🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa049)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19","crawl_time":1774536453,"first_indexed_time":1586723149,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19 s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"List of unproven methods against COVID-19 - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nMany fake or unproven medical products and methods claim to diagnose, prevent, or cure\nCOVID-19\n.\n[\n1\n]\nFake medicines\nsold for COVID-19 may not contain the ingredients they claim to contain, and may even contain harmful ingredients.\n[\n2\n]\n[\n1\n]\n[\n3\n]\nIn March 2020, the\nWorld Health Organization\n(WHO) released a statement recommending against taking any medicines in an attempt to treat or cure COVID-19, although research on potential treatment was underway, including the\nSolidarity trial\nspearheaded by WHO.\n[\n4\n]\nThe WHO requested member countries to immediately notify them if any fake medicines or other falsified products were discovered.\n[\n4\n]\nThere are also many claims that existing products help against COVID-19, which are spread through rumors online rather than conventional advertising.\nAnxiety about COVID-19 makes people more willing to \"try anything\" that might give them a\nsense of control\nof the situation, making them easy targets for scams.\n[\n5\n]\nMany false claims about measures against COVID-19 have circulated widely on\nsocial media\n, but some have been circulated by text, on YouTube, and even in some mainstream media. Officials advised that before forwarding information, people should think carefully and look it up. Misinformation messages may use scare tactics or other high-pressure\nrhetoric\n, claim to have all the facts while others do not, and jump to unusual conclusions. The public was advised to check the information source's source, looking at official websites; some messages have falsely claimed to be from official bodies like UNICEF and government agencies.\n[\n5\n]\n[\n6\n]\n[\n7\n]\n[\n8\n]\nArthur Caplan, head of\nmedical ethics\nat\nNew York University\n's\nmedical school\n, had simpler advice for COVID-19 products: \"Anything online, ignore it\".\n[\n5\n]\nProducts that claim to prevent COVID-19 risk give dangerous false confidence and increase infection rates.\n[\n9\n]\nGoing out to buy such products may encourage people to break\nstay-at-home orders\n, reducing\nsocial distancing\n.\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nSome of the pretend treatments are also poisonous; hundreds of people have died from using fake COVID-19 treatments.\n[\n10\n]\nMedically approved tests detect the virus or the\nantibodies\nthe body makes to fight it off. Government health departments and healthcare providers provide tests to the public.\n[\n11\n]\nThere have been fraudsters offering fake tests; some have offered tests in exchange for money, but others have said the test is free to collect information that could later be used for\nidentity theft\nor medical\ninsurance fraud\n. Some fraudsters have claimed to be local government health authorities. People have been advised to contact their doctor or genuine local government health authorities for information about getting tested. Fake tests have been offered on social media platforms, by e-mail, and by phone.\n[\n12\n]\nCounterfeit testing kits, which were originally used for testing HIV and monitoring glucose levels, were touted as for coronavirus diagnosis.\n[\n13\n]\n[\n14\n]\nHolding one's breath for 10 seconds was claimed to be an effective self-test for the coronavirus.\n[\n15\n]\nThe WHO stated that this test did not work and should not be used.\n[\n16\n]\nManufacturer Bodysphere briefly sold what it claimed were coronavirus antibody tests. It falsely marketed them as having received FDA Emergency Use Authorization. It also falsely claimed they were made in the United States.\n[\n17\n]\nPrevention and cure claims\n[\nedit\n]\nWidely circulated rumours have made many unfounded claims about methods of preventing and curing infection with\nSARS-CoV-2\n.\n[\n18\n]\nAmong others:\nHand cleaning methods\n[\nedit\n]\nWashing hands with plain\nsoap\nand water (for ≥20 seconds) is effective at removing\nSARS-CoV-2\n. Hand sanitizer is a slightly inferior option for sanitizing hands.\n[\n19\n]\n[\n20\n]\nNeither\nantibacterial soap\n[\n21\n]\n[\n22\n]\nnor red soap are any more effective than plain soap.\nHand sanitizer\nis not more effective than\nwashing\nin plain soap and water.\n[\n23\n]\nWashing in soap and water for at least 20 seconds is recommended by the\nUS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\nas the best way to clean hands in most situations. However, if soap and water are unavailable, a hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol can be used, unless hands are visibly dirty or greasy.\n[\n19\n]\n[\n20\n]\nSoap removes coronaviruses effectively, but antibacterial soap is not better than plain soap.\n[\n21\n]\n[\n22\n]\nRed soap is not more germicidal than soaps of other colors, contrary to claims in a popular Facebook post, said Ashan Pathirana, the registrar of Sri Lanka's Health Promotion Bureau (HPB); he suggested that it might be a reference to\ncarbolic soap\n.\n[\n24\n]\n[\nmedical citation needed\n]\nHand sanitizer prepared at home by mixing rum, bleach, and fabric softener has been widely promoted as effective at preventing COVID-19 in YouTube videos in the Philippines. The Integrated Chemists of the Philippines (ICP) released statements saying that alcoholic drinks contain only about 40% alcohol, less than the 70% needed in effective hand sanitizers, and that mixing bleach and alcohol creates\nchloroform\n. The manufacturers of the brands of rum and bleach used in the videos have publicly issued statements calling the recipe dangerous and urging people not to use it.\n[\n25\n]\n[\nmedical citation needed\n]\n[\n26\n]\nVodka\nwas alleged to be an effective homemade hand sanitizer, or an ingredient in one. The company whose brand was alleged to be protective responded to the rumours by citing the US\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention\nstatement that hand sanitizers needed to be at least 60% alcohol to be effective, and stating that their product was only 40% alcohol.\n[\n27\n]\n[\n28\n]\n[\nmedical citation needed\n]\nClaims that vinegar was more effective than hand sanitizer against the coronavirus were made in a video that was shared in Brazil. That was disproved, as \"there is no evidence that\nacetic acid\nis effective against the virus\" and, even if there was, \"its concentration in common household vinegar is low\".\n[\n29\n]\n[\nmedical citation needed\n]\nGargling, nasal rinses, and inhalation\n[\nedit\n]\nInhaling bleach or other disinfectants is dangerous and will not protect against COVID-19. They can cause irritation and damage to tissues, including the eyes. They are poisonous and WHO has warned not to take them internally and to keep them out of the reach of children. They are safe and effective when used to disinfect surfaces such as countertops, but are not safe for human consumption.\n[\n16\n]\nControversial alternative medicine proponents\nJoseph Mercola\nand Thomas Levy claimed that inhaling 0.5–3%\nhydrogen peroxide\nsolution using a\nnebulizer\ncould prevent or cure COVID-19.\n[\n30\n]\n[\n31\n]\nThey cite research using hydrogen peroxide to sterilize surfaces,\n[\n32\n]\n[\n33\n]\nincorrectly asserts that it can therefore be used to clean human airways. A tweet from Mercola advertising this method was removed from\nTwitter\non April 15, 2020, for violating the platform rules.\n[\n31\n]\nInhalation of hydrogen peroxide can cause upper airway irritation, hoarseness, inflammation of the nose, and burning sensations in the chest. At high concentrations, inhaling hydrogen peroxide can cause permanent neurological damage or death.\n[\n34\n]\nThough hydrogen peroxide use as an alternative and complementary form of medicine is advocated for use in multiple disease processes, including COPD, asthma, pneumonia and bronchitis, there seems to be no trials regarding its use.\n[\n35\n]\nIt was reported a case of possible side effect related to chronic (during 5 years) and subacute hydrogen peroxide inhalation use which lead to interstitial lung disease in the form of acute pneumonitis.\n[\n35\n]\nGargling with saltwater was said to kill the coronavirus in claims on\nWeibo\n, Twitter, and Facebook. These claims were falsely attributed to respiratory expert\nZhong Nanshan\n,\nWuhan Union Hospital\n, and several other people and institutions, sometimes with the attribution changed and the actual advice copied verbatim. Zhong Nanshan's medical team published a refutation, pointing out that the virus settles in the respiratory tract, which cannot be cleaned by rinsing the mouth. The WHO also said it had no convincing evidence that this method would provide any protection against COVID-19.\n[\n36\n]\nSaltwater sprays were given at the door of the\nRiver of Grace Community Church\nin South Korea in the false belief that this would protect people from the virus; the same unsterilized spray bottle was used on everyone, and may have increased the risk. Subsequently, 46 devotees were infected with the virus.\n[\n37\n]\n[\n38\n]\n\"Corona-Cure Coronavirus Infection Prevention Nasal Spray\" was fraudulently marketed online.\n[\n39\n]\nThere is no evidence that saline\nnasal rinses\nhelp prevent COVID-19.\n[\n40\n]\n[\n41\n]\nA\nWorld Health Organization\ninfographic dispelling the myth that hot and humid weather prevents the spread of the virus.\nCold weather and snow do not kill the COVID-19 virus. The virus lives in humans, not in the outdoors, though it can survive on surfaces. Even in cold weather, the body will stay at 36.5–37 degrees Celsius inside, and the COVID-19 virus will not be killed.\n[\n16\n]\nHot and humid conditions do not prevent COVID-19 from spreading, either. There have been many COVID-19 cases in countries with hot and humid climates.\n[\n16\n]\nDrinking warm water or hot baths\/heating to 26–27 °C (79–81 °F) will not cure people of COVID-19. It has been claimed that these statements were made by UNICEF in coronavirus prevention guidelines, but UNICEF officials refuted this.\n[\n42\n]\n[\n16\n]\n[\n43\n]\nHigh temperatures cannot be used on humans to kill the COVID-19 virus. Taking very hot baths can cause burns, but the body will stay at 36.5–37 degrees Celsius inside, and the COVID-19 virus will not be killed.\n[\n44\n]\n[\n16\n]\nHot saunas and hand or hair dryers do not prevent or treat COVID-19.\n[\n45\n]\n[\n16\n]\nSteam inhalation was suggested on Facebook as a cure for coronavirus infection. Inhaling steam will not treat or cure COVID-19.\n[\n46\n]\n[\n47\n]\nUV-C light being used to sterilize equipment in a laboratory. UV-C cannot be used to disinfect people as it can damage the skin and eyes.\nExposing people to sunlight will not prevent or cure COVID-19. It has been falsely claimed that UNICEF said so, in coronavirus prevention guidelines; UNICEF officials refuted this.\n[\n42\n]\n[\n16\n]\n[\n43\n]\nThe virus can spread in even the sunniest of weather.\n[\n16\n]\nUV-C\nlight cannot be used on humans to kill the COVID-19 virus. Attempting to use UV to sterilize people can cause skin irritation and damage the eyes.\n[\n44\n]\n[\n16\n]\nWhite color does not have a 'harmful effect' on coronavirus, as claimed in a widely shared Facebook post; nor does the colour of a handkerchief have an effect on the virus, according to Ashan Pathirana, the registrar of Sri Lanka's Health Promotion Bureau (HPB). Using handkerchiefs or tissues of other colours to sneeze or cough into will be just as effective.\n[\n24\n]\n[\nmedical citation needed\n]\nPosts on social media claimed that volcanic ash from the eruption of the\nTaal Volcano\non January 12, 2020, in the Philippines was the cause of low infection rates in the country, falsely stating that it could kill the virus and had \"anti-viral\" and \"disinfectant qualities\".\n[\n48\n]\nDrinking bleach is extremely dangerous and will not protect against COVID-19. Bleach is poisonous and damages internal organs. Drinking it can cause disability and death. The WHO has warned not to drink the substance.\n[\n16\n]\nProtective equipment\n[\nedit\n]\nUSB flash drives\nwere being sold for $370 as a \"5G Bioshield\", purportedly offering protection from the non-existent threat of infection transmitted via\n5G mobile telephone radio waves\n.\n[\n49\n]\nOver 34,000 counterfeit surgical masks—which may have been touted as providing coronavirus prevention—were seized by\nEuropol\nin March 2020.\n[\n13\n]\nMaking masks out of wet-wipes has not been officially recommended as an alternative to surgical masks, contrary to some claims.\n[\n50\n]\nSome public health authorities have issued directions for making and using homemade\ncloth face masks\n.\n[\n51\n]\nSee\nface masks during the COVID-19 pandemic\n.\nAerosol Boxes—acrylic boxes placed over patients' heads during aerosol generating procedures, such as\nintubation\n—can potentially increase dispersal of COVID-containing aerosol particles if a patient coughs.\n[\n52\n]\nEthanol has\ntwo\ncarbon\natoms (dark grey). Ethanol should not be confused with methanol. Ethanol-containing drinks are widely consumed as the main ingredient in\nalcoholic beverages\n. Ingestion doesn't prevent COVID-19, and may cause subclinical\nimmunosuppression\n.\n[\n55\n]\nA mix containing\namphetamines\n,\ncocaine\n, and\nnicotine\n, on sale on the\ndark web\nfor US$300, was fraudulently presented as a\nvaccine\nagainst COVID-19.\n[\n56\n]\nCocaine does not protect against COVID-19. Several viral tweets purporting that snorting\ncocaine\nwould sterilize one's nostrils of the coronavirus spread around Europe and Africa. In response, the\nFrench Ministry of Health\nreleased a public service announcement debunking this claim, saying \"No, cocaine does NOT protect against COVID-19. It is an addictive drug that causes serious side effects and is harmful to people’s health.\" The World Health Organization also debunked the claim.\n[\n57\n]\n[\n58\n]\n[\n59\n]\nFacebook flagged the rumour as misinformation.\n[\n60\n]\nA claim that\ncannabis\ncould protect against the coronavirus appeared on YouTube, along with a petition to legalize cannabis in Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan Health authorities pointed out that there was no evidence that cannabis protected against COVID-19.\n[\n61\n]\nA fake webpage purporting to be a\nFox News\narticle also claimed that\nCBD oil\nwas a potential cure.\n[\n62\n]\nThe chloroform- and ether-based drug\nloló\nwas said to cure the disease in messages spread in Brazil.\n[\n63\n]\nBoiled\nbetel\nleaves will not cure COVID-19.\n[\n43\n]\nIndustrial methanol was claimed to cure the coronavirus.\nDrinking alcohol\nis\nethanol\n, while\nmethanol\nis\nacutely poisonous\n.\n[\n54\n]\nThe WHO has warned not to drink ethanol or methanol in an effort to kill the virus. Iranian media were reporting nearly 300 dead and 1000 hospitalized (or 600 dead and 3,000 hospitalized, according to an unidentified doctor in the Health Ministry) as of April 8, 2020.\nAlcoholic beverages are illegal\nin Iran, resulting in a black market in\nliquor made illegally\n.\n[\n10\n]\nContrary to some reports, drinking ethyl alcohol also does not protect against COVID-19, and can increase health risks\n[\n16\n]\n(\nshort term\nand\nlong term\n).\nCommercial products\n[\nedit\n]\nHomeopathic globuli (sugar pills) do not make people immune to COVID-19.\nMany fraudulent and unproven products are claimed to treat or protect against COVID-19.\n[\n1\n]\n[\n5\n]\n\"Virus Shut Out Protection\" pendants, supposedly from Japan, worn around one's neck, have been sold with claims that they prevent infection. The U.S.\nEnvironmental Protection Agency\nsaid that no evidence had been presented that they work, and took legal action against importers.\n[\n64\n]\nA Twitter post claimed that scientists from the \"Australian Medical University\" had developed a vaccine for the coronavirus. It accepted 0.1\nBitcoin\nas payment for a \"vaccination kit\" and promised shipping in 5–10 days. The linked website was later removed.\n[\n65\n]\nHomeopathic\n'Influenza complex' has been marketed as a preventive measure for COVID-19 by a man in New Zealand, who claimed to have identified and imbued his product with the \"frequency\" of COVID-19 using a \"\nradionics\nmachine\". Homeopathic remedies like this have no active ingredients and cannot protect against flu, colds, or COVID-19, said University of Auckland associate professor and microbiologist\nDr Siouxsie Wiles\n. The NZ Ministry of Health said that COVID-19 was not a strain of flu, and criticized products that claim to prevent COVID-19 as giving dangerous false confidence.\n[\n9\n]\nHomeopathic treatment with\nArsenicum album\nis claimed as an \"add on\" to prevent COVID-19.\n[\n66\n]\n[\nmedical citation needed\n]\nA person living in California marketed pills for curing coronavirus, although the contents of the pill were not made public. He was arrested for attempted fraud, which carries up to 20 years in prison.\n[\n67\n]\nColloidal silver is falsely marketed as a cure for COVID-19 infection.\nClaims that\ncolloidal silver\nsolution can kill over 650 pathogens, including coronavirus, prompted antifraud actions. The\nNational Center for Complementary and Integrative Health\nwarned on their website against taking colloidal silver as a dietary supplement. Seven warning letters were filed against companies for selling fraudulent products.\n[\n68\n]\nPreacher\nJim Bakker\nhad been claiming that the colloid silver he sold (and only his) could be used to treat COVID-19.\n[\n69\n]\nColloidal silver is not an effective treatment for anything, and may interfere with other medications or cause permanent\nargyria\n(blue-gray skin discoloration).\n[\n70\n]\nToothpastes, dietary supplements and creams were being sold illegally in the US, with claims that they could cure coronavirus infection.\n[\n71\n]\nAlex Jones\nwas directed by the\nUSFDA\nto cease promoting these products as a cure.\n[\n69\n]\nCelebrity chef\nPete Evans\nclaimed that the BioCharger NG Subtle Energy Platform device, costing US$14,990, could cure the coronavirus. He faced backlash, taking down his advertisement after the\nAustralian Medical Association\ndismissed the product as a \"fancy light machine\".\n[\n72\n]\n[\n69\n]\nThe Australian distributors, Hydrogen Technologies Pty Ltd, stated the device would help \"open the airways of Coronavirus victims by reducing the inflammation it causes in the lungs\" as well as other unproven\ntherapeutic\nclaims.\n[\n73\n]\nEvans was fined AU$25,200 by the\nTherapeutic Goods Administration\nfor his false claims\n[\n74\n]\nand the company was fined AU$50,400 for false advertising.\n[\n75\n]\n\"\nMiracle Mineral Solution\n\" (MMS) is a mixture of\nsodium chlorite\n(with table salt and some other trace minerals) and an acid, which reacts with the sodium chlorite to produces a solution of unstable\nchlorous acid\n, which becomes\nchlorite\n,\nchlorate\n, and\nchlorine dioxide\n, an industrial bleach.\n[\n76\n]\nThe FDA has warned against using it, saying there is no evidence that it cures, prevents, or treats COVID-19, and that it is seriously hazardous to health. The \"\nGenesis II Church\n\" calls its mail-order MMS a \"\nsacrament\n\", and when warned by the FDA that their claims that it could cure COVID-19 were fraudulent, vehemently refused to stop making them, saying the FDA had no authority over them, and they would never stop. Their status as a religious organization was disputed in a successful filing for a temporary restraining order on grounds of public safety by the U.S. Attorney's Office in South Florida.\n[\n77\n]\n[\n78\n]\n[\n8\n]\nShuanghuanglian\n, a mixture of plants invented in the 1960s as part of official state-sponsored TCM (\ntraditional Chinese medicine\n), was advertised by the\nXinhua News Agency\nas being able to treat the coronavirus. Posts on Weibo claimed that many people violated social distancing rules while queuing to buy it. Some attributed the news stories to stock market manipulation.\n[\n79\n]\n[\n80\n]\nJennings Ryan Staley, a licensed physician and owner of Skinny Beach Med Spa, was accused of selling mail-order \"COVID-19 treatment packs\", claiming they would protect against COVID-19 for six weeks and cure it \"100%\", causing the disease to disappear in hours. He has been arrested and is being \"vigorously investigated\" by the FBI; if convicted, he may face 20 years in prison.\n[\n81\n]\nA hand cream sold by the right-wing populist party leader of the party\nGreek Solution\n,\nKyriakos Velopoulos\n, via his TV shop, is claimed to completely kill COVID-19, although it is not approved by medical authorities.\n[\n82\n]\nAn \"anti-coronavirus\" mattress was advertised as being anti-fungal, anti-allergic, dustproof, waterproof, and able to fight the coronavirus.\n[\n83\n]\nMohanan Vaidyar, a self-proclaimed naturopath, was arrested in Kerala for claiming that he can cure\nCOVID-19\nand treating people.\n[\n84\n]\nMethylene chloride\n, commonly used as a\npaint stripper\n, was being marketed on eBay as a coronavirus disinfectant. It had been previously banned by the\nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency\ndue to the risk of asphyxiation during use.\n[\n85\n]\nChlorine dioxide\ntablets and sanitizers were marketed on Amazon.\n[\n85\n]\nA purportedly anti-virus lanyard called Shut Out resulted in the criminal conviction of a Georgia woman for violating the U.S.\nInsecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act\n.\n[\n85\n]\nAustralian company Lorna Jane claimed that its \"anti-virus activewear\" prevents and protects against infectious diseases, including COVID-19, before being fined by the\nTherapeutic Goods Administration\n$40,000 for false advertising.\n[\n86\n]\nTraditional Chinese Medicine\n[\nedit\n]\nChina officially promotes the use of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to treat COVID-19.\n[\n87\n]\nMany academic papers, such as Shi et al.,\n[\n88\n]\nhave been published trying to establish the effectiveness of various decoctions such as Qingfei Paidu Decoction. Most of the western media hold a skeptical attitude about its effectiveness, despite many positive accounts.\n[\n89\n]\nThere is much ongoing research trying to identify the effective ingredients for treating COVID-19 from inspirations from the TCM methods.\nTraditional Persian Medicine\n[\nedit\n]\nVarious studies have been conducted and reported on the effect of\ntraditional Persian medicine\nformulas on SARS-CoV-2. These treatments have been studied in various clinical trials in Iran.\n[\n90\n]\n[\n91\n]\n[\n92\n]\n[\n93\n]\n[\n94\n]\nThe poisonous fruit of the\ndatura\nplant was claimed by some to be effective against coronavirus because it\nphysically resembles\nthe virus's\nvirion\n.\nThe poisonous fruit of the\ndatura\nplant was falsely promoted as a preventive measure for COVID-19, which resulted in eleven people being hospitalized in India. They ate the fruit, following the instructions from a\nTikTok\nvideo that propagated the misinformation. The fruit was claimed to be effective on the grounds that it\nresembles the coronavirus virion\n.\n[\n95\n]\n[\n96\n]\nA complex\nSri Lankan\nherbal drink was said to remedy all virus infections which can affect humans, including COVID-19, with reposts circulating widely on Facebook. The drink might reduce fever symptoms\n[\ncitation needed\n]\n, but this might lead to the infected person infecting other people, and the mixture could have long-term health complications, according to L. P. A. Karunathilake, a senior lecturer at the\nColombo University\nInstitute of Indigenous Medicine.\n[\n97\n]\n[\nmedical citation needed\n]\nAndrographis paniculata\nwas claimed to boost the immune system and relieve symptoms of coronavirus by a Thai media website. Pakakrong Kwankao, Head of the Empirical Evidence Centre at Chao Phraya Abhaibhubehjr Hospital, and Richard Brown, Programme Manager of Health Emergencies and Antimicrobial Resistance at the World Health Organization (WHO) in Thailand, said that there was no evidence to back these claims.\n[\n98\n]\nSap from\nTinospora crispa\n(makabuhay) plants was claimed to serve as an antibiotic against the coronavirus when used as an eye drop; it was also claimed that the coronavirus is on the skin and crawls to the eyes. These rumours circulated in the Philippines. Jaime Purificacion from the\nUniversity of the Philippines\n’ Institute of Herbal Medicine said that while there was evidence for makabuhay as a treatment for scabies, there was no evidence that it was useful for treating coronavirus, and no evidence that putting the sap in your eyes was safe. He strongly advised against putting plant sap in the eyes, saying it could be dangerous.\n[\n99\n]\nThe WHO has stated that antibiotics do not kill the coronavirus, as they kill bacteria, not viruses.\n[\n16\n]\nA recipe consisting of ingredients often purported to prevent and cure colds, including\nlemon grass\n,\nelder\n, ginger, black pepper, lemon and honey, was promoted by\nMaría Alejandra Díaz\n, a member of the\nVenezuelan Constituent Assembly\nas a cure for COVID-19. Díaz also described the virus as a bioterrorism weapon.\n[\n100\n]\nThe President of\nMadagascar\n,\nAndry Rajoelina\nlaunched and promoted\nCovid-Organics\nin April 2020: a herbal drink based on an\nartemisia plant\nas a cure that can treat and prevent COVID-19.\n[\n101\n]\n[\n102\n]\nUnited States President Donald Trump and\nMike Lindell\nparticipated in a July meeting at the White House regarding the use of\noleandrin\nas a treatment for coronavirus.\n[\n103\n]\nLindell soon acquired a financial stake in Phoenix Biotechnology Inc, a company trying to find a profitable use for oleandrin. Oleandrin is toxic and potentially lethal to humans.\n[\n104\n]\nReligious and magical methods\n[\nedit\n]\nZoonosis\ninvolves a disease hopping between humans and other animals\nPerforming\nwudu\n, a washing before prayer, from individual sinks rather than a common pool.\nDuring the pandemic, the alternative\nanthroposophic medicine\npromoted at Steiner hospitals in Germany became notorious amongst legitimate medics for forcing quack remedies on sedated hospital patients, some of whom were critically ill. Remedies used included ginger poultices and homeopathic pellets claimed to contain the dust of shooting stars. Stefan Kluge, director of intensive care medicine at Hamburg's University Medical Centre said the claims of anthroposophic doctors during the pandemic were \"highly unprofessional\" and that they \"risk[ed] causing uncertainty among patients\".\n[\n105\n]\nIndian politician\nSwami Chakrapani\nclaimed that drinking\ncow urine\nand applying cow dung on the body could cure COVID-19. He also stated that only Indian cows must be used.\n[\n106\n]\n[\n107\n]\nMP\nSuman Haripriya\nalso promoted cow dung and urine .\n[\n108\n]\nIn March 2020, the All India Hindu Union hosted a \"cow urine drinking party\" in\nNew Delhi\n, attended by 200 people.\n[\n109\n]\nThere exists no scientific evidence in favour of cow urine.\n[\n110\n]\n[\n111\n]\nDr. Shailendra Saxena of the Indian Virological Society stated that there is no evidence that cow urine has any anti-viral effect, and eating cow dung might transmit diseases to humans\nzoonotically\n. For example,\ngiardiasis\n,\nE. coli\n,\nsalmonellosis\nand\ntuberculosis\ncan all be transmitted via bovine fecal matter.\n[\n112\n]\nDrinking\ncamel urine\nhas been advocated in the\nMiddle East\n.\n[\n113\n]\n[\n114\n]\nThe WHO stated that camel urine should not be drunk, in order to avoid contracting\nMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome–related coronavirus\n(MERS-CoV),\n[\n115\n]\n[\n116\n]\n[\n117\n]\n[\n118\n]\na more deadly,\nSARS-CoV-2\n-like species of\nbetacoronavirus\n.\nTelevangelist\nKenneth Copeland\nurged followers to touch their televisions as a means of vaccination by proxy, and also attempted to exorcise COVID-19 on at least three occasions by summoning \"the wind of God\", stating that this had destroyed the virus (either in the US or worldwide). Earlier, he had urged followers to ignore public health advisories and come to his churches, saying they could be healed there by the\nlaying on of hands\nif they fell ill.\n[\n69\n]\n[\n119\n]\n\"\nHappy Science\n\", a secretive pay-to-progress religious group, sells \"spiritual vaccines\" to prevent and cure COVID-19, advertises virus-related blessings at rates from US$100 to over US$400, and sells coronavirus-themed DVDs and CDs of Ryuho Okawa (the former stockbroker whom the group believes to be the current incarnation of the supreme deity) lecturing, which are claimed to boost immunity, as of April 2020\n. After initially defying social-distancing measures, it closed its New York temple and administered spiritual vaccines remotely.\n[\n120\n]\nA suggestion that COVID-19 could be prevented by applying a\ncotton ball\nsoaked in violet oil to the\nanus\nhas brought\nAbbas Tabrizian\nrenewed widespread ridicule in Iran. The\nIRNA news agency\nreported that Abbas Tabrizian, who has often promoted his remedies as\nProphetic medicine\nin opposition to standard medicine, has also claimed that COVID-19 is God's revenge against those who had bothered him.\n[\n121\n]\nAn arrest warrant has been issued for Morteza Kohansal, a follower of Abbas Tabrizian, who visited the coronavirus section of a hospital in Iran without wearing protective gear, and applied what he described as the \"Prophet's perfume\" to affected patients. Using\nProphetic medicine\nhas caused some Iranian clerics to delay getting standard medical treatment.\nAyatollah Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani\nannounced that he had cured himself of COVID-19 three weeks before being hospitalized. He died two days later.\n[\n122\n]\nSome religious hardliners in Iran have advocated that people visit shrines to be healed, and opposed government closures of pilgrimage sites.\n[\n122\n]\n[\n123\n]\nParliamentarian\nRamesh Bidhuri\nof the\nBharatiya Janata Party\nclaimed that experts say using\nNamaste\nas a greeting prevents transmission of COVID-19, but using Arabic greetings such as\nAdab\nand\nAs-salamu alaykum\ndoes not prevent it as they direct air into the mouth.\n[\n124\n]\n[\n125\n]\nReligious and scientific misconceptions related to the coronavirus are widespread in Pakistan.\n[\n126\n]\nAccording to a survey research conducted by\nIpsos\n, 82% of people in Pakistan believed that performing\nwudu\n\/ablution five times a day will keep them protected from contracting COVID-19. Meanwhile, 67% polled believed that jamaat (congregation prayer) cannot become a source of infection\n[\n127\n]\nand 48% people believed that shaking hands cannot infect anyone since it is\nSunnah\n.\n[\n128\n]\nA poster for spreading awareness of unproven food claims\nDrinking lemon in warm water has been claimed to prevent both COVID-19 and\ncancer\nby increasing\nvitamin C\nlevels. This claim circulated on Facebook in English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. There is no evidence that vitamin C was effective against coronaviruses, nor are lemons the fruit with the most vitamin C content, said Henry Chenal, director of the Integrated Bioclinical Research Centre (CIRBA) in\nAbidjan\n,\nIvory Coast\n.\n[\n129\n]\nThe WHO said that there was no evidence that lemons would protect against COVID-19, though they recommended consuming fresh fruit and vegetables in a healthy diet.\n[\n43\n]\nBananas were claimed to be able to strengthen the immune system and prevent and cure COVID-19. The claim was based on a composited video that falsely attributed the statements to researchers at the University of Queensland. The university stated that the video was faked and urged people not to share it.\n[\n130\n]\n[\n131\n]\nEating mango or durian will not cure COVID-19.\n[\n43\n]\nOnions were rumoured to be a preventive measure against COVID-19 on Facebook.\n[\n132\n]\nGarlic was said to prevent COVID-19 on Facebook.\n[\n132\n]\nThere is no evidence that garlic protects against COVID-19.\n[\n16\n]\nHot peppers cannot prevent or cure COVID-19.\n[\n16\n]\nConsuming large amounts of boiled ginger after fasting for a day was rumoured to prevent or cure coronavirus on Facebook. There is no evidence that this prevents or cures any coronavirus infection, Mark Kristoffer Pasayan, a fellow at the Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, said.\n[\n133\n]\n[\n132\n]\nJuice of\nbittergourd\n, a vegetable used in traditional medicine, was suggested as a cure for COVID-19 on social media.\n[\n134\n]\nConsuming\nturmeric\nhas been claimed to help prevent COVID-19,\n[\n135\n]\nbut the WHO says there is no evidence that it does.\n[\n43\n]\nNeem leaves (\nAzadirachta indica\n) were claimed to be remedies for COVID-19 in rumours that circulated in India.\n[\n136\n]\nVarious retailers have marketed herbal products and essential oils fraudulently claimed to cure or prevent COVID-19.\n[\n39\n]\nDrinks and frozen foods\n[\nedit\n]\nA poster explains that alcohol hand-sanitizers kill coronaviruses, but alcoholic drinks do not protect against COVID-19\nDrinking alcohol\nwill not prevent or cure COVID-19,\n[\n16\n]\ncontrary to some claims.\n[\n137\n]\nDrinking alcohol may cause subclinical\nimmunosuppression\n[\n55\n]\n(see \"Addictive drugs\" section above).\nDrinking water every 15 minutes was claimed to prevent coronavirus infection.\n[\n138\n]\nDrinking large amounts of water will not prevent or cure COVID-19, though avoiding\ndehydration\nis healthy.\n[\n43\n]\nTea was said to be effective against COVID-19 in claims circulating on social media, which said that since tea contained the stimulants\nmethylxanthine\n,\ntheobromine\nand\ntheophylline\n, it was capable of warding off the virus. These claims were falsely attributed to\nDr Li Wenliang\n.\n[\n139\n]\n[\n108\n]\nFennel tea (supposedly similar to the medicine\nTamiflu\n—itself ineffective against coronaviruses—according to a false e-mail attributed to a hospital director) was claimed to be a cure in Brazil.\n[\n57\n]\nSo-called cures in messages spreading in Brazil included avocado and mint tea, hot whiskey and honey, essential oils, and vitamins C and D.\n[\n63\n]\nFacebook claims that 'gargling salt water, drinking hot liquids like tea and avoiding ice cream can stop the transmission of COVID-19' have been criticized by health professionals.\n[\n140\n]\nEating ice cream and frozen foods will neither cure nor cause COVID-19, as long as they are hygienically prepared.\n[\n43\n]\nThis claim was widely attributed to UNICEF, which stated that they had made no such claim: \"To the creators of such falsehoods, we offer a simple message: STOP. Sharing inaccurate information and attempting to imbue it with authority by misappropriating the names of those in a position of trust is dangerous and wrong\".\n[\n141\n]\nClaims that\nvegetarians\nare immune to coronavirus spread online in India, causing \"#NoMeat_NoCoronaVirus\" to trend on Twitter.\n[\n142\n]\nEating meat does not have an effect on COVID-19 spread, except for people near where animals are slaughtered (see\nzoonosis\n), said Anand Krishnan, professor at the Centre for Community Medicine of the\nAll India Institute of Medical Sciences\n(AIIMS).\n[\n143\n]\nEating chicken will not cause COVID-19, as long as it is hygienically prepared and well-cooked.\n[\n43\n]\nThere is no evidence that eating\ncurry\nor\nrasam\nprotects against COVID-19.\n[\n43\n]\nTaking six deep breaths and then coughing while covering one's mouth was circulated as a treatment for COVID-19 infection in social media, including by celebrities such as\nJ. K. Rowling\n.\n[\n144\n]\nUse of existing medications unproven against COVID-19\n[\nedit\n]\nVeterinary\nivermectin\n, sold alongside an unproven\npovidone-iodine\nnasal spray\n[\n145\n]\nas COVID-19 treatments, at an\nAmish\n-run grocery store near\nMcBain, Michigan\n.\nIn March 2020, then US President\nDonald Trump\npromoted the use of\nchloroquine\nand\nhydroxychloroquine\n, two related anti-malarial drugs, for treating COVID-19. The FDA later clarified that it has not approved any therapeutics or drugs to treat COVID-19, but that studies were underway to see if chloroquine could be effective in treatment of COVID-19.\n[\n146\n]\n[\n147\n]\nFollowing Trump's claim,\npanic buying\nof chloroquine was reported from many countries in Africa, Latin America and South Asia. Health officials across the world are issuing warnings over the use of antimalarial drugs after Trump's comments about treating the coronavirus with them sparked panic-buying and overdoses. Ugandan Dr. Chris Kaganda said, \"There is no known dosage for Covid-19, and whether it can actually cure it, it's safer to avoid chloroquine, but you know these are desperate times.\"\n[\n148\n]\nPatients with\nlupus\nand\nrheumatoid arthritis\n, who take these medications regularly, have had trouble obtaining supplies.\n[\n148\n]\nTaking these, or related products intended for aquarium use, has caused serious side effects, illness, and death.\n[\n1\n]\n[\n16\n]\nRumours circulated in Iraq that the Iraqi pharmaceutical company PiONEER Co. had discovered a coronavirus treatment. These reports were loosely based on a statement by PiONEER, which mentioned\nhydroxychloroquine sulphate\nand\nazithromycin\n(brand nameand \"Zitroneer\"), a common antibiotic\n[\n149\n]\n[\n150\n]\n) and said that it would try to make these drugs available free of charge. The statement did not say that these drugs can cure COVID-19. The company later clarified that they had not attempted to find a cure for COVID-19, and criticized the news media for spreading inaccurate reports and misinformation, running with the story without checking whether they had misunderstood the company's statement. Two days later, another false story was widely reported, saying that\nSamaraa\n, another Iraqi pharmaceutical company, had found a cure.\n[\n151\n]\nGenerally, antibiotics (like azithromycin\n[\n150\n]\n) are not effective against viruses, only some bacteria.\n[\n152\n]\nAzithromycin is sometimes given to patients hospitalized with COVID-19, but only to treat bacterial\nco-infection\n. Overuse of azithromycin causes\nantibiotic resistance\n, and rare\nside effects\ninclude heart arrhythmias and hearing loss.\n[\n150\n]\n[\n153\n]\nThere were also claims that a 30-year-old Indian textbook lists aspirin, anti-histamines, and nasal spray as treatments for COVID-19. The textbook describes\ncoronaviruses\nin general, as a family of viruses.\n[\n154\n]\nThere were also claims in April 2020 that\nan anti-viral injection\nhad been approved as a cure in the Philippines, and the lockdown would be lifted.\n[\n155\n]\nThe persons making these claims were issued with a\ncease-and-desist order\nby the Philippine FDA, which reiterated the need to test treatments to be sure they are safe. The FDA said that they had not even received an application to register the treatment with the FDA.\n[\n155\n]\n[\n156\n]\nThe agency has prohibited the use of the untested drug, and the clinic illegally promoting it subsequently closed.\n[\n157\n]\n[\n158\n]\nIvermectin\n, a medication used to treat\nparasitic infections\n, was suggested as a possible COVID-19 treatment in an online preprint which utilized a flawed statistical methodology.\n[\n159\n]\nImportantly, the concentration of the drug that was required to achieve the antiviral effects observed in cell culture was several times higher than what can be achieved in the bloodstream of patients.\n[\n160\n]\nClinical research subsequently determined ivermectin is not effective for treating COVID-19.\n[\n161\n]\nThe promotion of ivermectin as a COVID-19 treatment has led to increases in ivermectin-related poison control centre calls in the United States,\n[\n162\n]\nas well as national shortages of the drug in Australia.\n[\n163\n]\nOperation Pangea, launched by the international police organization\nInterpol\n, seized counterfeit facemasks, substandard hand sanitizers, and unauthorized antiviral medication in over 90 countries, resulting in the arrest of 121 people.\n[\n164\n]\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\nOffice of the Commissioner (April 1, 2020).\n\"Beware of Fraudulent Coronavirus Tests, Vaccines and Treatments\"\n.\nFDA\n. Archived from\nthe original\non April 1, 2020.\n^\nHrabovszki, Georgina (March 23, 2020).\n\"COVID-19: Beware of falsified medicines from unregistered websites\"\n.\nEuropean Medicines Agency\n. Archived from\nthe original\non March 24, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 7,\n2020\n.\n^\nSpinney, Laura (April 3, 2020).\n\"When will a coronavirus vaccine be ready?\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n. Archived from\nthe original\non April 3, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 3,\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Falsified medical products, including in vitro diagnostics, that claim to prevent, detect, treat or cure COVID-19\"\n(PDF)\n. World Health Organization. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non April 6, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 3,\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\nKnight V (March 31, 2020).\n\"Covid-19: beware online tests and cures, experts say\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n. Retrieved\nApril 2,\n2020\n.\n^\nZaveri, Mihir (March 16, 2020).\n\"Be Wary of Those Texts From a Friend of a Friend's Aunt\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\n^\nFerré-Sadurní L, McKinley J (March 13, 2020).\n\"Alex Jones Is Told to Stop Selling Sham Anti-Coronavirus Toothpaste\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 14, 2020\n. Retrieved\nMarch 16,\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Coronavirus cannot be cured by drinking bleach or snorting cocaine, despite social media rumors\"\n.\ncbsnews.com\n. Archived from\nthe original\non March 10, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 3,\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Homeopath shipping 'protection' for Covid 19 roasted by health and science experts over claims\"\n.\nThe New Zealand Herald\n. April 2, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 16,\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Hundreds killed in Iran from drinking toxic coronavirus 'cure'\n\"\n.\n7NEWS.com.au\n. March 28, 2020.\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 31, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 10,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Testing for COVID-19\"\n.\nCenters for Disease Control\n. June 24, 2020.\n^\n\"FBI Warns of Potential Fraud in Antibody Testing for COVID-19\"\n.\nFederal Bureau of Investigation\n.\n^\na\nb\nOsborne, Charlie.\n\"Europol eradicates criminal gangs flogging fake coronavirus medicine, surgical masks\"\n.\nZDNet\n. Archived from\nthe original\non March 23, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 3,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Kenya raids shop selling 'fake' coronavirus testing kits\"\n.\naljazeera.com\n. Archived from\nthe original\non March 27, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 3,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"World Health Organization refutes viral claims that holding your breath can test for COVID-19\"\n.\nAFP Fact Check\n. March 4, 2020. Archived from\nthe original\non March 19, 2020.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\ng\nh\ni\nj\nk\nl\nm\nn\no\np\nq\n\"Myth busters\"\n.\nwho.int\n. World Health Organization.\n^\nArman Azad (April 2, 2020).\n\"The 'game changer' that wasn't: Company falsely claimed FDA authorization for coronavirus blood test\"\n.\nCNN\n.\n^\nPhillips, James; Selzer, Jordan; Noll, Samantha; Alptunaer, Timur (March 31, 2020).\n\"Opinion: Covid-19 Has Closed Stores, but Snake Oil Is Still for Sale\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n. Archived from\nthe original\non April 1, 2020.\n^\na\nb\n\"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)\"\n.\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention\n. February 11, 2020.\n^\na\nb\nCenters for Disease Control (April 2, 2020).\n\"When and How to Wash Your Hands\"\n.\ncdc.gov\n.\n^\na\nb\nCenter for Drug Evaluation and Research (April 13, 2020).\n\"Q&A for Consumers: Hand Sanitizers and COVID-19\"\n.\nFDA\n. Archived from\nthe original\non March 27, 2020.\n^\na\nb\nOffice of the Commissioner (May 16, 2019).\n\"Antibacterial Soap? You Can Skip It, Use Plain Soap and Water\"\n.\nFDA\n.\n^\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (March 3, 2020).\n\"Show Me the Science – When & How to Use Hand Sanitizer in Community Settings\"\n.\ncdc.gov\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"\n'Red soap, white handkerchiefs': experts refute misleading coronavirus prevention 'tips'\n\"\n.\nAFP Fact Check\n. March 18, 2020. Archived from\nthe original\non March 21, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 3,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Health experts warn against mixing rum, bleach and fabric softener to make 'hand sanitiser'\n\"\n.\nAFP Fact Check\n. March 30, 2020. Archived from\nthe original\non April 2, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 3,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Hand Sanitizers Require 70% Ethanol – Integrated Chemists of the Philippines\"\n. April 11, 2020. Archived from\nthe original\non April 11, 2020.\n^\n\"Fact or Fiction: Tito's Vodka can be used in hand sanitizer?\"\n. KGTV. March 10, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 9,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Coronavirus: Don't use vodka to sanitise hands\"\n.\nBBC News\n. March 6, 2020.\n^\nPinheiro C (March 4, 2020).\n\"Álcool em gel não evita infecção por novo coronavírus? É fake!\"\n[Hand sanitiser does not prevent infection by coronavirus? Fake!] (in Brazilian Portuguese)\n. Retrieved\nMarch 12,\n2020\n.\n^\nMerlan, Anna (April 22, 2020).\n\"The Coronavirus Truthers Don't Believe in Public Health\"\n.\nVice\n. Retrieved\nApril 28,\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\nGarcia, Arturo (April 15, 2020).\n\"Will 'Nebulized Hydrogen Peroxide' Help You Avoid Contracting...\"\nTruth or Fiction?\n. Retrieved\nApril 28,\n2020\n.\n^\nSterritt, W. G.; Eddington, D. L.; Dulac, G. C.; Jordan, L. T.; Best, M.; Heckert, R. A. (October 1, 1997).\n\"Efficacy of vaporized hydrogen peroxide against exotic animal viruses\"\n.\nApplied and Environmental Microbiology\n.\n63\n(10):\n3916–\n3918.\nBibcode\n:\n1997ApEnM..63.3916H\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1128\/AEM.63.10.3916-3918.1997\n.\nPMC\n \n168702\n.\nPMID\n \n9327555\n.\n^\nKampf, G.; Todt, D.; Pfaender, S.; Steinmann, E. (February 6, 2020).\n\"Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents\"\n.\nThe Journal of Hospital Infection\n.\n104\n(3):\n246–\n251.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.01.022\n.\nPMC\n \n7132493\n.\nPMID\n \n32035997\n.\n^\n\"Toxic Substances Portal – Hydrogen Peroxide\"\n.\nAgency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry\n. October 21, 2014. Archived from\nthe original\non April 17, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 27,\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Hydrogen Peroxide Inhalation Causing Interstitial Lung Disease\"\n.\nA40. A Hard Day's Night: Drug Induced Lung Disease\n. American Thoracic Society International Conference Abstracts. American Thoracic Society. May 2015. pp. A1537.\ndoi\n:\n10.1164\/ajrccm-conference.2015.191.1_MeetingAbstracts.A1537\n(inactive July 12, 2025)\n. Retrieved\nApril 27,\n2020\n.\n{{\ncite book\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (\nlink\n)\n^\n\"Saline solution kills China coronavirus? Experts refute online rumour\"\n.\nAFP Fact Check\n. January 24, 2020.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 1, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 9,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Coronavirus: saltwater spray infects 46 church-goers in South Korea\"\n.\nSouth China Morning Post\n. March 16, 2020.\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 18, 2020\n. Retrieved\nMarch 18,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"South Korea church used saltwater spray amid coronavirus outbreak\"\n.\nUnited Press International\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 18, 2020\n. Retrieved\nMarch 18,\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\nAffairs, Office of Regulatory (March 26, 2020).\n\"Warning Letter – Corona-cure.com – 605875\"\n.\nFDA\n. Archived from\nthe original\non June 10, 2020\n. Retrieved\nJuly 26,\n2020\n.\n^\nLaRose, Emily (April 21, 2021).\n\"What do we know about mouth and nose rinses, washes, sprays, or creams to prevent COVID-19?\"\n.\nhealth-desk.org\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 7,\n2023\n.\n^\n\"Covid-19 — Myth Versus Fact\"\n.\nwww.hopkinsmedicine.org\n. Johns Hopkins Medicine. February 14, 2022\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 7,\n2023\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"UNICEF officials refute false claim that agency released coronavirus prevention guidelines\"\n.\nAFP Fact Check\n. March 10, 2020. Archived from\nthe original\non March 30, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 3,\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\ng\nh\ni\nj\nSingh, Jasvinder.\n\"Fact or fictions about Novel Corona Virus\"\n.\nwho.int\n. WHO\/SEARO. Archived from\nthe original\non March 23, 2020\n. 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Retrieved\nApril 9,\n2020\n.\n^\nCox, Joseph (May 28, 2020).\n\"$370 '5G Bioshield' Is Just USB Stick With a Sticker on It\"\n.\nVice\n.\n^\nJacob, Manon (September 2, 2020) [March 26, 2020].\n\"Wet wipes not recommended for use as DIY coronavirus protection masks\"\n.\nAFP Fact Check\n. Retrieved\nApril 3,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Guidance on Homemade Cloth Mask\"\n(PDF)\n. Regional Office for Africa,\nWorld Health Organization\n. June 2020. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non March 30, 2021.\n^\nSimpson, J. P.; Wong, D. N.; Verco, L.; Carter, R.; Dzidowski, M.; Chan, P. Y. (June 19, 2020).\n\"Measurement of airborne particle exposure during simulated tracheal intubation using various proposed aerosol containment devices during the COVID-19 pandemic\"\n.\nAnaesthesia\n.\n75\n(12):\n1587–\n1595.\ndoi\n:\n10.1111\/anae.15188\n.\nISSN\n \n1365-2044\n.\nPMC\n \n7323428\n.\nPMID\n \n32559315\n.\n^\n\"Methanol: Toxicological Overview\"\n(PDF)\n. 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Retrieved\nMarch 16,\n2020\n.\n^\nCrellin, Zac (March 9, 2020).\n\"Sorry to the French People Who Thought Cocaine Would Protect Them From Coronavirus\"\n.\nPedestrian.TV\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 11, 2020\n. Retrieved\nMarch 11,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"French officials had to tell citizens that cocaine couldn't 'kill' coronavirus\"\n.\n7NEWS.com.au\n. March 11, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 9,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Just to reiterate: cocaine does not cure coronavirus\"\n. Archived from\nthe original\non April 8, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 3,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Sri Lankan health experts stress there is no evidence that cannabis boosts immunity against the novel coronavirus\"\n.\nAFP Fact Check\n. February 19, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 9,\n2020\n.\n^\nBrewster T.\n\"Coronavirus Scam Alert: Beware Fake Fox News Articles Promising A CBD Oil Cure\"\n.\nForbes\n. Retrieved\nApril 10,\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\nMansur R (March 6, 2020).\n\"É fake news: loló não cura coronavírus e representa risco à saúde\"\n(in Portuguese).\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 7, 2020\n. Retrieved\nMarch 16,\n2020\n.\n^\nDiaz, Alejandro (March 25, 2020).\n\"Unsubstantiated claims to protect against viruses threaten public health\"\n.\nepa.gov\n. US EPA.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 16, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 16,\n2020\n.\n^\nTaylor, Andrew (March 28, 2020).\n\"Social media awash with fake treatments for coronavirus\"\n.\nThe Sydney Morning Herald\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 7, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 10,\n2020\n.\n^\nMenon, Shailesh; Thacker, Teena (April 2, 2020).\n\"Can 'Ars Alb-30' protect you from Covid-19? AYUSH Ministry thinks so\"\n.\nThe Economic Times\n. Retrieved\nApril 3,\n2020\n.\n^\nFlynn, Meagan.\n\"Small-time actor peddled fake coronavirus cure to millions online, feds charge in first COVID-19 prosecution\"\n.\nWashington Post\n. Archived from\nthe original\non March 27, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 3,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Consuming silver particles will not prevent or treat novel coronavirus\"\n.\nAFP Fact Check\n. March 13, 2020. Archived from\nthe original\non March 15, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 3,\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\nHoysted, Peter (April 16, 2020). \"Coronavirus: Scammers out in force to make a dollar from frightening times\".\nThe Australian\n. News Corp.\n^\n\"Colloidal Silver\"\n.\nNCCIH\n.\n^\nPorter, Jon (March 13, 2020).\n\"Alex Jones ordered to stop selling fake coronavirus cures\"\n.\nThe Verge\n. Archived from\nthe original\non March 18, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 3,\n2020\n.\n^\nDoherty, Ben (April 10, 2020).\n\"Chef Pete Evans criticised for trying to sell $15,000 light device to fight coronavirus\"\n.\nThe Guardian Australia\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 11, 2020.\n^\nHarvey, Dr Ken\n(April 14, 2020).\n\"COVID-19 Scams: Hydrogen Technologies Pty Ltd\"\n.\nMedreach Pty Ltd\n. Hawthorn, Vic.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 15, 2020.\n^\n\"TGA fines Pete Evans more than $25,000 after coronavirus claims\"\n.\nwww.abc.net.au\n. April 24, 2020\n. Retrieved\nNovember 1,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Hydrogen Technologies fined $50,400 for alleged advertising breaches including reference to COVID-19\"\n.\nTherapeutic Goods Administration\n. June 15, 2020\n. Retrieved\nMarch 20,\n2024\n.\n^\nAcidified Sodium Chlorite Handling\/Processing\n(PDF)\n, USDA\n, retrieved\nApril 29,\n2020\n^\n\"Judge Halts Sale of Bleach Marketed as Coronavirus Treatment\"\n.\nNBC 6 South Florida\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 5,\n2021\n.\n^\nQuinn, Melissa; Legare, Robert; Hymes, Clare (April 17, 2020).\n\"Feds go after self-described church in Florida selling bleaching agent as cure for COVID-19\"\n.\ncbsnews.com\n.\n^\nPalmer, James.\n\"Chinese Media Is Selling Snake Oil to Fight the Wuhan Virus\"\n.\nForeign Policy\n. Archived from\nthe original\non February 5, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 3,\n2020\n.\n^\nGan, Nectar (February 4, 2020).\n\"A traditional Chinese remedy said to help fight Wuhan coronavirus sparks skepticism – and panic buying\"\n.\nCNN\n. Archived from\nthe original\non February 5, 2020.\n^\nLaw, Tara (April 19, 2020).\n\"California Doctor Selling False 'Miracle Cure' for COVID-19 Charged With Mail Fraud\"\n.\nTime\n.\n^\nAswestopoulos W (March 9, 2020).\n\"Corona-Panik nur für Ungläubige?\"\n.\nheise online\n(in German).\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 10, 2020\n. Retrieved\nMarch 18,\n2020\n.\n^\nteam, Reality Check (March 25, 2020).\n\"India's coronavirus health myths fact-checked\"\n.\nBBC News\n. Retrieved\nApril 9,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Fake treatment for Coronavirus; Mohanan Vaidyar arrested\"\n. Malayala Manorama. March 18, 2020\n. Retrieved\nMay 7,\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\n\"EPA tells Amazon, EBay to stop shipping unproven COVID goods – The Boston Globe\"\n.\nBostonGlobe.com\n.\n^\n\"Lorna Jane fined almost $40,000 for alleged advertising breaches concerning COVID-19 and \"anti-virus activewear\"\n\"\n. July 17, 2020\n. Retrieved\nMarch 20,\n2024\n.\n^\n\"China is promoting coronavirus treatments based on unproven traditional medicines\"\n. May 6, 2020\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 17,\n2021\n.\n^\nShi N, Liu B, Liang N, Ma Y, Ge Y, Yi H, et al. (November 2020).\n\"Association between early treatment with Qingfei Paidu decoction and favorable clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective multicenter cohort study\"\n.\nPharmacol. Res\n.\n160\n105290.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105290\n.\nPMC\n \n7833425\n.\nPMID\n \n33181320\n.\n^\n\"COVID-19 Deaths Plummet With Chinese Herbal Medicine\"\n. November 3, 2020\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 17,\n2021\n.\n^\nKarimi, Mehrdad, Azadeh Zarei, Samaneh Soleymani, Saeidreza Jamalimoghadamsiahkali, Asmaa Asadi, Mohsen Shati, Mohieddin Jafari et al. \"Efficacy of Persian medicine herbal formulations (capsules and decoction) compared to standard care in patients with COVID‐19, a multicenter open‐labeled, randomized, controlled clinical trial.\" Phytotherapy Research 35, no. 11 (2021): 6295-6309.\n^\nBesharati, Mohammad Reza (January 12, 2022).\n\"Some natural hypomethylating agents in food, water and environment are against distribution and risks of COVID-19 pandemic: Results of a big-data research\"\n.\nAvicenna Journal of Phytomedicine\n.\n12\n(3):\n309–\n324.\ndoi\n:\n10.22038\/ajp.2022.19520\n.\nPMC\n \n9482712\n.\nPMID\n \n36186929\n.\n^\nSiahpoosh, Marzieh Beygom. \"How Can Persian Medicine (Traditional Iranian Medicine) Be Effective to Control COVID-19?.\" Traditional and Integrative Medicine (2020).\n^\nBahramsoltani, Roodabeh, and Roja Rahimi. \"An evaluation of traditional Persian medicine for the management of SARS-CoV-2.\" Frontiers in Pharmacology 11 (2020).\n^\n\"IRCT | Evaluating efficacy and safety of Stopcivir (Zataria multiflora Boiss+ Alium Sativum+ Heracleum persicum+ Satureja hortensis+ Dianthus+ Foeniculum vulgare+ opium) syrup on length of hospitalization in patients with COVID-19\"\n.\n^\n\"11 in AP hospitalised after following TikTok poisonous 'remedy' for COVID-19\"\n.\nthenewsminute.com\n. Retrieved\nApril 9,\n2020\n.\n^\nStaff Reporter (April 7, 2020).\n\"Twelve taken ill after consuming 'coronavirus shaped' datura seeds\"\n.\nThe Hindu\n. Retrieved\nApril 9,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Health experts refute claim that ancient medicinal herbs are an effective coronavirus remedy\"\n.\nAFP Fact Check\n. March 17, 2020.\n^\n\"Thai health experts say there is no evidence the 'green chiretta' herb can prevent the novel coronavirus\"\n.\nAFP Fact Check\n. February 6, 2020.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 8, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 9,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Philippine health experts dismiss misleading online claim that tinospora crispa plants can treat novel coronavirus\"\n.\nAFP Fact Check\n. February 5, 2020.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 8, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 9,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"¿El coronavirus se puede curar con un té de plantas? #DatosCoronavirus\"\n.\nEfecto Cocuyo\n(in Spanish). March 5, 2020\n. Retrieved\nMarch 14,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Covid-19 in Madagascar: The president's controversial 'miracle cure'\n\"\n.\nFrance 24\n. May 5, 2020.\n^\n\"Coronavirus: Caution urged over Madagascar's 'herbal cure'\n\"\n.\nBBC\n. April 22, 2020.\n^\nKlein, Betsy (August 17, 2020).\n\"Trump 'enthusiastic' over unproven coronavirus therapeutic, MyPillow creator says\"\n.\nCNN\n. Retrieved\nAugust 28,\n2020\n.\n^\nQuave, Cassandra (August 18, 2020).\n\"Oleandrin is a deadly plant poison, not a COVID-19 cure\"\n.\nThe Conversation\n. Retrieved\nAugust 28,\n2020\n.\n^\nOltermann P (January 10, 2021).\n\"Ginger root and meteorite dust: the Steiner 'Covid cures' offered in Germany\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n.\n^\n\"Coronavirus: Can cow dung and urine help cure the novel coronavirus?\"\n.\nThe Times of India\n. February 5, 2020.\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 6, 2020\n. Retrieved\nMarch 5,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Novel coronavirus can be cured with gaumutra, gobar claims Assam BJP MLA Suman Haripriya\"\n.\nFirstpost\n. March 3, 2020.\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 4, 2020\n. Retrieved\nMarch 5,\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\nteam, Reality Check (March 25, 2020).\n\"India's coronavirus health myths fact-checked\"\n.\nBBC News\n. Retrieved\nApril 9,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Hindu group offers cow urine in a bid to ward off coronavirus\"\n.\nReuters\n. March 14, 2020\n. Retrieved\nAugust 8,\n2020\n.\n^\nShankar, Abhishek; Saini, Deepak; Roy, Shubham; Mosavi Jarrahi, Alireza; Chakraborty, Abhijit; Bharti, Sachidanand Jee; Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farzad (March 1, 2020).\n\"Cancer Care Delivery Challenges Amidst Coronavirus Disease – 19 (COVID-19) Outbreak: Specific Precautions for Cancer Patients and Cancer Care Providers to Prevent Spread\"\n.\nAsian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention\n.\n21\n(3): 572.\ndoi\n:\n10.31557\/APJCP.2020.21.3.569\n.\nISSN\n \n1513-7368\n.\nPMC\n \n7437319\n.\nPMID\n \n32212779\n.\n^\nReihani, Hamidreza; Ghassemi, Mateen; Mazer-Amirshahi, Maryann; Aljohani, Bandar; Pourmand, Ali (May 6, 2020).\n\"Non-evidenced based treatment: An unintended cause of morbidity and mortality related to COVID-19\"\n.\nThe American Journal of Emergency Medicine\n.\n39\n:\n221–\n222.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.05.001\n.\nISSN\n \n0735-6757\n.\nPMC\n \n7202810\n.\nPMID\n \n32402498\n.\n^\n\"Zoonotic Diseases of Cattle\"\n.\nwww.pubs.ext.vt.edu\n. Archived from\nthe original\non February 15, 2021\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 21,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Drink Camel Urine To Cure Coronavirus, Prophetic Medicine Man Says\"\n.\nRadio Farda\n. April 20, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 23,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Iranian Islamic medicine 'specialist' claims camel urine cures coronavirus infections iran\"\n.\nArab News\n. April 21, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 23,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Saudi Arabia\"\n.\nWorld Health Organization\n. May 5, 2020. Archived from\nthe original\non May 12, 2020\n. Retrieved\nMay 8,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Qatar\"\n.\nWorld Health Organization\n. March 12, 2020. Archived from\nthe original\non March 25, 2020\n. Retrieved\nMay 8,\n2020\n.\n^\nBoyer, Lauren Boyer (June 10, 2015).\n\"Stop Drinking Camel Urine, World Health Organization Says\"\n.\n^\n\"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Republic of Korea\"\n. WHO. Archived from\nthe original\non June 9, 2015.\n^\nWoodward, Alex (April 5, 2020).\n\"Televangelist 'blows wind of God' at coronavirus\"\n.\nThe Independent\n.\n^\nKestenbaum, Sam (April 16, 2020).\n\"Inside the Fringe Japanese Religion That Claims It Can Cure Covid-19\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\n^\nFaghihi, Rohollah (March 10, 2020).\n\"A cleric's cure for coronavirus becomes butt of jokes in Iran\"\n.\nAl-Monitor\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Prophet's perfume and flower oil: how Islamic medicine has made Iran's Covid-19 outbreak worse\"\n.\nThe France 24 Observers\n.\n^\nZiabari, Kourosh (March 20, 2020).\n\"\n'Sacred ignorance': Covid-19 reveals Iran split\"\n.\nAsia Times\n.\n^\n\"Coronavirus: Saying aadab sends infected air into the mouth, claims BJP leader Ramesh Bidhuri\"\n.\nScroll.in\n. March 6, 2020.\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 17, 2020\n. Retrieved\nMarch 15,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Experts have said namaskar, not adaab or assalamu alaikum, will help prevent coronavirus, says BJP MP Ramesh Bidhuri\"\n.\nDeccan Herald\n. March 7, 2020.\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 17, 2020\n. Retrieved\nMarch 15,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Only 38% Pakistanis can recall state helpline for coronavirus: report\"\n.\ngeo.tv\n. Retrieved\nApril 13,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"88pc Pakistanis aware of COVID-19 implications: poll\"\n.\nthenews.com.pk\n. Retrieved\nApril 13,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Myths: Pakistanis believe wuzu protects you from COVID | SAMAA\"\n.\nSamaa TV\n. Retrieved\nApril 10,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"False claims that drinking water with lemon can prevent COVID-19 circulate online\"\n.\nAFP Fact Check\n. March 10, 2020.\n^\n\"Bananas no cure for Covid-19 – doctor\"\n.\nmsn.com\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 17, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 9,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Bananas do not help prevent the coronavirus\"\n.\nAP NEWS\n. March 18, 2020.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 8, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 9,\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\n\"Experts say eating garlic does not prevent COVID-19 – and onions are no cure either\"\n.\nAFP Fact Check\n. March 27, 2020. Archived from\nthe original\non March 31, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 3,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Doctors refute misleading online claim that consuming boiled ginger can cure novel coronavirus infections\"\n.\nAFP Fact Check\n. February 13, 2020.\n^\n\"Indian health authorities refute myth that juiced vegetables can cure COVID-19\"\n.\nAFP Fact Check\n. March 20, 2020. Archived from\nthe original\non April 5, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 3,\n2020\n.\n^\nSardarizadeh, Shayan (February 29, 2020).\n\"Coronavirus misinformation clouds over Iran\"\n.\nBBC News\n. Retrieved\nApril 28,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"No scientific evidence neem can cure COVID-19 infection – Experts\"\n.\nBernama\n. March 26, 2020. Archived from\nthe original\non April 8, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 8,\n2020\n.\n^\nBaumgarten, April.\n\"10 common myths busted about coronavirus in North Dakota\"\n.\nThe Dickinson Press\n. Retrieved\nApril 14,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Health experts say drinking water every 15 minutes does not prevent coronavirus infection\"\n.\nAFP Fact Check\n. March 6, 2020. Archived from\nthe original\non March 26, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 3,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"No evidence drinking tea can cure or relieve symptoms of COVID-19, doctors say\"\n.\nAFP Fact Check\n. March 30, 2020.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 1, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 9,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Health authorities warn of false COVID-19 prevention tips online\"\n.\nAFP Fact Check\n. April 2, 2020. Archived from\nthe original\non April 8, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 3,\n2020\n.\n^\nGornitzka, Charlotte Petri (March 6, 2020).\n\"Statement by Charlotte Petri Gornitzka, UNICEF Deputy Executive Director for Partnerships, on coronavirus misinformation\"\n. UNICEF. Archived from\nthe original\non April 6, 2020.\n^\n\"\n'No Meat, No Coronavirus' Makes No Sense\"\n.\nThe Wire\n. Archived from\nthe original\non March 3, 2020\n. Retrieved\nMarch 3,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Vegetarian food, Indian immunity won't prevent Covid-19, says Anand Krishnan\"\n.\nThe Indian Express\n. March 15, 2020.\n^\nOliver, Brian.\n\"Does JK Rowling's breathing technique cure the coronavirus? No, it could help spread it\"\n.\nThe Conversation\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 8, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 9,\n2020\n.\n^\nVats, Rashi (February 18, 2022).\n\"Expert weighs in on nasal spray that could possibly help fight COVID-19\"\n. Fox 26 News. Archived from\nthe original\non February 19, 2022\n. Retrieved\nMay 17,\n2022\n.\n^\nGoodman, Jack (March 21, 2020).\n\"Why is Trump so keen on malaria drug to treat coronavirus?\"\n.\nBBC News\n. UK.\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 24, 2020.\n^\n\"Trump says officials looking at malaria drug Chloroquine for coronavirus treatment: 'We know it's not going to kill anybody'\n\"\n.\nRaw Story – Celebrating 16 Years of Independent Journalism\n. March 19, 2020.\n^\na\nb\nGauthier-Villars, David; Parkinson, Joe (March 23, 2020).\n\"Trump Claim That Malaria Drugs Treat Coronavirus Sparks Warnings, Shortages\"\n.\nWall Street Journal\n. US. Archived from\nthe original\non April 13, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 3,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Zitroneer\"\n. PiONEER Co. Archived from\nthe original\non August 3, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 18,\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nKagkelaris, KA; Makri, OE; Georgakopoulos, CD; Panayiotakopoulos, GD (2018).\n\"An eye for azithromycin: review of the literature\"\n.\nTherapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology\n.\n10\n2515841418783622.\ndoi\n:\n10.1177\/2515841418783622\n.\nPMC\n \n6066808\n.\nPMID\n \n30083656\n.\n^\nIbrahim, Arwa (March 26, 2020).\n\"\n'Fake news' spreads around coronavirus treatments in Iraq\"\n.\nAljazeera News\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 1, 2020.\n^\n\"Myth busters\"\n.\nwho.int\n.\n^\nJahanshahlou, Farid; Hosseini, Mohammad-Salar (2021).\n\"Antibiotic resistance: A disregarded concern for misuse of azithromycin in COVID-19 treatment\"\n.\nJournal of Research in Medical Sciences\n.\n26\n(1): 101.\ndoi\n:\n10.4103\/jrms.JRMS_1124_20\n.\nISSN\n \n1735-1995\n.\nPMC\n \n8607170\n.\nPMID\n \n34899939\n.\n^\n\"Hoax circulates online that an old Indian textbook lists treatments for COVID-19\"\n.\nAFP Fact Check\n. April 9, 2020.\n^\na\nb\n\"FALSE: PH-developed COVID-19 cure already approved\"\n.\nRappler\n. April 15, 2020\n. Retrieved\nJuly 20,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Philippine authorities warn anti-viral injection has not yet been approved for treating COVID-19\"\n.\nAFP Fact Check\n. April 15, 2020.\n^\nMaru, Davinci.\n\"Fabunan antiviral drug not yet approved, prohibited by FDA, Palace reiterates\"\n.\nABS-CBN News\n. Retrieved\nJuly 20,\n2020\n.\n^\nGita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (May 30, 2020).\n\"Fabunan drug not yet approved as Covid-19 cure: Palace\"\n.\nPhilippine News Agency\n. Retrieved\nJuly 20,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Ivermectin and COVID-19: How a Flawed Database Shaped the Pandemic Response of Several Latin-American Countries\"\n.\nBarcelona Institute for Global Health\n. May 29, 2020.\n^\n\"Ivermectin is the new hydroxychloroquine, take 3: Conspiracy theories vs. science | Science-Based Medicine\"\n.\nsciencebasedmedicine.org\n. July 5, 2021\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 5,\n2021\n.\n^\nHarris GH, Adalja AA (November 2023).\n\"Innovative approaches to COVID-19 medical countermeasure development\"\n.\nJ Antimicrob Chemother\n(Review).\n78\n(Supplement_2):\nii18–\nii24.\ndoi\n:\n10.1093\/jac\/dkad312\n.\nPMC\n \n10667002\n.\nPMID\n \n37995353\n.\n^\nRettner, Rachael (August 26, 2021).\n\"Ivermectin won't treat COVID-19, but it might kill you, CDC warns\"\n.\nlivescience.com\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 5,\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Australian imports of ivermectin increase tenfold, prompting warning from TGA\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n. August 31, 2021\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 5,\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Global operation sees a rise in fake medical products related to COVID-19\"\n.\nInterpol\n. March 19, 2020\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 30,\n2020\n.","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=List+of+unproven+methods+against+COVID-19 \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=List+of+unproven+methods+against+COVID-19 \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19)\n- [1 Diagnosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Diagnosis)\n- [2 Prevention and cure claims](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Prevention_and_cure_claims)\n  Toggle Prevention and cure claims subsection\n  - [2\\.1 Disinfection-related methods](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Disinfection-related_methods)\n    - [2\\.1.1 Hand cleaning methods](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Hand_cleaning_methods)\n    - [2\\.1.2 Gargling, nasal rinses, and inhalation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Gargling,_nasal_rinses,_and_inhalation)\n    - [2\\.1.3 Temperature](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Temperature)\n    - [2\\.1.4 Radiation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Radiation)\n    - [2\\.1.5 Other disinfection-related methods](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Other_disinfection-related_methods)\n  - [2\\.2 Protective equipment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Protective_equipment)\n  - [2\\.3 Drugs of abuse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Drugs_of_abuse)\n  - [2\\.4 Commercial products](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Commercial_products)\n  - [2\\.5 Traditional Chinese Medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Traditional_Chinese_Medicine)\n  - [2\\.6 Traditional Persian Medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Traditional_Persian_Medicine)\n  - [2\\.7 Botanical claims](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Botanical_claims)\n  - [2\\.8 Religious and magical methods](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Religious_and_magical_methods)\n  - [2\\.9 Food and drink](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Food_and_drink)\n    - [2\\.9.1 Fruit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Fruit)\n    - [2\\.9.2 Herbs and spices](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Herbs_and_spices)\n    - [2\\.9.3 Drinks and frozen foods](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Drinks_and_frozen_foods)\n    - [2\\.9.4 Meat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Meat)\n    - [2\\.9.5 Dishes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Dishes)\n  - [2\\.10 Exercises](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Exercises)\n  - [2\\.11 Use of existing medications unproven against COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Use_of_existing_medications_unproven_against_COVID-19)\n- [3 Anti-fraud efforts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Anti-fraud_efforts)\n- [4 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#References)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# List of unproven methods against COVID-19\n6 languages\n\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7 \"قائمة منتجات طبية ذات فعالية غير مثبتة لفيروس كورونا – Arabic\")\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pseudo-traitements_contre_la_Covid-19 \"Pseudo-traitements contre la Covid-19 – French\")\n- [Bahasa Indonesia](https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daftar_metode_untuk_melawan_COVID-19_yang_tidak_terbukti_secara_ilmiah \"Daftar metode untuk melawan COVID-19 yang tidak terbukti secara ilmiah – Indonesian\")\n- [മലയാളം](https:\/\/ml.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_19_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95 \"കോവിഡ് 19 സംബന്ധിച്ച അശാസ്ത്രീയ മാർഗ്ഗങ്ങളുടെ പട്ടിക – Malayalam\")\n- [Bahasa Melayu](https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Senarai_kaedah_untuk_menentang_COVID-19_yang_tidak_terbukti_secara_saintifik \"Senarai kaedah untuk menentang COVID-19 yang tidak terbukti secara saintifik – Malay\")\n- [Tiếng Việt](https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Danh_s%C3%A1ch_ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ph%C3%A1p_ch%C6%B0a_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_ch%E1%BB%A9ng_minh_ng%E1%BB%ABa_COVID-19 \"Danh sách phương pháp chưa được chứng minh ngừa COVID-19 – Vietnamese\")\n\n[Edit 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[Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19 \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19 \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&oldid=1342275349 \"Permanent link to this revision of this page\")\n- [Page 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item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q89893229 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nFor broader coverage of this topic, see [COVID-19 misinformation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation \"COVID-19 misinformation\").\n\n|   |\n|---|\n| Part of [a series](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Alternative_medicine \"Category:Alternative medicine\") on |\n| [Alternative medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alternative_medicine \"Alternative medicine\") |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6c\/Outline-body-aura.svg\/60px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Outline-body-aura.svg) |\n| General information [Alternative medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alternative_medicine \"Alternative medicine\") [History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_alternative_medicine \"History of alternative medicine\") [Terminology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terminology_of_alternative_medicine \"Terminology of alternative medicine\") [Alternative veterinary medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alternative_veterinary_medicine \"Alternative veterinary medicine\") [Quackery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quackery \"Quackery\") (health fraud) [Rise of modern medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_medicine#19th_century:_rise_of_modern_medicine \"History of medicine\") [Pseudoscience](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pseudoscience \"Pseudoscience\") [Antiscience](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antiscience \"Antiscience\") [Skepticism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skepticism \"Skepticism\") [Scientific](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scientific_skepticism \"Scientific skepticism\") [Therapeutic nihilism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Therapeutic_nihilism \"Therapeutic nihilism\") |\n| Fringe medicine and science [Acupressure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acupressure \"Acupressure\") [Acupuncture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acupuncture \"Acupuncture\") [Alkaline diet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alkaline_diet \"Alkaline diet\") [Anthroposophic medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anthroposophic_medicine \"Anthroposophic medicine\") [Apitherapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apitherapy \"Apitherapy\") [Applied kinesiology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Applied_kinesiology \"Applied kinesiology\") [Aromatherapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aromatherapy \"Aromatherapy\") [Association for Research and Enlightenment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Association_for_Research_and_Enlightenment \"Association for Research and Enlightenment\") [Auriculotherapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Auriculotherapy \"Auriculotherapy\") [Bates method](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bates_method \"Bates method\") [Biological terrain assessment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biological_terrain_assessment \"Biological terrain assessment\") [Black salve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_salve \"Black salve\") [Bodywork](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bodywork_\$alternative_medicine\$ \"Bodywork (alternative medicine)\") [Bone-setting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traditional_bone-setting \"Traditional bone-setting\") [Bowen technique](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bowen_technique \"Bowen technique\") [Breathwork](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Breathwork_\$New_Age\$ \"Breathwork (New Age)\") [Fake COVID-19 treatments]() [Camel urine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camel_urine \"Camel urine\") [Cancer treatments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alternative_cancer_treatments \"Alternative cancer treatments\") [Charcoal cleanse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Activated_charcoal_cleanse \"Activated charcoal cleanse\") [Chiropractic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chiropractic \"Chiropractic\") [Chiropractic treatment techniques](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chiropractic_treatment_techniques \"Chiropractic treatment techniques\") [Vertebral subluxation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vertebral_subluxation \"Vertebral subluxation\") [Christian Science](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christian_Science \"Christian Science\") [Chromotherapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chromotherapy \"Chromotherapy\") [Colloidal silver](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colloidal_silver \"Colloidal silver\") [Colon cleansing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colon_cleansing \"Colon cleansing\") [Coffee enema](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coffee_enema \"Coffee enema\") [Colorpuncture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colorpuncture \"Colorpuncture\") [Conversion therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conversion_therapy \"Conversion therapy\") [Craniosacral therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Craniosacral_therapy \"Craniosacral therapy\") [Crystal healing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crystal_healing \"Crystal healing\") [Cupping therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cupping_therapy \"Cupping therapy\") [Dental amalgam controversy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dental_amalgam_controversy \"Dental amalgam controversy\") [Detoxification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Detoxification_\$alternative_medicine\$ \"Detoxification (alternative medicine)\") [Foot detox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Detoxification_foot_baths \"Detoxification foot baths\") [Dry needling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dry_needling \"Dry needling\") [Ear candling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ear_candling \"Ear candling\") [Energy medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Energy_medicine \"Energy medicine\") [Correactology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Correactology \"Correactology\") [Esoteric energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Energy_\$esotericism\$ \"Energy (esotericism)\") [Reiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reiki \"Reiki\") [Therapeutic touch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Therapeutic_touch \"Therapeutic touch\") [Fabunan Antiviral Injection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fabunan_Antiviral_Injection \"Fabunan Antiviral Injection\") [Facilitated communication](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Facilitated_communication \"Facilitated communication\") [FasciaBlaster](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FasciaBlaster \"FasciaBlaster\") [Feldenkrais method](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Feldenkrais_method \"Feldenkrais method\") [Functional medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Functional_medicine \"Functional medicine\") [Hair analysis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hair_analysis_\$alternative_medicine\$ \"Hair analysis (alternative medicine)\") [Holistic dentistry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holistic_dentistry \"Holistic dentistry\") [Hologram bracelet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hologram_bracelet \"Hologram bracelet\") [Homeopathy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homeopathy \"Homeopathy\") [Bach flower remedies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bach_flower_remedies \"Bach flower remedies\") [Hydrotherapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydrotherapy \"Hydrotherapy\") [Hypnotherapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypnotherapy \"Hypnotherapy\") [Ionized jewelry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ionized_jewelry \"Ionized jewelry\") [Iridology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iridology \"Iridology\") [Jilly Juice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jilly_Juice \"Jilly Juice\") [Lightning Process](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Lightning_Process \"The Lightning Process\") [Lymphotherapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lymphotherapy \"Lymphotherapy\") [Magnet therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magnet_therapy \"Magnet therapy\") [Manual therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manual_therapy \"Manual therapy\") [Manual lymphatic drainage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manual_lymphatic_drainage \"Manual lymphatic drainage\") [Medical intuitive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_intuitive \"Medical intuitive\") [Megavitamin therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Megavitamin_therapy \"Megavitamin therapy\") [Mesmerism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Animal_magnetism \"Animal magnetism\") [Mind–body interventions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions \"Mind–body interventions\") [MMS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement \"Miracle Mineral Supplement\") [Myofascial release](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myofascial_release \"Myofascial release\") [NAET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nambudripad%27s_Allergy_Elimination_Techniques \"Nambudripad's Allergy Elimination Techniques\") [Naturopathy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naturopathy \"Naturopathy\") [Oil pulling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oil_pulling \"Oil pulling\") [Orgone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orgone \"Orgone\") [Orthomolecular medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orthomolecular_medicine \"Orthomolecular medicine\") [Orthopathy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orthopathy \"Orthopathy\") [Osteomyology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Osteomyology \"Osteomyology\") [Osteopathy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Osteopathy \"Osteopathy\") [Ozone therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ozone_therapy \"Ozone therapy\") [Parapsychology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parapsychology \"Parapsychology\") [Phrenology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phrenology \"Phrenology\") [Postural Integration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Postural_Integration \"Postural Integration\") [Psychic surgery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychic_surgery \"Psychic surgery\") [Psychodermatology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychodermatology \"Psychodermatology\") [Quantum healing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quantum_healing \"Quantum healing\") [Radionics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radionics \"Radionics\") [Rapid prompting method](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rapid_prompting_method \"Rapid prompting method\") [Reflexology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reflexology \"Reflexology\") [RBOP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Body_psychotherapy \"Body psychotherapy\") [Rolfing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rolfing \"Rolfing\") [Scientific racism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scientific_racism \"Scientific racism\") [ThetaHealing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ThetaHealing \"ThetaHealing\") [Thomsonianism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomsonianism \"Thomsonianism\") [Thought Field Therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thought_Field_Therapy \"Thought Field Therapy\") [Urophagia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urophagia \"Urophagia\") [Vaginal steaming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaginal_steaming \"Vaginal steaming\") [Vegetotherapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vegetotherapy \"Vegetotherapy\") [Vision therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vision_therapy \"Vision therapy\") [Vitalism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitalism \"Vitalism\") [Young blood transfusion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Young_blood_transfusion \"Young blood transfusion\") [Zero balancing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zero_balancing \"Zero balancing\") |\n| Controversies [Big Pharma conspiracy theories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theories \"Big Pharma conspiracy theories\") [HIV\/AIDS denialism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HIV\/AIDS_denialism \"HIV\/AIDS denialism\") [OPV AIDS hypothesis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis \"Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis\") [Anti-vaccinationism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anti-vaccine_activism \"Anti-vaccine activism\") [Vaccine hesitancy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaccine_hesitancy \"Vaccine hesitancy\") [Vaccine misinformation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaccine_misinformation \"Vaccine misinformation\") [Vaccines and autism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaccines_and_autism \"Vaccines and autism\") [MMR vaccine and autism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MMR_vaccine_and_autism \"MMR vaccine and autism\") [in chiropractic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic \"Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic\") [Water fluoridation controversy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opposition_to_water_fluoridation \"Opposition to water fluoridation\") [COVID-19 misinformation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation \"COVID-19 misinformation\") [Turbo cancer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turbo_cancer \"Turbo cancer\") |\n| [Classifications](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alternative_medicine#NCCIH_classification \"Alternative medicine\") [Alternative medical systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Alternative_medical_systems \"Category:Alternative medical systems\") [Mind–body intervention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions \"Category:Mind–body interventions\") [Biologically based therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Biologically_based_therapies \"Category:Biologically based therapies\") [Manipulative methods](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Manual_therapy \"Category:Manual therapy\") [Energy therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Energy_therapies \"Category:Energy therapies\") |\n| [Traditional medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traditional_medicine \"Traditional medicine\") [African](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/African_traditional_medicine \"African traditional medicine\") [Muti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muti \"Muti\") [Southern Africa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traditional_healers_of_Southern_Africa \"Traditional healers of Southern Africa\") [Ayurveda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ayurveda \"Ayurveda\") [Dosha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dosha \"Dosha\") [MVAH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maharishi_Vedic_Approach_to_Health \"Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health\") [Balneotherapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balneotherapy \"Balneotherapy\") [Brazilian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brazilian_traditional_medicine \"Brazilian traditional medicine\") [Bush medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bush_medicine \"Bush medicine\") [Cambodian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traditional_Cambodian_medicine \"Traditional Cambodian medicine\") [Chinese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traditional_Chinese_medicine \"Traditional Chinese medicine\") [Blood stasis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blood_stasis \"Blood stasis\") [Chinese herbology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_herbology \"Chinese herbology\") [Dit da](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dit_da \"Dit da\") [Gua sha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gua_sha \"Gua sha\") [Gill plate trade](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gill_plate_trade \"Gill plate trade\") [Long gu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_gu \"Long gu\") [Meridian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meridian_\$Chinese_medicine\$ \"Meridian (Chinese medicine)\") [Moxibustion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moxibustion \"Moxibustion\") [Pressure point](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pressure_point \"Pressure point\") [Qi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qi \"Qi\") [San Jiao](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Jiao \"San Jiao\") [Tui na](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tui_na \"Tui na\") [Zang-fu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zangfu \"Zangfu\") [Chumash](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chumash_traditional_medicine \"Chumash traditional medicine\") [Curandero](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curandero \"Curandero\") [Faith healing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Faith_healing \"Faith healing\") [Herbal medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herbal_medicine \"Herbal medicine\") [Hilot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hilot \"Hilot\") [Iranian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iranian_traditional_medicine \"Iranian traditional medicine\") [Jamu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jamu \"Jamu\") [Kayakalpa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kayakalpa \"Kayakalpa\") [Kambo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kambo_\$drug\$ \"Kambo (drug)\") [Japanese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kampo \"Kampo\") [Korean](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traditional_Korean_medicine \"Traditional Korean medicine\") [Maya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maya_medicine \"Maya medicine\") [Mien Shiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mien_Shiang \"Mien Shiang\") [Mongolian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traditional_Mongolian_medicine \"Traditional Mongolian medicine\") [Naftalan oil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naftalan_oil \"Naftalan oil\") [Prophetic medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prophetic_medicine \"Prophetic medicine\") [Shamanism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shamanism \"Shamanism\") [Shiatsu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shiatsu \"Shiatsu\") [Siddha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siddha_medicine \"Siddha medicine\") [Sri Lankan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sri_Lankan_traditional_medicine \"Sri Lankan traditional medicine\") [Sowa Rigpa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine \"Traditional Tibetan medicine\") [Thai massage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traditional_Thai_massage \"Traditional Thai massage\") [Unani](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unani_medicine \"Unani medicine\") [Vietnamese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traditional_Vietnamese_medicine \"Traditional Vietnamese medicine\") |\n| Alternative diagnoses [Adrenal fatigue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adrenal_fatigue \"Adrenal fatigue\") [Aerotoxic syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aerotoxic_syndrome \"Aerotoxic syndrome\") [Candida hypersensitivity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Candida_hypersensitivity \"Candida hypersensitivity\") [Chronic Lyme disease](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chronic_Lyme_disease \"Chronic Lyme disease\") [Electromagnetic hypersensitivity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity \"Electromagnetic hypersensitivity\") [Heavy legs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heavy_legs \"Heavy legs\") [Leaky gut syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leaky_gut_syndrome \"Leaky gut syndrome\") [Multiple chemical sensitivity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Multiple_chemical_sensitivity \"Multiple chemical sensitivity\") [Vertebral subluxation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vertebral_subluxation \"Vertebral subluxation\") [Wilson's temperature syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wilson%27s_temperature_syndrome \"Wilson's temperature syndrome\") |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Alternative_medicine_sidebar \"Template:Alternative medicine sidebar\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Alternative_medicine_sidebar \"Template talk:Alternative medicine sidebar\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Alternative_medicine_sidebar \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Alternative medicine sidebar\") |\n\n|   |\n|---|\n| Part of [a series](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:COVID-19_pandemic \"Category:COVID-19 pandemic\") on the |\n| [COVID-19 pandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") |\n| [![Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each \"ball\" is an atom.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/94\/Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png\/250px-Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png \"Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each \\\"ball\\\" is an atom.\") Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each \"ball\" is an atom. |\n| [COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") (disease) [SARS-CoV-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2 \"SARS-CoV-2\") (virus) [Cases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_cases \"COVID-19 pandemic cases\") [Deaths](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths \"COVID-19 pandemic deaths\") |\n| [Timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic\") [2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019\") 2020 [January](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020\") [February](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020\") [March](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020\") [April](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020\") [May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020\") [June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020\") [July](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020\") [August](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020\") [September](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020\") [October](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020\") [November](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020\") [December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020\") 2021 [January](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021\") [February](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021\") [March](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021\") [April](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021\") [May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021\") [June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021\") [July](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021\") [August](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021\") [September](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021\") [October](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021\") [November](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021\") [December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021\") 2022 [January](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022\") [February](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022\") [March](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022\") [April](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022\") [May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022\") [June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022\") [July](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022\") [August](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022\") [September](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022\") [October](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022\") [November](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022\") [December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022\") [2023](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2023 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023\") |\n| [Locations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory \"COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory\") [By country and territory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory \"COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory\") [Africa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa \"COVID-19 pandemic in Africa\") [Antarctica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica \"COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica\") [Asia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Asia\") [Europe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe \"COVID-19 pandemic in Europe\") [North America](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America \"COVID-19 pandemic in North America\") [Oceania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania\") [South America](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America \"COVID-19 pandemic in South America\") By conveyance [Cruise ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships \"COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships\") [Naval ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_on_naval_ships \"COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships\") |\n| International response [Endemic phase](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endemic_phase_of_COVID-19 \"Endemic phase of COVID-19\") [Evacuations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Face masks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [International aid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Origin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Origin_of_SARS-CoV-2 \"Origin of SARS-CoV-2\") [Lockdowns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_lockdowns \"COVID-19 lockdowns\") [by country](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_lockdowns_by_country \"COVID-19 lockdowns by country\") [Misinformation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation \"COVID-19 misinformation\") [by governments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments \"COVID-19 misinformation by governments\") [Fake treatments]() [Social distancing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Software](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Use_and_development_of_software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation \"Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation\") [Travel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [United Nations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [World Health Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Health_Organization%27s_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"World Health Organization's response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [WTO IP waiver](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TRIPS_Agreement_waiver \"TRIPS Agreement waiver\") [Undercounting of deaths](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Undercounting_of_COVID-19_pandemic_deaths_by_country \"Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country\") [COVID-19 apps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_apps \"COVID-19 apps\") [Zero-COVID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zero-COVID \"Zero-COVID\") [National responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Africa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa \"National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa\") [China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19 \"Chinese government response to COVID-19\") [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Germany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Ghana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghanaian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Ghanaian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [India](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Irish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Netherlands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dutch_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Dutch government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [New Zealand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Nigeria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nigerian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Russian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Sweden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swedish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Swedish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [government](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [US](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [federal government](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Vietnam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnamese_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Vietnamese government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") |\n| Medical response [Disease testing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_testing \"COVID-19 testing\") [Breathalyzer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronavirus_breathalyzer \"Coronavirus breathalyzer\") [Development](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Development_of_COVID-19_tests \"Development of COVID-19 tests\") [Drug development](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_drug_development \"COVID-19 drug development\") [Drug repurposing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research \"COVID-19 drug repurposing research\") [Public health mitigation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19 \"Public health mitigation of COVID-19\") [Vaccines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine \"COVID-19 vaccine\") [History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development \"History of COVID-19 vaccine development\") [Research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine_clinical_research \"COVID-19 vaccine clinical research\") [VITT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embolic_and_thrombotic_events_after_COVID-19_vaccination \"Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination\") [Deployment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines \"Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines\") [Authorizations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_COVID-19_vaccine_authorizations \"List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations\") [Operation Warp Speed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Warp_Speed \"Operation Warp Speed\") [Misinformation and hesitancy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy \"COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy\") [US](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States\") [Vaccine card](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine_card \"COVID-19 vaccine card\") [Vaccine passports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic\") Current vaccines [CoronaVac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CoronaVac \"CoronaVac\") [Covaxin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Covaxin \"Covaxin\") [Convidecia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convidecia \"Convidecia\") [Janssen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine \"Janssen COVID-19 vaccine\") [Medigen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MVC_COVID-19_vaccine \"MVC COVID-19 vaccine\") [Moderna](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine \"Moderna COVID-19 vaccine\") [Novavax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine \"Novavax COVID-19 vaccine\") [Oxford–AstraZeneca](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine \"Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine\") [Pfizer–BioNTech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine \"Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine\") [Sinopharm BIBP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine \"Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine\") [Sputnik V](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine \"Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine\") |\n| [Variants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 \"Variants of SARS-CoV-2\") [Variants of concern](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_variant_of_concern \"SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern\") [Alpha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant\") [Beta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant\") [Gamma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant\") [Delta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant\") [Omicron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant\") Other variants [Epsilon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Epsilon_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant\") [Zeta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Zeta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant\") [Eta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Eta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant\") [Theta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Theta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant\") [Iota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Iota_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant\") [Kappa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Kappa_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant\") [Lambda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Lambda_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant\") [Mu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Mu_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant\") [Cluster 5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cluster_5 \"Cluster 5\") [Lineage B.1.617](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_lineage_B.1.617 \"SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617\") |\n| [Economic impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") and [recession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_recession \"COVID-19 recession\") [Arts and culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage\") [Aviation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_aviation \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation\") [Cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry\") [Cinema](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema\") [films](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_films_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"List of films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Disney](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Walt_Disney_Company \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Walt Disney Company\") [Fashion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry\") [Financial markets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Food industry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_food_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry\") [Food security](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Journalism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism\") [Music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_music_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry\") [Performing arts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_performing_arts \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts\") [Retail](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail\") [Shipping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021%E2%80%932022_global_supply_chain_crisis#Shipping \"2021–2022 global supply chain crisis\") [Television](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television\") [US](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States\") [sportscasting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_American_sports_broadcasting \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on American sports broadcasting\") [programs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_American_television_series_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"List of American television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Tourism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism\") [Video games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry\") By country [Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada\") [India](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India\") [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland\") [Malaysia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") [New Zealand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia\") [UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom\") [US](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\") [By sport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports\") [Association football](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_association_football \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football\") [Baseball](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_baseball \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on baseball\") [Basketball](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_basketball \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on basketball\") [Combat sports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_combat_sports \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on combat sports\") [Cricket](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cricket \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket\") [Disc golf](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_disc_golf \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disc golf\") [Gaelic games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Gaelic_games \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games\") [Gridiron football](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_gridiron_football \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gridiron football\") [Ice hockey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ice_hockey \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ice hockey\") [Motorsport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_motorsport \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorsport\") [Rugby league](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_rugby_league \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rugby league\") |\n| [Impacts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Long COVID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID \"Long COVID\") [Neurological and psychological symptoms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_COVID-19_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes \"Impact of COVID-19 on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes\") [Post-exertional malaise](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-exertional_malaise \"Post-exertional malaise\") [Society](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") [African diaspora](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_African_diaspora \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the African diaspora\") [Indian migrant workers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Indian_migrant_workers \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indian migrant workers\") [Animals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_and_animals \"COVID-19 pandemic and animals\") [Alzheimer's disease patients](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_COVID-19 \"Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19\") [Crime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_crime \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime\") [Death rates by country](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country \"COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country\") [Disability](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_people_with_disabilities \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities\") [Domestic violence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_domestic_violence \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence\") [Emergency evacuations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emergency_evacuation_procedures_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Emergency evacuation procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education\") [Female](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_female_education \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on female education\") [Environment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment\") [Hospitals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_hospitals \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitals\") [Language](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glossary_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic\") [LGBTQ community](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_LGBTQ_community \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the LGBTQ community\") [Long-term care](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_long-term_care_facilities \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities\") [Media coverage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Mental health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Migration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_migration \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on migration\") [Military](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_military \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military\") [Notable deaths](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19 \"List of deaths due to COVID-19\") [Other health issues](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues\") [Popular culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture \"COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture\") [Protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Pregnancy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_in_pregnancy \"COVID-19 in pregnancy\") [Prisons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_prisons \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons\") [Religion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion\") [Catholic Church](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church\") [Hajj](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj\") [Science and technology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology\") [Social media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media\") [Strikes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strikes_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Suicides](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_suicide_rates \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide rates\") [Telehealth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_telehealth_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the telehealth industry\") [Xenophobia and racism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Politics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Diplomacy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_international_relations \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations\") [Infected leaders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_political_officials_who_have_tested_positive_for_COVID-19 \"List of political officials who have tested positive for COVID-19\") [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland\") [Malaysia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") [New Zealand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia\") [UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom\") [US](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\") |\n| [![virus icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4d\/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg\/20px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:SARS-CoV-2_\$Wikimedia_colors\$.svg) [COVID-19 portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:COVID-19 \"Portal:COVID-19\") |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_sidebar \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic sidebar\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:COVID-19_pandemic_sidebar \"Template talk:COVID-19 pandemic sidebar\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_sidebar \"Special:EditPage\/Template:COVID-19 pandemic sidebar\") |\n\nMany fake or unproven medical products and methods claim to diagnose, prevent, or cure [COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\").[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA-1) [Fake medicines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Counterfeit_medications \"Counterfeit medications\") sold for COVID-19 may not contain the ingredients they claim to contain, and may even contain harmful ingredients.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-2)[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA-1)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-3) In March 2020, the [World Health Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") (WHO) released a statement recommending against taking any medicines in an attempt to treat or cure COVID-19, although research on potential treatment was underway, including the [Solidarity trial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solidarity_trial \"Solidarity trial\") spearheaded by WHO.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-who-4) The WHO requested member countries to immediately notify them if any fake medicines or other falsified products were discovered.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-who-4) There are also many claims that existing products help against COVID-19, which are spread through rumors online rather than conventional advertising.\n\nAnxiety about COVID-19 makes people more willing to \"try anything\" that might give them a [sense of control](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Locus_of_control \"Locus of control\") of the situation, making them easy targets for scams.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Beware-5) Many false claims about measures against COVID-19 have circulated widely on [social media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_media \"Social media\"), but some have been circulated by text, on YouTube, and even in some mainstream media. Officials advised that before forwarding information, people should think carefully and look it up. Misinformation messages may use scare tactics or other high-pressure [rhetoric](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rhetoric \"Rhetoric\"), claim to have all the facts while others do not, and jump to unusual conclusions. The public was advised to check the information source's source, looking at official websites; some messages have falsely claimed to be from official bodies like UNICEF and government agencies.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Beware-5)[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-6)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-alex_jones-7)[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-cbs-8) Arthur Caplan, head of [medical ethics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_ethics \"Medical ethics\") at [New York University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_University \"New York University\")'s [medical school](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_school \"Medical school\"), had simpler advice for COVID-19 products: \"Anything online, ignore it\".[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Beware-5)\n\nProducts that claim to prevent COVID-19 risk give dangerous false confidence and increase infection rates.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-NZ_Herald-9) Going out to buy such products may encourage people to break [stay-at-home orders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stay-at-home_order \"Stay-at-home order\"), reducing [social distancing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_distancing \"Social distancing\").\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\] Some of the pretend treatments are also poisonous; hundreds of people have died from using fake COVID-19 treatments.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-100skilled-10)\n\n## Diagnosis\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Diagnosis\")\\]\n\nMedically approved tests detect the virus or the [antibodies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antibodies \"Antibodies\") the body makes to fight it off. Government health departments and healthcare providers provide tests to the public.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-11) There have been fraudsters offering fake tests; some have offered tests in exchange for money, but others have said the test is free to collect information that could later be used for [identity theft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Identity_theft \"Identity theft\") or medical [insurance fraud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insurance_fraud \"Insurance fraud\"). Some fraudsters have claimed to be local government health authorities. People have been advised to contact their doctor or genuine local government health authorities for information about getting tested. Fake tests have been offered on social media platforms, by e-mail, and by phone.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-12)\n\n- Counterfeit testing kits, which were originally used for testing HIV and monitoring glucose levels, were touted as for coronavirus diagnosis.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-zdnet-13)[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-14)\n- Holding one's breath for 10 seconds was claimed to be an effective self-test for the coronavirus.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-15) The WHO stated that this test did not work and should not be used.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n- Manufacturer Bodysphere briefly sold what it claimed were coronavirus antibody tests. It falsely marketed them as having received FDA Emergency Use Authorization. It also falsely claimed they were made in the United States.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-17)\n\n## Prevention and cure claims\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Prevention and cure claims\")\\]\n\nWidely circulated rumours have made many unfounded claims about methods of preventing and curing infection with [SARS-CoV-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 \"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2\").[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-nytimes-18) Among others:\n\n### Disinfection-related methods\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Disinfection-related methods\")\\]\n\n#### Hand cleaning methods\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Hand cleaning methods\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bf\/Tualetsapo.jpg\/250px-Tualetsapo.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tualetsapo.jpg)\n\nWashing hands with plain [soap](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soap \"Soap\") and water (for ≥20 seconds) is effective at removing [SARS-CoV-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2 \"SARS-CoV-2\"). Hand sanitizer is a slightly inferior option for sanitizing hands.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-auto1-19)[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control-20) Neither [antibacterial soap](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antibacterial_soap \"Antibacterial soap\")[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Center_for_Drug_Evaluation_and_Research-21)[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Office_of_the_Commissioner-22) nor red soap are any more effective than plain soap.\n\n- [Hand sanitizer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hand_sanitizer \"Hand sanitizer\") is not more effective than [washing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hand_washing \"Hand washing\") in plain soap and water.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-23) Washing in soap and water for at least 20 seconds is recommended by the [US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/US_Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\") as the best way to clean hands in most situations. However, if soap and water are unavailable, a hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol can be used, unless hands are visibly dirty or greasy.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-auto1-19)[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control-20)\n- Soap removes coronaviruses effectively, but antibacterial soap is not better than plain soap.[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Center_for_Drug_Evaluation_and_Research-21)[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Office_of_the_Commissioner-22)\n- Red soap is not more germicidal than soaps of other colors, contrary to claims in a popular Facebook post, said Ashan Pathirana, the registrar of Sri Lanka's Health Promotion Bureau (HPB); he suggested that it might be a reference to [carbolic soap](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbolic_soap \"Carbolic soap\").[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200318afp-24)\\[*[medical citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\$medicine\$ \"Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)\")*\\]\n- Hand sanitizer prepared at home by mixing rum, bleach, and fabric softener has been widely promoted as effective at preventing COVID-19 in YouTube videos in the Philippines. The Integrated Chemists of the Philippines (ICP) released statements saying that alcoholic drinks contain only about 40% alcohol, less than the 70% needed in effective hand sanitizers, and that mixing bleach and alcohol creates [chloroform](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chloroform \"Chloroform\"). The manufacturers of the brands of rum and bleach used in the videos have publicly issued statements calling the recipe dangerous and urging people not to use it.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200330afp-25)\\[*[medical citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\$medicine\$ \"Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)\")*\\][\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-26)\n- [Vodka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vodka \"Vodka\") was alleged to be an effective homemade hand sanitizer, or an ingredient in one. The company whose brand was alleged to be protective responded to the rumours by citing the US [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\") statement that hand sanitizers needed to be at least 60% alcohol to be effective, and stating that their product was only 40% alcohol.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200300news-27)[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-28)\\[*[medical citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\$medicine\$ \"Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)\")*\\]\n- Claims that vinegar was more effective than hand sanitizer against the coronavirus were made in a video that was shared in Brazil. That was disproved, as \"there is no evidence that [acetic acid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acetic_acid \"Acetic acid\") is effective against the virus\" and, even if there was, \"its concentration in common household vinegar is low\".[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200304abril-29)\\[*[medical citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\$medicine\$ \"Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)\")*\\]\n\n#### Gargling, nasal rinses, and inhalation\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Gargling, nasal rinses, and inhalation\")\\]\n\n- Inhaling bleach or other disinfectants is dangerous and will not protect against COVID-19. They can cause irritation and damage to tissues, including the eyes. They are poisonous and WHO has warned not to take them internally and to keep them out of the reach of children. They are safe and effective when used to disinfect surfaces such as countertops, but are not safe for human consumption.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n- Controversial alternative medicine proponents [Joseph Mercola](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Mercola \"Joseph Mercola\") and Thomas Levy claimed that inhaling 0.5–3% [hydrogen peroxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydrogen_peroxide \"Hydrogen peroxide\") solution using a [nebulizer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nebulizer \"Nebulizer\") could prevent or cure COVID-19.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-30)[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-:0-31) They cite research using hydrogen peroxide to sterilize surfaces,[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-32)[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-33) incorrectly asserts that it can therefore be used to clean human airways. A tweet from Mercola advertising this method was removed from [Twitter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twitter \"Twitter\") on April 15, 2020, for violating the platform rules.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-:0-31) Inhalation of hydrogen peroxide can cause upper airway irritation, hoarseness, inflammation of the nose, and burning sensations in the chest. At high concentrations, inhaling hydrogen peroxide can cause permanent neurological damage or death.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-34) Though hydrogen peroxide use as an alternative and complementary form of medicine is advocated for use in multiple disease processes, including COPD, asthma, pneumonia and bronchitis, there seems to be no trials regarding its use.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-auto-35) It was reported a case of possible side effect related to chronic (during 5 years) and subacute hydrogen peroxide inhalation use which lead to interstitial lung disease in the form of acute pneumonitis.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-auto-35)\n- Gargling with saltwater was said to kill the coronavirus in claims on [Weibo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Weibo_\$company\$ \"Weibo (company)\"), Twitter, and Facebook. These claims were falsely attributed to respiratory expert [Zhong Nanshan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhong_Nanshan \"Zhong Nanshan\"), [Wuhan Union Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Union_Hospital \"Wuhan Union Hospital\"), and several other people and institutions, sometimes with the attribution changed and the actual advice copied verbatim. Zhong Nanshan's medical team published a refutation, pointing out that the virus settles in the respiratory tract, which cannot be cleaned by rinsing the mouth. The WHO also said it had no convincing evidence that this method would provide any protection against COVID-19.[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-36)\n- Saltwater sprays were given at the door of the [River of Grace Community Church](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/River_of_Grace_Community_Church \"River of Grace Community Church\") in South Korea in the false belief that this would protect people from the virus; the same unsterilized spray bottle was used on everyone, and may have increased the risk. Subsequently, 46 devotees were infected with the virus.[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scmp3075421-37)[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-upi9881584365-38)\n- \"Corona-Cure Coronavirus Infection Prevention Nasal Spray\" was fraudulently marketed online.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA_warns-39)\n- There is no evidence that saline [nasal rinses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nasal_irrigation \"Nasal irrigation\") help prevent COVID-19.[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-HealthDesk-40)[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Hopkins_Nasal-41)\n\n#### Temperature\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Temperature\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6e\/FACT-_The_COVID-19_virus_can_spread_in_hot_and_humid_climates.png\/250px-FACT-_The_COVID-19_virus_can_spread_in_hot_and_humid_climates.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:FACT-_The_COVID-19_virus_can_spread_in_hot_and_humid_climates.png)\n\nA [World Health Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") infographic dispelling the myth that hot and humid weather prevents the spread of the virus.\n\n- Cold weather and snow do not kill the COVID-19 virus. The virus lives in humans, not in the outdoors, though it can survive on surfaces. Even in cold weather, the body will stay at 36.5–37 degrees Celsius inside, and the COVID-19 virus will not be killed.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n- Hot and humid conditions do not prevent COVID-19 from spreading, either. There have been many COVID-19 cases in countries with hot and humid climates.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n- Drinking warm water or hot baths\/heating to 26–27 °C (79–81 °F) will not cure people of COVID-19. It has been claimed that these statements were made by UNICEF in coronavirus prevention guidelines, but UNICEF officials refuted this.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-AFP_Fact_Check-42)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43)\n- High temperatures cannot be used on humans to kill the COVID-19 virus. Taking very hot baths can cause burns, but the body will stay at 36.5–37 degrees Celsius inside, and the COVID-19 virus will not be killed.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-factcheck.afp.com-44)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n- Hot saunas and hand or hair dryers do not prevent or treat COVID-19.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200319afp-45)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n- Steam inhalation was suggested on Facebook as a cure for coronavirus infection. Inhaling steam will not treat or cure COVID-19.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-46)[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-47)\n\n#### Radiation\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Radiation\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fe\/Laborivahendite_steriliseerimine_kasutades_UV-kiirgust.jpg\/250px-Laborivahendite_steriliseerimine_kasutades_UV-kiirgust.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Laborivahendite_steriliseerimine_kasutades_UV-kiirgust.jpg)\n\nUV-C light being used to sterilize equipment in a laboratory. UV-C cannot be used to disinfect people as it can damage the skin and eyes.\n\n- Exposing people to sunlight will not prevent or cure COVID-19. It has been falsely claimed that UNICEF said so, in coronavirus prevention guidelines; UNICEF officials refuted this.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-AFP_Fact_Check-42)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) The virus can spread in even the sunniest of weather.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n- [UV-C](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ultraviolet#UVC \"Ultraviolet\") light cannot be used on humans to kill the COVID-19 virus. Attempting to use UV to sterilize people can cause skin irritation and damage the eyes.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-factcheck.afp.com-44)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n\n#### Other disinfection-related methods\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Other disinfection-related methods\")\\]\n\n- White color does not have a 'harmful effect' on coronavirus, as claimed in a widely shared Facebook post; nor does the colour of a handkerchief have an effect on the virus, according to Ashan Pathirana, the registrar of Sri Lanka's Health Promotion Bureau (HPB). Using handkerchiefs or tissues of other colours to sneeze or cough into will be just as effective.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200318afp-24)\\[*[medical citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\$medicine\$ \"Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)\")*\\]\n- Posts on social media claimed that volcanic ash from the eruption of the [Taal Volcano](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taal_Volcano \"Taal Volcano\") on January 12, 2020, in the Philippines was the cause of low infection rates in the country, falsely stating that it could kill the virus and had \"anti-viral\" and \"disinfectant qualities\".[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-48)\n- Drinking bleach is extremely dangerous and will not protect against COVID-19. Bleach is poisonous and damages internal organs. Drinking it can cause disability and death. The WHO has warned not to drink the substance.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n\n### Protective equipment\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Protective equipment\")\\]\n\n- [USB flash drives](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USB_flash_drives \"USB flash drives\") were being sold for \\$370 as a \"5G Bioshield\", purportedly offering protection from the non-existent threat of infection transmitted via [5G mobile telephone radio waves](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Misinformation_related_to_the_Covid-19_pandemic#5G_mobile-phone_networks \"Misinformation related to the Covid-19 pandemic\").[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-49)\n- Over 34,000 counterfeit surgical masks—which may have been touted as providing coronavirus prevention—were seized by [Europol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Europol \"Europol\") in March 2020.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-zdnet-13)\n- Making masks out of wet-wipes has not been officially recommended as an alternative to surgical masks, contrary to some claims.[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200326afpB-50) Some public health authorities have issued directions for making and using homemade [cloth face masks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cloth_face_masks \"Cloth face masks\").[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-51) See [face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic\").\n- Aerosol Boxes—acrylic boxes placed over patients' heads during aerosol generating procedures, such as [intubation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intubation \"Intubation\")—can potentially increase dispersal of COVID-containing aerosol particles if a patient coughs.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-52)\n\n### Drugs of abuse\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: Drugs of abuse\")\\]\n\n[![semi-space-filling molecular diagram of methanol; a carbon and three hydrogens make a tetrahedron, and the carbon point of the tetrahedron has an oxygen atom, which in turn is attached at an angle to a hydrogen atom.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/db\/Methanol-3D-balls.png\/250px-Methanol-3D-balls.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Methanol-3D-balls.png)\n\nMethanol has **one** [carbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_\$element\$ \"Carbon (element)\") atom (dark grey). It is [immediately poisonous](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methanol_poisoning \"Methanol poisoning\"); a single dose can cause blindness, [brain and spinal cord](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_nervous_system \"Central nervous system\") damage, and death.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-53) Blackmarket alcoholic drinks may contain methanol.[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Toxic_Alcohol_Ingestion:_Prompt_Rec-54)\n\n[![semi-space-filling molecular diagram of ethanol.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Ethanol-3D-balls.png\/250px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ethanol-3D-balls.png)\n\nEthanol has **two** [carbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_\$element\$ \"Carbon (element)\") atoms (dark grey). Ethanol should not be confused with methanol. Ethanol-containing drinks are widely consumed as the main ingredient in [alcoholic beverages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alcoholic_beverages \"Alcoholic beverages\"). Ingestion doesn't prevent COVID-19, and may cause subclinical [immunosuppression](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Immunosuppression \"Immunosuppression\").[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Alcohol%E2%80%99s_Effect_on_Host_Defense-55)\n\n- A mix containing [amphetamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amphetamines \"Amphetamines\"), [cocaine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cocaine \"Cocaine\"), and [nicotine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicotine \"Nicotine\"), on sale on the [dark web](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dark_web \"Dark web\") for US\\$300, was fraudulently presented as a [vaccine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaccine \"Vaccine\") against COVID-19.[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-56)\n- Cocaine does not protect against COVID-19. Several viral tweets purporting that snorting [cocaine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cocaine \"Cocaine\") would sterilize one's nostrils of the coronavirus spread around Europe and Africa. In response, the [French Ministry of Health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Ministry_of_Health \"French Ministry of Health\") released a public service announcement debunking this claim, saying \"No, cocaine does NOT protect against COVID-19. It is an addictive drug that causes serious side effects and is harmful to people’s health.\" The World Health Organization also debunked the claim.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200304uol-57)[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-58)[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-59) Facebook flagged the rumour as misinformation.[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-60)\n- A claim that [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_\$drug\$ \"Cannabis (drug)\") could protect against the coronavirus appeared on YouTube, along with a petition to legalize cannabis in Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan Health authorities pointed out that there was no evidence that cannabis protected against COVID-19.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200219afp-61) A fake webpage purporting to be a [Fox News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fox_News \"Fox News\") article also claimed that [CBD oil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabidiol \"Cannabidiol\") was a potential cure.[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-62)\n- The chloroform- and ether-based drug [*loló*](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cheirinho-da-lol%C3%B3 \"pt:Cheirinho-da-loló\") was said to cure the disease in messages spread in Brazil.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-otempo2307041-63)\n- Boiled [betel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Betel \"Betel\") leaves will not cure COVID-19.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43)\n- Industrial methanol was claimed to cure the coronavirus. [Drinking alcohol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drinking_alcohol \"Drinking alcohol\") is [ethanol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethanol \"Ethanol\"), while [methanol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methanol \"Methanol\") is [acutely poisonous](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methanol_poisoning \"Methanol poisoning\").[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Toxic_Alcohol_Ingestion:_Prompt_Rec-54) The WHO has warned not to drink ethanol or methanol in an effort to kill the virus. Iranian media were reporting nearly 300 dead and 1000 hospitalized (or 600 dead and 3,000 hospitalized, according to an unidentified doctor in the Health Ministry) as of April 8, 2020. [Alcoholic beverages are illegal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prohibition \"Prohibition\") in Iran, resulting in a black market in [liquor made illegally](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moonshine \"Moonshine\").[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-100skilled-10)\n- Contrary to some reports, drinking ethyl alcohol also does not protect against COVID-19, and can increase health risks[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) ([short term](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption \"Short-term effects of alcohol consumption\") and [long term](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long-term_effects_of_alcohol \"Long-term effects of alcohol\")).\n\n### Commercial products\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: Commercial products\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1d\/Nogloboli.png\/250px-Nogloboli.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nogloboli.png)\n\nHomeopathic globuli (sugar pills) do not make people immune to COVID-19.\n\nMany fraudulent and unproven products are claimed to treat or protect against COVID-19.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA-1)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Beware-5)\n\n- \"Virus Shut Out Protection\" pendants, supposedly from Japan, worn around one's neck, have been sold with claims that they prevent infection. The U.S. [Environmental Protection Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency \"United States Environmental Protection Agency\") said that no evidence had been presented that they work, and took legal action against importers.[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-64)\n- A Twitter post claimed that scientists from the \"Australian Medical University\" had developed a vaccine for the coronavirus. It accepted 0.1 [Bitcoin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bitcoin \"Bitcoin\") as payment for a \"vaccination kit\" and promised shipping in 5–10 days. The linked website was later removed.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-65)\n- [Homeopathic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homeopathic \"Homeopathic\") 'Influenza complex' has been marketed as a preventive measure for COVID-19 by a man in New Zealand, who claimed to have identified and imbued his product with the \"frequency\" of COVID-19 using a \"[radionics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radionics \"Radionics\") machine\". Homeopathic remedies like this have no active ingredients and cannot protect against flu, colds, or COVID-19, said University of Auckland associate professor and microbiologist [Dr Siouxsie Wiles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siouxsie_Wiles \"Siouxsie Wiles\"). The NZ Ministry of Health said that COVID-19 was not a strain of flu, and criticized products that claim to prevent COVID-19 as giving dangerous false confidence.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-NZ_Herald-9)\n- Homeopathic treatment with [Arsenicum album](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arsenicum_album \"Arsenicum album\") is claimed as an \"add on\" to prevent COVID-19.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-indiatimes74945805-66)\\[*[medical citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\$medicine\$ \"Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)\")*\\]\n- A person living in California marketed pills for curing coronavirus, although the contents of the pill were not made public. He was arrested for attempted fraud, which carries up to 20 years in prison.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-67)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6f\/Plata_Coloidal_Super_Tyndall_Effect.jpeg\/250px-Plata_Coloidal_Super_Tyndall_Effect.jpeg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Plata_Coloidal_Super_Tyndall_Effect.jpeg)\n\nColloidal silver is falsely marketed as a cure for COVID-19 infection.\n\n- Claims that [colloidal silver](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colloidal_silver \"Colloidal silver\") solution can kill over 650 pathogens, including coronavirus, prompted antifraud actions. The [National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Integrative_Health \"National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health\") warned on their website against taking colloidal silver as a dietary supplement. Seven warning letters were filed against companies for selling fraudulent products.[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-68) Preacher [Jim Bakker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jim_Bakker \"Jim Bakker\") had been claiming that the colloid silver he sold (and only his) could be used to treat COVID-19.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scammers-69) Colloidal silver is not an effective treatment for anything, and may interfere with other medications or cause permanent [argyria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Argyria \"Argyria\") (blue-gray skin discoloration).[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-70)\n- Toothpastes, dietary supplements and creams were being sold illegally in the US, with claims that they could cure coronavirus infection.[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-71) [Alex Jones](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alex_Jones \"Alex Jones\") was directed by the [USFDA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USFDA \"USFDA\") to cease promoting these products as a cure.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scammers-69)\n- Celebrity chef [Pete Evans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pete_Evans \"Pete Evans\") claimed that the BioCharger NG Subtle Energy Platform device, costing US\\$14,990, could cure the coronavirus. He faced backlash, taking down his advertisement after the [Australian Medical Association](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australian_Medical_Association \"Australian Medical Association\") dismissed the product as a \"fancy light machine\".[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-device-72)[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scammers-69) The Australian distributors, Hydrogen Technologies Pty Ltd, stated the device would help \"open the airways of Coronavirus victims by reducing the inflammation it causes in the lungs\" as well as other unproven [therapeutic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Therapeutic \"Therapeutic\") claims.[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scams-73) Evans was fined AU\\$25,200 by the [Therapeutic Goods Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration \"Therapeutic Goods Administration\") for his false claims[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-74) and the company was fined AU\\$50,400 for false advertising.[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-75)\n- \"[Miracle Mineral Solution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Miracle_Mineral_Solution \"Miracle Mineral Solution\")\" (MMS) is a mixture of [sodium chlorite](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sodium_chlorite \"Sodium chlorite\") (with table salt and some other trace minerals) and an acid, which reacts with the sodium chlorite to produces a solution of unstable [chlorous acid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorous_acid \"Chlorous acid\"), which becomes [chlorite](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorite \"Chlorite\"), [chlorate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorate \"Chlorate\"), and [chlorine dioxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorine_dioxide \"Chlorine dioxide\"), an industrial bleach.[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-76) The FDA has warned against using it, saying there is no evidence that it cures, prevents, or treats COVID-19, and that it is seriously hazardous to health. The \"[Genesis II Church](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genesis_II_Church \"Genesis II Church\")\" calls its mail-order MMS a \"[sacrament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sacrament \"Sacrament\")\", and when warned by the FDA that their claims that it could cure COVID-19 were fraudulent, vehemently refused to stop making them, saying the FDA had no authority over them, and they would never stop. Their status as a religious organization was disputed in a successful filing for a temporary restraining order on grounds of public safety by the U.S. Attorney's Office in South Florida.[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-77)[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-78)[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-cbs-8)\n- [Shuanghuanglian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shuanghuanglian \"Shuanghuanglian\"), a mixture of plants invented in the 1960s as part of official state-sponsored TCM ([traditional Chinese medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traditional_Chinese_medicine \"Traditional Chinese medicine\")), was advertised by the [Xinhua News Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xinhua_News_Agency \"Xinhua News Agency\") as being able to treat the coronavirus. Posts on Weibo claimed that many people violated social distancing rules while queuing to buy it. Some attributed the news stories to stock market manipulation.[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-79)[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-80)\n- Jennings Ryan Staley, a licensed physician and owner of Skinny Beach Med Spa, was accused of selling mail-order \"COVID-19 treatment packs\", claiming they would protect against COVID-19 for six weeks and cure it \"100%\", causing the disease to disappear in hours. He has been arrested and is being \"vigorously investigated\" by the FBI; if convicted, he may face 20 years in prison.[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-81)\n- A hand cream sold by the right-wing populist party leader of the party [Greek Solution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_Solution \"Greek Solution\"), [Kyriakos Velopoulos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kyriakos_Velopoulos \"Kyriakos Velopoulos\"), via his TV shop, is claimed to completely kill COVID-19, although it is not approved by medical authorities.[\\[82\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-unbelievers-82)\n- An \"anti-coronavirus\" mattress was advertised as being anti-fungal, anti-allergic, dustproof, waterproof, and able to fight the coronavirus.[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-India_reality_check-83)\n- Mohanan Vaidyar, a self-proclaimed naturopath, was arrested in Kerala for claiming that he can cure [COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronavirus_disease_2019 \"Coronavirus disease 2019\") and treating people.[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Man01-84)\n- [Methylene chloride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylene_chloride \"Methylene chloride\"), commonly used as a [paint stripper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paint_stripper \"Paint stripper\"), was being marketed on eBay as a coronavirus disinfectant. It had been previously banned by the [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency \"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\") due to the risk of asphyxiation during use.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-stop-sale-85)\n- [Chlorine dioxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorine_dioxide \"Chlorine dioxide\") tablets and sanitizers were marketed on Amazon.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-stop-sale-85)\n- A purportedly anti-virus lanyard called Shut Out resulted in the criminal conviction of a Georgia woman for violating the U.S. [Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act \"Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act\").[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-stop-sale-85)\n- Australian company Lorna Jane claimed that its \"anti-virus activewear\" prevents and protects against infectious diseases, including COVID-19, before being fined by the [Therapeutic Goods Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration \"Therapeutic Goods Administration\") \\$40,000 for false advertising.[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-86)\n\n### Traditional Chinese Medicine\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: Traditional Chinese Medicine\")\\]\n\nChina officially promotes the use of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to treat COVID-19.[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Nature1-87) Many academic papers, such as Shi et al.,[\\[88\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-88) have been published trying to establish the effectiveness of various decoctions such as Qingfei Paidu Decoction. Most of the western media hold a skeptical attitude about its effectiveness, despite many positive accounts.[\\[89\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Healthcmi-89) There is much ongoing research trying to identify the effective ingredients for treating COVID-19 from inspirations from the TCM methods.\n\n### Traditional Persian Medicine\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=13 \"Edit section: Traditional Persian Medicine\")\\]\n\nVarious studies have been conducted and reported on the effect of [traditional Persian medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iranian_traditional_medicine \"Iranian traditional medicine\") formulas on SARS-CoV-2. These treatments have been studied in various clinical trials in Iran.[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-90)[\\[91\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-91)[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-92)[\\[93\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-93)[\\[94\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-94)\n\n### Botanical claims\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=14 \"Edit section: Botanical claims\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/61\/Datura_fruit.jpg\/250px-Datura_fruit.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Datura_fruit.jpg)\n\nThe poisonous fruit of the [datura](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Datura \"Datura\") plant was claimed by some to be effective against coronavirus because it [physically resembles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doctrine_of_signatures \"Doctrine of signatures\") the virus's [virion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virion \"Virion\").\n\n- The poisonous fruit of the [datura](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Datura \"Datura\") plant was falsely promoted as a preventive measure for COVID-19, which resulted in eleven people being hospitalized in India. They ate the fruit, following the instructions from a [TikTok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TikTok \"TikTok\") video that propagated the misinformation. The fruit was claimed to be effective on the grounds that it [resembles the coronavirus virion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doctrine_of_signatures \"Doctrine of signatures\").[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-thenewsminute122136-95)[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-thehindu31282688-96)\n- A complex [Sri Lankan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sri_Lanka \"Sri Lanka\") herbal drink was said to remedy all virus infections which can affect humans, including COVID-19, with reposts circulating widely on Facebook. The drink might reduce fever symptoms\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\], but this might lead to the infected person infecting other people, and the mixture could have long-term health complications, according to L. P. A. Karunathilake, a senior lecturer at the [Colombo University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colombo_University \"Colombo University\") Institute of Indigenous Medicine.[\\[97\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200317afp-97)\\[*[medical citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\$medicine\$ \"Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)\")*\\]\n- *[Andrographis paniculata](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andrographis_paniculata \"Andrographis paniculata\")* was claimed to boost the immune system and relieve symptoms of coronavirus by a Thai media website. Pakakrong Kwankao, Head of the Empirical Evidence Centre at Chao Phraya Abhaibhubehjr Hospital, and Richard Brown, Programme Manager of Health Emergencies and Antimicrobial Resistance at the World Health Organization (WHO) in Thailand, said that there was no evidence to back these claims.[\\[98\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-98)\n- Sap from [*Tinospora crispa*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tinospora \"Tinospora\") (makabuhay) plants was claimed to serve as an antibiotic against the coronavirus when used as an eye drop; it was also claimed that the coronavirus is on the skin and crawls to the eyes. These rumours circulated in the Philippines. Jaime Purificacion from the [University of the Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_the_Philippines \"University of the Philippines\")’ Institute of Herbal Medicine said that while there was evidence for makabuhay as a treatment for scabies, there was no evidence that it was useful for treating coronavirus, and no evidence that putting the sap in your eyes was safe. He strongly advised against putting plant sap in the eyes, saying it could be dangerous.[\\[99\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-99) The WHO has stated that antibiotics do not kill the coronavirus, as they kill bacteria, not viruses.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n- A recipe consisting of ingredients often purported to prevent and cure colds, including [lemon grass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cymbopogon \"Cymbopogon\"), [elder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sambucus \"Sambucus\"), ginger, black pepper, lemon and honey, was promoted by [María Alejandra Díaz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mar%C3%ADa_Alejandra_D%C3%ADaz \"María Alejandra Díaz\"), a member of the [Venezuelan Constituent Assembly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2017_Constituent_National_Assembly \"2017 Constituent National Assembly\") as a cure for COVID-19. Díaz also described the virus as a bioterrorism weapon.[\\[100\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200305efectococuyo-100)\n- The President of [Madagascar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Madagascar \"Madagascar\"), [Andry Rajoelina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andry_Rajoelina \"Andry Rajoelina\") launched and promoted [Covid-Organics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Covid-Organics \"Covid-Organics\") in April 2020: a herbal drink based on an [artemisia plant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Artemisia_\$genus\$ \"Artemisia (genus)\") as a cure that can treat and prevent COVID-19.[\\[101\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-madagascar-101)[\\[102\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-102)\n- United States President Donald Trump and [Mike Lindell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mike_Lindell \"Mike Lindell\") participated in a July meeting at the White House regarding the use of [oleandrin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oleandrin \"Oleandrin\") as a treatment for coronavirus.[\\[103\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-CNNOleandrin-103) Lindell soon acquired a financial stake in Phoenix Biotechnology Inc, a company trying to find a profitable use for oleandrin. Oleandrin is toxic and potentially lethal to humans.[\\[104\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-ConversationOleandrin-104)\n\n### Religious and magical methods\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=15 \"Edit section: Religious and magical methods\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/ff\/Figure_3-_Examples_of_Zoonotic_Diseases_and_Their_Affected_Populations_%286323431516%29.jpg\/500px-Figure_3-_Examples_of_Zoonotic_Diseases_and_Their_Affected_Populations_%286323431516%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Figure_3-_Examples_of_Zoonotic_Diseases_and_Their_Affected_Populations_\$6323431516\$.jpg)\n\n[Zoonosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoonosis \"Zoonosis\") involves a disease hopping between humans and other animals\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/1\/12\/Wudu_Istiqlal_Mosque.JPG\/500px-Wudu_Istiqlal_Mosque.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wudu_Istiqlal_Mosque.JPG)\n\nPerforming [wudu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wudu \"Wudu\"), a washing before prayer, from individual sinks rather than a common pool.\n\n- During the pandemic, the alternative [anthroposophic medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anthroposophic_medicine \"Anthroposophic medicine\") promoted at Steiner hospitals in Germany became notorious amongst legitimate medics for forcing quack remedies on sedated hospital patients, some of whom were critically ill. Remedies used included ginger poultices and homeopathic pellets claimed to contain the dust of shooting stars. Stefan Kluge, director of intensive care medicine at Hamburg's University Medical Centre said the claims of anthroposophic doctors during the pandemic were \"highly unprofessional\" and that they \"risk\\[ed\\] causing uncertainty among patients\".[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-steinerblk-105)\n- Indian politician [Swami Chakrapani](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chakrapani_\$politician\$ \"Chakrapani (politician)\") claimed that drinking [cow urine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cow_urine \"Cow urine\") and applying cow dung on the body could cure COVID-19. He also stated that only Indian cows must be used.[\\[106\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-106)[\\[107\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-107) MP [Suman Haripriya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suman_Haripriya \"Suman Haripriya\") also promoted cow dung and urine .[\\[108\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-BBC_tea-108) In March 2020, the All India Hindu Union hosted a \"cow urine drinking party\" in [New Delhi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Delhi \"New Delhi\"), attended by 200 people.[\\[109\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-109) There exists no scientific evidence in favour of cow urine.[\\[110\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-110)[\\[111\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-111) Dr. Shailendra Saxena of the Indian Virological Society stated that there is no evidence that cow urine has any anti-viral effect, and eating cow dung might transmit diseases to humans [zoonotically](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoonosis \"Zoonosis\"). For example, [giardiasis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giardiasis \"Giardiasis\"), [E. coli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ecoli \"Ecoli\"), [salmonellosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salmonellosis \"Salmonellosis\") and [tuberculosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\") can all be transmitted via bovine fecal matter.[\\[112\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-112)\n- Drinking [camel urine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camel_urine \"Camel urine\") has been advocated in the [Middle East](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_East \"Middle East\").[\\[113\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-113)[\\[114\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-114) The WHO stated that camel urine should not be drunk, in order to avoid contracting [Middle East Respiratory Syndrome–related coronavirus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus \"Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus\") (MERS-CoV),[\\[115\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-115)[\\[116\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-116)[\\[117\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-117)[\\[118\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-118) a more deadly, [SARS-CoV-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 \"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2\")\\-like species of [betacoronavirus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Betacoronavirus \"Betacoronavirus\").\n- Televangelist [Kenneth Copeland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kenneth_Copeland \"Kenneth Copeland\") urged followers to touch their televisions as a means of vaccination by proxy, and also attempted to exorcise COVID-19 on at least three occasions by summoning \"the wind of God\", stating that this had destroyed the virus (either in the US or worldwide). Earlier, he had urged followers to ignore public health advisories and come to his churches, saying they could be healed there by the [laying on of hands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laying_on_of_hands \"Laying on of hands\") if they fell ill.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scammers-69)[\\[119\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-119)\n- \"[Happy Science](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Happy_Science \"Happy Science\")\", a secretive pay-to-progress religious group, sells \"spiritual vaccines\" to prevent and cure COVID-19, advertises virus-related blessings at rates from US\\$100 to over US\\$400, and sells coronavirus-themed DVDs and CDs of Ryuho Okawa (the former stockbroker whom the group believes to be the current incarnation of the supreme deity) lecturing, which are claimed to boost immunity, as of April 2020[\\[update\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit). After initially defying social-distancing measures, it closed its New York temple and administered spiritual vaccines remotely.[\\[120\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-120)\n- A suggestion that COVID-19 could be prevented by applying a [cotton ball](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cotton_ball \"Cotton ball\") soaked in violet oil to the [anus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anus \"Anus\") has brought [Abbas Tabrizian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abbas_Tabrizian \"Abbas Tabrizian\") renewed widespread ridicule in Iran. The [IRNA news agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IRNA_news_agency \"IRNA news agency\") reported that Abbas Tabrizian, who has often promoted his remedies as [Prophetic medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prophetic_medicine#Islamic_Republic_of_Iran \"Prophetic medicine\") in opposition to standard medicine, has also claimed that COVID-19 is God's revenge against those who had bothered him.[\\[121\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-121) An arrest warrant has been issued for Morteza Kohansal, a follower of Abbas Tabrizian, who visited the coronavirus section of a hospital in Iran without wearing protective gear, and applied what he described as the \"Prophet's perfume\" to affected patients. Using [Prophetic medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prophetic_medicine#In_post-1970s_Iran \"Prophetic medicine\") has caused some Iranian clerics to delay getting standard medical treatment. [Ayatollah Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hashem_Bathaie_Golpayegani \"Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani\") announced that he had cured himself of COVID-19 three weeks before being hospitalized. He died two days later.[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-floweroil-122)\n- Some religious hardliners in Iran have advocated that people visit shrines to be healed, and opposed government closures of pilgrimage sites.[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-floweroil-122)[\\[123\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-123)\n- Parliamentarian [Ramesh Bidhuri](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ramesh_Bidhuri \"Ramesh Bidhuri\") of the [Bharatiya Janata Party](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bharatiya_Janata_Party \"Bharatiya Janata Party\") claimed that experts say using [Namaste](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Namaste \"Namaste\") as a greeting prevents transmission of COVID-19, but using Arabic greetings such as [Adab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adab_\$gesture\$ \"Adab (gesture)\") and [As-salamu alaykum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/As-salamu_alaykum \"As-salamu alaykum\") does not prevent it as they direct air into the mouth.[\\[124\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-124)[\\[125\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-deccanherald811390-125)\n- Religious and scientific misconceptions related to the coronavirus are widespread in Pakistan.[\\[126\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-126) According to a survey research conducted by [Ipsos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ipsos \"Ipsos\"), 82% of people in Pakistan believed that performing [wudu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wudu \"Wudu\")\/ablution five times a day will keep them protected from contracting COVID-19. Meanwhile, 67% polled believed that jamaat (congregation prayer) cannot become a source of infection[\\[127\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-thenews\/1-127) and 48% people believed that shaking hands cannot infect anyone since it is [Sunnah](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sunnah \"Sunnah\").[\\[128\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-128)\n\n### Food and drink\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=16 \"Edit section: Food and drink\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bf\/Foolproofaprilseries01.png\/250px-Foolproofaprilseries01.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Foolproofaprilseries01.png)\n\nA poster for spreading awareness of unproven food claims\n\n#### Fruit\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=17 \"Edit section: Fruit\")\\]\n\n- Drinking lemon in warm water has been claimed to prevent both COVID-19 and [cancer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cancer \"Cancer\") by increasing [vitamin C](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitamin_C \"Vitamin C\") levels. This claim circulated on Facebook in English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. There is no evidence that vitamin C was effective against coronaviruses, nor are lemons the fruit with the most vitamin C content, said Henry Chenal, director of the Integrated Bioclinical Research Centre (CIRBA) in [Abidjan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abidjan \"Abidjan\"), [Ivory Coast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ivory_Coast \"Ivory Coast\").[\\[129\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-LemonWater-129) The WHO said that there was no evidence that lemons would protect against COVID-19, though they recommended consuming fresh fruit and vegetables in a healthy diet.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43)\n- Bananas were claimed to be able to strengthen the immune system and prevent and cure COVID-19. The claim was based on a composited video that falsely attributed the statements to researchers at the University of Queensland. The university stated that the video was faked and urged people not to share it.[\\[130\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-130)[\\[131\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-131)\n- Eating mango or durian will not cure COVID-19.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43)\n- Onions were rumoured to be a preventive measure against COVID-19 on Facebook.[\\[132\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-garlic_onions-132)\n\n#### Herbs and spices\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=18 \"Edit section: Herbs and spices\")\\]\n\n- Garlic was said to prevent COVID-19 on Facebook.[\\[132\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-garlic_onions-132) There is no evidence that garlic protects against COVID-19.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n- Hot peppers cannot prevent or cure COVID-19.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n- Consuming large amounts of boiled ginger after fasting for a day was rumoured to prevent or cure coronavirus on Facebook. There is no evidence that this prevents or cures any coronavirus infection, Mark Kristoffer Pasayan, a fellow at the Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, said.[\\[133\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200213afp-133)[\\[132\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-garlic_onions-132)\n- Juice of [bittergourd](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bittergourd \"Bittergourd\"), a vegetable used in traditional medicine, was suggested as a cure for COVID-19 on social media.[\\[134\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-134)\n- Consuming [turmeric](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turmeric \"Turmeric\") has been claimed to help prevent COVID-19,[\\[135\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-135) but the WHO says there is no evidence that it does.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43)\n- Neem leaves (*[Azadirachta indica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Azadirachta_indica \"Azadirachta indica\")*) were claimed to be remedies for COVID-19 in rumours that circulated in India.[\\[136\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-136)\n- Various retailers have marketed herbal products and essential oils fraudulently claimed to cure or prevent COVID-19.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA_warns-39)\n\n#### Drinks and frozen foods\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=19 \"Edit section: Drinks and frozen foods\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b8\/Foolproofaprilseries04.png\/250px-Foolproofaprilseries04.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Foolproofaprilseries04.png)\n\nA poster explains that alcohol hand-sanitizers kill coronaviruses, but alcoholic drinks do not protect against COVID-19\n\n- [Drinking alcohol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drinking_alcohol \"Drinking alcohol\") will not prevent or cure COVID-19,[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) contrary to some claims.[\\[137\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-137) Drinking alcohol may cause subclinical [immunosuppression](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Immunosuppression \"Immunosuppression\")[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Alcohol%E2%80%99s_Effect_on_Host_Defense-55) (see \"Addictive drugs\" section above).\n- Drinking water every 15 minutes was claimed to prevent coronavirus infection.[\\[138\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-138) Drinking large amounts of water will not prevent or cure COVID-19, though avoiding [dehydration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dehydration \"Dehydration\") is healthy.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43)\n- Tea was said to be effective against COVID-19 in claims circulating on social media, which said that since tea contained the stimulants [methylxanthine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylxanthine \"Methylxanthine\"), [theobromine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theobromine \"Theobromine\") and [theophylline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theophylline \"Theophylline\"), it was capable of warding off the virus. These claims were falsely attributed to [Dr Li Wenliang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Wenliang \"Li Wenliang\").[\\[139\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-139)[\\[108\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-BBC_tea-108)\n- Fennel tea (supposedly similar to the medicine [Tamiflu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tamiflu \"Tamiflu\")—itself ineffective against coronaviruses—according to a false e-mail attributed to a hospital director) was claimed to be a cure in Brazil.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200304uol-57)\n- So-called cures in messages spreading in Brazil included avocado and mint tea, hot whiskey and honey, essential oils, and vitamins C and D.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-otempo2307041-63)\n- Facebook claims that 'gargling salt water, drinking hot liquids like tea and avoiding ice cream can stop the transmission of COVID-19' have been criticized by health professionals.[\\[140\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-auto2-140)\n- Eating ice cream and frozen foods will neither cure nor cause COVID-19, as long as they are hygienically prepared.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) This claim was widely attributed to UNICEF, which stated that they had made no such claim: \"To the creators of such falsehoods, we offer a simple message: STOP. Sharing inaccurate information and attempting to imbue it with authority by misappropriating the names of those in a position of trust is dangerous and wrong\".[\\[141\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-141)\n\n#### Meat\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=20 \"Edit section: Meat\")\\]\n\n- Claims that [vegetarians](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vegetarian \"Vegetarian\") are immune to coronavirus spread online in India, causing \"\\#NoMeat\\_NoCoronaVirus\" to trend on Twitter.[\\[142\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-142) Eating meat does not have an effect on COVID-19 spread, except for people near where animals are slaughtered (see [zoonosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoonosis \"Zoonosis\")), said Anand Krishnan, professor at the Centre for Community Medicine of the [All India Institute of Medical Sciences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences \"All India Institute of Medical Sciences\") (AIIMS).[\\[143\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-143)\n- Eating chicken will not cause COVID-19, as long as it is hygienically prepared and well-cooked.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43)\n\n#### Dishes\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=21 \"Edit section: Dishes\")\\]\n\n- There is no evidence that eating [curry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curry \"Curry\") or [rasam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rasam_\$dish\$ \"Rasam (dish)\") protects against COVID-19.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43)\n\n### Exercises\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=22 \"Edit section: Exercises\")\\]\n\n- Taking six deep breaths and then coughing while covering one's mouth was circulated as a treatment for COVID-19 infection in social media, including by celebrities such as [J. K. Rowling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J._K._Rowling \"J. K. Rowling\").[\\[144\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-144)\n\n### Use of existing medications unproven against COVID-19\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=23 \"Edit section: Use of existing medications unproven against COVID-19\")\\]\n\nSee also: [COVID-19 misinformation § Treatment misinformation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation#Treatment_misinformation \"COVID-19 misinformation\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/da\/Ivermectin_COVID_May2022.jpg\/250px-Ivermectin_COVID_May2022.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ivermectin_COVID_May2022.jpg)\n\nVeterinary [ivermectin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ivermectin \"Ivermectin\"), sold alongside an unproven [povidone-iodine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Povidone-iodine \"Povidone-iodine\") nasal spray[\\[145\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-145) as COVID-19 treatments, at an [Amish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amish \"Amish\")\\-run grocery store near [McBain, Michigan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/McBain,_Michigan \"McBain, Michigan\").\n\n- In March 2020, then US President [Donald Trump](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") promoted the use of [chloroquine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chloroquine \"Chloroquine\") and [hydroxychloroquine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydroxychloroquine \"Hydroxychloroquine\"), two related anti-malarial drugs, for treating COVID-19. The FDA later clarified that it has not approved any therapeutics or drugs to treat COVID-19, but that studies were underway to see if chloroquine could be effective in treatment of COVID-19.[\\[146\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-malaria_bbc-146)[\\[147\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-147) Following Trump's claim, [panic buying](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panic_buying \"Panic buying\") of chloroquine was reported from many countries in Africa, Latin America and South Asia. Health officials across the world are issuing warnings over the use of antimalarial drugs after Trump's comments about treating the coronavirus with them sparked panic-buying and overdoses. Ugandan Dr. Chris Kaganda said, \"There is no known dosage for Covid-19, and whether it can actually cure it, it's safer to avoid chloroquine, but you know these are desperate times.\"[\\[148\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-malaria_wsj-148) Patients with [lupus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lupus \"Lupus\") and [rheumatoid arthritis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rheumatoid_arthritis \"Rheumatoid arthritis\"), who take these medications regularly, have had trouble obtaining supplies.[\\[148\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-malaria_wsj-148) Taking these, or related products intended for aquarium use, has caused serious side effects, illness, and death.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA-1)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n- Rumours circulated in Iraq that the Iraqi pharmaceutical company PiONEER Co. had discovered a coronavirus treatment. These reports were loosely based on a statement by PiONEER, which mentioned [hydroxychloroquine sulphate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydroxychloroquine_sulphate \"Hydroxychloroquine sulphate\") and [azithromycin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Azithromycin \"Azithromycin\") (brand nameand \"Zitroneer\"), a common antibiotic [\\[149\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-149)[\\[150\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-azithromycin-150)) and said that it would try to make these drugs available free of charge. The statement did not say that these drugs can cure COVID-19. The company later clarified that they had not attempted to find a cure for COVID-19, and criticized the news media for spreading inaccurate reports and misinformation, running with the story without checking whether they had misunderstood the company's statement. Two days later, another false story was widely reported, saying that [Samaraa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Samaraa&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Samaraa (page does not exist)\"), another Iraqi pharmaceutical company, had found a cure.[\\[151\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-iraq-151) Generally, antibiotics (like azithromycin[\\[150\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-azithromycin-150)) are not effective against viruses, only some bacteria.[\\[152\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-152) Azithromycin is sometimes given to patients hospitalized with COVID-19, but only to treat bacterial [co-infection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Co-infection \"Co-infection\"). Overuse of azithromycin causes [antibiotic resistance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antibiotic_resistance \"Antibiotic resistance\"), and rare [side effects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Azithromycin#Adverse_effects \"Azithromycin\") include heart arrhythmias and hearing loss.[\\[150\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-azithromycin-150)[\\[153\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-153)\n- There were also claims that a 30-year-old Indian textbook lists aspirin, anti-histamines, and nasal spray as treatments for COVID-19. The textbook describes [coronaviruses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronaviruses \"Coronaviruses\") in general, as a family of viruses.[\\[154\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-154)\n- There were also claims in April 2020 that [an anti-viral injection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fabunan_Antiviral_Injection \"Fabunan Antiviral Injection\") had been approved as a cure in the Philippines, and the lockdown would be lifted.[\\[155\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-rappler-155) The persons making these claims were issued with a [cease-and-desist order](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cease-and-desist_order \"Cease-and-desist order\") by the Philippine FDA, which reiterated the need to test treatments to be sure they are safe. The FDA said that they had not even received an application to register the treatment with the FDA.[\\[155\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-rappler-155)[\\[156\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-156) The agency has prohibited the use of the untested drug, and the clinic illegally promoting it subsequently closed.[\\[157\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-reiterate-157)[\\[158\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-158)\n- [Ivermectin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ivermectin \"Ivermectin\"), a medication used to treat [parasitic infections](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parasitic_disease \"Parasitic disease\"), was suggested as a possible COVID-19 treatment in an online preprint which utilized a flawed statistical methodology.[\\[159\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-159) Importantly, the concentration of the drug that was required to achieve the antiviral effects observed in cell culture was several times higher than what can be achieved in the bloodstream of patients.[\\[160\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-160) Clinical research subsequently determined ivermectin is not effective for treating COVID-19.[\\[161\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-161) The promotion of ivermectin as a COVID-19 treatment has led to increases in ivermectin-related poison control centre calls in the United States,[\\[162\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-162) as well as national shortages of the drug in Australia.[\\[163\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-163)\n\n## Anti-fraud efforts\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=24 \"Edit section: Anti-fraud efforts\")\\]\n\n- Operation Pangea, launched by the international police organization [Interpol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interpol \"Interpol\"), seized counterfeit facemasks, substandard hand sanitizers, and unauthorized antiviral medication in over 90 countries, resulting in the arrest of 121 people.[\\[164\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-164)\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=25 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-FDA_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-FDA_1-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-FDA_1-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-FDA_1-3)\n   Office of the Commissioner (April 1, 2020). [\"Beware of Fraudulent Coronavirus Tests, Vaccines and Treatments\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200401134138\/https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/consumers\/consumer-updates\/beware-fraudulent-coronavirus-tests-vaccines-and-treatments). *FDA*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/consumers\/consumer-updates\/beware-fraudulent-coronavirus-tests-vaccines-and-treatments) on April 1, 2020.