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| Boilerpipe Text | LinkedIn Corporation
Logo used since September 2021
Type of business
Subsidiary
Type of site
Professional network service
Social media
Available in
36 languages
[
1
]
List of languages
Arabic, Bengali, Chinese (simplified), Chinese (traditional), Czech, Danish, Dutch, English (UK), English (US), Farsi, French, Finnish, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Marathi, Malay, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Tagalog, Telugu, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese
Founded
December 10, 2002
; 23 years ago
Mountain View, California
, U.S.
Headquarters
Sunnyvale, California
,
U.S.
Area served
Worldwide
Founders
Reid Hoffman
Eric Ly
Key people
Jeff Weiner
(Executive Chairman)
Ryan Roslansky
(CEO)
Industry
Internet
Revenue
US$
17.8 billion
(2025)
[
2
]
Employees
18,500 (2024)
[
1
]
Parent
Microsoft
(2016–present)
Subsidiaries
LinkedIn Learning
Connectifier
Drawbridge
Glint
URL
linkedin
.com
IPv6
support
Yes
Advertising
AdSense
Registration
Required
Users
310 million
MAU
(February 2023)
[
3
]
[
unreliable source?
]
Launched
May 5, 2003
; 22 years ago
Current status
Active
LinkedIn
(
) is an
American
business and
employment
-oriented
social networking service
used globally. The platform is primarily used for
professional networking
and
career development
, as it allows jobseekers to post their
CVs
and employers to post their job listings. As of 2026, LinkedIn has more than 1.2 billion registered members from over 200 countries and territories.
[
4
]
It was launched on May 5, 2003, by
Reid Hoffman
and
Eric Ly
,
[
5
]
receiving
financing
from numerous
venture capital
firms, including
Sequoia Capital
, in the years following its inception. Users can invite other people to become connections on the platform, regardless of whether the invitees are already members of LinkedIn. LinkedIn can also be used to organize offline events, create and join groups, write articles, and post photos and videos.
[
6
]
In 2007, there were 10 million users on the platform, which urged LinkedIn to open offices around the world, including
India
,
Australia
and
Ireland
. In October 2010 LinkedIn was ranked No. 10 on the
Silicon Valley
Insider's Top 100 List of most valuable
startups
. From 2015, most of the company's
revenue
came from
selling access to information about its members
to recruiters and sales professionals; LinkedIn also introduced their own
ad
portal named LinkedIn Ads to let companies advertise in their platform.
[
7
]
In December 2016,
Microsoft
purchased LinkedIn for $26.2 billion, being their largest
acquisition
at the time.
[
8
]
94% of
business-to-business
marketers since 2017 use LinkedIn to distribute their content.
LinkedIn has been subject to
criticism
over its
design choices
, such as its endorsement feature and its use of members'
e-mail
accounts to send
spam mail
. Due to LinkedIn's poor
security
practices, several incidents have occurred with the website,
including in 2012
, when the
cryptographic hashes
of approximately 6.4 million users were stolen and published online; and in 2016, when 117 million LinkedIn usernames and passwords (likely sourced from the 2012 hack) were offered for sale. The platform has also been criticised for its poor handling of
misinformation
and
disinformation
, particularly pertaining to the
COVID-19 pandemic
and to the
2020 US presidential election
. Various countries have placed
bans or restrictions
on LinkedIn: it was banned in
Russia
in 2016,
Kazakhstan
in 2021, and
China
in 2023.
Founded in
Mountain View, California
, LinkedIn is currently headquartered in
Mountain View
, with 36 global offices as of February 11, 2024.
[
9
]
[
1
]
In February 2024, the company had around 18,500
employees
.
[
10
]
[
5
]
LinkedIn's current CEO is
Ryan Roslansky
.
Jeff Weiner
, previously CEO of LinkedIn, is now serving as the Executive Chairman.
Reid Hoffman
, founder of LinkedIn, is chairman of the board.
[
11
]
[
12
]
It was funded by
Sequoia Capital
,
Greylock
,
Bain Capital Ventures
,
[
13
]
Bessemer Venture Partners
and the European Founders Fund.
