-92) As a share of global [GDP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GDP \"GDP\"), impacts are estimated to be between 0.5% and 2.3%.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-:0-10)\n\nA study estimated that long COVID contributes to global economic cost of about \\$1 trillion a year for the 400 million afflicted.[\\[93\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-93)[\\[94\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-94)\n\nResearch is ongoing in many areas, including developing more accurate diagnostic criteria, refining estimates of its likelihood, identifying risk factors, gathering data for its impact on daily life, discovering which populations face barriers to adequate care, and learning how much protection vaccination provides.[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Post-COVID_Conditions-95)[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-montani-96)\n\nMany [experimental](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Experimental_drug \"Experimental drug\") and [repurposed drugs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_repositioning \"Drug repositioning\") are being investigated as possible treatments for different aspects of long COVID.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)[\\[97\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-buon-97) These include the anti-inflammatory [colchicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colchicine \"Colchicine\"), the anticoagulant [rivaroxaban](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rivaroxaban \"Rivaroxaban\"), the antihistamines [famotidine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Famotidine \"Famotidine\") and [loratadine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loratadine \"Loratadine\"), various immune-modulating drugs, and the experimental [aptamer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aptamer \"Aptamer\") compound [BC-007 (Rovunaptabin)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BC-007 \"BC-007\").[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)\n\nIn 2021, the US [National Institutes of Health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Institutes_of_Health \"National Institutes of Health\") started funding the [RECOVER Initiative](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RECOVER_Initiative \"RECOVER Initiative\"), backed by \\$1.15 billion over four years,[\\[98\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33664445-98) to identify the causes, prevention and treatment of long COVID.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-nih.gov-27) In 2023, the [Office of Long COVID Research and Practice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_of_Long_COVID_Research_and_Practice \"Office of Long COVID Research and Practice\") was created to coordinate research across US government agencies.[\\[99\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-Cohrs-2023-99) At the same time, RECOVER announced which clinical trials it will fund: these include a trial of [Paxlovid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nirmatrelvir\/ritonavir \"Nirmatrelvir\/ritonavir\") against potential persistent infection, one for sleep disorder, one for cognitive impairment and one for problems with the [autonomic nervous system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autonomic_nervous_system \"Autonomic nervous system\").[\\[100\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37528203-100)\n\nIn 2023, a survey of over 3,700 people in the UK with long COVID, fatigue was the strongest predictor of poor everyday functioning, with depression and brain fog also being linked. Some 20% of those surveyed reported being unable to work.[\\[101\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-walker-101)[\\[102\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-UK_National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Research-2023-102)\n\nIn 2024, researchers working at UK universities published a commentary on what can be learned from long COVID in order to be better prepared for and recover faster from future pandemics. Some of these considerations include continuing the collection of large-scale data and making it easily accessible, [involving those affected by long COVID in research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patient_and_public_involvement \"Patient and public involvement\"), and focusing on [health inequalities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Health_equity \"Health equity\") affecting recovery and wellbeing.[\\[103\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_note-103)\n\n- [Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes\") – both acute and chronic neurological, psychiatric, olfactory, and mental health conditions\n- [List of people with long COVID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_people_with_long_COVID \"List of people with long COVID\")\n- [Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Multisystem_inflammatory_syndrome_in_children \"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children\") – pediatric comorbidity from COVID-19\n- [Post viral cerebellar ataxia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post_viral_cerebellar_ataxia \"Post viral cerebellar ataxia\") – clumsy movement appearing a few weeks after a viral infection\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-defnLancet_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-defnLancet_1-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-defnLancet_1-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-defnLancet_1-3)\n   Soriano JB, Murthy S, Marshall JC, Relan P, Diaz JV (April 2022). [\"A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8691845). *The Lancet. Infectious Diseases*. **22** (4): e102–e107. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2022LanID..22.e102S](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2022LanID..22.e102S). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00703-9](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2821%2900703-9). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [8691845](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8691845). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [34951953](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34951953).\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-9) [***k***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-10) [***l***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-11) [***m***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-12) [***n***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-13) [***o***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-14) [***p***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-15)\n   Altmann DM, Whettlock EM, Liu S, Arachchillage DJ, Boyton RJ (July 2023). [\"The immunology of long COVID\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41577-023-00904-7). *Nature Reviews. Immunology*. **23** (10): 618–634\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1038\/s41577-023-00904-7](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41577-023-00904-7). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [37433988](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/37433988). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [259831825](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:259831825).\n3. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-9) [***k***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-10) [***l***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-11) [***m***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-12) [***n***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-13) [***o***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-14) [***p***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-15)\n   Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM, Topol EJ (March 2023). [\"Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9839201). *Nature Reviews. Microbiology*. **21** (3): 133–146\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41579-022-00846-2). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [9839201](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9839201). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [36639608](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/36639608).\n4. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-8)\n   Chen C, Haupert SR, Zimmermann L, Shi X, Fritsche LG, Mukherjee B (November 2022). [\"Global Prevalence of Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9047189). *The Journal of Infectious Diseases*. **226** (9): 1593–1607\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1093\/infdis\/jiac136](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Finfdis%2Fjiac136). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [9047189](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9047189). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [35429399](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/35429399).\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-Lancet2024_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-Lancet2024_5-1)\n   Greenhalgh T, Sivan M, Perlowski A, Nikolich JŽ (2024). [\"Long COVID: a clinical update\"](https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736\$24\$01136-X\/fulltext). *The Lancet*. **404** (10453): 707–724\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01136-X](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2824%2901136-X). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0140-6736](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0140-6736). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [39096925](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39096925).\n6. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-cdc2023_6-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-cdc2023_6-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-cdc2023_6-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-cdc2023_6-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-cdc2023_6-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-cdc2023_6-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-cdc2023_6-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-cdc2023_6-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID#cite_ref-cdc2023_6-8)\n   [\"Long COVID or post-COVID conditions\"](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/long-term-effects\/index.html). 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[PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [39311897](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39311897).\n\n- [Long-term effects of coronavirus (long COVID)](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/coronavirus-covid-19\/long-term-effects-of-coronavirus-long-covid\/) at UK [National Health Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Health_Service \"National Health Service\")\n\n- Jackson JC (2023). [*Clearing the Fog: From Surviving to Thriving with Long COVID – A Practical Guide*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nVKHEAAAQBAJ). New York: Little, Brown Spark. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-0-316-53009-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-316-53009-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-316-53009-5\")\n  \n  . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\$identifier\$ \"OCLC (identifier)\") [1345215931](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/1345215931).\n\n- \"Long COVID: let patients help define long-lasting COVID symptoms\". Editorial. *Nature*. **586** (7828): 170. October 2020. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2020Natur.586..170.](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2020Natur.586..170.). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1038\/d41586-020-02796-2](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fd41586-020-02796-2). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [33029005](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33029005). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [222217022](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:222217022).\n- Alwan NA (August 2020). \"Track COVID-19 sickness, not just positive tests and deaths\". *Nature*. **584** (7820): 170. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1038\/d41586-020-02335-z](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fd41586-020-02335-z). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [32782377](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32782377). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [221107554](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:221107554).\n- Kingstone T, Taylor AK, O'Donnell CA, Atherton H, Blane DN, Chew-Graham CA (December 2020). [\"Finding the 'right' GP: a qualitative study of the experiences of people with long-COVID\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3399%2Fbjgpopen20X101143). *BJGP Open*. **4** (5) bjgpopen20X101143. [Royal College of General Practitioners](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_College_of_General_Practitioners \"Royal College of General Practitioners\"). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.3399\/bjgpopen20X101143](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3399%2Fbjgpopen20X101143). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [7880173](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7880173). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [33051223](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33051223). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [222351478](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:222351478).\n- Salisbury H (June 2020). [\"Helen Salisbury: When will we be well again?\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136%2Fbmj.m2490). *BMJ*. **369** m2490. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1136\/bmj.m2490](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136%2Fbmj.m2490). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [32576550](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32576550). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [219983336](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:219983336).\n- [\"Researching long COVID: addressing a new global health challenge\"](https:\/\/evidence.nihr.ac.uk\/themedreview\/researching-long-covid-addressing-a-new-global-health-challenge\/). *NIHR Evidence* (Plain English summary). 12 May 2022. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.3310\/nihrevidence\\_50331](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310%2Fnihrevidence_50331). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [249942230](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:249942230). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220625085434\/https:\/\/evidence.nihr.ac.uk\/themedreview\/researching-long-covid-addressing-a-new-global-health-challenge\/) from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.\n- The Lancet Infectious Diseases (August 2023). [\"Where are the long COVID trials?\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2823%2900440-1). *The Lancet. Infectious Diseases*. **23** (8): 879. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00440-1](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2823%2900440-1). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [37507151](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/37507151). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [260272959](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:260272959).","meta_canonical":null}

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URL	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID
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Boilerpipe Text	Long COVID Other names Long-haul COVID, post-COVID-19 syndrome, post-COVID-19 condition, post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), chronic COVID syndrome [ 1 ] Symptoms Highly varied, including post-exertional malaise (symptoms worsen with effort), fatigue , muscle pain , shortness of breath , chest pain and cognitive dysfunction ("brain fog") [ 2 ] Duration Weeks to years, possibly lifelong [ 3 ] Causes COVID-19 infection Risk factors Female sex, age, obesity , asthma , more severe COVID-19 infection [ 4 ] Frequency 50–85% of hospitalised COVID-19 cases, 10–35% of non-hospitalised cases, and 8–12% of vaccinated cases [ 5 ] Long COVID or long-haul COVID is a group of health problems persisting or developing after an initial period of COVID‑19 infection. Symptoms can last weeks, months, or years and are often debilitating. [ 3 ] The World Health Organization defines long COVID as starting three months after the initial COVID‑19 infection, but other agencies define it as starting at four weeks after the initial infection. [ 2 ] Long COVID is characterised by a large number of symptoms that sometimes disappear and then reappear. Commonly reported symptoms of long COVID are fatigue , memory problems, shortness of breath , and sleep disorder . [ 6 ] [ 4 ] [ 7 ] Several other symptoms, including headaches, mental health issues , initial loss of smell or taste , muscle weakness , fever, and cognitive dysfunction may also present. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Symptoms often get worse after mental or physical effort, a process called post-exertional malaise . [ 6 ] There is a large overlap in symptoms with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). [ 2 ] The causes of long COVID are not understood. Hypotheses include lasting damage to organs and blood vessels, problems with blood clotting , neurological dysfunction, persistent virus or a reactivation of latent viruses and autoimmunity . [ 3 ] Diagnosis of long COVID is based on (suspected or confirmed) COVID‑19 infection or symptoms—and by excluding alternative diagnoses. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] As of 2024, the prevalence of long COVID is estimated to be about 6–7% in adults, and about 1% in children. [ 10 ] Prevalence might be reduced after vaccination . [ 11 ] Risk factors include but are not limited to: higher age, female sex, having asthma , and a more severe initial COVID‑19 infection. [ 4 ] Anyone can develop long COVID. [ 12 ] As of 2025 , there are no validated effective treatments. [ 3 ] [ 6 ] Management of long COVID depends on symptoms. Rest is recommended for fatigue and pacing for post-exertional malaise. People with severe symptoms or those who were in intensive care may require care from a team of specialists. [ 13 ] Most people with symptoms at 4 weeks recover by 12 weeks. Recovery is slower (or plateaus) for those still ill at 12 weeks. [ 13 ] For a subset of people, for instance, those meeting the criteria for ME/CFS, symptoms are expected to be lifelong. [ 3 ] Globally, over 400 million people have experienced long COVID. Long COVID may be responsible for a loss of 1% of the world's gross domestic product. [ 10 ] Classification and terminology [ edit ] Long COVID is a patient-created term coined early in the pandemic by those suffering from long-term symptoms. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] While long COVID is the most prevalent name, the terms long-haul COVID , post-COVID‑19 syndrome , post-COVID‑19 condition , [ 1 ] [ 16 ] post-acute sequelae of COVID‑19 ( PASC ), and chronic COVID syndrome are also in use. [ 6 ] Long COVID may not be a single disease or syndrome. It could be an umbrella term including permanent organ damage, post-intensive care syndrome , post-viral fatigue syndrome and post-COVID syndrome. [ 2 ] There are multiple definitions of long COVID, depending on country and institution. The most accepted is the World Health Organization (WHO) definition. [ 17 ] The definitions differ in when long COVID starts, and how long persistent symptoms must have lasted. [ 17 ] For instance, the WHO puts the onset of long COVID at three months post-infection, if there have been at least two months of persistent symptoms. [ 1 ] [ 16 ] In contrast, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) puts the onset of "Post-COVID Conditions" at four weeks "to emphasize the importance of initial clinical evaluation and supportive care during the initial 4 to 12 weeks after acute COVID‑19" [ 8 ] According to the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), postacute sequalae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) refers to ongoing, relapsing, or new symptoms, or other health effects that occur four or more weeks after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection. [ 18 ] The British National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) divides long COVID into two categories: [ 19 ] ongoing symptomatic COVID‑19 for effects from four to twelve weeks after onset, and post-COVID‑19 syndrome for effects that persist 12 or more weeks after onset. The clinical case definitions specify symptom onset and development. For instance, the WHO definition indicates that "symptoms might be new onset following initial recovery or persist from the initial illness. Symptoms may also fluctuate or relapse over time." [ 1 ] The NICE and WHO definition further require the exclusion of alternative diagnoses. [ 17 ] Specifically for children and young people, a group of experts in the UK have published the only research definition which complements the clinical case definition in adults proposed by the WHO. This consensus research definition for long COVID in children and young people is: "Post COVID‑19 condition occurs in young people with a history of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, with at least one persisting physical symptom for a minimum duration of 12 weeks after initial testing that cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis. The symptoms have an impact on everyday functioning, may continue or develop after COVID infection, and may fluctuate of relapse over time. The positive COVID‑19 test referred to in this definition can be a lateral flow antigen test, a PCR test or an antibody test." [ 20 ] [ 18 ] Many symptoms have similar severity in long COVID and ME/CFS Long COVID is a post-acute infection syndrome (PAIS) and shares similarities with other such syndromes. [ 21 ] For instance, there are similarities with post-Ebola syndrome and aftereffects of the chikungunya virus. These conditions may have similar pathophysiology to long COVID. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Long COVID has many symptoms in common with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and research estimates half of people with long COVID meet ME/CFS diagnostic criteria. [ 23 ] Like long COVID, ME/CFS is often triggered by infections, and some biological changes overlap. [ 24 ] [ 2 ] Dysautonomia and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) are also potential shared aspects of long COVID and ME/CFS. [ 2 ] [ 25 ] However, long COVID symptoms include loss of smell and taste, neither of which feature frequently in ME/CFS. [ 24 ] There are over 50 long-term effects of COVID-19, including those that are symptoms of long COVID. The image shows the symptoms along with their estimated prevalence. Around 80% of people have at least one overall effect beyond two weeks following infection. [ 26 ] External videos "Long Covid: A parallel pandemic" , Akiko Iwasaki and others, Knowable Magazine , 8 August 2022. There is a large set of symptoms associated with long COVID, impacting many different organs and body systems. Long COVID symptoms can differ significantly from person to person. [ 2 ] Symptom severity ranges from mild to incapacitating. [ 27 ] Common symptoms reported in studies include fatigue , muscle pain , shortness of breath , chest pain , cognitive dysfunction (" brain fog ") and post-exertional malaise (symptoms worsen after activity). [ 2 ] This symptom worsening typically occurs 12 to 48 hours after activity and can be triggered by either mental or physical effort. It lasts between days and weeks. [ 8 ] Children and adolescents can also experience serious symptoms and long-term adverse health effects, including serious mental health impacts related to persistent COVID‑19 symptoms. [ 28 ] The most common symptoms in children are persistent fever, sore throat , problems with sleep, headaches, shortness of breath, muscle weakness, fatigue, loss of smell or distorted smell, and anxiety. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Children and adolescents with long COVID experience three or more symptoms more frequently than control groups, but this has low certainty. [ 30 ] Neurological symptoms [ edit ] Common neurological symptoms in long COVID are difficulty concentrating, cognitive impairment and headaches. [ 3 ] [ 7 ] People also frequently experience loss of taste and loss of smell . [ 7 ] Likewise children and young people may also experience cognitive impairment. [ 32 ] [ 31 ] Some people with long COVID experience dysautonomia , a malfunction of the autonomic nervous system . [ 33 ] [ 25 ] People with dysautonomia may experience palpitations and tachycardia (raised heart rate) after minor effort or upon standing up. This can be associated with dizziness and nausea . If the heart rate is raised by 30 beats per minute or more after continuous standing; this is described as postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome . [ 34 ] In terms of mental health, people with long COVID often experience sleep difficulties. [ 7 ] Depression and anxiety levels are raised in the first two months after infection, but return to normal afterwards. [ 35 ] This was in contrast to other neurological symptoms, such as brain fog and seizures , which lasted at least two years. [ 3 ] However, among people who were hospitalised for COVID, many have depression and anxiety 2 to 3 years after their infection. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Lungs, heart and digestive system [ edit ] Difficulty breathing is the second-most common symptom of long COVID, [ 38 ] but this subjective symptom does not track with the severity of objective markers of inflammation. [ 39 ] Shortness of breath is among the most common symptoms in children and young people as well. [ 31 ] People can also experience a persistent cough. [ 7 ] In the cardiovascular system , effort intolerance (i.e., reduced ability to perform physical activities) and chest pain occur often in people with long COVID. [ 7 ] Sufferers of Long COVID are also at increased risks of developing strokes (i.e., damage to the brain caused by poor blood flow), myocarditis (i.e., Inflammation of the heart muscle ), the postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (i.e., abnormally large increases in heart rate upon sitting up or standing), pulmonary embolisms (i.e., blockage of an artery in the lungs), deep vein thrombosis (i.e., blood clots in a deep vein , such as one in the legs or pelvis ), and myocardial infarction (i.e., heart attack). [ 2 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Less frequently, people with long COVID experience diarrhea and nausea. [ 7 ] Reproductive system [ edit ] In the female reproductive system, long COVID may disrupt fertility , the menstrual cycle , menopause , gonadal function, and ovarian sufficiency. [ 44 ] Exacerbation of other long COVID symptoms around menstruation has also been documented. [ 44 ] Joint pain and muscle pain are frequently reported as symptoms of long COVID. [ 7 ] Some people experience hair loss and skin rashes. [ 45 ] People are at increased risk of type 1 or type 2 diabetes after recovering from acute COVID. [ 2 ] Because the symptom combinations of long COVID vary significantly from person to person, one approach to researching the condition is to define subgroups or clusters of long-haulers. This would allow for more targeted clinical care. [ 2 ] Causes and mechanisms [ edit ] Possible causes of long COVID The causes of long COVID are not understood. It is likely that there is no single cause, but instead multiple, and possibly overlapping, mechanisms that all contribute to the development of long COVID. [ 3 ] Organ damage from the acute infection can explain a part of the symptoms, but long COVID is also observed in people where organ damage seems to be absent. [ 46 ] Several hypotheses have been put forward explaining long COVID, including: [ 3 ] blood clotting and endothelial dysfunction in the blood vessels neurological issues: problems with signalling from the brainstem and the vagus nerve immune system dysregulation, including the reactivation of viruses like the Epstein–Barr virus impacts of the virus on the microbiota , including viral persistence autoimmunity Further hypotheses include a dysfunction of the mitochondria and the cellular energy system, [ 47 ] persistent systemic inflammation , and the persistence of SARS-COV-19 antigens . [ 48 ] Organ damage from the acute infection may explain symptoms in some people with long COVID. Radiological tests such as lung magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) often show up as normal even for people who show clear desaturation (lowered blood oxygen level) after mild exercise. Other tests, such as a dual-energy CT scan , do show perfusion defects in a subset of people with respiratory symptoms. Imaging of the heart show contradictory results. Imaging of brains show changes after COVID infection, even if this has not been studied in relation to long COVID. For instance, some show a smaller olfactory bulb , a brain region associated with smell. [ 2 ] In a subset of people with long COVID, there is evidence that SARS-COV-2 remains in the body after the acute infection. [ 49 ] This evidence comes from biopsies , studies of blood plasma, and by the indirect immune effects of persistent virus. Viral DNA or proteins have been found months to a year after acute infection in various studies. A small study demonstrated viral RNA up to nearly two years after an acute infection in people with long COVID. Persistent virus has also been found in people without long COVID, but at a lower rate. [ 50 ] Persistent virus could lead to symptoms via possible effects on coagulation and via microbiome and neuroimmune abnormalities. [ 51 ] During or after acute COVID infection, various dormant viruses can become reactivated. For instance, SARS-COV-2 can reactivate the Epstein-Barr virus , the virus that is responsible for infectious mononucleosis . This virus lies dormant in most people. There is some evidence of a relationship between its reactivation and long COVID. A correlation was also found between reactivation of endogenous retroviruses and severity of active COVID‑19. [ 52 ] Autoimmunity is another potential cause of long COVID. Some studies report auto-antibodies (antibodies directed against an individual's own proteins ) in people with long COVID, but they are not found in all studies. [ 48 ] Autoantibodies are often induced during acute COVID, with a moderate relationship to disease severity. Evidence from electronic health care records show that people develop auto-immune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis , more frequently after a COVID‑19 infection, compared to controls. [ 2 ] Issues with increased blood clotting are another potential driver of long COVID development. During acute infection, there is direct damage to the linings of blood vessels (endothelial damage), [ 2 ] and the risk of thrombosis -related diseases stays elevated longer-term after infection. Issues with blood clotting can include hyperactive platelets and microclots . These microclots may induce oxygen shortage ( hypoxia ) in tissues. [ 49 ] The clotting may potentially be driven by autoantibodies. [ 2 ] Several studies suggest that brain penetration of serum components and cytokines as derived from breakdowns to the integrity of the blood–brain barrier could contribute to the neurological manifestations of long COVID. [ 53 ] Women are more at risk than men. [ 4 ] Age has been identified as another risk factor, with older people seemingly more at risk. [ 4 ] This is also true for children, with older children at a higher risk than younger children. [ 17 ] [ 54 ] Most diagnoses of long COVID are in the 36–50 age bracket. [ 3 ] Risks of developing long COVID are also higher for people with lower incomes, people with fewer years of education and those from disadvantaged ethnic groups. [ 17 ] [ 49 ] People who smoke also have a higher risk of developing long COVID. [ 17 ] Various health issues raise the risk of long COVID. For instance, people with obesity more often report long COVID. [ 4 ] Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are also risk factors. [ 17 ] [ 4 ] In terms of mental health , depression and anxiety raise risks. [ 17 ] Characteristics of the acute infection play a role in developing long COVID. People who experience a larger number of symptoms during the acute infection are more likely to develop long COVID, as well as people who require hospitalisation. [ 4 ] In children and young people, the risk factors for long COVID include female sex, older age, and pre-existing diseases or mental health problems. [ 54 ] Long COVID risks may have been higher with the SARS-CoV2 Delta variant compared to the Omicron variant . The higher infection rate from the Omicron variant means that it is still responsible for a large group of long-haulers. [ 17 ] There are no standardised tests to determine if symptoms persisting after COVID‑19 infection are due to long COVID. [ 6 ] [ 9 ] Diagnosis is based on a history of suspected or confirmed COVID‑19 symptoms, and by considering and ruling out alternative diagnoses . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Diagnosis of long COVID can be challenging because of the wide range of symptoms people with long COVID may display. [ 9 ] Early diagnostic criteria of long COVID required a laboratory-confirmed COVID‑19 infection, but criteria do not require this anymore, given that people may not get tested during the acute infection. [ 9 ] For instance, people who develop long COVID after asymptomatic infection would have little reason to get tested. [ 8 ] Furthermore, tests for COVID are not foolproof, and can come back negative. [ 8 ] False negatives are more common for children, women and people with a low viral load. [ 3 ] There are diagnostic tools available for some elements of long COVID, such as the tilt table test or a NASA lean test for POTS and MRI scans to test for cardiovascular impairment. Routine tests offered in standard care often come back normal. [ 3 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Preventing a COVID-19 infection is the most effective way to prevent long COVID, for instance by improving ventilation, avoiding contact with people who test positive for COVID, washing hands , and wearing a properly-fitted N95 mask . [ 57 ] Treatment during the acute phase may also reduce the risk of long COVID. [ 6 ] For example, in two large, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials, treatment with metformin during acute infection lowered risk of diagnosis with Long COVID by 41-50%. [ 58 ] COVID-19 vaccination seems to reduce risk of long COVID. Three doses of a COVID-19 vaccine may reduce the risk by 70%, while two doses give 43% protection and one dose gives 19% protection. The evidence is based on observational studies, rather than on randomised clinical trials. [ 59 ] The large randomised control trials on COVID-19 vaccines did not include long COVID as an outcome measure . [ 60 ] An analysis involving more than 20 million adults found that vaccinated people had a lower risk of long COVID compared with those who had not received a COVID‑19 vaccine; they were also protected against blood clots and heart failure development after the infection. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Center for Post-COVID Care at Mount Sinai's Union Square offices in New York City As of 2025 , there are no established effective treatments for long COVID, although several countries and medical organizations have produced guidelines on managing long COVID for clinicians and the public. [ 6 ] [ 64 ] [ 65 ] [ 66 ] A 2025 review of interventions for managing long COVID symptoms concluded that the evidence for selecting certain interventions was highly imprecise with substantial clinical uncertainty, leading affected people to use costly and ineffective self-treatment options. [ 66 ] Dismissive attitudes by clinicians for applying interventions, inadequate coverage of treatment by insurance companies, and restricted access to clinical specialists are also discouraging long COVID treatment plans. [ 66 ] People with long COVID may need care within several clinical disciplines for long-term monitoring or intervention of ongoing symptoms, and to implement social services, physical therapy , or mental health care. [ 65 ] In some countries, such as the UK and Germany, specialised long COVID outpatient clinics have been established to assess individual cases for the extent of surveillance and treatment needed. [ 67 ] Primary care physicians should provide the first assessment of people with long COVID symptoms, leading to specialist referrals for more complex long COVID symptoms. [ 65 ] [ 67 ] Management of long COVID depends on symptoms. [ 6 ] [ 66 ] Rest, planning and prioritising are advised for people with fatigue. People who get post-exertional malaise may benefit from activity management with pacing . People with allergic-type symptoms, such as skin rashes , may benefit from antihistamines . [ 13 ] Those with autonomic dysfunction may benefit from increased intake of fluids, electrolytes and compression garments . [ 13 ] Long-term follow-up of people with long COVID involves outcome reports from the people themselves to assess the impact on their quality of life, especially for those who were not hospitalised and receiving regular clinical follow-up. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Digital technologies, such as videoconferencing , are being implemented between primary care physicians and people with long COVID as part of long-term monitoring. [ 65 ] Around two in three with symptoms at four weeks are expected to recover fully by week twelve. [ 13 ] However, the prognosis varies by person, and some may find symptoms worsen within the first three months. [ 8 ] Recovery after twelve weeks is variable: some people plateau, whilst others see a slow recovery. [ 13 ] The prognosis also varies by symptom: neurological symptoms may have a delayed onset, and some get worse over time. Symptoms of the gut and lungs are more likely to reduce over time. Pain in muscles and joints seems worse at 2 years than at 1 year after infection. If people meet the diagnostic criteria for ME/CFS or for dysautonomia, their symptoms are likely to be lifelong. [ 3 ] Long COVID's prevalence varies by age and gender in the United States Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of long COVID vary widely. The estimates depend on the definition of long COVID, the population studied, [ 4 ] as well as a number of other methodological differences, such as whether a comparable cohort of individuals without COVID‑19 were included, [ 68 ] what kinds of symptoms are considered representative of long COVID, [ 68 ] and whether long COVID is assessed through a review of symptoms, through self-report of long COVID status, or some other method. [ 69 ] In general, estimates of long COVID incidence based on statistically random sampling of the population are much lower than those based on certified infection, which has a tendency to skew towards more serious cases (including over-representation of hospitalized patients). Further, since incidence appears to be correlated with severity of infection, it is lower in vaccinated groups, on reinfection and during the omicron era, meaning that the time when data was recorded is important. For example, the UK's Office for National Statistics reported [ 70 ] in February 2023 (based on random sampling) that "2.4% of adults and 0.6% of children and young people reported long COVID following a second COVID‑19 infection". However, a prospective study by Statistics Canada identified a cumulative incidence of 15% after a first infection, 27% after two infections, and 38% after 3 infections. [ 71 ] An August 2024 review found that the prevalence of long COVID is estimated to be about 6–7% in adults, and about 1% in children. [ 10 ] By the end of 2023, roughly 400 million people had or have had long COVID. This may be a conservative estimate, as it is based on studies counting those with specific long COVID symptoms only, and not counting those who developed long COVID after an asymptomatic infection. While hospitalised people have higher risks of getting long COVID, most long-haulers had a mild infection and were able to recover from the acute infection at home. [ 10 ] Two meta-analyses estimated the incidence of long COVID after infection at 43% and 58%. These estimates are controversial, as the primary studies they assessed had sampling and other biases. Furthermore, none of the definitions of long COVID have a minimum severity, so these numbers also include people with a single symptom that does not really affect them much. [ 5 ] In the United States in June 2023, 6% of the population indicated having long COVID, as defined as symptoms that last for 3 months or more. [ 72 ] This percentage had stayed stable since January that year, but was a decrease compared to June 2022. [ 72 ] Of people who had had a prior COVID infection, 11% indicated having long COVID. A quarter of those reported significant limitation in activity. [ 72 ] A study by the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey estimated that nearly 18 million people — had suffered from long COVID as of 2023, building on a study sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . [ 73 ] In a large population cohort study in Scotland, 42% of respondents said they had not fully recovered after 6 to 18 months after catching COVID, and 6% indicated they had not recovered at all. The risk of long COVID was associated with disease severity; people with asymptomatic infection did not have increased risk of long COVID symptoms compared to people who had never been infected. Those that had been hospitalised had 4.6 times higher odds of no recovery compared to nonhospitalised people. [ 74 ] Long COVID is less common in children and adolescents than in adults. [ 54 ] Around 16% of children and adolescents develop long COVID following infection. [ 29 ] Society and culture [ edit ] A wall of pillows at the Museum of Vancouver , each bearing stories from people with Long COVID Patient community and activism [ edit ] Early in the pandemic, official guidance made a distinction between those with mild illness who did not require hospitalisation, and those with severe illness which did require hospitalisation. The typical recovery time for those with mild illness was said to be around two weeks [ 75 ] and media attention was mostly focused on those with a severe infection. Patients with long-lasting systems after a mild infection started to describe their symptoms on Twitter and blogs, [ 76 ] challenging official assumptions. [ 15 ] The term long COVID was reportedly first used in May 2020 as a hashtag on Twitter by Elisa Perego, an archaeologist at University College London . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] A month later, #LongCovid became a popular hashtag, alongside hashtags from non-English budding communities (for instance, #AprèsJ20 in French, and #koronaoire in Finnish). [ 15 ] Experiences shared online filled a gap in knowledge in how the media talked about the pandemic. [ 76 ] Via the media, the knowledge reached governments and health officials, making long COVID "the first illness created through patients finding one another on Twitter". [ 15 ] Some people experiencing long COVID have formed community care networks and support groups on social media websites. [ 67 ] [ 77 ] Internationally, there are several long COVID advocacy groups. [ 65 ] [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ 15 ] Clinical advice on self-management and online healthcare programs are used to support people with long COVID. [ 67 ] In 2023, The organization International Long Covid Awareness (ILCA) created International Long Covid Awareness Day on 15 March. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] [ 82 ] [ 83 ] The Museum of Vancouver began hosting the exhibition "Living with Long COVID" in October 2025, which includes stories and photographs from 46 people with the condition in Canada. The exhibition was co-produced with Simon Fraser University , and is scheduled to remain in place until March 2026. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Stigma in healthcare [ edit ] Many people with long COVID have difficulty accessing appropriate healthcare. The severity of their symptoms may be disbelieved, they may be subject to unsympathetic care, and their symptoms may not be investigated properly or may be falsely attributed to anxiety. [ 86 ] [ 65 ] People with long COVID may be misdiagnosed with mental disorders. Anxiety and depression questionnaires not designed for people with medical conditions can contribute to this; for example, a questionnaire may assume fatigue is due to depression or that palpitations are due to anxiety, even if explained by another condition like ME/CFS or POTS. [ 3 ] The impact of long COVID on people's ability to work is large. Estimates vary on how many people are out of work, or work reduced hours because of long COVID. For those with mild or moderate disease, between 12% and 23% had had long periods of absence or remained absent from work at 3 to 7 months. The share of people working adjusted hours or tasks after mild or moderate COVID, was around 8% to 45% after three to eight months. [ 87 ] The percentage of people returning to work after hospitalisation was lower. [ 87 ] Return to work after hospitalisation differed by country. In China and the US a higher percentage went back to work. In the US this could be partially explained by a lack of paid sick leave for some workers. [ 88 ] The Institute for Fiscal Studies studied labour impacts of long COVID in the UK in 2021. They concluded that of people who worked before contracting long COVID, one in ten had stopped working. Most of them were on sick leave rather than unemployed. [ 89 ] It is estimated that reduced working hours and absence from work due to long COVID costs the UK economy £5.7 billion. The equivalent figure for informal carers of people with long COVID is £4.8 billion. [ 90 ] [ 91 ] The OECD estimates that 3 million people have left the work force due to long COVID in OECD countries. Only counting lost wages, this would amount to an economic loss of US$141 billion. When taking into account reduced quality of life as well, yearly economics costs due to long COVID were estimated to be between US$864 billion and US$1.04 trillion. This does not include health care costs. [ 92 ] As a share of global GDP , impacts are estimated to be between 0.5% and 2.3%. [ 10 ] A study estimated that long COVID contributes to global economic cost of about $1 trillion a year for the 400 million afflicted. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Research is ongoing in many areas, including developing more accurate diagnostic criteria, refining estimates of its likelihood, identifying risk factors, gathering data for its impact on daily life, discovering which populations face barriers to adequate care, and learning how much protection vaccination provides. [ 95 ] [ 96 ] Many experimental and repurposed drugs are being investigated as possible treatments for different aspects of long COVID. [ 3 ] [ 97 ] These include the anti-inflammatory colchicine , the anticoagulant rivaroxaban , the antihistamines famotidine and loratadine , various immune-modulating drugs, and the experimental aptamer compound BC-007 (Rovunaptabin) . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In 2021, the US National Institutes of Health started funding the RECOVER Initiative , backed by $1.15 billion over four years, [ 98 ] to identify the causes, prevention and treatment of long COVID. [ 27 ] In 2023, the Office of Long COVID Research and Practice was created to coordinate research across US government agencies. [ 99 ] At the same time, RECOVER announced which clinical trials it will fund: these include a trial of Paxlovid against potential persistent infection, one for sleep disorder, one for cognitive impairment and one for problems with the autonomic nervous system . [ 100 ] In 2023, a survey of over 3,700 people in the UK with long COVID, fatigue was the strongest predictor of poor everyday functioning, with depression and brain fog also being linked. Some 20% of those surveyed reported being unable to work. [ 101 ] [ 102 ] In 2024, researchers working at UK universities published a commentary on what can be learned from long COVID in order to be better prepared for and recover faster from future pandemics. 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"Assessment of the Frequency and Variety of Persistent Symptoms Among Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review" . JAMA Network Open . 4 (5): e2111417. doi : 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11417 . PMC 8155823 . PMID 34037731 . ^ "Technical article: Updated estimates of the prevalence of post-acute symptoms among people with coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK - Office for National Statistics" . www.ons.gov.uk . 16 September 2021. Archived from the original on 8 April 2024 . Retrieved 8 April 2024 . ^ "New-onset, self-reported long COVID after coronavirus (COVID-19) reinfection in the UK: 23 February 2023" . 23 February 2023. ^ Government of Canada SC (8 December 2023). "Experiences of Canadians with long-term symptoms following COVID-19" . www150.statcan.gc.ca . Retrieved 22 May 2025 . ^ a b c Ford ND, Slaughter D, Edwards D, Dalton A, Perrine C, Vahratian A, et al. (August 2023). "Long COVID and Significant Activity Limitation Among Adults, by Age – United States, June 1–13, 2022, to June 7–19, 2023" . MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . 72 (32): 866– 870. doi : 10.15585/mmwr.mm7232a3 . PMC 10415000 . PMID 37561665 . ^ McMahan I (15 July 2024). "About 7 percent of U.S. adults have had long covid, report says" . The Washington Post . ^ Hastie CE, Lowe DJ, McAuley A, Winter AJ, Mills NL, Black C, et al. (October 2022). "Outcomes among confirmed cases and a matched comparison group in the Long-COVID in Scotland study" . Nature Communications . 13 (1) 5663. Bibcode : 2022NatCo..13.5663H . doi : 10.1038/s41467-022-33415-5 . PMC 9556711 . PMID 36224173 . ^ Rushforth A, Ladds E, Wieringa S, Taylor S, Husain L, Greenhalgh T (October 2021). "Long Covid – The illness narratives" . Social Science & Medicine . 286 114326. doi : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114326 . hdl : 10044/1/91206 . PMC 7617381 . PMID 34425522 . S2CID 237281271 . ^ a b Roth PH, Gadebusch-Bondio M (January 2022). "The contested meaning of "long COVID" – Patients, doctors, and the politics of subjective evidence" . Social Science & Medicine . 292 114619. doi : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114619 . PMC 8629766 . PMID 34906823 . ^ Witvliet MG (27 November 2020). "Here's how it feels when COVID-19 symptoms last for months" . PBS NewsHour . Archived from the original on 29 November 2020 . Retrieved 29 November 2020 . ^ Macnamara K. "The Covid 'longhaulers' behind a global patient movement" . AFP. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021 . Retrieved 30 January 2021 . ^ "Patient-Led Research Collaborative for Long COVID" . Patient Led Research Collaborative . Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 . Retrieved 8 January 2022 . ^ "Our community came together to start International Long COVID Awareness Day in 2023. Here's how you can get involved this year" . TheSickTimes.org . 14 March 2025 . 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Public Health Reviews . 43 1604501. doi : 10.3389/phrs.2022.1604501 . PMC 8963488 . PMID 35359614 . ^ Gualano MR, Rossi MF, Borrelli I, Santoro PE, Amantea C, Daniele A, et al. (1 January 2022). "Returning to work and the impact of post COVID-19 condition: A systematic review" . Work . 73 (2): 405– 413. doi : 10.3233/WOR-220103 . PMID 35938280 . S2CID 251293637 . ^ Waters T, Wernham T (2022). Long COVID and the labour market (PDF) . The Institute for Fiscal Studies. pp. 10– 11. ISBN 978-1-80103-079-3 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2023 . Retrieved 5 August 2023 . ^ Kwon J, Milne R, Rayner C, Rocha Lawrence R, Mullard J, Mir G, et al. (September 2024). "Impact of Long COVID on productivity and informal caregiving" . The European Journal of Health Economics . 25 (7): 1095– 1115. doi : 10.1007/s10198-023-01653-z . PMC 11377524 . PMID 38146040 . ^ "How much does long COVID cost individuals, informal carers, and society?" . NIHR Evidence . 28 August 2024. doi : 10.3310/nihrevidence_64090 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2024 . Retrieved 25 September 2024 . ^ Gonzalez AE, Suzuki E (13 June 2024). The impacts of long COVID across OECD countries (Report). OECD Health Working Papers. Paris: OECD. doi : 10.1787/8bd08383-en . Archived from the original on 24 June 2024 . Retrieved 24 June 2024 . ^ Belluck P (9 August 2024). "About 400 Million People Worldwide Have Had Long Covid, Researchers Say" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 23 August 2024 . ^ Al-Aly Z, Davis H, McCorkell L, Soares L, Wulf-Hanson S, Iwasaki A, et al. (August 2024). "Long COVID science, research and policy" . Nature Medicine . 30 (8): 2148– 2164. doi : 10.1038/s41591-024-03173-6 . PMID 39122965 . ^ "Post-COVID Conditions" . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . 16 December 2022. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . ^ Montani D, Savale L, Noel N, Meyrignac O, Colle R, Gasnier M, et al. (March 2022). "Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome" . European Respiratory Review . 31 (163): 210185. doi : 10.1183/16000617.0185-2021 . PMC 8924706 . PMID 35264409 . ^ Buonsenso D (2023). "Pharmacological trials for long COVID: first light at the end of the tunnel" . The Lancet. Regional Health – Europe . 24 100544. doi : 10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100544 . ISSN 2666-7762 . PMC 9647474 . PMID 36407125 . ^ Subbaraman N (March 2021). "US health agency will invest $1 billion to investigate 'long COVID' " . Nature . 591 (7850): 356. Bibcode : 2021Natur.591..356S . doi : 10.1038/d41586-021-00586-y . PMID 33664445 . S2CID 232123730 . ^ Cohrs R (31 July 2023). "NIH begins long-delayed clinical trials for long Covid, announces new research office" . STAT . Archived from the original on 31 July 2023 . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . ^ Kozlov M (August 2023). "NIH launches trials for long COVID treatments: what scientists think". Nature . doi : 10.1038/d41586-023-02472-1 . PMID 37528203 . S2CID 260375952 . ^ Walker S, Goodfellow H, Pookarnjanamorakot P, Murray E, Bindman J, Blandford A, et al. (June 2023). "Impact of fatigue as the primary determinant of functional limitations among patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome: a cross-sectional observational study" . BMJ Open . 13 (6) e069217. doi : 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069217 . PMC 10335413 . PMID 37286327 . ^ "Long COVID: fatigue predicts poor everyday functioning" . UK National Institute for Health and Care Research. 23 November 2023. doi : 10.3310/nihrevidence_60359 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2023 . Retrieved 4 December 2023 . ^ Pinto Pereira SM, Newlands F, Anders J, Banerjee A, Beale S, Blandford A, et al. (23 September 2024). "Long COVID: what do we know now and what are the challenges ahead?". 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Markdown	[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Long+COVID "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Long+COVID "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID) - [1 Classification and terminology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Classification_and_terminology) Toggle Classification and terminology subsection - [1\.1 Definitions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Definitions) - [1\.2 Related illnesses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Related_illnesses) - [2 Signs and symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Signs_and_symptoms) Toggle Signs and symptoms subsection - [2\.1 Neurological symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Neurological_symptoms) - [2\.2 Lungs, heart and digestive system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Lungs,_heart_and_digestive_system) - [2\.3 Reproductive system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Reproductive_system) - [2\.4 Other symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Other_symptoms) - [2\.5 Subgroups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Subgroups) - [3 Causes and mechanisms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Causes_and_mechanisms) Toggle Causes and mechanisms subsection - [3\.1 Pathophysiology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Pathophysiology) - [3\.2 Risk factors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Risk_factors) - [4 Diagnosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Diagnosis) - [5 Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Prevention) - [6 Treatment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Treatment) - [7 Prognosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Prognosis) - [8 Epidemiology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Epidemiology) - [9 Society and culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Society_and_culture) Toggle Society and culture subsection - [9\.1 Patient community and activism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Patient_community_and_activism) - [9\.2 Stigma in healthcare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Stigma_in_healthcare) - [9\.3 Work-related impacts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Work-related_impacts) - [9\.4 Economic impacts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Economic_impacts) - [10 Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Research) - [11 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#See_also) - [12 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#References) - [13 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Further_reading) Toggle Further reading subsection - [13\.1 General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#General) - [13\.2 Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Books) - [13\.3 Journal articles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#Journal_articles) Toggle the table of contents # Long COVID 41 languages - [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84 "كوفيد الطويل – Arabic") - [অসমীয়া](https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%95%27%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1 "দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী ক'ভিড – Assamese") - [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97 "দীর্ঘস্থায়ী করোনাভাইরাস রোগ – Bangla") - [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_persistent "COVID-19 persistent – Catalan") - [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dlouh%C3%BD_covid "Dlouhý covid – Czech") - [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senf%C3%B8lger_af_COVID-19 "Senfølger af COVID-19 – Danish") - [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "Long COVID – German") - [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%87%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1_COVID-19 "Μακροχρόνια COVID-19 – Greek") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_persistente "COVID-19 persistente – Spanish") - [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID_iraunkor "COVID iraunkor – Basque") - [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86 "کووید مزمن – Persian") - [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19:n_pitk%C3%A4aikaiset_ja_pysyv%C3%A4t_vaikutukset "COVID-19:n pitkäaikaiset ja pysyvät vaikutukset – Finnish") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid_long "Covid long – French") - [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_COVID-19 "Dogon COVID-19 – Hausa") - [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94 "השפעות ארוכות טווח של הקורונה – Hebrew") - [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugotrajni_COVID "Dugotrajni COVID – Croatian") - [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poszt-Covid-szindr%C3%B3ma "Poszt-Covid-szindróma – Hungarian") - [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid-19_jangka_panjang "Covid-19 jangka panjang – Indonesian") - [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindromo_di_pos-KOVID-19 "Sindromo di pos-KOVID-19 – Ido") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindrome_post-COVID-19 "Sindrome post-COVID-19 – Italian") - [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "Long COVID – Japanese") - [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98 "ხანგრძლივი კოვიდი – Georgian") - [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EC%84%B1_%EC%BD%94%EB%A1%9C%EB%82%98 "만성 코로나 – Korean") - [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_jangka_panjang "COVID-19 jangka panjang – Malay") - [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_covid "Long covid – Dutch") - [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senf%C3%B8lger_av_Covid-19 "Senfølger av Covid-19 – Norwegian Bokmål") - [ଓଡ଼ିଆ](https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC-%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%AF_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BE "କୋଭିଡ଼-୧୯ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ଅବସ୍ଥା – Odia") - [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "Long COVID – Polish") - [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_persistente "COVID-19 persistente – Portuguese") - [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afec%C8%9Biunea_post-COVID-19 "Afecțiunea post-COVID-19 – Romanian") - [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC "Постковидный синдром – Russian") - [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "Long COVID – Simple English") - [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolgi_covid "Dolgi covid – Slovenian") - [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid-i_kronik "Covid-i kronik – Albanian") - [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcovid "Postcovid – Swedish") - [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94-19 "ผลระยะยาวของโควิด-19 – Thai") - [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzun_COVID "Uzun COVID – Turkish") - [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC "Постковідний синдром – Ukrainian") - [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_ch%E1%BB%A9ng_h%E1%BA%ADu_COVID-19 "Hội chứng hậu COVID-19 – Vietnamese") - [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E8%82%BA%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E7%97%87%E7%8B%80 "武肺長期症狀 – Cantonese") - [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E9%95%BF%E6%9C%9F%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E7%97%87 "2019冠状病毒病长期综合症 – Chinese") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q100732653#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Long_COVID "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=history "Past revisions of this page [h]") Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=history) General - 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[Printable version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]") In other projects - [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Long_COVID) - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q100732653 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide [![This is a good article. 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Medical condition \| Long COVID \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Other names \| Long-haul COVID, post-COVID-19 syndrome, post-COVID-19 condition, post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), chronic COVID syndrome[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnLancet-1) \| \| [Symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms "Signs and symptoms") \| Highly varied, including [post-exertional malaise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-exertional_malaise "Post-exertional malaise") (symptoms worsen with effort), [fatigue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue "Fatigue"), [muscle pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_pain "Muscle pain"), [shortness of breath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breath "Shortness of breath"), [chest pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_pain "Chest pain") and [cognitive dysfunction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dysfunction "Cognitive dysfunction") ("brain fog")[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) \| \| Duration \| Weeks to years, possibly lifelong[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) \| \| [Causes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_$medicine$ "Cause (medicine)") \| [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") infection \| \| [Risk factors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factor "Risk factor") \| Female sex, age, [obesity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity "Obesity"), [asthma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma "Asthma"), more severe [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") infection[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) \| \| Frequency \| 50–85% of hospitalised COVID-19 cases, 10–35% of non-hospitalised cases, and 8–12% of vaccinated cases[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Lancet2024-5) \| Long COVID or long-haul COVID is a group of [health problems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequela "Sequela") persisting or developing after an initial period of [COVID‑19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") infection. Symptoms can last weeks, months, or years and are often debilitating.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) The [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") defines long COVID as starting three months after the initial COVID‑19 infection, but other agencies define it as starting at four weeks after the initial infection.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) Long COVID is characterised by a large number of symptoms that sometimes disappear and then reappear. Commonly reported symptoms of long COVID are [fatigue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue "Fatigue"), memory problems, [shortness of breath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breath "Shortness of breath"), and [sleep disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_disorder "Sleep disorder").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Several other symptoms, including [headaches, mental health issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_COVID-19_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes "Impact of COVID-19 on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes"), initial [loss of smell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosmia "Anosmia") or [taste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageusia "Ageusia"), [muscle weakness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_weakness "Muscle weakness"), fever, and [cognitive dysfunction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dysfunction "Cognitive dysfunction") may also present.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Symptoms often get worse after mental or physical effort, a process called [post-exertional malaise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-exertional_malaise "Post-exertional malaise").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6) There is a large overlap in symptoms with [myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic_encephalomyelitis/chronic_fatigue_syndrome "Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome") (ME/CFS).[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) The [causes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_$medicine$ "Cause (medicine)") of long COVID are not understood. [Hypotheses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis "Hypothesis") include lasting damage to organs and blood vessels, problems with [blood clotting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulation "Coagulation"), neurological dysfunction, persistent virus or a reactivation of latent viruses and [autoimmunity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmunity "Autoimmunity").[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) Diagnosis of long COVID is based on (suspected or confirmed) COVID‑19 infection or symptoms—and by excluding alternative diagnoses.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37182545-9) As of 2024, the [prevalence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalence "Prevalence") of long COVID is estimated to be about 6–7% in adults, and about 1% in children.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-:0-10) Prevalence might be reduced after [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Byambasuren_2023-11) Risk factors include but are not limited to: higher age, female sex, having [asthma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma "Asthma"), and a more severe initial COVID‑19 infection.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) Anyone can develop long COVID.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-12) As of 2025[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit), there are no validated effective treatments.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6) Management of long COVID depends on symptoms. Rest is recommended for fatigue and [pacing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacing_$activity_management$ "Pacing (activity management)") for post-exertional malaise. People with severe symptoms or those who were in [intensive care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit "Intensive care unit") may require care from a team of specialists.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13) Most people with symptoms at 4 weeks recover by 12 weeks. Recovery is slower (or plateaus) for those still ill at 12 weeks.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13) For a subset of people, for instance, those meeting the criteria for ME/CFS, symptoms are expected to be lifelong.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) Globally, over 400 million people have experienced long COVID. Long COVID may be responsible for a loss of 1% of the world's gross domestic product.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-:0-10) ## Classification and terminology \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Classification and terminology")\] Long COVID is a patient-created term coined early in the pandemic by those suffering from long-term symptoms.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Perego_2020-14)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15) While long COVID is the most prevalent name, the terms long-haul COVID, post-COVID‑19 syndrome, post-COVID‑19 condition,[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnLancet-1)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnWHO-16) post-acute sequelae of COVID‑19 (PASC), and chronic COVID syndrome are also in use.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6) Long COVID may not be a single disease or syndrome. It could be an umbrella term including permanent organ damage, [post-intensive care syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-intensive_care_syndrome "Post-intensive care syndrome"), [post-viral fatigue syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-viral_fatigue_syndrome "Post-viral fatigue syndrome") and post-COVID syndrome.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) ### Definitions \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Definitions")\] There are multiple definitions of long COVID, depending on country and institution. The most accepted is the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") (WHO) definition.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17) The definitions differ in when long COVID starts, and how long persistent symptoms must have lasted.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17) For instance, the WHO puts the onset of long COVID at three months post-infection, if there have been at least two months of persistent symptoms.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnLancet-1)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnWHO-16) In contrast, the US [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention") (CDC) puts the onset of "Post-COVID Conditions" at four weeks "to emphasize the importance of initial clinical evaluation and supportive care during the initial 4 to 12 weeks after acute COVID‑19"[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8) According to the US [National Institutes of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health "National Institutes of Health") (NIH), postacute sequalae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) refers to ongoing, relapsing, or new symptoms, or other health effects that occur four or more weeks after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid38321938-18) The British [National Institute for Health and Care Excellence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence "National Institute for Health and Care Excellence") (NICE) divides long COVID into two categories:[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-nice_p5-19) - ongoing symptomatic COVID‑19 for effects from four to twelve weeks after onset, and - post-COVID‑19 syndrome for effects that persist 12 or more weeks after onset. The [clinical case definitions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_case_definition "Clinical case definition") specify symptom onset and development. For instance, the WHO definition indicates that "symptoms might be new onset following initial recovery or persist from the initial illness. Symptoms may also fluctuate or relapse over time."[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnLancet-1) The NICE and WHO definition further require the exclusion of alternative diagnoses.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17) Specifically for children and young people, a group of experts in the UK have published the only research definition which complements the clinical case definition in adults proposed by the WHO. This consensus research definition for long COVID in children and young people is: "Post COVID‑19 condition occurs in young people with a history of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, with at least one persisting physical symptom for a minimum duration of 12 weeks after initial testing that cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis. The symptoms have an impact on everyday functioning, may continue or develop after COVID infection, and may fluctuate of relapse over time. The positive COVID‑19 test referred to in this definition can be a lateral flow antigen test, a PCR test or an antibody test."[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-20)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid38321938-18) ### Related illnesses \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Related illnesses")\] [![A graph showing roughly 50 symptom severities for ME/CFS and long COVID](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Similar_degrees_of_ME-CFS_and_long_Covid_symptoms.webp/500px-Similar_degrees_of_ME-CFS_and_long_Covid_symptoms.webp.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Similar_degrees_of_ME-CFS_and_long_Covid_symptoms.webp) Many symptoms have similar severity in long COVID and ME/CFS Long COVID is a [post-acute infection syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-acute_infection_syndrome "Post-acute infection syndrome") (PAIS) and shares similarities with other such syndromes.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35585196-21) For instance, there are similarities with [post-Ebola syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Ebola_syndrome "Post-Ebola syndrome") and aftereffects of the [chikungunya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikungunya "Chikungunya") virus. These conditions may have similar [pathophysiology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathophysiology "Pathophysiology") to long COVID.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35585196-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33442016-22) Long COVID has many symptoms in common with [myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic_encephalomyelitis/chronic_fatigue_syndrome "Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome") (ME/CFS) and research estimates half of people with long COVID meet ME/CFS diagnostic criteria.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37793728-23) Like long COVID, ME/CFS is often triggered by infections, and some biological changes overlap.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37342500-24)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) [Dysautonomia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysautonomia "Dysautonomia") and [postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postural_orthostatic_tachycardia_syndrome "Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome") (POTS) are also potential shared aspects of long COVID and ME/CFS.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-:1-25) However, long COVID symptoms include loss of smell and taste, neither of which feature frequently in ME/CFS.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37342500-24) ## Signs and symptoms \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Signs and symptoms")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Long-term_effects_of_COVID-19.webp/500px-Long-term_effects_of_COVID-19.webp.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Long-term_effects_of_COVID-19.webp) There are over 50 long-term effects of COVID-19, including those that are symptoms of long COVID. The image shows the symptoms along with their estimated prevalence. Around 80% of people have at least one overall effect beyond two weeks following infection.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid34373540-26) \| External videos \| \|---\| \| [![video icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) ["Long Covid: A parallel pandemic"](https://knowablemagazine.org/article/health-disease/2022/long-covid-parallel-pandemic), [Akiko Iwasaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiko_Iwasaki "Akiko Iwasaki") and others, [Knowable Magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowable_Magazine "Knowable Magazine"), 8 August 2022. \| There is a large set of [symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms "Signs and symptoms") associated with long COVID, impacting many different organs and body systems. Long COVID symptoms can differ significantly from person to person.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) Symptom severity ranges from mild to incapacitating.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-nih.gov-27) Common symptoms reported in studies include [fatigue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue "Fatigue"), [muscle pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgia "Myalgia"), [shortness of breath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breath "Shortness of breath"), [chest pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_pain "Chest pain"), cognitive dysfunction ("[brain fog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clouding_of_consciousness "Clouding of consciousness")") and [post-exertional malaise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-exertional_malaise "Post-exertional malaise") (symptoms worsen after activity).[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) This symptom worsening typically occurs 12 to 48 hours after activity and can be triggered by either mental or physical effort. It lasts between days and weeks.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8) Children and adolescents can also experience serious symptoms and long-term adverse health effects, including serious mental health impacts related to persistent COVID‑19 symptoms.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37734886-28) The most common symptoms in children are persistent fever, [sore throat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sore_throat "Sore throat"), problems with sleep, headaches, shortness of breath, muscle weakness, fatigue, loss of smell or distorted smell, and anxiety.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37476923-29)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Behnood-2023-30)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-:2-31) Children and adolescents with long COVID experience three or more symptoms more frequently than control groups, but this has low certainty.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Behnood-2023-30) ### Neurological symptoms \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Neurological symptoms")\] Main article: [Impact of COVID-19 on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_COVID-19_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes "Impact of COVID-19 on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes") Common [neurological](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology "Neurology") symptoms in long COVID are difficulty concentrating, cognitive impairment and headaches.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) People also frequently experience [loss of taste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageusia "Ageusia") and [loss of smell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosmia "Anosmia").[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Likewise children and young people may also experience cognitive impairment.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-32)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-:2-31) Some people with long COVID experience [dysautonomia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysautonomia "Dysautonomia"), a malfunction of the [autonomic nervous system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system "Autonomic nervous system").[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35198136-33)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-:1-25) People with dysautonomia may experience [palpitations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpitations "Palpitations") and [tachycardia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardia "Tachycardia") (raised heart rate) after minor effort or upon standing up. This can be associated with [dizziness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizziness "Dizziness") and [nausea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea "Nausea"). If the heart rate is raised by 30 beats per minute or more after continuous standing; this is described as [postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postural_orthostatic_tachycardia_syndrome "Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome").[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36828559-34) In terms of mental health, people with long COVID often experience [sleep difficulties.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia "Insomnia")[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Depression and [anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety "Anxiety") levels are raised in the first two months after infection, but return to normal afterwards.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid38510743-35) This was in contrast to other [neurological](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology "Neurology") symptoms, such as brain fog and [seizures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure "Seizure"), which lasted at least two years.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) However, among people who were hospitalised for COVID, many have depression and anxiety 2 to 3 years after their infection.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-37) ### Lungs, heart and digestive system \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Lungs, heart and digestive system")\] Difficulty breathing is the second-most common symptom of long COVID,[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35596571-38) but this subjective symptom does not track with the severity of objective markers of inflammation.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid351059853-39) [Shortness of breath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breath "Shortness of breath") is among the most common symptoms in children and young people as well.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-:2-31) People can also experience a persistent cough.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) In the [cardiovascular system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system "Circulatory system"), effort intolerance (i.e., reduced ability to perform physical activities) and chest pain occur often in people with long COVID.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Sufferers of Long COVID are also at increased risks of developing [strokes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke "Stroke") (i.e., damage to the brain caused by poor blood flow), [myocarditis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocarditis "Myocarditis") (i.e., Inflammation of the [heart muscle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_muscle "Heart muscle")), the [postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postural_orthostatic_tachycardia_syndrome "Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome") (i.e., abnormally large increases in heart rate upon sitting up or standing), [pulmonary embolisms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism "Pulmonary embolism") (i.e., blockage of an artery in the lungs), [deep vein thrombosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis "Deep vein thrombosis") (i.e., [blood clots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_clots "Blood clots") in a [deep vein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_vein "Deep vein"), such as one in the legs or [pelvis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis "Pelvis")), and [myocardial infarction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction "Myocardial infarction") (i.e., heart attack).[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33615088-40)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid34231404-41)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35411333-42)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid32677459-43) Less frequently, people with long COVID experience [diarrhea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea "Diarrhea") and nausea.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) ### Reproductive system \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Reproductive system")\] In the female reproductive system, long COVID may disrupt [fertility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility "Fertility"), the [menstrual cycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cycle "Menstrual cycle"), [menopause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause "Menopause"), gonadal function, and ovarian sufficiency.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37234076-44) Exacerbation of other long COVID symptoms around menstruation has also been documented.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37234076-44) ### Other symptoms \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Other symptoms")\] [Joint pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthralgia "Arthralgia") and muscle pain are frequently reported as symptoms of long COVID.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Some people experience hair loss and skin rashes.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-nice_p100-45) People are at increased risk of [type 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_1_diabetes "Type 1 diabetes") or [type 2 diabetes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes "Type 2 diabetes") after recovering from acute COVID.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) ### Subgroups \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Subgroups")\] Because the symptom combinations of long COVID vary significantly from person to person, one approach to researching the condition is to define subgroups or [clusters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype_$clinical_medicine$ "Phenotype (clinical medicine)") of long-haulers. This would allow for more targeted clinical care.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) ## Causes and mechanisms \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Causes and mechanisms")\] [![Diagram of the body showing autoimmune response, persistent virus, organ damage, and microclots](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Long_Covid_possible_causes.webp/500px-Long_Covid_possible_causes.webp.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Long_Covid_possible_causes.webp) Possible causes of long COVID The causes of long COVID are not understood. It is likely that there is no single cause, but instead multiple, and possibly overlapping, mechanisms that all contribute to the development of long COVID.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) Organ damage from the acute infection can explain a part of the symptoms, but long COVID is also observed in people where organ damage seems to be absent.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35594336-46) Several hypotheses have been put forward explaining long COVID, including:[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) - [blood clotting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulation "Coagulation") and [endothelial dysfunction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_dysfunction "Endothelial dysfunction") in the blood vessels - neurological issues: problems with signalling from the [brainstem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstem "Brainstem") and the [vagus nerve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagus_nerve "Vagus nerve") - immune system dysregulation, including the reactivation of viruses like the [Epstein–Barr virus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus "Epstein–Barr virus") - impacts of the virus on the [microbiota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiota "Microbiota"), including viral persistence - [autoimmunity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmunity "Autoimmunity") Further hypotheses include a dysfunction of the [mitochondria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion "Mitochondrion") and the cellular energy system,[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36412084-47) persistent systemic [inflammation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation "Inflammation"), and the persistence of SARS-COV-19 [antigens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen "Antigen").