\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-2)**\n   Hrabovszki, Georgina (March 23, 2020). [\"COVID-19: Beware of falsified medicines from unregistered websites\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200324140616\/https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/news\/covid-19-beware-falsified-medicines-unregistered-websites). *European Medicines Agency*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/news\/covid-19-beware-falsified-medicines-unregistered-websites) on March 24, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-3)**\n   Spinney, Laura (April 3, 2020). [\"When will a coronavirus vaccine be ready?\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200403104057\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/apr\/03\/when-will-a-coronavirus-vaccine-be-ready). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/apr\/03\/when-will-a-coronavirus-vaccine-be-ready) on April 3, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.\n4. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-who_4-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-who_4-1)\n   [\"Falsified medical products, including in vitro diagnostics, that claim to prevent, detect, treat or cure COVID-19\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200406190323\/https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/essential-medicines\/drug-alerts20\/no3-2020-falsified-mp-forcovid-en.pdf?sfvrsn=cd866001_16) (PDF). World Health Organization. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/essential-medicines\/drug-alerts20\/no3-2020-falsified-mp-forcovid-en.pdf?sfvrsn=cd866001_16) (PDF) on April 6, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-Beware_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-Beware_5-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-Beware_5-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-Beware_5-3)\n   Knight V (March 31, 2020). [\"Covid-19: beware online tests and cures, experts say\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/mar\/31\/coronavirus-covid-19-fake-tests-cures). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. Retrieved April 2, 2020.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-6)**\n   Zaveri, Mihir (March 16, 2020). [\"Be Wary of Those Texts From a Friend of a Friend's Aunt\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/03\/16\/us\/coronavirus-text-messages-national-quarantine.html). *The New York Times*.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-alex_jones_7-0)**\n   Ferré-Sadurní L, McKinley J (March 13, 2020). [\"Alex Jones Is Told to Stop Selling Sham Anti-Coronavirus Toothpaste\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/03\/13\/nyregion\/alex-jones-coronavirus-cure.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200314143913\/https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/03\/13\/nyregion\/alex-jones-coronavirus-cure.html) from the original on March 14, 2020. 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Retrieved July 20, 2020.\n159. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-159)**\n     [\"Ivermectin and COVID-19: How a Flawed Database Shaped the Pandemic Response of Several Latin-American Countries\"](https:\/\/www.isglobal.org\/en\/healthisglobal\/-\/custom-blog-portlet\/ivermectin-and-covid-19-how-a-flawed-database-shaped-the-covid-19-response-of-several-latin-american-countries\/2877257\/0). *Barcelona Institute for Global Health*. May 29, 2020.\n160. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-160)**\n     [\"Ivermectin is the new hydroxychloroquine, take 3: Conspiracy theories vs. science \\| Science-Based Medicine\"](https:\/\/sciencebasedmedicine.org\/ivermectin-is-the-new-hydroxychloroquine-take-3-conspiracy-theories-vs-science\/). *sciencebasedmedicine.org*. July 5, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2021.\n161. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-161)**\n     Harris GH, Adalja AA (November 2023). [\"Innovative approaches to COVID-19 medical countermeasure development\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10667002). *J Antimicrob Chemother* (Review). **78** (Supplement\\_2): ii18–ii24. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1093\/jac\/dkad312](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkad312). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [10667002](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10667002). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [37995353](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/37995353).\n162. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-162)**\n     Rettner, Rachael (August 26, 2021). [\"Ivermectin won't treat COVID-19, but it might kill you, CDC warns\"](https:\/\/www.livescience.com\/ivermectin-warning-cdc.html). *livescience.com*. Retrieved September 5, 2021.\n163. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-163)**\n     [\"Australian imports of ivermectin increase tenfold, prompting warning from TGA\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2021\/aug\/30\/australian-imports-of-ivermectin-increase-10-fold-prompting-warning-from-tga). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. August 31, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2021.\n164. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-164)**\n     [\"Global operation sees a rise in fake medical products related to COVID-19\"](https:\/\/www.interpol.int\/en\/News-and-Events\/News\/2020\/Global-operation-sees-a-rise-in-fake-medical-products-related-to-COVID-19). *Interpol*. March 19, 2020. Retrieved September 30, 2020.\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:COVID-19_pandemic \"Template talk:COVID-19 pandemic\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic \"Special:EditPage\/Template:COVID-19 pandemic\")[COVID-19 pandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| **[COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\")** (disease) **[SARS-CoV-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2 \"SARS-CoV-2\")** (virus) |   |\n| [Timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Pre-pandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pandemic_predictions_and_preparations_prior_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Severe acute respiratory syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS \"SARS\") (SARS) [Middle East respiratory syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MERS \"MERS\") (MERS) [Crimson Contagion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crimson_Contagion \"Crimson Contagion\") [Disease X](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Disease_X \"Disease X\") [Exercise Cygnus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exercise_Cygnus \"Exercise Cygnus\") [2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019\") |\n| 2020 | [January](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020\") [February](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020\") [March](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020\") [April](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020\") [May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020\") [June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020\") [July](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020\") [August](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020\") [September](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020\") [October](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020\") [November](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020\") [December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020\") |\n| 2021 | [January](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021\") [February](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021\") [March](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021\") [April](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021\") [May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021\") [June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021\") [July](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021\") [August](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021\") [September](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021\") [October](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021\") [November](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021\") [December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021\") |\n| 2022 | [January](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022\") [February](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022\") [March](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022\") [April](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022\") [May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022\") [June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022\") [July](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022\") [August](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022\") [September](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022\") [October](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022\") [November](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022\") [December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022\") |\n| 2023 | [Timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2023 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023\") |\n| [Locations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory \"COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Africa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa \"COVID-19 pandemic in Africa\")([national responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa \"National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa\")) |   |\n|   |   |\n| Northern | [Algeria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Algeria \"COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria\") [Canary Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands\") [Ceuta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta\") [Egypt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt \"COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt\") [Libya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Libya \"COVID-19 pandemic in Libya\") [Mauritania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritania\") [Melilla](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla \"COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla\") [Morocco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Morocco \"COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco\") [Sudan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sudan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sudan\") [Tunisia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tunisia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tunisia\") [Western Sahara](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Sahara \"COVID-19 pandemic in Western Sahara\") [Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic\") |\n| Eastern | [Burundi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burundi \"COVID-19 pandemic in Burundi\") [Comoros](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Comoros \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Comoros\") [Djibouti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Djibouti \"COVID-19 pandemic in Djibouti\") [Eritrea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eritrea \"COVID-19 pandemic in Eritrea\") [Ethiopia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ethiopia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia\") [Kenya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kenya \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya\") [Madagascar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madagascar \"COVID-19 pandemic in Madagascar\") [Mauritius](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritius \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritius\") [Mayotte](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte\") [Réunion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union \"COVID-19 pandemic in Réunion\") [Rwanda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rwanda \"COVID-19 pandemic in Rwanda\") [Seychelles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Seychelles \"COVID-19 pandemic in Seychelles\") [Somalia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somalia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Somalia\") [Puntland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puntland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Puntland\") [Somaliland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somaliland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Somaliland\") [South Sudan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Sudan \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Sudan\") [Tanzania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tanzania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania\") [Uganda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uganda \"COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda\") |\n| Southern | [Angola](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Angola \"COVID-19 pandemic in Angola\") [Botswana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Botswana\") [Eswatini](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eswatini \"COVID-19 pandemic in Eswatini\") [Lesotho](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lesotho \"COVID-19 pandemic in Lesotho\") [Malawi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malawi \"COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi\") [Mozambique](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mozambique \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mozambique\") [Namibia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Namibia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Namibia\") [South Africa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa\") [list of deaths](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_COVID-19_deaths_in_South_Africa \"List of COVID-19 deaths in South Africa\") [Zambia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zambia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Zambia\") [Zimbabwe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zimbabwe \"COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe\") |\n| Central | [Cameroon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cameroon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cameroon\") [Central African Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Central_African_Republic \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Central African Republic\") [Chad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chad \"COVID-19 pandemic in Chad\") [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo\") [Republic of the Congo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of the Congo\") [Gabon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gabon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Gabon\") [São Tomé and Príncipe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe \"COVID-19 pandemic in São Tomé and Príncipe\") |\n| Western | [Benin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Benin \"COVID-19 pandemic in Benin\") [Burkina Faso](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burkina_Faso \"COVID-19 pandemic in Burkina Faso\") [Cape Verde](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cape_Verde \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cape Verde\") [Equatorial Guinea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Equatorial_Guinea \"COVID-19 pandemic in Equatorial Guinea\") [Gambia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Gambia \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Gambia\") [Ghana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana\") timeline 2020 [March–July](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_\$March%E2%80%93July_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (March–July 2020)\") [August–December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_\$August%E2%80%93December_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (August–December 2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (2021)\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghanaian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Ghanaian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") impact [education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana\") [Guinea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea\") [Guinea-Bissau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea-Bissau \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea-Bissau\") [Ivory Coast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ivory_Coast \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ivory Coast\") [Liberia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liberia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Liberia\") [Mali](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mali \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mali\") [Niger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niger \"COVID-19 pandemic in Niger\") [Nigeria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nigeria \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nigerian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha\") [Senegal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Senegal \"COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal\") [Sierra Leone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sierra_Leone \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sierra Leone\") [Togo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Togo \"COVID-19 pandemic in Togo\") |\n| [Asia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Asia\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Central\/North | [Kazakhstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan\") [Kyrgyzstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kyrgyzstan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kyrgyzstan\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Russia\") timeline [January–June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\$January%E2%80%93June_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (January–June 2020)\") [July–December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\$July%E2%80%93December_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (July–December 2020)\") impact [economic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia\") [social](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia\") [political](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia\") [Tajikistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tajikistan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tajikistan\") [Turkmenistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkmenistan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Turkmenistan\") [Uzbekistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uzbekistan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Uzbekistan\") |\n| East |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong \"COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong\") [Japan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Japan\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan\") [Tokyo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokyo \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tokyo\") [2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_and_2020_Summer_Paralympics \"COVID-19 cases at the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics\") [North Korea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Korea \"COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea\") [South Korea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Korea \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea\") [Macau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Macau \"COVID-19 pandemic in Macau\") [Mongolia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mongolia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mongolia\") [Taiwan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Taiwan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan\") [respirator diplomacy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan \"Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan\") |   |\n| [Mainland China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China \"COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China\") | [lockdown](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_lockdown_in_China \"COVID-19 lockdown in China\") [detail](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Template:COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns_in_mainland_China&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in mainland China (page does not exist)\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China \"COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China\") [Beijing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Beijing \"COVID-19 pandemic in Beijing\") [2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_and_2022_Winter_Paralympics \"COVID-19 cases at the 2022 Winter Olympics and 2022 Winter Paralympics\") [Heilongjiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Heilongjiang \"COVID-19 pandemic in Heilongjiang\") [Henan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Henan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Henan\") [Hubei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hubei \"COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei\") [Inner Mongolia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Inner_Mongolia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Inner Mongolia\") [Liaoning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liaoning \"COVID-19 pandemic in Liaoning\") [Shanghai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Shanghai \"COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai\") [2022 outbreak](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2022_Shanghai_COVID-19_outbreak \"2022 Shanghai COVID-19 outbreak\") [Sichuan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sichuan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sichuan\") [Tibet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tibet \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tibet\") [Xinjiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Xinjiang \"COVID-19 pandemic in Xinjiang\") |\n| [South](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Asia \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Afghanistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Afghanistan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Afghanistan\") [Bangladesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh\") [Bhutan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bhutan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bhutan\") [Maldives](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maldives \"COVID-19 pandemic in Maldives\") [Nepal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal\") [Pakistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pakistan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan\") [Tablighi Jamaat hotspot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Pakistan \"2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Pakistan\") [Sri Lanka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sri_Lanka \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka\") |   |\n| [India](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India \"COVID-19 pandemic in India\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [economic impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India\") [lockdown](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_lockdown_in_India \"COVID-19 lockdown in India\") [migrant workers' crisis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in India\") timeline 2020 [January–May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_\$January%E2%80%93May_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (January–May 2020)\") [June–December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_\$June%E2%80%93December_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (June–December 2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (2021)\") [union government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [PM CARES Fund](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PM_CARES_Fund \"PM CARES Fund\") [state government responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_state_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Indian state government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India \"COVID-19 vaccination in India\") [Vaccine Maitri](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaccine_Maitri \"Vaccine Maitri\") |   |\n| By location | [Andaman and Nicobar Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands\") [Andhra Pradesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andhra_Pradesh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Andhra Pradesh\") [Arunachal Pradesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arunachal_Pradesh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Arunachal Pradesh\") [Assam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Assam \"COVID-19 pandemic in Assam\") [Bihar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bihar \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bihar\") [Chandigarh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chandigarh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Chandigarh\") [Chhattisgarh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chhattisgarh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Chhattisgarh\") [Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu \"COVID-19 pandemic in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu\") [Delhi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delhi \"COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi\") [Tablighi Jamaat hotspot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Delhi \"2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Delhi\") [Goa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Goa \"COVID-19 pandemic in Goa\") [Gujarat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gujarat \"COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat\") [Haryana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haryana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Haryana\") [Himachal Pradesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Himachal_Pradesh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Himachal Pradesh\") [Jammu and Kashmir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir \"COVID-19 pandemic in Jammu and Kashmir\") [Jharkhand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jharkhand \"COVID-19 pandemic in Jharkhand\") [Karnataka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Karnataka \"COVID-19 pandemic in Karnataka\") [Kerala](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala\") [Ladakh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ladakh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ladakh\") [Lakshadweep](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lakshadweep \"COVID-19 pandemic in Lakshadweep\") [Madhya Pradesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madhya_Pradesh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Madhya Pradesh\") [Maharashtra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maharashtra \"COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra\") [Manipur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manipur \"COVID-19 pandemic in Manipur\") [Meghalaya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Meghalaya \"COVID-19 pandemic in Meghalaya\") [Mizoram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mizoram \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mizoram\") [Nagaland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nagaland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nagaland\") [Odisha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Odisha \"COVID-19 pandemic in Odisha\") [Puducherry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puducherry \"COVID-19 pandemic in Puducherry\") [Punjab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Punjab,_India \"COVID-19 pandemic in Punjab, India\") [Rajasthan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rajasthan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Rajasthan\") [Sikkim](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sikkim \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sikkim\") [Tamil Nadu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tamil_Nadu \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu\") [Telangana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Telangana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Telangana\") [Tripura](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tripura \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tripura\") [Uttar Pradesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttar_Pradesh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Uttar Pradesh\") [Uttarakhand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttarakhand \"COVID-19 pandemic in Uttarakhand\") [West Bengal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Bengal \"COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal\") |\n| [Southeast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Southeast_Asia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Asia\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Brunei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brunei \"COVID-19 pandemic in Brunei\") [Cambodia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cambodia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia\") [Indonesia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia\") timeline [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia (2021)\") [social restrictions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indonesia_large-scale_social_restrictions \"Indonesia large-scale social restrictions\") [Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Community_Activities_Restrictions_Enforcement \"Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement\") [Laos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Laos \"COVID-19 pandemic in Laos\") [Myanmar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Myanmar \"COVID-19 pandemic in Myanmar\") [Singapore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore \"COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2022)\") [circuit breaker response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020%E2%80%9321_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures \"2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore \"COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore\") [Thailand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand \"COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand \"COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand\") [Timor-Leste](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Timor-Leste \"COVID-19 pandemic in Timor-Leste\") [Vietnam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam \"COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnamese_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Vietnamese government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n| [Malaysia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") | impact [social](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") [economic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") [political](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia\") [Aid and relief efforts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aid_and_relief_efforts_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"Aid and relief efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") [movement control order](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malaysian_movement_control_order \"Malaysian movement control order\") [Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Malaysia \"2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Malaysia\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2022)\") [2023](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\$2023\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2023)\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") [Johor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Johor \"COVID-19 pandemic in Johor\") [Kuala Lumpur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuala_Lumpur \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kuala Lumpur\") [Sabah](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sabah \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sabah\") [Sarawak](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sarawak \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sarawak\") [Selangor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Selangor \"COVID-19 pandemic in Selangor\") |\n| [Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines\") | timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2022)\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [community quarantines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_community_quarantines_in_the_Philippines \"COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines\") [Luzon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enhanced_community_quarantine_in_Luzon \"Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon\") [evacuations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evacuations_by_the_Philippines_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Evacuations by the Philippines related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines \"COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines\") [Bangsamoro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangsamoro \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bangsamoro\") [Bicol Region](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bicol_Region \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Bicol Region\") [Cagayan Valley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cagayan_Valley \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cagayan Valley\") [Calabarzon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Calabarzon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Calabarzon\") [Caraga](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Caraga \"COVID-19 pandemic in Caraga\") [Central Luzon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Luzon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Central Luzon\") [Central Visayas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Visayas \"COVID-19 pandemic in Central Visayas\") [Cordillera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cordillera_Administrative_Region \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Cordillera Administrative Region\") [Davao Region](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Davao_Region \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Davao Region\") [Eastern Visayas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eastern_Visayas \"COVID-19 pandemic in Eastern Visayas\") [Ilocos Region](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Ilocos_Region \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Ilocos Region\") [Metro Manila](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Metro_Manila \"COVID-19 pandemic in Metro Manila\") [Mimaropa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mimaropa \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mimaropa\") [Northern Mindanao](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Mindanao \"COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Mindanao\") [Soccsksargen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Soccsksargen \"COVID-19 pandemic in Soccsksargen\") [Western Visayas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Visayas \"COVID-19 pandemic in Western Visayas\") [Zamboanga Peninsula](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zamboanga_Peninsula \"COVID-19 pandemic in Zamboanga Peninsula\") [Overseas Filipinos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Overseas_Filipinos_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Overseas Filipinos during the COVID-19 pandemic\") |\n| West | [Armenia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Armenia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Armenia\") [Azerbaijan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Azerbaijan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Azerbaijan\") [Artsakh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Artsakh \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Artsakh\") [Bahrain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bahrain \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bahrain\") [Cyprus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus\") [Northern Cyprus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus \"COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus\") [Egypt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt \"COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt\") [Georgia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_\$country\$ \"COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (country)\") [Abkhazia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Abkhazia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Abkhazia\") [South Ossetia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Ossetia \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Ossetia\") [Iran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran \"COVID-19 pandemic in Iran\") [Iraq](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iraq \"COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq\") [Kurdistan Region](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Kurdistan_Region \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Kurdistan Region\") [Israel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Israel \"COVID-19 pandemic in Israel\") [Jordan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jordan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan\") [Kuwait](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuwait \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait\") [Lebanon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lebanon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon\") [Oman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oman \"COVID-19 pandemic in Oman\") [Palestine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_State_of_Palestine \"COVID-19 pandemic in the State of Palestine\") [Qatar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Qatar \"COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar\") [Saudi Arabia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saudi_Arabia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_programme_in_Saudi_Arabia \"COVID-19 vaccination programme in Saudi Arabia\") [Syria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria \"COVID-19 pandemic in Syria\") [Turkey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey \"COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey\") [United Arab Emirates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates\") [Yemen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yemen \"COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen\") |\n| [Europe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe \"COVID-19 pandemic in Europe\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom \"History of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom\") timeline [January–June 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\$January%E2%80%93June_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2020)\") [July–December 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\$July%E2%80%93December_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2020)\") [January–June 2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\$January%E2%80%93June_2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2021)\") [July–December 2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\$July%E2%80%93December_2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2021)\") [January–June 2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\$January%E2%80%93June_2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2022)\") [July–December 2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\$July%E2%80%93December_2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2022)\") [2023](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\$2023\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (2023)\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Broadshare \"Operation Broadshare\") [Operation Rescript](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Rescript \"Operation Rescript\") [contracts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Controversies_regarding_COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Controversies regarding COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom\") impact [social](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom\") [economic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom\") [education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom\") |   |\n| By location | [England](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_England \"COVID-19 pandemic in England\") timeline 2020 [January–June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\$January%E2%80%93June_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (January–June 2020)\") [July–December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\$July%E2%80%93December_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (July–December 2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2022)\") [London](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_London \"COVID-19 pandemic in London\") [local lockdown regulations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_local_lockdown_regulations_in_England \"COVID-19 local lockdown regulations in England\") [first tier regulations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_COVID-19_tier_regulations_in_England \"First COVID-19 tier regulations in England\") [Northern Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2022)\") [Scotland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2022)\") [Wales](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales \"COVID-19 pandemic in Wales\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)\") [Crown Dependencies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Crown_Dependencies \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Crown Dependencies\") [Isle of Man](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Isle_of_Man \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Isle of Man\") [Jersey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jersey \"COVID-19 pandemic in Jersey\") [Guernsey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guernsey \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guernsey\") [Overseas territories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories \"COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories\") [Akrotiri and Dhekelia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Akrotiri and Dhekelia\") [British Indian Ocean Territory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory \"COVID-19 pandemic in the British Indian Ocean Territory\") [Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gibraltar \"COVID-19 pandemic in Gibraltar\") |\n| Eastern | [Belarus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus \"COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2022)\") [Kazakhstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan\") [Moldova](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Moldova \"COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova\") [Gagauzia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gagauzia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Gagauzia\") [Transnistria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Transnistria \"COVID-19 pandemic in Transnistria\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Russia\") timeline [January–June 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\$January%E2%80%93June_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (January–June 2020)\") [July–December 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\$July%E2%80%93December_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (July–December 2020)\") [government responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Russian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [political impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia\") [Turkey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey \"COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey\") [Ukraine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine\") [Crimea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Crimea \"COVID-19 pandemic in Crimea\") [Sevastopol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sevastopol \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sevastopol\") |\n| Western Balkans | [Albania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Albania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Albania\") [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina\") [Kosovo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kosovo \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kosovo\") [Montenegro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montenegro \"COVID-19 pandemic in Montenegro\") [North Macedonia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Macedonia \"COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia\") [Serbia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia\") |\n| [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Austria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austria \"COVID-19 pandemic in Austria\") [Belgium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium \"COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium\") [Bulgaria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria\") [Croatia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia\") [Cyprus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus\") [Northern Cyprus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus \"COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus\") [Czech Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Czech_Republic \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic\") [Denmark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Denmark \"COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark\") [Faroe Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Faroe_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Faroe Islands\") [Estonia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Estonia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia\") [Finland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Finland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Finland\") [Åland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_%C3%85land \"COVID-19 pandemic in Åland\") [France](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France \"COVID-19 pandemic in France\") [Guadeloupe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe\") [French Guiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana \"COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana\") [Réunion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union \"COVID-19 pandemic in Réunion\") [Martinique](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique \"COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique\") [Mayotte](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte\") [Normandy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Normandy \"COVID-19 pandemic in Normandy\") [Saint Martin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin\") [Germany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany \"COVID-19 pandemic in Germany\") [North Rhine-Westphalia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Rhine-Westphalia \"COVID-19 pandemic in North Rhine-Westphalia\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Greece](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greece \"COVID-19 pandemic in Greece\") [Hungary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hungary \"COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary\") [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2022)\") [economic impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland\") [social impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland\") [Italy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy \"COVID-19 pandemic in Italy\") [lockdowns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_lockdowns_in_Italy \"COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy\") [Latvia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Latvia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia\") [Lithuania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lithuania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Lithuania\") [Luxembourg](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Luxembourg \"COVID-19 pandemic in Luxembourg\") [Malta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malta \"COVID-19 pandemic in Malta\") [Netherlands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dutch_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Dutch government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Poland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Poland\") [Portugal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal \"COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal\") [Romania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Romania\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania\") [Slovakia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovakia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia\") [Slovenia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovenia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia\") [Spain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain \"COVID-19 pandemic in Spain\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain\") [Asturias](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asturias \"COVID-19 pandemic in Asturias\") [Canary Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands\") [Ceuta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta\") [Community of Madrid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Community_of_Madrid \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Community of Madrid\") [Melilla](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla \"COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla\") [Sweden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sweden \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swedish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Swedish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Operation Gloria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Gloria \"Operation Gloria\") |\n| EFTA countries | [Iceland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iceland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland\") [Liechtenstein](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liechtenstein \"COVID-19 pandemic in Liechtenstein\") [Norway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norway \"COVID-19 pandemic in Norway\") [Svalbard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Svalbard \"COVID-19 pandemic in Svalbard\") [Switzerland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Switzerland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland\") |\n| Microstates | [Andorra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andorra \"COVID-19 pandemic in Andorra\") [Monaco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Monaco \"COVID-19 pandemic in Monaco\") [San Marino](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_San_Marino \"COVID-19 pandemic in San Marino\") [Vatican City](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City \"COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City\") |\n| [North America](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America \"COVID-19 pandemic in North America\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Atlantic | [Bermuda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bermuda \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bermuda\") [Greenland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greenland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Greenland\") [Saint Pierre and Miquelon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Pierre and Miquelon\") |\n| Canada | [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada\") [economic impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada\") [federal aid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_aid_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada \"Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada \"COVID-19 vaccination in Canada\") [military response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Laser \"Operation Laser\") [Atlantic Bubble](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlantic_Bubble \"Atlantic Bubble\") [Alberta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta \"COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta\") [British Columbia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_British_Columbia \"COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia\") [Manitoba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manitoba \"COVID-19 pandemic in Manitoba\") [New Brunswick](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Brunswick \"COVID-19 pandemic in New Brunswick\") [Newfoundland and Labrador](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"COVID-19 pandemic in Newfoundland and Labrador\") [Northwest Territories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northwest_Territories \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Northwest Territories\") [Nova Scotia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nova_Scotia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nova Scotia\") [Nunavut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nunavut \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nunavut\") [Ontario](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2022)\") [Ottawa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ottawa \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ottawa\") [Peel Region](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_Peel \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of Peel\") [Toronto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Toronto \"COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto\") [York Region](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_York \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of York\") [Provincial government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Provincial_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario \"Provincial government response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario\") [Vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario \"COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario\") [Prince Edward Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Prince_Edward_Island \"COVID-19 pandemic in Prince Edward Island\") [Quebec](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Quebec \"COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec\") [Montreal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montreal \"COVID-19 pandemic in Montreal\") [boroughs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boroughs_of_Montreal_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Boroughs of Montreal during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Saskatchewan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan\") [Yukon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yukon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Yukon\") |\n| Caribbean |   |\n|   |   |\n| Countries | [Antigua and Barbuda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda \"COVID-19 pandemic in Antigua and Barbuda\") [Bahamas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bahamas \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Bahamas\") [Barbados](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Barbados \"COVID-19 pandemic in Barbados\") [Cuba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cuba \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba\") [Guantanamo Bay Naval Base](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base\") [Dominica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dominica \"COVID-19 pandemic in Dominica\") [Dominican Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Dominican_Republic \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Dominican Republic\") [Grenada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Grenada \"COVID-19 pandemic in Grenada\") [Haiti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haiti \"COVID-19 pandemic in Haiti\") [Jamaica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jamaica \"COVID-19 pandemic in Jamaica\") [Saint Kitts and Nevis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Kitts and Nevis\") [Saint Lucia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Lucia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Lucia\") [Saint Vincent and the Grenadines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\") [Trinidad and Tobago](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago \"COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago\") |\n| [British Overseas Territories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories \"COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories\") | [Anguilla](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Anguilla \"COVID-19 pandemic in Anguilla\") [British Virgin Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the British Virgin Islands\") [Cayman Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cayman_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Cayman Islands\") [Montserrat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montserrat \"COVID-19 pandemic in Montserrat\") [Turks and Caicos Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Turks and Caicos Islands\") [response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Broadshare \"Operation Broadshare\") |\n|   |   |\n| [Aruba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Aruba \"COVID-19 pandemic in Aruba\") [Curaçao](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cura%C3%A7ao \"COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao\") [Sint Maarten](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Maarten \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Maarten\") |   |\n| Caribbean Netherlands | [Bonaire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bonaire \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bonaire\") [Saba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saba \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saba\") [Sint Eustatius](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Eustatius \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Eustatius\") |\n| French West Indies | [Guadeloupe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe\") [Martinique](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique \"COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique\") [Saint Barthélemy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Barthélemy\") [Saint Martin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin\") |\n| US insular areas | [Puerto Rico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico \"COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico\") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands\") |\n| Central America | [Belize](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belize \"COVID-19 pandemic in Belize\") [Costa Rica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Costa_Rica \"COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica\") [El Salvador](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_El_Salvador \"COVID-19 pandemic in El Salvador\") [Guatemala](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guatemala \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guatemala\") [Honduras](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Honduras \"COVID-19 pandemic in Honduras\") [Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico \"COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico\") [Nicaragua](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nicaragua \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nicaragua\") [Panama](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Panama \"COVID-19 pandemic in Panama\") |\n| [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Trump administration communication](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2021)\") [social impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\") [economic impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\") [2021 hospital crisis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_hospital_crisis_in_the_U.S._from_COVID-19 \"2021 hospital crisis in the U.S. from COVID-19\") |   |\n| [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [federal government](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [state and local governments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._state_and_local_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [California government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"California government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [New York government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_state_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"New York state government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Texas government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Texas_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Texas government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Eastern States Multi-state Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eastern_States_Multi-state_Council \"Eastern States Multi-state Council\") [Midwest Governors Regional Pact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Midwest_Governors_Regional_Pact \"Midwest Governors Regional Pact\") [Western States Pact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_States_Pact \"Western States Pact\") |\n| By location | [Alabama](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alabama \"COVID-19 pandemic in Alabama\") [Alaska](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alaska \"COVID-19 pandemic in Alaska\") [American Samoa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa \"COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa\") [Arizona](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arizona \"COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona\") [Navajo Nation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Navajo_Nation \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Navajo Nation\") [Arkansas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arkansas \"COVID-19 pandemic in Arkansas\") [California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_California \"COVID-19 pandemic in California\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_California \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in California\") [S.F. Bay Area](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area \"COVID-19 pandemic in the San Francisco Bay Area\") [Colorado](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colorado \"COVID-19 pandemic in Colorado\") [Connecticut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Connecticut \"COVID-19 pandemic in Connecticut\") [Delaware](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delaware \"COVID-19 pandemic in Delaware\") [Florida](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Florida \"COVID-19 pandemic in Florida\") [Georgia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_\$U.S._state\$ \"COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (U.S. state)\") [Guam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guam\") [Hawaii](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii \"COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii\") [Idaho](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Idaho \"COVID-19 pandemic in Idaho\") [Illinois](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Illinois \"COVID-19 pandemic in Illinois\") [Indiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indiana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Indiana\") [Iowa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iowa \"COVID-19 pandemic in Iowa\") [Kansas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kansas \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kansas\") [Kentucky](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kentucky \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kentucky\") [Louisiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Louisiana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Louisiana\") [Maine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maine \"COVID-19 pandemic in Maine\") [Maryland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland\") [Massachusetts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts \"COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts\") [Boston](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston \"COVID-19 pandemic in Boston\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Boston\") [Michigan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Michigan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan\") [Minnesota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Minnesota \"COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota\") [Mississippi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mississippi \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mississippi\") [Missouri](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Missouri \"COVID-19 pandemic in Missouri\") [Montana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Montana\") [Nebraska](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nebraska \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nebraska\") [Nevada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada\") [New Hampshire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Hampshire \"COVID-19 pandemic in New Hampshire\") [New Jersey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Jersey \"COVID-19 pandemic in New Jersey\") [New Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Mexico \"COVID-19 pandemic in New Mexico\") [New York](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_\$state\$ \"COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)\") [New York City](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City \"COVID-19 pandemic in New York City\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City\") [North Carolina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Carolina \"COVID-19 pandemic in North Carolina\") [North Dakota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Dakota \"COVID-19 pandemic in North Dakota\") [Northern Mariana Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands\") [Ohio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ohio \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ohio\") [Columbus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Columbus,_Ohio \"COVID-19 pandemic in Columbus, Ohio\") [Oklahoma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oklahoma \"COVID-19 pandemic in Oklahoma\") [Oregon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oregon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Oregon\") [Portland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portland,_Oregon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Portland, Oregon\") [Pennsylvania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pennsylvania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania\") [Philadelphia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Philadelphia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Philadelphia\") [Puerto Rico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico \"COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico\") [Rhode Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rhode_Island \"COVID-19 pandemic in Rhode Island\") [South Carolina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Carolina \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Carolina\") [South Dakota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Dakota \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Dakota\") [Tennessee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tennessee \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee\") [Texas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas \"COVID-19 pandemic in Texas\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas\") [Austin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austin,_Texas \"COVID-19 pandemic in Austin, Texas\") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands\") [Utah](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Utah \"COVID-19 pandemic in Utah\") [Vermont](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vermont \"COVID-19 pandemic in Vermont\") [Virginia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Virginia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Virginia\") [Washington](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington_\$state\$ \"COVID-19 pandemic in Washington (state)\") [Washington, D.C.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington,_D.C. \"COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C.\") [White House](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak \"White House COVID-19 outbreak\") [West Virginia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Virginia \"COVID-19 pandemic in West Virginia\") [Wisconsin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wisconsin \"COVID-19 pandemic in Wisconsin\") [Wyoming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wyoming \"COVID-19 pandemic in Wyoming\") |\n| [Oceania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [American Samoa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa \"COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa\") [Cook Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cook_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Cook Islands\") [Easter Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island \"COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island\") [Federated States of Micronesia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Federated States of Micronesia\") [Fiji](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Fiji \"COVID-19 pandemic in Fiji\") [French Polynesia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Polynesia \"COVID-19 pandemic in French Polynesia\") [Guam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guam\") [Hawaii](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii \"COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii\") [Kiribati](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kiribati \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kiribati\") [Marshall Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Marshall_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Marshall Islands\") [Nauru](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nauru \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nauru\") [New Caledonia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Caledonia \"COVID-19 pandemic in New Caledonia\") [Niue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niue \"COVID-19 pandemic in Niue\") [Northern Mariana Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands\") [Palau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Palau \"COVID-19 pandemic in Palau\") [Papua New Guinea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Papua_New_Guinea \"COVID-19 pandemic in Papua New Guinea\") [Bougainville](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville\") [Pitcairn Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Pitcairn Islands\") [Samoa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Samoa \"COVID-19 pandemic in Samoa\") [Solomon Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Solomon_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Solomon Islands\") [Tokelau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokelau \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tokelau\") [Tonga](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tonga \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tonga\") [Tuvalu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tuvalu \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tuvalu\") [Vanuatu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vanuatu \"COVID-19 pandemic in Vanuatu\") [Wallis and Futuna](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wallis_and_Futuna \"COVID-19 pandemic in Wallis and Futuna\") |   |\n| [Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Australia\") | timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2020)\") 2021 [January–June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\$January%E2%80%93June_2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (January–June 2021)\") [July–December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\$July%E2%80%93December_2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (July–December 2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2022)\") [Australian Capital Territory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Australian Capital Territory\") [Christmas Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Christmas_Island \"COVID-19 pandemic in Christmas Island\") [Cocos (Keeling) Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cocos_\$Keeling\$_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands\") [New South Wales](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_South_Wales \"COVID-19 pandemic in New South Wales\") [Norfolk Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norfolk_Island \"COVID-19 pandemic in Norfolk Island\") [Northern Territory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Territory \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Territory\") [Queensland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Queensland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Queensland\") [South Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Australia \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Australia\") [Tasmania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tasmania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tasmania\") [Victoria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Victoria \"COVID-19 pandemic in Victoria\") [Western Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Australia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Western Australia\") |\n| [New Zealand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand \"COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand\") | timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2022)\") [2023](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\$2023\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2023)\") [economic impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Alert levels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_alert_levels_in_New_Zealand \"COVID-19 alert levels in New Zealand\") [Traffic light system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Protection_Framework \"COVID-19 Protection Framework\") [social impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand\") [managed isolation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_managed_isolation_in_New_Zealand \"COVID-19 managed isolation in New Zealand\") |\n| [South America](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America \"COVID-19 pandemic in South America\") | [Argentina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina \"COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina\") [human rights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina\") [Bolivia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bolivia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bolivia\") [Brazil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil \"COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil\") [São Paulo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_\$state\$ \"COVID-19 pandemic in São Paulo (state)\") [Chile](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile \"COVID-19 pandemic in Chile\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile\") [Easter Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island \"COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island\") [Colombia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia\") [Ecuador](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ecuador \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador\") [Falkland Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Falkland_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Falkland Islands\") [French Guiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana \"COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana\") [Guyana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guyana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guyana\") [Paraguay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Paraguay \"COVID-19 pandemic in Paraguay\") [Peru](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru \"COVID-19 pandemic in Peru\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru\") [Cusco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cusco \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cusco\") [Suriname](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Suriname \"COVID-19 pandemic in Suriname\") [Uruguay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uruguay \"COVID-19 pandemic in Uruguay\") [Venezuela](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela \"COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela\") |\n| Others | [Antarctica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica \"COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica\") [Cruise ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships \"COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships\") [*Diamond Princess*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Diamond_Princess \"COVID-19 pandemic on Diamond Princess\") [*Grand Princess*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Grand_Princess \"COVID-19 pandemic on Grand Princess\") [Naval ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_on_naval_ships \"COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships\") [*Charles de Gaulle*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Charles_de_Gaulle \"COVID-19 pandemic on Charles de Gaulle\") [USS *Theodore Roosevelt*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_on_USS_Theodore_Roosevelt \"COVID-19 pandemic on USS Theodore Roosevelt\") |\n| [Impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Culture and  entertainment |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Arts and cultural heritage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage\") | [References in popular culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture \"COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture\") [Cinema](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema\") [films affected](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_films_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"List of films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Corona-chan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corona-chan \"Corona-chan\") [Disney](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Walt_Disney_Company \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Walt Disney Company\") [Fashion industry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry\") [Music industry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_music_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry\") [Performing arts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_performing_arts \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts\") [Television](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television\") [U.S.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States\") [U.S. sports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_American_sports_broadcasting \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on American sports broadcasting\") [programs affected](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_American_television_series_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"List of American television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Video games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry\") |\n| [Education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Female education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_female_education \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on female education\") [Homeschooling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homeschooling_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n| By country | [Ghana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana\") [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the Republic of Ireland\") [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom\") [exam grading controversy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_United_Kingdom_school_exam_grading_controversy \"2020 United Kingdom school exam grading controversy\") [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_States \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United States\") |\n| [Sports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Bio-secure bubble](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bio-secure_bubble \"Bio-secure bubble\") |   |\n| By country | [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports in the Republic of Ireland\") [Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Philippine_sports \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Philippine sports\") |\n| By sport | [Association football](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_association_football \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football\") [Baseball](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_baseball \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on baseball\") [Basketball](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_basketball \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on basketball\") [NBA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suspension_of_the_2019%E2%80%9320_NBA_season \"Suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season\") [Combat sports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_combat_sports \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on combat sports\") [Cricket](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cricket \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket\") [Disc golf](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_disc_golf \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disc golf\") [Gaelic games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Gaelic_games \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games\") [Gridirion football (NCAAF, NFL, and CFL)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_gridiron_football \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gridiron football\") [Ice hockey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ice_hockey \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ice hockey\") [Motorsport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_motorsport \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorsport\") [Rugby league](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_rugby_league \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rugby league\") |\n| Society  and rights |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Social impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Social media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media\") [Stigma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_stigma_associated_with_COVID-19 \"Social stigma associated with COVID-19\") [Children](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_children \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children\") [foster care in the U.S.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_foster_care_in_the_United_States \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on foster care in the United States\") [Pandemic baking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pandemic_baking \"Pandemic baking\") |\n| Labor | [Healthcare workers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_healthcare_workers \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers\") [Indian migrant workers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Great Resignation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Resignation \"Great Resignation\") [Strikes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strikes_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic\") |\n| [Human rights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_rights_issues_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Human rights issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Argentina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina\") [Myanmar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"2021 Myanmar coup d'état\") |\n| Legal | [Abortion in the U.S.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_abortion_in_the_United_States \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on abortion in the United States\") [Crime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_crime \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime\") [Domestic violence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_domestic_violence \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence\") [Prisons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_prisons \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons\") [U.S. immigration detention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_U.S._immigration_detention \"COVID-19 pandemic in U.S. immigration detention\") |\n| Minority | [Gender](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gendered_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") [LGBT community](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_LGBT_community \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the LGBT community\") [African communities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities\") [Indian migrant workers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Indian_migrant_workers \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indian migrant workers\") [Disability community](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_people_with_disabilities \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities\") [Native American communities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Native_American_tribes_and_tribal_communities \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Native American tribes and tribal communities\") [Xenophobia and racism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") |\n| [Religion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion\") | [Catholic Church](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church\") [Hajj](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj\") |\n| [Economic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Charitable activity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charitable_activities_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Charitable activities related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [COVID-19 scams](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_scams \"COVID-19 scams\") [Travel restrictions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n| By country | [Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada\") [India](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India\") [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland\") [COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Pandemic_Unemployment_Payment \"COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment\") [Malaysia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") [New Zealand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia\") [U.K.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom\") [U.S.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\") |\n| By industry | [Aviation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_commercial_air_transport \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on commercial air transport\") [Airlines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_airlines_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"List of airlines impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Cannabis industry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry\") [Food industry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_food_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry\") [meat industry in Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_Canada \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in Canada\") [meat industry in the U.S.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_the_United_States \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in the United States\") [restaurant industry in the U.S.