[
14
]
LinkedIn reached profitability in March 2006.
[
15
]
Since January 2011, the company had received a total of $103 million (about $141 million in 2024) of
investment
.
[
16
]
LinkedIn filed for an
initial public offering
in January 2011 and traded its first shares in May, under the
NYSE
symbol
"LNKD".
[
17
]
Founding from 2002 to 2011
[
edit
]
Former LinkedIn headquarters on Stierlin Court in
Mountain View, California
The company was founded in December 2002 by
Reid Hoffman
and the founding team members from
PayPal
and Socialnet.com (Allen Blue,
Eric Ly
, Jean-Luc Vaillant, Lee Hower, Konstantin Guericke, Stephen Beitzel, David Eves, Ian McNish, Yan Pujante, Chris Saccheri).
[
18
]
In late 2003,
Sequoia Capital
led the
Series A
investment in the company.
[
19
]
In August 2004, LinkedIn reached 1 million users.
[
20
]
In March 2006, LinkedIn achieved its first month of profitability.
[
20
]
In April 2007, LinkedIn reached 10 million users.
[
20
]
In February 2008, LinkedIn launched a mobile version of the site.
[
21
]
In June 2008,
Sequoia Capital
,
Greylock Partners
, and other
venture capital
firms purchased a 5%
stake
in the company for $53 million, giving the company a
post-money valuation
of approximately $1 billion.
[
22
]
In November 2009, LinkedIn opened its office in
Mumbai
[
23
]
and soon thereafter in Sydney, as it started its Asia-Pacific team expansion. In 2010, LinkedIn opened an International Headquarters in Dublin,
Ireland
,
[
24
]
received a $20 million investment from
Tiger Global Management
LLC at a valuation of approximately $2 billion,
[
25
]
announced its first acquisition, Mspoke,
[
26
]
and improved its 1%
premium
subscription ratio.
[
27
]
In October of that year, Silicon Valley Insider ranked the company No. 10 on its Top 100 List of most valuable startups.
[
28
]
By December, the company was valued at $1.575 billion in private markets.
[
29
]
LinkedIn started its India operations in 2009 and a major part of the first year was dedicated to understanding professionals in India and educating members to leverage LinkedIn for career development.
LinkedIn office building at
222 Second Street
in San Francisco (opened in March 2016)
LinkedIn office in Toronto inside the
Toronto Eaton Centre
LinkedIn headquarters in
Sunnyvale, California
LinkedIn filed for an
initial public offering
in January 2011. The company traded its first shares on May 19, 2011, under the
NYSE
symbol "LNKD", at $45 (≈$62.00 in 2024) per share.
[
30
]
Shares of LinkedIn rose as much as 171% on their first day of trade on the New York Stock Exchange and closed at $94.25, more than 109% above
IPO
price. Shortly after the IPO, the site's underlying infrastructure was revised to allow accelerated revision-release cycles.
[
11
]
In 2011, LinkedIn earned $154.6 million in advertising revenue alone, surpassing
Twitter
, which earned $139.5 million.
[
31
]
LinkedIn's fourth-
quarter
2011, earnings soared because of the company's increase in success in the social media world.
[
32
]
By this point, LinkedIn had about 2,100 full-time employees compared to the 500 that it had in 2010.
[
33
]
In April 2014, LinkedIn announced that it had leased
222 Second Street
, a 26-story building under construction in
San Francisco's SoMa
district, to accommodate up to 2,500 of its employees,
[
34
]
with the lease covering 10 years.
[
35
]
The goal was to join all San Francisco-based staff (1,250 as of January 2016) in one building, bringing sales and
marketing
employees together with the
research and development
team.
[
35
]
In March 2016 they started to move in.
[
35
]
In February 2016 following an earnings report, LinkedIn's shares dropped 43.6% within a single day, down to $108.38 per share. LinkedIn lost $10 billion of its
market capitalization
that day.
[
36
]
[
37
]
In 2016, access to LinkedIn was blocked by
Russian authorities
for non-compliance with the 2015 national legislation that requires social media networks to store citizens' personal data on servers located in Russia.