[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid372655842-48) ### Pathophysiology \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Pathophysiology")\] Organ damage from the acute infection may explain symptoms in some people with long COVID. [Radiological](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiological "Radiological") tests such as lung [magnetic resonance imaging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging "Magnetic resonance imaging") (MRI) often show up as normal even for people who show clear desaturation (lowered blood oxygen level) after mild exercise. Other tests, such as a [dual-energy CT scan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-energy_CT "Dual-energy CT"), do show [perfusion defects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfusion "Perfusion") in a subset of people with respiratory symptoms. Imaging of the heart show contradictory results. Imaging of brains show changes after COVID infection, even if this has not been studied in relation to long COVID. For instance, some show a smaller [olfactory bulb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_bulb "Olfactory bulb"), a brain region associated with smell.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) In a subset of people with long COVID, there is evidence that SARS-COV-2 remains in the body after the acute infection.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37080828-49) This evidence comes from [biopsies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsy "Biopsy"), studies of blood plasma, and by the indirect immune effects of persistent virus. Viral DNA or proteins have been found months to a year after acute infection in various studies. A small study demonstrated viral RNA up to nearly two years after an acute infection in people with long COVID. Persistent virus has also been found in people without long COVID, but at a lower rate.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37667052-50) Persistent virus could lead to symptoms via possible effects on coagulation and via microbiome and neuroimmune abnormalities.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37667052-b-51) During or after acute COVID infection, various dormant viruses can become reactivated. For instance, SARS-COV-2 can reactivate the [Epstein-Barr virus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus "Epstein–Barr virus"), the virus that is responsible for [infectious mononucleosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis "Infectious mononucleosis"). This virus lies dormant in most people. There is some evidence of a relationship between its reactivation and long COVID. A correlation was also found between reactivation of [endogenous retroviruses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous_retrovirus "Endogenous retrovirus") and severity of active COVID‑19.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37140960-52) Autoimmunity is another potential cause of long COVID. Some studies report [auto-antibodies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoantibody "Autoantibody") (antibodies directed against an individual's own [proteins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein "Protein")) in people with long COVID, but they are not found in all studies.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid372655842-48) Autoantibodies are often induced during acute COVID, with a moderate relationship to disease severity. Evidence from electronic health care records show that people develop auto-immune diseases, such as [lupus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus "Lupus") and [rheumatoid arthritis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis "Rheumatoid arthritis"), more frequently after a COVID‑19 infection, compared to controls.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) [Issues with increased blood clotting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombophilia "Thrombophilia") are another potential driver of long COVID development. During acute infection, there is direct damage to the linings of blood vessels (endothelial damage),[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) and the risk of [thrombosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombosis "Thrombosis")\-related diseases stays elevated longer-term after infection. Issues with blood clotting can include hyperactive platelets and [microclots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microclots "Microclots"). These microclots may induce oxygen shortage ([hypoxia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_$medical$ "Hypoxia (medical)")) in tissues.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37080828-49) The clotting may potentially be driven by autoantibodies.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) Several studies suggest that brain penetration of serum components and cytokines as derived from breakdowns to the integrity of the blood–brain barrier could contribute to the neurological manifestations of long COVID.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-53) ### Risk factors \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Risk factors")\] Women are more at risk than men.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) Age has been identified as another risk factor, with older people seemingly more at risk.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) This is also true for children, with older children at a higher risk than younger children.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36931142-54) Most diagnoses of long COVID are in the 36–50 age bracket.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) Risks of developing long COVID are also higher for people with lower incomes, people with fewer years of education and those from disadvantaged ethnic groups.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37080828-49) People who [smoke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking "Smoking") also have a higher risk of developing long COVID.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17) Various health issues raise the risk of long COVID. For instance, people with [obesity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity "Obesity") more often report long COVID.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) [Asthma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma "Asthma") and [chronic obstructive pulmonary disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease") are also risk factors.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) In terms of [mental health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health "Mental health"), depression and anxiety raise risks.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17) Characteristics of the acute infection play a role in developing long COVID. People who experience a larger number of symptoms during the acute infection are more likely to develop long COVID, as well as people who require hospitalisation.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) In children and young people, the risk factors for long COVID include female sex, older age, and pre-existing diseases or mental health problems.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36931142-54) Long COVID risks may have been higher with the [SARS-CoV2 Delta variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant") compared to the [Omicron variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant"). The higher infection rate from the Omicron variant means that it is still responsible for a large group of long-haulers.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17) ## Diagnosis \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Diagnosis")\] There are no standardised tests to determine if symptoms persisting after COVID‑19 infection are due to long COVID.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37182545-9) Diagnosis is based on a history of suspected or confirmed COVID‑19 symptoms, and by [considering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis "Differential diagnosis") and [ruling out alternative diagnoses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis_of_exclusion "Diagnosis of exclusion").[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37182545-9) Diagnosis of long COVID can be challenging because of the wide range of symptoms people with long COVID may display.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37182545-9) Early [diagnostic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis "Diagnosis") criteria of long COVID required a laboratory-confirmed COVID‑19 infection, but criteria do not require this anymore, given that people may not get tested during the acute infection.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37182545-9) For instance, people who develop long COVID after asymptomatic infection would have little reason to get tested.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8) Furthermore, tests for COVID are not foolproof, and can come back negative.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8) False negatives are more common for children, women and people with a low viral load.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) There are diagnostic tools available for some elements of long COVID, such as the [tilt table test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt_table_test "Tilt table test") or a NASA lean test for POTS and [MRI scans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging "Magnetic resonance imaging") to test for cardiovascular impairment. Routine tests offered in standard care often come back normal.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-55)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-56) ## Prevention \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Prevention")\] [Preventing a COVID-19 infection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19#Prevention "COVID-19") is the most effective way to prevent long COVID, for instance by improving ventilation, avoiding contact with people who test positive for COVID, [washing hands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_washing "Hand washing"), and wearing a properly-fitted [N95 mask](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N95_respirator "N95 respirator").[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-CDC-2023-57) Treatment during the acute phase may also reduce the risk of long COVID.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6) For example, in two large, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials, treatment with [metformin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metformin "Metformin") during acute infection lowered risk of diagnosis with Long COVID by 41-50%.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-58) [COVID-19 vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination "COVID-19 vaccination") seems to reduce risk of long COVID. Three doses of a COVID-19 vaccine may reduce the risk by 70%, while two doses give 43% protection and one dose gives 19% protection. The evidence is based on observational studies, rather than on randomised clinical trials.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-59) The large randomised control trials on COVID-19 vaccines did not include long COVID as an [outcome measure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcome_measure "Outcome measure").[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-60) An analysis involving more than 20 million adults found that vaccinated people had a lower risk of long COVID compared with those who had not received a COVID‑19 vaccine; they were also protected against blood clots and heart failure development after the infection.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-61)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-62)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-63) ## Treatment \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Treatment")\] See also: [List of investigational long COVID drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_investigational_long_COVID_drugs "List of investigational long COVID drugs") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Center_for_Post-COVID_Care.jpg/250px-Center_for_Post-COVID_Care.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Center_for_Post-COVID_Care.jpg) Center for Post-COVID Care at Mount Sinai's Union Square offices in New York City As of 2025[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit), there are no established effective treatments for long COVID, although several countries and medical organizations have produced guidelines on managing long COVID for clinicians and the public.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-nice-64)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-ivlev-66) A 2025 review of interventions for managing long COVID symptoms concluded that the evidence for selecting certain interventions was highly imprecise with substantial clinical uncertainty, leading affected people to use costly and ineffective self-treatment options.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-ivlev-66) Dismissive attitudes by clinicians for applying interventions, inadequate coverage of treatment by insurance companies, and restricted access to clinical specialists are also discouraging long COVID treatment plans.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-ivlev-66) People with long COVID may need care within several clinical disciplines for long-term monitoring or intervention of ongoing symptoms, and to implement social services, [physical therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_therapy "Physical therapy"), or mental health care.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65) In some countries, such as the UK and Germany, specialised long COVID [outpatient clinics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outpatient_department "Outpatient department") have been established to assess individual cases for the extent of surveillance and treatment needed.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35999605-67) [Primary care physicians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_practitioner "General practitioner") should provide the first assessment of people with long COVID symptoms, leading to specialist referrals for more complex long COVID symptoms.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35999605-67) Management of long COVID depends on symptoms.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-ivlev-66) Rest, planning and prioritising are advised for people with fatigue. People who get post-exertional malaise may benefit from activity management with [pacing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacing_$activity_management$ "Pacing (activity management)"). People with allergic-type symptoms, such as [skin rashes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_rashes "Skin rashes"), may benefit from [antihistamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamines "Antihistamines").[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13) Those with autonomic dysfunction may benefit from increased intake of fluids, [electrolytes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte "Electrolyte") and [compression garments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_garment "Compression garment").[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13) Long-term follow-up of people with long COVID involves outcome reports from the people themselves to assess the impact on their quality of life, especially for those who were not hospitalised and receiving regular clinical follow-up.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-ivlev-66)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35999605-67) Digital technologies, such as [videoconferencing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephony "Videotelephony"), are being implemented between primary care physicians and people with long COVID as part of long-term monitoring.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65) ## Prognosis \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: Prognosis")\] Around two in three with symptoms at four weeks are expected to recover fully by week twelve.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13) However, the prognosis varies by person, and some may find symptoms worsen within the first three months.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8) Recovery after twelve weeks is variable: some people plateau, whilst others see a slow recovery.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13) The prognosis also varies by symptom: neurological symptoms may have a delayed onset, and some get worse over time. Symptoms of the gut and lungs are more likely to reduce over time. Pain in muscles and joints seems worse at 2 years than at 1 year after infection. If people meet the diagnostic criteria for [ME/CFS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ME/CFS "ME/CFS") or for dysautonomia, their symptoms are likely to be lifelong.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) ## Epidemiology \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: Epidemiology")\] [![Chart called "Who is Most Likely to Get Long Covid?" showing that the prevalence of long Covid is somewhat higher in women and middle-aged adults](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fb/Statista_long_covid.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statista_long_covid.jpg) Long COVID's prevalence varies by age and gender in the United States Estimates of the [incidence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_$epidemiology$ "Incidence (epidemiology)") and [prevalence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalence "Prevalence") of long COVID vary widely. The estimates depend on the definition of long COVID, the population studied,[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) as well as a number of other methodological differences, such as whether a comparable cohort of individuals without COVID‑19 were included,[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid34037731-68) what kinds of symptoms are considered representative of long COVID,[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid34037731-68) and whether long COVID is assessed through a review of symptoms, through self-report of long COVID status, or some other method.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-www.ons.gov.uk-2024-69) In general, estimates of long COVID incidence based on statistically random sampling of the population are much lower than those based on certified infection, which has a tendency to skew towards more serious cases (including over-representation of hospitalized patients). Further, since incidence appears to be correlated with severity of infection, it is lower in vaccinated groups, on reinfection and during the omicron era, meaning that the time when data was recorded is important. For example, the UK's Office for National Statistics reported [\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-www.ons.gov.uk-2023-70) in February 2023 (based on random sampling) that "2.4% of adults and 0.6% of children and young people reported long COVID following a second COVID‑19 infection". However, a prospective study by Statistics Canada identified a cumulative incidence of 15% after a first infection, 27% after two infections, and 38% after 3 infections.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-71) An August 2024 review found that the prevalence of long COVID is estimated to be about 6–7% in adults, and about 1% in children.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-:0-10) By the end of 2023, roughly 400 million people had or have had long COVID. This may be a conservative estimate, as it is based on studies counting those with specific long COVID symptoms only, and not counting those who developed long COVID after an asymptomatic infection. While hospitalised people have higher risks of getting long COVID, most long-haulers had a mild infection and were able to recover from the acute infection at home.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-:0-10) Two meta-analyses estimated the incidence of long COVID after infection at 43% and 58%. These estimates are controversial, as the primary studies they assessed had sampling and other biases. Furthermore, none of the definitions of long COVID have a minimum severity, so these numbers also include people with a single symptom that does not really affect them much.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Lancet2024-5) In the United States in June 2023, 6% of the population indicated having long COVID, as defined as symptoms that last for 3 months or more.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37561665-72) This percentage had stayed stable since January that year, but was a decrease compared to June 2022.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37561665-72) Of people who had had a prior COVID infection, 11% indicated having long COVID. A quarter of those reported significant limitation in activity.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37561665-72) A study by the [Medical Expenditure Panel Survey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Expenditure_Panel_Survey "Medical Expenditure Panel Survey") estimated that nearly 18 million people — had suffered from long COVID as of 2023, building on a study sponsored by the [Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality "Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality").[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-73) In a large population [cohort study](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohort_study "Cohort study") in Scotland, 42% of respondents said they had not fully recovered after 6 to 18 months after catching COVID, and 6% indicated they had not recovered at all. The risk of long COVID was associated with disease severity; people with asymptomatic infection did not have increased risk of long COVID symptoms compared to people who had never been infected. Those that had been hospitalised had 4.6 times higher odds of no recovery compared to nonhospitalised people.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36224173-74) Long COVID is less common in children and adolescents than in adults.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36931142-54) Around 16% of children and adolescents develop long COVID following infection.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37476923-29) ## Society and culture \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: Society and culture")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/LongCovidExhibition.jpg/250px-LongCovidExhibition.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LongCovidExhibition.jpg) A wall of pillows at the [Museum of Vancouver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Vancouver "Museum of Vancouver"), each bearing stories from people with Long COVID \| \| \|---\| \| Part of [a series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:COVID-19_pandemic "Category:COVID-19 pandemic") on the \| \| [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| [![Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png/250px-Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png "Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each \"ball\" is an atom.") Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom. \| \| [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") (disease) [SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2") (virus) [Cases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases "COVID-19 pandemic cases") [Deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths "COVID-19 pandemic deaths") \| \| [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019") 2020 [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020") 2021 [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021") 2022 [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2023 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023") \| \| [Locations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory "COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory") [By country and territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory "COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory") [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "COVID-19 pandemic in Africa") [Antarctica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica "COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica") [Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in Asia") [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe "COVID-19 pandemic in Europe") [North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America "COVID-19 pandemic in North America") [Oceania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania "COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania") [South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America "COVID-19 pandemic in South America") By conveyance [Cruise ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships "COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships") [Naval ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_naval_ships "COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships") \| \| International response [Endemic phase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_phase_of_COVID-19 "Endemic phase of COVID-19") [Evacuations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Face masks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic") [International aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Origin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Origin of SARS-CoV-2") [Lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns "COVID-19 lockdowns") [by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns_by_country "COVID-19 lockdowns by country") [Misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation "COVID-19 misinformation") [by governments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments "COVID-19 misinformation by governments") [Fake treatments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19 "List of unproven methods against COVID-19") [Social distancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_and_development_of_software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation "Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation") [Travel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic") [United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization%27s_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "World Health Organization's response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [WTO IP waiver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement_waiver "TRIPS Agreement waiver") [Undercounting of deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercounting_of_COVID-19_pandemic_deaths_by_country "Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country") [COVID-19 apps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_apps "COVID-19 apps") [Zero-COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID") [National responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa") [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19 "Chinese government response to COVID-19") [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Ghanaian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Irish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Dutch government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Russian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Swedish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [federal government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Vietnamese government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| Medical response [Disease testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing "COVID-19 testing") [Breathalyzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_breathalyzer "Coronavirus breathalyzer") [Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_COVID-19_tests "Development of COVID-19 tests") [Drug development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development "COVID-19 drug development") [Drug repurposing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research "COVID-19 drug repurposing research") [Public health mitigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19 "Public health mitigation of COVID-19") [Vaccines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine") [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development "History of COVID-19 vaccine development") [Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_clinical_research "COVID-19 vaccine clinical research") [VITT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolic_and_thrombotic_events_after_COVID-19_vaccination "Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination") [Deployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines") [Authorizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_vaccine_authorizations "List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations") [Operation Warp Speed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed "Operation Warp Speed") [Misinformation and hesitancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy "COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States") [Vaccine card](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_card "COVID-19 vaccine card") [Vaccine passports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic") Current vaccines [CoronaVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoronaVac "CoronaVac") [Covaxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covaxin "Covaxin") [Convidecia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convidecia "Convidecia") [Janssen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine "Janssen COVID-19 vaccine") [Medigen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVC_COVID-19_vaccine "MVC COVID-19 vaccine") [Moderna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine "Moderna COVID-19 vaccine") [Novavax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine "Novavax COVID-19 vaccine") [Oxford–AstraZeneca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine "Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine") [Pfizer–BioNTech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine "Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine") [Sinopharm BIBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine") [Sputnik V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine "Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine") \| \| [Variants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Variants of SARS-CoV-2") [Variants of concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_variant_of_concern "SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern") [Alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant") [Beta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant") [Gamma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant") [Delta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant") [Omicron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") Other variants [Epsilon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Epsilon_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant") [Zeta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Zeta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant") [Eta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Eta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant") [Theta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Theta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant") [Iota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Iota_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant") [Kappa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Kappa_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant") [Lambda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Lambda_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant") [Mu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Mu_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant") [Cluster 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 "Cluster 5") [Lineage B.1.617](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_lineage_B.1.617 "SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617") \| \| [Economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") and [recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_recession "COVID-19 recession") [Arts and culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage") [Aviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_aviation "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation") [Cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry") [Cinema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema") [films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Walt_Disney_Company "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Walt Disney Company") [Fashion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry") [Financial markets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Food industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_food_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry") [Food security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Journalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism") [Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_music_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry") [Performing arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_performing_arts "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts") [Retail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail") [Shipping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_global_supply_chain_crisis#Shipping "2021–2022 global supply chain crisis") [Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States") [sportscasting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_American_sports_broadcasting "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on American sports broadcasting") [programs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_television_series_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of American television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism") [Video games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry") By country [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [By sport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports") [Association football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_association_football "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football") [Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_baseball "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on baseball") [Basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_basketball "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on basketball") [Combat sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_combat_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on combat sports") [Cricket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cricket "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket") [Disc golf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_disc_golf "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disc golf") [Gaelic games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Gaelic_games "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games") [Gridiron football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_gridiron_football "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gridiron football") [Ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ice_hockey "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ice hockey") [Motorsport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_motorsport "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorsport") [Rugby league](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_rugby_league "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rugby league") \| \| [Impacts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Long COVID]() [Neurological and psychological symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_COVID-19_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes "Impact of COVID-19 on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes") [Post-exertional malaise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-exertional_malaise "Post-exertional malaise") [Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [African diaspora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_African_diaspora "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the African diaspora") [Indian migrant workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Indian_migrant_workers "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indian migrant workers") [Animals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_and_animals "COVID-19 pandemic and animals") [Alzheimer's disease patients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_COVID-19 "Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19") [Crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_crime "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime") [Death rates by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country "COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country") [Disability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_people_with_disabilities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities") [Domestic violence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_domestic_violence "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence") [Emergency evacuations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_evacuation_procedures_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Emergency evacuation procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education") [Female](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_female_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on female education") [Environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment") [Hospitals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_hospitals "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitals") [Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic") [LGBTQ community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_LGBTQ_community "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the LGBTQ community") [Long-term care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_long-term_care_facilities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities") [Media coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Mental health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Migration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_migration "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on migration") [Military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_military "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military") [Notable deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19 "List of deaths due to COVID-19") [Other health issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues") [Popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture "COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture") [Protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Pregnancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy "COVID-19 in pregnancy") [Prisons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_prisons "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons") [Religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion") [Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church") [Hajj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj") [Science and technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology") [Social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media") [Strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikes_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Suicides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_suicide_rates "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide rates") [Telehealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_telehealth_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the telehealth industry") [Xenophobia and racism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_international_relations "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations") [Infected leaders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_officials_who_have_tested_positive_for_COVID-19 "List of political officials who have tested positive for COVID-19") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") \| \| [![virus icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/20px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SARS-CoV-2_$Wikimedia_colors$.svg) [COVID-19 portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:COVID-19 "Portal:COVID-19") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_sidebar "Template:COVID-19 pandemic sidebar") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:COVID-19_pandemic_sidebar "Template talk:COVID-19 pandemic sidebar") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_sidebar "Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19 pandemic sidebar") \| ### Patient community and activism \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: Patient community and activism")\] Early in the pandemic, official guidance made a distinction between those with mild illness who did not require hospitalisation, and those with severe illness which did require hospitalisation. The typical recovery time for those with mild illness was said to be around two weeks[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid34425522-75) and media attention was mostly focused on those with a severe infection. Patients with long-lasting systems after a mild infection started to describe their symptoms on Twitter and blogs,[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Roth_2022-76) challenging official assumptions.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15) The term long COVID was reportedly first used in May 2020 as a [hashtag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtag "Hashtag") on Twitter by Elisa Perego, an archaeologist at [University College London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London "University College London").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Perego_2020-14)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15) A month later, \#LongCovid became a popular hashtag, alongside hashtags from non-English budding communities (for instance, \#AprèsJ20 in French, and \#koronaoire in Finnish).[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15) Experiences shared online filled a gap in knowledge in how the media talked about the pandemic.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Roth_2022-76) Via the media, the knowledge reached governments and health officials, making long COVID "the first illness created through patients finding one another on Twitter".[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15) Some people experiencing long COVID have formed community care networks and support groups on social media websites.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35999605-67)[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Witvliet-2020-77) Internationally, there are several long COVID advocacy groups.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Macnamara-2021-78)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Patient_Led_Research_Collaborative-79)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15) Clinical advice on self-management and online healthcare programs are used to support people with long COVID.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35999605-67) In 2023, The organization International Long Covid Awareness (ILCA) created International Long Covid Awareness Day on 15 March.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-80)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-81)[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-82)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-83) The [Museum of Vancouver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Vancouver "Museum of Vancouver") began hosting the exhibition "Living with Long COVID" in October 2025, which includes stories and photographs from 46 people with the condition in Canada. The exhibition was co-produced with [Simon Fraser University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University "Simon Fraser University"), and is scheduled to remain in place until March 2026.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-84)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-85) ### Stigma in healthcare \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=20 "Edit section: Stigma in healthcare")\] Many people with long COVID have difficulty accessing appropriate healthcare. The severity of their symptoms may be disbelieved, they may be subject to unsympathetic care, and their symptoms may not be investigated properly or may be falsely attributed to anxiety.