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_restaurant_industry_in_the_United_States \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the restaurant industry in the United States\") [Hospitals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_hospitals \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitals\") [ICU capacity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ICU_capacity \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ICU capacity\") [Long-term care facilities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_long-term_care_facilities \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities\") [Mink farming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cluster_5 \"Cluster 5\") [Public transport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_public_transport \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport\") [Retail](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail\") [Tourism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism\") |\n| Supply and trade | [Shortages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Chip supply](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020%E2%80%932023_global_chip_shortage \"2020–2023 global chip shortage\") [Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021%E2%80%932023_global_energy_crisis \"2021–2023 global energy crisis\") [Global supply chain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021%E2%80%932023_global_supply_chain_crisis \"2021–2023 global supply chain crisis\") [Oil price war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war \"2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war\") [Food security](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic\") |\n| [Financial markets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Global stock market crash](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_stock_market_crash \"2020 stock market crash\") [COVID-19 recession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_recession \"COVID-19 recession\") [Inflation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021%E2%80%932022_inflation_surge \"2021–2022 inflation surge\") |\n| Information |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Journalism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism\") [Media coverage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Wikipedia's response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n| [Misinformation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation \"COVID-19 misinformation\") | [Governments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments \"COVID-19 misinformation by governments\") [China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China \"COVID-19 misinformation by China\") [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States \"COVID-19 misinformation by the United States\") By country [Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada \"COVID-19 misinformation in Canada\") [Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines \"COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines\") [Ivermectin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic\") *[Plandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plandemic \"Plandemic\")* |\n| [Politics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [National responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Legislation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_COVID-19_pandemic_legislation \"List of COVID-19 pandemic legislation\") [List of political officials who have tested positive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_political_officials_who_have_tested_positive_for_COVID-19 \"List of political officials who have tested positive for COVID-19\") [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n| [Political impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in the Republic of Ireland\") [Malaysia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia\") |\n| [Protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Abkhazia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Abkhazia_unrest \"2021 Abkhazia unrest\") [Argentina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/17A \"17A\") [Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_Australia \"COVID-19 protests in Australia\") [Convoy to Canberra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convoy_to_Canberra \"Convoy to Canberra\") [Azerbaijan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_Azerbaijani_protests \"2020 Azerbaijani protests\") [Belarus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests \"2020–2021 Belarusian protests\") [Belgium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2022_Brussels_protests \"2022 Brussels protests\") [2020 protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_Brazilian_protests \"2020 Brazilian protests\") [2021 protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Brazilian_protests \"2021 Brazilian protests\") [Bulgaria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020%E2%80%932021_Bulgarian_protests \"2020–2021 Bulgarian protests\") [Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_Canada \"COVID-19 protests in Canada\") [convoy protest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canada_convoy_protest \"Canada convoy protest\") [Chile](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019%E2%80%932022_Chilean_protests \"2019–2022 Chilean protests\") [China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China \"2022 COVID-19 protests in China\") [Beijing Sitong Bridge protest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2022_Beijing_Sitong_Bridge_protest \"2022 Beijing Sitong Bridge protest\") [healthcare reform protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2023_Chinese_healthcare_reform_protests \"2023 Chinese healthcare reform protests\") [2021 protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Colombian_protests \"2021 Colombian protests\") [2022 protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2022_Colombian_protests \"2022 Colombian protests\") [Cuba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Cuban_protests \"2021 Cuban protests\") [Yellow vests protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yellow_vests_protests \"Yellow vests protests\") [labor protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_French_labor_protests \"2021 French labor protests\") [French West Indies social unrest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021%E2%80%932022_social_unrest_in_the_French_West_Indies \"2021–2022 social unrest in the French West Indies\") [convoy protest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France_convoy_protest \"France convoy protest\") [Germany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_Germany \"COVID-19 protests in Germany\") [Idar-Oberstein shooting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Idar-Oberstein_shooting \"2021 Idar-Oberstein shooting\") [Greece](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Greek_protests \"2021 Greek protests\") [Israel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_Israel \"COVID-19 protests in Israel\") [protests against Benjamin Netanyahu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020%E2%80%932021_protests_against_Benjamin_Netanyahu \"2020–2021 protests against Benjamin Netanyahu\") [Italy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protests_over_COVID-19_policies_in_Italy \"Protests over COVID-19 policies in Italy\") [Mongolia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Mongolian_protests \"2021 Mongolian protests\") [Netherlands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_the_Netherlands \"COVID-19 protests in the Netherlands\") [curfew riots](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Dutch_curfew_riots \"2021 Dutch curfew riots\") [New Zealand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_New_Zealand \"COVID-19 protests in New Zealand\") [Wellington protest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2022_Wellington_protest \"2022 Wellington protest\") [Paraguay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Paraguayan_protests \"2021 Paraguayan protests\") [Serbia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020%E2%80%932022_Serbian_protests \"2020–2022 Serbian protests\") [Tunisia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Tunisian_protests \"2021 Tunisian protests\") [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom \"COVID-19 protests in the United Kingdom\") [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 protests in the United States\") [Open the States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_the_States \"Open the States\") |\n| [International relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_international_relations \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations\") | [Aid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Italy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_reactions_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy \"International reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy\") [Moldovan–Romanian collaboration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moldovan%E2%80%93Romanian_collaboration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Moldovan–Romanian collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan \"Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan\") [Vaccine diplomacy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaccine_diplomacy \"Vaccine diplomacy\") |\n| [Language](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glossary_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Anthropause](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anthropause \"Anthropause\") [Doomscrolling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doomscrolling \"Doomscrolling\") [Flattening the curve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flattening_the_curve \"Flattening the curve\") [Green recovery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Green_recovery \"Green recovery\") [Long COVID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID \"Long COVID\") [Social distancing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_distancing \"Social distancing\") [Superspreader](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Superspreading_event \"Superspreading event\") [Twindemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twindemic \"Twindemic\") [Zero-COVID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zero-COVID \"Zero-COVID\") [Zoom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoom_\$software\$ \"Zoom (software)\") [Zoom towns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoom_town \"Zoom town\") |\n| Others | [Animals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_and_animals \"COVID-19 pandemic and animals\") [Cluster 5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cluster_5 \"Cluster 5\") [Environment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment\") [Military](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_military \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military\") [Pregnant women](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_pregnant_women \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women\") [Science and technology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology\") |\n| Health issues |   |\n|   |   |\n| Medical topics | [Transmission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transmission_of_COVID-19 \"Transmission of COVID-19\") [Symptoms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Symptoms_of_COVID-19 \"Symptoms of COVID-19\") [Cancer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_and_cancer \"COVID-19 and cancer\") [Endemic COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endemic_COVID-19 \"Endemic COVID-19\") [Skin manifestations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cutaneous_manifestations_of_COVID-19 \"Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19\") [Long COVID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID \"Long COVID\") [Mental health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes\") [Pregnancy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_in_pregnancy \"COVID-19 in pregnancy\") [Non-COVID-19–related health issues](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues\") [Shortages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Rehabilitation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rehabilitation_after_COVID-19 \"Rehabilitation after COVID-19\") [Unproven medical methods]() |\n| Testing and epidemiology |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Datasets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_datasets \"COVID-19 datasets\") [Death rates by country](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country \"COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country\") [Disease testing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_testing \"COVID-19 testing\") [Breathalyzer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronavirus_breathalyzer \"Coronavirus breathalyzer\") [Operation Moonshot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Moonshot \"Operation Moonshot\") [Test to Release](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Test_to_Release \"Test to Release\") [UK Rapid Test Consortium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_Rapid_Test_Consortium \"UK Rapid Test Consortium\") [AbC-19 rapid antibody test](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AbC-19_rapid_antibody_test \"AbC-19 rapid antibody test\") [investigations into the origins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19 \"Investigations into the origin of COVID-19\") [lab leak theory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory \"COVID-19 lab leak theory\") [Rapid antigen test](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_rapid_antigen_test \"COVID-19 rapid antigen test\") [Software](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation \"Software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation\") [Surveillance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_surveillance \"COVID-19 surveillance\") [Undercounting COVID-19 deaths](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Undercounting_of_COVID-19_pandemic_deaths_by_country \"Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country\") |   |\n| [Apps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_apps \"COVID-19 apps\") | [Aarogya Setu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aarogya_Setu \"Aarogya Setu\") [BlueTrace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BlueTrace \"BlueTrace\") [careFIJI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CareFIJI \"CareFIJI\") [Coronavirus Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronavirus_Australia \"Coronavirus Australia\") [Corona-Warn-App](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corona-Warn-App \"Corona-Warn-App\") [COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Contact-Confirming_Application \"COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application\") [COVID Alert](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID_Alert \"COVID Alert\") (Canada) [COVIDSafe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVIDSafe \"COVIDSafe\") [COVID Tracker Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID_Tracker_Ireland \"COVID Tracker Ireland\") [Covid Watch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Covid_Watch \"Covid Watch\") [Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decentralized_Privacy-Preserving_Proximity_Tracing \"Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing\") [Exposure Notification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exposure_Notification \"Exposure Notification\") [Health Code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Health_Code \"Health Code\") [Healthy Together](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Healthy_Together \"Healthy Together\") [Immuni](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Immuni \"Immuni\") [Koronavilkku](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Koronavilkku \"Koronavilkku\") [LeaveHomeSafe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LeaveHomeSafe \"LeaveHomeSafe\") [MySejahtera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MySejahtera \"MySejahtera\") [NHS COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NHS_COVID-19 \"NHS COVID-19\") [NZ COVID Tracer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NZ_COVID_Tracer \"NZ COVID Tracer\") [NZ Pass Verifier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NZ_Pass_Verifier \"NZ Pass Verifier\") [PathCheck](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PathCheck \"PathCheck\") [PeduliLindungi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PeduliLindungi \"PeduliLindungi\") [SafeEntry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SafeEntry \"SafeEntry\") [SafePass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SafePass \"SafePass\") [StaySafe.ph](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/StaySafe.ph \"StaySafe.ph\") [SwissCovid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SwissCovid \"SwissCovid\") [TCN Protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TCN_Protocol \"TCN Protocol\") [Test, Trace, Protect](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Test,_Trace,_Protect \"Test, Trace, Protect\") [Thai Chana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_Chana \"Thai Chana\") [TousAntiCovid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TousAntiCovid \"TousAntiCovid\") [TraceTogether](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TraceTogether \"TraceTogether\") [Valtrace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valtrace \"Valtrace\") [Zoe Health Study](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoe_Health_Study \"Zoe Health Study\") |\n| Prevention | [Air purifier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Air_purifier \"Air purifier\") ([Corsi–Rosenthal Box](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corsi%E2%80%93Rosenthal_Box \"Corsi–Rosenthal Box\")) [Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chloroquine_and_hydroxychloroquine_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Evacuations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Face masks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Anti-mask sentiment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anti-mask_sentiment \"Anti-mask sentiment\") [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\") [Flattening the curve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flattening_the_curve \"Flattening the curve\") [Great Barrington Declaration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Barrington_Declaration \"Great Barrington Declaration\") [International aid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Lockdowns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_lockdowns \"COVID-19 lockdowns\") [Public health mitigation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19 \"Public health mitigation of COVID-19\") [Safe Hands Challenge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Safe_Hands_Challenge \"Safe Hands Challenge\") [Social distancing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Workplace hazard controls](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19 \"Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19\") [Zero-COVID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zero-COVID \"Zero-COVID\") |\n| [Vaccines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine \"COVID-19 vaccine\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Topics | [Authorizations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_COVID-19_vaccine_authorizations \"List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations\") [Clinical research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine_clinical_research \"COVID-19 vaccine clinical research\") [Deployment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines \"Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines\") [Development](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development \"History of COVID-19 vaccine development\") [EU Certificate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU_Digital_COVID_Certificate \"EU Digital COVID Certificate\") [Misinformation and hesitancy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy \"COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy\") [Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deaths_of_anti-vaccine_advocates_from_COVID-19 \"Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates from COVID-19\") [US](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States\") [Operation Warp Speed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Warp_Speed \"Operation Warp Speed\") (U.S.) [Post-vaccination complications](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embolic_and_thrombotic_events_after_COVID-19_vaccination \"Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination\") [Vaccine card](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine_card \"COVID-19 vaccine card\") [Vaccine passports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic\") |\n| Authorized |   |\n|   |   |\n| [DNA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DNA_vaccine \"DNA vaccine\") | [ZyCoV-D](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ZyCoV-D \"ZyCoV-D\") |\n| [Inactivated](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inactivated_vaccine \"Inactivated vaccine\") | [Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences_COVID-19_vaccine \"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences COVID-19 vaccine\") [CoronaVac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CoronaVac \"CoronaVac\") [Covaxin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Covaxin \"Covaxin\") [COVIran Barekat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVIran_Barekat \"COVIran Barekat\") [CoviVac (Russia)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CoviVac_\$Russia_COVID-19_vaccine\$ \"CoviVac (Russia COVID-19 vaccine)\") [FAKHRAVAC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FAKHRAVAC \"FAKHRAVAC\") [Minhai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minhai_COVID-19_vaccine \"Minhai COVID-19 vaccine\") [QazCovid-in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/QazCovid-in \"QazCovid-in\") [Sinopharm BIBP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine \"Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine\") [Sinopharm WIBP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinopharm_WIBP_COVID-19_vaccine \"Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine\") [Turkovac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkovac \"Turkovac\") [Valneva](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine \"Valneva COVID-19 vaccine\") |\n| [mRNA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MRNA_vaccine \"MRNA vaccine\") | [Moderna](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine \"Moderna COVID-19 vaccine\") [Pfizer–BioNTech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine \"Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine\") |\n| [Subunit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Subunit_vaccine \"Subunit vaccine\") | [Abdala](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abdala_\$vaccine\$ \"Abdala (vaccine)\") [Corbevax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corbevax \"Corbevax\") (Bio E COVID-19) [COVAX-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVAX-19 \"COVAX-19\") [EpiVacCorona](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EpiVacCorona \"EpiVacCorona\") [IndoVac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IndoVac \"IndoVac\") [MVC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MVC_COVID-19_vaccine \"MVC COVID-19 vaccine\") [Noora](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Noora_\$vaccine\$ \"Noora (vaccine)\") [Novavax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine \"Novavax COVID-19 vaccine\") [Razi Cov Pars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Razi_Cov_Pars \"Razi Cov Pars\") [Sinopharm CNBG](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinopharm_CNBG_COVID-19_vaccine \"Sinopharm CNBG COVID-19 vaccine\") [Soberana 02](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soberana_02 \"Soberana 02\") [Soberana Plus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soberana_Plus \"Soberana Plus\") [ZF2001](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ZF2001 \"ZF2001\") (Zifivax) |\n| [Viral vector](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viral_vector_vaccine \"Viral vector vaccine\") | [Convidecia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convidecia \"Convidecia\") [Janssen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine \"Janssen COVID-19 vaccine\") [Oxford–AstraZeneca](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine \"Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine\") [Sputnik V](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine \"Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine\") [Sputnik Light](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sputnik_Light \"Sputnik Light\") |\n| [Virus-like particles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virus-like_particle \"Virus-like particle\") | [CoVLP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CoVLP \"CoVLP\") |\n| In trials |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Attenuated](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Attenuated_vaccine \"Attenuated vaccine\") | [COVI-VAC (United States)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVI-VAC_\$U.S._COVID-19_vaccine\$ \"COVI-VAC (U.S. COVID-19 vaccine)\") |\n| DNA | [AG0302-COVID‑19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AG0302-COVID%E2%80%9119 \"AG0302-COVID‑19\") [GX-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GX-19 \"GX-19\") [Inovio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inovio_COVID-19_vaccine \"Inovio COVID-19 vaccine\") |\n| Inactivated | [KD-414](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KD-414 \"KD-414\") [NDV-HXP-S](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NDV-HXP-S \"NDV-HXP-S\") |\n| RNA | [ARCT-021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ARCT-021 \"ARCT-021\") [ARCT-154](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ARCT-154 \"ARCT-154\") [Bangavax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bangavax \"Bangavax\") [CureVac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CureVac_COVID-19_vaccine \"CureVac COVID-19 vaccine\") (terminated) [HGC019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HGC019 \"HGC019\") [mRNA-1283](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MRNA-1283 \"MRNA-1283\") [PTX-COVID19-B](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PTX-COVID19-B \"PTX-COVID19-B\") [Sanofi–Translate Bio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sanofi%E2%80%93Translate_Bio_COVID-19_vaccine \"Sanofi–Translate Bio COVID-19 vaccine\") (terminated) [Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stemirna_COVID-19_vaccine \"Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine\") [Walvax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walvax_COVID-19_vaccine \"Walvax COVID-19 vaccine\") |\n| Subunit | [202-CoV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/202-CoV \"202-CoV\") [AKS-452](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AKS-452 \"AKS-452\") [EuCorVac-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EuCorVac-19 \"EuCorVac-19\") [IVX-411](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IVX-411 \"IVX-411\") [Nanocovax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nanocovax \"Nanocovax\") [ReCOV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ReCOV \"ReCOV\") [Sanofi–GSK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine \"Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine\") [S-268019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S-268019 \"S-268019\") [SCB-2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SCB-2019 \"SCB-2019\") [SCTV01C](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SCTV01C \"SCTV01C\") [Skycovione](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skycovione \"Skycovione\") [UB-612](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UB-612 \"UB-612\") [V-01](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V-01 \"V-01\") [V451](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V451_vaccine \"V451 vaccine\") (terminated) [Vabiotech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vabiotech_COVID-19_vaccine \"Vabiotech COVID-19 vaccine\") [West China Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/West_China_Hospital_COVID-19_vaccine \"West China Hospital COVID-19 vaccine\") [Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ZF2001 \"ZF2001\") |\n| Viral vector | [AdCLD-CoV19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AdCLD-CoV19 \"AdCLD-CoV19\") [BriLife](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BriLife \"BriLife\") [COH04S1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COH04S1 \"COH04S1\") [DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT \"DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT\") [GRAd-COV2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GRAd-COV2 \"GRAd-COV2\") [ImmunityBio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ImmunityBio_COVID-19_vaccine \"ImmunityBio COVID-19 vaccine\") [iNCOVACC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/INCOVACC \"INCOVACC\") [INNA-051](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/INNA-051 \"INNA-051\") [NDV-HXP-S](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NDV-HXP-S \"NDV-HXP-S\") [Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaxart_COVID-19_vaccine \"Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine\") |\n| [Virus-like particles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virus-like_particle \"Virus-like particle\") | [ABNCoV2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ABNCoV2 \"ABNCoV2\") [LYB001](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LYB001 \"LYB001\") [MigVax-101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MigVax-101 \"MigVax-101\") [VBI-2902](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VBI-2902 \"VBI-2902\") |\n| [Deployment by location](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines \"Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Africa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Africa \"COVID-19 vaccination in Africa\") | [Algeria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Algeria \"COVID-19 vaccination in Algeria\") [Angola](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Angola \"COVID-19 vaccination in Angola\") [Botswana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Botswana \"COVID-19 vaccination in Botswana\") [Burkina Faso](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burkina_Faso \"COVID-19 vaccination in Burkina Faso\") [Burundi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burundi \"COVID-19 vaccination in Burundi\") [Cameroon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon \"COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon\") [Cape Verde](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cape_Verde \"COVID-19 vaccination in Cape Verde\") [Cameroon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon \"COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon\") [Chad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Chad \"COVID-19 vaccination in Chad\") [Comoros](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Comoros \"COVID-19 vaccination in the Comoros\") [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"COVID-19 vaccination in the Democratic Republic of the Congo\") [Djibouti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Djibouti \"COVID-19 vaccination in Djibouti\") [Egypt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Egypt \"COVID-19 vaccination in Egypt\") [Equatorial Guinea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Equatorial_Guinea \"COVID-19 vaccination in Equatorial Guinea\") [Eswatini](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Eswatini \"COVID-19 vaccination in Eswatini\") [Ghana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ghana \"COVID-19 vaccination in Ghana\") [Morocco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Morocco \"COVID-19 vaccination in Morocco\") [Nigeria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nigeria \"COVID-19 vaccination in Nigeria\") [Senegal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Senegal \"COVID-19 vaccination in Senegal\") [South Africa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Africa \"COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa\") [Zimbabwe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Zimbabwe \"COVID-19 vaccination in Zimbabwe\") |\n| Asia | [Bangladesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bangladesh \"COVID-19 vaccination in Bangladesh\") [Bhutan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bhutan \"COVID-19 vaccination in Bhutan\") [Mainland China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China \"COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China\") [India](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India \"COVID-19 vaccination in India\") [Indonesia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Indonesia \"COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia\") [Iran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iran \"COVID-19 vaccination in Iran\") [Israel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Israel \"COVID-19 vaccination in Israel\") [Japan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Japan \"COVID-19 vaccination in Japan\") [Kazakhstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Kazakhstan \"COVID-19 vaccination in Kazakhstan\") [Malaysia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Malaysia \"COVID-19 vaccination in Malaysia\") [Nepal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nepal \"COVID-19 vaccination in Nepal\") [Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines \"COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia \"COVID-19 vaccination in Russia\") [Singapore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore \"COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore\") [South Korea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Korea \"COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea\") [Sri Lanka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sri_Lanka \"COVID-19 vaccination in Sri Lanka\") [Taiwan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Taiwan \"COVID-19 vaccination in Taiwan\") [Thailand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand \"COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand\") [Turkey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Turkey \"COVID-19 vaccination in Turkey\") [United Arab Emirates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates \"COVID-19 vaccination in the United Arab Emirates\") [Vietnam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Vietnam \"COVID-19 vaccination in Vietnam\") |\n| Europe | [Albania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Albania \"COVID-19 vaccination in Albania\") [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"COVID-19 vaccination in Bosnia and Herzegovina\") [Bulgaria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bulgaria \"COVID-19 vaccination in Bulgaria\") [Croatia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Croatia \"COVID-19 vaccination in Croatia\") [Denmark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Denmark \"COVID-19 vaccination in Denmark\") [France](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_France \"COVID-19 vaccination in France\") [Germany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Germany \"COVID-19 vaccination in Germany\") [Greece](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Greece \"COVID-19 vaccination in Greece\") [Hungary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Hungary \"COVID-19 vaccination in Hungary\") [Iceland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iceland \"COVID-19 vaccination in Iceland\") [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland\") [Italy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Italy \"COVID-19 vaccination in Italy\") [Moldova](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Moldova \"COVID-19 vaccination in Moldova\") [Norway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Norway \"COVID-19 vaccination in Norway\") [Portugal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Portugal \"COVID-19 vaccination in Portugal\") [Romania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Romania \"COVID-19 vaccination in Romania\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia \"COVID-19 vaccination in Russia\") [Spain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Spain \"COVID-19 vaccination in Spain\") [Sweden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sweden \"COVID-19 vaccination in Sweden\") [Switzerland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Switzerland \"COVID-19 vaccination in Switzerland\") [Ukraine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ukraine \"COVID-19 vaccination in Ukraine\") [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Kingdom \"COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom\") |\n| North America | [Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada \"COVID-19 vaccination in Canada\") [Ontario](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario \"COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario\") [Quebec](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Quebec \"COVID-19 vaccination in Quebec\") [Haiti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Haiti \"COVID-19 vaccination in Haiti\") [Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico \"COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico\") [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 vaccination in the United States\") [mandates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_mandates_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 vaccination mandates in the United States\") |\n| Oceania | [Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Australia \"COVID-19 vaccination in Australia\") [Fiji](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Fiji \"COVID-19 vaccination in Fiji\") [New Zealand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_New_Zealand \"COVID-19 vaccination in New Zealand\") |\n| South America | [Argentina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Argentina \"COVID-19 vaccination in Argentina\") [Brazil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Brazil \"COVID-19 vaccination in Brazil\") [Colombia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Colombia \"COVID-19 vaccination in Colombia\") [Peru](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Peru \"COVID-19 vaccination in Peru\") |\n| Others |   |\n| [Treatment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treatment_and_management_of_COVID-19 \"Treatment and management of COVID-19\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Drug development](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_drug_development \"COVID-19 drug development\") [Drug repurposing research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research \"COVID-19 drug repurposing research\") [Baricitinib](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baricitinib \"Baricitinib\") [PANORAMIC trial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PANORAMIC_trial \"PANORAMIC trial\") (UK) [RECOVERY Trial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RECOVERY_Trial \"RECOVERY Trial\") (UK) [Solidarity trial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solidarity_trial \"Solidarity trial\") (WHO) |   |\n| [Monoclonal antibodies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monoclonal_antibody \"Monoclonal antibody\") | [Bamlanivimab\/etesevimab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bamlanivimab\/etesevimab \"Bamlanivimab\/etesevimab\") [Bamlanivimab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bamlanivimab \"Bamlanivimab\") Etesevimab [Bebtelovimab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bebtelovimab \"Bebtelovimab\") [Casirivimab\/imdevimab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Casirivimab\/imdevimab \"Casirivimab\/imdevimab\") [Regdanvimab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regdanvimab \"Regdanvimab\") [Sarilumab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sarilumab \"Sarilumab\") [Sotrovimab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sotrovimab \"Sotrovimab\") [Tixagevimab\/cilgavimab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tixagevimab\/cilgavimab \"Tixagevimab\/cilgavimab\") [Tocilizumab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tocilizumab \"Tocilizumab\") |\n| [Small molecule antivirals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antiviral_drug \"Antiviral drug\") | [Broad-spectrum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Broad-spectrum_antiviral_drug \"Broad-spectrum antiviral drug\") [Ensitrelvir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ensitrelvir \"Ensitrelvir\") [Molnupiravir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Molnupiravir \"Molnupiravir\") Co-packaged [Nirmatrelvir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nirmatrelvir \"Nirmatrelvir\") [ritonavir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nirmatrelvir\/ritonavir \"Nirmatrelvir\/ritonavir\") |\n| [Variants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 \"Variants of SARS-CoV-2\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Specific | [Alpha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant\") [Beta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant\") [Gamma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant\") [Delta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant\") [Epsilon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Epsilon_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant\") [Zeta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Zeta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant\") [Eta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Eta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant\") [Theta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Theta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant\") [Iota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Iota_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant\") [Kappa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Kappa_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant\") [Lambda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Lambda_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant\") [Mu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Mu_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant\") [Omicron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant \"Timeline of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant\") |\n| General | [Cluster 5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cluster_5 \"Cluster 5\") [Lineage B.1.617](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_lineage_B.1.617 \"SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617\") [Variant of concern](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_variant_of_concern \"SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern\") |\n| Institutions |   |\n|   |   |\n| Hospitals and medical clinics |   |\n|   |   |\n| Mainland China | [Central Hospital of Wuhan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Hospital_of_Wuhan \"Central Hospital of Wuhan\") [Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dabie_Mountain_Regional_Medical_Centre \"Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre\") [Fangcang hospitals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fangcang_hospital \"Fangcang hospital\") [Huoshenshan Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huoshenshan_Hospital \"Huoshenshan Hospital\") [Leishenshan Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leishenshan_Hospital \"Leishenshan Hospital\") [Xinjia Express Hotel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Collapse_of_Xinjia_Express_Hotel \"Collapse of Xinjia Express Hotel\") [Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Jinyintan_Hospital \"Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital\") |\n| Others | [Hospital ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hospital_ships_designated_for_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Hospital ships designated for the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Garran Surge Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garran_Surge_Centre \"Garran Surge Centre\") (Australia) [Hospital El Salvador](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hospital_El_Salvador \"Hospital El Salvador\") [Kemayoran Athletes Village](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kemayoran_Athletes_Village \"Kemayoran Athletes Village\") (Indonesia) [Pyongyang General Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyongyang_General_Hospital \"Pyongyang General Hospital\") (North Korea) [Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malaysia_Agro_Exposition_Park_Serdang \"Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang\") (Malaysia) [Mega Ligtas COVID Centers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mega_Ligtas_COVID_Centers \"Mega Ligtas COVID Centers\") (Philippines) [Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kandakadu_Treatment_and_Rehabilitation_Centre \"Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre\") (Sri Lanka) [Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sancaktepe_Prof._Dr._Feriha_%C3%96z_Emergency_Hospital \"Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital\") (Turkey) [Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6y_Prof._Dr._Murat_Dilmener_Emergency_Hospital \"Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital\") (Turkey) [COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_hospitals_in_the_United_Kingdom \"COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom\") [Birmingham](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Birmingham \"NHS Nightingale Hospital Birmingham\") [London](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_London \"NHS Nightingale Hospital London\") [North East](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_East \"NHS Nightingale Hospital North East\") [North West](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_West \"NHS Nightingale Hospital North West\") [Yorkshire and the Humber](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Yorkshire_and_the_Humber \"NHS Nightingale Hospital Yorkshire and the Humber\") [NHS Louisa Jordan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NHS_Louisa_Jordan \"NHS Louisa Jordan\") (Scotland) [Dragon's Heart Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dragon%27s_Heart_Hospital \"Dragon's Heart Hospital\") (Wales) |\n| Organizations |   |\n|   |   |\n| [National Cabinet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Cabinet_\$Australia\$ \"National Cabinet (Australia)\") (Australia) [ScienceUpFirst](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ScienceUpFirst \"ScienceUpFirst\") (Canada) [Wuhan Institute of Virology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology \"Wuhan Institute of Virology\") (China) [Independent SAGE](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Independent_SAGE \"Independent SAGE\") (United Kingdom) |   |\n| Health institutes | [Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention\") (African Union) [Ghana Infectious Disease Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghana_Infectious_Disease_Centre \"Ghana Infectious Disease Centre\") (Ghana) [Department of Health (Hong Kong)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Department_of_Health_\$Hong_Kong\$ \"Department of Health (Hong Kong)\") [Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korea_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_Agency \"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency\") (South Korea) [National Institute for Communicable Diseases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Institute_for_Communicable_Diseases \"National Institute for Communicable Diseases\") (South Africa) [Taiwan Centers for Disease Control](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwan_Centers_for_Disease_Control \"Taiwan Centers for Disease Control\") (Taiwan) |\n| Pandemic institutes | [National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_COVID-19_Commission_Advisory_Board \"National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board\") (Australia) [COVID-19 Immunity Task Force](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Immunity_Task_Force \"COVID-19 Immunity Task Force\") (Canada) [COVID-19 Supply Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Supply_Council \"COVID-19 Supply Council\") (Canada) [PREPARE](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PREPARE \"PREPARE\") (European Union) [National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Expert_Group_on_Vaccine_Administration_for_COVID-19 \"National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19\") (India) [COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Response_Acceleration_Task_Force \"COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force\") (Indonesia) [National Public Health Emergency Team](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Public_Health_Emergency_Team_\$2020\$ \"National Public Health Emergency Team (2020)\") (Ireland) [Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Novel_Coronavirus_Expert_Meeting \"Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting\") (Japan) [Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crisis_Preparedness_and_Response_Centre \"Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre\") (Malaysia) [Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Defeat_COVID-19_Ad_Hoc_Committee \"Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee\") (Philippines) [Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inter-Agency_Task_Force_for_the_Management_of_Emerging_Infectious_Diseases \"Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases\") (Philippines) [Central Epidemic Command Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Epidemic_Command_Center \"Central Epidemic Command Center\") (Taiwan) [Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronavirus_Scientific_Advisory_Board \"Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board\") (Turkey) [COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Genomics_UK_Consortium \"COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium\") (United Kingdom) [Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperial_College_COVID-19_Response_Team \"Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team\") (United Kingdom) [Joint Biosecurity Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joint_Biosecurity_Centre \"Joint Biosecurity Centre\") (United Kingdom) [Vaccine Taskforce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaccine_Taskforce \"Vaccine Taskforce\") (United Kingdom) [COVID-19 Advisory Board](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Advisory_Board \"COVID-19 Advisory Board\") (United States) [Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_American_Economic_Revival_Industry_Groups \"Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups\") (United States) [White House Coronavirus Task Force](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force \"White House Coronavirus Task Force\") (United States) [White House COVID-19 Response Team](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_House_COVID-19_Response_Team \"White House COVID-19 Response Team\") (United States) [GACH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GACH \"GACH\") (Uruguay) |\n| Relief funds | [PM CARES Fund](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PM_CARES_Fund \"PM CARES Fund\") (India) [Artist Relief](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Artist_Relief \"Artist Relief\") (United States) |\n| People |   |\n|   |   |\n| Medical professionals | [Ai Fen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ai_Fen \"Ai Fen\") [Corona Rintawan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corona_Rintawan \"Corona Rintawan\") [Li Wenliang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Wenliang \"Li Wenliang\") [Liu Wen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liu_Wen_\$doctor\$ \"Liu Wen (doctor)\") [Xie Linka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xie_Linka \"Xie Linka\") [Zhang Wenhong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Wenhong \"Zhang Wenhong\") |\n| [Researchers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Coronavirus_researchers \"Category:Coronavirus researchers\") | [Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Awang_Bulgiba_Awang_Mahmud \"Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud\") [Roberto Burioni](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roberto_Burioni \"Roberto Burioni\") [Chen Wei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chen_Wei_\$medical_scientist\$ \"Chen Wei (medical scientist)\") [Kizzmekia Corbett](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kizzmekia_Corbett \"Kizzmekia Corbett\") [Andrea Crisanti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andrea_Crisanti_\$scientist\$ \"Andrea Crisanti (scientist)\") [Peter Daszak](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_Daszak \"Peter Daszak\") [Christian Drosten](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christian_Drosten \"Christian Drosten\") [Neil Ferguson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neil_Ferguson_\$epidemiologist\$ \"Neil Ferguson (epidemiologist)\") [Dale Fisher](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dale_Fisher \"Dale Fisher\") [George F. Gao](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_F._Gao \"George F. Gao\") [Azra Ghani](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Azra_Ghani \"Azra Ghani\") [Sarah Gilbert](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sarah_Gilbert \"Sarah Gilbert\") [Guan Yi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guan_Yi \"Guan Yi\") [Kentaro Iwata](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kentaro_Iwata \"Kentaro Iwata\") [Katalin Karikó](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3 \"Katalin Karikó\") [Matt Keeling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Matt_Keeling \"Matt Keeling\") [Trudie Lang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trudie_Lang \"Trudie Lang\") [Li Lanjuan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Lanjuan \"Li Lanjuan\") [W. Ian Lipkin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/W._Ian_Lipkin \"W. Ian Lipkin\") [Ma Xiaowei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ma_Xiaowei \"Ma Xiaowei\") [Shabir Madhi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shabir_Madhi \"Shabir Madhi\") [Allison McGeer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allison_McGeer \"Allison McGeer\") [Camilla Rothe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camilla_Rothe \"Camilla Rothe\") [Shi Zhengli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shi_Zhengli \"Shi Zhengli\") [Moncef Slaoui](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moncef_Slaoui \"Moncef Slaoui\") [Mike Tildesley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mike_Tildesley \"Mike Tildesley\") [John Todd](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Todd_\$British_biologist\$ \"John Todd (British biologist)\") [Wang Chen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wang_Chen_\$physician\$ \"Wang Chen (physician)\") [Wang Guangfa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wang_Guangfa \"Wang Guangfa\") [Drew Weissman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drew_Weissman \"Drew Weissman\") [Yuen Kwok-yung](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yuen_Kwok-yung \"Yuen Kwok-yung\") [Zeng Guang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zeng_Guang \"Zeng Guang\") [Zhang Jixian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Jixian \"Zhang Jixian\") [Zhang Yongzhen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Yongzhen \"Zhang Yongzhen\") [Zhong Nanshan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhong_Nanshan \"Zhong Nanshan\") |\n| Officials |   |\n|   |   |\n| WHO | [Tedros Adhanom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus \"Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus\") (Director-General of the WHO) [Bruce Aylward](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bruce_Aylward \"Bruce Aylward\") (Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission) [Maria Van Kerkhove](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maria_Van_Kerkhove \"Maria Van Kerkhove\") (Technical Lead for COVID-19 response) [Michael J. Ryan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_J._Ryan_\$doctor\$ \"Michael J. Ryan (doctor)\") (Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme) |\n| By location | [Frank Atherton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frank_Atherton \"Frank Atherton\") (Wales) [Ashley Bloomfield](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ashley_Bloomfield \"Ashley Bloomfield\") (New Zealand) [Catherine Calderwood](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catherine_Calderwood \"Catherine Calderwood\") (Scotland) [Chang Shan-chwen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chang_Shan-chwen \"Chang Shan-chwen\") (Taiwan) [Anutin Charnvirakul](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anutin_Charnvirakul \"Anutin Charnvirakul\") (Thailand) [Chen Shih-chung](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chen_Shih-chung \"Chen Shih-chung\") (Taiwan) [Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chuang_Yin-ching \"Chuang Yin-ching\") (Taiwan) [Victor Costache](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Victor_Costache \"Victor Costache\") (Romania) [Fabrizio Curcio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fabrizio_Curcio \"Fabrizio Curcio\") (Italy) [Carmen Deseda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carmen_Deseda \"Carmen Deseda\") (Puerto Rico) [Jaap van Dissel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jaap_van_Dissel \"Jaap van Dissel\") (the Netherlands) [Christian Drosten](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christian_Drosten \"Christian Drosten\") (Germany) [Francisco Duque III](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Francisco_Duque_III \"Francisco Duque III\") (Philippines) [Anthony Fauci](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anthony_Fauci \"Anthony Fauci\") (United States) [Francesco Paolo Figliuolo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Francesco_Paolo_Figliuolo \"Francesco Paolo Figliuolo\") (Italy) [Graça Freitas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gra%C3%A7a_Freitas \"Graça Freitas\") (Portugal) [Henrique Gouveia e Melo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henrique_Gouveia_e_Melo \"Henrique Gouveia e Melo\") (Portugal) [Matt Hancock](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Matt_Hancock \"Matt Hancock\") (United Kingdom) [Hamad Hasan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hamad_Hasan \"Hamad Hasan\") (Lebanon) [Greg Hunt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greg_Hunt \"Greg Hunt\") (Australia) [Tony Holohan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tony_Holohan \"Tony Holohan\") (Ireland) [Jeong Eun-kyeong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeong_Eun-kyeong \"Jeong Eun-kyeong\") (South Korea) [Fahrettin Koca](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fahrettin_Koca \"Fahrettin Koca\") (Turkey) [Li Keqiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Keqiang \"Li Keqiang\") (China) [Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hugo_L%C3%B3pez-Gatell_Ram%C3%ADrez \"Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez\") (Mexico) [Michael McBride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_McBride_\$doctor\$ \"Michael McBride (doctor)\") (Northern Ireland) [Oriol Mitjà](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oriol_Mitj%C3%A0 \"Oriol Mitjà\") (Andorra) [Zweli Mkhize](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zweli_Mkhize \"Zweli Mkhize\") (South Africa) [Doni Monardo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doni_Monardo \"Doni Monardo\") (Indonesia) [Alma Möller](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alma_M%C3%B6ller \"Alma Möller\") (Iceland) [Saeed Namaki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saeed_Namaki \"Saeed Namaki\") (Iran) [Ala Nemerenco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ala_Nemerenco \"Ala Nemerenco\") (Moldova) [Nguyễn Thanh Long](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Thanh_Long \"Nguyễn Thanh Long\") (Vietnam) [Noor Hisham Abdullah](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Noor_Hisham_Abdullah \"Noor Hisham Abdullah\") (Malaysia) [Ali Pilli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ali_Pilli \"Ali Pilli\") (Northern Cyprus) [Daniel Salinas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Salinas \"Daniel Salinas\") (Uruguay) [Jérôme Salomon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Salomon \"Jérôme Salomon\") (France) [Fernando Simón](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fernando_Sim%C3%B3n \"Fernando Simón\") (Spain) [Gregor Smith](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregor_Smith \"Gregor Smith\") (Scotland) [Su Ih-jen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Su_Ih-jen \"Su Ih-jen\") (Taiwan) [Łukasz Szumowski](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%81ukasz_Szumowski \"Łukasz Szumowski\") (Poland) [Theresa Tam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theresa_Tam \"Theresa Tam\") (Canada) [Anders Tegnell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anders_Tegnell \"Anders Tegnell\") (Sweden) [Þórólfur Guðnason](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B3lfur_Gu%C3%B0nason \"Þórólfur Guðnason\") (Iceland) [Sotiris Tsiodras](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sotiris_Tsiodras \"Sotiris Tsiodras\") (Greece) [Harsh Vardhan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harsh_Vardhan_\$Delhi_politician\$ \"Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)\") (India) [Víðir Reynisson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V%C3%AD%C3%B0ir_Reynisson \"Víðir Reynisson\") (Iceland) [Carla Vizzotti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carla_Vizzotti \"Carla Vizzotti\") (Argentina) [Vlad Voiculescu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vlad_Voiculescu \"Vlad Voiculescu\") (Romania) [Chris Whitty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chris_Whitty \"Chris Whitty\") (United Kingdom) [Lawrence Wong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lawrence_Wong \"Lawrence Wong\") (Singapore) [Jeff Zients](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Zients \"Jeff Zients\") (United States) |\n| Others | [Chen Qiushi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chen_Qiushi \"Chen Qiushi\") [Brett Crozier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brett_Crozier \"Brett Crozier\") [Fang Bin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fang_Bin \"Fang Bin\") [Fang Fang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fang_Fang \"Fang Fang\") [Joseph Ashitey Hammond](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Ashitey_Hammond \"Joseph Ashitey Hammond\") [Li Zehua](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Zehua \"Li Zehua\") [Captain Tom Moore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Captain_Tom_Moore \"Captain Tom Moore\") [Qiu Menghuang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiu_Menghuang \"Qiu Menghuang\") [Ren Zhiqiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ren_Zhiqiang \"Ren Zhiqiang\") |\n| [List of deaths due to COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19 \"List of deaths due to COVID-19\") |   |\n| Data (templates) |   |\n|   |   |\n| Global | WHO situation reports [cases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_cases \"COVID-19 pandemic cases\") [deaths](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths \"COVID-19 pandemic deaths\") [World map by countries: confirmed per capita](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") |\n| Asia | [Armenia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Armenia_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Armenia medical cases chart\") [Artsakh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Republic_of_Artsakh_medical_cases_chart \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Republic of Artsakh medical cases chart\") China [confirmed per capita](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data\/Mainland_China_medical_cases_map_\$dots\$ \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic data\/Mainland China medical cases map (dots)\") |\n\n![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1)\n\nRetrieved from \"<https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&oldid=1342275349>\"\n\n[Categories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Category \"Help:Category\"):\n\n- [Alternative medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Alternative_medicine \"Category:Alternative medicine\")\n- [Communication of falsehoods](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Communication_of_falsehoods \"Category:Communication of 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By using this site, you agree to the [Terms of Use](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Terms_of_Use \"foundation:Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Terms of Use\") and [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy \"foundation:Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy policy\"). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/), a non-profit organization.\n\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy)\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About)\n- [Disclaimers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)\n- [Contact Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us)\n- [Legal & safety contacts](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information)\n- [Code of Conduct](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)\n- [Developers](https:\/\/developer.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/stats.wikimedia.org\/#\/en.wikipedia.org)\n- [Cookie statement](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Cookie_statement)\n- [Mobile view](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)\n\n- [![Wikimedia Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/footer\/wikimedia.svg)](https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [![Powered by MediaWiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/resources\/assets\/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/)\n\nSearch\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\nList of unproven methods against COVID-19\n\n6 languages\n\n[Add topic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19)","attrs_readable_markdown":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nMany fake or unproven medical products and methods claim to diagnose, prevent, or cure [COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\").[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA-1) [Fake medicines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Counterfeit_medications \"Counterfeit medications\") sold for COVID-19 may not contain the ingredients they claim to contain, and may even contain harmful ingredients.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-2)[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA-1)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-3) In March 2020, the [World Health Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") (WHO) released a statement recommending against taking any medicines in an attempt to treat or cure COVID-19, although research on potential treatment was underway, including the [Solidarity trial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solidarity_trial \"Solidarity trial\") spearheaded by WHO.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-who-4) The WHO requested member countries to immediately notify them if any fake medicines or other falsified products were discovered.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-who-4) There are also many claims that existing products help against COVID-19, which are spread through rumors online rather than conventional advertising.\n\nAnxiety about COVID-19 makes people more willing to \"try anything\" that might give them a [sense of control](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Locus_of_control \"Locus of control\") of the situation, making them easy targets for scams.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Beware-5) Many false claims about measures against COVID-19 have circulated widely on [social media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_media \"Social media\"), but some have been circulated by text, on YouTube, and even in some mainstream media. Officials advised that before forwarding information, people should think carefully and look it up. Misinformation messages may use scare tactics or other high-pressure [rhetoric](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rhetoric \"Rhetoric\"), claim to have all the facts while others do not, and jump to unusual conclusions. The public was advised to check the information source's source, looking at official websites; some messages have falsely claimed to be from official bodies like UNICEF and government agencies.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Beware-5)[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-6)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-alex_jones-7)[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-cbs-8) Arthur Caplan, head of [medical ethics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_ethics \"Medical ethics\") at [New York University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_University \"New York University\")'s [medical school](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_school \"Medical school\"), had simpler advice for COVID-19 products: \"Anything online, ignore it\".[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Beware-5)\n\nProducts that claim to prevent COVID-19 risk give dangerous false confidence and increase infection rates.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-NZ_Herald-9) Going out to buy such products may encourage people to break [stay-at-home orders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stay-at-home_order \"Stay-at-home order\"), reducing [social distancing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_distancing \"Social distancing\").\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\] Some of the pretend treatments are also poisonous; hundreds of people have died from using fake COVID-19 treatments.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-100skilled-10)\n\nMedically approved tests detect the virus or the [antibodies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antibodies \"Antibodies\") the body makes to fight it off. Government health departments and healthcare providers provide tests to the public.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-11) There have been fraudsters offering fake tests; some have offered tests in exchange for money, but others have said the test is free to collect information that could later be used for [identity theft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Identity_theft \"Identity theft\") or medical [insurance fraud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insurance_fraud \"Insurance fraud\"). Some fraudsters have claimed to be local government health authorities. People have been advised to contact their doctor or genuine local government health authorities for information about getting tested. Fake tests have been offered on social media platforms, by e-mail, and by phone.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-12)\n\n- Counterfeit testing kits, which were originally used for testing HIV and monitoring glucose levels, were touted as for coronavirus diagnosis.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-zdnet-13)[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-14)\n- Holding one's breath for 10 seconds was claimed to be an effective self-test for the coronavirus.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-15) The WHO stated that this test did not work and should not be used.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n- Manufacturer Bodysphere briefly sold what it claimed were coronavirus antibody tests. It falsely marketed them as having received FDA Emergency Use Authorization. It also falsely claimed they were made in the United States.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-17)\n\n## Prevention and cure claims\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Prevention and cure claims\")\\]\n\nWidely circulated rumours have made many unfounded claims about methods of preventing and curing infection with [SARS-CoV-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 \"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2\").[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-nytimes-18) Among others:\n\n#### Hand cleaning methods\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Hand cleaning methods\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bf\/Tualetsapo.jpg\/250px-Tualetsapo.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tualetsapo.jpg)\n\nWashing hands with plain [soap](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soap \"Soap\") and water (for ≥20 seconds) is effective at removing [SARS-CoV-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2 \"SARS-CoV-2\"). Hand sanitizer is a slightly inferior option for sanitizing hands.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-auto1-19)[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control-20) Neither [antibacterial soap](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antibacterial_soap \"Antibacterial soap\")[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Center_for_Drug_Evaluation_and_Research-21)[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Office_of_the_Commissioner-22) nor red soap are any more effective than plain soap.\n\n- [Hand sanitizer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hand_sanitizer \"Hand sanitizer\") is not more effective than [washing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hand_washing \"Hand washing\") in plain soap and water.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-23) Washing in soap and water for at least 20 seconds is recommended by the [US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/US_Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\") as the best way to clean hands in most situations. However, if soap and water are unavailable, a hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol can be used, unless hands are visibly dirty or greasy.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-auto1-19)[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control-20)\n- Soap removes coronaviruses effectively, but antibacterial soap is not better than plain soap.[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Center_for_Drug_Evaluation_and_Research-21)[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Office_of_the_Commissioner-22)\n- Red soap is not more germicidal than soaps of other colors, contrary to claims in a popular Facebook post, said Ashan Pathirana, the registrar of Sri Lanka's Health Promotion Bureau (HPB); he suggested that it might be a reference to [carbolic soap](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbolic_soap \"Carbolic soap\").[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200318afp-24)\\[*[medical citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\$medicine\$ \"Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)\")*\\]\n- Hand sanitizer prepared at home by mixing rum, bleach, and fabric softener has been widely promoted as effective at preventing COVID-19 in YouTube videos in the Philippines. The Integrated Chemists of the Philippines (ICP) released statements saying that alcoholic drinks contain only about 40% alcohol, less than the 70% needed in effective hand sanitizers, and that mixing bleach and alcohol creates [chloroform](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chloroform \"Chloroform\"). The manufacturers of the brands of rum and bleach used in the videos have publicly issued statements calling the recipe dangerous and urging people not to use it.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200330afp-25)\\[*[medical citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\$medicine\$ \"Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)\")*\\][\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-26)\n- [Vodka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vodka \"Vodka\") was alleged to be an effective homemade hand sanitizer, or an ingredient in one. The company whose brand was alleged to be protective responded to the rumours by citing the US [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\") statement that hand sanitizers needed to be at least 60% alcohol to be effective, and stating that their product was only 40% alcohol.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200300news-27)[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-28)\\[*[medical citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\$medicine\$ \"Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)\")*\\]\n- Claims that vinegar was more effective than hand sanitizer against the coronavirus were made in a video that was shared in Brazil. That was disproved, as \"there is no evidence that [acetic acid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acetic_acid \"Acetic acid\") is effective against the virus\" and, even if there was, \"its concentration in common household vinegar is low\".[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200304abril-29)\\[*[medical citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\$medicine\$ \"Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)\")*\\]\n\n#### Gargling, nasal rinses, and inhalation\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Gargling, nasal rinses, and inhalation\")\\]\n\n- Inhaling bleach or other disinfectants is dangerous and will not protect against COVID-19. They can cause irritation and damage to tissues, including the eyes. They are poisonous and WHO has warned not to take them internally and to keep them out of the reach of children. They are safe and effective when used to disinfect surfaces such as countertops, but are not safe for human consumption.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n- Controversial alternative medicine proponents [Joseph Mercola](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Mercola \"Joseph Mercola\") and Thomas Levy claimed that inhaling 0.5–3% [hydrogen peroxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydrogen_peroxide \"Hydrogen peroxide\") solution using a [nebulizer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nebulizer \"Nebulizer\") could prevent or cure COVID-19.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-30)[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-:0-31) They cite research using hydrogen peroxide to sterilize surfaces,[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-32)[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-33) incorrectly asserts that it can therefore be used to clean human airways. A tweet from Mercola advertising this method was removed from [Twitter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twitter \"Twitter\") on April 15, 2020, for violating the platform rules.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-:0-31) Inhalation of hydrogen peroxide can cause upper airway irritation, hoarseness, inflammation of the nose, and burning sensations in the chest. At high concentrations, inhaling hydrogen peroxide can cause permanent neurological damage or death.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-34) Though hydrogen peroxide use as an alternative and complementary form of medicine is advocated for use in multiple disease processes, including COPD, asthma, pneumonia and bronchitis, there seems to be no trials regarding its use.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-auto-35) It was reported a case of possible side effect related to chronic (during 5 years) and subacute hydrogen peroxide inhalation use which lead to interstitial lung disease in the form of acute pneumonitis.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-auto-35)\n- Gargling with saltwater was said to kill the coronavirus in claims on [Weibo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Weibo_\$company\$ \"Weibo (company)\"), Twitter, and Facebook. These claims were falsely attributed to respiratory expert [Zhong Nanshan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhong_Nanshan \"Zhong Nanshan\"), [Wuhan Union Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Union_Hospital \"Wuhan Union Hospital\"), and several other people and institutions, sometimes with the attribution changed and the actual advice copied verbatim. Zhong Nanshan's medical team published a refutation, pointing out that the virus settles in the respiratory tract, which cannot be cleaned by rinsing the mouth. The WHO also said it had no convincing evidence that this method would provide any protection against COVID-19.[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-36)\n- Saltwater sprays were given at the door of the [River of Grace Community Church](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/River_of_Grace_Community_Church \"River of Grace Community Church\") in South Korea in the false belief that this would protect people from the virus; the same unsterilized spray bottle was used on everyone, and may have increased the risk. Subsequently, 46 devotees were infected with the virus.[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scmp3075421-37)[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-upi9881584365-38)\n- \"Corona-Cure Coronavirus Infection Prevention Nasal Spray\" was fraudulently marketed online.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA_warns-39)\n- There is no evidence that saline [nasal rinses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nasal_irrigation \"Nasal irrigation\") help prevent COVID-19.[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-HealthDesk-40)[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Hopkins_Nasal-41)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6e\/FACT-_The_COVID-19_virus_can_spread_in_hot_and_humid_climates.png\/250px-FACT-_The_COVID-19_virus_can_spread_in_hot_and_humid_climates.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:FACT-_The_COVID-19_virus_can_spread_in_hot_and_humid_climates.png)\n\nA [World Health Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") infographic dispelling the myth that hot and humid weather prevents the spread of the virus.\n\n- Cold weather and snow do not kill the COVID-19 virus. The virus lives in humans, not in the outdoors, though it can survive on surfaces. Even in cold weather, the body will stay at 36.5–37 degrees Celsius inside, and the COVID-19 virus will not be killed.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n- Hot and humid conditions do not prevent COVID-19 from spreading, either. There have been many COVID-19 cases in countries with hot and humid climates.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n- Drinking warm water or hot baths\/heating to 26–27 °C (79–81 °F) will not cure people of COVID-19. It has been claimed that these statements were made by UNICEF in coronavirus prevention guidelines, but UNICEF officials refuted this.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-AFP_Fact_Check-42)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43)\n- High temperatures cannot be used on humans to kill the COVID-19 virus. Taking very hot baths can cause burns, but the body will stay at 36.5–37 degrees Celsius inside, and the COVID-19 virus will not be killed.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-factcheck.afp.com-44)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n- Hot saunas and hand or hair dryers do not prevent or treat COVID-19.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200319afp-45)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n- Steam inhalation was suggested on Facebook as a cure for coronavirus infection. Inhaling steam will not treat or cure COVID-19.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-46)[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-47)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fe\/Laborivahendite_steriliseerimine_kasutades_UV-kiirgust.jpg\/250px-Laborivahendite_steriliseerimine_kasutades_UV-kiirgust.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Laborivahendite_steriliseerimine_kasutades_UV-kiirgust.jpg)\n\nUV-C light being used to sterilize equipment in a laboratory. UV-C cannot be used to disinfect people as it can damage the skin and eyes.\n\n- Exposing people to sunlight will not prevent or cure COVID-19. It has been falsely claimed that UNICEF said so, in coronavirus prevention guidelines; UNICEF officials refuted this.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-AFP_Fact_Check-42)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) The virus can spread in even the sunniest of weather.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n- [UV-C](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ultraviolet#UVC \"Ultraviolet\") light cannot be used on humans to kill the COVID-19 virus. Attempting to use UV to sterilize people can cause skin irritation and damage the eyes.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-factcheck.afp.com-44)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n\n- White color does not have a 'harmful effect' on coronavirus, as claimed in a widely shared Facebook post; nor does the colour of a handkerchief have an effect on the virus, according to Ashan Pathirana, the registrar of Sri Lanka's Health Promotion Bureau (HPB). Using handkerchiefs or tissues of other colours to sneeze or cough into will be just as effective.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200318afp-24)\\[*[medical citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\$medicine\$ \"Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)\")*\\]\n- Posts on social media claimed that volcanic ash from the eruption of the [Taal Volcano](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taal_Volcano \"Taal Volcano\") on January 12, 2020, in the Philippines was the cause of low infection rates in the country, falsely stating that it could kill the virus and had \"anti-viral\" and \"disinfectant qualities\".[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-48)\n- Drinking bleach is extremely dangerous and will not protect against COVID-19. Bleach is poisonous and damages internal organs. Drinking it can cause disability and death. The WHO has warned not to drink the substance.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n\n### Protective equipment\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Protective equipment\")\\]\n\n- [USB flash drives](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USB_flash_drives \"USB flash drives\") were being sold for \\$370 as a \"5G Bioshield\", purportedly offering protection from the non-existent threat of infection transmitted via [5G mobile telephone radio waves](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Misinformation_related_to_the_Covid-19_pandemic#5G_mobile-phone_networks \"Misinformation related to the Covid-19 pandemic\").[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-49)\n- Over 34,000 counterfeit surgical masks—which may have been touted as providing coronavirus prevention—were seized by [Europol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Europol \"Europol\") in March 2020.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-zdnet-13)\n- Making masks out of wet-wipes has not been officially recommended as an alternative to surgical masks, contrary to some claims.[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200326afpB-50) Some public health authorities have issued directions for making and using homemade [cloth face masks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cloth_face_masks \"Cloth face masks\").[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-51) See [face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic\").\n- Aerosol Boxes—acrylic boxes placed over patients' heads during aerosol generating procedures, such as [intubation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intubation \"Intubation\")—can potentially increase dispersal of COVID-containing aerosol particles if a patient coughs.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-52)\n\n[![semi-space-filling molecular diagram of ethanol.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Ethanol-3D-balls.png\/250px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ethanol-3D-balls.png)\n\nEthanol has **two** [carbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_\$element\$ \"Carbon (element)\") atoms (dark grey). Ethanol should not be confused with methanol. Ethanol-containing drinks are widely consumed as the main ingredient in [alcoholic beverages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alcoholic_beverages \"Alcoholic beverages\"). Ingestion doesn't prevent COVID-19, and may cause subclinical [immunosuppression](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Immunosuppression \"Immunosuppression\").[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Alcohol%E2%80%99s_Effect_on_Host_Defense-55)\n\n- A mix containing [amphetamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amphetamines \"Amphetamines\"), [cocaine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cocaine \"Cocaine\"), and [nicotine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicotine \"Nicotine\"), on sale on the [dark web](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dark_web \"Dark web\") for US\\$300, was fraudulently presented as a [vaccine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaccine \"Vaccine\") against COVID-19.[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-56)\n- Cocaine does not protect against COVID-19. Several viral tweets purporting that snorting [cocaine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cocaine \"Cocaine\") would sterilize one's nostrils of the coronavirus spread around Europe and Africa. In response, the [French Ministry of Health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Ministry_of_Health \"French Ministry of Health\") released a public service announcement debunking this claim, saying \"No, cocaine does NOT protect against COVID-19. It is an addictive drug that causes serious side effects and is harmful to people’s health.\" The World Health Organization also debunked the claim.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200304uol-57)[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-58)[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-59) Facebook flagged the rumour as misinformation.[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-60)\n- A claim that [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_\$drug\$ \"Cannabis (drug)\") could protect against the coronavirus appeared on YouTube, along with a petition to legalize cannabis in Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan Health authorities pointed out that there was no evidence that cannabis protected against COVID-19.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200219afp-61) A fake webpage purporting to be a [Fox News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fox_News \"Fox News\") article also claimed that [CBD oil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabidiol \"Cannabidiol\") was a potential cure.[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-62)\n- The chloroform- and ether-based drug [*loló*](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cheirinho-da-lol%C3%B3 \"pt:Cheirinho-da-loló\") was said to cure the disease in messages spread in Brazil.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-otempo2307041-63)\n- Boiled [betel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Betel \"Betel\") leaves will not cure COVID-19.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43)\n- Industrial methanol was claimed to cure the coronavirus. [Drinking alcohol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drinking_alcohol \"Drinking alcohol\") is [ethanol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethanol \"Ethanol\"), while [methanol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methanol \"Methanol\") is [acutely poisonous](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methanol_poisoning \"Methanol poisoning\").[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Toxic_Alcohol_Ingestion:_Prompt_Rec-54) The WHO has warned not to drink ethanol or methanol in an effort to kill the virus. Iranian media were reporting nearly 300 dead and 1000 hospitalized (or 600 dead and 3,000 hospitalized, according to an unidentified doctor in the Health Ministry) as of April 8, 2020. [Alcoholic beverages are illegal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prohibition \"Prohibition\") in Iran, resulting in a black market in [liquor made illegally](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moonshine \"Moonshine\").[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-100skilled-10)\n- Contrary to some reports, drinking ethyl alcohol also does not protect against COVID-19, and can increase health risks[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) ([short term](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption \"Short-term effects of alcohol consumption\") and [long term](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long-term_effects_of_alcohol \"Long-term effects of alcohol\")).\n\n### Commercial products\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: Commercial products\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1d\/Nogloboli.png\/250px-Nogloboli.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nogloboli.png)\n\nHomeopathic globuli (sugar pills) do not make people immune to COVID-19.\n\nMany fraudulent and unproven products are claimed to treat or protect against COVID-19.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA-1)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Beware-5)\n\n- \"Virus Shut Out Protection\" pendants, supposedly from Japan, worn around one's neck, have been sold with claims that they prevent infection. The U.S. [Environmental Protection Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency \"United States Environmental Protection Agency\") said that no evidence had been presented that they work, and took legal action against importers.[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-64)\n- A Twitter post claimed that scientists from the \"Australian Medical University\" had developed a vaccine for the coronavirus. It accepted 0.1 [Bitcoin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bitcoin \"Bitcoin\") as payment for a \"vaccination kit\" and promised shipping in 5–10 days. The linked website was later removed.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-65)\n- [Homeopathic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homeopathic \"Homeopathic\") 'Influenza complex' has been marketed as a preventive measure for COVID-19 by a man in New Zealand, who claimed to have identified and imbued his product with the \"frequency\" of COVID-19 using a \"[radionics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radionics \"Radionics\") machine\". Homeopathic remedies like this have no active ingredients and cannot protect against flu, colds, or COVID-19, said University of Auckland associate professor and microbiologist [Dr Siouxsie Wiles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siouxsie_Wiles \"Siouxsie Wiles\"). The NZ Ministry of Health said that COVID-19 was not a strain of flu, and criticized products that claim to prevent COVID-19 as giving dangerous false confidence.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-NZ_Herald-9)\n- Homeopathic treatment with [Arsenicum album](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arsenicum_album \"Arsenicum album\") is claimed as an \"add on\" to prevent COVID-19.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-indiatimes74945805-66)\\[*[medical citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\$medicine\$ \"Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)\")*\\]\n- A person living in California marketed pills for curing coronavirus, although the contents of the pill were not made public. He was arrested for attempted fraud, which carries up to 20 years in prison.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-67)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6f\/Plata_Coloidal_Super_Tyndall_Effect.jpeg\/250px-Plata_Coloidal_Super_Tyndall_Effect.jpeg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Plata_Coloidal_Super_Tyndall_Effect.jpeg)\n\nColloidal silver is falsely marketed as a cure for COVID-19 infection.\n\n- Claims that [colloidal silver](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colloidal_silver \"Colloidal silver\") solution can kill over 650 pathogens, including coronavirus, prompted antifraud actions. The [National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Integrative_Health \"National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health\") warned on their website against taking colloidal silver as a dietary supplement. Seven warning letters were filed against companies for selling fraudulent products.[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-68) Preacher [Jim Bakker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jim_Bakker \"Jim Bakker\") had been claiming that the colloid silver he sold (and only his) could be used to treat COVID-19.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scammers-69) Colloidal silver is not an effective treatment for anything, and may interfere with other medications or cause permanent [argyria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Argyria \"Argyria\") (blue-gray skin discoloration).[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-70)\n- Toothpastes, dietary supplements and creams were being sold illegally in the US, with claims that they could cure coronavirus infection.[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-71) [Alex Jones](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alex_Jones \"Alex Jones\") was directed by the [USFDA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USFDA \"USFDA\") to cease promoting these products as a cure.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scammers-69)\n- Celebrity chef [Pete Evans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pete_Evans \"Pete Evans\") claimed that the BioCharger NG Subtle Energy Platform device, costing US\\$14,990, could cure the coronavirus. He faced backlash, taking down his advertisement after the [Australian Medical Association](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australian_Medical_Association \"Australian Medical Association\") dismissed the product as a \"fancy light machine\".[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-device-72)[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scammers-69) The Australian distributors, Hydrogen Technologies Pty Ltd, stated the device would help \"open the airways of Coronavirus victims by reducing the inflammation it causes in the lungs\" as well as other unproven [therapeutic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Therapeutic \"Therapeutic\") claims.[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scams-73) Evans was fined AU\\$25,200 by the [Therapeutic Goods Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration \"Therapeutic Goods Administration\") for his false claims[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-74) and the company was fined AU\\$50,400 for false advertising.[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-75)\n- \"[Miracle Mineral Solution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Miracle_Mineral_Solution \"Miracle Mineral Solution\")\" (MMS) is a mixture of [sodium chlorite](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sodium_chlorite \"Sodium chlorite\") (with table salt and some other trace minerals) and an acid, which reacts with the sodium chlorite to produces a solution of unstable [chlorous acid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorous_acid \"Chlorous acid\"), which becomes [chlorite](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorite \"Chlorite\"), [chlorate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorate \"Chlorate\"), and [chlorine dioxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorine_dioxide \"Chlorine dioxide\"), an industrial bleach.[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-76) The FDA has warned against using it, saying there is no evidence that it cures, prevents, or treats COVID-19, and that it is seriously hazardous to health. The \"[Genesis II Church](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genesis_II_Church \"Genesis II Church\")\" calls its mail-order MMS a \"[sacrament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sacrament \"Sacrament\")\", and when warned by the FDA that their claims that it could cure COVID-19 were fraudulent, vehemently refused to stop making them, saying the FDA had no authority over them, and they would never stop. Their status as a religious organization was disputed in a successful filing for a temporary restraining order on grounds of public safety by the U.S. Attorney's Office in South Florida.[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-77)[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-78)[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-cbs-8)\n- [Shuanghuanglian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shuanghuanglian \"Shuanghuanglian\"), a mixture of plants invented in the 1960s as part of official state-sponsored TCM ([traditional Chinese medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traditional_Chinese_medicine \"Traditional Chinese medicine\")), was advertised by the [Xinhua News Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xinhua_News_Agency \"Xinhua News Agency\") as being able to treat the coronavirus. Posts on Weibo claimed that many people violated social distancing rules while queuing to buy it. Some attributed the news stories to stock market manipulation.[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-79)[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-80)\n- Jennings Ryan Staley, a licensed physician and owner of Skinny Beach Med Spa, was accused of selling mail-order \"COVID-19 treatment packs\", claiming they would protect against COVID-19 for six weeks and cure it \"100%\", causing the disease to disappear in hours. He has been arrested and is being \"vigorously investigated\" by the FBI; if convicted, he may face 20 years in prison.[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-81)\n- A hand cream sold by the right-wing populist party leader of the party [Greek Solution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_Solution \"Greek Solution\"), [Kyriakos Velopoulos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kyriakos_Velopoulos \"Kyriakos Velopoulos\"), via his TV shop, is claimed to completely kill COVID-19, although it is not approved by medical authorities.[\\[82\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-unbelievers-82)\n- An \"anti-coronavirus\" mattress was advertised as being anti-fungal, anti-allergic, dustproof, waterproof, and able to fight the coronavirus.[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-India_reality_check-83)\n- Mohanan Vaidyar, a self-proclaimed naturopath, was arrested in Kerala for claiming that he can cure [COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronavirus_disease_2019 \"Coronavirus disease 2019\") and treating people.[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Man01-84)\n- [Methylene chloride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylene_chloride \"Methylene chloride\"), commonly used as a [paint stripper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paint_stripper \"Paint stripper\"), was being marketed on eBay as a coronavirus disinfectant. It had been previously banned by the [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency \"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\") due to the risk of asphyxiation during use.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-stop-sale-85)\n- [Chlorine dioxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorine_dioxide \"Chlorine dioxide\") tablets and sanitizers were marketed on Amazon.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-stop-sale-85)\n- A purportedly anti-virus lanyard called Shut Out resulted in the criminal conviction of a Georgia woman for violating the U.S. [Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act \"Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act\").[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-stop-sale-85)\n- Australian company Lorna Jane claimed that its \"anti-virus activewear\" prevents and protects against infectious diseases, including COVID-19, before being fined by the [Therapeutic Goods Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration \"Therapeutic Goods Administration\") \\$40,000 for false advertising.[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-86)\n\n### Traditional Chinese Medicine\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: Traditional Chinese Medicine\")\\]\n\nChina officially promotes the use of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to treat COVID-19.[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Nature1-87) Many academic papers, such as Shi et al.,[\\[88\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-88) have been published trying to establish the effectiveness of various decoctions such as Qingfei Paidu Decoction. Most of the western media hold a skeptical attitude about its effectiveness, despite many positive accounts.[\\[89\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Healthcmi-89) There is much ongoing research trying to identify the effective ingredients for treating COVID-19 from inspirations from the TCM methods.\n\n### Traditional Persian Medicine\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=13 \"Edit section: Traditional Persian Medicine\")\\]\n\nVarious studies have been conducted and reported on the effect of [traditional Persian medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iranian_traditional_medicine \"Iranian traditional medicine\") formulas on SARS-CoV-2. These treatments have been studied in various clinical trials in Iran.[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-90)[\\[91\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-91)[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-92)[\\[93\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-93)[\\[94\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-94)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/61\/Datura_fruit.jpg\/250px-Datura_fruit.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Datura_fruit.jpg)\n\nThe poisonous fruit of the [datura](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Datura \"Datura\") plant was claimed by some to be effective against coronavirus because it [physically resembles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doctrine_of_signatures \"Doctrine of signatures\") the virus's [virion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virion \"Virion\").