[
38
]
In June 2016,
Microsoft
announced that it would acquire LinkedIn for $196 a share, a total value of $26.2 billion. It was the largest
acquisition made by Microsoft
, until the
acquisition of Activision Blizzard
in 2022. The acquisition would be an all-cash, debt-financed transaction. Microsoft would allow LinkedIn to "retain its distinct brand, culture and independence", with Weiner to remain as CEO, who would then report to Microsoft CEO
Satya Nadella
. Analysts believed Microsoft saw the opportunity to integrate LinkedIn with its
Office product suite
to help better integrate the professional network system with its
products
. The deal was completed on December 8, 2016.
[
39
]
In late 2016, LinkedIn announced a planned increase of 200 new positions in its
Dublin
office, which would bring the total employee count to 1,200.
[
40
]
Since 2017 94% of B2B marketers use LinkedIn to distribute content.
[
41
]
Soon after LinkedIn's acquisition by Microsoft, LinkedIn's new desktop version was introduced.
[
42
]
The new version was meant to make the user experience similar across mobile and desktop. Some changes were made according to the feedback received from the previously launched mobile app. Features that were not heavily used were removed. For example, the contact tagging and filtering features are not supported anymore.
[
43
]
Following the launch of the new
user interface
(UI), some users complained about the missing features which were there in the older version, slowness, and bugs in it. The issues were faced by free and premium users and with both the desktop and mobile versions of the site.
In 2019, LinkedIn launched globally the feature Open for Business that enables freelancers to be discovered on the platform.
[
44
]
[
45
]
LinkedIn Events was launched in the same year.
[
46
]
[
47
]
In June 2020, Jeff Weiner stepped down as CEO and become executive chairman after 11 years in the role. Ryan Roslansky stepped up as CEO from his previous position as the senior vice president of product.
[
48
]
In late July 2020, LinkedIn announced it
laid off
960 employees, about 6 percent of the total workforce, from the talent acquisition and global sales teams. In an email to all employees, CEO
Ryan Roslansky
said the cuts were due to effects of the global
COVID-19 pandemic
.
[
49
]
In April 2021, CyberNews claimed that 500 million LinkedIn's accounts have leaked online.
[
50
]
However, LinkedIn stated that "We have investigated an alleged set of LinkedIn data that has been posted for sale and have determined that it is actually an aggregation of data from a number of websites and companies".
[
51
]
[
52
]
In June 2021, PrivacySharks claimed that more than 700 million LinkedIn records were on sale on a hacker forum.
[
53
]
[
54
]
LinkedIn later stated that this is not a breach, but scraped data which is also a violation of their Terms of Service.
[
55
]
In Sep 2021, LinkedIn blocks U.S. journalists' profiles in China. Includes but is not limited to Bethany Allen-Ebrahimian, Melissa Chan, Greg Bruno,
Jojje Olsson
, J Michael Cole.
[
56
]
[
57
]
Microsoft ended LinkedIn operations in China in October 2021.
[
58
]
In 2022, LinkedIn earned $13.8 billion in revenue, compared to $10.3 billion in 2021.
[
59
]
In May 2023, LinkedIn cut 716 positions from its 20,000 workforce. The move, according to a letter from the company's CEO Ryan Roslansky, was made to streamline the business's operations. Roslansky further stated that this decision would result in the creation of 250 job opportunities. Additionally, LinkedIn also announced the discontinuance of its China local job apps.
[
60
]
In June 2024, Axios reported LinkedIn was testing a new
AI
assistant for its paid Premium users.
[
61
]
In September 2024, LinkedIn suspended its use of UK user data for AI model training after concerns were raised by the
Information Commissioner's Office
(ICO). The platform had quietly opted in users globally for data use in AI training. However, following ICO feedback, LinkedIn paused this practice for UK users. A company spokesperson stated that LinkedIn has always allowed users to control how their data is used and has now provided UK users with an opt-out option.