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36795701-86)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65) People with long COVID may be misdiagnosed with mental disorders. Anxiety and depression questionnaires not designed for people with medical conditions can contribute to this; for example, a questionnaire may assume fatigue is due to depression or that palpitations are due to anxiety, even if explained by another condition like ME/CFS or POTS.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) ### Work-related impacts \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=21 "Edit section: Work-related impacts")\] The impact of long COVID on people's ability to work is large. Estimates vary on how many people are out of work, or work reduced hours because of long COVID. For those with mild or moderate disease, between 12% and 23% had had long periods of absence or remained absent from work at 3 to 7 months. The share of people working adjusted hours or tasks after mild or moderate COVID, was around 8% to 45% after three to eight months.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Nittas_2022-87) The percentage of people returning to work after hospitalisation was lower.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Nittas_2022-87) Return to work after hospitalisation differed by country. In China and the US a higher percentage went back to work. In the US this could be partially explained by a lack of [paid sick leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paid_sick_leave "Paid sick leave") for some workers.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35938280-88) The [Institute for Fiscal Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Fiscal_Studies "Institute for Fiscal Studies") studied labour impacts of long COVID in the UK in 2021. They concluded that of people who worked before contracting long COVID, one in ten had stopped working. Most of them were on sick leave rather than unemployed.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Waters-2022-89) It is estimated that reduced working hours and absence from work due to long COVID costs the [UK economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom "Economy of the United Kingdom") £5.7 billion. The equivalent figure for [informal carers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caregiver "Caregiver") of people with long COVID is £4.8 billion.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-90)[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-91) ### Economic impacts \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=22 "Edit section: Economic impacts")\] The [OECD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD "OECD") estimates that 3 million people have left the work force due to long COVID in OECD countries. Only counting lost wages, this would amount to an economic loss of US\$141 billion. When taking into account reduced quality of life as well, yearly economics costs due to long COVID were estimated to be between US\$864 billion and US\$1.04 trillion. This does not include health care costs.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-92) As a share of global [GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP "GDP"), impacts are estimated to be between 0.5% and 2.3%.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-:0-10) A study estimated that long COVID contributes to global economic cost of about \$1 trillion a year for the 400 million afflicted.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-93)[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-94) ## Research \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=23 "Edit section: Research")\] See also: [List of investigational long COVID drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_investigational_long_COVID_drugs "List of investigational long COVID drugs") Research is ongoing in many areas, including developing more accurate diagnostic criteria, refining estimates of its likelihood, identifying risk factors, gathering data for its impact on daily life, discovering which populations face barriers to adequate care, and learning how much protection vaccination provides.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Post-COVID_Conditions-95)[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-montani-96) Many [experimental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_drug "Experimental drug") and [repurposed drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_repositioning "Drug repositioning") are being investigated as possible treatments for different aspects of long COVID.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-buon-97) These include the anti-inflammatory [colchicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchicine "Colchicine"), the anticoagulant [rivaroxaban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivaroxaban "Rivaroxaban"), the antihistamines [famotidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famotidine "Famotidine") and [loratadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loratadine "Loratadine"), various immune-modulating drugs, and the experimental [aptamer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptamer "Aptamer") compound [BC-007 (Rovunaptabin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC-007 "BC-007").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) In 2021, the US [National Institutes of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health "National Institutes of Health") started funding the [RECOVER Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RECOVER_Initiative "RECOVER Initiative"), backed by \$1.15 billion over four years,[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33664445-98) to identify the causes, prevention and treatment of long COVID.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-nih.gov-27) In 2023, the [Office of Long COVID Research and Practice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Long_COVID_Research_and_Practice "Office of Long COVID Research and Practice") was created to coordinate research across US government agencies.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Cohrs-2023-99) At the same time, RECOVER announced which clinical trials it will fund: these include a trial of [Paxlovid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir "Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir") against potential persistent infection, one for sleep disorder, one for cognitive impairment and one for problems with the [autonomic nervous system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system "Autonomic nervous system").[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37528203-100) In 2023, a survey of over 3,700 people in the UK with long COVID, fatigue was the strongest predictor of poor everyday functioning, with depression and brain fog also being linked. Some 20% of those surveyed reported being unable to work.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-walker-101)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-UK_National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Research-2023-102) In 2024, researchers working at UK universities published a commentary on what can be learned from long COVID in order to be better prepared for and recover faster from future pandemics. Some of these considerations include continuing the collection of large-scale data and making it easily accessible, [involving those affected by long COVID in research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_and_public_involvement "Patient and public involvement"), and focusing on [health inequalities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_equity "Health equity") affecting recovery and wellbeing.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-103) ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=24 "Edit section: See also")\] - [Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes") – both acute and chronic neurological, psychiatric, olfactory, and mental health conditions - [List of people with long COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_long_COVID "List of people with long COVID") - [Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multisystem_inflammatory_syndrome_in_children "Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children") – pediatric comorbidity from COVID-19 - [Post viral cerebellar ataxia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_viral_cerebellar_ataxia "Post viral cerebellar ataxia") – clumsy movement appearing a few weeks after a viral infection ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=25 "Edit section: References")\] 1. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-defnLancet_1-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-defnLancet_1-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-defnLancet_1-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-defnLancet_1-3) Soriano JB, Murthy S, Marshall JC, Relan P, Diaz JV (April 2022). ["A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8691845). The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 22* (4): e102–e107. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2022LanID..22.e102S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022LanID..22.e102S). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/S1473-3099(21)00703-9](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2821%2900703-9). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_$identifier$ "PMC (identifier)") [8691845](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8691845). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [34951953](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34951953). 2. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-8) [j](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-9) [k](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-10) [l](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-11) [m](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-12) [n](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-13) [o](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-14) [p](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid37433988_2-15) Altmann DM, Whettlock EM, Liu S, Arachchillage DJ, Boyton RJ (July 2023). ["The immunology of long COVID"](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41577-023-00904-7). Nature Reviews. Immunology. 23* (10): 618–634\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1038/s41577-023-00904-7](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41577-023-00904-7). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [37433988](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37433988). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [259831825](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259831825). 3. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-8) [j](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-9) [k](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-10) [l](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-11) [m](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-12) [n](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-13) [o](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-14) [p](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-davis_3-15) Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM, Topol EJ (March 2023). ["Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9839201). Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 21* (3): 133–146\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1038/s41579-022-00846-2](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41579-022-00846-2). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_$identifier$ "PMC (identifier)") [9839201](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9839201). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [36639608](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36639608). 4. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-8) Chen C, Haupert SR, Zimmermann L, Shi X, Fritsche LG, Mukherjee B (November 2022). 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[PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [39311897](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39311897). ## Further reading \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=26 "Edit section: Further reading")\] ### General \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=27 "Edit section: General")\] - [Long-term effects of coronavirus (long COVID)](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/long-term-effects-of-coronavirus-long-covid/) at UK [National Health Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service "National Health Service") ### Books \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=28 "Edit section: Books")\] - Jackson JC (2023). [Clearing the Fog: From Surviving to Thriving with Long COVID – A Practical Guide](https://books.google.com/books?id=nVKHEAAAQBAJ). New York: Little, Brown Spark. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-316-53009-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-53009-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-316-53009-5") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_$identifier$ "OCLC (identifier)") [1345215931](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1345215931). ### Journal articles \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=29 "Edit section: Journal articles")\] - "Long COVID: let patients help define long-lasting COVID symptoms". Editorial. Nature. 586 (7828): 170. October 2020. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2020Natur.586..170.](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.586..170.). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1038/d41586-020-02796-2](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-020-02796-2). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [33029005](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33029005). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [222217022](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222217022). - Alwan NA (August 2020). "Track COVID-19 sickness, not just positive tests and deaths". Nature. 584 (7820): 170. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1038/d41586-020-02335-z](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-020-02335-z). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [32782377](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32782377). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [221107554](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221107554). - Kingstone T, Taylor AK, O'Donnell CA, Atherton H, Blane DN, Chew-Graham CA (December 2020). ["Finding the 'right' GP: a qualitative study of the experiences of people with long-COVID"](https://doi.org/10.3399%2Fbjgpopen20X101143). BJGP Open. 4 (5) bjgpopen20X101143. [Royal College of General Practitioners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_General_Practitioners "Royal College of General Practitioners"). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3399/bjgpopen20X101143](https://doi.org/10.3399%2Fbjgpopen20X101143). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_$identifier$ "PMC (identifier)") [7880173](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7880173). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [33051223](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33051223). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [222351478](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222351478). - Salisbury H (June 2020). ["Helen Salisbury: When will we be well again?"](https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.m2490). BMJ. 369 m2490. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1136/bmj.m2490](https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.m2490). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [32576550](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32576550). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [219983336](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219983336). - ["Researching long COVID: addressing a new global health challenge"](https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/themedreview/researching-long-covid-addressing-a-new-global-health-challenge/). NIHR Evidence (Plain English summary). 12 May 2022. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3310/nihrevidence\_50331](https://doi.org/10.3310%2Fnihrevidence_50331). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [249942230](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249942230). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220625085434/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/themedreview/researching-long-covid-addressing-a-new-global-health-challenge/) from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022. - The Lancet Infectious Diseases (August 2023). ["Where are the long COVID trials?"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2823%2900440-1). The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 23 (8): 879. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/S1473-3099(23)00440-1](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2823%2900440-1). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [37507151](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37507151). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [260272959](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:260272959). \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Classification \| [D](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100732653 "d:Q100732653") [ICD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems")\-[11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-11 "ICD-11"): [RA02](https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#2024855916) [ICD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems")\-[10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10 "ICD-10"): [U09.9](https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/U09.9) [MeSH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings "Medical Subject Headings"): [D000094024](https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000094024) [SNOMED CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOMED_CT "SNOMED CT"): [1119303003](https://browser.ihtsdotools.org/?perspective=full&conceptId1=1119303003&languages=en) \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic "Template:COVID-19 pandemic") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:COVID-19_pandemic "Template talk:COVID-19 pandemic") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19_pandemic "Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19 pandemic")[COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") (disease) [SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2") (virus) \| \| \| [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Pre-pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic_predictions_and_preparations_prior_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Severe acute respiratory syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS "SARS") (SARS) [Middle East respiratory syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MERS "MERS") (MERS) [Crimson Contagion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_Contagion "Crimson Contagion") [Disease X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_X "Disease X") [Exercise Cygnus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_Cygnus "Exercise Cygnus") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019") \| \| 2020 \| [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020") \| \| 2021 \| [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021") \| \| 2022 \| [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022") \| \| 2023 \| [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2023 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023") \| \| [Locations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory "COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "COVID-19 pandemic in Africa")([national responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa")) \| \| \| \| \| \| Northern \| [Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Algeria "COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria") [Canary Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands") [Ceuta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta "COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt "COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt") [Libya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Libya "COVID-19 pandemic in Libya") [Mauritania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritania "COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritania") [Melilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla "COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla") [Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Morocco "COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco") [Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sudan "COVID-19 pandemic in Sudan") [Tunisia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tunisia "COVID-19 pandemic in Tunisia") [Western Sahara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Sahara "COVID-19 pandemic in Western Sahara") [Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic") \| \| Eastern \| [Burundi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burundi "COVID-19 pandemic in Burundi") [Comoros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Comoros "COVID-19 pandemic in the Comoros") [Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Djibouti "COVID-19 pandemic in Djibouti") [Eritrea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eritrea "COVID-19 pandemic in Eritrea") [Ethiopia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ethiopia "COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia") [Kenya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kenya "COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya") [Madagascar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madagascar "COVID-19 pandemic in Madagascar") [Mauritius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritius "COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritius") [Mayotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte "COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte") [Réunion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union "COVID-19 pandemic in Réunion") [Rwanda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rwanda "COVID-19 pandemic in Rwanda") [Seychelles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Seychelles "COVID-19 pandemic in Seychelles") [Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somalia "COVID-19 pandemic in Somalia") [Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puntland "COVID-19 pandemic in Puntland") [Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somaliland "COVID-19 pandemic in Somaliland") [South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Sudan "COVID-19 pandemic in South Sudan") [Tanzania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tanzania "COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania") [Uganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uganda "COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda") \| \| Southern \| [Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Angola "COVID-19 pandemic in Angola") [Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana "COVID-19 pandemic in Botswana") [Eswatini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eswatini "COVID-19 pandemic in Eswatini") [Lesotho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lesotho "COVID-19 pandemic in Lesotho") [Malawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malawi "COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi") [Mozambique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mozambique "COVID-19 pandemic in Mozambique") [Namibia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Namibia "COVID-19 pandemic in Namibia") [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa "COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa") [list of deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_deaths_in_South_Africa "List of COVID-19 deaths in South Africa") [Zambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zambia "COVID-19 pandemic in Zambia") [Zimbabwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zimbabwe "COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe") \| \| Central \| [Cameroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cameroon "COVID-19 pandemic in Cameroon") [Central African Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Central_African_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Central African Republic") [Chad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chad "COVID-19 pandemic in Chad") [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "COVID-19 pandemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo") [Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo "COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of the Congo") [Gabon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gabon "COVID-19 pandemic in Gabon") [São Tomé and Príncipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe "COVID-19 pandemic in São Tomé and Príncipe") \| \| Western \| [Benin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Benin "COVID-19 pandemic in Benin") [Burkina Faso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burkina_Faso "COVID-19 pandemic in Burkina Faso") [Cape Verde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cape_Verde "COVID-19 pandemic in Cape Verde") [Equatorial Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Equatorial_Guinea "COVID-19 pandemic in Equatorial Guinea") [Gambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Gambia "COVID-19 pandemic in the Gambia") [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana "COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana") timeline 2020 [March–July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_$March%E2%80%93July_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (March–July 2020)") [August–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_$August%E2%80%93December_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (August–December 2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (2021)") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Ghanaian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") impact [education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana") [Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea "COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea") [Guinea-Bissau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea-Bissau "COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea-Bissau") [Ivory Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ivory_Coast "COVID-19 pandemic in Ivory Coast") [Liberia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liberia "COVID-19 pandemic in Liberia") [Mali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mali "COVID-19 pandemic in Mali") [Niger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niger "COVID-19 pandemic in Niger") [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nigeria "COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha") [Senegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Senegal "COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal") [Sierra Leone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sierra_Leone "COVID-19 pandemic in Sierra Leone") [Togo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Togo "COVID-19 pandemic in Togo") \| \| [Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in Asia") \| \| \| \| \| \| Central/North \| [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan "COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan") [Kyrgyzstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kyrgyzstan "COVID-19 pandemic in Kyrgyzstan") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") timeline [January–June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_$January%E2%80%93June_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (January–June 2020)") [July–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_$July%E2%80%93December_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (July–December 2020)") impact [economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [political](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia") [Tajikistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tajikistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Tajikistan") [Turkmenistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkmenistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Turkmenistan") [Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uzbekistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Uzbekistan") \| \| East \| \| \| \| \| \| [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong "COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong") [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan "COVID-19 pandemic in Japan") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan") [Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokyo "COVID-19 pandemic in Tokyo") [2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_and_2020_Summer_Paralympics "COVID-19 cases at the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics") [North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Korea "COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea") [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Korea "COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea") [Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Macau "COVID-19 pandemic in Macau") [Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mongolia "COVID-19 pandemic in Mongolia") [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Taiwan "COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan") [respirator diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan "Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan") \| \| \| [Mainland China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China "COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China") \| [lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_China "COVID-19 lockdown in China") [detail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns_in_mainland_China "Template:COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in mainland China") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China "COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China") [Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Beijing "COVID-19 pandemic in Beijing") [2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_and_2022_Winter_Paralympics "COVID-19 cases at the 2022 Winter Olympics and 2022 Winter Paralympics") [Heilongjiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Heilongjiang "COVID-19 pandemic in Heilongjiang") [Henan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Henan "COVID-19 pandemic in Henan") [Hubei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hubei "COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei") [Inner Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Inner_Mongolia "COVID-19 pandemic in Inner Mongolia") [Liaoning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liaoning "COVID-19 pandemic in Liaoning") [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Shanghai "COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai") [2022 outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Shanghai_COVID-19_outbreak "2022 Shanghai COVID-19 outbreak") [Sichuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sichuan "COVID-19 pandemic in Sichuan") [Tibet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tibet "COVID-19 pandemic in Tibet") [Xinjiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Xinjiang "COVID-19 pandemic in Xinjiang") \| \| [South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Afghanistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Afghanistan") [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh") [Bhutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bhutan "COVID-19 pandemic in Bhutan") [Maldives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maldives "COVID-19 pandemic in Maldives") [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal "COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal") [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pakistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan") [Tablighi Jamaat hotspot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Pakistan "2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Pakistan") [Sri Lanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sri_Lanka "COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka") \| \| \| [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "COVID-19 pandemic in India") \| \| \| \| \| \| [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India") [lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_India "COVID-19 lockdown in India") [migrant workers' crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in India") timeline 2020 [January–May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_$January%E2%80%93May_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (January–May 2020)") [June–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_$June%E2%80%93December_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (June–December 2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (2021)") [union government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [PM CARES Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_CARES_Fund "PM CARES Fund") [state government responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_state_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian state government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India "COVID-19 vaccination in India") [Vaccine Maitri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_Maitri "Vaccine Maitri") \| \| \| By location \| [Andaman and Nicobar Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands") [Andhra Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andhra_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Andhra Pradesh") [Arunachal Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arunachal_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Arunachal Pradesh") [Assam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Assam "COVID-19 pandemic in Assam") [Bihar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bihar "COVID-19 pandemic in Bihar") [Chandigarh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chandigarh "COVID-19 pandemic in Chandigarh") [Chhattisgarh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chhattisgarh "COVID-19 pandemic in Chhattisgarh") [Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu "COVID-19 pandemic in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu") [Delhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delhi "COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi") [Tablighi Jamaat hotspot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Delhi "2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Delhi") [Goa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Goa "COVID-19 pandemic in Goa") [Gujarat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gujarat "COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat") [Haryana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haryana "COVID-19 pandemic in Haryana") [Himachal Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Himachal_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Himachal Pradesh") [Jammu and Kashmir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir "COVID-19 pandemic in Jammu and Kashmir") [Jharkhand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jharkhand "COVID-19 pandemic in Jharkhand") [Karnataka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Karnataka "COVID-19 pandemic in Karnataka") [Kerala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala "COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala") [Ladakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ladakh "COVID-19 pandemic in Ladakh") [Lakshadweep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lakshadweep "COVID-19 pandemic in Lakshadweep") [Madhya Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madhya_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Madhya Pradesh") [Maharashtra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maharashtra "COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra") [Manipur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manipur "COVID-19 pandemic in Manipur") [Meghalaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Meghalaya "COVID-19 pandemic in Meghalaya") [Mizoram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mizoram "COVID-19 pandemic in Mizoram") [Nagaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nagaland "COVID-19 pandemic in Nagaland") [Odisha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Odisha "COVID-19 pandemic in Odisha") [Puducherry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puducherry "COVID-19 pandemic in Puducherry") [Punjab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Punjab,_India "COVID-19 pandemic in Punjab, India") [Rajasthan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rajasthan "COVID-19 pandemic in Rajasthan") [Sikkim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sikkim "COVID-19 pandemic in Sikkim") [Tamil Nadu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tamil_Nadu "COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu") [Telangana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Telangana "COVID-19 pandemic in Telangana") [Tripura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tripura "COVID-19 pandemic in Tripura") [Uttar Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttar_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Uttar Pradesh") [Uttarakhand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttarakhand "COVID-19 pandemic in Uttarakhand") [West Bengal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Bengal "COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal") \| \| [Southeast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Southeast_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Asia") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Brunei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brunei "COVID-19 pandemic in Brunei") [Cambodia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cambodia "COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia") [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia "COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia") timeline [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia (2021)") [social restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_large-scale_social_restrictions "Indonesia large-scale social restrictions") [Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Activities_Restrictions_Enforcement "Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement") [Laos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Laos "COVID-19 pandemic in Laos") [Myanmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Myanmar "COVID-19 pandemic in Myanmar") [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore "COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2022)") [circuit breaker response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures "2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore "COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore") [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand "COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand "COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand") [Timor-Leste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Timor-Leste "COVID-19 pandemic in Timor-Leste") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam "COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Vietnamese government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") \| impact [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [political](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia") [Aid and relief efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_and_relief_efforts_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Aid and relief efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [movement control order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_movement_control_order "Malaysian movement control order") [Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Malaysia "2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Malaysia") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2022)") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_$2023$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2023)") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Johor "COVID-19 pandemic in Johor") [Kuala Lumpur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuala_Lumpur "COVID-19 pandemic in Kuala Lumpur") [Sabah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sabah "COVID-19 pandemic in Sabah") [Sarawak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sarawak "COVID-19 pandemic in Sarawak") [Selangor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Selangor "COVID-19 pandemic in Selangor") \| \| [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines") \| timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2022)") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [community quarantines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_community_quarantines_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines") [Luzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_community_quarantine_in_Luzon "Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon") [evacuations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuations_by_the_Philippines_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Evacuations by the Philippines related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines") [Bangsamoro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangsamoro "COVID-19 pandemic in Bangsamoro") [Bicol Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bicol_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Bicol Region") [Cagayan Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cagayan_Valley "COVID-19 pandemic in Cagayan Valley") [Calabarzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Calabarzon "COVID-19 pandemic in Calabarzon") [Caraga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Caraga "COVID-19 pandemic in Caraga") [Central Luzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Luzon "COVID-19 pandemic in Central Luzon") [Central Visayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Visayas "COVID-19 pandemic in Central Visayas") [Cordillera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cordillera_Administrative_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cordillera Administrative Region") [Davao Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Davao_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Davao Region") [Eastern Visayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eastern_Visayas "COVID-19 pandemic in Eastern Visayas") [Ilocos Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Ilocos_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Ilocos Region") [Metro Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Metro_Manila "COVID-19 pandemic in Metro Manila") [Mimaropa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mimaropa "COVID-19 pandemic in Mimaropa") [Northern Mindanao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Mindanao "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Mindanao") [Soccsksargen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Soccsksargen "COVID-19 pandemic in Soccsksargen") [Western Visayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Visayas "COVID-19 pandemic in Western Visayas") [Zamboanga Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zamboanga_Peninsula "COVID-19 pandemic in Zamboanga Peninsula") [Overseas Filipinos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Filipinos_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Overseas Filipinos during the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| West \| [Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Armenia "COVID-19 pandemic in Armenia") [Azerbaijan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Azerbaijan "COVID-19 pandemic in Azerbaijan") [Artsakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Artsakh "COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Artsakh") [Bahrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bahrain "COVID-19 pandemic in Bahrain") [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus") [Northern Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt "COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt") [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_$country$ "COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (country)") [Abkhazia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Abkhazia "COVID-19 pandemic in Abkhazia") [South Ossetia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Ossetia "COVID-19 pandemic in South Ossetia") [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran "COVID-19 pandemic in Iran") [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iraq "COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq") [Kurdistan Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Kurdistan_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Kurdistan Region") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Israel "COVID-19 pandemic in Israel") [Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jordan "COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan") [Kuwait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuwait "COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait") [Lebanon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lebanon "COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon") [Oman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oman "COVID-19 pandemic in Oman") [Palestine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_State_of_Palestine "COVID-19 pandemic in the State of Palestine") [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Qatar "COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar") [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saudi_Arabia "COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_programme_in_Saudi_Arabia "COVID-19 vaccination programme in Saudi Arabia") [Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria "COVID-19 pandemic in Syria") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates "COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates") [Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yemen "COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen") \| \| [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe "COVID-19 pandemic in Europe") \| \| \| \| \| \| [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") \| \| \| \| \| \| [history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "History of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") timeline [January–June 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_$January%E2%80%93June_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2020)") [July–December 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_$July%E2%80%93December_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2020)") [January–June 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_$January%E2%80%93June_2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2021)") [July–December 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_$July%E2%80%93December_2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2021)") [January–June 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_$January%E2%80%93June_2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2022)") [July–December 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_$July%E2%80%93December_2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2022)") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_$2023$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (2023)") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Broadshare "Operation Broadshare") [Operation Rescript](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rescript "Operation Rescript") [contracts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversies_regarding_COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom "Controversies regarding COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom") impact [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom") \| \| \| By location \| [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_England "COVID-19 pandemic in England") timeline 2020 [January–June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_$January%E2%80%93June_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (January–June 2020)") [July–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_$July%E2%80%93December_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (July–December 2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2022)") [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_London "COVID-19 pandemic in London") [local lockdown regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_local_lockdown_regulations_in_England "COVID-19 local lockdown regulations in England") [first tier regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_COVID-19_tier_regulations_in_England "First COVID-19 tier regulations in England") [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2022)") [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland "COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2022)") [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales "COVID-19 pandemic in Wales") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)") [Crown Dependencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Crown_Dependencies "COVID-19 pandemic in the Crown Dependencies") [Isle of Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Isle_of_Man "COVID-19 pandemic in the Isle of Man") [Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jersey "COVID-19 pandemic in Jersey") [Guernsey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guernsey "COVID-19 pandemic in Guernsey") [Overseas territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories") [Akrotiri and Dhekelia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia "COVID-19 pandemic in Akrotiri and Dhekelia") [British Indian Ocean Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Indian Ocean Territory") [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gibraltar "COVID-19 pandemic in Gibraltar") \| \| Eastern \| [Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus "COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2022)") [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan "COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan") [Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Moldova "COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova") [Gagauzia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gagauzia "COVID-19 pandemic in Gagauzia") [Transnistria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Transnistria "COVID-19 pandemic in Transnistria") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") timeline [January–June 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_$January%E2%80%93June_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (January–June 2020)") [July–December 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_$July%E2%80%93December_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (July–December 2020)") [government responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Russian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [political impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine "COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine") [Crimea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Crimea "COVID-19 pandemic in Crimea") [Sevastopol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sevastopol "COVID-19 pandemic in Sevastopol") \| \| Western Balkans \| [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Albania "COVID-19 pandemic in Albania") [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina") [Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kosovo "COVID-19 pandemic in Kosovo") [Montenegro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montenegro "COVID-19 pandemic in Montenegro") [North Macedonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Macedonia "COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia") [Serbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia "COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia") \| \| [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austria "COVID-19 pandemic in Austria") [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium "COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria "COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria") [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia "COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia") [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus") [Northern Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus") [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Czech_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic") [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Denmark "COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark") [Faroe Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Faroe_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Faroe Islands") [Estonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Estonia "COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia") [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Finland "COVID-19 pandemic in Finland") [Åland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_%C3%85land "COVID-19 pandemic in Åland") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France "COVID-19 pandemic in France") [Guadeloupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe "COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe") [French Guiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana "COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana") [Réunion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union "COVID-19 pandemic in Réunion") [Martinique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique "COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique") [Mayotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte "COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte") [Normandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Normandy "COVID-19 pandemic in Normandy") [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin "COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany "COVID-19 pandemic in Germany") [North Rhine-Westphalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Rhine-Westphalia "COVID-19 pandemic in North Rhine-Westphalia") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greece "COVID-19 pandemic in Greece") [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hungary "COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2022)") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") [lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns_in_Italy "COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") [Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Latvia "COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia") [Lithuania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lithuania "COVID-19 pandemic in Lithuania") [Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Luxembourg "COVID-19 pandemic in Luxembourg") [Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malta "COVID-19 pandemic in Malta") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Dutch government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland "COVID-19 pandemic in Poland") [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal "COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal") [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania "COVID-19 pandemic in Romania") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania") [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovakia "COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia") [Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovenia "COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia") [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain "COVID-19 pandemic in Spain") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain") [Asturias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asturias "COVID-19 pandemic in Asturias") [Canary Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands") [Ceuta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta "COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta") [Community of Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Community_of_Madrid "COVID-19 pandemic in the Community of Madrid") [Melilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla "COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sweden "COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Swedish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Operation Gloria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Gloria "Operation Gloria") \| \| EFTA countries \| [Iceland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iceland "COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland") [Liechtenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liechtenstein "COVID-19 pandemic in Liechtenstein") [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norway "COVID-19 pandemic in Norway") [Svalbard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Svalbard "COVID-19 pandemic in Svalbard") [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Switzerland "COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland") \| \| Microstates \| [Andorra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andorra "COVID-19 pandemic in Andorra") [Monaco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Monaco "COVID-19 pandemic in Monaco") [San Marino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_San_Marino "COVID-19 pandemic in San Marino") [Vatican City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City "COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City") \| \| [North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America "COVID-19 pandemic in North America") \| \| \| \| \| \| Atlantic \| [Bermuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bermuda "COVID-19 pandemic in Bermuda") [Greenland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greenland "COVID-19 pandemic in Greenland") [Saint Pierre and Miquelon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Pierre and Miquelon") \| \| Canada \| [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [federal aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_aid_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada "COVID-19 vaccination in Canada") [military response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Laser "Operation Laser") [Atlantic Bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Bubble "Atlantic Bubble") [Alberta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta "COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta") [British Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_British_Columbia "COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia") [Manitoba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manitoba "COVID-19 pandemic in Manitoba") [New Brunswick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Brunswick "COVID-19 pandemic in New Brunswick") [Newfoundland and Labrador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "COVID-19 pandemic in Newfoundland and Labrador") [Northwest Territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northwest_Territories "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northwest Territories") [Nova Scotia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nova_Scotia "COVID-19 pandemic in Nova Scotia") [Nunavut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nunavut "COVID-19 pandemic in Nunavut") [Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario "COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2022)") [Ottawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ottawa "COVID-19 pandemic in Ottawa") [Peel Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_Peel "COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of Peel") [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Toronto "COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto") [York Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_York "COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of York") [Provincial government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario "Provincial government response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario") [Vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario "COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario") [Prince Edward Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Prince_Edward_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Prince Edward Island") [Quebec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Quebec "COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec") [Montreal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montreal "COVID-19 pandemic in Montreal") [boroughs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_of_Montreal_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Boroughs of Montreal during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Saskatchewan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan "COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan") [Yukon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yukon "COVID-19 pandemic in Yukon") \| \| Caribbean \| \| \| \| \| \| Countries \| [Antigua and Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda "COVID-19 pandemic in Antigua and Barbuda") [Bahamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bahamas "COVID-19 pandemic in the Bahamas") [Barbados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Barbados "COVID-19 pandemic in Barbados") [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cuba "COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba") [Guantanamo Bay Naval Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base "COVID-19 pandemic in the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base") [Dominica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dominica "COVID-19 pandemic in Dominica") [Dominican Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Dominican_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Dominican Republic") [Grenada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Grenada "COVID-19 pandemic in Grenada") [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haiti "COVID-19 pandemic in Haiti") [Jamaica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jamaica "COVID-19 pandemic in Jamaica") [Saint Kitts and Nevis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Kitts and Nevis") [Saint Lucia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Lucia "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Lucia") [Saint Vincent and the Grenadines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines") [Trinidad and Tobago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago "COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago") \| \| [British Overseas Territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories") \| [Anguilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Anguilla "COVID-19 pandemic in Anguilla") [British Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Virgin Islands") [Cayman Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cayman_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cayman Islands") [Montserrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montserrat "COVID-19 pandemic in Montserrat") [Turks and Caicos Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Turks and Caicos Islands") [response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Broadshare "Operation Broadshare") \| \| \| \| \| [Aruba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Aruba "COVID-19 pandemic in Aruba") [Curaçao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cura%C3%A7ao "COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao") [Sint Maarten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Maarten "COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Maarten") \| \| \| Caribbean Netherlands \| [Bonaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bonaire "COVID-19 pandemic in Bonaire") [Saba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saba "COVID-19 pandemic in Saba") [Sint Eustatius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Eustatius "COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Eustatius") \| \| French West Indies \| [Guadeloupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe "COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe") [Martinique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique "COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique") [Saint Barthélemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Barthélemy") [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin "COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin") \| \| US insular areas \| [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico "COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands") \| \| Central America \| [Belize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belize "COVID-19 pandemic in Belize") [Costa Rica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Costa_Rica "COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica") [El Salvador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_El_Salvador "COVID-19 pandemic in El Salvador") [Guatemala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guatemala "COVID-19 pandemic in Guatemala") [Honduras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Honduras "COVID-19 pandemic in Honduras") [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico "COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico "COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico") [Nicaragua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nicaragua "COVID-19 pandemic in Nicaragua") [Panama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Panama "COVID-19 pandemic in Panama") \| \| [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Trump administration communication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2021)") [social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [2021 hospital crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_hospital_crisis_in_the_U.S._from_COVID-19 "2021 hospital crisis in the U.S. from COVID-19") \| \| \| [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [federal government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [state and local governments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state_and_local_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [California government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "California government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [New York government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_state_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "New York state government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Texas government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Texas government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Eastern States Multi-state Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_States_Multi-state_Council "Eastern States Multi-state Council") [Midwest Governors Regional Pact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Governors_Regional_Pact "Midwest Governors Regional Pact") [Western States Pact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_States_Pact "Western States Pact") \| \| By location \| [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alabama "COVID-19 pandemic in Alabama") [Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alaska "COVID-19 pandemic in Alaska") [American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa "COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa") [Arizona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arizona "COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona") [Navajo Nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Navajo_Nation "COVID-19 pandemic in the Navajo Nation") [Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arkansas "COVID-19 pandemic in Arkansas") [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_California "COVID-19 pandemic in California") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_California "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in California") [S.F. Bay Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area "COVID-19 pandemic in the San Francisco Bay Area") [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colorado "COVID-19 pandemic in Colorado") [Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Connecticut "COVID-19 pandemic in Connecticut") [Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delaware "COVID-19 pandemic in Delaware") [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Florida "COVID-19 pandemic in Florida") [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_$U.S._state$ "COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (U.S. state)") [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam "COVID-19 pandemic in Guam") [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii "COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii") [Idaho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Idaho "COVID-19 pandemic in Idaho") [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Illinois "COVID-19 pandemic in Illinois") [Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indiana "COVID-19 pandemic in Indiana") [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iowa "COVID-19 pandemic in Iowa") [Kansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kansas "COVID-19 pandemic in Kansas") [Kentucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kentucky "COVID-19 pandemic in Kentucky") [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Louisiana "COVID-19 pandemic in Louisiana") [Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maine "COVID-19 pandemic in Maine") [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland "COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland") [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts "COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts") [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston "COVID-19 pandemic in Boston") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Boston") [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Michigan "COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan") [Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Minnesota "COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota") [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mississippi "COVID-19 pandemic in Mississippi") [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Missouri "COVID-19 pandemic in Missouri") [Montana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montana "COVID-19 pandemic in Montana") [Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nebraska "COVID-19 pandemic in Nebraska") [Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada "COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada") [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Hampshire "COVID-19 pandemic in New Hampshire") [New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Jersey "COVID-19 pandemic in New Jersey") [New Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Mexico "COVID-19 pandemic in New Mexico") [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_$state$ "COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)") [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City "COVID-19 pandemic in New York City") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City") [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Carolina "COVID-19 pandemic in North Carolina") [North Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Dakota "COVID-19 pandemic in North Dakota") [Northern Mariana Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands") [Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ohio "COVID-19 pandemic in Ohio") [Columbus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Columbus,_Ohio "COVID-19 pandemic in Columbus, Ohio") [Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oklahoma "COVID-19 pandemic in Oklahoma") [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oregon "COVID-19 pandemic in Oregon") [Portland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portland,_Oregon "COVID-19 pandemic in Portland, Oregon") [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pennsylvania "COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania") [Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Philadelphia "COVID-19 pandemic in Philadelphia") [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico "COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico") [Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rhode_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Rhode Island") [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Carolina "COVID-19 pandemic in South Carolina") [South Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Dakota "COVID-19 pandemic in South Dakota") [Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tennessee "COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee") [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas "COVID-19 pandemic in Texas") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas") [Austin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austin,_Texas "COVID-19 pandemic in Austin, Texas") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands") [Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Utah "COVID-19 pandemic in Utah") [Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vermont "COVID-19 pandemic in Vermont") [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Virginia "COVID-19 pandemic in Virginia") [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington_$state$ "COVID-19 pandemic in Washington (state)") [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington,_D.C. "COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C.") [White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak "White House COVID-19 outbreak") [West Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Virginia "COVID-19 pandemic in West Virginia") [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wisconsin "COVID-19 pandemic in Wisconsin") [Wyoming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wyoming "COVID-19 pandemic in Wyoming") \| \| [Oceania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania "COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania") \| \| \| \| \| \| [American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa "COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa") [Cook Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cook_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cook Islands") [Easter Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island") [Federated States of Micronesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia "COVID-19 pandemic in the Federated States of Micronesia") [Fiji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Fiji "COVID-19 pandemic in Fiji") [French Polynesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Polynesia "COVID-19 pandemic in French Polynesia") [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam "COVID-19 pandemic in Guam") [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii "COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii") [Kiribati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kiribati "COVID-19 pandemic in Kiribati") [Marshall Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Marshall_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Marshall Islands") [Nauru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nauru "COVID-19 pandemic in Nauru") [New Caledonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Caledonia "COVID-19 pandemic in New Caledonia") [Niue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niue "COVID-19 pandemic in Niue") [Northern Mariana Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands") [Palau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Palau "COVID-19 pandemic in Palau") [Papua New Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Papua_New_Guinea "COVID-19 pandemic in Papua New Guinea") [Bougainville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville "COVID-19 pandemic in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville") [Pitcairn Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Pitcairn Islands") [Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Samoa "COVID-19 pandemic in Samoa") [Solomon Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Solomon_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Solomon Islands") [Tokelau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokelau "COVID-19 pandemic in Tokelau") [Tonga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tonga "COVID-19 pandemic in Tonga") [Tuvalu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tuvalu "COVID-19 pandemic in Tuvalu") [Vanuatu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vanuatu "COVID-19 pandemic in Vanuatu") [Wallis and Futuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wallis_and_Futuna "COVID-19 pandemic in Wallis and Futuna") \| \| \| [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia "COVID-19 pandemic in Australia") \| timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2020)") 2021 [January–June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_$January%E2%80%93June_2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (January–June 2021)") [July–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_$July%E2%80%93December_2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (July–December 2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2022)") [Australian Capital Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory "COVID-19 pandemic in the Australian Capital Territory") [Christmas Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Christmas_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Christmas Island") [Cocos (Keeling) Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cocos_$Keeling$_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands") [New South Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_South_Wales "COVID-19 pandemic in New South Wales") [Norfolk Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norfolk_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Norfolk Island") [Northern Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Territory "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Territory") [Queensland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Queensland "COVID-19 pandemic in Queensland") [South Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Australia "COVID-19 pandemic in South Australia") [Tasmania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tasmania "COVID-19 pandemic in Tasmania") [Victoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Victoria "COVID-19 pandemic in Victoria") [Western Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Australia "COVID-19 pandemic in Western Australia") \| \| [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") \| timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2022)") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_$2023$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2023)") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Alert levels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_alert_levels_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 alert levels in New Zealand") [Traffic light system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Protection_Framework "COVID-19 Protection Framework") [social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [managed isolation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_managed_isolation_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 managed isolation in New Zealand") \| \| [South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America "COVID-19 pandemic in South America") \| [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina "COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina") [human rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina") [Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bolivia "COVID-19 pandemic in Bolivia") [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil "COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil") [São Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_$state$ "COVID-19 pandemic in São Paulo (state)") [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile "COVID-19 pandemic in Chile") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile") [Easter Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island") [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia "COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia") [Ecuador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ecuador "COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador") [Falkland Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Falkland_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Falkland Islands") [French Guiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana "COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana") [Guyana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guyana "COVID-19 pandemic in Guyana") [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Paraguay "COVID-19 pandemic in Paraguay") [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru "COVID-19 pandemic in Peru") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru") [Cusco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cusco "COVID-19 pandemic in Cusco") [Suriname](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Suriname "COVID-19 pandemic in Suriname") [Uruguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uruguay "COVID-19 pandemic in Uruguay") [Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela "COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela") \| \| Others \| [Antarctica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica "COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica") [Cruise ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships "COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships") [Diamond Princess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Diamond_Princess "COVID-19 pandemic on Diamond Princess") [Grand Princess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Grand_Princess "COVID-19 pandemic on Grand Princess") [Naval ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_naval_ships "COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships") [Charles de Gaulle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Charles_de_Gaulle "COVID-19 pandemic on Charles de Gaulle") [USS Theodore Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_USS_Theodore_Roosevelt "COVID-19 pandemic on USS Theodore Roosevelt") \| \| [Impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| \| \| \| Culture and entertainment \| \| \| \| \| \| [Arts and cultural heritage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage") \| [References in popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture "COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture") [Cinema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema") [films affected](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Corona-chan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona-chan "Corona-chan") [Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Walt_Disney_Company "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Walt Disney Company") [Fashion industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry") [Music industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_music_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry") [Performing arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_performing_arts "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts") [Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television") [U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States") [U.S. sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_American_sports_broadcasting "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on American sports broadcasting") [programs affected](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_television_series_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of American television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Video games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry") \| \| [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Female education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_female_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on female education") [Homeschooling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| By country \| [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the Republic of Ireland") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom") [exam grading controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_Kingdom_school_exam_grading_controversy "2020 United Kingdom school exam grading controversy") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United States") \| \| [Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Bio-secure bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-secure_bubble "Bio-secure bubble") \| \| \| By country \| [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports in the Republic of Ireland") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Philippine_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Philippine sports") \| \| By sport \| [Association football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_association_football "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football") [Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_baseball "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on baseball") [Basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_basketball "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on basketball") [NBA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_of_the_2019%E2%80%9320_NBA_season "Suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season") [Combat sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_combat_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on combat sports") [Cricket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cricket "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket") [Disc golf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_disc_golf "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disc golf") [Gaelic games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Gaelic_games "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games") [Gridirion football (NCAAF, NFL, and CFL)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_gridiron_football "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gridiron football") [Ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ice_hockey "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ice hockey") [Motorsport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_motorsport "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorsport") [Rugby league](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_rugby_league "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rugby league") \| \| Society and rights \| \| \| \| \| \| [Social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media") [Stigma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stigma_associated_with_COVID-19 "Social stigma associated with COVID-19") [Children](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_children "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children") [foster care in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_foster_care_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on foster care in the United States") [Pandemic baking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic_baking "Pandemic baking") \| \| Labor \| [Healthcare workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_healthcare_workers "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers") [Indian migrant workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Great Resignation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Resignation "Great Resignation") [Strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikes_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| [Human rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_issues_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Human rights issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina") [Myanmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "2021 Myanmar coup d'état") \| \| Legal \| [Abortion in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_abortion_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on abortion in the United States") [Crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_crime "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime") [Domestic violence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_domestic_violence "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence") [Prisons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_prisons "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons") [U.S. immigration detention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_U.S._immigration_detention "COVID-19 pandemic in U.S. immigration detention") \| \| Minority \| [Gender](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendered_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [LGBT community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_LGBT_community "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the LGBT community") [African communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities") [Indian migrant workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Indian_migrant_workers "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indian migrant workers") [Disability community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_people_with_disabilities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities") [Native American communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Native_American_tribes_and_tribal_communities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Native American tribes and tribal communities") [Xenophobia and racism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| [Religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion") \| [Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church") [Hajj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj") \| \| [Economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Charitable activity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_activities_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Charitable activities related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [COVID-19 scams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_scams "COVID-19 scams") [Travel restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| By country \| [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Pandemic_Unemployment_Payment "COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [U.K.