\n\n- The poisonous fruit of the [datura](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Datura \"Datura\") plant was falsely promoted as a preventive measure for COVID-19, which resulted in eleven people being hospitalized in India. They ate the fruit, following the instructions from a [TikTok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TikTok \"TikTok\") video that propagated the misinformation. The fruit was claimed to be effective on the grounds that it [resembles the coronavirus virion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doctrine_of_signatures \"Doctrine of signatures\").[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-thenewsminute122136-95)[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-thehindu31282688-96)\n- A complex [Sri Lankan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sri_Lanka \"Sri Lanka\") herbal drink was said to remedy all virus infections which can affect humans, including COVID-19, with reposts circulating widely on Facebook. The drink might reduce fever symptoms\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\], but this might lead to the infected person infecting other people, and the mixture could have long-term health complications, according to L. P. A. Karunathilake, a senior lecturer at the [Colombo University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colombo_University \"Colombo University\") Institute of Indigenous Medicine.[\\[97\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200317afp-97)\\[*[medical citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\$medicine\$ \"Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)\")*\\]\n- *[Andrographis paniculata](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andrographis_paniculata \"Andrographis paniculata\")* was claimed to boost the immune system and relieve symptoms of coronavirus by a Thai media website. Pakakrong Kwankao, Head of the Empirical Evidence Centre at Chao Phraya Abhaibhubehjr Hospital, and Richard Brown, Programme Manager of Health Emergencies and Antimicrobial Resistance at the World Health Organization (WHO) in Thailand, said that there was no evidence to back these claims.[\\[98\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-98)\n- Sap from [*Tinospora crispa*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tinospora \"Tinospora\") (makabuhay) plants was claimed to serve as an antibiotic against the coronavirus when used as an eye drop; it was also claimed that the coronavirus is on the skin and crawls to the eyes. These rumours circulated in the Philippines. Jaime Purificacion from the [University of the Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_the_Philippines \"University of the Philippines\")’ Institute of Herbal Medicine said that while there was evidence for makabuhay as a treatment for scabies, there was no evidence that it was useful for treating coronavirus, and no evidence that putting the sap in your eyes was safe. He strongly advised against putting plant sap in the eyes, saying it could be dangerous.[\\[99\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-99) The WHO has stated that antibiotics do not kill the coronavirus, as they kill bacteria, not viruses.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n- A recipe consisting of ingredients often purported to prevent and cure colds, including [lemon grass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cymbopogon \"Cymbopogon\"), [elder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sambucus \"Sambucus\"), ginger, black pepper, lemon and honey, was promoted by [María Alejandra Díaz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mar%C3%ADa_Alejandra_D%C3%ADaz \"María Alejandra Díaz\"), a member of the [Venezuelan Constituent Assembly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2017_Constituent_National_Assembly \"2017 Constituent National Assembly\") as a cure for COVID-19. Díaz also described the virus as a bioterrorism weapon.[\\[100\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200305efectococuyo-100)\n- The President of [Madagascar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Madagascar \"Madagascar\"), [Andry Rajoelina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andry_Rajoelina \"Andry Rajoelina\") launched and promoted [Covid-Organics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Covid-Organics \"Covid-Organics\") in April 2020: a herbal drink based on an [artemisia plant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Artemisia_\$genus\$ \"Artemisia (genus)\") as a cure that can treat and prevent COVID-19.[\\[101\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-madagascar-101)[\\[102\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-102)\n- United States President Donald Trump and [Mike Lindell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mike_Lindell \"Mike Lindell\") participated in a July meeting at the White House regarding the use of [oleandrin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oleandrin \"Oleandrin\") as a treatment for coronavirus.[\\[103\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-CNNOleandrin-103) Lindell soon acquired a financial stake in Phoenix Biotechnology Inc, a company trying to find a profitable use for oleandrin. Oleandrin is toxic and potentially lethal to humans.[\\[104\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-ConversationOleandrin-104)\n\n### Religious and magical methods\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=15 \"Edit section: Religious and magical methods\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/ff\/Figure_3-_Examples_of_Zoonotic_Diseases_and_Their_Affected_Populations_%286323431516%29.jpg\/500px-Figure_3-_Examples_of_Zoonotic_Diseases_and_Their_Affected_Populations_%286323431516%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Figure_3-_Examples_of_Zoonotic_Diseases_and_Their_Affected_Populations_\$6323431516\$.jpg)\n\n[Zoonosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoonosis \"Zoonosis\") involves a disease hopping between humans and other animals\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/1\/12\/Wudu_Istiqlal_Mosque.JPG\/500px-Wudu_Istiqlal_Mosque.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wudu_Istiqlal_Mosque.JPG)\n\nPerforming [wudu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wudu \"Wudu\"), a washing before prayer, from individual sinks rather than a common pool.\n\n- During the pandemic, the alternative [anthroposophic medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anthroposophic_medicine \"Anthroposophic medicine\") promoted at Steiner hospitals in Germany became notorious amongst legitimate medics for forcing quack remedies on sedated hospital patients, some of whom were critically ill. Remedies used included ginger poultices and homeopathic pellets claimed to contain the dust of shooting stars. Stefan Kluge, director of intensive care medicine at Hamburg's University Medical Centre said the claims of anthroposophic doctors during the pandemic were \"highly unprofessional\" and that they \"risk\\[ed\\] causing uncertainty among patients\".[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-steinerblk-105)\n- Indian politician [Swami Chakrapani](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chakrapani_\$politician\$ \"Chakrapani (politician)\") claimed that drinking [cow urine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cow_urine \"Cow urine\") and applying cow dung on the body could cure COVID-19. He also stated that only Indian cows must be used.[\\[106\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-106)[\\[107\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-107) MP [Suman Haripriya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suman_Haripriya \"Suman Haripriya\") also promoted cow dung and urine .[\\[108\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-BBC_tea-108) In March 2020, the All India Hindu Union hosted a \"cow urine drinking party\" in [New Delhi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Delhi \"New Delhi\"), attended by 200 people.[\\[109\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-109) There exists no scientific evidence in favour of cow urine.[\\[110\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-110)[\\[111\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-111) Dr. Shailendra Saxena of the Indian Virological Society stated that there is no evidence that cow urine has any anti-viral effect, and eating cow dung might transmit diseases to humans [zoonotically](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoonosis \"Zoonosis\"). For example, [giardiasis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giardiasis \"Giardiasis\"), [E. coli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ecoli \"Ecoli\"), [salmonellosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salmonellosis \"Salmonellosis\") and [tuberculosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\") can all be transmitted via bovine fecal matter.[\\[112\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-112)\n- Drinking [camel urine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camel_urine \"Camel urine\") has been advocated in the [Middle East](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_East \"Middle East\").[\\[113\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-113)[\\[114\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-114) The WHO stated that camel urine should not be drunk, in order to avoid contracting [Middle East Respiratory Syndrome–related coronavirus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus \"Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus\") (MERS-CoV),[\\[115\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-115)[\\[116\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-116)[\\[117\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-117)[\\[118\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-118) a more deadly, [SARS-CoV-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 \"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2\")\\-like species of [betacoronavirus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Betacoronavirus \"Betacoronavirus\").\n- Televangelist [Kenneth Copeland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kenneth_Copeland \"Kenneth Copeland\") urged followers to touch their televisions as a means of vaccination by proxy, and also attempted to exorcise COVID-19 on at least three occasions by summoning \"the wind of God\", stating that this had destroyed the virus (either in the US or worldwide). Earlier, he had urged followers to ignore public health advisories and come to his churches, saying they could be healed there by the [laying on of hands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laying_on_of_hands \"Laying on of hands\") if they fell ill.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scammers-69)[\\[119\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-119)\n- \"[Happy Science](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Happy_Science \"Happy Science\")\", a secretive pay-to-progress religious group, sells \"spiritual vaccines\" to prevent and cure COVID-19, advertises virus-related blessings at rates from US\\$100 to over US\\$400, and sells coronavirus-themed DVDs and CDs of Ryuho Okawa (the former stockbroker whom the group believes to be the current incarnation of the supreme deity) lecturing, which are claimed to boost immunity, as of April 2020. After initially defying social-distancing measures, it closed its New York temple and administered spiritual vaccines remotely.[\\[120\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-120)\n- A suggestion that COVID-19 could be prevented by applying a [cotton ball](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cotton_ball \"Cotton ball\") soaked in violet oil to the [anus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anus \"Anus\") has brought [Abbas Tabrizian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abbas_Tabrizian \"Abbas Tabrizian\") renewed widespread ridicule in Iran. The [IRNA news agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IRNA_news_agency \"IRNA news agency\") reported that Abbas Tabrizian, who has often promoted his remedies as [Prophetic medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prophetic_medicine#Islamic_Republic_of_Iran \"Prophetic medicine\") in opposition to standard medicine, has also claimed that COVID-19 is God's revenge against those who had bothered him.[\\[121\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-121) An arrest warrant has been issued for Morteza Kohansal, a follower of Abbas Tabrizian, who visited the coronavirus section of a hospital in Iran without wearing protective gear, and applied what he described as the \"Prophet's perfume\" to affected patients. Using [Prophetic medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prophetic_medicine#In_post-1970s_Iran \"Prophetic medicine\") has caused some Iranian clerics to delay getting standard medical treatment. [Ayatollah Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hashem_Bathaie_Golpayegani \"Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani\") announced that he had cured himself of COVID-19 three weeks before being hospitalized. He died two days later.[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-floweroil-122)\n- Some religious hardliners in Iran have advocated that people visit shrines to be healed, and opposed government closures of pilgrimage sites.[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-floweroil-122)[\\[123\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-123)\n- Parliamentarian [Ramesh Bidhuri](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ramesh_Bidhuri \"Ramesh Bidhuri\") of the [Bharatiya Janata Party](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bharatiya_Janata_Party \"Bharatiya Janata Party\") claimed that experts say using [Namaste](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Namaste \"Namaste\") as a greeting prevents transmission of COVID-19, but using Arabic greetings such as [Adab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adab_\$gesture\$ \"Adab (gesture)\") and [As-salamu alaykum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/As-salamu_alaykum \"As-salamu alaykum\") does not prevent it as they direct air into the mouth.[\\[124\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-124)[\\[125\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-deccanherald811390-125)\n- Religious and scientific misconceptions related to the coronavirus are widespread in Pakistan.[\\[126\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-126) According to a survey research conducted by [Ipsos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ipsos \"Ipsos\"), 82% of people in Pakistan believed that performing [wudu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wudu \"Wudu\")\/ablution five times a day will keep them protected from contracting COVID-19. Meanwhile, 67% polled believed that jamaat (congregation prayer) cannot become a source of infection[\\[127\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-thenews\/1-127) and 48% people believed that shaking hands cannot infect anyone since it is [Sunnah](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sunnah \"Sunnah\").[\\[128\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-128)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bf\/Foolproofaprilseries01.png\/250px-Foolproofaprilseries01.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Foolproofaprilseries01.png)\n\nA poster for spreading awareness of unproven food claims\n\n- Drinking lemon in warm water has been claimed to prevent both COVID-19 and [cancer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cancer \"Cancer\") by increasing [vitamin C](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitamin_C \"Vitamin C\") levels. This claim circulated on Facebook in English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. There is no evidence that vitamin C was effective against coronaviruses, nor are lemons the fruit with the most vitamin C content, said Henry Chenal, director of the Integrated Bioclinical Research Centre (CIRBA) in [Abidjan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abidjan \"Abidjan\"), [Ivory Coast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ivory_Coast \"Ivory Coast\").[\\[129\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-LemonWater-129) The WHO said that there was no evidence that lemons would protect against COVID-19, though they recommended consuming fresh fruit and vegetables in a healthy diet.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43)\n- Bananas were claimed to be able to strengthen the immune system and prevent and cure COVID-19. The claim was based on a composited video that falsely attributed the statements to researchers at the University of Queensland. The university stated that the video was faked and urged people not to share it.[\\[130\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-130)[\\[131\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-131)\n- Eating mango or durian will not cure COVID-19.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43)\n- Onions were rumoured to be a preventive measure against COVID-19 on Facebook.[\\[132\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-garlic_onions-132)\n\n- Garlic was said to prevent COVID-19 on Facebook.[\\[132\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-garlic_onions-132) There is no evidence that garlic protects against COVID-19.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n- Hot peppers cannot prevent or cure COVID-19.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n- Consuming large amounts of boiled ginger after fasting for a day was rumoured to prevent or cure coronavirus on Facebook. There is no evidence that this prevents or cures any coronavirus infection, Mark Kristoffer Pasayan, a fellow at the Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, said.[\\[133\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200213afp-133)[\\[132\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-garlic_onions-132)\n- Juice of [bittergourd](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bittergourd \"Bittergourd\"), a vegetable used in traditional medicine, was suggested as a cure for COVID-19 on social media.[\\[134\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-134)\n- Consuming [turmeric](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turmeric \"Turmeric\") has been claimed to help prevent COVID-19,[\\[135\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-135) but the WHO says there is no evidence that it does.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43)\n- Neem leaves (*[Azadirachta indica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Azadirachta_indica \"Azadirachta indica\")*) were claimed to be remedies for COVID-19 in rumours that circulated in India.[\\[136\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-136)\n- Various retailers have marketed herbal products and essential oils fraudulently claimed to cure or prevent COVID-19.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA_warns-39)\n\n#### Drinks and frozen foods\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=19 \"Edit section: Drinks and frozen foods\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b8\/Foolproofaprilseries04.png\/250px-Foolproofaprilseries04.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Foolproofaprilseries04.png)\n\nA poster explains that alcohol hand-sanitizers kill coronaviruses, but alcoholic drinks do not protect against COVID-19\n\n- [Drinking alcohol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drinking_alcohol \"Drinking alcohol\") will not prevent or cure COVID-19,[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) contrary to some claims.[\\[137\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-137) Drinking alcohol may cause subclinical [immunosuppression](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Immunosuppression \"Immunosuppression\")[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Alcohol%E2%80%99s_Effect_on_Host_Defense-55) (see \"Addictive drugs\" section above).\n- Drinking water every 15 minutes was claimed to prevent coronavirus infection.[\\[138\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-138) Drinking large amounts of water will not prevent or cure COVID-19, though avoiding [dehydration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dehydration \"Dehydration\") is healthy.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43)\n- Tea was said to be effective against COVID-19 in claims circulating on social media, which said that since tea contained the stimulants [methylxanthine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylxanthine \"Methylxanthine\"), [theobromine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theobromine \"Theobromine\") and [theophylline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theophylline \"Theophylline\"), it was capable of warding off the virus. These claims were falsely attributed to [Dr Li Wenliang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Wenliang \"Li Wenliang\").[\\[139\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-139)[\\[108\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-BBC_tea-108)\n- Fennel tea (supposedly similar to the medicine [Tamiflu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tamiflu \"Tamiflu\")—itself ineffective against coronaviruses—according to a false e-mail attributed to a hospital director) was claimed to be a cure in Brazil.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200304uol-57)\n- So-called cures in messages spreading in Brazil included avocado and mint tea, hot whiskey and honey, essential oils, and vitamins C and D.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-otempo2307041-63)\n- Facebook claims that 'gargling salt water, drinking hot liquids like tea and avoiding ice cream can stop the transmission of COVID-19' have been criticized by health professionals.[\\[140\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-auto2-140)\n- Eating ice cream and frozen foods will neither cure nor cause COVID-19, as long as they are hygienically prepared.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) This claim was widely attributed to UNICEF, which stated that they had made no such claim: \"To the creators of such falsehoods, we offer a simple message: STOP. Sharing inaccurate information and attempting to imbue it with authority by misappropriating the names of those in a position of trust is dangerous and wrong\".[\\[141\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-141)\n\n- Claims that [vegetarians](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vegetarian \"Vegetarian\") are immune to coronavirus spread online in India, causing \"\\#NoMeat\\_NoCoronaVirus\" to trend on Twitter.[\\[142\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-142) Eating meat does not have an effect on COVID-19 spread, except for people near where animals are slaughtered (see [zoonosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoonosis \"Zoonosis\")), said Anand Krishnan, professor at the Centre for Community Medicine of the [All India Institute of Medical Sciences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences \"All India Institute of Medical Sciences\") (AIIMS).[\\[143\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-143)\n- Eating chicken will not cause COVID-19, as long as it is hygienically prepared and well-cooked.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43)\n\n- There is no evidence that eating [curry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curry \"Curry\") or [rasam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rasam_\$dish\$ \"Rasam (dish)\") protects against COVID-19.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43)\n\n- Taking six deep breaths and then coughing while covering one's mouth was circulated as a treatment for COVID-19 infection in social media, including by celebrities such as [J. K. Rowling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J._K._Rowling \"J. K. Rowling\").[\\[144\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-144)\n\n### Use of existing medications unproven against COVID-19\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=23 \"Edit section: Use of existing medications unproven against COVID-19\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/da\/Ivermectin_COVID_May2022.jpg\/250px-Ivermectin_COVID_May2022.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ivermectin_COVID_May2022.jpg)\n\nVeterinary [ivermectin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ivermectin \"Ivermectin\"), sold alongside an unproven [povidone-iodine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Povidone-iodine \"Povidone-iodine\") nasal spray[\\[145\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-145) as COVID-19 treatments, at an [Amish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amish \"Amish\")\\-run grocery store near [McBain, Michigan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/McBain,_Michigan \"McBain, Michigan\").\n\n- In March 2020, then US President [Donald Trump](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") promoted the use of [chloroquine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chloroquine \"Chloroquine\") and [hydroxychloroquine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydroxychloroquine \"Hydroxychloroquine\"), two related anti-malarial drugs, for treating COVID-19. The FDA later clarified that it has not approved any therapeutics or drugs to treat COVID-19, but that studies were underway to see if chloroquine could be effective in treatment of COVID-19.[\\[146\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-malaria_bbc-146)[\\[147\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-147) Following Trump's claim, [panic buying](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panic_buying \"Panic buying\") of chloroquine was reported from many countries in Africa, Latin America and South Asia. Health officials across the world are issuing warnings over the use of antimalarial drugs after Trump's comments about treating the coronavirus with them sparked panic-buying and overdoses. Ugandan Dr. Chris Kaganda said, \"There is no known dosage for Covid-19, and whether it can actually cure it, it's safer to avoid chloroquine, but you know these are desperate times.\"[\\[148\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-malaria_wsj-148) Patients with [lupus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lupus \"Lupus\") and [rheumatoid arthritis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rheumatoid_arthritis \"Rheumatoid arthritis\"), who take these medications regularly, have had trouble obtaining supplies.[\\[148\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-malaria_wsj-148) Taking these, or related products intended for aquarium use, has caused serious side effects, illness, and death.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA-1)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)\n- Rumours circulated in Iraq that the Iraqi pharmaceutical company PiONEER Co. had discovered a coronavirus treatment. These reports were loosely based on a statement by PiONEER, which mentioned [hydroxychloroquine sulphate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydroxychloroquine_sulphate \"Hydroxychloroquine sulphate\") and [azithromycin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Azithromycin \"Azithromycin\") (brand nameand \"Zitroneer\"), a common antibiotic [\\[149\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-149)[\\[150\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-azithromycin-150)) and said that it would try to make these drugs available free of charge. The statement did not say that these drugs can cure COVID-19. The company later clarified that they had not attempted to find a cure for COVID-19, and criticized the news media for spreading inaccurate reports and misinformation, running with the story without checking whether they had misunderstood the company's statement. Two days later, another false story was widely reported, saying that [Samaraa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Samaraa&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Samaraa (page does not exist)\"), another Iraqi pharmaceutical company, had found a cure.[\\[151\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-iraq-151) Generally, antibiotics (like azithromycin[\\[150\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-azithromycin-150)) are not effective against viruses, only some bacteria.[\\[152\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-152) Azithromycin is sometimes given to patients hospitalized with COVID-19, but only to treat bacterial [co-infection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Co-infection \"Co-infection\"). Overuse of azithromycin causes [antibiotic resistance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antibiotic_resistance \"Antibiotic resistance\"), and rare [side effects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Azithromycin#Adverse_effects \"Azithromycin\") include heart arrhythmias and hearing loss.[\\[150\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-azithromycin-150)[\\[153\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-153)\n- There were also claims that a 30-year-old Indian textbook lists aspirin, anti-histamines, and nasal spray as treatments for COVID-19. The textbook describes [coronaviruses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronaviruses \"Coronaviruses\") in general, as a family of viruses.[\\[154\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-154)\n- There were also claims in April 2020 that [an anti-viral injection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fabunan_Antiviral_Injection \"Fabunan Antiviral Injection\") had been approved as a cure in the Philippines, and the lockdown would be lifted.[\\[155\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-rappler-155) The persons making these claims were issued with a [cease-and-desist order](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cease-and-desist_order \"Cease-and-desist order\") by the Philippine FDA, which reiterated the need to test treatments to be sure they are safe. The FDA said that they had not even received an application to register the treatment with the FDA.[\\[155\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-rappler-155)[\\[156\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-156) The agency has prohibited the use of the untested drug, and the clinic illegally promoting it subsequently closed.[\\[157\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-reiterate-157)[\\[158\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-158)\n- [Ivermectin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ivermectin \"Ivermectin\"), a medication used to treat [parasitic infections](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parasitic_disease \"Parasitic disease\"), was suggested as a possible COVID-19 treatment in an online preprint which utilized a flawed statistical methodology.[\\[159\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-159) Importantly, the concentration of the drug that was required to achieve the antiviral effects observed in cell culture was several times higher than what can be achieved in the bloodstream of patients.[\\[160\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-160) Clinical research subsequently determined ivermectin is not effective for treating COVID-19.[\\[161\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-161) The promotion of ivermectin as a COVID-19 treatment has led to increases in ivermectin-related poison control centre calls in the United States,[\\[162\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-162) as well as national shortages of the drug in Australia.[\\[163\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-163)\n\n- Operation Pangea, launched by the international police organization [Interpol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interpol \"Interpol\"), seized counterfeit facemasks, substandard hand sanitizers, and unauthorized antiviral medication in over 90 countries, resulting in the arrest of 121 people.[\\[164\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-164)\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-FDA_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-FDA_1-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-FDA_1-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-FDA_1-3)\n   Office of the Commissioner (April 1, 2020). [\"Beware of Fraudulent Coronavirus Tests, Vaccines and Treatments\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200401134138\/https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/consumers\/consumer-updates\/beware-fraudulent-coronavirus-tests-vaccines-and-treatments). *FDA*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/consumers\/consumer-updates\/beware-fraudulent-coronavirus-tests-vaccines-and-treatments) on April 1, 2020.\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-2)**\n   Hrabovszki, Georgina (March 23, 2020). [\"COVID-19: Beware of falsified medicines from unregistered websites\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200324140616\/https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/news\/covid-19-beware-falsified-medicines-unregistered-websites). *European Medicines Agency*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/news\/covid-19-beware-falsified-medicines-unregistered-websites) on March 24, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-3)**\n   Spinney, Laura (April 3, 2020). [\"When will a coronavirus vaccine be ready?\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200403104057\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/apr\/03\/when-will-a-coronavirus-vaccine-be-ready). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/apr\/03\/when-will-a-coronavirus-vaccine-be-ready) on April 3, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.\n4. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-who_4-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-who_4-1)\n   [\"Falsified medical products, including in vitro diagnostics, that claim to prevent, detect, treat or cure COVID-19\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200406190323\/https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/essential-medicines\/drug-alerts20\/no3-2020-falsified-mp-forcovid-en.pdf?sfvrsn=cd866001_16) (PDF). World Health Organization. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/essential-medicines\/drug-alerts20\/no3-2020-falsified-mp-forcovid-en.pdf?sfvrsn=cd866001_16) (PDF) on April 6, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-Beware_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-Beware_5-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-Beware_5-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-Beware_5-3)\n   Knight V (March 31, 2020). [\"Covid-19: beware online tests and cures, experts say\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/mar\/31\/coronavirus-covid-19-fake-tests-cures). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. Retrieved April 2, 2020.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-6)**\n   Zaveri, Mihir (March 16, 2020). [\"Be Wary of Those Texts From a Friend of a Friend's Aunt\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/03\/16\/us\/coronavirus-text-messages-national-quarantine.html). *The New York Times*.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-alex_jones_7-0)**\n   Ferré-Sadurní L, McKinley J (March 13, 2020). [\"Alex Jones Is Told to Stop Selling Sham Anti-Coronavirus Toothpaste\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/03\/13\/nyregion\/alex-jones-coronavirus-cure.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200314143913\/https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/03\/13\/nyregion\/alex-jones-coronavirus-cure.html) from the original on March 14, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.\n8. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-cbs_8-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-cbs_8-1)\n   [\"Coronavirus cannot be cured by drinking bleach or snorting cocaine, despite social media rumors\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200310120512\/https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/coronavirus-drinking-bleach-cocaine-false-rumors-social-media\/). *cbsnews.com*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/coronavirus-drinking-bleach-cocaine-false-rumors-social-media\/) on March 10, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.\n9. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-NZ_Herald_9-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-NZ_Herald_9-1)\n   [\"Homeopath shipping 'protection' for Covid 19 roasted by health and science experts over claims\"](https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/news\/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12322013). *[The New Zealand Herald](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_Zealand_Herald \"The New Zealand Herald\")*. April 2, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.\n10. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-100skilled_10-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-100skilled_10-1)\n    [\"Hundreds killed in Iran from drinking toxic coronavirus 'cure'\"](https:\/\/7news.com.au\/news\/health\/false-virus-cure-kills-hundreds-in-iran-c-768920). *7NEWS.com.au*. March 28, 2020. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200331124935\/https:\/\/7news.com.au\/news\/health\/false-virus-cure-kills-hundreds-in-iran-c-768920) from the original on March 31, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-11)**\n    [\"Testing for COVID-19\"](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/symptoms-testing\/testing.html). *Centers for Disease Control*. 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Retrieved September 30, 2020.","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Many fake or unproven medical products and methods claim to diagnose, prevent, or cure COVID-19 . [ 1 ] Fake medicines sold for COVID-19 may not contain the ingredients they claim to contain, and may even contain harmful ingredients. [ 2 ] [ 1 ] [ 3 ] In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) released a statement recommending against taking any medicines in an attempt to treat or cure COVID-19, although research on potential treatment was underway, including the Solidarity trial spearheaded by WHO. [ 4 ] The WHO requested member countries to immediately notify them if any fake medicines or other falsified products were discovered. [ 4 ] There are also many claims that existing products help against COVID-19, which are spread through rumors online rather than conventional advertising. Anxiety about COVID-19 makes people more willing to "try anything" that might give them a sense of control of the situation, making them easy targets for scams. [ 5 ] Many false claims about measures against COVID-19 have circulated widely on social media , but some have been circulated by text, on YouTube, and even in some mainstream media. Officials advised that before forwarding information, people should think carefully and look it up. Misinformation messages may use scare tactics or other high-pressure rhetoric , claim to have all the facts while others do not, and jump to unusual conclusions. The public was advised to check the information source's source, looking at official websites; some messages have falsely claimed to be from official bodies like UNICEF and government agencies. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Arthur Caplan, head of medical ethics at New York University 's medical school , had simpler advice for COVID-19 products: "Anything online, ignore it". [ 5 ] Products that claim to prevent COVID-19 risk give dangerous false confidence and increase infection rates. [ 9 ] Going out to buy such products may encourage people to break stay-at-home orders , reducing social distancing . [ citation needed ] Some of the pretend treatments are also poisonous; hundreds of people have died from using fake COVID-19 treatments. [ 10 ] Medically approved tests detect the virus or the antibodies the body makes to fight it off. Government health departments and healthcare providers provide tests to the public. [ 11 ] There have been fraudsters offering fake tests; some have offered tests in exchange for money, but others have said the test is free to collect information that could later be used for identity theft or medical insurance fraud . Some fraudsters have claimed to be local government health authorities. People have been advised to contact their doctor or genuine local government health authorities for information about getting tested. Fake tests have been offered on social media platforms, by e-mail, and by phone. [ 12 ] Counterfeit testing kits, which were originally used for testing HIV and monitoring glucose levels, were touted as for coronavirus diagnosis. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Holding one's breath for 10 seconds was claimed to be an effective self-test for the coronavirus. [ 15 ] The WHO stated that this test did not work and should not be used. [ 16 ] Manufacturer Bodysphere briefly sold what it claimed were coronavirus antibody tests. It falsely marketed them as having received FDA Emergency Use Authorization. It also falsely claimed they were made in the United States. [ 17 ] Prevention and cure claims [ edit ] Widely circulated rumours have made many unfounded claims about methods of preventing and curing infection with SARS-CoV-2 . [ 18 ] Among others: Hand cleaning methods [ edit ] Washing hands with plain soap and water (for ≥20 seconds) is effective at removing SARS-CoV-2 . Hand sanitizer is a slightly inferior option for sanitizing hands. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Neither antibacterial soap [ 21 ] [ 22 ] nor red soap are any more effective than plain soap. Hand sanitizer is not more effective than washing in plain soap and water. [ 23 ] Washing in soap and water for at least 20 seconds is recommended by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as the best way to clean hands in most situations. However, if soap and water are unavailable, a hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol can be used, unless hands are visibly dirty or greasy. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Soap removes coronaviruses effectively, but antibacterial soap is not better than plain soap. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Red soap is not more germicidal than soaps of other colors, contrary to claims in a popular Facebook post, said Ashan Pathirana, the registrar of Sri Lanka's Health Promotion Bureau (HPB); he suggested that it might be a reference to carbolic soap . [ 24 ] [ medical citation needed ] Hand sanitizer prepared at home by mixing rum, bleach, and fabric softener has been widely promoted as effective at preventing COVID-19 in YouTube videos in the Philippines. The Integrated Chemists of the Philippines (ICP) released statements saying that alcoholic drinks contain only about 40% alcohol, less than the 70% needed in effective hand sanitizers, and that mixing bleach and alcohol creates chloroform . The manufacturers of the brands of rum and bleach used in the videos have publicly issued statements calling the recipe dangerous and urging people not to use it. [ 25 ] [ medical citation needed ] [ 26 ] Vodka was alleged to be an effective homemade hand sanitizer, or an ingredient in one. The company whose brand was alleged to be protective responded to the rumours by citing the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention statement that hand sanitizers needed to be at least 60% alcohol to be effective, and stating that their product was only 40% alcohol. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ medical citation needed ] Claims that vinegar was more effective than hand sanitizer against the coronavirus were made in a video that was shared in Brazil. That was disproved, as "there is no evidence that acetic acid is effective against the virus" and, even if there was, "its concentration in common household vinegar is low". [ 29 ] [ medical citation needed ] Gargling, nasal rinses, and inhalation [ edit ] Inhaling bleach or other disinfectants is dangerous and will not protect against COVID-19. They can cause irritation and damage to tissues, including the eyes. They are poisonous and WHO has warned not to take them internally and to keep them out of the reach of children. They are safe and effective when used to disinfect surfaces such as countertops, but are not safe for human consumption. [ 16 ] Controversial alternative medicine proponents Joseph Mercola and Thomas Levy claimed that inhaling 0.5–3% hydrogen peroxide solution using a nebulizer could prevent or cure COVID-19. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] They cite research using hydrogen peroxide to sterilize surfaces, [ 32 ] [ 33 ] incorrectly asserts that it can therefore be used to clean human airways. A tweet from Mercola advertising this method was removed from Twitter on April 15, 2020, for violating the platform rules. [ 31 ] Inhalation of hydrogen peroxide can cause upper airway irritation, hoarseness, inflammation of the nose, and burning sensations in the chest. At high concentrations, inhaling hydrogen peroxide can cause permanent neurological damage or death. [ 34 ] Though hydrogen peroxide use as an alternative and complementary form of medicine is advocated for use in multiple disease processes, including COPD, asthma, pneumonia and bronchitis, there seems to be no trials regarding its use. [ 35 ] It was reported a case of possible side effect related to chronic (during 5 years) and subacute hydrogen peroxide inhalation use which lead to interstitial lung disease in the form of acute pneumonitis. [ 35 ] Gargling with saltwater was said to kill the coronavirus in claims on Weibo , Twitter, and Facebook. These claims were falsely attributed to respiratory expert Zhong Nanshan , Wuhan Union Hospital , and several other people and institutions, sometimes with the attribution changed and the actual advice copied verbatim. Zhong Nanshan's medical team published a refutation, pointing out that the virus settles in the respiratory tract, which cannot be cleaned by rinsing the mouth. The WHO also said it had no convincing evidence that this method would provide any protection against COVID-19. [ 36 ] Saltwater sprays were given at the door of the River of Grace Community Church in South Korea in the false belief that this would protect people from the virus; the same unsterilized spray bottle was used on everyone, and may have increased the risk. Subsequently, 46 devotees were infected with the virus. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] "Corona-Cure Coronavirus Infection Prevention Nasal Spray" was fraudulently marketed online. [ 39 ] There is no evidence that saline nasal rinses help prevent COVID-19. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] A World Health Organization infographic dispelling the myth that hot and humid weather prevents the spread of the virus. Cold weather and snow do not kill the COVID-19 virus. The virus lives in humans, not in the outdoors, though it can survive on surfaces. Even in cold weather, the body will stay at 36.5–37 degrees Celsius inside, and the COVID-19 virus will not be killed. [ 16 ] Hot and humid conditions do not prevent COVID-19 from spreading, either. There have been many COVID-19 cases in countries with hot and humid climates. [ 16 ] Drinking warm water or hot baths/heating to 26–27 °C (79–81 °F) will not cure people of COVID-19. It has been claimed that these statements were made by UNICEF in coronavirus prevention guidelines, but UNICEF officials refuted this. [ 42 ] [ 16 ] [ 43 ] High temperatures cannot be used on humans to kill the COVID-19 virus. Taking very hot baths can cause burns, but the body will stay at 36.5–37 degrees Celsius inside, and the COVID-19 virus will not be killed. [ 44 ] [ 16 ] Hot saunas and hand or hair dryers do not prevent or treat COVID-19. [ 45 ] [ 16 ] Steam inhalation was suggested on Facebook as a cure for coronavirus infection. Inhaling steam will not treat or cure COVID-19. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] UV-C light being used to sterilize equipment in a laboratory. UV-C cannot be used to disinfect people as it can damage the skin and eyes. Exposing people to sunlight will not prevent or cure COVID-19. It has been falsely claimed that UNICEF said so, in coronavirus prevention guidelines; UNICEF officials refuted this. [ 42 ] [ 16 ] [ 43 ] The virus can spread in even the sunniest of weather. [ 16 ] UV-C light cannot be used on humans to kill the COVID-19 virus. Attempting to use UV to sterilize people can cause skin irritation and damage the eyes. [ 44 ] [ 16 ] White color does not have a 'harmful effect' on coronavirus, as claimed in a widely shared Facebook post; nor does the colour of a handkerchief have an effect on the virus, according to Ashan Pathirana, the registrar of Sri Lanka's Health Promotion Bureau (HPB). Using handkerchiefs or tissues of other colours to sneeze or cough into will be just as effective. [ 24 ] [ medical citation needed ] Posts on social media claimed that volcanic ash from the eruption of the Taal Volcano on January 12, 2020, in the Philippines was the cause of low infection rates in the country, falsely stating that it could kill the virus and had "anti-viral" and "disinfectant qualities". [ 48 ] Drinking bleach is extremely dangerous and will not protect against COVID-19. Bleach is poisonous and damages internal organs. Drinking it can cause disability and death. The WHO has warned not to drink the substance. [ 16 ] Protective equipment [ edit ] USB flash drives were being sold for $370 as a "5G Bioshield", purportedly offering protection from the non-existent threat of infection transmitted via 5G mobile telephone radio waves . [ 49 ] Over 34,000 counterfeit surgical masks—which may have been touted as providing coronavirus prevention—were seized by Europol in March 2020. [ 13 ] Making masks out of wet-wipes has not been officially recommended as an alternative to surgical masks, contrary to some claims. [ 50 ] Some public health authorities have issued directions for making and using homemade cloth face masks . [ 51 ] See face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic . Aerosol Boxes—acrylic boxes placed over patients' heads during aerosol generating procedures, such as intubation —can potentially increase dispersal of COVID-containing aerosol particles if a patient coughs. [ 52 ] Ethanol has two carbon atoms (dark grey). Ethanol should not be confused with methanol. Ethanol-containing drinks are widely consumed as the main ingredient in alcoholic beverages . Ingestion doesn't prevent COVID-19, and may cause subclinical immunosuppression . [ 55 ] A mix containing amphetamines , cocaine , and nicotine , on sale on the dark web for US$300, was fraudulently presented as a vaccine against COVID-19. [ 56 ] Cocaine does not protect against COVID-19. Several viral tweets purporting that snorting cocaine would sterilize one's nostrils of the coronavirus spread around Europe and Africa. In response, the French Ministry of Health released a public service announcement debunking this claim, saying "No, cocaine does NOT protect against COVID-19. It is an addictive drug that causes serious side effects and is harmful to people’s health." The World Health Organization also debunked the claim. [ 57 ] [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Facebook flagged the rumour as misinformation. [ 60 ] A claim that cannabis could protect against the coronavirus appeared on YouTube, along with a petition to legalize cannabis in Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan Health authorities pointed out that there was no evidence that cannabis protected against COVID-19. [ 61 ] A fake webpage purporting to be a Fox News article also claimed that CBD oil was a potential cure. [ 62 ] The chloroform- and ether-based drug loló was said to cure the disease in messages spread in Brazil. [ 63 ] Boiled betel leaves will not cure COVID-19. [ 43 ] Industrial methanol was claimed to cure the coronavirus. Drinking alcohol is ethanol , while methanol is acutely poisonous . [ 54 ] The WHO has warned not to drink ethanol or methanol in an effort to kill the virus. Iranian media were reporting nearly 300 dead and 1000 hospitalized (or 600 dead and 3,000 hospitalized, according to an unidentified doctor in the Health Ministry) as of April 8, 2020. Alcoholic beverages are illegal in Iran, resulting in a black market in liquor made illegally . [ 10 ] Contrary to some reports, drinking ethyl alcohol also does not protect against COVID-19, and can increase health risks [ 16 ] ( short term and long term ). Commercial products [ edit ] Homeopathic globuli (sugar pills) do not make people immune to COVID-19. Many fraudulent and unproven products are claimed to treat or protect against COVID-19. [ 1 ] [ 5 ] "Virus Shut Out Protection" pendants, supposedly from Japan, worn around one's neck, have been sold with claims that they prevent infection. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency said that no evidence had been presented that they work, and took legal action against importers. [ 64 ] A Twitter post claimed that scientists from the "Australian Medical University" had developed a vaccine for the coronavirus. It accepted 0.1 Bitcoin as payment for a "vaccination kit" and promised shipping in 5–10 days. The linked website was later removed. [ 65 ] Homeopathic 'Influenza complex' has been marketed as a preventive measure for COVID-19 by a man in New Zealand, who claimed to have identified and imbued his product with the "frequency" of COVID-19 using a " radionics machine". Homeopathic remedies like this have no active ingredients and cannot protect against flu, colds, or COVID-19, said University of Auckland associate professor and microbiologist Dr Siouxsie Wiles . The NZ Ministry of Health said that COVID-19 was not a strain of flu, and criticized products that claim to prevent COVID-19 as giving dangerous false confidence. [ 9 ] Homeopathic treatment with Arsenicum album is claimed as an "add on" to prevent COVID-19. [ 66 ] [ medical citation needed ] A person living in California marketed pills for curing coronavirus, although the contents of the pill were not made public. He was arrested for attempted fraud, which carries up to 20 years in prison. [ 67 ] Colloidal silver is falsely marketed as a cure for COVID-19 infection. Claims that colloidal silver solution can kill over 650 pathogens, including coronavirus, prompted antifraud actions. The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health warned on their website against taking colloidal silver as a dietary supplement. Seven warning letters were filed against companies for selling fraudulent products. [ 68 ] Preacher Jim Bakker had been claiming that the colloid silver he sold (and only his) could be used to treat COVID-19. [ 69 ] Colloidal silver is not an effective treatment for anything, and may interfere with other medications or cause permanent argyria (blue-gray skin discoloration). [ 70 ] Toothpastes, dietary supplements and creams were being sold illegally in the US, with claims that they could cure coronavirus infection. [ 71 ] Alex Jones was directed by the USFDA to cease promoting these products as a cure. [ 69 ] Celebrity chef Pete Evans claimed that the BioCharger NG Subtle Energy Platform device, costing US$14,990, could cure the coronavirus. He faced backlash, taking down his advertisement after the Australian Medical Association dismissed the product as a "fancy light machine". [ 72 ] [ 69 ] The Australian distributors, Hydrogen Technologies Pty Ltd, stated the device would help "open the airways of Coronavirus victims by reducing the inflammation it causes in the lungs" as well as other unproven therapeutic claims. [ 73 ] Evans was fined AU$25,200 by the Therapeutic Goods Administration for his false claims [ 74 ] and the company was fined AU$50,400 for false advertising. [ 75 ] " Miracle Mineral Solution " (MMS) is a mixture of sodium chlorite (with table salt and some other trace minerals) and an acid, which reacts with the sodium chlorite to produces a solution of unstable chlorous acid , which becomes chlorite , chlorate , and chlorine dioxide , an industrial bleach. [ 76 ] The FDA has warned against using it, saying there is no evidence that it cures, prevents, or treats COVID-19, and that it is seriously hazardous to health. The " Genesis II Church " calls its mail-order MMS a " sacrament ", and when warned by the FDA that their claims that it could cure COVID-19 were fraudulent, vehemently refused to stop making them, saying the FDA had no authority over them, and they would never stop. Their status as a religious organization was disputed in a successful filing for a temporary restraining order on grounds of public safety by the U.S. Attorney's Office in South Florida. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] [ 8 ] Shuanghuanglian , a mixture of plants invented in the 1960s as part of official state-sponsored TCM ( traditional Chinese medicine ), was advertised by the Xinhua News Agency as being able to treat the coronavirus. Posts on Weibo claimed that many people violated social distancing rules while queuing to buy it. Some attributed the news stories to stock market manipulation. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] Jennings Ryan Staley, a licensed physician and owner of Skinny Beach Med Spa, was accused of selling mail-order "COVID-19 treatment packs", claiming they would protect against COVID-19 for six weeks and cure it "100%", causing the disease to disappear in hours. He has been arrested and is being "vigorously investigated" by the FBI; if convicted, he may face 20 years in prison. [ 81 ] A hand cream sold by the right-wing populist party leader of the party Greek Solution , Kyriakos Velopoulos , via his TV shop, is claimed to completely kill COVID-19, although it is not approved by medical authorities. [ 82 ] An "anti-coronavirus" mattress was advertised as being anti-fungal, anti-allergic, dustproof, waterproof, and able to fight the coronavirus. [ 83 ] Mohanan Vaidyar, a self-proclaimed naturopath, was arrested in Kerala for claiming that he can cure COVID-19 and treating people. [ 84 ] Methylene chloride , commonly used as a paint stripper , was being marketed on eBay as a coronavirus disinfectant. It had been previously banned by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency due to the risk of asphyxiation during use. [ 85 ] Chlorine dioxide tablets and sanitizers were marketed on Amazon. [ 85 ] A purportedly anti-virus lanyard called Shut Out resulted in the criminal conviction of a Georgia woman for violating the U.S. Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act . [ 85 ] Australian company Lorna Jane claimed that its "anti-virus activewear" prevents and protects against infectious diseases, including COVID-19, before being fined by the Therapeutic Goods Administration $40,000 for false advertising. [ 86 ] Traditional Chinese Medicine [ edit ] China officially promotes the use of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to treat COVID-19. [ 87 ] Many academic papers, such as Shi et al., [ 88 ] have been published trying to establish the effectiveness of various decoctions such as Qingfei Paidu Decoction. Most of the western media hold a skeptical attitude about its effectiveness, despite many positive accounts. [ 89 ] There is much ongoing research trying to identify the effective ingredients for treating COVID-19 from inspirations from the TCM methods. Traditional Persian Medicine [ edit ] Various studies have been conducted and reported on the effect of traditional Persian medicine formulas on SARS-CoV-2. These treatments have been studied in various clinical trials in Iran. [ 90 ] [ 91 ] [ 92 ] [ 93 ] [ 94 ] The poisonous fruit of the datura plant was claimed by some to be effective against coronavirus because it physically resembles the virus's virion . The poisonous fruit of the datura plant was falsely promoted as a preventive measure for COVID-19, which resulted in eleven people being hospitalized in India. They ate the fruit, following the instructions from a TikTok video that propagated the misinformation. The fruit was claimed to be effective on the grounds that it resembles the coronavirus virion . [ 95 ] [ 96 ] A complex Sri Lankan herbal drink was said to remedy all virus infections which can affect humans, including COVID-19, with reposts circulating widely on Facebook. The drink might reduce fever symptoms [ citation needed ] , but this might lead to the infected person infecting other people, and the mixture could have long-term health complications, according to L. P. A. Karunathilake, a senior lecturer at the Colombo University Institute of Indigenous Medicine. [ 97 ] [ medical citation needed ] Andrographis paniculata was claimed to boost the immune system and relieve symptoms of coronavirus by a Thai media website. Pakakrong Kwankao, Head of the Empirical Evidence Centre at Chao Phraya Abhaibhubehjr Hospital, and Richard Brown, Programme Manager of Health Emergencies and Antimicrobial Resistance at the World Health Organization (WHO) in Thailand, said that there was no evidence to back these claims. [ 98 ] Sap from Tinospora crispa (makabuhay) plants was claimed to serve as an antibiotic against the coronavirus when used as an eye drop; it was also claimed that the coronavirus is on the skin and crawls to the eyes. These rumours circulated in the Philippines. Jaime Purificacion from the University of the Philippines ’ Institute of Herbal Medicine said that while there was evidence for makabuhay as a treatment for scabies, there was no evidence that it was useful for treating coronavirus, and no evidence that putting the sap in your eyes was safe. He strongly advised against putting plant sap in the eyes, saying it could be dangerous. [ 99 ] The WHO has stated that antibiotics do not kill the coronavirus, as they kill bacteria, not viruses. [ 16 ] A recipe consisting of ingredients often purported to prevent and cure colds, including lemon grass , elder , ginger, black pepper, lemon and honey, was promoted by María Alejandra Díaz , a member of the Venezuelan Constituent Assembly as a cure for COVID-19. Díaz also described the virus as a bioterrorism weapon. [ 100 ] The President of Madagascar , Andry Rajoelina launched and promoted Covid-Organics in April 2020: a herbal drink based on an artemisia plant as a cure that can treat and prevent COVID-19. [ 101 ] [ 102 ] United States President Donald Trump and Mike Lindell participated in a July meeting at the White House regarding the use of oleandrin as a treatment for coronavirus. [ 103 ] Lindell soon acquired a financial stake in Phoenix Biotechnology Inc, a company trying to find a profitable use for oleandrin. Oleandrin is toxic and potentially lethal to humans. [ 104 ] Religious and magical methods [ edit ] Zoonosis involves a disease hopping between humans and other animals Performing wudu , a washing before prayer, from individual sinks rather than a common pool. During the pandemic, the alternative anthroposophic medicine promoted at Steiner hospitals in Germany became notorious amongst legitimate medics for forcing quack remedies on sedated hospital patients, some of whom were critically ill. Remedies used included ginger poultices and homeopathic pellets claimed to contain the dust of shooting stars. Stefan Kluge, director of intensive care medicine at Hamburg's University Medical Centre said the claims of anthroposophic doctors during the pandemic were "highly unprofessional" and that they "risk[ed] causing uncertainty among patients". [ 105 ] Indian politician Swami Chakrapani claimed that drinking cow urine and applying cow dung on the body could cure COVID-19. He also stated that only Indian cows must be used. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] MP Suman Haripriya also promoted cow dung and urine . [ 108 ] In March 2020, the All India Hindu Union hosted a "cow urine drinking party" in New Delhi , attended by 200 people. [ 109 ] There exists no scientific evidence in favour of cow urine. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] Dr. Shailendra Saxena of the Indian Virological Society stated that there is no evidence that cow urine has any anti-viral effect, and eating cow dung might transmit diseases to humans zoonotically . For example, giardiasis , E. coli , salmonellosis and tuberculosis can all be transmitted via bovine fecal matter. [ 112 ] Drinking camel urine has been advocated in the Middle East . [ 113 ] [ 114 ] The WHO stated that camel urine should not be drunk, in order to avoid contracting Middle East Respiratory Syndrome–related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), [ 115 ] [ 116 ] [ 117 ] [ 118 ] a more deadly, SARS-CoV-2 -like species of betacoronavirus . Televangelist Kenneth Copeland urged followers to touch their televisions as a means of vaccination by proxy, and also attempted to exorcise COVID-19 on at least three occasions by summoning "the wind of God", stating that this had destroyed the virus (either in the US or worldwide). Earlier, he had urged followers to ignore public health advisories and come to his churches, saying they could be healed there by the laying on of hands if they fell ill. [ 69 ] [ 119 ] " Happy Science ", a secretive pay-to-progress religious group, sells "spiritual vaccines" to prevent and cure COVID-19, advertises virus-related blessings at rates from US$100 to over US$400, and sells coronavirus-themed DVDs and CDs of Ryuho Okawa (the former stockbroker whom the group believes to be the current incarnation of the supreme deity) lecturing, which are claimed to boost immunity, as of April 2020 . After initially defying social-distancing measures, it closed its New York temple and administered spiritual vaccines remotely. [ 120 ] A suggestion that COVID-19 could be prevented by applying a cotton ball soaked in violet oil to the anus has brought Abbas Tabrizian renewed widespread ridicule in Iran. The IRNA news agency reported that Abbas Tabrizian, who has often promoted his remedies as Prophetic medicine in opposition to standard medicine, has also claimed that COVID-19 is God's revenge against those who had bothered him. [ 121 ] An arrest warrant has been issued for Morteza Kohansal, a follower of Abbas Tabrizian, who visited the coronavirus section of a hospital in Iran without wearing protective gear, and applied what he described as the "Prophet's perfume" to affected patients. Using Prophetic medicine has caused some Iranian clerics to delay getting standard medical treatment. Ayatollah Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani announced that he had cured himself of COVID-19 three weeks before being hospitalized. He died two days later. [ 122 ] Some religious hardliners in Iran have advocated that people visit shrines to be healed, and opposed government closures of pilgrimage sites. [ 122 ] [ 123 ] Parliamentarian Ramesh Bidhuri of the Bharatiya Janata Party claimed that experts say using Namaste as a greeting prevents transmission of COVID-19, but using Arabic greetings such as Adab and As-salamu alaykum does not prevent it as they direct air into the mouth. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Religious and scientific misconceptions related to the coronavirus are widespread in Pakistan. [ 126 ] According to a survey research conducted by Ipsos , 82% of people in Pakistan believed that performing wudu /ablution five times a day will keep them protected from contracting COVID-19. Meanwhile, 67% polled believed that jamaat (congregation prayer) cannot become a source of infection [ 127 ] and 48% people believed that shaking hands cannot infect anyone since it is Sunnah . [ 128 ] A poster for spreading awareness of unproven food claims Drinking lemon in warm water has been claimed to prevent both COVID-19 and cancer by increasing vitamin C levels. This claim circulated on Facebook in English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. There is no evidence that vitamin C was effective against coronaviruses, nor are lemons the fruit with the most vitamin C content, said Henry Chenal, director of the Integrated Bioclinical Research Centre (CIRBA) in Abidjan , Ivory Coast . [ 129 ] The WHO said that there was no evidence that lemons would protect against COVID-19, though they recommended consuming fresh fruit and vegetables in a healthy diet. [ 43 ] Bananas were claimed to be able to strengthen the immune system and prevent and cure COVID-19. The claim was based on a composited video that falsely attributed the statements to researchers at the University of Queensland. The university stated that the video was faked and urged people not to share it. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] Eating mango or durian will not cure COVID-19. [ 43 ] Onions were rumoured to be a preventive measure against COVID-19 on Facebook. [ 132 ] Garlic was said to prevent COVID-19 on Facebook. [ 132 ] There is no evidence that garlic protects against COVID-19. [ 16 ] Hot peppers cannot prevent or cure COVID-19. [ 16 ] Consuming large amounts of boiled ginger after fasting for a day was rumoured to prevent or cure coronavirus on Facebook. There is no evidence that this prevents or cures any coronavirus infection, Mark Kristoffer Pasayan, a fellow at the Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, said. [ 133 ] [ 132 ] Juice of bittergourd , a vegetable used in traditional medicine, was suggested as a cure for COVID-19 on social media. [ 134 ] Consuming turmeric has been claimed to help prevent COVID-19, [ 135 ] but the WHO says there is no evidence that it does. [ 43 ] Neem leaves ( Azadirachta indica ) were claimed to be remedies for COVID-19 in rumours that circulated in India. [ 136 ] Various retailers have marketed herbal products and essential oils fraudulently claimed to cure or prevent COVID-19. [ 39 ] Drinks and frozen foods [ edit ] A poster explains that alcohol hand-sanitizers kill coronaviruses, but alcoholic drinks do not protect against COVID-19 Drinking alcohol will not prevent or cure COVID-19, [ 16 ] contrary to some claims. [ 137 ] Drinking alcohol may cause subclinical immunosuppression [ 55 ] (see "Addictive drugs" section above). Drinking water every 15 minutes was claimed to prevent coronavirus infection. [ 138 ] Drinking large amounts of water will not prevent or cure COVID-19, though avoiding dehydration is healthy. [ 43 ] Tea was said to be effective against COVID-19 in claims circulating on social media, which said that since tea contained the stimulants methylxanthine , theobromine and theophylline , it was capable of warding off the virus. These claims were falsely attributed to Dr Li Wenliang . [ 139 ] [ 108 ] Fennel tea (supposedly similar to the medicine Tamiflu —itself ineffective against coronaviruses—according to a false e-mail attributed to a hospital director) was claimed to be a cure in Brazil. [ 57 ] So-called cures in messages spreading in Brazil included avocado and mint tea, hot whiskey and honey, essential oils, and vitamins C and D. [ 63 ] Facebook claims that 'gargling salt water, drinking hot liquids like tea and avoiding ice cream can stop the transmission of COVID-19' have been criticized by health professionals. [ 140 ] Eating ice cream and frozen foods will neither cure nor cause COVID-19, as long as they are hygienically prepared. [ 43 ] This claim was widely attributed to UNICEF, which stated that they had made no such claim: "To the creators of such falsehoods, we offer a simple message: STOP. Sharing inaccurate information and attempting to imbue it with authority by misappropriating the names of those in a position of trust is dangerous and wrong". [ 141 ] Claims that vegetarians are immune to coronavirus spread online in India, causing "#NoMeat_NoCoronaVirus" to trend on Twitter. [ 142 ] Eating meat does not have an effect on COVID-19 spread, except for people near where animals are slaughtered (see zoonosis ), said Anand Krishnan, professor at the Centre for Community Medicine of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS). [ 143 ] Eating chicken will not cause COVID-19, as long as it is hygienically prepared and well-cooked. [ 43 ] There is no evidence that eating curry or rasam protects against COVID-19. [ 43 ] Taking six deep breaths and then coughing while covering one's mouth was circulated as a treatment for COVID-19 infection in social media, including by celebrities such as J. K. Rowling . [ 144 ] Use of existing medications unproven against COVID-19 [ edit ] Veterinary ivermectin , sold alongside an unproven povidone-iodine nasal spray [ 145 ] as COVID-19 treatments, at an Amish -run grocery store near McBain, Michigan . In March 2020, then US President Donald Trump promoted the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine , two related anti-malarial drugs, for treating COVID-19. The FDA later clarified that it has not approved any therapeutics or drugs to treat COVID-19, but that studies were underway to see if chloroquine could be effective in treatment of COVID-19. [ 146 ] [ 147 ] Following Trump's claim, panic buying of chloroquine was reported from many countries in Africa, Latin America and South Asia. Health officials across the world are issuing warnings over the use of antimalarial drugs after Trump's comments about treating the coronavirus with them sparked panic-buying and overdoses. Ugandan Dr. Chris Kaganda said, "There is no known dosage for Covid-19, and whether it can actually cure it, it's safer to avoid chloroquine, but you know these are desperate times." [ 148 ] Patients with lupus and rheumatoid arthritis , who take these medications regularly, have had trouble obtaining supplies. [ 148 ] Taking these, or related products intended for aquarium use, has caused serious side effects, illness, and death. [ 1 ] [ 16 ] Rumours circulated in Iraq that the Iraqi pharmaceutical company PiONEER Co. had discovered a coronavirus treatment. These reports were loosely based on a statement by PiONEER, which mentioned hydroxychloroquine sulphate and azithromycin (brand nameand "Zitroneer"), a common antibiotic [ 149 ] [ 150 ] ) and said that it would try to make these drugs available free of charge. The statement did not say that these drugs can cure COVID-19. The company later clarified that they had not attempted to find a cure for COVID-19, and criticized the news media for spreading inaccurate reports and misinformation, running with the story without checking whether they had misunderstood the company's statement. Two days later, another false story was widely reported, saying that Samaraa , another Iraqi pharmaceutical company, had found a cure. [ 151 ] Generally, antibiotics (like azithromycin [ 150 ] ) are not effective against viruses, only some bacteria. [ 152 ] Azithromycin is sometimes given to patients hospitalized with COVID-19, but only to treat bacterial co-infection . Overuse of azithromycin causes antibiotic resistance , and rare side effects include heart arrhythmias and hearing loss. [ 150 ] [ 153 ] There were also claims that a 30-year-old Indian textbook lists aspirin, anti-histamines, and nasal spray as treatments for COVID-19. The textbook describes coronaviruses in general, as a family of viruses. [ 154 ] There were also claims in April 2020 that an anti-viral injection had been approved as a cure in the Philippines, and the lockdown would be lifted. [ 155 ] The persons making these claims were issued with a cease-and-desist order by the Philippine FDA, which reiterated the need to test treatments to be sure they are safe. The FDA said that they had not even received an application to register the treatment with the FDA. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] The agency has prohibited the use of the untested drug, and the clinic illegally promoting it subsequently closed. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Ivermectin , a medication used to treat parasitic infections , was suggested as a possible COVID-19 treatment in an online preprint which utilized a flawed statistical methodology. [ 159 ] Importantly, the concentration of the drug that was required to achieve the antiviral effects observed in cell culture was several times higher than what can be achieved in the bloodstream of patients. [ 160 ] Clinical research subsequently determined ivermectin is not effective for treating COVID-19. [ 161 ] The promotion of ivermectin as a COVID-19 treatment has led to increases in ivermectin-related poison control centre calls in the United States, [ 162 ] as well as national shortages of the drug in Australia. [ 163 ] Operation Pangea, launched by the international police organization Interpol , seized counterfeit facemasks, substandard hand sanitizers, and unauthorized antiviral medication in over 90 countries, resulting in the arrest of 121 people. 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"Fabunan drug not yet approved as Covid-19 cure: Palace" . Philippine News Agency . Retrieved July 20, 2020 . ^ "Ivermectin and COVID-19: How a Flawed Database Shaped the Pandemic Response of Several Latin-American Countries" . Barcelona Institute for Global Health . May 29, 2020. ^ "Ivermectin is the new hydroxychloroquine, take 3: Conspiracy theories vs. science \| Science-Based Medicine" . sciencebasedmedicine.org . July 5, 2021 . Retrieved September 5, 2021 . ^ Harris GH, Adalja AA (November 2023). "Innovative approaches to COVID-19 medical countermeasure development" . J Antimicrob Chemother (Review). 78 (Supplement_2): ii18– ii24. doi : 10.1093/jac/dkad312 . PMC 10667002 . PMID 37995353 . ^ Rettner, Rachael (August 26, 2021). "Ivermectin won't treat COVID-19, but it might kill you, CDC warns" . livescience.com . Retrieved September 5, 2021 . ^ "Australian imports of ivermectin increase tenfold, prompting warning from TGA" . The Guardian . August 31, 2021 . Retrieved September 5, 2021 . ^ "Global operation sees a rise in fake medical products related to COVID-19" . Interpol . March 19, 2020 . Retrieved September 30, 2020 .
Markdown	[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=List+of+unproven+methods+against+COVID-19 "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=List+of+unproven+methods+against+COVID-19 "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19) - [1 Diagnosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Diagnosis) - [2 Prevention and cure claims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Prevention_and_cure_claims) Toggle Prevention and cure claims subsection - [2\.1 Disinfection-related methods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Disinfection-related_methods) - [2\.1.1 Hand cleaning methods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Hand_cleaning_methods) - [2\.1.2 Gargling, nasal rinses, and inhalation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Gargling,_nasal_rinses,_and_inhalation) - [2\.1.3 Temperature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Temperature) - [2\.1.4 Radiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Radiation) - [2\.1.5 Other disinfection-related methods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Other_disinfection-related_methods) - [2\.2 Protective equipment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Protective_equipment) - [2\.3 Drugs of abuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Drugs_of_abuse) - [2\.4 Commercial products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Commercial_products) - [2\.5 Traditional Chinese Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Traditional_Chinese_Medicine) - [2\.6 Traditional Persian Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Traditional_Persian_Medicine) - [2\.7 Botanical claims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Botanical_claims) - [2\.8 Religious and magical methods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Religious_and_magical_methods) - [2\.9 Food and drink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Food_and_drink) - [2\.9.1 Fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Fruit) - [2\.9.2 Herbs and spices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Herbs_and_spices) - [2\.9.3 Drinks and frozen foods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Drinks_and_frozen_foods) - [2\.9.4 Meat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Meat) - [2\.9.5 Dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Dishes) - [2\.10 Exercises](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Exercises) - [2\.11 Use of existing medications unproven against COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Use_of_existing_medications_unproven_against_COVID-19) - [3 Anti-fraud efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Anti-fraud_efforts) - [4 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#References) Toggle the table of contents # List of unproven methods against COVID-19 6 languages - [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7 "قائمة منتجات طبية ذات فعالية غير مثبتة لفيروس كورونا – Arabic") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-traitements_contre_la_Covid-19 "Pseudo-traitements contre la Covid-19 – French") - [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_metode_untuk_melawan_COVID-19_yang_tidak_terbukti_secara_ilmiah "Daftar metode untuk melawan COVID-19 yang tidak terbukti secara ilmiah – Indonesian") - [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_19_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95 "കോവിഡ് 19 സംബന്ധിച്ച അശാസ്ത്രീയ മാർഗ്ഗങ്ങളുടെ പട്ടിക – Malayalam") - [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senarai_kaedah_untuk_menentang_COVID-19_yang_tidak_terbukti_secara_saintifik "Senarai kaedah untuk menentang COVID-19 yang tidak terbukti secara saintifik – Malay") - [Tiếng 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[MMS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement "Miracle Mineral Supplement") [Myofascial release](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myofascial_release "Myofascial release") [NAET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambudripad%27s_Allergy_Elimination_Techniques "Nambudripad's Allergy Elimination Techniques") [Naturopathy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturopathy "Naturopathy") [Oil pulling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_pulling "Oil pulling") [Orgone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgone "Orgone") [Orthomolecular medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthomolecular_medicine "Orthomolecular medicine") [Orthopathy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopathy "Orthopathy") [Osteomyology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteomyology "Osteomyology") [Osteopathy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopathy "Osteopathy") [Ozone therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_therapy "Ozone therapy") [Parapsychology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapsychology "Parapsychology") [Phrenology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenology "Phrenology") [Postural Integration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postural_Integration "Postural Integration") [Psychic surgery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychic_surgery "Psychic surgery") [Psychodermatology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychodermatology "Psychodermatology") [Quantum healing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_healing "Quantum healing") [Radionics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionics "Radionics") [Rapid prompting method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method "Rapid prompting method") [Reflexology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexology "Reflexology") [RBOP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_psychotherapy "Body psychotherapy") [Rolfing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolfing "Rolfing") [Scientific racism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racism "Scientific racism") [ThetaHealing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThetaHealing "ThetaHealing") [Thomsonianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomsonianism "Thomsonianism") [Thought Field Therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_Field_Therapy "Thought Field Therapy") [Urophagia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urophagia "Urophagia") [Vaginal steaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_steaming "Vaginal steaming") [Vegetotherapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetotherapy "Vegetotherapy") [Vision therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_therapy "Vision therapy") [Vitalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalism "Vitalism") [Young blood transfusion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion "Young blood transfusion") [Zero balancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_balancing "Zero balancing") \| \| Controversies [Big Pharma conspiracy theories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theories "Big Pharma conspiracy theories") [HIV/AIDS denialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism "HIV/AIDS denialism") [OPV AIDS hypothesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis "Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis") [Anti-vaccinationism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism "Anti-vaccine activism") [Vaccine hesitancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy "Vaccine hesitancy") [Vaccine misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation "Vaccine misinformation") [Vaccines and autism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism "Vaccines and autism") [MMR vaccine and autism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism "MMR vaccine and autism") [in chiropractic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic "Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic") [Water fluoridation controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_water_fluoridation "Opposition to water fluoridation") [COVID-19 misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation "COVID-19 misinformation") [Turbo cancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_cancer "Turbo cancer") \| \| [Classifications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine#NCCIH_classification "Alternative medicine") [Alternative medical systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Alternative_medical_systems "Category:Alternative medical systems") [Mind–body intervention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions "Category:Mind–body interventions") [Biologically based therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Biologically_based_therapies "Category:Biologically based therapies") [Manipulative methods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Manual_therapy "Category:Manual therapy") [Energy therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Energy_therapies "Category:Energy therapies") \| \| [Traditional medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine "Traditional medicine") [African](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_traditional_medicine "African traditional medicine") [Muti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muti "Muti") [Southern Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_healers_of_Southern_Africa "Traditional healers of Southern Africa") [Ayurveda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda "Ayurveda") [Dosha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosha "Dosha") [MVAH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharishi_Vedic_Approach_to_Health "Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health") [Balneotherapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balneotherapy "Balneotherapy") [Brazilian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_traditional_medicine "Brazilian traditional medicine") [Bush medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_medicine "Bush medicine") [Cambodian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Cambodian_medicine "Traditional Cambodian medicine") [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine "Traditional Chinese medicine") [Blood stasis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_stasis "Blood stasis") [Chinese herbology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_herbology "Chinese herbology") [Dit da](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dit_da "Dit da") [Gua sha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gua_sha "Gua sha") [Gill plate trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill_plate_trade "Gill plate trade") [Long gu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_gu "Long gu") [Meridian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_$Chinese_medicine$ "Meridian (Chinese medicine)") [Moxibustion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxibustion "Moxibustion") [Pressure point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_point "Pressure point") [Qi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi "Qi") [San Jiao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jiao "San Jiao") [Tui na](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tui_na "Tui na") [Zang-fu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zangfu "Zangfu") [Chumash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumash_traditional_medicine "Chumash traditional medicine") [Curandero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curandero "Curandero") [Faith healing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_healing "Faith healing") [Herbal medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbal_medicine "Herbal medicine") [Hilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilot "Hilot") [Iranian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_traditional_medicine "Iranian traditional medicine") [Jamu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamu "Jamu") [Kayakalpa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayakalpa "Kayakalpa") [Kambo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambo_$drug$ "Kambo (drug)") [Japanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampo "Kampo") [Korean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine "Traditional Korean medicine") [Maya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_medicine "Maya medicine") [Mien Shiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mien_Shiang "Mien Shiang") [Mongolian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Mongolian_medicine "Traditional Mongolian medicine") [Naftalan oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naftalan_oil "Naftalan oil") [Prophetic medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophetic_medicine "Prophetic medicine") [Shamanism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism "Shamanism") [Shiatsu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiatsu "Shiatsu") [Siddha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddha_medicine "Siddha medicine") [Sri Lankan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_traditional_medicine "Sri Lankan traditional medicine") [Sowa Rigpa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine "Traditional Tibetan medicine") [Thai massage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Thai_massage "Traditional Thai massage") [Unani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unani_medicine "Unani medicine") [Vietnamese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_medicine "Traditional Vietnamese medicine") \| \| Alternative diagnoses [Adrenal fatigue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue "Adrenal fatigue") [Aerotoxic syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerotoxic_syndrome "Aerotoxic syndrome") [Candida hypersensitivity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_hypersensitivity "Candida hypersensitivity") [Chronic Lyme disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_Lyme_disease "Chronic Lyme disease") [Electromagnetic hypersensitivity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity "Electromagnetic hypersensitivity") [Heavy legs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_legs "Heavy legs") [Leaky gut syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome "Leaky gut syndrome") [Multiple chemical sensitivity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_chemical_sensitivity "Multiple chemical sensitivity") [Vertebral subluxation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation "Vertebral subluxation") [Wilson's temperature syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson%27s_temperature_syndrome "Wilson's temperature syndrome") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Alternative_medicine_sidebar "Template:Alternative medicine sidebar") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Alternative_medicine_sidebar "Template talk:Alternative medicine sidebar") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative_medicine_sidebar "Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative medicine sidebar") \| \| \| \|---\| \| Part of [a series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:COVID-19_pandemic "Category:COVID-19 pandemic") on the \| \| [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| [![Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png/250px-Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png "Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each \"ball\" is an atom.") Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom. \| \| [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") (disease) [SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2") (virus) [Cases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases "COVID-19 pandemic cases") [Deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths "COVID-19 pandemic deaths") \| \| [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019") 2020 [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020") 2021 [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021") 2022 [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2023 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023") \| \| [Locations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory "COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory") [By country and territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory "COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory") [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "COVID-19 pandemic in Africa") [Antarctica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica "COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica") [Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in Asia") [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe "COVID-19 pandemic in Europe") [North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America "COVID-19 pandemic in North America") [Oceania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania "COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania") [South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America "COVID-19 pandemic in South America") By conveyance [Cruise ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships "COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships") [Naval ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_naval_ships "COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships") \| \| International response [Endemic phase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_phase_of_COVID-19 "Endemic phase of COVID-19") [Evacuations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Face masks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic") [International aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Origin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Origin of SARS-CoV-2") [Lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns "COVID-19 lockdowns") [by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns_by_country "COVID-19 lockdowns by country") [Misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation "COVID-19 misinformation") [by governments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments "COVID-19 misinformation by governments") [Fake treatments]() [Social distancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_and_development_of_software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation "Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation") [Travel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic") [United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization%27s_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "World Health Organization's response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [WTO IP waiver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement_waiver "TRIPS Agreement waiver") [Undercounting of deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercounting_of_COVID-19_pandemic_deaths_by_country "Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country") [COVID-19 apps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_apps "COVID-19 apps") [Zero-COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID") [National responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa") [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19 "Chinese government response to COVID-19") [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Ghanaian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Irish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Dutch government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Russian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Swedish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [federal government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Vietnamese government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| Medical response [Disease testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing "COVID-19 testing") [Breathalyzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_breathalyzer "Coronavirus breathalyzer") [Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_COVID-19_tests "Development of COVID-19 tests") [Drug development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development "COVID-19 drug development") [Drug repurposing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research "COVID-19 drug repurposing research") [Public health mitigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19 "Public health mitigation of COVID-19") [Vaccines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine") [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development "History of COVID-19 vaccine development") [Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_clinical_research "COVID-19 vaccine clinical research") [VITT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolic_and_thrombotic_events_after_COVID-19_vaccination "Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination") [Deployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines") [Authorizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_vaccine_authorizations "List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations") [Operation Warp Speed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed "Operation Warp Speed") [Misinformation and hesitancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy "COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States") [Vaccine card](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_card "COVID-19 vaccine card") [Vaccine passports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic") Current vaccines [CoronaVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoronaVac "CoronaVac") [Covaxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covaxin "Covaxin") [Convidecia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convidecia "Convidecia") [Janssen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine "Janssen COVID-19 vaccine") [Medigen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVC_COVID-19_vaccine "MVC COVID-19 vaccine") [Moderna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine "Moderna COVID-19 vaccine") [Novavax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine "Novavax COVID-19 vaccine") [Oxford–AstraZeneca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine "Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine") [Pfizer–BioNTech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine "Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine") [Sinopharm BIBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine") [Sputnik V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine "Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine") \| \| [Variants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Variants of SARS-CoV-2") [Variants of concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_variant_of_concern "SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern") [Alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant") [Beta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant") [Gamma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant") [Delta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant") [Omicron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") Other variants [Epsilon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Epsilon_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant") [Zeta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Zeta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant") [Eta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Eta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant") [Theta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Theta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant") [Iota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Iota_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant") [Kappa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Kappa_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant") [Lambda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Lambda_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant") [Mu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Mu_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant") [Cluster 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 "Cluster 5") [Lineage B.1.617](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_lineage_B.1.617 "SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617") \| \| [Economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") and [recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_recession "COVID-19 recession") [Arts and culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage") [Aviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_aviation "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation") [Cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry") [Cinema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema") [films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Walt_Disney_Company "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Walt Disney Company") [Fashion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry") [Financial markets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Food industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_food_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry") [Food security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Journalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism") [Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_music_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry") [Performing arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_performing_arts "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts") [Retail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail") [Shipping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_global_supply_chain_crisis#Shipping "2021–2022 global supply chain crisis") [Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States") [sportscasting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_American_sports_broadcasting "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on American sports broadcasting") [programs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_television_series_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of American television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism") [Video games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry") By country [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [By sport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports") [Association football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_association_football "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football") [Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_baseball "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on baseball") [Basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_basketball "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on basketball") [Combat sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_combat_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on combat sports") [Cricket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cricket "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket") [Disc golf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_disc_golf "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disc golf") [Gaelic games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Gaelic_games "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games") [Gridiron football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_gridiron_football "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gridiron football") [Ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ice_hockey "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ice hockey") [Motorsport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_motorsport "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorsport") [Rugby league](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_rugby_league "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rugby league") \| \| [Impacts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Long COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "Long COVID") [Neurological and psychological symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_COVID-19_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes "Impact of COVID-19 on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes") [Post-exertional malaise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-exertional_malaise "Post-exertional malaise") [Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [African diaspora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_African_diaspora "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the African diaspora") [Indian migrant workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Indian_migrant_workers "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indian migrant workers") [Animals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_and_animals "COVID-19 pandemic and animals") [Alzheimer's disease patients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_COVID-19 "Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19") [Crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_crime "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime") [Death rates by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country "COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country") [Disability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_people_with_disabilities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities") [Domestic violence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_domestic_violence "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence") [Emergency evacuations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_evacuation_procedures_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Emergency evacuation procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education") [Female](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_female_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on female education") [Environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment") [Hospitals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_hospitals "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitals") [Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic") [LGBTQ community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_LGBTQ_community "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the LGBTQ community") [Long-term care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_long-term_care_facilities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities") [Media coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Mental health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Migration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_migration "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on migration") [Military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_military "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military") [Notable deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19 "List of deaths due to COVID-19") [Other health issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues") [Popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture "COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture") [Protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Pregnancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy "COVID-19 in pregnancy") [Prisons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_prisons "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons") [Religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion") [Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church") [Hajj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj") [Science and technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology") [Social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media") [Strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikes_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Suicides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_suicide_rates "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide rates") [Telehealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_telehealth_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the telehealth industry") [Xenophobia and racism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_international_relations "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations") [Infected leaders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_officials_who_have_tested_positive_for_COVID-19 "List of political officials who have tested positive for COVID-19") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") \| \| [![virus icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/20px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SARS-CoV-2_$Wikimedia_colors$.svg) [COVID-19 portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:COVID-19 "Portal:COVID-19") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_sidebar "Template:COVID-19 pandemic sidebar") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:COVID-19_pandemic_sidebar "Template talk:COVID-19 pandemic sidebar") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_sidebar "Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19 pandemic sidebar") \| Many fake or unproven medical products and methods claim to diagnose, prevent, or cure [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA-1) [Fake medicines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit_medications "Counterfeit medications") sold for COVID-19 may not contain the ingredients they claim to contain, and may even contain harmful ingredients.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-2)[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA-1)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-3) In March 2020, the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") (WHO) released a statement recommending against taking any medicines in an attempt to treat or cure COVID-19, although research on potential treatment was underway, including the [Solidarity trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_trial "Solidarity trial") spearheaded by WHO.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-who-4) The WHO requested member countries to immediately notify them if any fake medicines or other falsified products were discovered.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-who-4) There are also many claims that existing products help against COVID-19, which are spread through rumors online rather than conventional advertising. Anxiety about COVID-19 makes people more willing to "try anything" that might give them a [sense of control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_of_control "Locus of control") of the situation, making them easy targets for scams.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Beware-5) Many false claims about measures against COVID-19 have circulated widely on [social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media "Social media"), but some have been circulated by text, on YouTube, and even in some mainstream media. Officials advised that before forwarding information, people should think carefully and look it up. Misinformation messages may use scare tactics or other high-pressure [rhetoric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric "Rhetoric"), claim to have all the facts while others do not, and jump to unusual conclusions. The public was advised to check the information source's source, looking at official websites; some messages have falsely claimed to be from official bodies like UNICEF and government agencies.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Beware-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-6)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-alex_jones-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-cbs-8) Arthur Caplan, head of [medical ethics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ethics "Medical ethics") at [New York University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University "New York University")'s [medical school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school "Medical school"), had simpler advice for COVID-19 products: "Anything online, ignore it".[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Beware-5) Products that claim to prevent COVID-19 risk give dangerous false confidence and increase infection rates.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-NZ_Herald-9) Going out to buy such products may encourage people to break [stay-at-home orders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay-at-home_order "Stay-at-home order"), reducing [social distancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing "Social distancing").\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] Some of the pretend treatments are also poisonous; hundreds of people have died from using fake COVID-19 treatments.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-100skilled-10) ## Diagnosis \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Diagnosis")\] Medically approved tests detect the virus or the [antibodies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodies "Antibodies") the body makes to fight it off. Government health departments and healthcare providers provide tests to the public.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-11) There have been fraudsters offering fake tests; some have offered tests in exchange for money, but others have said the test is free to collect information that could later be used for [identity theft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_theft "Identity theft") or medical [insurance fraud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_fraud "Insurance fraud"). Some fraudsters have claimed to be local government health authorities. People have been advised to contact their doctor or genuine local government health authorities for information about getting tested. Fake tests have been offered on social media platforms, by e-mail, and by phone.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-12) - Counterfeit testing kits, which were originally used for testing HIV and monitoring glucose levels, were touted as for coronavirus diagnosis.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-zdnet-13)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-14) - Holding one's breath for 10 seconds was claimed to be an effective self-test for the coronavirus.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-15) The WHO stated that this test did not work and should not be used.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - Manufacturer Bodysphere briefly sold what it claimed were coronavirus antibody tests. It falsely marketed them as having received FDA Emergency Use Authorization. It also falsely claimed they were made in the United States.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-17) ## Prevention and cure claims \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Prevention and cure claims")\] Widely circulated rumours have made many unfounded claims about methods of preventing and curing infection with [SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2").[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-nytimes-18) Among others: ### Disinfection-related methods \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Disinfection-related methods")\] #### Hand cleaning methods \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Hand cleaning methods")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tualetsapo.jpg/250px-Tualetsapo.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tualetsapo.jpg) Washing hands with plain [soap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap "Soap") and water (for ≥20 seconds) is effective at removing [SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2"). Hand sanitizer is a slightly inferior option for sanitizing hands.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-auto1-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control-20) Neither [antibacterial soap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibacterial_soap "Antibacterial soap")[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Center_for_Drug_Evaluation_and_Research-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Office_of_the_Commissioner-22) nor red soap are any more effective than plain soap. - [Hand sanitizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_sanitizer "Hand sanitizer") is not more effective than [washing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_washing "Hand washing") in plain soap and water.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-23) Washing in soap and water for at least 20 seconds is recommended by the [US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention") as the best way to clean hands in most situations. However, if soap and water are unavailable, a hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol can be used, unless hands are visibly dirty or greasy.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-auto1-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control-20) - Soap removes coronaviruses effectively, but antibacterial soap is not better than plain soap.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Center_for_Drug_Evaluation_and_Research-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Office_of_the_Commissioner-22) - Red soap is not more germicidal than soaps of other colors, contrary to claims in a popular Facebook post, said Ashan Pathirana, the registrar of Sri Lanka's Health Promotion Bureau (HPB); he suggested that it might be a reference to [carbolic soap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbolic_soap "Carbolic soap").[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200318afp-24)\[[medical citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_$medicine$ "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)")\] - Hand sanitizer prepared at home by mixing rum, bleach, and fabric softener has been widely promoted as effective at preventing COVID-19 in YouTube videos in the Philippines. The Integrated Chemists of the Philippines (ICP) released statements saying that alcoholic drinks contain only about 40% alcohol, less than the 70% needed in effective hand sanitizers, and that mixing bleach and alcohol creates [chloroform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform "Chloroform"). The manufacturers of the brands of rum and bleach used in the videos have publicly issued statements calling the recipe dangerous and urging people not to use it.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200330afp-25)\[[medical citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_$medicine$ "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)")\][\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-26) - [Vodka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka "Vodka") was alleged to be an effective homemade hand sanitizer, or an ingredient in one. The company whose brand was alleged to be protective responded to the rumours by citing the US [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention") statement that hand sanitizers needed to be at least 60% alcohol to be effective, and stating that their product was only 40% alcohol.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200300news-27)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-28)\[[medical citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_$medicine$ "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)")\] - Claims that vinegar was more effective than hand sanitizer against the coronavirus were made in a video that was shared in Brazil. That was disproved, as "there is no evidence that [acetic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid "Acetic acid") is effective against the virus" and, even if there was, "its concentration in common household vinegar is low".[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200304abril-29)\[[medical citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_$medicine$ "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)")\] #### Gargling, nasal rinses, and inhalation \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Gargling, nasal rinses, and inhalation")\] - Inhaling bleach or other disinfectants is dangerous and will not protect against COVID-19. They can cause irritation and damage to tissues, including the eyes. They are poisonous and WHO has warned not to take them internally and to keep them out of the reach of children. They are safe and effective when used to disinfect surfaces such as countertops, but are not safe for human consumption.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - Controversial alternative medicine proponents [Joseph Mercola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mercola "Joseph Mercola") and Thomas Levy claimed that inhaling 0.5–3% [hydrogen peroxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide "Hydrogen peroxide") solution using a [nebulizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulizer "Nebulizer") could prevent or cure COVID-19.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-30)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-:0-31) They cite research using hydrogen peroxide to sterilize surfaces,[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-32)[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-33) incorrectly asserts that it can therefore be used to clean human airways. A tweet from Mercola advertising this method was removed from [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") on April 15, 2020, for violating the platform rules.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-:0-31) Inhalation of hydrogen peroxide can cause upper airway irritation, hoarseness, inflammation of the nose, and burning sensations in the chest. At high concentrations, inhaling hydrogen peroxide can cause permanent neurological damage or death.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-34) Though hydrogen peroxide use as an alternative and complementary form of medicine is advocated for use in multiple disease processes, including COPD, asthma, pneumonia and bronchitis, there seems to be no trials regarding its use.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-auto-35) It was reported a case of possible side effect related to chronic (during 5 years) and subacute hydrogen peroxide inhalation use which lead to interstitial lung disease in the form of acute pneumonitis.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-auto-35) - Gargling with saltwater was said to kill the coronavirus in claims on [Weibo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibo_$company$ "Weibo (company)"), Twitter, and Facebook. These claims were falsely attributed to respiratory expert [Zhong Nanshan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhong_Nanshan "Zhong Nanshan"), [Wuhan Union Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Union_Hospital "Wuhan Union Hospital"), and several other people and institutions, sometimes with the attribution changed and the actual advice copied verbatim. Zhong Nanshan's medical team published a refutation, pointing out that the virus settles in the respiratory tract, which cannot be cleaned by rinsing the mouth. The WHO also said it had no convincing evidence that this method would provide any protection against COVID-19.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-36) - Saltwater sprays were given at the door of the [River of Grace Community Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_of_Grace_Community_Church "River of Grace Community Church") in South Korea in the false belief that this would protect people from the virus; the same unsterilized spray bottle was used on everyone, and may have increased the risk. Subsequently, 46 devotees were infected with the virus.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scmp3075421-37)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-upi9881584365-38) - "Corona-Cure Coronavirus Infection Prevention Nasal Spray" was fraudulently marketed online.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA_warns-39) - There is no evidence that saline [nasal rinses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_irrigation "Nasal irrigation") help prevent COVID-19.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-HealthDesk-40)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Hopkins_Nasal-41) #### Temperature \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Temperature")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/FACT-_The_COVID-19_virus_can_spread_in_hot_and_humid_climates.png/250px-FACT-_The_COVID-19_virus_can_spread_in_hot_and_humid_climates.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FACT-_The_COVID-19_virus_can_spread_in_hot_and_humid_climates.png) A [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") infographic dispelling the myth that hot and humid weather prevents the spread of the virus. - Cold weather and snow do not kill the COVID-19 virus. The virus lives in humans, not in the outdoors, though it can survive on surfaces. Even in cold weather, the body will stay at 36.5–37 degrees Celsius inside, and the COVID-19 virus will not be killed.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - Hot and humid conditions do not prevent COVID-19 from spreading, either. There have been many COVID-19 cases in countries with hot and humid climates.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - Drinking warm water or hot baths/heating to 26–27 °C (79–81 °F) will not cure people of COVID-19. It has been claimed that these statements were made by UNICEF in coronavirus prevention guidelines, but UNICEF officials refuted this.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-AFP_Fact_Check-42)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) - High temperatures cannot be used on humans to kill the COVID-19 virus. Taking very hot baths can cause burns, but the body will stay at 36.5–37 degrees Celsius inside, and the COVID-19 virus will not be killed.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-factcheck.afp.com-44)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - Hot saunas and hand or hair dryers do not prevent or treat COVID-19.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200319afp-45)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - Steam inhalation was suggested on Facebook as a cure for coronavirus infection. Inhaling steam will not treat or cure COVID-19.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-46)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-47) #### Radiation \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Radiation")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Laborivahendite_steriliseerimine_kasutades_UV-kiirgust.jpg/250px-Laborivahendite_steriliseerimine_kasutades_UV-kiirgust.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laborivahendite_steriliseerimine_kasutades_UV-kiirgust.jpg) UV-C light being used to sterilize equipment in a laboratory. UV-C cannot be used to disinfect people as it can damage the skin and eyes. - Exposing people to sunlight will not prevent or cure COVID-19. It has been falsely claimed that UNICEF said so, in coronavirus prevention guidelines; UNICEF officials refuted this.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-AFP_Fact_Check-42)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) The virus can spread in even the sunniest of weather.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - [UV-C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet#UVC "Ultraviolet") light cannot be used on humans to kill the COVID-19 virus. Attempting to use UV to sterilize people can cause skin irritation and damage the eyes.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-factcheck.afp.com-44)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) #### Other disinfection-related methods \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Other disinfection-related methods")\] - White color does not have a 'harmful effect' on coronavirus, as claimed in a widely shared Facebook post; nor does the colour of a handkerchief have an effect on the virus, according to Ashan Pathirana, the registrar of Sri Lanka's Health Promotion Bureau (HPB). Using handkerchiefs or tissues of other colours to sneeze or cough into will be just as effective.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200318afp-24)\[[medical citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_$medicine$ "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)")\] - Posts on social media claimed that volcanic ash from the eruption of the [Taal Volcano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taal_Volcano "Taal Volcano") on January 12, 2020, in the Philippines was the cause of low infection rates in the country, falsely stating that it could kill the virus and had "anti-viral" and "disinfectant qualities".[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-48) - Drinking bleach is extremely dangerous and will not protect against COVID-19. Bleach is poisonous and damages internal organs. Drinking it can cause disability and death. The WHO has warned not to drink the substance.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) ### Protective equipment \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Protective equipment")\] - [USB flash drives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drives "USB flash drives") were being sold for \$370 as a "5G Bioshield", purportedly offering protection from the non-existent threat of infection transmitted via [5G mobile telephone radio waves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_the_Covid-19_pandemic#5G_mobile-phone_networks "Misinformation related to the Covid-19 pandemic").[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-49) - Over 34,000 counterfeit surgical masks—which may have been touted as providing coronavirus prevention—were seized by [Europol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europol "Europol") in March 2020.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-zdnet-13) - Making masks out of wet-wipes has not been officially recommended as an alternative to surgical masks, contrary to some claims.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200326afpB-50) Some public health authorities have issued directions for making and using homemade [cloth face masks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloth_face_masks "Cloth face masks").[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-51) See [face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic"). - Aerosol Boxes—acrylic boxes placed over patients' heads during aerosol generating procedures, such as [intubation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intubation "Intubation")—can potentially increase dispersal of COVID-containing aerosol particles if a patient coughs.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-52) ### Drugs of abuse \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Drugs of abuse")\] [![semi-space-filling molecular diagram of methanol; a carbon and three hydrogens make a tetrahedron, and the carbon point of the tetrahedron has an oxygen atom, which in turn is attached at an angle to a hydrogen atom.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Methanol-3D-balls.png/250px-Methanol-3D-balls.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Methanol-3D-balls.png) Methanol has one [carbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_$element$ "Carbon (element)") atom (dark grey). It is [immediately poisonous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_poisoning "Methanol poisoning"); a single dose can cause blindness, [brain and spinal cord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system "Central nervous system") damage, and death.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-53) Blackmarket alcoholic drinks may contain methanol.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Toxic_Alcohol_Ingestion:_Prompt_Rec-54) [![semi-space-filling molecular diagram of ethanol.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/250px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethanol-3D-balls.png) Ethanol has two [carbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_$element$ "Carbon (element)") atoms (dark grey). Ethanol should not be confused with methanol. Ethanol-containing drinks are widely consumed as the main ingredient in [alcoholic beverages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverages "Alcoholic beverages"). Ingestion doesn't prevent COVID-19, and may cause subclinical [immunosuppression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppression "Immunosuppression").[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Alcohol%E2%80%99s_Effect_on_Host_Defense-55) - A mix containing [amphetamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamines "Amphetamines"), [cocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine"), and [nicotine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine "Nicotine"), on sale on the [dark web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_web "Dark web") for US\$300, was fraudulently presented as a [vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine "Vaccine") against COVID-19.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-56) - Cocaine does not protect against COVID-19. Several viral tweets purporting that snorting [cocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine") would sterilize one's nostrils of the coronavirus spread around Europe and Africa. In response, the [French Ministry of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Ministry_of_Health "French Ministry of Health") released a public service announcement debunking this claim, saying "No, cocaine does NOT protect against COVID-19. It is an addictive drug that causes serious side effects and is harmful to people’s health." The World Health Organization also debunked the claim.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200304uol-57)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-58)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-59) Facebook flagged the rumour as misinformation.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-60) - A claim that [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_$drug$ "Cannabis (drug)") could protect against the coronavirus appeared on YouTube, along with a petition to legalize cannabis in Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan Health authorities pointed out that there was no evidence that cannabis protected against COVID-19.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200219afp-61) A fake webpage purporting to be a [Fox News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News "Fox News") article also claimed that [CBD oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiol "Cannabidiol") was a potential cure.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-62) - The chloroform- and ether-based drug [loló](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheirinho-da-lol%C3%B3 "pt:Cheirinho-da-loló") was said to cure the disease in messages spread in Brazil.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-otempo2307041-63) - Boiled [betel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel "Betel") leaves will not cure COVID-19.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) - Industrial methanol was claimed to cure the coronavirus. [Drinking alcohol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_alcohol "Drinking alcohol") is [ethanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol "Ethanol"), while [methanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol "Methanol") is [acutely poisonous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_poisoning "Methanol poisoning").[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Toxic_Alcohol_Ingestion:_Prompt_Rec-54) The WHO has warned not to drink ethanol or methanol in an effort to kill the virus. Iranian media were reporting nearly 300 dead and 1000 hospitalized (or 600 dead and 3,000 hospitalized, according to an unidentified doctor in the Health Ministry) as of April 8, 2020. [Alcoholic beverages are illegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition "Prohibition") in Iran, resulting in a black market in [liquor made illegally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonshine "Moonshine").[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-100skilled-10) - Contrary to some reports, drinking ethyl alcohol also does not protect against COVID-19, and can increase health risks[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) ([short term](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption "Short-term effects of alcohol consumption") and [long term](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_alcohol "Long-term effects of alcohol")). ### Commercial products \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Commercial products")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Nogloboli.png/250px-Nogloboli.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nogloboli.png) Homeopathic globuli (sugar pills) do not make people immune to COVID-19. Many fraudulent and unproven products are claimed to treat or protect against COVID-19.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA-1)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Beware-5) - "Virus Shut Out Protection" pendants, supposedly from Japan, worn around one's neck, have been sold with claims that they prevent infection. The U.S. [Environmental Protection Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency "United States Environmental Protection Agency") said that no evidence had been presented that they work, and took legal action against importers.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-64) - A Twitter post claimed that scientists from the "Australian Medical University" had developed a vaccine for the coronavirus. It accepted 0.1 [Bitcoin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin "Bitcoin") as payment for a "vaccination kit" and promised shipping in 5–10 days. The linked website was later removed.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-65) - [Homeopathic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathic "Homeopathic") 'Influenza complex' has been marketed as a preventive measure for COVID-19 by a man in New Zealand, who claimed to have identified and imbued his product with the "frequency" of COVID-19 using a "[radionics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionics "Radionics") machine". Homeopathic remedies like this have no active ingredients and cannot protect against flu, colds, or COVID-19, said University of Auckland associate professor and microbiologist [Dr Siouxsie Wiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxsie_Wiles "Siouxsie Wiles"). The NZ Ministry of Health said that COVID-19 was not a strain of flu, and criticized products that claim to prevent COVID-19 as giving dangerous false confidence.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-NZ_Herald-9) - Homeopathic treatment with [Arsenicum album](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenicum_album "Arsenicum album") is claimed as an "add on" to prevent COVID-19.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-indiatimes74945805-66)\[[medical citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_$medicine$ "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)")\] - A person living in California marketed pills for curing coronavirus, although the contents of the pill were not made public. He was arrested for attempted fraud, which carries up to 20 years in prison.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-67) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Plata_Coloidal_Super_Tyndall_Effect.jpeg/250px-Plata_Coloidal_Super_Tyndall_Effect.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plata_Coloidal_Super_Tyndall_Effect.jpeg) Colloidal silver is falsely marketed as a cure for COVID-19 infection. - Claims that [colloidal silver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloidal_silver "Colloidal silver") solution can kill over 650 pathogens, including coronavirus, prompted antifraud actions. The [National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Integrative_Health "National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health") warned on their website against taking colloidal silver as a dietary supplement. Seven warning letters were filed against companies for selling fraudulent products.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-68) Preacher [Jim Bakker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bakker "Jim Bakker") had been claiming that the colloid silver he sold (and only his) could be used to treat COVID-19.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scammers-69) Colloidal silver is not an effective treatment for anything, and may interfere with other medications or cause permanent [argyria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyria "Argyria") (blue-gray skin discoloration).[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-70) - Toothpastes, dietary supplements and creams were being sold illegally in the US, with claims that they could cure coronavirus infection.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-71) [Alex Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Jones "Alex Jones") was directed by the [USFDA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USFDA "USFDA") to cease promoting these products as a cure.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scammers-69) - Celebrity chef [Pete Evans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Evans "Pete Evans") claimed that the BioCharger NG Subtle Energy Platform device, costing US\$14,990, could cure the coronavirus. He faced backlash, taking down his advertisement after the [Australian Medical Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Medical_Association "Australian Medical Association") dismissed the product as a "fancy light machine".[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-device-72)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scammers-69) The Australian distributors, Hydrogen Technologies Pty Ltd, stated the device would help "open the airways of Coronavirus victims by reducing the inflammation it causes in the lungs" as well as other unproven [therapeutic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic "Therapeutic") claims.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scams-73) Evans was fined AU\$25,200 by the [Therapeutic Goods Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration "Therapeutic Goods Administration") for his false claims[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-74) and the company was fined AU\$50,400 for false advertising.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-75) - "[Miracle Mineral Solution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Solution "Miracle Mineral Solution")" (MMS) is a mixture of [sodium chlorite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chlorite "Sodium chlorite") (with table salt and some other trace minerals) and an acid, which reacts with the sodium chlorite to produces a solution of unstable [chlorous acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorous_acid "Chlorous acid"), which becomes [chlorite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorite "Chlorite"), [chlorate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorate "Chlorate"), and [chlorine dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide "Chlorine dioxide"), an industrial bleach.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-76) The FDA has warned against using it, saying there is no evidence that it cures, prevents, or treats COVID-19, and that it is seriously hazardous to health. The "[Genesis II Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_II_Church "Genesis II Church")" calls its mail-order MMS a "[sacrament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament "Sacrament")", and when warned by the FDA that their claims that it could cure COVID-19 were fraudulent, vehemently refused to stop making them, saying the FDA had no authority over them, and they would never stop. Their status as a religious organization was disputed in a successful filing for a temporary restraining order on grounds of public safety by the U.S. Attorney's Office in South Florida.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-77)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-78)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-cbs-8) - [Shuanghuanglian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuanghuanglian "Shuanghuanglian"), a mixture of plants invented in the 1960s as part of official state-sponsored TCM ([traditional Chinese medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine "Traditional Chinese medicine")), was advertised by the [Xinhua News Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency "Xinhua News Agency") as being able to treat the coronavirus. Posts on Weibo claimed that many people violated social distancing rules while queuing to buy it. Some attributed the news stories to stock market manipulation.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-79)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-80) - Jennings Ryan Staley, a licensed physician and owner of Skinny Beach Med Spa, was accused of selling mail-order "COVID-19 treatment packs", claiming they would protect against COVID-19 for six weeks and cure it "100%", causing the disease to disappear in hours. He has been arrested and is being "vigorously investigated" by the FBI; if convicted, he may face 20 years in prison.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-81) - A hand cream sold by the right-wing populist party leader of the party [Greek Solution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Solution "Greek Solution"), [Kyriakos Velopoulos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyriakos_Velopoulos "Kyriakos Velopoulos"), via his TV shop, is claimed to completely kill COVID-19, although it is not approved by medical authorities.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-unbelievers-82) - An "anti-coronavirus" mattress was advertised as being anti-fungal, anti-allergic, dustproof, waterproof, and able to fight the coronavirus.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-India_reality_check-83) - Mohanan Vaidyar, a self-proclaimed naturopath, was arrested in Kerala for claiming that he can cure [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 "Coronavirus disease 2019") and treating people.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Man01-84) - [Methylene chloride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylene_chloride "Methylene chloride"), commonly used as a [paint stripper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_stripper "Paint stripper"), was being marketed on eBay as a coronavirus disinfectant. It had been previously banned by the [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency") due to the risk of asphyxiation during use.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-stop-sale-85) - [Chlorine dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide "Chlorine dioxide") tablets and sanitizers were marketed on Amazon.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-stop-sale-85) - A purportedly anti-virus lanyard called Shut Out resulted in the criminal conviction of a Georgia woman for violating the U.S. [Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act "Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act").[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-stop-sale-85) - Australian company Lorna Jane claimed that its "anti-virus activewear" prevents and protects against infectious diseases, including COVID-19, before being fined by the [Therapeutic Goods Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration "Therapeutic Goods Administration") \$40,000 for false advertising.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-86) ### Traditional Chinese Medicine \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Traditional Chinese Medicine")\] China officially promotes the use of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to treat COVID-19.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Nature1-87) Many academic papers, such as Shi et al.,[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-88) have been published trying to establish the effectiveness of various decoctions such as Qingfei Paidu Decoction. Most of the western media hold a skeptical attitude about its effectiveness, despite many positive accounts.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Healthcmi-89) There is much ongoing research trying to identify the effective ingredients for treating COVID-19 from inspirations from the TCM methods. ### Traditional Persian Medicine \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Traditional Persian Medicine")\] Various studies have been conducted and reported on the effect of [traditional Persian medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_traditional_medicine "Iranian traditional medicine") formulas on SARS-CoV-2. These treatments have been studied in various clinical trials in Iran.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-90)[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-91)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-92)[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-93)[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-94) ### Botanical claims \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Botanical claims")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Datura_fruit.jpg/250px-Datura_fruit.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Datura_fruit.jpg) The poisonous fruit of the [datura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datura "Datura") plant was claimed by some to be effective against coronavirus because it [physically resembles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine_of_signatures "Doctrine of signatures") the virus's [virion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virion "Virion"). - The poisonous fruit of the [datura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datura "Datura") plant was falsely promoted as a preventive measure for COVID-19, which resulted in eleven people being hospitalized in India. They ate the fruit, following the instructions from a [TikTok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok "TikTok") video that propagated the misinformation. The fruit was claimed to be effective on the grounds that it [resembles the coronavirus virion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine_of_signatures "Doctrine of signatures").[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-thenewsminute122136-95)[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-thehindu31282688-96) - A complex [Sri Lankan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka "Sri Lanka") herbal drink was said to remedy all virus infections which can affect humans, including COVID-19, with reposts circulating widely on Facebook. The drink might reduce fever symptoms\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\], but this might lead to the infected person infecting other people, and the mixture could have long-term health complications, according to L. P. A. Karunathilake, a senior lecturer at the [Colombo University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo_University "Colombo University") Institute of Indigenous Medicine.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200317afp-97)\[[medical citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_$medicine$ "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)")\] - [Andrographis paniculata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrographis_paniculata "Andrographis paniculata") was claimed to boost the immune system and relieve symptoms of coronavirus by a Thai media website. Pakakrong Kwankao, Head of the Empirical Evidence Centre at Chao Phraya Abhaibhubehjr Hospital, and Richard Brown, Programme Manager of Health Emergencies and Antimicrobial Resistance at the World Health Organization (WHO) in Thailand, said that there was no evidence to back these claims.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-98) - Sap from [Tinospora crispa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinospora "Tinospora") (makabuhay) plants was claimed to serve as an antibiotic against the coronavirus when used as an eye drop; it was also claimed that the coronavirus is on the skin and crawls to the eyes. These rumours circulated in the Philippines. Jaime Purificacion from the [University of the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines "University of the Philippines")’ Institute of Herbal Medicine said that while there was evidence for makabuhay as a treatment for scabies, there was no evidence that it was useful for treating coronavirus, and no evidence that putting the sap in your eyes was safe. He strongly advised against putting plant sap in the eyes, saying it could be dangerous.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-99) The WHO has stated that antibiotics do not kill the coronavirus, as they kill bacteria, not viruses.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - A recipe consisting of ingredients often purported to prevent and cure colds, including [lemon grass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbopogon "Cymbopogon"), [elder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambucus "Sambucus"), ginger, black pepper, lemon and honey, was promoted by [María Alejandra Díaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Alejandra_D%C3%ADaz "María Alejandra Díaz"), a member of the [Venezuelan Constituent Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Constituent_National_Assembly "2017 Constituent National Assembly") as a cure for COVID-19. Díaz also described the virus as a bioterrorism weapon.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200305efectococuyo-100) - The President of [Madagascar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar "Madagascar"), [Andry Rajoelina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andry_Rajoelina "Andry Rajoelina") launched and promoted [Covid-Organics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid-Organics "Covid-Organics") in April 2020: a herbal drink based on an [artemisia plant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_$genus$ "Artemisia (genus)") as a cure that can treat and prevent COVID-19.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-madagascar-101)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-102) - United States President Donald Trump and [Mike Lindell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Lindell "Mike Lindell") participated in a July meeting at the White House regarding the use of [oleandrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleandrin "Oleandrin") as a treatment for coronavirus.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-CNNOleandrin-103) Lindell soon acquired a financial stake in Phoenix Biotechnology Inc, a company trying to find a profitable use for oleandrin. Oleandrin is toxic and potentially lethal to humans.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-ConversationOleandrin-104) ### Religious and magical methods \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Religious and magical methods")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Figure_3-_Examples_of_Zoonotic_Diseases_and_Their_Affected_Populations_%286323431516%29.jpg/500px-Figure_3-_Examples_of_Zoonotic_Diseases_and_Their_Affected_Populations_%286323431516%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_3-_Examples_of_Zoonotic_Diseases_and_Their_Affected_Populations_$6323431516$.jpg) [Zoonosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosis "Zoonosis") involves a disease hopping between humans and other animals [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Wudu_Istiqlal_Mosque.JPG/500px-Wudu_Istiqlal_Mosque.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wudu_Istiqlal_Mosque.JPG) Performing [wudu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wudu "Wudu"), a washing before prayer, from individual sinks rather than a common pool. - During the pandemic, the alternative [anthroposophic medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine "Anthroposophic medicine") promoted at Steiner hospitals in Germany became notorious amongst legitimate medics for forcing quack remedies on sedated hospital patients, some of whom were critically ill. Remedies used included ginger poultices and homeopathic pellets claimed to contain the dust of shooting stars. Stefan Kluge, director of intensive care medicine at Hamburg's University Medical Centre said the claims of anthroposophic doctors during the pandemic were "highly unprofessional" and that they "risk\[ed\] causing uncertainty among patients".[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-steinerblk-105) - Indian politician [Swami Chakrapani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakrapani_$politician$ "Chakrapani (politician)") claimed that drinking [cow urine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow_urine "Cow urine") and applying cow dung on the body could cure COVID-19. He also stated that only Indian cows must be used.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-106)[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-107) MP [Suman Haripriya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suman_Haripriya "Suman Haripriya") also promoted cow dung and urine .[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-BBC_tea-108) In March 2020, the All India Hindu Union hosted a "cow urine drinking party" in [New Delhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi "New Delhi"), attended by 200 people.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-109) There exists no scientific evidence in favour of cow urine.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-110)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-111) Dr. Shailendra Saxena of the Indian Virological Society stated that there is no evidence that cow urine has any anti-viral effect, and eating cow dung might transmit diseases to humans [zoonotically](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosis "Zoonosis"). For example, [giardiasis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardiasis "Giardiasis"), [E. coli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoli "Ecoli"), [salmonellosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonellosis "Salmonellosis") and [tuberculosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis "Tuberculosis") can all be transmitted via bovine fecal matter.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-112) - Drinking [camel urine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_urine "Camel urine") has been advocated in the [Middle East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East").[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-113)[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-114) The WHO stated that camel urine should not be drunk, in order to avoid contracting [Middle East Respiratory Syndrome–related coronavirus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus "Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus") (MERS-CoV),[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-115)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-116)[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-117)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-118) a more deadly, [SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2")\-like species of [betacoronavirus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacoronavirus "Betacoronavirus"). - Televangelist [Kenneth Copeland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Copeland "Kenneth Copeland") urged followers to touch their televisions as a means of vaccination by proxy, and also attempted to exorcise COVID-19 on at least three occasions by summoning "the wind of God", stating that this had destroyed the virus (either in the US or worldwide). Earlier, he had urged followers to ignore public health advisories and come to his churches, saying they could be healed there by the [laying on of hands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands "Laying on of hands") if they fell ill.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scammers-69)[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-119) - "[Happy Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Science "Happy Science")", a secretive pay-to-progress religious group, sells "spiritual vaccines" to prevent and cure COVID-19, advertises virus-related blessings at rates from US\$100 to over US\$400, and sells coronavirus-themed DVDs and CDs of Ryuho Okawa (the former stockbroker whom the group believes to be the current incarnation of the supreme deity) lecturing, which are claimed to boost immunity, as of April 2020[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit). After initially defying social-distancing measures, it closed its New York temple and administered spiritual vaccines remotely.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-120) - A suggestion that COVID-19 could be prevented by applying a [cotton ball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_ball "Cotton ball") soaked in violet oil to the [anus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anus "Anus") has brought [Abbas Tabrizian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Tabrizian "Abbas Tabrizian") renewed widespread ridicule in Iran. The [IRNA news agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRNA_news_agency "IRNA news agency") reported that Abbas Tabrizian, who has often promoted his remedies as [Prophetic medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophetic_medicine#Islamic_Republic_of_Iran "Prophetic medicine") in opposition to standard medicine, has also claimed that COVID-19 is God's revenge against those who had bothered him.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-121) An arrest warrant has been issued for Morteza Kohansal, a follower of Abbas Tabrizian, who visited the coronavirus section of a hospital in Iran without wearing protective gear, and applied what he described as the "Prophet's perfume" to affected patients. Using [Prophetic medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophetic_medicine#In_post-1970s_Iran "Prophetic medicine") has caused some Iranian clerics to delay getting standard medical treatment. [Ayatollah Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashem_Bathaie_Golpayegani "Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani") announced that he had cured himself of COVID-19 three weeks before being hospitalized. He died two days later.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-floweroil-122) - Some religious hardliners in Iran have advocated that people visit shrines to be healed, and opposed government closures of pilgrimage sites.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-floweroil-122)[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-123) - Parliamentarian [Ramesh Bidhuri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesh_Bidhuri "Ramesh Bidhuri") of the [Bharatiya Janata Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party "Bharatiya Janata Party") claimed that experts say using [Namaste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namaste "Namaste") as a greeting prevents transmission of COVID-19, but using Arabic greetings such as [Adab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adab_$gesture$ "Adab (gesture)") and [As-salamu alaykum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-salamu_alaykum "As-salamu alaykum") does not prevent it as they direct air into the mouth.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-124)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-deccanherald811390-125) - Religious and scientific misconceptions related to the coronavirus are widespread in Pakistan.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-126) According to a survey research conducted by [Ipsos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsos "Ipsos"), 82% of people in Pakistan believed that performing [wudu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wudu "Wudu")/ablution five times a day will keep them protected from contracting COVID-19. Meanwhile, 67% polled believed that jamaat (congregation prayer) cannot become a source of infection[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-thenews/1-127) and 48% people believed that shaking hands cannot infect anyone since it is [Sunnah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah "Sunnah").[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-128) ### Food and drink \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: Food and drink")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Foolproofaprilseries01.png/250px-Foolproofaprilseries01.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foolproofaprilseries01.png) A poster for spreading awareness of unproven food claims #### Fruit \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: Fruit")\] - Drinking lemon in warm water has been claimed to prevent both COVID-19 and [cancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer "Cancer") by increasing [vitamin C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C "Vitamin C") levels. This claim circulated on Facebook in English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. There is no evidence that vitamin C was effective against coronaviruses, nor are lemons the fruit with the most vitamin C content, said Henry Chenal, director of the Integrated Bioclinical Research Centre (CIRBA) in [Abidjan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjan "Abidjan"), [Ivory Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast "Ivory Coast").[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-LemonWater-129) The WHO said that there was no evidence that lemons would protect against COVID-19, though they recommended consuming fresh fruit and vegetables in a healthy diet.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) - Bananas were claimed to be able to strengthen the immune system and prevent and cure COVID-19. The claim was based on a composited video that falsely attributed the statements to researchers at the University of Queensland. The university stated that the video was faked and urged people not to share it.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-130)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-131) - Eating mango or durian will not cure COVID-19.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) - Onions were rumoured to be a preventive measure against COVID-19 on Facebook.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-garlic_onions-132) #### Herbs and spices \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: Herbs and spices")\] - Garlic was said to prevent COVID-19 on Facebook.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-garlic_onions-132) There is no evidence that garlic protects against COVID-19.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - Hot peppers cannot prevent or cure COVID-19.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - Consuming large amounts of boiled ginger after fasting for a day was rumoured to prevent or cure coronavirus on Facebook. There is no evidence that this prevents or cures any coronavirus infection, Mark Kristoffer Pasayan, a fellow at the Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, said.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200213afp-133)[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-garlic_onions-132) - Juice of [bittergourd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bittergourd "Bittergourd"), a vegetable used in traditional medicine, was suggested as a cure for COVID-19 on social media.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-134) - Consuming [turmeric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric "Turmeric") has been claimed to help prevent COVID-19,[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-135) but the WHO says there is no evidence that it does.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) - Neem leaves ([Azadirachta indica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadirachta_indica "Azadirachta indica")) were claimed to be remedies for COVID-19 in rumours that circulated in India.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-136) - Various retailers have marketed herbal products and essential oils fraudulently claimed to cure or prevent COVID-19.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA_warns-39) #### Drinks and frozen foods \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: Drinks and frozen foods")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Foolproofaprilseries04.png/250px-Foolproofaprilseries04.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foolproofaprilseries04.png) A poster explains that alcohol hand-sanitizers kill coronaviruses, but alcoholic drinks do not protect against COVID-19 - [Drinking alcohol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_alcohol "Drinking alcohol") will not prevent or cure COVID-19,[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) contrary to some claims.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-137) Drinking alcohol may cause subclinical [immunosuppression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppression "Immunosuppression")[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Alcohol%E2%80%99s_Effect_on_Host_Defense-55) (see "Addictive drugs" section above). - Drinking water every 15 minutes was claimed to prevent coronavirus infection.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-138) Drinking large amounts of water will not prevent or cure COVID-19, though avoiding [dehydration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration "Dehydration") is healthy.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) - Tea was said to be effective against COVID-19 in claims circulating on social media, which said that since tea contained the stimulants [methylxanthine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylxanthine "Methylxanthine"), [theobromine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobromine "Theobromine") and [theophylline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophylline "Theophylline"), it was capable of warding off the virus. These claims were falsely attributed to [Dr Li Wenliang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Wenliang "Li Wenliang").[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-139)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-BBC_tea-108) - Fennel tea (supposedly similar to the medicine [Tamiflu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiflu "Tamiflu")—itself ineffective against coronaviruses—according to a false e-mail attributed to a hospital director) was claimed to be a cure in Brazil.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200304uol-57) - So-called cures in messages spreading in Brazil included avocado and mint tea, hot whiskey and honey, essential oils, and vitamins C and D.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-otempo2307041-63) - Facebook claims that 'gargling salt water, drinking hot liquids like tea and avoiding ice cream can stop the transmission of COVID-19' have been criticized by health professionals.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-auto2-140) - Eating ice cream and frozen foods will neither cure nor cause COVID-19, as long as they are hygienically prepared.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) This claim was widely attributed to UNICEF, which stated that they had made no such claim: "To the creators of such falsehoods, we offer a simple message: STOP. Sharing inaccurate information and attempting to imbue it with authority by misappropriating the names of those in a position of trust is dangerous and wrong".[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-141) #### Meat \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=20 "Edit section: Meat")\] - Claims that [vegetarians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian "Vegetarian") are immune to coronavirus spread online in India, causing "\#NoMeat\_NoCoronaVirus" to trend on Twitter.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-142) Eating meat does not have an effect on COVID-19 spread, except for people near where animals are slaughtered (see [zoonosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosis "Zoonosis")), said Anand Krishnan, professor at the Centre for Community Medicine of the [All India Institute of Medical Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences "All India Institute of Medical Sciences") (AIIMS).[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-143) - Eating chicken will not cause COVID-19, as long as it is hygienically prepared and well-cooked.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) #### Dishes \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=21 "Edit section: Dishes")\] - There is no evidence that eating [curry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry "Curry") or [rasam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasam_$dish$ "Rasam (dish)") protects against COVID-19.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) ### Exercises \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=22 "Edit section: Exercises")\] - Taking six deep breaths and then coughing while covering one's mouth was circulated as a treatment for COVID-19 infection in social media, including by celebrities such as [J. K. Rowling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._K._Rowling "J. K. Rowling").[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-144) ### Use of existing medications unproven against COVID-19 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=23 "Edit section: Use of existing medications unproven against COVID-19")\] See also: [COVID-19 misinformation § Treatment misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation#Treatment_misinformation "COVID-19 misinformation") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ivermectin_COVID_May2022.jpg/250px-Ivermectin_COVID_May2022.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivermectin_COVID_May2022.jpg) Veterinary [ivermectin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivermectin "Ivermectin"), sold alongside an unproven [povidone-iodine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povidone-iodine "Povidone-iodine") nasal spray[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-145) as COVID-19 treatments, at an [Amish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish "Amish")\-run grocery store near [McBain, Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McBain,_Michigan "McBain, Michigan"). - In March 2020, then US President [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") promoted the use of [chloroquine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroquine "Chloroquine") and [hydroxychloroquine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxychloroquine "Hydroxychloroquine"), two related anti-malarial drugs, for treating COVID-19. The FDA later clarified that it has not approved any therapeutics or drugs to treat COVID-19, but that studies were underway to see if chloroquine could be effective in treatment of COVID-19.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-malaria_bbc-146)[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-147) Following Trump's claim, [panic buying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_buying "Panic buying") of chloroquine was reported from many countries in Africa, Latin America and South Asia. Health officials across the world are issuing warnings over the use of antimalarial drugs after Trump's comments about treating the coronavirus with them sparked panic-buying and overdoses. Ugandan Dr. Chris Kaganda said, "There is no known dosage for Covid-19, and whether it can actually cure it, it's safer to avoid chloroquine, but you know these are desperate times."[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-malaria_wsj-148) Patients with [lupus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus "Lupus") and [rheumatoid arthritis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis "Rheumatoid arthritis"), who take these medications regularly, have had trouble obtaining supplies.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-malaria_wsj-148) Taking these, or related products intended for aquarium use, has caused serious side effects, illness, and death.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA-1)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - Rumours circulated in Iraq that the Iraqi pharmaceutical company PiONEER Co. had discovered a coronavirus treatment. These reports were loosely based on a statement by PiONEER, which mentioned [hydroxychloroquine sulphate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxychloroquine_sulphate "Hydroxychloroquine sulphate") and [azithromycin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycin "Azithromycin") (brand nameand "Zitroneer"), a common antibiotic [\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-149)[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-azithromycin-150)) and said that it would try to make these drugs available free of charge. The statement did not say that these drugs can cure COVID-19. The company later clarified that they had not attempted to find a cure for COVID-19, and criticized the news media for spreading inaccurate reports and misinformation, running with the story without checking whether they had misunderstood the company's statement. Two days later, another false story was widely reported, saying that [Samaraa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samaraa&action=edit&redlink=1 "Samaraa (page does not exist)"), another Iraqi pharmaceutical company, had found a cure.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-iraq-151) Generally, antibiotics (like azithromycin[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-azithromycin-150)) are not effective against viruses, only some bacteria.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-152) Azithromycin is sometimes given to patients hospitalized with COVID-19, but only to treat bacterial [co-infection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-infection "Co-infection"). Overuse of azithromycin causes [antibiotic resistance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance "Antibiotic resistance"), and rare [side effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycin#Adverse_effects "Azithromycin") include heart arrhythmias and hearing loss.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-azithromycin-150)[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-153) - There were also claims that a 30-year-old Indian textbook lists aspirin, anti-histamines, and nasal spray as treatments for COVID-19. The textbook describes [coronaviruses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronaviruses "Coronaviruses") in general, as a family of viruses.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-154) - There were also claims in April 2020 that [an anti-viral injection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabunan_Antiviral_Injection "Fabunan Antiviral Injection") had been approved as a cure in the Philippines, and the lockdown would be lifted.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-rappler-155) The persons making these claims were issued with a [cease-and-desist order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cease-and-desist_order "Cease-and-desist order") by the Philippine FDA, which reiterated the need to test treatments to be sure they are safe. The FDA said that they had not even received an application to register the treatment with the FDA.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-rappler-155)[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-156) The agency has prohibited the use of the untested drug, and the clinic illegally promoting it subsequently closed.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-reiterate-157)[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-158) - [Ivermectin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivermectin "Ivermectin"), a medication used to treat [parasitic infections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_disease "Parasitic disease"), was suggested as a possible COVID-19 treatment in an online preprint which utilized a flawed statistical methodology.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-159) Importantly, the concentration of the drug that was required to achieve the antiviral effects observed in cell culture was several times higher than what can be achieved in the bloodstream of patients.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-160) Clinical research subsequently determined ivermectin is not effective for treating COVID-19.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-161) The promotion of ivermectin as a COVID-19 treatment has led to increases in ivermectin-related poison control centre calls in the United States,[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-162) as well as national shortages of the drug in Australia.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-163) ## Anti-fraud efforts \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=24 "Edit section: Anti-fraud efforts")\] - Operation Pangea, launched by the international police organization [Interpol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol "Interpol"), seized counterfeit facemasks, substandard hand sanitizers, and unauthorized antiviral medication in over 90 countries, resulting in the arrest of 121 people.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-164) ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=25 "Edit section: References")\] 1. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-FDA_1-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-FDA_1-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-FDA_1-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-FDA_1-3) Office of the Commissioner (April 1, 2020). ["Beware of Fraudulent Coronavirus Tests, Vaccines and Treatments"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200401134138/https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/beware-fraudulent-coronavirus-tests-vaccines-and-treatments). FDA. Archived from [the original](https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/beware-fraudulent-coronavirus-tests-vaccines-and-treatments) on April 1, 2020. 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-2)* Hrabovszki, Georgina (March 23, 2020). ["COVID-19: Beware of falsified medicines from unregistered websites"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200324140616/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/covid-19-beware-falsified-medicines-unregistered-websites). European Medicines Agency. Archived from [the original](https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/covid-19-beware-falsified-medicines-unregistered-websites) on March 24, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020. 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-3) Spinney, Laura (April 3, 2020). ["When will a coronavirus vaccine be ready?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200403104057/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/03/when-will-a-coronavirus-vaccine-be-ready). [The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian"). Archived from [the original](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/03/when-will-a-coronavirus-vaccine-be-ready) on April 3, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020. 4. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-who_4-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-who_4-1) ["Falsified medical products, including in vitro diagnostics, that claim to prevent, detect, treat or cure COVID-19"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200406190323/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/essential-medicines/drug-alerts20/no3-2020-falsified-mp-forcovid-en.pdf?sfvrsn=cd866001_16) (PDF). World Health Organization. Archived from [the original](https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/essential-medicines/drug-alerts20/no3-2020-falsified-mp-forcovid-en.pdf?sfvrsn=cd866001_16) (PDF) on April 6, 2020. 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Retrieved April 16, 2020. 10. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-100skilled_10-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-100skilled_10-1) ["Hundreds killed in Iran from drinking toxic coronavirus 'cure'"](https://7news.com.au/news/health/false-virus-cure-kills-hundreds-in-iran-c-768920). 7NEWS.com.au. March 28, 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200331124935/https://7news.com.au/news/health/false-virus-cure-kills-hundreds-in-iran-c-768920) from the original on March 31, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020. 11. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-11)* ["Testing for COVID-19"](https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/testing.html). Centers for Disease Control. June 24, 2020. 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-12) ["FBI Warns of Potential Fraud in Antibody Testing for COVID-19"](https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/fbi-warns-of-potential-fraud-in-antibody-testing-for-covid-19). Federal Bureau of Investigation. 13. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-zdnet_13-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-zdnet_13-1) Osborne, Charlie. ["Europol eradicates criminal gangs flogging fake coronavirus medicine, surgical masks"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200323235052/https://www.zdnet.com/article/europol-takes-down-coronavirus-fake-medicine-surgical-mask-criminal-gangs/). ZDNet. Archived from [the original](https://www.zdnet.com/article/europol-takes-down-coronavirus-fake-medicine-surgical-mask-criminal-gangs/) on March 23, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020. 14. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-14)* ["Kenya raids shop selling 'fake' coronavirus testing kits"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200327232950/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/kenya-raids-shop-selling-fake-coronavirus-testing-kits-200317064809572.html). aljazeera.com. Archived from [the original](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/kenya-raids-shop-selling-fake-coronavirus-testing-kits-200317064809572.html) on March 27, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020. 15. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-15) ["World Health Organization refutes viral claims that holding your breath can test for COVID-19"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200319195721/https://factcheck.afp.com/world-health-organization-refutes-viral-claims-holding-your-breath-can-test-covid-19). AFP Fact Check. March 4, 2020. Archived from [the original](https://factcheck.afp.com/world-health-organization-refutes-viral-claims-holding-your-breath-can-test-covid-19) on March 19, 2020. 16. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-WHO_myths_16-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-WHO_myths_16-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-WHO_myths_16-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-WHO_myths_16-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-WHO_myths_16-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-WHO_myths_16-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-WHO_myths_16-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-WHO_myths_16-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-WHO_myths_16-8) [j](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-WHO_myths_16-9) [k](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-WHO_myths_16-10) [l](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-WHO_myths_16-11) [m](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-WHO_myths_16-12) [n](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-WHO_myths_16-13) [o](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-WHO_myths_16-14) [p](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-WHO_myths_16-15) [q](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-WHO_myths_16-16) ["Myth busters"](https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters). who.int. World Health Organization. 17. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-17)* Arman Azad (April 2, 2020). ["The 'game changer' that wasn't: Company falsely claimed FDA authorization for coronavirus blood test"](https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/02/health/coronavirus-test-false-fda-authorization/index.html). [CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN"). 18. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-nytimes_18-0) Phillips, James; Selzer, Jordan; Noll, Samantha; Alptunaer, Timur (March 31, 2020). ["Opinion: Covid-19 Has Closed Stores, but Snake Oil Is Still for Sale"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200401191016/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/31/opinion/fake-treatment-cure-coronavirus.html). The New York Times. 