[
62
]
In November 2024, Linkedin challenged
Australian legislation which sought to ban under-16's from social media platforms
on the grounds that it does 'not have content interesting and appealing to minors.'
[
63
]
In October 2025, the LinkedIn Learning Career Hub was launched.
[
64
]
In July 2012, LinkedIn acquired 15 key
Digg
patents for $4 million including a "
click a button to vote up a story
" patent.
[
65
]
Number
Acquisition date
Company
Business
Country
Price
Description
Ref.
1
August 4, 2010
mspoke
Adaptive personalization of content
USA
$0.6 million
[
66
]
LinkedIn Recommendations
[
67
]
2
September 23, 2010
ChoiceVendor
Social B2B Reviews
USA
$3.9 million
[
68
]
Rate and review B2B service providers
[
69
]
3
January 26, 2011
CardMunch
Social Contacts
USA
$1.7 million
[
66
]
Scan and import business cards
[
70
]
4
October 5, 2011
Connected
Social CRM
USA
-
LinkedIn Connected
[
71
]
5
October 11, 2011
IndexTank
Social search
USA
-
LinkedIn Search
[
72
]
6
February 22, 2012
Rapportive
Social Contacts
USA
$15 million
[
73
]
-
[
74
]
7
2012
ESAYA Inc.
Social Content
USA
-
TrueSwitch - Migrate Your Email, Contacts & Calendar data Between Provider's Account
[
75
]
8
May 3, 2012
SlideShare
Social Content
USA
$119 million
Give LinkedIn members a way to discover people through content
[
76
]
9
April 11, 2013
Pulse
Web / Mobile newsreader
USA
$90 million
Definitive professional publishing platform
[
77
]
10
February 6, 2014
Bright.com
Job Matching
USA
$120 million
[
78
]
11
July 14, 2014
Newsle
Web application
USA
-
Allows users to follow real news about their Facebook friends, LinkedIn contacts, and public figures.
[
79
]
11
July 22, 2014
Bizo
Web application
USA
$175 million
Helps advertisers reach businesses and professionals
[
80
]
12
March 16, 2015
Careerify
Web application
Canada
-
Helps businesses hire people using social media
[
81
]
13
April 2, 2015
Refresh.io
Web application
USA
-
Surfaces insights about people in your networks right before you meet them
[
82
]
14
April 9, 2015
Lynda.com
eLearning
USA
$1.5 billion
Lets users learn business, technology, software, and creative skills through videos
[
83
]
15
August 28, 2015
Fliptop
Predictive Sales and Marketing Firm
USA
-
Using data science to help companies close more sales
[
84
]
16
February 4, 2016
Connectifier
Web application
USA
-
Helps companies with their recruiting
[
85
]
17
July 26, 2016
PointDrive
Web application
USA
-
Lets salespeople share visual content with prospective clients to help seal the deal
[
86
]
18
September 16, 2018
Glint Inc.
Web application
USA
-
Employee engagement platform.
[
87
]
19
May 28, 2019
Drawbridge
Marketing Solutions
USA
[
88
]
In 2013, a
class action
lawsuit entitled
Perkins vs. LinkedIn Corp
was filed against the company, accusing it of automatically sending invitations to contacts in a member's email address book without permission. The court agreed with LinkedIn that permission had in fact been given for invitations to be sent, but not for the two further reminder emails.
[
89
]
LinkedIn
settled
the lawsuit in 2015 for $13 million (≈$16.8 million in 2024).
[
90
]
Many members should have received a notice in their email with the subject line "Legal Notice of Settlement of Class Action". The Case No. is 13-CV-04303-LHK.
[
91
]
hiQ Labs v. LinkedIn
[
edit
]
In May 2017, LinkedIn sent a Cease-And-Desist letter to hiQ Labs, a Silicon Valley startup that collects data from public profiles and provides analysis of this data to its customers. The letter demanded that hiQ immediately cease "scraping" data from LinkedIn's servers, claiming violations of the CFAA (Computer Fraud and Abuse Act) and the DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act). In response hiQ sued LinkedIn in the Northern District of California in
San Francisco
, asking the court to prohibit LinkedIn from blocking its access to public profiles while the court considered the merits of its request. The court served a preliminary injunction against LinkedIn, which was then forced to allow hiQ to continue to collect public data. LinkedIn appealed this ruling; in September 2019, the appeals court rejected LinkedIn's arguments and the preliminary injunction was upheld. The dispute is ongoing.