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") \| \| By industry \| [Aviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_commercial_air_transport "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on commercial air transport") [Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of airlines impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Cannabis industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry") [Food industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_food_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry") [meat industry in Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_Canada "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in Canada") [meat industry in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in the United States") [restaurant industry in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_restaurant_industry_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the restaurant industry in the United States") [Hospitals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_hospitals "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitals") [ICU capacity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ICU_capacity "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ICU capacity") [Long-term care facilities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_long-term_care_facilities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities") [Mink farming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 "Cluster 5") [Public transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_public_transport "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport") [Retail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail") [Tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism") \| \| Supply and trade \| [Shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Chip supply](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_global_chip_shortage "2020–2023 global chip shortage") [Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_energy_crisis "2021–2023 global energy crisis") [Global supply chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_supply_chain_crisis "2021–2023 global supply chain crisis") [Oil price war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war "2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war") [Food security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| [Financial markets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Global stock market crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash "2020 stock market crash") [COVID-19 recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_recession "COVID-19 recession") [Inflation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_inflation_surge "2021–2022 inflation surge") \| \| Information \| \| \| \| \| \| [Journalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism") [Media coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Wikipedia's response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| [Misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation "COVID-19 misinformation") \| [Governments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments "COVID-19 misinformation by governments") [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China "COVID-19 misinformation by China") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States "COVID-19 misinformation by the United States") By country [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada "COVID-19 misinformation in Canada") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines") [Ivermectin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Plandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plandemic "Plandemic") \| \| [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| \| \| \| [National responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_pandemic_legislation "List of COVID-19 pandemic legislation") [List of political officials who have tested positive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_officials_who_have_tested_positive_for_COVID-19 "List of political officials who have tested positive for COVID-19") [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| [Political impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in the Republic of Ireland") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia") \| \| [Protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Abkhazia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Abkhazia_unrest "2021 Abkhazia unrest") [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17A "17A") [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Australia "COVID-19 protests in Australia") [Convoy to Canberra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_to_Canberra "Convoy to Canberra") [Azerbaijan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Azerbaijani_protests "2020 Azerbaijani protests") [Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests "2020–2021 Belarusian protests") [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Brussels_protests "2022 Brussels protests") [2020 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Brazilian_protests "2020 Brazilian protests") [2021 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Brazilian_protests "2021 Brazilian protests") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Bulgarian_protests "2020–2021 Bulgarian protests") [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Canada "COVID-19 protests in Canada") [convoy protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest "Canada convoy protest") [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932022_Chilean_protests "2019–2022 Chilean protests") [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China "2022 COVID-19 protests in China") [Beijing Sitong Bridge protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Beijing_Sitong_Bridge_protest "2022 Beijing Sitong Bridge protest") [healthcare reform protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Chinese_healthcare_reform_protests "2023 Chinese healthcare reform protests") [2021 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Colombian_protests "2021 Colombian protests") [2022 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Colombian_protests "2022 Colombian protests") [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Cuban_protests "2021 Cuban protests") [Yellow vests protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_vests_protests "Yellow vests protests") [labor protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests "2021 French labor protests") [French West Indies social unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_social_unrest_in_the_French_West_Indies "2021–2022 social unrest in the French West Indies") [convoy protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_convoy_protest "France convoy protest") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Germany "COVID-19 protests in Germany") [Idar-Oberstein shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Idar-Oberstein_shooting "2021 Idar-Oberstein shooting") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Greek_protests "2021 Greek protests") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Israel "COVID-19 protests in Israel") [protests against Benjamin Netanyahu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_protests_against_Benjamin_Netanyahu "2020–2021 protests against Benjamin Netanyahu") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_over_COVID-19_policies_in_Italy "Protests over COVID-19 policies in Italy") [Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Mongolian_protests "2021 Mongolian protests") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_Netherlands "COVID-19 protests in the Netherlands") [curfew riots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Dutch_curfew_riots "2021 Dutch curfew riots") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 protests in New Zealand") [Wellington protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Wellington_protest "2022 Wellington protest") [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Paraguayan_protests "2021 Paraguayan protests") [Serbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Serbian_protests "2020–2022 Serbian protests") [Tunisia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Tunisian_protests "2021 Tunisian protests") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 protests in the United Kingdom") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 protests in the United States") [Open the States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_the_States "Open the States") \| \| [International relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_international_relations "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations") \| [Aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "International reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") [Moldovan–Romanian collaboration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovan%E2%80%93Romanian_collaboration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Moldovan–Romanian collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan "Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan") [Vaccine diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_diplomacy "Vaccine diplomacy") \| \| [Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Anthropause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropause "Anthropause") [Doomscrolling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomscrolling "Doomscrolling") [Flattening the curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flattening_the_curve "Flattening the curve") [Green recovery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_recovery "Green recovery") [Long COVID]() [Social distancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing "Social distancing") [Superspreader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superspreading_event "Superspreading event") [Twindemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twindemic "Twindemic") [Zero-COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID") [Zoom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_$software$ "Zoom (software)") [Zoom towns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_town "Zoom town") \| \| Others \| [Animals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_and_animals "COVID-19 pandemic and animals") [Cluster 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 "Cluster 5") [Environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment") [Military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_military "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military") [Pregnant women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_pregnant_women "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women") [Science and technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology") \| \| Health issues \| \| \| \| \| \| Medical topics \| [Transmission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_of_COVID-19 "Transmission of COVID-19") [Symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptoms_of_COVID-19 "Symptoms of COVID-19") [Cancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_and_cancer "COVID-19 and cancer") [Endemic COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_COVID-19 "Endemic COVID-19") [Skin manifestations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_manifestations_of_COVID-19 "Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19") [Long COVID]() [Mental health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic") [neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes") [Pregnancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy "COVID-19 in pregnancy") [Non-COVID-19–related health issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues") [Shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Rehabilitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_after_COVID-19 "Rehabilitation after COVID-19") [Unproven medical methods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19 "List of unproven methods against COVID-19") \| \| Testing and epidemiology \| \| \| \| \| \| [Datasets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_datasets "COVID-19 datasets") [Death rates by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country "COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country") [Disease testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing "COVID-19 testing") [Breathalyzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_breathalyzer "Coronavirus breathalyzer") [Operation Moonshot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Moonshot "Operation Moonshot") [Test to Release](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_to_Release "Test to Release") [UK Rapid Test Consortium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Rapid_Test_Consortium "UK Rapid Test Consortium") [AbC-19 rapid antibody test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AbC-19_rapid_antibody_test "AbC-19 rapid antibody test") [investigations into the origins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19 "Investigations into the origin of COVID-19") [lab leak theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory "COVID-19 lab leak theory") [Rapid antigen test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_rapid_antigen_test "COVID-19 rapid antigen test") [Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation "Software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation") [Surveillance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_surveillance "COVID-19 surveillance") [Undercounting COVID-19 deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercounting_of_COVID-19_pandemic_deaths_by_country "Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country") \| \| \| [Apps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_apps "COVID-19 apps") \| [Aarogya Setu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarogya_Setu "Aarogya Setu") [BlueTrace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueTrace "BlueTrace") [careFIJI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CareFIJI "CareFIJI") [Coronavirus Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_Australia "Coronavirus Australia") [Corona-Warn-App](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona-Warn-App "Corona-Warn-App") [COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Contact-Confirming_Application "COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application") [COVID Alert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID_Alert "COVID Alert") (Canada) [COVIDSafe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVIDSafe "COVIDSafe") [COVID Tracker Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID_Tracker_Ireland "COVID Tracker Ireland") [Covid Watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid_Watch "Covid Watch") [Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_Privacy-Preserving_Proximity_Tracing "Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing") [Exposure Notification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_Notification "Exposure Notification") [Health Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Code "Health Code") [Healthy Together](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy_Together "Healthy Together") [Immuni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immuni "Immuni") [Koronavilkku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavilkku "Koronavilkku") [LeaveHomeSafe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeaveHomeSafe "LeaveHomeSafe") [MySejahtera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySejahtera "MySejahtera") [NHS COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_COVID-19 "NHS COVID-19") [NZ COVID Tracer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZ_COVID_Tracer "NZ COVID Tracer") [NZ Pass Verifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZ_Pass_Verifier "NZ Pass Verifier") [PathCheck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PathCheck "PathCheck") [PeduliLindungi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PeduliLindungi "PeduliLindungi") [SafeEntry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafeEntry "SafeEntry") [SafePass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafePass "SafePass") [StaySafe.ph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StaySafe.ph "StaySafe.ph") [SwissCovid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SwissCovid "SwissCovid") [TCN Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCN_Protocol "TCN Protocol") [Test, Trace, Protect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test,_Trace,_Protect "Test, Trace, Protect") [Thai Chana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Chana "Thai Chana") [TousAntiCovid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TousAntiCovid "TousAntiCovid") [TraceTogether](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TraceTogether "TraceTogether") [Valtrace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtrace "Valtrace") [Zoe Health Study](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Health_Study "Zoe Health Study") \| \| Prevention \| [Air purifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_purifier "Air purifier") ([Corsi–Rosenthal Box](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsi%E2%80%93Rosenthal_Box "Corsi–Rosenthal Box")) [Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroquine_and_hydroxychloroquine_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Evacuations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Face masks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Anti-mask sentiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-mask_sentiment "Anti-mask sentiment") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [Flattening the curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flattening_the_curve "Flattening the curve") [Great Barrington Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barrington_Declaration "Great Barrington Declaration") [International aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns "COVID-19 lockdowns") [Public health mitigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19 "Public health mitigation of COVID-19") [Safe Hands Challenge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_Hands_Challenge "Safe Hands Challenge") [Social distancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Workplace hazard controls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19 "Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19") [Zero-COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID") \| \| [Vaccines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine") \| \| \| \| \| \| Topics \| [Authorizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_vaccine_authorizations "List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations") [Clinical research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_clinical_research "COVID-19 vaccine clinical research") [Deployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines") [Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development "History of COVID-19 vaccine development") [EU Certificate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Digital_COVID_Certificate "EU Digital COVID Certificate") [Misinformation and hesitancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy "COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy") [Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_of_anti-vaccine_advocates_from_COVID-19 "Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates from COVID-19") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States") [Operation Warp Speed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed "Operation Warp Speed") (U.S.) [Post-vaccination complications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolic_and_thrombotic_events_after_COVID-19_vaccination "Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination") [Vaccine card](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_card "COVID-19 vaccine card") [Vaccine passports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| Authorized \| \| \| \| \| \| [DNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_vaccine "DNA vaccine") \| [ZyCoV-D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZyCoV-D "ZyCoV-D") \| \| [Inactivated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine "Inactivated vaccine") \| [Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences_COVID-19_vaccine "Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences COVID-19 vaccine") [CoronaVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoronaVac "CoronaVac") [Covaxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covaxin "Covaxin") [COVIran Barekat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVIran_Barekat "COVIran Barekat") [CoviVac (Russia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoviVac_$Russia_COVID-19_vaccine$ "CoviVac (Russia COVID-19 vaccine)") [FAKHRAVAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAKHRAVAC "FAKHRAVAC") [Minhai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minhai_COVID-19_vaccine "Minhai COVID-19 vaccine") [QazCovid-in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QazCovid-in "QazCovid-in") [Sinopharm BIBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine") [Sinopharm WIBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_WIBP_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine") [Turkovac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkovac "Turkovac") [Valneva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine "Valneva COVID-19 vaccine") \| \| [mRNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_vaccine "MRNA vaccine") \| [Moderna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine "Moderna COVID-19 vaccine") [Pfizer–BioNTech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine "Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine") \| \| [Subunit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subunit_vaccine "Subunit vaccine") \| [Abdala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdala_$vaccine$ "Abdala (vaccine)") [Corbevax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbevax "Corbevax") (Bio E COVID-19) [COVAX-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVAX-19 "COVAX-19") [EpiVacCorona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EpiVacCorona "EpiVacCorona") [IndoVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndoVac "IndoVac") [MVC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVC_COVID-19_vaccine "MVC COVID-19 vaccine") [Noora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noora_$vaccine$ "Noora (vaccine)") [Novavax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine "Novavax COVID-19 vaccine") [Razi Cov Pars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razi_Cov_Pars "Razi Cov Pars") [Sinopharm CNBG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_CNBG_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm CNBG COVID-19 vaccine") [Soberana 02](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberana_02 "Soberana 02") [Soberana Plus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberana_Plus "Soberana Plus") [ZF2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF2001 "ZF2001") (Zifivax) \| \| [Viral vector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_vector_vaccine "Viral vector vaccine") \| [Convidecia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convidecia "Convidecia") [Janssen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine "Janssen COVID-19 vaccine") [Oxford–AstraZeneca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine "Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine") [Sputnik V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine "Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine") [Sputnik Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_Light "Sputnik Light") \| \| [Virus-like particles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus-like_particle "Virus-like particle") \| [CoVLP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoVLP "CoVLP") \| \| In trials \| \| \| \| \| \| [Attenuated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine "Attenuated vaccine") \| [COVI-VAC (United States)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVI-VAC_$U.S._COVID-19_vaccine$ "COVI-VAC (U.S. COVID-19 vaccine)") \| \| DNA \| [AG0302-COVID‑19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AG0302-COVID%E2%80%9119 "AG0302-COVID‑19") [GX-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GX-19 "GX-19") [Inovio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inovio_COVID-19_vaccine "Inovio COVID-19 vaccine") \| \| Inactivated \| [KD-414](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KD-414 "KD-414") [NDV-HXP-S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDV-HXP-S "NDV-HXP-S") \| \| RNA \| [ARCT-021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCT-021 "ARCT-021") [ARCT-154](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCT-154 "ARCT-154") [Bangavax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangavax "Bangavax") [CureVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CureVac_COVID-19_vaccine "CureVac COVID-19 vaccine") (terminated) [HGC019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGC019 "HGC019") [mRNA-1283](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA-1283 "MRNA-1283") [PTX-COVID19-B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTX-COVID19-B "PTX-COVID19-B") [Sanofi–Translate Bio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93Translate_Bio_COVID-19_vaccine "Sanofi–Translate Bio COVID-19 vaccine") (terminated) [Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemirna_COVID-19_vaccine "Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine") [Walvax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walvax_COVID-19_vaccine "Walvax COVID-19 vaccine") \| \| Subunit \| [202-CoV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/202-CoV "202-CoV") [AKS-452](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKS-452 "AKS-452") [EuCorVac-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuCorVac-19 "EuCorVac-19") [IVX-411](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IVX-411 "IVX-411") [Nanocovax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocovax "Nanocovax") [ReCOV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReCOV "ReCOV") [Sanofi–GSK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine "Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine") [S-268019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-268019 "S-268019") [SCB-2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCB-2019 "SCB-2019") [SCTV01C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCTV01C "SCTV01C") [Skycovione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skycovione "Skycovione") [UB-612](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UB-612 "UB-612") [V-01](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-01 "V-01") [V451](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V451_vaccine "V451 vaccine") (terminated) [Vabiotech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabiotech_COVID-19_vaccine "Vabiotech COVID-19 vaccine") [West China Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_China_Hospital_COVID-19_vaccine "West China Hospital COVID-19 vaccine") [Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF2001 "ZF2001") \| \| Viral vector \| [AdCLD-CoV19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdCLD-CoV19 "AdCLD-CoV19") [BriLife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BriLife "BriLife") [COH04S1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COH04S1 "COH04S1") [DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT "DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT") [GRAd-COV2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRAd-COV2 "GRAd-COV2") [ImmunityBio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImmunityBio_COVID-19_vaccine "ImmunityBio COVID-19 vaccine") [iNCOVACC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INCOVACC "INCOVACC") [INNA-051](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INNA-051 "INNA-051") [NDV-HXP-S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDV-HXP-S "NDV-HXP-S") [Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaxart_COVID-19_vaccine "Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine") \| \| [Virus-like particles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus-like_particle "Virus-like particle") \| [ABNCoV2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABNCoV2 "ABNCoV2") [LYB001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LYB001 "LYB001") [MigVax-101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MigVax-101 "MigVax-101") [VBI-2902](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBI-2902 "VBI-2902") \| \| [Deployment by location](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Africa "COVID-19 vaccination in Africa") \| [Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Algeria "COVID-19 vaccination in Algeria") [Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Angola "COVID-19 vaccination in Angola") [Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Botswana "COVID-19 vaccination in Botswana") [Burkina Faso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burkina_Faso "COVID-19 vaccination in Burkina Faso") [Burundi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burundi "COVID-19 vaccination in Burundi") [Cameroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon "COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon") [Cape Verde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cape_Verde "COVID-19 vaccination in Cape Verde") [Cameroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon "COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon") [Chad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Chad "COVID-19 vaccination in Chad") [Comoros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Comoros "COVID-19 vaccination in the Comoros") [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "COVID-19 vaccination in the Democratic Republic of the Congo") [Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Djibouti "COVID-19 vaccination in Djibouti") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Egypt "COVID-19 vaccination in Egypt") [Equatorial Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Equatorial_Guinea "COVID-19 vaccination in Equatorial Guinea") [Eswatini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Eswatini "COVID-19 vaccination in Eswatini") [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ghana "COVID-19 vaccination in Ghana") [Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Morocco "COVID-19 vaccination in Morocco") [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nigeria "COVID-19 vaccination in Nigeria") [Senegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Senegal "COVID-19 vaccination in Senegal") [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Africa "COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa") [Zimbabwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Zimbabwe "COVID-19 vaccination in Zimbabwe") \| \| Asia \| [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bangladesh "COVID-19 vaccination in Bangladesh") [Bhutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bhutan "COVID-19 vaccination in Bhutan") [Mainland China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China "COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India "COVID-19 vaccination in India") [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Indonesia "COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia") [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iran "COVID-19 vaccination in Iran") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Israel "COVID-19 vaccination in Israel") [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Japan "COVID-19 vaccination in Japan") [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Kazakhstan "COVID-19 vaccination in Kazakhstan") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Malaysia "COVID-19 vaccination in Malaysia") [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nepal "COVID-19 vaccination in Nepal") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia "COVID-19 vaccination in Russia") [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore "COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore") [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Korea "COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea") [Sri Lanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sri_Lanka "COVID-19 vaccination in Sri Lanka") [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Taiwan "COVID-19 vaccination in Taiwan") [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand "COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Turkey "COVID-19 vaccination in Turkey") [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates "COVID-19 vaccination in the United Arab Emirates") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Vietnam "COVID-19 vaccination in Vietnam") \| \| Europe \| [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Albania "COVID-19 vaccination in Albania") [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "COVID-19 vaccination in Bosnia and Herzegovina") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bulgaria "COVID-19 vaccination in Bulgaria") [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Croatia "COVID-19 vaccination in Croatia") [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Denmark "COVID-19 vaccination in Denmark") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_France "COVID-19 vaccination in France") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Germany "COVID-19 vaccination in Germany") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Greece "COVID-19 vaccination in Greece") [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Hungary "COVID-19 vaccination in Hungary") [Iceland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iceland "COVID-19 vaccination in Iceland") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Italy "COVID-19 vaccination in Italy") [Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Moldova "COVID-19 vaccination in Moldova") [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Norway "COVID-19 vaccination in Norway") [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Portugal "COVID-19 vaccination in Portugal") [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Romania "COVID-19 vaccination in Romania") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia "COVID-19 vaccination in Russia") [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Spain "COVID-19 vaccination in Spain") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sweden "COVID-19 vaccination in Sweden") [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Switzerland "COVID-19 vaccination in Switzerland") [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ukraine "COVID-19 vaccination in Ukraine") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom") \| \| North America \| [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada "COVID-19 vaccination in Canada") [Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario "COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario") [Quebec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Quebec "COVID-19 vaccination in Quebec") [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Haiti "COVID-19 vaccination in Haiti") [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico "COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccination in the United States") [mandates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_mandates_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccination mandates in the United States") \| \| Oceania \| [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Australia "COVID-19 vaccination in Australia") [Fiji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Fiji "COVID-19 vaccination in Fiji") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 vaccination in New Zealand") \| \| South America \| [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Argentina "COVID-19 vaccination in Argentina") [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Brazil "COVID-19 vaccination in Brazil") [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Colombia "COVID-19 vaccination in Colombia") [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Peru "COVID-19 vaccination in Peru") \| \| Others \| \| \| [Treatment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_COVID-19 "Treatment and management of COVID-19") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Drug development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development "COVID-19 drug development") [Drug repurposing research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research "COVID-19 drug repurposing research") [Baricitinib](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baricitinib "Baricitinib") [PANORAMIC trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PANORAMIC_trial "PANORAMIC trial") (UK) [RECOVERY Trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RECOVERY_Trial "RECOVERY Trial") (UK) [Solidarity trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_trial "Solidarity trial") (WHO) \| \| \| [Monoclonal antibodies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody "Monoclonal antibody") \| [Bamlanivimab/etesevimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamlanivimab/etesevimab "Bamlanivimab/etesevimab") [Bamlanivimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamlanivimab "Bamlanivimab") Etesevimab [Bebtelovimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebtelovimab "Bebtelovimab") [Casirivimab/imdevimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casirivimab/imdevimab "Casirivimab/imdevimab") [Regdanvimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regdanvimab "Regdanvimab") [Sarilumab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarilumab "Sarilumab") [Sotrovimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotrovimab "Sotrovimab") [Tixagevimab/cilgavimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tixagevimab/cilgavimab "Tixagevimab/cilgavimab") [Tocilizumab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocilizumab "Tocilizumab") \| \| [Small molecule antivirals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiviral_drug "Antiviral drug") \| [Broad-spectrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-spectrum_antiviral_drug "Broad-spectrum antiviral drug") [Ensitrelvir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensitrelvir "Ensitrelvir") [Molnupiravir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molnupiravir "Molnupiravir") Co-packaged [Nirmatrelvir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmatrelvir "Nirmatrelvir") [ritonavir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir "Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir") \| \| [Variants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Variants of SARS-CoV-2") \| \| \| \| \| \| Specific \| [Alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant") [Beta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant") [Gamma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant") [Delta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant") [Epsilon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Epsilon_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant") [Zeta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Zeta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant") [Eta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Eta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant") [Theta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Theta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant") [Iota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Iota_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant") [Kappa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Kappa_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant") [Lambda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Lambda_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant") [Mu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Mu_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant") [Omicron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "Timeline of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") \| \| General \| [Cluster 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 "Cluster 5") [Lineage B.1.617](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_lineage_B.1.617 "SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617") [Variant of concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_variant_of_concern "SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern") \| \| Institutions \| \| \| \| \| \| Hospitals and medical clinics \| \| \| \| \| \| Mainland China \| [Central Hospital of Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hospital_of_Wuhan "Central Hospital of Wuhan") [Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabie_Mountain_Regional_Medical_Centre "Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre") [Fangcang hospitals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangcang_hospital "Fangcang hospital") [Huoshenshan Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huoshenshan_Hospital "Huoshenshan Hospital") [Leishenshan Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishenshan_Hospital "Leishenshan Hospital") [Xinjia Express Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_Xinjia_Express_Hotel "Collapse of Xinjia Express Hotel") [Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Jinyintan_Hospital "Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital") \| \| Others \| [Hospital ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_ships_designated_for_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Hospital ships designated for the COVID-19 pandemic") [Garran Surge Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garran_Surge_Centre "Garran Surge Centre") (Australia) [Hospital El Salvador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_El_Salvador "Hospital El Salvador") [Kemayoran Athletes Village](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemayoran_Athletes_Village "Kemayoran Athletes Village") (Indonesia) [Pyongyang General Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_General_Hospital "Pyongyang General Hospital") (North Korea) [Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Agro_Exposition_Park_Serdang "Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang") (Malaysia) [Mega Ligtas COVID Centers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Ligtas_COVID_Centers "Mega Ligtas COVID Centers") (Philippines) [Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandakadu_Treatment_and_Rehabilitation_Centre "Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre") (Sri Lanka) [Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancaktepe_Prof._Dr._Feriha_%C3%96z_Emergency_Hospital "Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital") (Turkey) [Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6y_Prof._Dr._Murat_Dilmener_Emergency_Hospital "Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital") (Turkey) [COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_hospitals_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom") [Birmingham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Birmingham "NHS Nightingale Hospital Birmingham") [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_London "NHS Nightingale Hospital London") [North East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_East "NHS Nightingale Hospital North East") [North West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_West "NHS Nightingale Hospital North West") [Yorkshire and the Humber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Yorkshire_and_the_Humber "NHS Nightingale Hospital Yorkshire and the Humber") [NHS Louisa Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Louisa_Jordan "NHS Louisa Jordan") (Scotland) [Dragon's Heart Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%27s_Heart_Hospital "Dragon's Heart Hospital") (Wales) \| \| Organizations \| \| \| \| \| \| [National Cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cabinet_$Australia$ "National Cabinet (Australia)") (Australia) [ScienceUpFirst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScienceUpFirst "ScienceUpFirst") (Canada) [Wuhan Institute of Virology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology "Wuhan Institute of Virology") (China) [Independent SAGE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_SAGE "Independent SAGE") (United Kingdom) \| \| \| Health institutes \| [Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention") (African Union) [Ghana Infectious Disease Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Infectious_Disease_Centre "Ghana Infectious Disease Centre") (Ghana) [Department of Health (Hong Kong)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_$Hong_Kong$ "Department of Health (Hong Kong)") [Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_Agency "Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency") (South Korea) [National Institute for Communicable Diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Communicable_Diseases "National Institute for Communicable Diseases") (South Africa) [Taiwan Centers for Disease Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Centers_for_Disease_Control "Taiwan Centers for Disease Control") (Taiwan) \| \| Pandemic institutes \| [National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_COVID-19_Commission_Advisory_Board "National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board") (Australia) [COVID-19 Immunity Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Immunity_Task_Force "COVID-19 Immunity Task Force") (Canada) [COVID-19 Supply Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Supply_Council "COVID-19 Supply Council") (Canada) [PREPARE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PREPARE "PREPARE") (European Union) [National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Expert_Group_on_Vaccine_Administration_for_COVID-19 "National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19") (India) [COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Response_Acceleration_Task_Force "COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force") (Indonesia) [National Public Health Emergency Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Health_Emergency_Team_$2020$ "National Public Health Emergency Team (2020)") (Ireland) [Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel_Coronavirus_Expert_Meeting "Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting") (Japan) [Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_Preparedness_and_Response_Centre "Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre") (Malaysia) [Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeat_COVID-19_Ad_Hoc_Committee "Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee") (Philippines) [Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Agency_Task_Force_for_the_Management_of_Emerging_Infectious_Diseases "Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases") (Philippines) [Central Epidemic Command Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Epidemic_Command_Center "Central Epidemic Command Center") (Taiwan) [Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_Scientific_Advisory_Board "Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board") (Turkey) [COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Genomics_UK_Consortium "COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium") (United Kingdom) [Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_COVID-19_Response_Team "Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team") (United Kingdom) [Joint Biosecurity Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Biosecurity_Centre "Joint Biosecurity Centre") (United Kingdom) [Vaccine Taskforce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_Taskforce "Vaccine Taskforce") (United Kingdom) [COVID-19 Advisory Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Advisory_Board "COVID-19 Advisory Board") (United States) [Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Economic_Revival_Industry_Groups "Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups") (United States) [White House Coronavirus Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force "White House Coronavirus Task Force") (United States) [White House COVID-19 Response Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_Response_Team "White House COVID-19 Response Team") (United States) [GACH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GACH "GACH") (Uruguay) \| \| Relief funds \| [PM CARES Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_CARES_Fund "PM CARES Fund") (India) [Artist Relief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist_Relief "Artist Relief") (United States) \| \| People \| \| \| \| \| \| Medical professionals \| [Ai Fen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_Fen "Ai Fen") [Corona Rintawan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_Rintawan "Corona Rintawan") [Li Wenliang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Wenliang "Li Wenliang") [Liu Wen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Wen_$doctor$ "Liu Wen (doctor)") [Xie Linka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xie_Linka "Xie Linka") [Zhang Wenhong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Wenhong "Zhang Wenhong") \| \| [Researchers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Coronavirus_researchers "Category:Coronavirus researchers") \| [Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awang_Bulgiba_Awang_Mahmud "Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud") [Roberto Burioni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Burioni "Roberto Burioni") [Chen Wei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Wei_$medical_scientist$ "Chen Wei (medical scientist)") [Kizzmekia Corbett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizzmekia_Corbett "Kizzmekia Corbett") [Andrea Crisanti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Crisanti_$scientist$ "Andrea Crisanti (scientist)") [Peter Daszak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Daszak "Peter Daszak") [Christian Drosten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Drosten "Christian Drosten") [Neil Ferguson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Ferguson_$epidemiologist$ "Neil Ferguson (epidemiologist)") [Dale Fisher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Fisher "Dale Fisher") [George F. Gao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Gao "George F. Gao") [Azra Ghani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azra_Ghani "Azra Ghani") [Sarah Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Gilbert "Sarah Gilbert") [Guan Yi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Yi "Guan Yi") [Kentaro Iwata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentaro_Iwata "Kentaro Iwata") [Katalin Karikó](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3 "Katalin Karikó") [Matt Keeling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Keeling "Matt Keeling") [Trudie Lang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trudie_Lang "Trudie Lang") [Li Lanjuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Lanjuan "Li Lanjuan") [W. Ian Lipkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Ian_Lipkin "W. Ian Lipkin") [Ma Xiaowei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Xiaowei "Ma Xiaowei") [Shabir Madhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabir_Madhi "Shabir Madhi") [Allison McGeer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_McGeer "Allison McGeer") [Camilla Rothe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilla_Rothe "Camilla Rothe") [Shi Zhengli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Zhengli "Shi Zhengli") [Moncef Slaoui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncef_Slaoui "Moncef Slaoui") [Mike Tildesley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Tildesley "Mike Tildesley") [John Todd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Todd_$British_biologist$ "John Todd (British biologist)") [Wang Chen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Chen_$physician$ "Wang Chen (physician)") [Wang Guangfa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Guangfa "Wang Guangfa") [Drew Weissman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Weissman "Drew Weissman") [Yuen Kwok-yung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuen_Kwok-yung "Yuen Kwok-yung") [Zeng Guang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng_Guang "Zeng Guang") [Zhang Jixian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Jixian "Zhang Jixian") [Zhang Yongzhen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Yongzhen "Zhang Yongzhen") [Zhong Nanshan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhong_Nanshan "Zhong Nanshan") \| \| Officials \| \| \| \| \| \| WHO \| [Tedros Adhanom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus "Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus") (Director-General of the WHO) [Bruce Aylward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Aylward "Bruce Aylward") (Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission) [Maria Van Kerkhove](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Van_Kerkhove "Maria Van Kerkhove") (Technical Lead for COVID-19 response) [Michael J. Ryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Ryan_$doctor$ "Michael J. Ryan (doctor)") (Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme) \| \| By location \| [Frank Atherton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Atherton "Frank Atherton") (Wales) [Ashley Bloomfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Bloomfield "Ashley Bloomfield") (New Zealand) [Catherine Calderwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Calderwood "Catherine Calderwood") (Scotland) [Chang Shan-chwen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_Shan-chwen "Chang Shan-chwen") (Taiwan) [Anutin Charnvirakul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anutin_Charnvirakul "Anutin Charnvirakul") (Thailand) [Chen Shih-chung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Shih-chung "Chen Shih-chung") (Taiwan) [Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuang_Yin-ching "Chuang Yin-ching") (Taiwan) [Victor Costache](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Costache "Victor Costache") (Romania) [Fabrizio Curcio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Curcio "Fabrizio Curcio") (Italy) [Carmen Deseda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Deseda "Carmen Deseda") (Puerto Rico) [Jaap van Dissel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap_van_Dissel "Jaap van Dissel") (the Netherlands) [Christian Drosten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Drosten "Christian Drosten") (Germany) [Francisco Duque III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Duque_III "Francisco Duque III") (Philippines) [Anthony Fauci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Fauci "Anthony Fauci") (United States) [Francesco Paolo Figliuolo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Paolo_Figliuolo "Francesco Paolo Figliuolo") (Italy) [Graça Freitas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Freitas "Graça Freitas") (Portugal) [Henrique Gouveia e Melo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_Gouveia_e_Melo "Henrique Gouveia e Melo") (Portugal) [Matt Hancock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hancock "Matt Hancock") (United Kingdom) [Hamad Hasan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamad_Hasan "Hamad Hasan") (Lebanon) [Greg Hunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Hunt "Greg Hunt") (Australia) [Tony Holohan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Holohan "Tony Holohan") (Ireland) [Jeong Eun-kyeong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeong_Eun-kyeong "Jeong Eun-kyeong") (South Korea) [Fahrettin Koca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrettin_Koca "Fahrettin Koca") (Turkey) [Li Keqiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Keqiang "Li Keqiang") (China) [Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_L%C3%B3pez-Gatell_Ram%C3%ADrez "Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez") (Mexico) [Michael McBride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McBride_$doctor$ "Michael McBride (doctor)") (Northern Ireland) [Oriol Mitjà](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriol_Mitj%C3%A0 "Oriol Mitjà") (Andorra) [Zweli Mkhize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweli_Mkhize "Zweli Mkhize") (South Africa) [Doni Monardo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doni_Monardo "Doni Monardo") (Indonesia) [Alma Möller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_M%C3%B6ller "Alma Möller") (Iceland) [Saeed Namaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeed_Namaki "Saeed Namaki") (Iran) [Ala Nemerenco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_Nemerenco "Ala Nemerenco") (Moldova) [Nguyễn Thanh Long](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Thanh_Long "Nguyễn Thanh Long") (Vietnam) [Noor Hisham Abdullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noor_Hisham_Abdullah "Noor Hisham Abdullah") (Malaysia) [Ali Pilli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Pilli "Ali Pilli") (Northern Cyprus) [Daniel Salinas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Salinas "Daniel Salinas") (Uruguay) [Jérôme Salomon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Salomon "Jérôme Salomon") (France) [Fernando Simón](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Sim%C3%B3n "Fernando Simón") (Spain) [Gregor Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Smith "Gregor Smith") (Scotland) [Su Ih-jen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Ih-jen "Su Ih-jen") (Taiwan) [Łukasz Szumowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Szumowski "Łukasz Szumowski") (Poland) [Theresa Tam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_Tam "Theresa Tam") (Canada) [Anders Tegnell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Tegnell "Anders Tegnell") (Sweden) [Þórólfur Guðnason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B3lfur_Gu%C3%B0nason "Þórólfur Guðnason") (Iceland) [Sotiris Tsiodras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotiris_Tsiodras "Sotiris Tsiodras") (Greece) [Harsh Vardhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsh_Vardhan_$Delhi_politician$ "Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)") (India) [Víðir Reynisson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0ir_Reynisson "Víðir Reynisson") (Iceland) [Carla Vizzotti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Vizzotti "Carla Vizzotti") (Argentina) [Vlad Voiculescu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_Voiculescu "Vlad Voiculescu") (Romania) [Chris Whitty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Whitty "Chris Whitty") (United Kingdom) [Lawrence Wong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Wong "Lawrence Wong") (Singapore) [Jeff Zients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Zients "Jeff Zients") (United States) \| \| Others \| [Chen Qiushi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Qiushi "Chen Qiushi") [Brett Crozier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Crozier "Brett Crozier") [Fang Bin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Bin "Fang Bin") [Fang Fang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Fang "Fang Fang") [Joseph Ashitey Hammond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ashitey_Hammond "Joseph Ashitey Hammond") [Li Zehua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zehua "Li Zehua") [Captain Tom Moore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Tom_Moore "Captain Tom Moore") [Qiu Menghuang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiu_Menghuang "Qiu Menghuang") [Ren Zhiqiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_Zhiqiang "Ren Zhiqiang") \| \| [List of deaths due to COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19 "List of deaths due to COVID-19") \| \| \| Data (templates) \| \| \| \| \| \| Global \| WHO situation reports [cases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases "COVID-19 pandemic cases") [deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths "COVID-19 pandemic deaths") [World map by countries: confirmed per capita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| Asia \| [Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Afghanistan_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Afghanistan medical cases chart") [Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Armenia_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Armenia medical cases chart") [Artsakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Republic_of_Artsakh_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Republic of Artsakh medical cases chart") [Azerbaijan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Azerbaijan_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Azerbaijan medical cases chart") [Bahrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bahrain_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bahrain medical cases chart") [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bangladesh_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bangladesh medical cases chart") [by division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bangladesh_medical_cases_by_division "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bangladesh medical cases by division") [Bhutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bhutan_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bhutan medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bhutan_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bhutan medical cases chart") [Brunei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Brunei_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Brunei medical cases chart") [Cambodia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cambodia_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cambodia medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cambodia_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cambodia medical cases chart") [summary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cambodia_medical_cases_summary "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cambodia medical cases summary") China [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mainland_China_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mainland China medical cases chart") [confirmed per capita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mainland_China_medical_cases_map_$dots$ "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mainland China medical cases map (dots)") [lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns_in_mainland_China "Template:COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in mainland China") [by province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/China_medical_cases_by_province "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/China medical cases by province") [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Hong_Kong_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Hong Kong medical cases chart") [Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Macau_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Macau medical cases chart") [Timor-Leste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Timor-Leste_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Timor-Leste medical cases chart") Egypt [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Georgia_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Georgia medical cases chart") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/India_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/India medical cases chart") [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Indonesia_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Indonesia medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Indonesia_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Indonesia medical cases chart") [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iran_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Iran medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iran_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Iran medical cases chart") [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iraq_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Iraq medical cases chart") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Israel_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Israel medical cases") [cases 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[Kyrgyzstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kyrgyzstan_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Kyrgyzstan medical cases chart") [Laos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Laos_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Laos medical cases") [Lebanon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Lebanon_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Lebanon medical cases chart") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Malaysia_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Malaysia medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Malaysia_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Malaysia medical cases chart") [charts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Charts_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Charts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") Myanmar [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Myanmar_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Myanmar medical cases chart") [summary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Myanmar_medical_cases_summary "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Myanmar medical cases summary") [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nepal_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Nepal medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nepal_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Nepal medical cases chart") [Oman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Oman_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Oman medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Oman_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Oman medical cases chart") [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Pakistan_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Pakistan medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Pakistan_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Pakistan medical cases chart") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Philippines_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Philippines medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Philippines_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Philippines medical cases chart") [areas of quarantine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_community_quarantines_in_the_Philippines "Template:COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines") [vaccinations chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Philippines_vaccinations_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Philippines vaccinations chart") [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Qatar_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Qatar medical cases chart") [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Saudi_Arabia_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Saudi Arabia medical cases chart") [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Singapore_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Singapore medical cases chart") [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/South_Korea_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/South Korea medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/South_Korea_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/South Korea medical cases chart") [vaccinations charts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:South_Korea_COVID-19_vaccination_charts "Template:South Korea COVID-19 vaccination charts") [Sri Lanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Sri_Lanka_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Sri Lanka medical cases chart") [Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Syria_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Syria medical cases chart") [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Taiwan_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Taiwan medical cases chart") [vaccination charts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Taiwan_COVID-19_vaccination_charts "Template:Taiwan COVID-19 vaccination charts") [Tajikistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Tajikistan_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Tajikistan medical cases chart") [Thailand cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Thailand_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Thailand medical cases chart") [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Arab_Emirates_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United Arab Emirates medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Arab_Emirates_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United Arab Emirates medical cases chart") [Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Uzbekistan_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Uzbekistan medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Uzbekistan_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Uzbekistan medical cases chart") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Vietnam_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Vietnam medical cases chart") [statistics charts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam_statistics_charts 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Readable Markdown	\| Long COVID \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Other names \| Long-haul COVID, post-COVID-19 syndrome, post-COVID-19 condition, post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), chronic COVID syndrome[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnLancet-1) \| \| [Symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms "Signs and symptoms") \| Highly varied, including [post-exertional malaise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-exertional_malaise "Post-exertional malaise") (symptoms worsen with effort), [fatigue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue "Fatigue"), [muscle pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_pain "Muscle pain"), [shortness of breath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breath "Shortness of breath"), [chest pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_pain "Chest pain") and [cognitive dysfunction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dysfunction "Cognitive dysfunction") ("brain fog")[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) \| \| Duration \| Weeks to years, possibly lifelong[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) \| \| [Causes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_$medicine$ "Cause (medicine)") \| [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") infection \| \| [Risk factors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factor "Risk factor") \| Female sex, age, [obesity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity "Obesity"), [asthma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma "Asthma"), more severe [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") infection[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) \| \| Frequency \| 50–85% of hospitalised COVID-19 cases, 10–35% of non-hospitalised cases, and 8–12% of vaccinated cases[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Lancet2024-5) \| Long COVID or long-haul COVID is a group of [health problems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequela "Sequela") persisting or developing after an initial period of [COVID‑19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") infection. Symptoms can last weeks, months, or years and are often debilitating.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) The [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") defines long COVID as starting three months after the initial COVID‑19 infection, but other agencies define it as starting at four weeks after the initial infection.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) Long COVID is characterised by a large number of symptoms that sometimes disappear and then reappear. Commonly reported symptoms of long COVID are [fatigue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue "Fatigue"), memory problems, [shortness of breath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breath "Shortness of breath"), and [sleep disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_disorder "Sleep disorder").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Several other symptoms, including [headaches, mental health issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_COVID-19_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes "Impact of COVID-19 on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes"), initial [loss of smell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosmia "Anosmia") or [taste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageusia "Ageusia"), [muscle weakness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_weakness "Muscle weakness"), fever, and [cognitive dysfunction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dysfunction "Cognitive dysfunction") may also present.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Symptoms often get worse after mental or physical effort, a process called [post-exertional malaise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-exertional_malaise "Post-exertional malaise").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6) There is a large overlap in symptoms with [myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic_encephalomyelitis/chronic_fatigue_syndrome "Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome") (ME/CFS).[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) The [causes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_$medicine$ "Cause (medicine)") of long COVID are not understood. [Hypotheses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis "Hypothesis") include lasting damage to organs and blood vessels, problems with [blood clotting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulation "Coagulation"), neurological dysfunction, persistent virus or a reactivation of latent viruses and [autoimmunity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmunity "Autoimmunity").[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) Diagnosis of long COVID is based on (suspected or confirmed) COVID‑19 infection or symptoms—and by excluding alternative diagnoses.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37182545-9) As of 2024, the [prevalence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalence "Prevalence") of long COVID is estimated to be about 6–7% in adults, and about 1% in children.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-:0-10) Prevalence might be reduced after [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Byambasuren_2023-11) Risk factors include but are not limited to: higher age, female sex, having [asthma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma "Asthma"), and a more severe initial COVID‑19 infection.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) Anyone can develop long COVID.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-12) As of 2025, there are no validated effective treatments.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6) Management of long COVID depends on symptoms. Rest is recommended for fatigue and [pacing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacing_$activity_management$ "Pacing (activity management)") for post-exertional malaise. People with severe symptoms or those who were in [intensive care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit "Intensive care unit") may require care from a team of specialists.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13) Most people with symptoms at 4 weeks recover by 12 weeks. Recovery is slower (or plateaus) for those still ill at 12 weeks.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13) For a subset of people, for instance, those meeting the criteria for ME/CFS, symptoms are expected to be lifelong.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) Globally, over 400 million people have experienced long COVID. Long COVID may be responsible for a loss of 1% of the world's gross domestic product.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-:0-10) ## Classification and terminology \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Classification and terminology")\] Long COVID is a patient-created term coined early in the pandemic by those suffering from long-term symptoms.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Perego_2020-14)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15) While long COVID is the most prevalent name, the terms long-haul COVID, post-COVID‑19 syndrome, post-COVID‑19 condition,[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnLancet-1)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnWHO-16) post-acute sequelae of COVID‑19 (PASC), and chronic COVID syndrome are also in use.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6) Long COVID may not be a single disease or syndrome. It could be an umbrella term including permanent organ damage, [post-intensive care syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-intensive_care_syndrome "Post-intensive care syndrome"), [post-viral fatigue syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-viral_fatigue_syndrome "Post-viral fatigue syndrome") and post-COVID syndrome.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) There are multiple definitions of long COVID, depending on country and institution. The most accepted is the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") (WHO) definition.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17) The definitions differ in when long COVID starts, and how long persistent symptoms must have lasted.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17) For instance, the WHO puts the onset of long COVID at three months post-infection, if there have been at least two months of persistent symptoms.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnLancet-1)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnWHO-16) In contrast, the US [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention") (CDC) puts the onset of "Post-COVID Conditions" at four weeks "to emphasize the importance of initial clinical evaluation and supportive care during the initial 4 to 12 weeks after acute COVID‑19"[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8) According to the US [National Institutes of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health "National Institutes of Health") (NIH), postacute sequalae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) refers to ongoing, relapsing, or new symptoms, or other health effects that occur four or more weeks after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid38321938-18) The British [National Institute for Health and Care Excellence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence "National Institute for Health and Care Excellence") (NICE) divides long COVID into two categories:[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-nice_p5-19) - ongoing symptomatic COVID‑19 for effects from four to twelve weeks after onset, and - post-COVID‑19 syndrome for effects that persist 12 or more weeks after onset. The [clinical case definitions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_case_definition "Clinical case definition") specify symptom onset and development. For instance, the WHO definition indicates that "symptoms might be new onset following initial recovery or persist from the initial illness. Symptoms may also fluctuate or relapse over time."[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-defnLancet-1) The NICE and WHO definition further require the exclusion of alternative diagnoses.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17) Specifically for children and young people, a group of experts in the UK have published the only research definition which complements the clinical case definition in adults proposed by the WHO. This consensus research definition for long COVID in children and young people is: "Post COVID‑19 condition occurs in young people with a history of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, with at least one persisting physical symptom for a minimum duration of 12 weeks after initial testing that cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis. The symptoms have an impact on everyday functioning, may continue or develop after COVID infection, and may fluctuate of relapse over time. The positive COVID‑19 test referred to in this definition can be a lateral flow antigen test, a PCR test or an antibody test."[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-20)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid38321938-18) [![A graph showing roughly 50 symptom severities for ME/CFS and long COVID](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Similar_degrees_of_ME-CFS_and_long_Covid_symptoms.webp/500px-Similar_degrees_of_ME-CFS_and_long_Covid_symptoms.webp.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Similar_degrees_of_ME-CFS_and_long_Covid_symptoms.webp) Many symptoms have similar severity in long COVID and ME/CFS Long COVID is a [post-acute infection syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-acute_infection_syndrome "Post-acute infection syndrome") (PAIS) and shares similarities with other such syndromes.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35585196-21) For instance, there are similarities with [post-Ebola syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Ebola_syndrome "Post-Ebola syndrome") and aftereffects of the [chikungunya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikungunya "Chikungunya") virus. These conditions may have similar [pathophysiology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathophysiology "Pathophysiology") to long COVID.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35585196-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33442016-22) Long COVID has many symptoms in common with [myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic_encephalomyelitis/chronic_fatigue_syndrome "Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome") (ME/CFS) and research estimates half of people with long COVID meet ME/CFS diagnostic criteria.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37793728-23) Like long COVID, ME/CFS is often triggered by infections, and some biological changes overlap.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37342500-24)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) [Dysautonomia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysautonomia "Dysautonomia") and [postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postural_orthostatic_tachycardia_syndrome "Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome") (POTS) are also potential shared aspects of long COVID and ME/CFS.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-:1-25) However, long COVID symptoms include loss of smell and taste, neither of which feature frequently in ME/CFS.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37342500-24) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Long-term_effects_of_COVID-19.webp/500px-Long-term_effects_of_COVID-19.webp.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Long-term_effects_of_COVID-19.webp) There are over 50 long-term effects of COVID-19, including those that are symptoms of long COVID. The image shows the symptoms along with their estimated prevalence. Around 80% of people have at least one overall effect beyond two weeks following infection.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid34373540-26) \| External videos \| \|---\| \| [![video icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) ["Long Covid: A parallel pandemic"](https://knowablemagazine.org/article/health-disease/2022/long-covid-parallel-pandemic), [Akiko Iwasaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiko_Iwasaki "Akiko Iwasaki") and others, [Knowable Magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowable_Magazine "Knowable Magazine"), 8 August 2022. \| There is a large set of [symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms "Signs and symptoms") associated with long COVID, impacting many different organs and body systems. Long COVID symptoms can differ significantly from person to person.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) Symptom severity ranges from mild to incapacitating.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-nih.gov-27) Common symptoms reported in studies include [fatigue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue "Fatigue"), [muscle pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgia "Myalgia"), [shortness of breath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breath "Shortness of breath"), [chest pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_pain "Chest pain"), cognitive dysfunction ("[brain fog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clouding_of_consciousness "Clouding of consciousness")") and [post-exertional malaise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-exertional_malaise "Post-exertional malaise") (symptoms worsen after activity).[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) This symptom worsening typically occurs 12 to 48 hours after activity and can be triggered by either mental or physical effort. It lasts between days and weeks.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8) Children and adolescents can also experience serious symptoms and long-term adverse health effects, including serious mental health impacts related to persistent COVID‑19 symptoms.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37734886-28) The most common symptoms in children are persistent fever, [sore throat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sore_throat "Sore throat"), problems with sleep, headaches, shortness of breath, muscle weakness, fatigue, loss of smell or distorted smell, and anxiety.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37476923-29)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Behnood-2023-30)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-:2-31) Children and adolescents with long COVID experience three or more symptoms more frequently than control groups, but this has low certainty.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Behnood-2023-30) ### Neurological symptoms \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Neurological symptoms")\] Common [neurological](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology "Neurology") symptoms in long COVID are difficulty concentrating, cognitive impairment and headaches.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) People also frequently experience [loss of taste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageusia "Ageusia") and [loss of smell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosmia "Anosmia").[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Likewise children and young people may also experience cognitive impairment.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-32)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-:2-31) Some people with long COVID experience [dysautonomia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysautonomia "Dysautonomia"), a malfunction of the [autonomic nervous system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system "Autonomic nervous system").[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35198136-33)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-:1-25) People with dysautonomia may experience [palpitations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpitations "Palpitations") and [tachycardia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardia "Tachycardia") (raised heart rate) after minor effort or upon standing up. This can be associated with [dizziness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizziness "Dizziness") and [nausea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea "Nausea"). If the heart rate is raised by 30 beats per minute or more after continuous standing; this is described as [postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postural_orthostatic_tachycardia_syndrome "Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome").[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36828559-34) In terms of mental health, people with long COVID often experience [sleep difficulties.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia "Insomnia")[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Depression and [anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety "Anxiety") levels are raised in the first two months after infection, but return to normal afterwards.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid38510743-35) This was in contrast to other [neurological](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology "Neurology") symptoms, such as brain fog and [seizures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure "Seizure"), which lasted at least two years.