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Retrieved September 30, 2020. \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic "Template:COVID-19 pandemic") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:COVID-19_pandemic "Template talk:COVID-19 pandemic") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19_pandemic "Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19 pandemic")[COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") (disease) [SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2") (virus) \| \| \| [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Pre-pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic_predictions_and_preparations_prior_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Severe acute respiratory syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS "SARS") (SARS) [Middle East respiratory syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MERS "MERS") (MERS) [Crimson Contagion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_Contagion "Crimson Contagion") [Disease X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_X "Disease X") [Exercise Cygnus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_Cygnus "Exercise Cygnus") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019") \| \| 2020 \| [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020") \| \| 2021 \| [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021") \| \| 2022 \| [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022") \| \| 2023 \| [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2023 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023") \| \| [Locations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory "COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "COVID-19 pandemic in Africa")([national responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa")) \| \| \| \| \| \| Northern \| [Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Algeria "COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria") [Canary Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands") [Ceuta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta "COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt "COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt") [Libya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Libya "COVID-19 pandemic in Libya") [Mauritania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritania "COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritania") [Melilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla "COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla") [Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Morocco "COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco") [Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sudan "COVID-19 pandemic in Sudan") [Tunisia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tunisia "COVID-19 pandemic in Tunisia") [Western Sahara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Sahara "COVID-19 pandemic in Western Sahara") [Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic") \| \| Eastern \| [Burundi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burundi "COVID-19 pandemic in Burundi") [Comoros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Comoros "COVID-19 pandemic in the Comoros") [Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Djibouti "COVID-19 pandemic in Djibouti") [Eritrea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eritrea "COVID-19 pandemic in Eritrea") [Ethiopia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ethiopia "COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia") [Kenya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kenya "COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya") [Madagascar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madagascar "COVID-19 pandemic in Madagascar") [Mauritius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritius "COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritius") [Mayotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte "COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte") [Réunion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union "COVID-19 pandemic in Réunion") [Rwanda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rwanda "COVID-19 pandemic in Rwanda") [Seychelles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Seychelles "COVID-19 pandemic in Seychelles") [Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somalia "COVID-19 pandemic in Somalia") [Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puntland "COVID-19 pandemic in Puntland") [Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somaliland "COVID-19 pandemic in Somaliland") [South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Sudan "COVID-19 pandemic in South Sudan") [Tanzania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tanzania "COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania") [Uganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uganda "COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda") \| \| Southern \| [Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Angola "COVID-19 pandemic in Angola") [Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana "COVID-19 pandemic in Botswana") [Eswatini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eswatini "COVID-19 pandemic in Eswatini") [Lesotho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lesotho "COVID-19 pandemic in Lesotho") [Malawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malawi "COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi") [Mozambique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mozambique "COVID-19 pandemic in Mozambique") [Namibia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Namibia "COVID-19 pandemic in Namibia") [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa "COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa") [list of deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_deaths_in_South_Africa "List of COVID-19 deaths in South Africa") [Zambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zambia "COVID-19 pandemic in Zambia") [Zimbabwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zimbabwe "COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe") \| \| Central \| [Cameroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cameroon "COVID-19 pandemic in Cameroon") [Central African Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Central_African_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Central African Republic") [Chad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chad "COVID-19 pandemic in Chad") [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "COVID-19 pandemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo") [Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo "COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of the Congo") [Gabon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gabon "COVID-19 pandemic in Gabon") [São Tomé and Príncipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe "COVID-19 pandemic in São Tomé and Príncipe") \| \| Western \| [Benin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Benin "COVID-19 pandemic in Benin") [Burkina Faso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burkina_Faso "COVID-19 pandemic in Burkina Faso") [Cape Verde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cape_Verde "COVID-19 pandemic in Cape Verde") [Equatorial Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Equatorial_Guinea "COVID-19 pandemic in Equatorial Guinea") [Gambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Gambia "COVID-19 pandemic in the Gambia") [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana "COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana") timeline 2020 [March–July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_$March%E2%80%93July_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (March–July 2020)") [August–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_$August%E2%80%93December_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (August–December 2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (2021)") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Ghanaian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") impact [education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana") [Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea "COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea") [Guinea-Bissau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea-Bissau "COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea-Bissau") [Ivory Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ivory_Coast "COVID-19 pandemic in Ivory Coast") [Liberia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liberia "COVID-19 pandemic in Liberia") [Mali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mali "COVID-19 pandemic in Mali") [Niger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niger "COVID-19 pandemic in Niger") [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nigeria "COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha") [Senegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Senegal "COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal") [Sierra Leone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sierra_Leone "COVID-19 pandemic in Sierra Leone") [Togo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Togo "COVID-19 pandemic in Togo") \| \| [Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in Asia") \| \| \| \| \| \| Central/North \| [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan "COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan") [Kyrgyzstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kyrgyzstan "COVID-19 pandemic in Kyrgyzstan") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") timeline [January–June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_$January%E2%80%93June_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (January–June 2020)") [July–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_$July%E2%80%93December_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (July–December 2020)") impact [economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [political](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia") [Tajikistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tajikistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Tajikistan") [Turkmenistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkmenistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Turkmenistan") [Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uzbekistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Uzbekistan") \| \| East \| \| \| \| \| \| [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong "COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong") [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan "COVID-19 pandemic in Japan") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan") [Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokyo "COVID-19 pandemic in Tokyo") [2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_and_2020_Summer_Paralympics "COVID-19 cases at the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics") [North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Korea "COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea") [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Korea "COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea") [Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Macau "COVID-19 pandemic in Macau") [Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mongolia "COVID-19 pandemic in Mongolia") [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Taiwan "COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan") [respirator diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan "Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan") \| \| \| [Mainland China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China "COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China") \| [lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_China "COVID-19 lockdown in China") [detail](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns_in_mainland_China&action=edit&redlink=1 "Template:COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in mainland China (page does not exist)") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China "COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China") [Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Beijing "COVID-19 pandemic in Beijing") [2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_and_2022_Winter_Paralympics "COVID-19 cases at the 2022 Winter Olympics and 2022 Winter Paralympics") [Heilongjiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Heilongjiang "COVID-19 pandemic in Heilongjiang") [Henan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Henan "COVID-19 pandemic in Henan") [Hubei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hubei "COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei") [Inner Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Inner_Mongolia "COVID-19 pandemic in Inner Mongolia") [Liaoning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liaoning "COVID-19 pandemic in Liaoning") [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Shanghai "COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai") [2022 outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Shanghai_COVID-19_outbreak "2022 Shanghai COVID-19 outbreak") [Sichuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sichuan "COVID-19 pandemic in Sichuan") [Tibet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tibet "COVID-19 pandemic in Tibet") [Xinjiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Xinjiang "COVID-19 pandemic in Xinjiang") \| \| [South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Afghanistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Afghanistan") [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh") [Bhutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bhutan "COVID-19 pandemic in Bhutan") [Maldives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maldives "COVID-19 pandemic in Maldives") [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal "COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal") [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pakistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan") [Tablighi Jamaat hotspot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Pakistan "2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Pakistan") [Sri Lanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sri_Lanka "COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka") \| \| \| [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "COVID-19 pandemic in India") \| \| \| \| \| \| [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India") [lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_India "COVID-19 lockdown in India") [migrant workers' crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in India") timeline 2020 [January–May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_$January%E2%80%93May_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (January–May 2020)") [June–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_$June%E2%80%93December_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (June–December 2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (2021)") [union government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [PM CARES Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_CARES_Fund "PM CARES Fund") [state government responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_state_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian state government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India "COVID-19 vaccination in India") [Vaccine Maitri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_Maitri "Vaccine Maitri") \| \| \| By location \| [Andaman and Nicobar Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands") [Andhra Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andhra_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Andhra Pradesh") [Arunachal Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arunachal_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Arunachal Pradesh") [Assam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Assam "COVID-19 pandemic in Assam") [Bihar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bihar "COVID-19 pandemic in Bihar") [Chandigarh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chandigarh "COVID-19 pandemic in Chandigarh") [Chhattisgarh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chhattisgarh "COVID-19 pandemic in Chhattisgarh") [Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu "COVID-19 pandemic in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu") [Delhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delhi "COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi") [Tablighi Jamaat hotspot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Delhi "2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Delhi") [Goa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Goa "COVID-19 pandemic in Goa") [Gujarat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gujarat "COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat") [Haryana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haryana "COVID-19 pandemic in Haryana") [Himachal Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Himachal_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Himachal Pradesh") [Jammu and Kashmir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir "COVID-19 pandemic in Jammu and Kashmir") [Jharkhand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jharkhand "COVID-19 pandemic in Jharkhand") [Karnataka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Karnataka "COVID-19 pandemic in Karnataka") [Kerala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala "COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala") [Ladakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ladakh "COVID-19 pandemic in Ladakh") [Lakshadweep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lakshadweep "COVID-19 pandemic in Lakshadweep") [Madhya Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madhya_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Madhya Pradesh") [Maharashtra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maharashtra "COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra") [Manipur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manipur "COVID-19 pandemic in Manipur") [Meghalaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Meghalaya "COVID-19 pandemic in Meghalaya") [Mizoram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mizoram "COVID-19 pandemic in Mizoram") [Nagaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nagaland "COVID-19 pandemic in Nagaland") [Odisha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Odisha "COVID-19 pandemic in Odisha") [Puducherry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puducherry "COVID-19 pandemic in Puducherry") [Punjab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Punjab,_India "COVID-19 pandemic in Punjab, India") [Rajasthan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rajasthan "COVID-19 pandemic in Rajasthan") [Sikkim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sikkim "COVID-19 pandemic in Sikkim") [Tamil Nadu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tamil_Nadu "COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu") [Telangana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Telangana "COVID-19 pandemic in Telangana") [Tripura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tripura "COVID-19 pandemic in Tripura") [Uttar Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttar_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Uttar Pradesh") [Uttarakhand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttarakhand "COVID-19 pandemic in Uttarakhand") [West Bengal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Bengal "COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal") \| \| [Southeast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Southeast_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Asia") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Brunei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brunei "COVID-19 pandemic in Brunei") [Cambodia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cambodia "COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia") [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia "COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia") timeline [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia (2021)") [social restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_large-scale_social_restrictions "Indonesia large-scale social restrictions") [Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Activities_Restrictions_Enforcement "Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement") [Laos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Laos "COVID-19 pandemic in Laos") [Myanmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Myanmar "COVID-19 pandemic in Myanmar") [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore "COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2022)") [circuit breaker response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures "2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore "COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore") [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand "COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand "COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand") [Timor-Leste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Timor-Leste "COVID-19 pandemic in Timor-Leste") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam "COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Vietnamese government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") \| impact [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [political](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia") [Aid and relief efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_and_relief_efforts_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Aid and relief efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [movement control order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_movement_control_order "Malaysian movement control order") [Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Malaysia "2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Malaysia") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2022)") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_$2023$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2023)") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Johor "COVID-19 pandemic in Johor") [Kuala Lumpur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuala_Lumpur "COVID-19 pandemic in Kuala Lumpur") [Sabah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sabah "COVID-19 pandemic in Sabah") [Sarawak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sarawak "COVID-19 pandemic in Sarawak") [Selangor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Selangor "COVID-19 pandemic in Selangor") \| \| [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines") \| timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2022)") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [community quarantines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_community_quarantines_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines") [Luzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_community_quarantine_in_Luzon "Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon") [evacuations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuations_by_the_Philippines_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Evacuations by the Philippines related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines") [Bangsamoro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangsamoro "COVID-19 pandemic in Bangsamoro") [Bicol Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bicol_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Bicol Region") [Cagayan Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cagayan_Valley "COVID-19 pandemic in Cagayan Valley") [Calabarzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Calabarzon "COVID-19 pandemic in Calabarzon") [Caraga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Caraga "COVID-19 pandemic in Caraga") [Central Luzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Luzon "COVID-19 pandemic in Central Luzon") [Central Visayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Visayas "COVID-19 pandemic in Central Visayas") [Cordillera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cordillera_Administrative_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cordillera Administrative Region") [Davao Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Davao_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Davao Region") [Eastern Visayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eastern_Visayas "COVID-19 pandemic in Eastern Visayas") [Ilocos Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Ilocos_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Ilocos Region") [Metro Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Metro_Manila "COVID-19 pandemic in Metro Manila") [Mimaropa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mimaropa "COVID-19 pandemic in Mimaropa") [Northern Mindanao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Mindanao "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Mindanao") [Soccsksargen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Soccsksargen "COVID-19 pandemic in Soccsksargen") [Western Visayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Visayas "COVID-19 pandemic in Western Visayas") [Zamboanga Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zamboanga_Peninsula "COVID-19 pandemic in Zamboanga Peninsula") [Overseas Filipinos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Filipinos_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Overseas Filipinos during the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| West \| [Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Armenia "COVID-19 pandemic in Armenia") [Azerbaijan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Azerbaijan "COVID-19 pandemic in Azerbaijan") [Artsakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Artsakh "COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Artsakh") [Bahrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bahrain "COVID-19 pandemic in Bahrain") [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus") [Northern Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt "COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt") [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_$country$ "COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (country)") [Abkhazia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Abkhazia "COVID-19 pandemic in Abkhazia") [South Ossetia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Ossetia "COVID-19 pandemic in South Ossetia") [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran "COVID-19 pandemic in Iran") [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iraq "COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq") [Kurdistan Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Kurdistan_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Kurdistan Region") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Israel "COVID-19 pandemic in Israel") [Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jordan "COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan") [Kuwait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuwait "COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait") [Lebanon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lebanon "COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon") [Oman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oman "COVID-19 pandemic in Oman") [Palestine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_State_of_Palestine "COVID-19 pandemic in the State of Palestine") [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Qatar "COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar") [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saudi_Arabia "COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_programme_in_Saudi_Arabia "COVID-19 vaccination programme in Saudi Arabia") [Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria "COVID-19 pandemic in Syria") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates "COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates") [Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yemen "COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen") \| \| [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe "COVID-19 pandemic in Europe") \| \| \| \| \| \| [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") \| \| \| \| \| \| [history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "History of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") timeline [January–June 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_$January%E2%80%93June_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2020)") [July–December 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_$July%E2%80%93December_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2020)") [January–June 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_$January%E2%80%93June_2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2021)") [July–December 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_$July%E2%80%93December_2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2021)") [January–June 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_$January%E2%80%93June_2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2022)") [July–December 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_$July%E2%80%93December_2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2022)") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_$2023$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (2023)") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Broadshare "Operation Broadshare") [Operation Rescript](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rescript "Operation Rescript") [contracts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversies_regarding_COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom "Controversies regarding COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom") impact [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom") \| \| \| By location \| [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_England "COVID-19 pandemic in England") timeline 2020 [January–June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_$January%E2%80%93June_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (January–June 2020)") [July–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_$July%E2%80%93December_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (July–December 2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2022)") [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_London "COVID-19 pandemic in London") [local lockdown regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_local_lockdown_regulations_in_England "COVID-19 local lockdown regulations in England") [first tier regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_COVID-19_tier_regulations_in_England "First COVID-19 tier regulations in England") [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2022)") [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland "COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2022)") [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales "COVID-19 pandemic in Wales") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)") [Crown Dependencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Crown_Dependencies "COVID-19 pandemic in the Crown Dependencies") [Isle of Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Isle_of_Man "COVID-19 pandemic in the Isle of Man") [Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jersey "COVID-19 pandemic in Jersey") [Guernsey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guernsey "COVID-19 pandemic in Guernsey") [Overseas territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories") [Akrotiri and Dhekelia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia "COVID-19 pandemic in Akrotiri and Dhekelia") [British Indian Ocean Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Indian Ocean Territory") [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gibraltar "COVID-19 pandemic in Gibraltar") \| \| Eastern \| [Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus "COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2022)") [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan "COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan") [Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Moldova "COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova") [Gagauzia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gagauzia "COVID-19 pandemic in Gagauzia") [Transnistria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Transnistria "COVID-19 pandemic in Transnistria") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") timeline [January–June 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_$January%E2%80%93June_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (January–June 2020)") [July–December 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_$July%E2%80%93December_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (July–December 2020)") [government responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Russian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [political impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine "COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine") [Crimea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Crimea "COVID-19 pandemic in Crimea") [Sevastopol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sevastopol "COVID-19 pandemic in Sevastopol") \| \| Western Balkans \| [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Albania "COVID-19 pandemic in Albania") [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina") [Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kosovo "COVID-19 pandemic in Kosovo") [Montenegro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montenegro "COVID-19 pandemic in Montenegro") [North Macedonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Macedonia "COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia") [Serbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia "COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia") \| \| [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austria "COVID-19 pandemic in Austria") [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium "COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria "COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria") [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia "COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia") [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus") [Northern Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus") [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Czech_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic") [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Denmark "COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark") [Faroe Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Faroe_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Faroe Islands") [Estonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Estonia "COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia") [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Finland "COVID-19 pandemic in Finland") [Åland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_%C3%85land "COVID-19 pandemic in Åland") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France "COVID-19 pandemic in France") [Guadeloupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe "COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe") [French Guiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana "COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana") [Réunion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union "COVID-19 pandemic in Réunion") [Martinique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique "COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique") [Mayotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte "COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte") [Normandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Normandy "COVID-19 pandemic in Normandy") [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin "COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany "COVID-19 pandemic in Germany") [North Rhine-Westphalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Rhine-Westphalia "COVID-19 pandemic in North Rhine-Westphalia") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greece "COVID-19 pandemic in Greece") [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hungary "COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2022)") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") [lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns_in_Italy "COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") [Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Latvia "COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia") [Lithuania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lithuania "COVID-19 pandemic in Lithuania") [Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Luxembourg "COVID-19 pandemic in Luxembourg") [Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malta "COVID-19 pandemic in Malta") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Dutch government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland "COVID-19 pandemic in Poland") [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal "COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal") [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania "COVID-19 pandemic in Romania") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania") [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovakia "COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia") [Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovenia "COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia") [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain "COVID-19 pandemic in Spain") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain") [Asturias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asturias "COVID-19 pandemic in Asturias") [Canary Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands") [Ceuta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta "COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta") [Community of Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Community_of_Madrid "COVID-19 pandemic in the Community of Madrid") [Melilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla "COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sweden "COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Swedish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Operation Gloria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Gloria "Operation Gloria") \| \| EFTA countries \| [Iceland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iceland "COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland") [Liechtenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liechtenstein "COVID-19 pandemic in Liechtenstein") [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norway "COVID-19 pandemic in Norway") [Svalbard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Svalbard "COVID-19 pandemic in Svalbard") [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Switzerland "COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland") \| \| Microstates \| [Andorra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andorra "COVID-19 pandemic in Andorra") [Monaco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Monaco "COVID-19 pandemic in Monaco") [San Marino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_San_Marino "COVID-19 pandemic in San Marino") [Vatican City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City "COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City") \| \| [North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America "COVID-19 pandemic in North America") \| \| \| \| \| \| Atlantic \| [Bermuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bermuda "COVID-19 pandemic in Bermuda") [Greenland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greenland "COVID-19 pandemic in Greenland") [Saint Pierre and Miquelon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Pierre and Miquelon") \| \| Canada \| [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [federal aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_aid_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada "COVID-19 vaccination in Canada") [military response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Laser "Operation Laser") [Atlantic Bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Bubble "Atlantic Bubble") [Alberta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta "COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta") [British Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_British_Columbia "COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia") [Manitoba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manitoba "COVID-19 pandemic in Manitoba") [New Brunswick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Brunswick "COVID-19 pandemic in New Brunswick") [Newfoundland and Labrador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "COVID-19 pandemic in Newfoundland and Labrador") [Northwest Territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northwest_Territories "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northwest Territories") [Nova Scotia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nova_Scotia "COVID-19 pandemic in Nova Scotia") [Nunavut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nunavut "COVID-19 pandemic in Nunavut") [Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario "COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2022)") [Ottawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ottawa "COVID-19 pandemic in Ottawa") [Peel Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_Peel "COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of Peel") [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Toronto "COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto") [York Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_York "COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of York") [Provincial government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario "Provincial government response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario") [Vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario "COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario") [Prince Edward Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Prince_Edward_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Prince Edward Island") [Quebec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Quebec "COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec") [Montreal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montreal "COVID-19 pandemic in Montreal") [boroughs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_of_Montreal_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Boroughs of Montreal during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Saskatchewan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan "COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan") [Yukon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yukon "COVID-19 pandemic in Yukon") \| \| Caribbean \| \| \| \| \| \| Countries \| [Antigua and Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda "COVID-19 pandemic in Antigua and Barbuda") [Bahamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bahamas "COVID-19 pandemic in the Bahamas") [Barbados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Barbados "COVID-19 pandemic in Barbados") [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cuba "COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba") [Guantanamo Bay Naval Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base "COVID-19 pandemic in the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base") [Dominica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dominica "COVID-19 pandemic in Dominica") [Dominican Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Dominican_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Dominican Republic") [Grenada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Grenada "COVID-19 pandemic in Grenada") [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haiti "COVID-19 pandemic in Haiti") [Jamaica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jamaica "COVID-19 pandemic in Jamaica") [Saint Kitts and Nevis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Kitts and Nevis") [Saint Lucia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Lucia "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Lucia") [Saint Vincent and the Grenadines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines") [Trinidad and Tobago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago "COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago") \| \| [British Overseas Territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories") \| [Anguilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Anguilla "COVID-19 pandemic in Anguilla") [British Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Virgin Islands") [Cayman Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cayman_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cayman Islands") [Montserrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montserrat "COVID-19 pandemic in Montserrat") [Turks and Caicos Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Turks and Caicos Islands") [response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Broadshare "Operation Broadshare") \| \| \| \| \| [Aruba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Aruba "COVID-19 pandemic in Aruba") [Curaçao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cura%C3%A7ao "COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao") [Sint Maarten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Maarten "COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Maarten") \| \| \| Caribbean Netherlands \| [Bonaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bonaire "COVID-19 pandemic in Bonaire") [Saba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saba "COVID-19 pandemic in Saba") [Sint Eustatius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Eustatius "COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Eustatius") \| \| French West Indies \| [Guadeloupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe "COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe") [Martinique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique "COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique") [Saint Barthélemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Barthélemy") [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin "COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin") \| \| US insular areas \| [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico "COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands") \| \| Central America \| [Belize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belize "COVID-19 pandemic in Belize") [Costa Rica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Costa_Rica "COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica") [El Salvador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_El_Salvador "COVID-19 pandemic in El Salvador") [Guatemala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guatemala "COVID-19 pandemic in Guatemala") [Honduras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Honduras "COVID-19 pandemic in Honduras") [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico "COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico "COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico") [Nicaragua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nicaragua "COVID-19 pandemic in Nicaragua") [Panama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Panama "COVID-19 pandemic in Panama") \| \| [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Trump administration communication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2021)") [social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [2021 hospital crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_hospital_crisis_in_the_U.S._from_COVID-19 "2021 hospital crisis in the U.S. from COVID-19") \| \| \| [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [federal government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [state and local governments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state_and_local_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [California government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "California government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [New York government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_state_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "New York state government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Texas government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Texas government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Eastern States Multi-state Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_States_Multi-state_Council "Eastern States Multi-state Council") [Midwest Governors Regional Pact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Governors_Regional_Pact "Midwest Governors Regional Pact") [Western States Pact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_States_Pact "Western States Pact") \| \| By location \| [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alabama "COVID-19 pandemic in Alabama") [Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alaska "COVID-19 pandemic in Alaska") [American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa "COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa") [Arizona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arizona "COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona") [Navajo Nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Navajo_Nation "COVID-19 pandemic in the Navajo Nation") [Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arkansas "COVID-19 pandemic in Arkansas") [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_California "COVID-19 pandemic in California") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_California "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in California") [S.F. Bay Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area "COVID-19 pandemic in the San Francisco Bay Area") [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colorado "COVID-19 pandemic in Colorado") [Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Connecticut "COVID-19 pandemic in Connecticut") [Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delaware "COVID-19 pandemic in Delaware") [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Florida "COVID-19 pandemic in Florida") [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_$U.S._state$ "COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (U.S. state)") [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam "COVID-19 pandemic in Guam") [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii "COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii") [Idaho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Idaho "COVID-19 pandemic in Idaho") [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Illinois "COVID-19 pandemic in Illinois") [Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indiana "COVID-19 pandemic in Indiana") [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iowa "COVID-19 pandemic in Iowa") [Kansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kansas "COVID-19 pandemic in Kansas") [Kentucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kentucky "COVID-19 pandemic in Kentucky") [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Louisiana "COVID-19 pandemic in Louisiana") [Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maine "COVID-19 pandemic in Maine") [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland "COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland") [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts "COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts") [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston "COVID-19 pandemic in Boston") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Boston") [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Michigan "COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan") [Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Minnesota "COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota") [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mississippi "COVID-19 pandemic in Mississippi") [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Missouri "COVID-19 pandemic in Missouri") [Montana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montana "COVID-19 pandemic in Montana") [Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nebraska "COVID-19 pandemic in Nebraska") [Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada "COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada") [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Hampshire "COVID-19 pandemic in New Hampshire") [New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Jersey "COVID-19 pandemic in New Jersey") [New Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Mexico "COVID-19 pandemic in New Mexico") [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_$state$ "COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)") [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City "COVID-19 pandemic in New York City") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City") [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Carolina "COVID-19 pandemic in North Carolina") [North Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Dakota "COVID-19 pandemic in North Dakota") [Northern Mariana Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands") [Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ohio "COVID-19 pandemic in Ohio") [Columbus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Columbus,_Ohio "COVID-19 pandemic in Columbus, Ohio") [Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oklahoma "COVID-19 pandemic in Oklahoma") [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oregon "COVID-19 pandemic in Oregon") [Portland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portland,_Oregon "COVID-19 pandemic in Portland, Oregon") [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pennsylvania "COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania") [Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Philadelphia "COVID-19 pandemic in Philadelphia") [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico "COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico") [Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rhode_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Rhode Island") [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Carolina "COVID-19 pandemic in South Carolina") [South Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Dakota "COVID-19 pandemic in South Dakota") [Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tennessee "COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee") [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas "COVID-19 pandemic in Texas") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas") [Austin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austin,_Texas "COVID-19 pandemic in Austin, Texas") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands") [Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Utah "COVID-19 pandemic in Utah") [Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vermont "COVID-19 pandemic in Vermont") [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Virginia "COVID-19 pandemic in Virginia") [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington_$state$ "COVID-19 pandemic in Washington (state)") [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington,_D.C. "COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C.") [White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak "White House COVID-19 outbreak") [West Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Virginia "COVID-19 pandemic in West Virginia") [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wisconsin "COVID-19 pandemic in Wisconsin") [Wyoming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wyoming "COVID-19 pandemic in Wyoming") \| \| [Oceania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania "COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania") \| \| \| \| \| \| [American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa "COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa") [Cook Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cook_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cook Islands") [Easter Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island") [Federated States of Micronesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia "COVID-19 pandemic in the Federated States of Micronesia") [Fiji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Fiji "COVID-19 pandemic in Fiji") [French Polynesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Polynesia "COVID-19 pandemic in French Polynesia") [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam "COVID-19 pandemic in Guam") [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii "COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii") [Kiribati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kiribati "COVID-19 pandemic in Kiribati") [Marshall Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Marshall_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Marshall Islands") [Nauru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nauru "COVID-19 pandemic in Nauru") [New Caledonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Caledonia "COVID-19 pandemic in New Caledonia") [Niue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niue "COVID-19 pandemic in Niue") [Northern Mariana Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands") [Palau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Palau "COVID-19 pandemic in Palau") [Papua New Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Papua_New_Guinea "COVID-19 pandemic in Papua New Guinea") [Bougainville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville "COVID-19 pandemic in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville") [Pitcairn Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Pitcairn Islands") [Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Samoa "COVID-19 pandemic in Samoa") [Solomon Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Solomon_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Solomon Islands") [Tokelau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokelau "COVID-19 pandemic in Tokelau") [Tonga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tonga "COVID-19 pandemic in Tonga") [Tuvalu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tuvalu "COVID-19 pandemic in Tuvalu") [Vanuatu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vanuatu "COVID-19 pandemic in Vanuatu") [Wallis and Futuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wallis_and_Futuna "COVID-19 pandemic in Wallis and Futuna") \| \| \| [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia "COVID-19 pandemic in Australia") \| timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2020)") 2021 [January–June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_$January%E2%80%93June_2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (January–June 2021)") [July–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_$July%E2%80%93December_2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (July–December 2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2022)") [Australian Capital Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory "COVID-19 pandemic in the Australian Capital Territory") [Christmas Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Christmas_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Christmas Island") [Cocos (Keeling) Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cocos_$Keeling$_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands") [New South Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_South_Wales "COVID-19 pandemic in New South Wales") [Norfolk Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norfolk_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Norfolk Island") [Northern Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Territory "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Territory") [Queensland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Queensland "COVID-19 pandemic in Queensland") [South Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Australia "COVID-19 pandemic in South Australia") [Tasmania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tasmania "COVID-19 pandemic in Tasmania") [Victoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Victoria "COVID-19 pandemic in Victoria") [Western Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Australia "COVID-19 pandemic in Western Australia") \| \| [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") \| timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2022)") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_$2023$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2023)") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Alert levels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_alert_levels_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 alert levels in New Zealand") [Traffic light system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Protection_Framework "COVID-19 Protection Framework") [social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [managed isolation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_managed_isolation_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 managed isolation in New Zealand") \| \| [South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America "COVID-19 pandemic in South America") \| [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina "COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina") [human rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina") [Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bolivia "COVID-19 pandemic in Bolivia") [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil "COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil") [São Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_$state$ "COVID-19 pandemic in São Paulo (state)") [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile "COVID-19 pandemic in Chile") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile") [Easter Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island") [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia "COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia") [Ecuador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ecuador "COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador") [Falkland Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Falkland_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Falkland Islands") [French Guiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana "COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana") [Guyana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guyana "COVID-19 pandemic in Guyana") [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Paraguay "COVID-19 pandemic in Paraguay") [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru "COVID-19 pandemic in Peru") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru") [Cusco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cusco "COVID-19 pandemic in Cusco") [Suriname](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Suriname "COVID-19 pandemic in Suriname") [Uruguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uruguay "COVID-19 pandemic in Uruguay") [Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela "COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela") \| \| Others \| [Antarctica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica "COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica") [Cruise ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships "COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships") [Diamond Princess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Diamond_Princess "COVID-19 pandemic on Diamond Princess") [Grand Princess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Grand_Princess "COVID-19 pandemic on Grand Princess") [Naval ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_naval_ships "COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships") [Charles de Gaulle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Charles_de_Gaulle "COVID-19 pandemic on Charles de Gaulle") [USS Theodore Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_USS_Theodore_Roosevelt "COVID-19 pandemic on USS Theodore Roosevelt") \| \| [Impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| \| \| \| Culture and entertainment \| \| \| \| \| \| [Arts and cultural heritage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage") \| [References in popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture "COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture") [Cinema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema") [films affected](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Corona-chan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona-chan "Corona-chan") [Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Walt_Disney_Company "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Walt Disney Company") [Fashion industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry") [Music industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_music_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry") [Performing arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_performing_arts "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts") [Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television") [U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States") [U.S. sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_American_sports_broadcasting "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on American sports broadcasting") [programs affected](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_television_series_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of American television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Video games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry") \| \| [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Female education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_female_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on female education") [Homeschooling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| By country \| [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the Republic of Ireland") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom") [exam grading controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_Kingdom_school_exam_grading_controversy "2020 United Kingdom school exam grading controversy") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United States") \| \| [Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Bio-secure bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-secure_bubble "Bio-secure bubble") \| \| \| By country \| [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports in the Republic of Ireland") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Philippine_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Philippine sports") \| \| By sport \| [Association football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_association_football "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football") [Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_baseball "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on baseball") [Basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_basketball "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on basketball") [NBA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_of_the_2019%E2%80%9320_NBA_season "Suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season") [Combat sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_combat_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on combat sports") [Cricket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cricket "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket") [Disc golf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_disc_golf "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disc golf") [Gaelic games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Gaelic_games "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games") [Gridirion football (NCAAF, NFL, and CFL)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_gridiron_football "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gridiron football") [Ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ice_hockey "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ice hockey") [Motorsport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_motorsport "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorsport") [Rugby league](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_rugby_league "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rugby league") \| \| Society and rights \| \| \| \| \| \| [Social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media") [Stigma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stigma_associated_with_COVID-19 "Social stigma associated with COVID-19") [Children](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_children "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children") [foster care in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_foster_care_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on foster care in the United States") [Pandemic baking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic_baking "Pandemic baking") \| \| Labor \| [Healthcare workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_healthcare_workers "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers") [Indian migrant workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Great Resignation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Resignation "Great Resignation") [Strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikes_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| [Human rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_issues_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Human rights issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina") [Myanmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "2021 Myanmar coup d'état") \| \| Legal \| [Abortion in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_abortion_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on abortion in the United States") [Crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_crime "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime") [Domestic violence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_domestic_violence "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence") [Prisons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_prisons "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons") [U.S. immigration detention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_U.S._immigration_detention "COVID-19 pandemic in U.S. immigration detention") \| \| Minority \| [Gender](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendered_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [LGBT community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_LGBT_community "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the LGBT community") [African communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities") [Indian migrant workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Indian_migrant_workers "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indian migrant workers") [Disability community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_people_with_disabilities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities") [Native American communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Native_American_tribes_and_tribal_communities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Native American tribes and tribal communities") [Xenophobia and racism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| [Religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion") \| [Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church") [Hajj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj") \| \| [Economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Charitable activity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_activities_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Charitable activities related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [COVID-19 scams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_scams "COVID-19 scams") [Travel restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| By country \| [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Pandemic_Unemployment_Payment "COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [U.K.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") \| \| By industry \| [Aviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_commercial_air_transport "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on commercial air transport") [Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of airlines impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Cannabis industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry") [Food industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_food_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry") [meat industry in Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_Canada "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in Canada") [meat industry in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in the United States") [restaurant industry in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_restaurant_industry_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the restaurant industry in the United States") [Hospitals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_hospitals "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitals") [ICU capacity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ICU_capacity "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ICU capacity") [Long-term care facilities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_long-term_care_facilities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities") [Mink farming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 "Cluster 5") [Public transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_public_transport "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport") [Retail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail") [Tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism") \| \| Supply and trade \| [Shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Chip supply](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_global_chip_shortage "2020–2023 global chip shortage") [Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_energy_crisis "2021–2023 global energy crisis") [Global supply chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_supply_chain_crisis "2021–2023 global supply chain crisis") [Oil price war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war "2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war") [Food security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| [Financial markets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Global stock market crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash "2020 stock market crash") [COVID-19 recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_recession "COVID-19 recession") [Inflation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_inflation_surge "2021–2022 inflation surge") \| \| Information \| \| \| \| \| \| [Journalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism") [Media coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Wikipedia's response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| [Misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation "COVID-19 misinformation") \| [Governments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments "COVID-19 misinformation by governments") [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China "COVID-19 misinformation by China") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States "COVID-19 misinformation by the United States") By country [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada "COVID-19 misinformation in Canada") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines") [Ivermectin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Plandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plandemic "Plandemic") \| \| [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| \| \| \| [National responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_pandemic_legislation "List of COVID-19 pandemic legislation") [List of political officials who have tested positive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_officials_who_have_tested_positive_for_COVID-19 "List of political officials who have tested positive for COVID-19") [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| [Political impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in the Republic of Ireland") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia") \| \| [Protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Abkhazia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Abkhazia_unrest "2021 Abkhazia unrest") [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17A "17A") [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Australia "COVID-19 protests in Australia") [Convoy to Canberra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_to_Canberra "Convoy to Canberra") [Azerbaijan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Azerbaijani_protests "2020 Azerbaijani protests") [Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests "2020–2021 Belarusian protests") [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Brussels_protests "2022 Brussels protests") [2020 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Brazilian_protests "2020 Brazilian protests") [2021 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Brazilian_protests "2021 Brazilian protests") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Bulgarian_protests "2020–2021 Bulgarian protests") [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Canada "COVID-19 protests in Canada") [convoy protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest "Canada convoy protest") [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932022_Chilean_protests "2019–2022 Chilean protests") [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China "2022 COVID-19 protests in China") [Beijing Sitong Bridge protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Beijing_Sitong_Bridge_protest "2022 Beijing Sitong Bridge protest") [healthcare reform protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Chinese_healthcare_reform_protests "2023 Chinese healthcare reform protests") [2021 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Colombian_protests "2021 Colombian protests") [2022 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Colombian_protests "2022 Colombian protests") [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Cuban_protests "2021 Cuban protests") [Yellow vests protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_vests_protests "Yellow vests protests") [labor protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests "2021 French labor protests") [French West Indies social unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_social_unrest_in_the_French_West_Indies "2021–2022 social unrest in the French West Indies") [convoy protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_convoy_protest "France convoy protest") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Germany "COVID-19 protests in Germany") [Idar-Oberstein shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Idar-Oberstein_shooting "2021 Idar-Oberstein shooting") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Greek_protests "2021 Greek protests") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Israel "COVID-19 protests in Israel") [protests against Benjamin Netanyahu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_protests_against_Benjamin_Netanyahu "2020–2021 protests against Benjamin Netanyahu") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_over_COVID-19_policies_in_Italy "Protests over COVID-19 policies in Italy") [Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Mongolian_protests "2021 Mongolian protests") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_Netherlands "COVID-19 protests in the Netherlands") [curfew riots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Dutch_curfew_riots "2021 Dutch curfew riots") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 protests in New Zealand") [Wellington protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Wellington_protest "2022 Wellington protest") [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Paraguayan_protests "2021 Paraguayan protests") [Serbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Serbian_protests "2020–2022 Serbian protests") [Tunisia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Tunisian_protests "2021 Tunisian protests") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 protests in the United Kingdom") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 protests in the United States") [Open the States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_the_States "Open the States") \| \| [International relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_international_relations "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations") \| [Aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "International reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") [Moldovan–Romanian collaboration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovan%E2%80%93Romanian_collaboration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Moldovan–Romanian collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan "Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan") [Vaccine diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_diplomacy "Vaccine diplomacy") \| \| [Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Anthropause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropause "Anthropause") [Doomscrolling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomscrolling "Doomscrolling") [Flattening the curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flattening_the_curve "Flattening the curve") [Green recovery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_recovery "Green recovery") [Long COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "Long COVID") [Social distancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing "Social distancing") [Superspreader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superspreading_event "Superspreading event") [Twindemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twindemic "Twindemic") [Zero-COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID") [Zoom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_$software$ "Zoom (software)") [Zoom towns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_town "Zoom town") \| \| Others \| [Animals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_and_animals "COVID-19 pandemic and animals") [Cluster 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 "Cluster 5") [Environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment") [Military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_military "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military") [Pregnant women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_pregnant_women "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women") [Science and technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology") \| \| Health issues \| \| \| \| \| \| Medical topics \| [Transmission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_of_COVID-19 "Transmission of COVID-19") [Symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptoms_of_COVID-19 "Symptoms of COVID-19") [Cancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_and_cancer "COVID-19 and cancer") [Endemic COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_COVID-19 "Endemic COVID-19") [Skin manifestations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_manifestations_of_COVID-19 "Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19") [Long COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "Long COVID") [Mental health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic") [neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes") [Pregnancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy "COVID-19 in pregnancy") [Non-COVID-19–related health issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues") [Shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Rehabilitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_after_COVID-19 "Rehabilitation after COVID-19") [Unproven medical methods]() \| \| Testing and epidemiology \| \| \| \| \| \| [Datasets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_datasets "COVID-19 datasets") [Death rates by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country "COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country") [Disease testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing "COVID-19 testing") [Breathalyzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_breathalyzer "Coronavirus breathalyzer") [Operation Moonshot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Moonshot "Operation Moonshot") [Test to Release](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_to_Release "Test to Release") [UK Rapid Test Consortium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Rapid_Test_Consortium "UK Rapid Test Consortium") [AbC-19 rapid antibody test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AbC-19_rapid_antibody_test "AbC-19 rapid antibody test") [investigations into the origins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19 "Investigations into the origin of COVID-19") [lab leak theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory "COVID-19 lab leak theory") [Rapid antigen test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_rapid_antigen_test "COVID-19 rapid antigen test") [Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation "Software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation") [Surveillance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_surveillance "COVID-19 surveillance") [Undercounting COVID-19 deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercounting_of_COVID-19_pandemic_deaths_by_country "Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country") \| \| \| [Apps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_apps "COVID-19 apps") \| [Aarogya Setu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarogya_Setu "Aarogya Setu") [BlueTrace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueTrace "BlueTrace") [careFIJI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CareFIJI "CareFIJI") [Coronavirus Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_Australia "Coronavirus Australia") [Corona-Warn-App](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona-Warn-App "Corona-Warn-App") [COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Contact-Confirming_Application "COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application") [COVID Alert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID_Alert "COVID Alert") (Canada) [COVIDSafe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVIDSafe "COVIDSafe") [COVID Tracker Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID_Tracker_Ireland "COVID Tracker Ireland") [Covid Watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid_Watch "Covid Watch") [Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_Privacy-Preserving_Proximity_Tracing "Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing") [Exposure Notification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_Notification "Exposure Notification") [Health Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Code "Health Code") [Healthy Together](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy_Together "Healthy Together") [Immuni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immuni "Immuni") [Koronavilkku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavilkku "Koronavilkku") [LeaveHomeSafe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeaveHomeSafe "LeaveHomeSafe") [MySejahtera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySejahtera "MySejahtera") [NHS COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_COVID-19 "NHS COVID-19") [NZ COVID Tracer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZ_COVID_Tracer "NZ COVID Tracer") [NZ Pass Verifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZ_Pass_Verifier "NZ Pass Verifier") [PathCheck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PathCheck "PathCheck") [PeduliLindungi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PeduliLindungi "PeduliLindungi") [SafeEntry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafeEntry "SafeEntry") [SafePass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafePass "SafePass") [StaySafe.ph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StaySafe.ph "StaySafe.ph") [SwissCovid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SwissCovid "SwissCovid") [TCN Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCN_Protocol "TCN Protocol") [Test, Trace, Protect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test,_Trace,_Protect "Test, Trace, Protect") [Thai Chana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Chana "Thai Chana") [TousAntiCovid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TousAntiCovid "TousAntiCovid") [TraceTogether](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TraceTogether "TraceTogether") [Valtrace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtrace "Valtrace") [Zoe Health Study](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Health_Study "Zoe Health Study") \| \| Prevention \| [Air purifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_purifier "Air purifier") ([Corsi–Rosenthal Box](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsi%E2%80%93Rosenthal_Box "Corsi–Rosenthal Box")) [Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroquine_and_hydroxychloroquine_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Evacuations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Face masks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Anti-mask sentiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-mask_sentiment "Anti-mask sentiment") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [Flattening the curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flattening_the_curve "Flattening the curve") [Great Barrington Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barrington_Declaration "Great Barrington Declaration") [International aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns "COVID-19 lockdowns") [Public health mitigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19 "Public health mitigation of COVID-19") [Safe Hands Challenge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_Hands_Challenge "Safe Hands Challenge") [Social distancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Workplace hazard controls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19 "Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19") [Zero-COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID") \| \| [Vaccines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine") \| \| \| \| \| \| Topics \| [Authorizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_vaccine_authorizations "List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations") [Clinical research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_clinical_research "COVID-19 vaccine clinical research") [Deployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines") [Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development "History of COVID-19 vaccine development") [EU Certificate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Digital_COVID_Certificate "EU Digital COVID Certificate") [Misinformation and hesitancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy "COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy") [Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_of_anti-vaccine_advocates_from_COVID-19 "Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates from COVID-19") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States") [Operation Warp Speed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed "Operation Warp Speed") (U.S.) [Post-vaccination complications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolic_and_thrombotic_events_after_COVID-19_vaccination "Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination") [Vaccine card](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_card "COVID-19 vaccine card") [Vaccine passports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| Authorized \| \| \| \| \| \| [DNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_vaccine "DNA vaccine") \| [ZyCoV-D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZyCoV-D "ZyCoV-D") \| \| [Inactivated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine "Inactivated vaccine") \| [Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences_COVID-19_vaccine "Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences COVID-19 vaccine") [CoronaVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoronaVac "CoronaVac") [Covaxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covaxin "Covaxin") [COVIran Barekat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVIran_Barekat "COVIran Barekat") [CoviVac (Russia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoviVac_$Russia_COVID-19_vaccine$ "CoviVac (Russia COVID-19 vaccine)") [FAKHRAVAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAKHRAVAC "FAKHRAVAC") [Minhai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minhai_COVID-19_vaccine "Minhai COVID-19 vaccine") [QazCovid-in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QazCovid-in "QazCovid-in") [Sinopharm BIBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine") [Sinopharm WIBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_WIBP_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine") [Turkovac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkovac "Turkovac") [Valneva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine "Valneva COVID-19 vaccine") \| \| [mRNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_vaccine "MRNA vaccine") \| [Moderna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine "Moderna COVID-19 vaccine") [Pfizer–BioNTech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine "Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine") \| \| [Subunit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subunit_vaccine "Subunit vaccine") \| [Abdala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdala_$vaccine$ "Abdala (vaccine)") [Corbevax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbevax "Corbevax") (Bio E COVID-19) [COVAX-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVAX-19 "COVAX-19") [EpiVacCorona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EpiVacCorona "EpiVacCorona") [IndoVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndoVac "IndoVac") [MVC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVC_COVID-19_vaccine "MVC COVID-19 vaccine") [Noora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noora_$vaccine$ "Noora (vaccine)") [Novavax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine "Novavax COVID-19 vaccine") [Razi Cov Pars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razi_Cov_Pars "Razi Cov Pars") [Sinopharm CNBG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_CNBG_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm CNBG COVID-19 vaccine") [Soberana 02](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberana_02 "Soberana 02") [Soberana Plus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberana_Plus "Soberana Plus") [ZF2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF2001 "ZF2001") (Zifivax) \| \| [Viral vector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_vector_vaccine "Viral vector vaccine") \| [Convidecia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convidecia "Convidecia") [Janssen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine "Janssen COVID-19 vaccine") [Oxford–AstraZeneca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine "Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine") [Sputnik V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine "Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine") [Sputnik Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_Light "Sputnik Light") \| \| [Virus-like particles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus-like_particle "Virus-like particle") \| [CoVLP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoVLP "CoVLP") \| \| In trials \| \| \| \| \| \| [Attenuated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine "Attenuated vaccine") \| [COVI-VAC (United States)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVI-VAC_$U.S._COVID-19_vaccine$ "COVI-VAC (U.S. COVID-19 vaccine)") \| \| DNA \| [AG0302-COVID‑19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AG0302-COVID%E2%80%9119 "AG0302-COVID‑19") [GX-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GX-19 "GX-19") [Inovio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inovio_COVID-19_vaccine "Inovio COVID-19 vaccine") \| \| Inactivated \| [KD-414](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KD-414 "KD-414") [NDV-HXP-S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDV-HXP-S "NDV-HXP-S") \| \| RNA \| [ARCT-021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCT-021 "ARCT-021") [ARCT-154](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCT-154 "ARCT-154") [Bangavax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangavax "Bangavax") [CureVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CureVac_COVID-19_vaccine "CureVac COVID-19 vaccine") (terminated) [HGC019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGC019 "HGC019") [mRNA-1283](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA-1283 "MRNA-1283") [PTX-COVID19-B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTX-COVID19-B "PTX-COVID19-B") [Sanofi–Translate Bio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93Translate_Bio_COVID-19_vaccine "Sanofi–Translate Bio COVID-19 vaccine") (terminated) [Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemirna_COVID-19_vaccine "Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine") [Walvax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walvax_COVID-19_vaccine "Walvax COVID-19 vaccine") \| \| Subunit \| [202-CoV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/202-CoV "202-CoV") [AKS-452](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKS-452 "AKS-452") [EuCorVac-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuCorVac-19 "EuCorVac-19") [IVX-411](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IVX-411 "IVX-411") [Nanocovax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocovax "Nanocovax") [ReCOV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReCOV "ReCOV") [Sanofi–GSK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine "Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine") [S-268019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-268019 "S-268019") [SCB-2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCB-2019 "SCB-2019") [SCTV01C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCTV01C "SCTV01C") [Skycovione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skycovione "Skycovione") [UB-612](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UB-612 "UB-612") [V-01](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-01 "V-01") [V451](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V451_vaccine "V451 vaccine") (terminated) [Vabiotech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabiotech_COVID-19_vaccine "Vabiotech COVID-19 vaccine") [West China Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_China_Hospital_COVID-19_vaccine "West China Hospital COVID-19 vaccine") [Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF2001 "ZF2001") \| \| Viral vector \| [AdCLD-CoV19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdCLD-CoV19 "AdCLD-CoV19") [BriLife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BriLife "BriLife") [COH04S1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COH04S1 "COH04S1") [DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT "DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT") [GRAd-COV2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRAd-COV2 "GRAd-COV2") [ImmunityBio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImmunityBio_COVID-19_vaccine "ImmunityBio COVID-19 vaccine") [iNCOVACC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INCOVACC "INCOVACC") [INNA-051](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INNA-051 "INNA-051") [NDV-HXP-S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDV-HXP-S "NDV-HXP-S") [Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaxart_COVID-19_vaccine "Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine") \| \| [Virus-like particles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus-like_particle "Virus-like particle") \| [ABNCoV2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABNCoV2 "ABNCoV2") [LYB001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LYB001 "LYB001") [MigVax-101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MigVax-101 "MigVax-101") [VBI-2902](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBI-2902 "VBI-2902") \| \| [Deployment by location](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Africa "COVID-19 vaccination in Africa") \| [Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Algeria "COVID-19 vaccination in Algeria") [Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Angola "COVID-19 vaccination in Angola") [Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Botswana "COVID-19 vaccination in Botswana") [Burkina Faso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burkina_Faso "COVID-19 vaccination in Burkina Faso") [Burundi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burundi "COVID-19 vaccination in Burundi") [Cameroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon "COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon") [Cape Verde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cape_Verde "COVID-19 vaccination in Cape Verde") [Cameroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon "COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon") [Chad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Chad "COVID-19 vaccination in Chad") [Comoros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Comoros "COVID-19 vaccination in the Comoros") [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "COVID-19 vaccination in the Democratic Republic of the Congo") [Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Djibouti "COVID-19 vaccination in Djibouti") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Egypt "COVID-19 vaccination in Egypt") [Equatorial Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Equatorial_Guinea "COVID-19 vaccination in Equatorial Guinea") [Eswatini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Eswatini "COVID-19 vaccination in Eswatini") [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ghana "COVID-19 vaccination in Ghana") [Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Morocco "COVID-19 vaccination in Morocco") [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nigeria "COVID-19 vaccination in Nigeria") [Senegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Senegal "COVID-19 vaccination in Senegal") [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Africa "COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa") [Zimbabwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Zimbabwe "COVID-19 vaccination in Zimbabwe") \| \| Asia \| [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bangladesh "COVID-19 vaccination in Bangladesh") [Bhutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bhutan "COVID-19 vaccination in Bhutan") [Mainland China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China "COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India "COVID-19 vaccination in India") [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Indonesia "COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia") [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iran "COVID-19 vaccination in Iran") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Israel "COVID-19 vaccination in Israel") [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Japan "COVID-19 vaccination in Japan") [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Kazakhstan "COVID-19 vaccination in Kazakhstan") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Malaysia "COVID-19 vaccination in Malaysia") [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nepal "COVID-19 vaccination in Nepal") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia "COVID-19 vaccination in Russia") [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore "COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore") [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Korea "COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea") [Sri Lanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sri_Lanka "COVID-19 vaccination in Sri Lanka") [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Taiwan "COVID-19 vaccination in Taiwan") [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand "COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Turkey "COVID-19 vaccination