Social media websites may also use "traditional" marketing approaches, as seen in these LinkedIn-branded chocolates.
In 2015, LinkedIn had more than 400 million members in over 200 countries and territories,
[
11
]
[
92
]
which was significantly more than competitor
Viadeo
(50 million as of 2013.)
[
93
]
In 2011, its membership grew by approximately two new members every second.
[
94
]
In 2020, LinkedIn's membership grew to over 690 million LinkedIn members.
[
95
]
As of September 2021, LinkedIn had 774+ million registered members from over 200 countries and territories.
[
95
]
In November 2023, LinkedIn reached a member count of one billion.
[
96
]
Platform and features
[
edit
]
User profile network
[
edit
]
Basic functionality
[
edit
]
LinkedIn homepage
The basic functionality of LinkedIn allows users to create profiles, which for employees typically consist of a
curriculum vitae
describing their work experience, education and training, skills, and a personal photo. Employers can list
jobs
and search for potential candidates. Users can find jobs, people and business opportunities recommended by someone in one's contact network. Users can save jobs that they would like to apply for. Users also have the ability to follow different companies.
The site also enables members to make "connections" to each other in an online social network which may represent real-world professional relationships. Members can invite anyone to become a connection. Users can obtain introductions to the connections of connections (termed
second-degree connections
) and connections of second-degree connections (termed
third-degree connections
).
A member's list of connections can be used in a number of ways. For example, users can search for second-degree connections who work at a company they are interested in, and then ask a specific first-degree connection in common for an introduction.
[
97
]
The "gated-access approach" (where contact with any professional requires either an existing relationship, or the intervention of a contact of theirs) is intended to build trust among the service's users. LinkedIn participated in the EU's
International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles
.
[
98
]
Users can interact with each other in a variety of ways:
Connections can interact by choosing to "like" posts and "congratulate" others on updates such as birthdays, anniversaries and new positions, as well as by direct messaging.
Users can share video with text and filters with the introduction of LinkedIn Video.
[
99
]
[
100
]
Users can write posts and articles
[
101
]
within the LinkedIn platform to share with their network.
Since September 2012, LinkedIn has enabled users to "endorse" each other's skills. However, there is no way of flagging anything other than positive content.
[
102
]
LinkedIn solicits endorsements using
algorithms
that generate skills members might have. Members cannot opt out of such solicitations, with the result that it sometimes appears that a member is soliciting an endorsement for a non-existent skill.
[
103
]
LinkedIn 'applications' often refer to external third-party applications that interact with LinkedIn's developer API. However, in some cases, it could refer to sanctioned applications featured on a user's profile page.
External, third party applications
[
edit
]
In February 2015, LinkedIn released an updated terms of use for their developer API.
[
104
]
The developer API allows both companies and individuals the ability to interact with LinkedIn's data through creation of managed third-party applications. Applications must go through a review process and request permission from the user before accessing a user's data.
Normal use of the API is outlined in LinkedIn's developer documents,
[
105
]
including:
Sign into external services using LinkedIn
Add items or attributes to a user profile
Share items or articles to user's timeline
Embedded in profile
[
edit
]
In October 2008, LinkedIn enabled an "applications platform" which allows external online services to be embedded within a member's profile page. Among the initial applications were an
Amazon
Reading List that allows LinkedIn members to display books they are reading, a connection to Tripit, and a
Six Apart
,
WordPress
and
TypePad
application that allows members to display their latest blog postings within their LinkedIn profile.
[
106
]
In November 2010, LinkedIn allowed businesses to list products and services on company profile pages; it also permitted LinkedIn members to "recommend" products and services and write reviews.
[
107
]
Shortly after, some of the external services were no longer supported, including Amazon's Reading List.