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) However, among people who were hospitalised for COVID, many have depression and anxiety 2 to 3 years after their infection.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-37) ### Lungs, heart and digestive system \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Lungs, heart and digestive system")\] Difficulty breathing is the second-most common symptom of long COVID,[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35596571-38) but this subjective symptom does not track with the severity of objective markers of inflammation.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid351059853-39) [Shortness of breath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breath "Shortness of breath") is among the most common symptoms in children and young people as well.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-:2-31) People can also experience a persistent cough.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) In the [cardiovascular system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system "Circulatory system"), effort intolerance (i.e., reduced ability to perform physical activities) and chest pain occur often in people with long COVID.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Sufferers of Long COVID are also at increased risks of developing [strokes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke "Stroke") (i.e., damage to the brain caused by poor blood flow), [myocarditis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocarditis "Myocarditis") (i.e., Inflammation of the [heart muscle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_muscle "Heart muscle")), the [postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postural_orthostatic_tachycardia_syndrome "Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome") (i.e., abnormally large increases in heart rate upon sitting up or standing), [pulmonary embolisms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism "Pulmonary embolism") (i.e., blockage of an artery in the lungs), [deep vein thrombosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis "Deep vein thrombosis") (i.e., [blood clots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_clots "Blood clots") in a [deep vein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_vein "Deep vein"), such as one in the legs or [pelvis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis "Pelvis")), and [myocardial infarction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction "Myocardial infarction") (i.e., heart attack).[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33615088-40)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid34231404-41)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35411333-42)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid32677459-43) Less frequently, people with long COVID experience [diarrhea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea "Diarrhea") and nausea.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) ### Reproductive system \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Reproductive system")\] In the female reproductive system, long COVID may disrupt [fertility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility "Fertility"), the [menstrual cycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cycle "Menstrual cycle"), [menopause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause "Menopause"), gonadal function, and ovarian sufficiency.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37234076-44) Exacerbation of other long COVID symptoms around menstruation has also been documented.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37234076-44) [Joint pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthralgia "Arthralgia") and muscle pain are frequently reported as symptoms of long COVID.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35124265-7) Some people experience hair loss and skin rashes.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-nice_p100-45) People are at increased risk of [type 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_1_diabetes "Type 1 diabetes") or [type 2 diabetes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes "Type 2 diabetes") after recovering from acute COVID.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) Because the symptom combinations of long COVID vary significantly from person to person, one approach to researching the condition is to define subgroups or [clusters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype_$clinical_medicine$ "Phenotype (clinical medicine)") of long-haulers. This would allow for more targeted clinical care.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) ## Causes and mechanisms \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Causes and mechanisms")\] [![Diagram of the body showing autoimmune response, persistent virus, organ damage, and microclots](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Long_Covid_possible_causes.webp/500px-Long_Covid_possible_causes.webp.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Long_Covid_possible_causes.webp) Possible causes of long COVID The causes of long COVID are not understood. It is likely that there is no single cause, but instead multiple, and possibly overlapping, mechanisms that all contribute to the development of long COVID.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) Organ damage from the acute infection can explain a part of the symptoms, but long COVID is also observed in people where organ damage seems to be absent.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35594336-46) Several hypotheses have been put forward explaining long COVID, including:[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) - [blood clotting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulation "Coagulation") and [endothelial dysfunction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_dysfunction "Endothelial dysfunction") in the blood vessels - neurological issues: problems with signalling from the [brainstem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstem "Brainstem") and the [vagus nerve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagus_nerve "Vagus nerve") - immune system dysregulation, including the reactivation of viruses like the [Epstein–Barr virus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus "Epstein–Barr virus") - impacts of the virus on the [microbiota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiota "Microbiota"), including viral persistence - [autoimmunity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmunity "Autoimmunity") Further hypotheses include a dysfunction of the [mitochondria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion "Mitochondrion") and the cellular energy system,[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36412084-47) persistent systemic [inflammation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation "Inflammation"), and the persistence of SARS-COV-19 [antigens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen "Antigen").[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid372655842-48) Organ damage from the acute infection may explain symptoms in some people with long COVID. [Radiological](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiological "Radiological") tests such as lung [magnetic resonance imaging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging "Magnetic resonance imaging") (MRI) often show up as normal even for people who show clear desaturation (lowered blood oxygen level) after mild exercise. Other tests, such as a [dual-energy CT scan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-energy_CT "Dual-energy CT"), do show [perfusion defects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfusion "Perfusion") in a subset of people with respiratory symptoms. Imaging of the heart show contradictory results. Imaging of brains show changes after COVID infection, even if this has not been studied in relation to long COVID. For instance, some show a smaller [olfactory bulb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_bulb "Olfactory bulb"), a brain region associated with smell.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) In a subset of people with long COVID, there is evidence that SARS-COV-2 remains in the body after the acute infection.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37080828-49) This evidence comes from [biopsies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsy "Biopsy"), studies of blood plasma, and by the indirect immune effects of persistent virus. Viral DNA or proteins have been found months to a year after acute infection in various studies. A small study demonstrated viral RNA up to nearly two years after an acute infection in people with long COVID. Persistent virus has also been found in people without long COVID, but at a lower rate.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37667052-50) Persistent virus could lead to symptoms via possible effects on coagulation and via microbiome and neuroimmune abnormalities.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37667052-b-51) During or after acute COVID infection, various dormant viruses can become reactivated. For instance, SARS-COV-2 can reactivate the [Epstein-Barr virus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus "Epstein–Barr virus"), the virus that is responsible for [infectious mononucleosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis "Infectious mononucleosis"). This virus lies dormant in most people. There is some evidence of a relationship between its reactivation and long COVID. A correlation was also found between reactivation of [endogenous retroviruses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous_retrovirus "Endogenous retrovirus") and severity of active COVID‑19.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37140960-52) Autoimmunity is another potential cause of long COVID. Some studies report [auto-antibodies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoantibody "Autoantibody") (antibodies directed against an individual's own [proteins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein "Protein")) in people with long COVID, but they are not found in all studies.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid372655842-48) Autoantibodies are often induced during acute COVID, with a moderate relationship to disease severity. Evidence from electronic health care records show that people develop auto-immune diseases, such as [lupus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus "Lupus") and [rheumatoid arthritis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis "Rheumatoid arthritis"), more frequently after a COVID‑19 infection, compared to controls.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) [Issues with increased blood clotting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombophilia "Thrombophilia") are another potential driver of long COVID development. During acute infection, there is direct damage to the linings of blood vessels (endothelial damage),[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) and the risk of [thrombosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombosis "Thrombosis")\-related diseases stays elevated longer-term after infection. Issues with blood clotting can include hyperactive platelets and [microclots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microclots "Microclots"). These microclots may induce oxygen shortage ([hypoxia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_$medical$ "Hypoxia (medical)")) in tissues.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37080828-49) The clotting may potentially be driven by autoantibodies.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2) Several studies suggest that brain penetration of serum components and cytokines as derived from breakdowns to the integrity of the blood–brain barrier could contribute to the neurological manifestations of long COVID.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-53) Women are more at risk than men.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) Age has been identified as another risk factor, with older people seemingly more at risk.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) This is also true for children, with older children at a higher risk than younger children.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36931142-54) Most diagnoses of long COVID are in the 36–50 age bracket.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) Risks of developing long COVID are also higher for people with lower incomes, people with fewer years of education and those from disadvantaged ethnic groups.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37080828-49) People who [smoke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking "Smoking") also have a higher risk of developing long COVID.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17) Various health issues raise the risk of long COVID. For instance, people with [obesity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity "Obesity") more often report long COVID.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) [Asthma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma "Asthma") and [chronic obstructive pulmonary disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease") are also risk factors.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) In terms of [mental health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health "Mental health"), depression and anxiety raise risks.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17) Characteristics of the acute infection play a role in developing long COVID. People who experience a larger number of symptoms during the acute infection are more likely to develop long COVID, as well as people who require hospitalisation.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) In children and young people, the risk factors for long COVID include female sex, older age, and pre-existing diseases or mental health problems.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36931142-54) Long COVID risks may have been higher with the [SARS-CoV2 Delta variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant") compared to the [Omicron variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant"). The higher infection rate from the Omicron variant means that it is still responsible for a large group of long-haulers.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37491461-17) There are no standardised tests to determine if symptoms persisting after COVID‑19 infection are due to long COVID.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37182545-9) Diagnosis is based on a history of suspected or confirmed COVID‑19 symptoms, and by [considering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis "Differential diagnosis") and [ruling out alternative diagnoses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis_of_exclusion "Diagnosis of exclusion").[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37182545-9) Diagnosis of long COVID can be challenging because of the wide range of symptoms people with long COVID may display.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37182545-9) Early [diagnostic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis "Diagnosis") criteria of long COVID required a laboratory-confirmed COVID‑19 infection, but criteria do not require this anymore, given that people may not get tested during the acute infection.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37182545-9) For instance, people who develop long COVID after asymptomatic infection would have little reason to get tested.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8) Furthermore, tests for COVID are not foolproof, and can come back negative.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8) False negatives are more common for children, women and people with a low viral load.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) There are diagnostic tools available for some elements of long COVID, such as the [tilt table test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt_table_test "Tilt table test") or a NASA lean test for POTS and [MRI scans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging "Magnetic resonance imaging") to test for cardiovascular impairment. Routine tests offered in standard care often come back normal.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-55)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-56) [Preventing a COVID-19 infection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19#Prevention "COVID-19") is the most effective way to prevent long COVID, for instance by improving ventilation, avoiding contact with people who test positive for COVID, [washing hands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_washing "Hand washing"), and wearing a properly-fitted [N95 mask](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N95_respirator "N95 respirator").[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-CDC-2023-57) Treatment during the acute phase may also reduce the risk of long COVID.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6) For example, in two large, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials, treatment with [metformin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metformin "Metformin") during acute infection lowered risk of diagnosis with Long COVID by 41-50%.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-58) [COVID-19 vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination "COVID-19 vaccination") seems to reduce risk of long COVID. Three doses of a COVID-19 vaccine may reduce the risk by 70%, while two doses give 43% protection and one dose gives 19% protection. The evidence is based on observational studies, rather than on randomised clinical trials.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-59) The large randomised control trials on COVID-19 vaccines did not include long COVID as an [outcome measure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcome_measure "Outcome measure").[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-60) An analysis involving more than 20 million adults found that vaccinated people had a lower risk of long COVID compared with those who had not received a COVID‑19 vaccine; they were also protected against blood clots and heart failure development after the infection.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-61)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-62)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-63) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Center_for_Post-COVID_Care.jpg/250px-Center_for_Post-COVID_Care.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Center_for_Post-COVID_Care.jpg) Center for Post-COVID Care at Mount Sinai's Union Square offices in New York City As of 2025, there are no established effective treatments for long COVID, although several countries and medical organizations have produced guidelines on managing long COVID for clinicians and the public.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-nice-64)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-ivlev-66) A 2025 review of interventions for managing long COVID symptoms concluded that the evidence for selecting certain interventions was highly imprecise with substantial clinical uncertainty, leading affected people to use costly and ineffective self-treatment options.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-ivlev-66) Dismissive attitudes by clinicians for applying interventions, inadequate coverage of treatment by insurance companies, and restricted access to clinical specialists are also discouraging long COVID treatment plans.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-ivlev-66) People with long COVID may need care within several clinical disciplines for long-term monitoring or intervention of ongoing symptoms, and to implement social services, [physical therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_therapy "Physical therapy"), or mental health care.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65) In some countries, such as the UK and Germany, specialised long COVID [outpatient clinics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outpatient_department "Outpatient department") have been established to assess individual cases for the extent of surveillance and treatment needed.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35999605-67) [Primary care physicians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_practitioner "General practitioner") should provide the first assessment of people with long COVID symptoms, leading to specialist referrals for more complex long COVID symptoms.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35999605-67) Management of long COVID depends on symptoms.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-cdc2023-6)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-ivlev-66) Rest, planning and prioritising are advised for people with fatigue. People who get post-exertional malaise may benefit from activity management with [pacing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacing_$activity_management$ "Pacing (activity management)"). People with allergic-type symptoms, such as [skin rashes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_rashes "Skin rashes"), may benefit from [antihistamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamines "Antihistamines").[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13) Those with autonomic dysfunction may benefit from increased intake of fluids, [electrolytes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte "Electrolyte") and [compression garments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_garment "Compression garment").[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13) Long-term follow-up of people with long COVID involves outcome reports from the people themselves to assess the impact on their quality of life, especially for those who were not hospitalised and receiving regular clinical follow-up.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-ivlev-66)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35999605-67) Digital technologies, such as [videoconferencing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephony "Videotelephony"), are being implemented between primary care physicians and people with long COVID as part of long-term monitoring.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65) Around two in three with symptoms at four weeks are expected to recover fully by week twelve.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13) However, the prognosis varies by person, and some may find symptoms worsen within the first three months.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2020-8) Recovery after twelve weeks is variable: some people plateau, whilst others see a slow recovery.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36137612-13) The prognosis also varies by symptom: neurological symptoms may have a delayed onset, and some get worse over time. Symptoms of the gut and lungs are more likely to reduce over time. Pain in muscles and joints seems worse at 2 years than at 1 year after infection. If people meet the diagnostic criteria for [ME/CFS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ME/CFS "ME/CFS") or for dysautonomia, their symptoms are likely to be lifelong.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) [![Chart called "Who is Most Likely to Get Long Covid?" showing that the prevalence of long Covid is somewhat higher in women and middle-aged adults](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fb/Statista_long_covid.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statista_long_covid.jpg) Long COVID's prevalence varies by age and gender in the United States Estimates of the [incidence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_$epidemiology$ "Incidence (epidemiology)") and [prevalence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalence "Prevalence") of long COVID vary widely. The estimates depend on the definition of long COVID, the population studied,[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35429399-4) as well as a number of other methodological differences, such as whether a comparable cohort of individuals without COVID‑19 were included,[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid34037731-68) what kinds of symptoms are considered representative of long COVID,[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid34037731-68) and whether long COVID is assessed through a review of symptoms, through self-report of long COVID status, or some other method.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-www.ons.gov.uk-2024-69) In general, estimates of long COVID incidence based on statistically random sampling of the population are much lower than those based on certified infection, which has a tendency to skew towards more serious cases (including over-representation of hospitalized patients). Further, since incidence appears to be correlated with severity of infection, it is lower in vaccinated groups, on reinfection and during the omicron era, meaning that the time when data was recorded is important. For example, the UK's Office for National Statistics reported [\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-www.ons.gov.uk-2023-70) in February 2023 (based on random sampling) that "2.4% of adults and 0.6% of children and young people reported long COVID following a second COVID‑19 infection". However, a prospective study by Statistics Canada identified a cumulative incidence of 15% after a first infection, 27% after two infections, and 38% after 3 infections.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-71) An August 2024 review found that the prevalence of long COVID is estimated to be about 6–7% in adults, and about 1% in children.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-:0-10) By the end of 2023, roughly 400 million people had or have had long COVID. This may be a conservative estimate, as it is based on studies counting those with specific long COVID symptoms only, and not counting those who developed long COVID after an asymptomatic infection. While hospitalised people have higher risks of getting long COVID, most long-haulers had a mild infection and were able to recover from the acute infection at home.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-:0-10) Two meta-analyses estimated the incidence of long COVID after infection at 43% and 58%. These estimates are controversial, as the primary studies they assessed had sampling and other biases. Furthermore, none of the definitions of long COVID have a minimum severity, so these numbers also include people with a single symptom that does not really affect them much.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Lancet2024-5) In the United States in June 2023, 6% of the population indicated having long COVID, as defined as symptoms that last for 3 months or more.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37561665-72) This percentage had stayed stable since January that year, but was a decrease compared to June 2022.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37561665-72) Of people who had had a prior COVID infection, 11% indicated having long COVID. A quarter of those reported significant limitation in activity.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37561665-72) A study by the [Medical Expenditure Panel Survey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Expenditure_Panel_Survey "Medical Expenditure Panel Survey") estimated that nearly 18 million people — had suffered from long COVID as of 2023, building on a study sponsored by the [Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality "Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality").[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-73) In a large population [cohort study](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohort_study "Cohort study") in Scotland, 42% of respondents said they had not fully recovered after 6 to 18 months after catching COVID, and 6% indicated they had not recovered at all. The risk of long COVID was associated with disease severity; people with asymptomatic infection did not have increased risk of long COVID symptoms compared to people who had never been infected. Those that had been hospitalised had 4.6 times higher odds of no recovery compared to nonhospitalised people.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36224173-74) Long COVID is less common in children and adolescents than in adults.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36931142-54) Around 16% of children and adolescents develop long COVID following infection.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37476923-29) ## Society and culture \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: Society and culture")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/LongCovidExhibition.jpg/250px-LongCovidExhibition.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LongCovidExhibition.jpg) A wall of pillows at the [Museum of Vancouver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Vancouver "Museum of Vancouver"), each bearing stories from people with Long COVID ### Patient community and activism \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: Patient community and activism")\] Early in the pandemic, official guidance made a distinction between those with mild illness who did not require hospitalisation, and those with severe illness which did require hospitalisation. The typical recovery time for those with mild illness was said to be around two weeks[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid34425522-75) and media attention was mostly focused on those with a severe infection. Patients with long-lasting systems after a mild infection started to describe their symptoms on Twitter and blogs,[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Roth_2022-76) challenging official assumptions.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15) The term long COVID was reportedly first used in May 2020 as a [hashtag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtag "Hashtag") on Twitter by Elisa Perego, an archaeologist at [University College London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London "University College London").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Perego_2020-14)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15) A month later, \#LongCovid became a popular hashtag, alongside hashtags from non-English budding communities (for instance, \#AprèsJ20 in French, and \#koronaoire in Finnish).[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15) Experiences shared online filled a gap in knowledge in how the media talked about the pandemic.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Roth_2022-76) Via the media, the knowledge reached governments and health officials, making long COVID "the first illness created through patients finding one another on Twitter".[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15) Some people experiencing long COVID have formed community care networks and support groups on social media websites.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35999605-67)[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Witvliet-2020-77) Internationally, there are several long COVID advocacy groups.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Macnamara-2021-78)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Patient_Led_Research_Collaborative-79)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33199035-15) Clinical advice on self-management and online healthcare programs are used to support people with long COVID.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35999605-67) In 2023, The organization International Long Covid Awareness (ILCA) created International Long Covid Awareness Day on 15 March.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-80)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-81)[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-82)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-83) The [Museum of Vancouver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Vancouver "Museum of Vancouver") began hosting the exhibition "Living with Long COVID" in October 2025, which includes stories and photographs from 46 people with the condition in Canada. The exhibition was co-produced with [Simon Fraser University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University "Simon Fraser University"), and is scheduled to remain in place until March 2026.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-84)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-85) ### Stigma in healthcare \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_COVID&action=edit&section=20 "Edit section: Stigma in healthcare")\] Many people with long COVID have difficulty accessing appropriate healthcare. The severity of their symptoms may be disbelieved, they may be subject to unsympathetic care, and their symptoms may not be investigated properly or may be falsely attributed to anxiety.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid36795701-86)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-jrsm-65) People with long COVID may be misdiagnosed with mental disorders. Anxiety and depression questionnaires not designed for people with medical conditions can contribute to this; for example, a questionnaire may assume fatigue is due to depression or that palpitations are due to anxiety, even if explained by another condition like ME/CFS or POTS.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) The impact of long COVID on people's ability to work is large. Estimates vary on how many people are out of work, or work reduced hours because of long COVID. For those with mild or moderate disease, between 12% and 23% had had long periods of absence or remained absent from work at 3 to 7 months. The share of people working adjusted hours or tasks after mild or moderate COVID, was around 8% to 45% after three to eight months.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Nittas_2022-87) The percentage of people returning to work after hospitalisation was lower.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Nittas_2022-87) Return to work after hospitalisation differed by country. In China and the US a higher percentage went back to work. In the US this could be partially explained by a lack of [paid sick leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paid_sick_leave "Paid sick leave") for some workers.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid35938280-88) The [Institute for Fiscal Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Fiscal_Studies "Institute for Fiscal Studies") studied labour impacts of long COVID in the UK in 2021. They concluded that of people who worked before contracting long COVID, one in ten had stopped working. Most of them were on sick leave rather than unemployed.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Waters-2022-89) It is estimated that reduced working hours and absence from work due to long COVID costs the [UK economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom "Economy of the United Kingdom") £5.7 billion. The equivalent figure for [informal carers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caregiver "Caregiver") of people with long COVID is £4.8 billion.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-90)[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-91) The [OECD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD "OECD") estimates that 3 million people have left the work force due to long COVID in OECD countries. Only counting lost wages, this would amount to an economic loss of US\$141 billion. When taking into account reduced quality of life as well, yearly economics costs due to long COVID were estimated to be between US\$864 billion and US\$1.04 trillion. This does not include health care costs.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-92) As a share of global [GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP "GDP"), impacts are estimated to be between 0.5% and 2.3%.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-:0-10) A study estimated that long COVID contributes to global economic cost of about \$1 trillion a year for the 400 million afflicted.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-93)[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-94) Research is ongoing in many areas, including developing more accurate diagnostic criteria, refining estimates of its likelihood, identifying risk factors, gathering data for its impact on daily life, discovering which populations face barriers to adequate care, and learning how much protection vaccination provides.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Post-COVID_Conditions-95)[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-montani-96) Many [experimental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_drug "Experimental drug") and [repurposed drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_repositioning "Drug repositioning") are being investigated as possible treatments for different aspects of long COVID.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3)[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-buon-97) These include the anti-inflammatory [colchicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchicine "Colchicine"), the anticoagulant [rivaroxaban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivaroxaban "Rivaroxaban"), the antihistamines [famotidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famotidine "Famotidine") and [loratadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loratadine "Loratadine"), various immune-modulating drugs, and the experimental [aptamer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptamer "Aptamer") compound [BC-007 (Rovunaptabin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC-007 "BC-007").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37433988-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-davis-3) In 2021, the US [National Institutes of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health "National Institutes of Health") started funding the [RECOVER Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RECOVER_Initiative "RECOVER Initiative"), backed by \$1.15 billion over four years,[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid33664445-98) to identify the causes, prevention and treatment of long COVID.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-nih.gov-27) In 2023, the [Office of Long COVID Research and Practice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Long_COVID_Research_and_Practice "Office of Long COVID Research and Practice") was created to coordinate research across US government agencies.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-Cohrs-2023-99) At the same time, RECOVER announced which clinical trials it will fund: these include a trial of [Paxlovid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir "Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir") against potential persistent infection, one for sleep disorder, one for cognitive impairment and one for problems with the [autonomic nervous system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system "Autonomic nervous system").[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-pmid37528203-100) In 2023, a survey of over 3,700 people in the UK with long COVID, fatigue was the strongest predictor of poor everyday functioning, with depression and brain fog also being linked. Some 20% of those surveyed reported being unable to work.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-walker-101)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-UK_National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Research-2023-102) In 2024, researchers working at UK universities published a commentary on what can be learned from long COVID in order to be better prepared for and recover faster from future pandemics. Some of these considerations include continuing the collection of large-scale data and making it easily accessible, [involving those affected by long COVID in research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_and_public_involvement "Patient and public involvement"), and focusing on [health inequalities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_equity "Health equity") affecting recovery and wellbeing.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_note-103) - [Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes") – both acute and chronic neurological, psychiatric, olfactory, and mental health conditions - [List of people with long COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_long_COVID "List of people with long COVID") - [Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multisystem_inflammatory_syndrome_in_children "Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children") – pediatric comorbidity from COVID-19 - [Post viral cerebellar ataxia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_viral_cerebellar_ataxia "Post viral cerebellar ataxia") – clumsy movement appearing a few weeks after a viral infection 1. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-defnLancet_1-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-defnLancet_1-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-defnLancet_1-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-defnLancet_1-3) Soriano JB, Murthy S, Marshall JC, Relan P, Diaz JV (April 2022). ["A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8691845). The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 22* (4): e102–e107. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2022LanID..22.e102S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022LanID..22.e102S). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/S1473-3099(21)00703-9](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2821%2900703-9). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_$identifier$ "PMC (identifier)") [8691845](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8691845). 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["The immunology of long COVID"](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41577-023-00904-7). Nature Reviews. Immunology. 23* (10): 618–634\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1038/s41577-023-00904-7](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41577-023-00904-7). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [37433988](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37433988). 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["Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9839201). Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 21* (3): 133–146\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1038/s41579-022-00846-2](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41579-022-00846-2). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_$identifier$ "PMC (identifier)") [9839201](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9839201). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [36639608](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36639608). 4. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35429399_4-8) Chen C, Haupert SR, Zimmermann L, Shi X, Fritsche LG, Mukherjee B (November 2022). ["Global Prevalence of Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9047189). The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 226* (9): 1593–1607\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1093/infdis/jiac136](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Finfdis%2Fjiac136). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_$identifier$ "PMC (identifier)") [9047189](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9047189). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [35429399](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35429399). 5. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-Lancet2024_5-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-Lancet2024_5-1) Greenhalgh T, Sivan M, Perlowski A, Nikolich JŽ (2024). ["Long COVID: a clinical update"](https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736$24$01136-X/fulltext). The Lancet. 404* (10453): 707–724\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/S0140-6736(24)01136-X](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2824%2901136-X). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0140-6736](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736). 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Retrieved 23 July 2023. 7. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35124265_7-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35124265_7-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35124265_7-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35124265_7-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35124265_7-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35124265_7-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35124265_7-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35124265_7-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID#cite_ref-pmid35124265_7-8) Alkodaymi MS, Omrani OA, Fawzy NA, Shaar BA, Almamlouk R, Riaz M, et al. (May 2022). ["Prevalence of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome symptoms at different follow-up periods: a systematic review and meta-analysis"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8812092). Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 28* (5): 657–666\. 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