in Turkey") [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates "COVID-19 vaccination in the United Arab Emirates") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Vietnam "COVID-19 vaccination in Vietnam") \| \| Europe \| [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Albania "COVID-19 vaccination in Albania") [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "COVID-19 vaccination in Bosnia and Herzegovina") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bulgaria "COVID-19 vaccination in Bulgaria") [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Croatia "COVID-19 vaccination in Croatia") [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Denmark "COVID-19 vaccination in Denmark") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_France "COVID-19 vaccination in France") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Germany "COVID-19 vaccination in Germany") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Greece "COVID-19 vaccination in Greece") [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Hungary "COVID-19 vaccination in Hungary") [Iceland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iceland "COVID-19 vaccination in Iceland") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Italy "COVID-19 vaccination in Italy") [Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Moldova "COVID-19 vaccination in Moldova") [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Norway "COVID-19 vaccination in Norway") [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Portugal "COVID-19 vaccination in Portugal") [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Romania "COVID-19 vaccination in Romania") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia "COVID-19 vaccination in Russia") [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Spain "COVID-19 vaccination in Spain") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sweden "COVID-19 vaccination in Sweden") [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Switzerland "COVID-19 vaccination in Switzerland") [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ukraine "COVID-19 vaccination in Ukraine") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom") \| \| North America \| [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada "COVID-19 vaccination in Canada") [Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario "COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario") [Quebec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Quebec "COVID-19 vaccination in Quebec") [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Haiti "COVID-19 vaccination in Haiti") [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico "COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccination in the United States") [mandates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_mandates_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccination mandates in the United States") \| \| Oceania \| [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Australia "COVID-19 vaccination in Australia") [Fiji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Fiji "COVID-19 vaccination in Fiji") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 vaccination in New Zealand") \| \| South America \| [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Argentina "COVID-19 vaccination in Argentina") [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Brazil "COVID-19 vaccination in Brazil") [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Colombia "COVID-19 vaccination in Colombia") [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Peru "COVID-19 vaccination in Peru") \| \| Others \| \| \| [Treatment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_COVID-19 "Treatment and management of COVID-19") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Drug development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development "COVID-19 drug development") [Drug repurposing research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research "COVID-19 drug repurposing research") [Baricitinib](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baricitinib "Baricitinib") [PANORAMIC trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PANORAMIC_trial "PANORAMIC trial") (UK) [RECOVERY Trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RECOVERY_Trial "RECOVERY Trial") (UK) [Solidarity trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_trial "Solidarity trial") (WHO) \| \| \| [Monoclonal antibodies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody "Monoclonal antibody") \| [Bamlanivimab/etesevimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamlanivimab/etesevimab "Bamlanivimab/etesevimab") [Bamlanivimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamlanivimab "Bamlanivimab") Etesevimab [Bebtelovimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebtelovimab "Bebtelovimab") [Casirivimab/imdevimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casirivimab/imdevimab "Casirivimab/imdevimab") [Regdanvimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regdanvimab "Regdanvimab") [Sarilumab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarilumab "Sarilumab") [Sotrovimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotrovimab "Sotrovimab") [Tixagevimab/cilgavimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tixagevimab/cilgavimab "Tixagevimab/cilgavimab") [Tocilizumab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocilizumab "Tocilizumab") \| \| [Small molecule antivirals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiviral_drug "Antiviral drug") \| [Broad-spectrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-spectrum_antiviral_drug "Broad-spectrum antiviral drug") [Ensitrelvir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensitrelvir "Ensitrelvir") [Molnupiravir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molnupiravir "Molnupiravir") Co-packaged [Nirmatrelvir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmatrelvir "Nirmatrelvir") [ritonavir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir "Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir") \| \| [Variants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Variants of SARS-CoV-2") \| \| \| \| \| \| Specific \| [Alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant") [Beta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant") [Gamma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant") [Delta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant") [Epsilon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Epsilon_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant") [Zeta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Zeta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant") [Eta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Eta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant") [Theta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Theta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant") [Iota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Iota_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant") [Kappa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Kappa_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant") [Lambda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Lambda_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant") [Mu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Mu_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant") [Omicron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "Timeline of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") \| \| General \| [Cluster 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 "Cluster 5") [Lineage B.1.617](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_lineage_B.1.617 "SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617") [Variant of concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_variant_of_concern "SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern") \| \| Institutions \| \| \| \| \| \| Hospitals and medical clinics \| \| \| \| \| \| Mainland China \| [Central Hospital of Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hospital_of_Wuhan "Central Hospital of Wuhan") [Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabie_Mountain_Regional_Medical_Centre "Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre") [Fangcang hospitals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangcang_hospital "Fangcang hospital") [Huoshenshan Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huoshenshan_Hospital "Huoshenshan Hospital") [Leishenshan Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishenshan_Hospital "Leishenshan Hospital") [Xinjia Express Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_Xinjia_Express_Hotel "Collapse of Xinjia Express Hotel") [Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Jinyintan_Hospital "Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital") \| \| Others \| [Hospital ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_ships_designated_for_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Hospital ships designated for the COVID-19 pandemic") [Garran Surge Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garran_Surge_Centre "Garran Surge Centre") (Australia) [Hospital El Salvador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_El_Salvador "Hospital El Salvador") [Kemayoran Athletes Village](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemayoran_Athletes_Village "Kemayoran Athletes Village") (Indonesia) [Pyongyang General Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_General_Hospital "Pyongyang General Hospital") (North Korea) [Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Agro_Exposition_Park_Serdang "Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang") (Malaysia) [Mega Ligtas COVID Centers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Ligtas_COVID_Centers "Mega Ligtas COVID Centers") (Philippines) [Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandakadu_Treatment_and_Rehabilitation_Centre "Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre") (Sri Lanka) [Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancaktepe_Prof._Dr._Feriha_%C3%96z_Emergency_Hospital "Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital") (Turkey) [Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6y_Prof._Dr._Murat_Dilmener_Emergency_Hospital "Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital") (Turkey) [COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_hospitals_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom") [Birmingham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Birmingham "NHS Nightingale Hospital Birmingham") [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_London "NHS Nightingale Hospital London") [North East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_East "NHS Nightingale Hospital North East") [North West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_West "NHS Nightingale Hospital North West") [Yorkshire and the Humber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Yorkshire_and_the_Humber "NHS Nightingale Hospital Yorkshire and the Humber") [NHS Louisa Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Louisa_Jordan "NHS Louisa Jordan") (Scotland) [Dragon's Heart Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%27s_Heart_Hospital "Dragon's Heart Hospital") (Wales) \| \| Organizations \| \| \| \| \| \| [National Cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cabinet_$Australia$ "National Cabinet (Australia)") (Australia) [ScienceUpFirst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScienceUpFirst "ScienceUpFirst") (Canada) [Wuhan Institute of Virology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology "Wuhan Institute of Virology") (China) [Independent SAGE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_SAGE "Independent SAGE") (United Kingdom) \| \| \| Health institutes \| [Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention") (African Union) [Ghana Infectious Disease Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Infectious_Disease_Centre "Ghana Infectious Disease Centre") (Ghana) [Department of Health (Hong Kong)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_$Hong_Kong$ "Department of Health (Hong Kong)") [Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_Agency "Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency") (South Korea) [National Institute for Communicable Diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Communicable_Diseases "National Institute for Communicable Diseases") (South Africa) [Taiwan Centers for Disease Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Centers_for_Disease_Control "Taiwan Centers for Disease Control") (Taiwan) \| \| Pandemic institutes \| [National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_COVID-19_Commission_Advisory_Board "National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board") (Australia) [COVID-19 Immunity Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Immunity_Task_Force "COVID-19 Immunity Task Force") (Canada) [COVID-19 Supply Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Supply_Council "COVID-19 Supply Council") (Canada) [PREPARE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PREPARE "PREPARE") (European Union) [National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Expert_Group_on_Vaccine_Administration_for_COVID-19 "National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19") (India) [COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Response_Acceleration_Task_Force "COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force") (Indonesia) [National Public Health Emergency Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Health_Emergency_Team_$2020$ "National Public Health Emergency Team (2020)") (Ireland) [Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel_Coronavirus_Expert_Meeting "Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting") (Japan) [Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_Preparedness_and_Response_Centre "Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre") (Malaysia) [Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeat_COVID-19_Ad_Hoc_Committee "Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee") (Philippines) [Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Agency_Task_Force_for_the_Management_of_Emerging_Infectious_Diseases "Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases") (Philippines) [Central Epidemic Command Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Epidemic_Command_Center "Central Epidemic Command Center") (Taiwan) [Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_Scientific_Advisory_Board "Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board") (Turkey) [COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Genomics_UK_Consortium "COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium") (United Kingdom) [Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_COVID-19_Response_Team "Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team") (United Kingdom) [Joint Biosecurity Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Biosecurity_Centre "Joint Biosecurity Centre") (United Kingdom) [Vaccine Taskforce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_Taskforce "Vaccine Taskforce") (United Kingdom) [COVID-19 Advisory Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Advisory_Board "COVID-19 Advisory Board") (United States) [Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Economic_Revival_Industry_Groups "Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups") (United States) [White House Coronavirus Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force "White House Coronavirus Task Force") (United States) [White House COVID-19 Response Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_Response_Team "White House COVID-19 Response Team") (United States) [GACH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GACH "GACH") (Uruguay) \| \| Relief funds \| [PM CARES Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_CARES_Fund "PM CARES Fund") (India) [Artist Relief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist_Relief "Artist Relief") (United States) \| \| People \| \| \| \| \| \| Medical professionals \| [Ai Fen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_Fen "Ai Fen") [Corona Rintawan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_Rintawan "Corona Rintawan") [Li Wenliang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Wenliang "Li Wenliang") [Liu Wen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Wen_$doctor$ "Liu Wen (doctor)") [Xie Linka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xie_Linka "Xie Linka") [Zhang Wenhong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Wenhong "Zhang Wenhong") \| \| [Researchers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Coronavirus_researchers "Category:Coronavirus researchers") \| [Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awang_Bulgiba_Awang_Mahmud "Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud") [Roberto Burioni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Burioni "Roberto Burioni") [Chen Wei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Wei_$medical_scientist$ "Chen Wei (medical scientist)") [Kizzmekia Corbett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizzmekia_Corbett "Kizzmekia Corbett") [Andrea Crisanti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Crisanti_$scientist$ "Andrea Crisanti (scientist)") [Peter Daszak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Daszak "Peter Daszak") [Christian Drosten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Drosten "Christian Drosten") [Neil Ferguson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Ferguson_$epidemiologist$ "Neil Ferguson (epidemiologist)") [Dale Fisher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Fisher "Dale Fisher") [George F. Gao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Gao "George F. Gao") [Azra Ghani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azra_Ghani "Azra Ghani") [Sarah Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Gilbert "Sarah Gilbert") [Guan Yi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Yi "Guan Yi") [Kentaro Iwata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentaro_Iwata "Kentaro Iwata") [Katalin Karikó](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3 "Katalin Karikó") [Matt Keeling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Keeling "Matt Keeling") [Trudie Lang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trudie_Lang "Trudie Lang") [Li Lanjuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Lanjuan "Li Lanjuan") [W. Ian Lipkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Ian_Lipkin "W. Ian Lipkin") [Ma Xiaowei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Xiaowei "Ma Xiaowei") [Shabir Madhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabir_Madhi "Shabir Madhi") [Allison McGeer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_McGeer "Allison McGeer") [Camilla Rothe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilla_Rothe "Camilla Rothe") [Shi Zhengli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Zhengli "Shi Zhengli") [Moncef Slaoui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncef_Slaoui "Moncef Slaoui") [Mike Tildesley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Tildesley "Mike Tildesley") [John Todd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Todd_$British_biologist$ "John Todd (British biologist)") [Wang Chen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Chen_$physician$ "Wang Chen (physician)") [Wang Guangfa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Guangfa "Wang Guangfa") [Drew Weissman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Weissman "Drew Weissman") [Yuen Kwok-yung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuen_Kwok-yung "Yuen Kwok-yung") [Zeng Guang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng_Guang "Zeng Guang") [Zhang Jixian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Jixian "Zhang Jixian") [Zhang Yongzhen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Yongzhen "Zhang Yongzhen") [Zhong Nanshan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhong_Nanshan "Zhong Nanshan") \| \| Officials \| \| \| \| \| \| WHO \| [Tedros Adhanom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus "Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus") (Director-General of the WHO) [Bruce Aylward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Aylward "Bruce Aylward") (Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission) [Maria Van Kerkhove](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Van_Kerkhove "Maria Van Kerkhove") (Technical Lead for COVID-19 response) [Michael J. Ryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Ryan_$doctor$ "Michael J. Ryan (doctor)") (Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme) \| \| By location \| [Frank Atherton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Atherton "Frank Atherton") (Wales) [Ashley Bloomfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Bloomfield "Ashley Bloomfield") (New Zealand) [Catherine Calderwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Calderwood "Catherine Calderwood") (Scotland) [Chang Shan-chwen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_Shan-chwen "Chang Shan-chwen") (Taiwan) [Anutin Charnvirakul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anutin_Charnvirakul "Anutin Charnvirakul") (Thailand) [Chen Shih-chung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Shih-chung "Chen Shih-chung") (Taiwan) [Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuang_Yin-ching "Chuang Yin-ching") (Taiwan) [Victor Costache](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Costache "Victor Costache") (Romania) [Fabrizio Curcio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Curcio "Fabrizio Curcio") (Italy) [Carmen Deseda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Deseda "Carmen Deseda") (Puerto Rico) [Jaap van Dissel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap_van_Dissel "Jaap van Dissel") (the Netherlands) [Christian Drosten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Drosten "Christian Drosten") (Germany) [Francisco Duque III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Duque_III "Francisco Duque III") (Philippines) [Anthony Fauci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Fauci "Anthony Fauci") (United States) [Francesco Paolo Figliuolo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Paolo_Figliuolo "Francesco Paolo Figliuolo") (Italy) [Graça Freitas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Freitas "Graça Freitas") (Portugal) [Henrique Gouveia e Melo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_Gouveia_e_Melo "Henrique Gouveia e Melo") (Portugal) [Matt Hancock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hancock "Matt Hancock") (United Kingdom) [Hamad Hasan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamad_Hasan "Hamad Hasan") (Lebanon) [Greg Hunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Hunt "Greg Hunt") (Australia) [Tony Holohan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Holohan "Tony Holohan") (Ireland) [Jeong Eun-kyeong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeong_Eun-kyeong "Jeong Eun-kyeong") (South Korea) [Fahrettin Koca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrettin_Koca "Fahrettin Koca") (Turkey) [Li Keqiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Keqiang "Li Keqiang") (China) [Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_L%C3%B3pez-Gatell_Ram%C3%ADrez "Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez") (Mexico) [Michael McBride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McBride_$doctor$ "Michael McBride (doctor)") (Northern Ireland) [Oriol Mitjà](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriol_Mitj%C3%A0 "Oriol Mitjà") (Andorra) [Zweli Mkhize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweli_Mkhize "Zweli Mkhize") (South Africa) [Doni Monardo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doni_Monardo "Doni Monardo") (Indonesia) [Alma Möller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_M%C3%B6ller "Alma Möller") (Iceland) [Saeed Namaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeed_Namaki "Saeed Namaki") (Iran) [Ala Nemerenco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_Nemerenco "Ala Nemerenco") (Moldova) [Nguyễn Thanh Long](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Thanh_Long "Nguyễn Thanh Long") (Vietnam) [Noor Hisham Abdullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noor_Hisham_Abdullah "Noor Hisham Abdullah") (Malaysia) [Ali Pilli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Pilli "Ali Pilli") (Northern Cyprus) [Daniel Salinas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Salinas "Daniel Salinas") (Uruguay) [Jérôme Salomon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Salomon "Jérôme Salomon") (France) [Fernando Simón](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Sim%C3%B3n "Fernando Simón") (Spain) [Gregor Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Smith "Gregor Smith") (Scotland) [Su Ih-jen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Ih-jen "Su Ih-jen") (Taiwan) [Łukasz Szumowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Szumowski "Łukasz Szumowski") (Poland) [Theresa Tam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_Tam "Theresa Tam") (Canada) [Anders Tegnell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Tegnell "Anders Tegnell") (Sweden) [Þórólfur Guðnason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B3lfur_Gu%C3%B0nason "Þórólfur Guðnason") (Iceland) [Sotiris Tsiodras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotiris_Tsiodras "Sotiris Tsiodras") (Greece) [Harsh Vardhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsh_Vardhan_$Delhi_politician$ "Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)") (India) [Víðir Reynisson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0ir_Reynisson "Víðir Reynisson") (Iceland) [Carla Vizzotti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Vizzotti "Carla Vizzotti") (Argentina) [Vlad Voiculescu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_Voiculescu "Vlad Voiculescu") (Romania) [Chris Whitty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Whitty "Chris Whitty") (United Kingdom) [Lawrence Wong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Wong "Lawrence Wong") (Singapore) [Jeff Zients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Zients "Jeff Zients") (United States) \| \| Others \| [Chen Qiushi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Qiushi "Chen Qiushi") [Brett Crozier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Crozier "Brett Crozier") [Fang Bin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Bin "Fang Bin") [Fang Fang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Fang "Fang Fang") [Joseph Ashitey Hammond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ashitey_Hammond "Joseph Ashitey Hammond") [Li Zehua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zehua "Li Zehua") [Captain Tom Moore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Tom_Moore "Captain Tom Moore") [Qiu Menghuang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiu_Menghuang "Qiu Menghuang") [Ren Zhiqiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_Zhiqiang "Ren Zhiqiang") \| \| [List of deaths due to COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19 "List of deaths due to COVID-19") \| \| \| Data (templates) \| \| \| \| \| \| Global \| WHO situation 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Readable Markdown	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Many fake or unproven medical products and methods claim to diagnose, prevent, or cure [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA-1) [Fake medicines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit_medications "Counterfeit medications") sold for COVID-19 may not contain the ingredients they claim to contain, and may even contain harmful ingredients.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-2)[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA-1)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-3) In March 2020, the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") (WHO) released a statement recommending against taking any medicines in an attempt to treat or cure COVID-19, although research on potential treatment was underway, including the [Solidarity trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_trial "Solidarity trial") spearheaded by WHO.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-who-4) The WHO requested member countries to immediately notify them if any fake medicines or other falsified products were discovered.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-who-4) There are also many claims that existing products help against COVID-19, which are spread through rumors online rather than conventional advertising. Anxiety about COVID-19 makes people more willing to "try anything" that might give them a [sense of control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_of_control "Locus of control") of the situation, making them easy targets for scams.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Beware-5) Many false claims about measures against COVID-19 have circulated widely on [social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media "Social media"), but some have been circulated by text, on YouTube, and even in some mainstream media. Officials advised that before forwarding information, people should think carefully and look it up. Misinformation messages may use scare tactics or other high-pressure [rhetoric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric "Rhetoric"), claim to have all the facts while others do not, and jump to unusual conclusions. The public was advised to check the information source's source, looking at official websites; some messages have falsely claimed to be from official bodies like UNICEF and government agencies.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Beware-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-6)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-alex_jones-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-cbs-8) Arthur Caplan, head of [medical ethics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ethics "Medical ethics") at [New York University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University "New York University")'s [medical school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school "Medical school"), had simpler advice for COVID-19 products: "Anything online, ignore it".[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Beware-5) Products that claim to prevent COVID-19 risk give dangerous false confidence and increase infection rates.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-NZ_Herald-9) Going out to buy such products may encourage people to break [stay-at-home orders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay-at-home_order "Stay-at-home order"), reducing [social distancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing "Social distancing").\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] Some of the pretend treatments are also poisonous; hundreds of people have died from using fake COVID-19 treatments.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-100skilled-10) Medically approved tests detect the virus or the [antibodies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodies "Antibodies") the body makes to fight it off. Government health departments and healthcare providers provide tests to the public.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-11) There have been fraudsters offering fake tests; some have offered tests in exchange for money, but others have said the test is free to collect information that could later be used for [identity theft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_theft "Identity theft") or medical [insurance fraud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_fraud "Insurance fraud"). Some fraudsters have claimed to be local government health authorities. People have been advised to contact their doctor or genuine local government health authorities for information about getting tested. Fake tests have been offered on social media platforms, by e-mail, and by phone.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-12) - Counterfeit testing kits, which were originally used for testing HIV and monitoring glucose levels, were touted as for coronavirus diagnosis.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-zdnet-13)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-14) - Holding one's breath for 10 seconds was claimed to be an effective self-test for the coronavirus.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-15) The WHO stated that this test did not work and should not be used.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - Manufacturer Bodysphere briefly sold what it claimed were coronavirus antibody tests. It falsely marketed them as having received FDA Emergency Use Authorization. It also falsely claimed they were made in the United States.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-17) ## Prevention and cure claims \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Prevention and cure claims")\] Widely circulated rumours have made many unfounded claims about methods of preventing and curing infection with [SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2").[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-nytimes-18) Among others: #### Hand cleaning methods \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Hand cleaning methods")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tualetsapo.jpg/250px-Tualetsapo.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tualetsapo.jpg) Washing hands with plain [soap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap "Soap") and water (for ≥20 seconds) is effective at removing [SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2"). Hand sanitizer is a slightly inferior option for sanitizing hands.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-auto1-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control-20) Neither [antibacterial soap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibacterial_soap "Antibacterial soap")[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Center_for_Drug_Evaluation_and_Research-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Office_of_the_Commissioner-22) nor red soap are any more effective than plain soap. - [Hand sanitizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_sanitizer "Hand sanitizer") is not more effective than [washing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_washing "Hand washing") in plain soap and water.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-23) Washing in soap and water for at least 20 seconds is recommended by the [US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention") as the best way to clean hands in most situations. However, if soap and water are unavailable, a hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol can be used, unless hands are visibly dirty or greasy.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-auto1-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control-20) - Soap removes coronaviruses effectively, but antibacterial soap is not better than plain soap.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Center_for_Drug_Evaluation_and_Research-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Office_of_the_Commissioner-22) - Red soap is not more germicidal than soaps of other colors, contrary to claims in a popular Facebook post, said Ashan Pathirana, the registrar of Sri Lanka's Health Promotion Bureau (HPB); he suggested that it might be a reference to [carbolic soap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbolic_soap "Carbolic soap").[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200318afp-24)\[[medical citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_$medicine$ "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)")\] - Hand sanitizer prepared at home by mixing rum, bleach, and fabric softener has been widely promoted as effective at preventing COVID-19 in YouTube videos in the Philippines. The Integrated Chemists of the Philippines (ICP) released statements saying that alcoholic drinks contain only about 40% alcohol, less than the 70% needed in effective hand sanitizers, and that mixing bleach and alcohol creates [chloroform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform "Chloroform"). The manufacturers of the brands of rum and bleach used in the videos have publicly issued statements calling the recipe dangerous and urging people not to use it.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200330afp-25)\[[medical citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_$medicine$ "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)")\][\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-26) - [Vodka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka "Vodka") was alleged to be an effective homemade hand sanitizer, or an ingredient in one. The company whose brand was alleged to be protective responded to the rumours by citing the US [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention") statement that hand sanitizers needed to be at least 60% alcohol to be effective, and stating that their product was only 40% alcohol.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200300news-27)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-28)\[[medical citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_$medicine$ "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)")\] - Claims that vinegar was more effective than hand sanitizer against the coronavirus were made in a video that was shared in Brazil. That was disproved, as "there is no evidence that [acetic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid "Acetic acid") is effective against the virus" and, even if there was, "its concentration in common household vinegar is low".[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200304abril-29)\[[medical citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_$medicine$ "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)")\] #### Gargling, nasal rinses, and inhalation \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Gargling, nasal rinses, and inhalation")\] - Inhaling bleach or other disinfectants is dangerous and will not protect against COVID-19. They can cause irritation and damage to tissues, including the eyes. They are poisonous and WHO has warned not to take them internally and to keep them out of the reach of children. They are safe and effective when used to disinfect surfaces such as countertops, but are not safe for human consumption.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - Controversial alternative medicine proponents [Joseph Mercola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mercola "Joseph Mercola") and Thomas Levy claimed that inhaling 0.5–3% [hydrogen peroxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide "Hydrogen peroxide") solution using a [nebulizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulizer "Nebulizer") could prevent or cure COVID-19.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-30)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-:0-31) They cite research using hydrogen peroxide to sterilize surfaces,[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-32)[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-33) incorrectly asserts that it can therefore be used to clean human airways. A tweet from Mercola advertising this method was removed from [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") on April 15, 2020, for violating the platform rules.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-:0-31) Inhalation of hydrogen peroxide can cause upper airway irritation, hoarseness, inflammation of the nose, and burning sensations in the chest. At high concentrations, inhaling hydrogen peroxide can cause permanent neurological damage or death.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-34) Though hydrogen peroxide use as an alternative and complementary form of medicine is advocated for use in multiple disease processes, including COPD, asthma, pneumonia and bronchitis, there seems to be no trials regarding its use.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-auto-35) It was reported a case of possible side effect related to chronic (during 5 years) and subacute hydrogen peroxide inhalation use which lead to interstitial lung disease in the form of acute pneumonitis.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-auto-35) - Gargling with saltwater was said to kill the coronavirus in claims on [Weibo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibo_$company$ "Weibo (company)"), Twitter, and Facebook. These claims were falsely attributed to respiratory expert [Zhong Nanshan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhong_Nanshan "Zhong Nanshan"), [Wuhan Union Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Union_Hospital "Wuhan Union Hospital"), and several other people and institutions, sometimes with the attribution changed and the actual advice copied verbatim. Zhong Nanshan's medical team published a refutation, pointing out that the virus settles in the respiratory tract, which cannot be cleaned by rinsing the mouth. The WHO also said it had no convincing evidence that this method would provide any protection against COVID-19.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-36) - Saltwater sprays were given at the door of the [River of Grace Community Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_of_Grace_Community_Church "River of Grace Community Church") in South Korea in the false belief that this would protect people from the virus; the same unsterilized spray bottle was used on everyone, and may have increased the risk. Subsequently, 46 devotees were infected with the virus.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scmp3075421-37)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-upi9881584365-38) - "Corona-Cure Coronavirus Infection Prevention Nasal Spray" was fraudulently marketed online.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA_warns-39) - There is no evidence that saline [nasal rinses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_irrigation "Nasal irrigation") help prevent COVID-19.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-HealthDesk-40)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Hopkins_Nasal-41) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/FACT-_The_COVID-19_virus_can_spread_in_hot_and_humid_climates.png/250px-FACT-_The_COVID-19_virus_can_spread_in_hot_and_humid_climates.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FACT-_The_COVID-19_virus_can_spread_in_hot_and_humid_climates.png) A [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") infographic dispelling the myth that hot and humid weather prevents the spread of the virus. - Cold weather and snow do not kill the COVID-19 virus. The virus lives in humans, not in the outdoors, though it can survive on surfaces. Even in cold weather, the body will stay at 36.5–37 degrees Celsius inside, and the COVID-19 virus will not be killed.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - Hot and humid conditions do not prevent COVID-19 from spreading, either. There have been many COVID-19 cases in countries with hot and humid climates.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - Drinking warm water or hot baths/heating to 26–27 °C (79–81 °F) will not cure people of COVID-19. It has been claimed that these statements were made by UNICEF in coronavirus prevention guidelines, but UNICEF officials refuted this.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-AFP_Fact_Check-42)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) - High temperatures cannot be used on humans to kill the COVID-19 virus. Taking very hot baths can cause burns, but the body will stay at 36.5–37 degrees Celsius inside, and the COVID-19 virus will not be killed.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-factcheck.afp.com-44)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - Hot saunas and hand or hair dryers do not prevent or treat COVID-19.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200319afp-45)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - Steam inhalation was suggested on Facebook as a cure for coronavirus infection. Inhaling steam will not treat or cure COVID-19.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-46)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-47) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Laborivahendite_steriliseerimine_kasutades_UV-kiirgust.jpg/250px-Laborivahendite_steriliseerimine_kasutades_UV-kiirgust.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laborivahendite_steriliseerimine_kasutades_UV-kiirgust.jpg) UV-C light being used to sterilize equipment in a laboratory. UV-C cannot be used to disinfect people as it can damage the skin and eyes. - Exposing people to sunlight will not prevent or cure COVID-19. It has been falsely claimed that UNICEF said so, in coronavirus prevention guidelines; UNICEF officials refuted this.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-AFP_Fact_Check-42)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) The virus can spread in even the sunniest of weather.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - [UV-C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet#UVC "Ultraviolet") light cannot be used on humans to kill the COVID-19 virus. Attempting to use UV to sterilize people can cause skin irritation and damage the eyes.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-factcheck.afp.com-44)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - White color does not have a 'harmful effect' on coronavirus, as claimed in a widely shared Facebook post; nor does the colour of a handkerchief have an effect on the virus, according to Ashan Pathirana, the registrar of Sri Lanka's Health Promotion Bureau (HPB). Using handkerchiefs or tissues of other colours to sneeze or cough into will be just as effective.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200318afp-24)\[[medical citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_$medicine$ "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)")\] - Posts on social media claimed that volcanic ash from the eruption of the [Taal Volcano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taal_Volcano "Taal Volcano") on January 12, 2020, in the Philippines was the cause of low infection rates in the country, falsely stating that it could kill the virus and had "anti-viral" and "disinfectant qualities".[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-48) - Drinking bleach is extremely dangerous and will not protect against COVID-19. Bleach is poisonous and damages internal organs. Drinking it can cause disability and death. The WHO has warned not to drink the substance.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) ### Protective equipment \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Protective equipment")\] - [USB flash drives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drives "USB flash drives") were being sold for \$370 as a "5G Bioshield", purportedly offering protection from the non-existent threat of infection transmitted via [5G mobile telephone radio waves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_the_Covid-19_pandemic#5G_mobile-phone_networks "Misinformation related to the Covid-19 pandemic").[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-49) - Over 34,000 counterfeit surgical masks—which may have been touted as providing coronavirus prevention—were seized by [Europol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europol "Europol") in March 2020.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-zdnet-13) - Making masks out of wet-wipes has not been officially recommended as an alternative to surgical masks, contrary to some claims.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200326afpB-50) Some public health authorities have issued directions for making and using homemade [cloth face masks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloth_face_masks "Cloth face masks").[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-51) See [face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic"). - Aerosol Boxes—acrylic boxes placed over patients' heads during aerosol generating procedures, such as [intubation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intubation "Intubation")—can potentially increase dispersal of COVID-containing aerosol particles if a patient coughs.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-52) [![semi-space-filling molecular diagram of ethanol.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/250px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethanol-3D-balls.png) Ethanol has two [carbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_$element$ "Carbon (element)") atoms (dark grey). Ethanol should not be confused with methanol. Ethanol-containing drinks are widely consumed as the main ingredient in [alcoholic beverages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverages "Alcoholic beverages"). Ingestion doesn't prevent COVID-19, and may cause subclinical [immunosuppression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppression "Immunosuppression").[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Alcohol%E2%80%99s_Effect_on_Host_Defense-55) - A mix containing [amphetamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamines "Amphetamines"), [cocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine"), and [nicotine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine "Nicotine"), on sale on the [dark web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_web "Dark web") for US\$300, was fraudulently presented as a [vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine "Vaccine") against COVID-19.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-56) - Cocaine does not protect against COVID-19. Several viral tweets purporting that snorting [cocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine") would sterilize one's nostrils of the coronavirus spread around Europe and Africa. In response, the [French Ministry of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Ministry_of_Health "French Ministry of Health") released a public service announcement debunking this claim, saying "No, cocaine does NOT protect against COVID-19. It is an addictive drug that causes serious side effects and is harmful to people’s health." The World Health Organization also debunked the claim.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200304uol-57)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-58)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-59) Facebook flagged the rumour as misinformation.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-60) - A claim that [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_$drug$ "Cannabis (drug)") could protect against the coronavirus appeared on YouTube, along with a petition to legalize cannabis in Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan Health authorities pointed out that there was no evidence that cannabis protected against COVID-19.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200219afp-61) A fake webpage purporting to be a [Fox News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News "Fox News") article also claimed that [CBD oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiol "Cannabidiol") was a potential cure.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-62) - The chloroform- and ether-based drug [loló](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheirinho-da-lol%C3%B3 "pt:Cheirinho-da-loló") was said to cure the disease in messages spread in Brazil.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-otempo2307041-63) - Boiled [betel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel "Betel") leaves will not cure COVID-19.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) - Industrial methanol was claimed to cure the coronavirus. [Drinking alcohol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_alcohol "Drinking alcohol") is [ethanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol "Ethanol"), while [methanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol "Methanol") is [acutely poisonous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_poisoning "Methanol poisoning").[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Toxic_Alcohol_Ingestion:_Prompt_Rec-54) The WHO has warned not to drink ethanol or methanol in an effort to kill the virus. Iranian media were reporting nearly 300 dead and 1000 hospitalized (or 600 dead and 3,000 hospitalized, according to an unidentified doctor in the Health Ministry) as of April 8, 2020. [Alcoholic beverages are illegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition "Prohibition") in Iran, resulting in a black market in [liquor made illegally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonshine "Moonshine").[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-100skilled-10) - Contrary to some reports, drinking ethyl alcohol also does not protect against COVID-19, and can increase health risks[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) ([short term](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption "Short-term effects of alcohol consumption") and [long term](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_alcohol "Long-term effects of alcohol")). ### Commercial products \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Commercial products")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Nogloboli.png/250px-Nogloboli.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nogloboli.png) Homeopathic globuli (sugar pills) do not make people immune to COVID-19. Many fraudulent and unproven products are claimed to treat or protect against COVID-19.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA-1)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Beware-5) - "Virus Shut Out Protection" pendants, supposedly from Japan, worn around one's neck, have been sold with claims that they prevent infection. The U.S. [Environmental Protection Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency "United States Environmental Protection Agency") said that no evidence had been presented that they work, and took legal action against importers.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-64) - A Twitter post claimed that scientists from the "Australian Medical University" had developed a vaccine for the coronavirus. It accepted 0.1 [Bitcoin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin "Bitcoin") as payment for a "vaccination kit" and promised shipping in 5–10 days. The linked website was later removed.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-65) - [Homeopathic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathic "Homeopathic") 'Influenza complex' has been marketed as a preventive measure for COVID-19 by a man in New Zealand, who claimed to have identified and imbued his product with the "frequency" of COVID-19 using a "[radionics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionics "Radionics") machine". Homeopathic remedies like this have no active ingredients and cannot protect against flu, colds, or COVID-19, said University of Auckland associate professor and microbiologist [Dr Siouxsie Wiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxsie_Wiles "Siouxsie Wiles"). The NZ Ministry of Health said that COVID-19 was not a strain of flu, and criticized products that claim to prevent COVID-19 as giving dangerous false confidence.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-NZ_Herald-9) - Homeopathic treatment with [Arsenicum album](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenicum_album "Arsenicum album") is claimed as an "add on" to prevent COVID-19.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-indiatimes74945805-66)\[[medical citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_$medicine$ "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)")\] - A person living in California marketed pills for curing coronavirus, although the contents of the pill were not made public. He was arrested for attempted fraud, which carries up to 20 years in prison.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-67) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Plata_Coloidal_Super_Tyndall_Effect.jpeg/250px-Plata_Coloidal_Super_Tyndall_Effect.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plata_Coloidal_Super_Tyndall_Effect.jpeg) Colloidal silver is falsely marketed as a cure for COVID-19 infection. - Claims that [colloidal silver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloidal_silver "Colloidal silver") solution can kill over 650 pathogens, including coronavirus, prompted antifraud actions. The [National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Integrative_Health "National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health") warned on their website against taking colloidal silver as a dietary supplement. Seven warning letters were filed against companies for selling fraudulent products.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-68) Preacher [Jim Bakker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bakker "Jim Bakker") had been claiming that the colloid silver he sold (and only his) could be used to treat COVID-19.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scammers-69) Colloidal silver is not an effective treatment for anything, and may interfere with other medications or cause permanent [argyria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyria "Argyria") (blue-gray skin discoloration).[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-70) - Toothpastes, dietary supplements and creams were being sold illegally in the US, with claims that they could cure coronavirus infection.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-71) [Alex Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Jones "Alex Jones") was directed by the [USFDA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USFDA "USFDA") to cease promoting these products as a cure.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scammers-69) - Celebrity chef [Pete Evans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Evans "Pete Evans") claimed that the BioCharger NG Subtle Energy Platform device, costing US\$14,990, could cure the coronavirus. He faced backlash, taking down his advertisement after the [Australian Medical Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Medical_Association "Australian Medical Association") dismissed the product as a "fancy light machine".[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-device-72)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scammers-69) The Australian distributors, Hydrogen Technologies Pty Ltd, stated the device would help "open the airways of Coronavirus victims by reducing the inflammation it causes in the lungs" as well as other unproven [therapeutic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic "Therapeutic") claims.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scams-73) Evans was fined AU\$25,200 by the [Therapeutic Goods Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration "Therapeutic Goods Administration") for his false claims[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-74) and the company was fined AU\$50,400 for false advertising.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-75) - "[Miracle Mineral Solution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Solution "Miracle Mineral Solution")" (MMS) is a mixture of [sodium chlorite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chlorite "Sodium chlorite") (with table salt and some other trace minerals) and an acid, which reacts with the sodium chlorite to produces a solution of unstable [chlorous acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorous_acid "Chlorous acid"), which becomes [chlorite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorite "Chlorite"), [chlorate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorate "Chlorate"), and [chlorine dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide "Chlorine dioxide"), an industrial bleach.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-76) The FDA has warned against using it, saying there is no evidence that it cures, prevents, or treats COVID-19, and that it is seriously hazardous to health. The "[Genesis II Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_II_Church "Genesis II Church")" calls its mail-order MMS a "[sacrament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament "Sacrament")", and when warned by the FDA that their claims that it could cure COVID-19 were fraudulent, vehemently refused to stop making them, saying the FDA had no authority over them, and they would never stop. Their status as a religious organization was disputed in a successful filing for a temporary restraining order on grounds of public safety by the U.S. Attorney's Office in South Florida.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-77)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-78)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-cbs-8) - [Shuanghuanglian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuanghuanglian "Shuanghuanglian"), a mixture of plants invented in the 1960s as part of official state-sponsored TCM ([traditional Chinese medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine "Traditional Chinese medicine")), was advertised by the [Xinhua News Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency "Xinhua News Agency") as being able to treat the coronavirus. Posts on Weibo claimed that many people violated social distancing rules while queuing to buy it. Some attributed the news stories to stock market manipulation.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-79)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-80) - Jennings Ryan Staley, a licensed physician and owner of Skinny Beach Med Spa, was accused of selling mail-order "COVID-19 treatment packs", claiming they would protect against COVID-19 for six weeks and cure it "100%", causing the disease to disappear in hours. He has been arrested and is being "vigorously investigated" by the FBI; if convicted, he may face 20 years in prison.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-81) - A hand cream sold by the right-wing populist party leader of the party [Greek Solution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Solution "Greek Solution"), [Kyriakos Velopoulos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyriakos_Velopoulos "Kyriakos Velopoulos"), via his TV shop, is claimed to completely kill COVID-19, although it is not approved by medical authorities.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-unbelievers-82) - An "anti-coronavirus" mattress was advertised as being anti-fungal, anti-allergic, dustproof, waterproof, and able to fight the coronavirus.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-India_reality_check-83) - Mohanan Vaidyar, a self-proclaimed naturopath, was arrested in Kerala for claiming that he can cure [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 "Coronavirus disease 2019") and treating people.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Man01-84) - [Methylene chloride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylene_chloride "Methylene chloride"), commonly used as a [paint stripper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_stripper "Paint stripper"), was being marketed on eBay as a coronavirus disinfectant. It had been previously banned by the [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency") due to the risk of asphyxiation during use.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-stop-sale-85) - [Chlorine dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide "Chlorine dioxide") tablets and sanitizers were marketed on Amazon.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-stop-sale-85) - A purportedly anti-virus lanyard called Shut Out resulted in the criminal conviction of a Georgia woman for violating the U.S. [Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act "Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act").[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-stop-sale-85) - Australian company Lorna Jane claimed that its "anti-virus activewear" prevents and protects against infectious diseases, including COVID-19, before being fined by the [Therapeutic Goods Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration "Therapeutic Goods Administration") \$40,000 for false advertising.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-86) ### Traditional Chinese Medicine \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Traditional Chinese Medicine")\] China officially promotes the use of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to treat COVID-19.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Nature1-87) Many academic papers, such as Shi et al.,[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-88) have been published trying to establish the effectiveness of various decoctions such as Qingfei Paidu Decoction. Most of the western media hold a skeptical attitude about its effectiveness, despite many positive accounts.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Healthcmi-89) There is much ongoing research trying to identify the effective ingredients for treating COVID-19 from inspirations from the TCM methods. ### Traditional Persian Medicine \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Traditional Persian Medicine")\] Various studies have been conducted and reported on the effect of [traditional Persian medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_traditional_medicine "Iranian traditional medicine") formulas on SARS-CoV-2. These treatments have been studied in various clinical trials in Iran.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-90)[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-91)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-92)[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-93)[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-94) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Datura_fruit.jpg/250px-Datura_fruit.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Datura_fruit.jpg) The poisonous fruit of the [datura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datura "Datura") plant was claimed by some to be effective against coronavirus because it [physically resembles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine_of_signatures "Doctrine of signatures") the virus's [virion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virion "Virion"). - The poisonous fruit of the [datura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datura "Datura") plant was falsely promoted as a preventive measure for COVID-19, which resulted in eleven people being hospitalized in India. They ate the fruit, following the instructions from a [TikTok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok "TikTok") video that propagated the misinformation. The fruit was claimed to be effective on the grounds that it [resembles the coronavirus virion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine_of_signatures "Doctrine of signatures").[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-thenewsminute122136-95)[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-thehindu31282688-96) - A complex [Sri Lankan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka "Sri Lanka") herbal drink was said to remedy all virus infections which can affect humans, including COVID-19, with reposts circulating widely on Facebook. The drink might reduce fever symptoms\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\], but this might lead to the infected person infecting other people, and the mixture could have long-term health complications, according to L. P. A. Karunathilake, a senior lecturer at the [Colombo University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo_University "Colombo University") Institute of Indigenous Medicine.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200317afp-97)\[[medical citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_$medicine$ "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)")\] - [Andrographis paniculata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrographis_paniculata "Andrographis paniculata") was claimed to boost the immune system and relieve symptoms of coronavirus by a Thai media website. Pakakrong Kwankao, Head of the Empirical Evidence Centre at Chao Phraya Abhaibhubehjr Hospital, and Richard Brown, Programme Manager of Health Emergencies and Antimicrobial Resistance at the World Health Organization (WHO) in Thailand, said that there was no evidence to back these claims.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-98) - Sap from [Tinospora crispa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinospora "Tinospora") (makabuhay) plants was claimed to serve as an antibiotic against the coronavirus when used as an eye drop; it was also claimed that the coronavirus is on the skin and crawls to the eyes. These rumours circulated in the Philippines. Jaime Purificacion from the [University of the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines "University of the Philippines")’ Institute of Herbal Medicine said that while there was evidence for makabuhay as a treatment for scabies, there was no evidence that it was useful for treating coronavirus, and no evidence that putting the sap in your eyes was safe. He strongly advised against putting plant sap in the eyes, saying it could be dangerous.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-99) The WHO has stated that antibiotics do not kill the coronavirus, as they kill bacteria, not viruses.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - A recipe consisting of ingredients often purported to prevent and cure colds, including [lemon grass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbopogon "Cymbopogon"), [elder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambucus "Sambucus"), ginger, black pepper, lemon and honey, was promoted by [María Alejandra Díaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Alejandra_D%C3%ADaz "María Alejandra Díaz"), a member of the [Venezuelan Constituent Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Constituent_National_Assembly "2017 Constituent National Assembly") as a cure for COVID-19. Díaz also described the virus as a bioterrorism weapon.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200305efectococuyo-100) - The President of [Madagascar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar "Madagascar"), [Andry Rajoelina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andry_Rajoelina "Andry Rajoelina") launched and promoted [Covid-Organics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid-Organics "Covid-Organics") in April 2020: a herbal drink based on an [artemisia plant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_$genus$ "Artemisia (genus)") as a cure that can treat and prevent COVID-19.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-madagascar-101)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-102) - United States President Donald Trump and [Mike Lindell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Lindell "Mike Lindell") participated in a July meeting at the White House regarding the use of [oleandrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleandrin "Oleandrin") as a treatment for coronavirus.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-CNNOleandrin-103) Lindell soon acquired a financial stake in Phoenix Biotechnology Inc, a company trying to find a profitable use for oleandrin. Oleandrin is toxic and potentially lethal to humans.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-ConversationOleandrin-104) ### Religious and magical methods \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Religious and magical methods")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Figure_3-_Examples_of_Zoonotic_Diseases_and_Their_Affected_Populations_%286323431516%29.jpg/500px-Figure_3-_Examples_of_Zoonotic_Diseases_and_Their_Affected_Populations_%286323431516%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_3-_Examples_of_Zoonotic_Diseases_and_Their_Affected_Populations_$6323431516$.jpg) [Zoonosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosis "Zoonosis") involves a disease hopping between humans and other animals [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Wudu_Istiqlal_Mosque.JPG/500px-Wudu_Istiqlal_Mosque.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wudu_Istiqlal_Mosque.JPG) Performing [wudu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wudu "Wudu"), a washing before prayer, from individual sinks rather than a common pool. - During the pandemic, the alternative [anthroposophic medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine "Anthroposophic medicine") promoted at Steiner hospitals in Germany became notorious amongst legitimate medics for forcing quack remedies on sedated hospital patients, some of whom were critically ill. Remedies used included ginger poultices and homeopathic pellets claimed to contain the dust of shooting stars. Stefan Kluge, director of intensive care medicine at Hamburg's University Medical Centre said the claims of anthroposophic doctors during the pandemic were "highly unprofessional" and that they "risk\[ed\] causing uncertainty among patients".[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-steinerblk-105) - Indian politician [Swami Chakrapani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakrapani_$politician$ "Chakrapani (politician)") claimed that drinking [cow urine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow_urine "Cow urine") and applying cow dung on the body could cure COVID-19. He also stated that only Indian cows must be used.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-106)[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-107) MP [Suman Haripriya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suman_Haripriya "Suman Haripriya") also promoted cow dung and urine .[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-BBC_tea-108) In March 2020, the All India Hindu Union hosted a "cow urine drinking party" in [New Delhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi "New Delhi"), attended by 200 people.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-109) There exists no scientific evidence in favour of cow urine.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-110)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-111) Dr. Shailendra Saxena of the Indian Virological Society stated that there is no evidence that cow urine has any anti-viral effect, and eating cow dung might transmit diseases to humans [zoonotically](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosis "Zoonosis"). For example, [giardiasis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardiasis "Giardiasis"), [E. coli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoli "Ecoli"), [salmonellosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonellosis "Salmonellosis") and [tuberculosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis "Tuberculosis") can all be transmitted via bovine fecal matter.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-112) - Drinking [camel urine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_urine "Camel urine") has been advocated in the [Middle East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East").[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-113)[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-114) The WHO stated that camel urine should not be drunk, in order to avoid contracting [Middle East Respiratory Syndrome–related coronavirus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus "Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus") (MERS-CoV),[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-115)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-116)[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-117)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-118) a more deadly, [SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2")\-like species of [betacoronavirus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacoronavirus "Betacoronavirus"). - Televangelist [Kenneth Copeland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Copeland "Kenneth Copeland") urged followers to touch their televisions as a means of vaccination by proxy, and also attempted to exorcise COVID-19 on at least three occasions by summoning "the wind of God", stating that this had destroyed the virus (either in the US or worldwide). Earlier, he had urged followers to ignore public health advisories and come to his churches, saying they could be healed there by the [laying on of hands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands "Laying on of hands") if they fell ill.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-scammers-69)[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-119) - "[Happy Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Science "Happy Science")", a secretive pay-to-progress religious group, sells "spiritual vaccines" to prevent and cure COVID-19, advertises virus-related blessings at rates from US\$100 to over US\$400, and sells coronavirus-themed DVDs and CDs of Ryuho Okawa (the former stockbroker whom the group believes to be the current incarnation of the supreme deity) lecturing, which are claimed to boost immunity, as of April 2020. After initially defying social-distancing measures, it closed its New York temple and administered spiritual vaccines remotely.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-120) - A suggestion that COVID-19 could be prevented by applying a [cotton ball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_ball "Cotton ball") soaked in violet oil to the [anus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anus "Anus") has brought [Abbas Tabrizian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Tabrizian "Abbas Tabrizian") renewed widespread ridicule in Iran. The [IRNA news agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRNA_news_agency "IRNA news agency") reported that Abbas Tabrizian, who has often promoted his remedies as [Prophetic medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophetic_medicine#Islamic_Republic_of_Iran "Prophetic medicine") in opposition to standard medicine, has also claimed that COVID-19 is God's revenge against those who had bothered him.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-121) An arrest warrant has been issued for Morteza Kohansal, a follower of Abbas Tabrizian, who visited the coronavirus section of a hospital in Iran without wearing protective gear, and applied what he described as the "Prophet's perfume" to affected patients. Using [Prophetic medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophetic_medicine#In_post-1970s_Iran "Prophetic medicine") has caused some Iranian clerics to delay getting standard medical treatment. [Ayatollah Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashem_Bathaie_Golpayegani "Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani") announced that he had cured himself of COVID-19 three weeks before being hospitalized. He died two days later.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-floweroil-122) - Some religious hardliners in Iran have advocated that people visit shrines to be healed, and opposed government closures of pilgrimage sites.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-floweroil-122)[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-123) - Parliamentarian [Ramesh Bidhuri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesh_Bidhuri "Ramesh Bidhuri") of the [Bharatiya Janata Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party "Bharatiya Janata Party") claimed that experts say using [Namaste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namaste "Namaste") as a greeting prevents transmission of COVID-19, but using Arabic greetings such as [Adab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adab_$gesture$ "Adab (gesture)") and [As-salamu alaykum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-salamu_alaykum "As-salamu alaykum") does not prevent it as they direct air into the mouth.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-124)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-deccanherald811390-125) - Religious and scientific misconceptions related to the coronavirus are widespread in Pakistan.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-126) According to a survey research conducted by [Ipsos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsos "Ipsos"), 82% of people in Pakistan believed that performing [wudu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wudu "Wudu")/ablution five times a day will keep them protected from contracting COVID-19. Meanwhile, 67% polled believed that jamaat (congregation prayer) cannot become a source of infection[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-thenews/1-127) and 48% people believed that shaking hands cannot infect anyone since it is [Sunnah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah "Sunnah").[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-128) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Foolproofaprilseries01.png/250px-Foolproofaprilseries01.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foolproofaprilseries01.png) A poster for spreading awareness of unproven food claims - Drinking lemon in warm water has been claimed to prevent both COVID-19 and [cancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer "Cancer") by increasing [vitamin C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C "Vitamin C") levels. This claim circulated on Facebook in English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. There is no evidence that vitamin C was effective against coronaviruses, nor are lemons the fruit with the most vitamin C content, said Henry Chenal, director of the Integrated Bioclinical Research Centre (CIRBA) in [Abidjan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjan "Abidjan"), [Ivory Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast "Ivory Coast").[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-LemonWater-129) The WHO said that there was no evidence that lemons would protect against COVID-19, though they recommended consuming fresh fruit and vegetables in a healthy diet.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) - Bananas were claimed to be able to strengthen the immune system and prevent and cure COVID-19. The claim was based on a composited video that falsely attributed the statements to researchers at the University of Queensland. The university stated that the video was faked and urged people not to share it.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-130)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-131) - Eating mango or durian will not cure COVID-19.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) - Onions were rumoured to be a preventive measure against COVID-19 on Facebook.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-garlic_onions-132) - Garlic was said to prevent COVID-19 on Facebook.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-garlic_onions-132) There is no evidence that garlic protects against COVID-19.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - Hot peppers cannot prevent or cure COVID-19.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - Consuming large amounts of boiled ginger after fasting for a day was rumoured to prevent or cure coronavirus on Facebook. There is no evidence that this prevents or cures any coronavirus infection, Mark Kristoffer Pasayan, a fellow at the Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, said.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200213afp-133)[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-garlic_onions-132) - Juice of [bittergourd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bittergourd "Bittergourd"), a vegetable used in traditional medicine, was suggested as a cure for COVID-19 on social media.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-134) - Consuming [turmeric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric "Turmeric") has been claimed to help prevent COVID-19,[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-135) but the WHO says there is no evidence that it does.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) - Neem leaves ([Azadirachta indica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadirachta_indica "Azadirachta indica")) were claimed to be remedies for COVID-19 in rumours that circulated in India.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-136) - Various retailers have marketed herbal products and essential oils fraudulently claimed to cure or prevent COVID-19.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA_warns-39) #### Drinks and frozen foods \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: Drinks and frozen foods")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Foolproofaprilseries04.png/250px-Foolproofaprilseries04.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foolproofaprilseries04.png) A poster explains that alcohol hand-sanitizers kill coronaviruses, but alcoholic drinks do not protect against COVID-19 - [Drinking alcohol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_alcohol "Drinking alcohol") will not prevent or cure COVID-19,[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) contrary to some claims.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-137) Drinking alcohol may cause subclinical [immunosuppression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppression "Immunosuppression")[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-Alcohol%E2%80%99s_Effect_on_Host_Defense-55) (see "Addictive drugs" section above). - Drinking water every 15 minutes was claimed to prevent coronavirus infection.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-138) Drinking large amounts of water will not prevent or cure COVID-19, though avoiding [dehydration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration "Dehydration") is healthy.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) - Tea was said to be effective against COVID-19 in claims circulating on social media, which said that since tea contained the stimulants [methylxanthine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylxanthine "Methylxanthine"), [theobromine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobromine "Theobromine") and [theophylline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophylline "Theophylline"), it was capable of warding off the virus. These claims were falsely attributed to [Dr Li Wenliang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Wenliang "Li Wenliang").[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-139)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-BBC_tea-108) - Fennel tea (supposedly similar to the medicine [Tamiflu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiflu "Tamiflu")—itself ineffective against coronaviruses—according to a false e-mail attributed to a hospital director) was claimed to be a cure in Brazil.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-20200304uol-57) - So-called cures in messages spreading in Brazil included avocado and mint tea, hot whiskey and honey, essential oils, and vitamins C and D.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-otempo2307041-63) - Facebook claims that 'gargling salt water, drinking hot liquids like tea and avoiding ice cream can stop the transmission of COVID-19' have been criticized by health professionals.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-auto2-140) - Eating ice cream and frozen foods will neither cure nor cause COVID-19, as long as they are hygienically prepared.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) This claim was widely attributed to UNICEF, which stated that they had made no such claim: "To the creators of such falsehoods, we offer a simple message: STOP. Sharing inaccurate information and attempting to imbue it with authority by misappropriating the names of those in a position of trust is dangerous and wrong".[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-141) - Claims that [vegetarians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian "Vegetarian") are immune to coronavirus spread online in India, causing "\#NoMeat\_NoCoronaVirus" to trend on Twitter.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-142) Eating meat does not have an effect on COVID-19 spread, except for people near where animals are slaughtered (see [zoonosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosis "Zoonosis")), said Anand Krishnan, professor at the Centre for Community Medicine of the [All India Institute of Medical Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences "All India Institute of Medical Sciences") (AIIMS).[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-143) - Eating chicken will not cause COVID-19, as long as it is hygienically prepared and well-cooked.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) - There is no evidence that eating [curry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry "Curry") or [rasam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasam_$dish$ "Rasam (dish)") protects against COVID-19.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_F&F-43) - Taking six deep breaths and then coughing while covering one's mouth was circulated as a treatment for COVID-19 infection in social media, including by celebrities such as [J. K. Rowling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._K._Rowling "J. K. Rowling").[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-144) ### Use of existing medications unproven against COVID-19 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19&action=edit&section=23 "Edit section: Use of existing medications unproven against COVID-19")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ivermectin_COVID_May2022.jpg/250px-Ivermectin_COVID_May2022.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivermectin_COVID_May2022.jpg) Veterinary [ivermectin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivermectin "Ivermectin"), sold alongside an unproven [povidone-iodine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povidone-iodine "Povidone-iodine") nasal spray[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-145) as COVID-19 treatments, at an [Amish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish "Amish")\-run grocery store near [McBain, Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McBain,_Michigan "McBain, Michigan"). - In March 2020, then US President [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") promoted the use of [chloroquine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroquine "Chloroquine") and [hydroxychloroquine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxychloroquine "Hydroxychloroquine"), two related anti-malarial drugs, for treating COVID-19. The FDA later clarified that it has not approved any therapeutics or drugs to treat COVID-19, but that studies were underway to see if chloroquine could be effective in treatment of COVID-19.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-malaria_bbc-146)[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-147) Following Trump's claim, [panic buying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_buying "Panic buying") of chloroquine was reported from many countries in Africa, Latin America and South Asia. Health officials across the world are issuing warnings over the use of antimalarial drugs after Trump's comments about treating the coronavirus with them sparked panic-buying and overdoses. Ugandan Dr. Chris Kaganda said, "There is no known dosage for Covid-19, and whether it can actually cure it, it's safer to avoid chloroquine, but you know these are desperate times."[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-malaria_wsj-148) Patients with [lupus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus "Lupus") and [rheumatoid arthritis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis "Rheumatoid arthritis"), who take these medications regularly, have had trouble obtaining supplies.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-malaria_wsj-148) Taking these, or related products intended for aquarium use, has caused serious side effects, illness, and death.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-FDA-1)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-WHO_myths-16) - Rumours circulated in Iraq that the Iraqi pharmaceutical company PiONEER Co. had discovered a coronavirus treatment. These reports were loosely based on a statement by PiONEER, which mentioned [hydroxychloroquine sulphate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxychloroquine_sulphate "Hydroxychloroquine sulphate") and [azithromycin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycin "Azithromycin") (brand nameand "Zitroneer"), a common antibiotic [\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-149)[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-azithromycin-150)) and said that it would try to make these drugs available free of charge. The statement did not say that these drugs can cure COVID-19. The company later clarified that they had not attempted to find a cure for COVID-19, and criticized the news media for spreading inaccurate reports and misinformation, running with the story without checking whether they had misunderstood the company's statement. Two days later, another false story was widely reported, saying that [Samaraa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samaraa&action=edit&redlink=1 "Samaraa (page does not exist)"), another Iraqi pharmaceutical company, had found a cure.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-iraq-151) Generally, antibiotics (like azithromycin[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-azithromycin-150)) are not effective against viruses, only some bacteria.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-152) Azithromycin is sometimes given to patients hospitalized with COVID-19, but only to treat bacterial [co-infection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-infection "Co-infection"). Overuse of azithromycin causes [antibiotic resistance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance "Antibiotic resistance"), and rare [side effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycin#Adverse_effects "Azithromycin") include heart arrhythmias and hearing loss.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-azithromycin-150)[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-153) - There were also claims that a 30-year-old Indian textbook lists aspirin, anti-histamines, and nasal spray as treatments for COVID-19. The textbook describes [coronaviruses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronaviruses "Coronaviruses") in general, as a family of viruses.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-154) - There were also claims in April 2020 that [an anti-viral injection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabunan_Antiviral_Injection "Fabunan Antiviral Injection") had been approved as a cure in the Philippines, and the lockdown would be lifted.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-rappler-155) The persons making these claims were issued with a [cease-and-desist order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cease-and-desist_order "Cease-and-desist order") by the Philippine FDA, which reiterated the need to test treatments to be sure they are safe. The FDA said that they had not even received an application to register the treatment with the FDA.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-rappler-155)[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-156) The agency has prohibited the use of the untested drug, and the clinic illegally promoting it subsequently closed.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-reiterate-157)[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-158) - [Ivermectin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivermectin "Ivermectin"), a medication used to treat [parasitic infections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_disease "Parasitic disease"), was suggested as a possible COVID-19 treatment in an online preprint which utilized a flawed statistical methodology.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-159) Importantly, the concentration of the drug that was required to achieve the antiviral effects observed in cell culture was several times higher than what can be achieved in the bloodstream of patients.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-160) Clinical research subsequently determined ivermectin is not effective for treating COVID-19.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-161) The promotion of ivermectin as a COVID-19 treatment has led to increases in ivermectin-related poison control centre calls in the United States,[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-162) as well as national shortages of the drug in Australia.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-163) - Operation Pangea, launched by the international police organization [Interpol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol "Interpol"), seized counterfeit facemasks, substandard hand sanitizers, and unauthorized antiviral medication in over 90 countries, resulting in the arrest of 121 people.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_note-164) 1. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-FDA_1-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-FDA_1-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-FDA_1-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-FDA_1-3) Office of the Commissioner (April 1, 2020). ["Beware of Fraudulent Coronavirus Tests, Vaccines and Treatments"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200401134138/https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/beware-fraudulent-coronavirus-tests-vaccines-and-treatments). FDA. Archived from [the original](https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/beware-fraudulent-coronavirus-tests-vaccines-and-treatments) on April 1, 2020. 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-2)* Hrabovszki, Georgina (March 23, 2020). ["COVID-19: Beware of falsified medicines from unregistered websites"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200324140616/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/covid-19-beware-falsified-medicines-unregistered-websites). European Medicines Agency. Archived from [the original](https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/covid-19-beware-falsified-medicines-unregistered-websites) on March 24, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020. 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#cite_ref-3) Spinney, Laura (April 3, 2020). ["When will a coronavirus vaccine be ready?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200403104057/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/03/when-will-a-coronavirus-vaccine-be-ready). [The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian"). Archived from [the original](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/03/when-will-a-coronavirus-vaccine-be-ready) on April 3, 2020. 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