[
citation needed
]
A mobile version of the site was launched in February 2008 and made available in six languages: Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese and Spanish.
[
108
]
In January 2011, LinkedIn acquired CardMunch, a
mobile app
maker that scans
business cards
and converts into contacts.
[
109
]
In June 2013, CardMunch was noted as an available LinkedIn app.
[
11
]
In October 2013, LinkedIn announced a service for iPhone users called "Intro", which inserts a thumbnail of a person's LinkedIn profile in correspondence with that person when reading mail messages in the native iOS
Mail program
.
[
110
]
This is accomplished by re-routing all emails from and to the iPhone through LinkedIn servers, which security firm Bishop Fox asserts has serious
privacy implications
, violates many organizations'
security policies
, and resembles a
man-in-the-middle attack
.
[
111
]
[
112
]
LinkedIn also supports daily the formation of interest groups. In 2012, there were 1,248,019 such groups whose membership varies from 1 to 744,662.
[
113
]
[
114
]
Groups support a limited form of discussion area, moderated by the group owners and managers.
[
115
]
Groups may be private, accessible to members only or may be open to Internet users in general to read, though they must join in order to post messages. Since groups offer the functionality to reach a wide audience without so easily falling foul of
anti-spam solutions
, there is a constant stream of spam postings, and there now exists a range of firms who offer a spamming service for this very purpose. LinkedIn has devised a few mechanisms to reduce the volume of spam,
[
116
]
but recently
[
when?
]
decided to remove the ability of group owners to inspect the email address of new members in order to determine if they were spammers.
[
citation needed
]
Groups also keep their members informed through emails with updates to the group, including most talked about discussions within your professional circles.
[
113
]
[
117
]
In December 2011, LinkedIn announced that they are rolling out polls to groups.
[
118
]
In November 2013, LinkedIn announced the addition of Showcase Pages to the platform.
[
119
]
In 2014, LinkedIn announced they were going to be removing Product and Services Pages
[
120
]
paving the way for a greater focus on Showcase Pages.
[
121
]
LinkedIn maintains an internal
knowledge graph
of entities (people, organizations, groups) that helps it connect everyone working in a field or at an organization or network. This can be used to query the neighborhood around each entity to find updates that might be related to it.
[
122
]
This also lets them train machine learning models that can infer new properties about an entity or further information that may apply to it for both summary views and analytics.
[
123
]
Discontinued features
[
edit
]
In January 2013, LinkedIn dropped support for LinkedIn Answers and cited a new 'focus on development of new and more engaging ways to share and discuss professional topics across LinkedIn' as the reason for the retirement of the feature. The feature had been launched in 2007 and allowed users to post questions to their network and allowed users to rank answers.
In 2014, LinkedIn retired InMaps, a feature which allowed you to visualize your professional network.
[
124
]
The feature had been in use since January 2011.
According to the company's website, LinkedIn Referrals will no longer be available after May 2018.
[
125
]
[
needs update
]
In September 2021, LinkedIn discontinued LinkedIn stories, a feature that was rolled out worldwide in October 2020.
[
126
]
When a user accepts an invitation from another user, they have a first-level connection; the user is indirectly connected to the other user's connections with what LinkedIn terms second-level and third-level connections.
LinkedIn is particularly well-suited for
personal branding
, which, according to Sandra Long, entails "actively managing one's image and unique value" to position oneself for career opportunities.
[
127
]
LinkedIn has evolved from being a mere platform for job searchers into a social network which allows users a chance to create a personal brand.
[
128
]
Career coach Pamela Green describes a personal brand as the "emotional experience you want people to have as a result of interacting with you," and a LinkedIn profile is an aspect of that.
[
129
]
A contrasting report suggests that a personal brand is "a public-facing persona, exhibited on LinkedIn, Twitter and other networks, that showcases expertise and fosters new connections."
[
130
]
LinkedIn allows professionals to build exposure for their brand within the site itself and on the World Wide Web as a whole. With a tool that LinkedIn dubs a
Profile Strength Meter
, the site encourages users to offer enough information in their profile to optimize
visibility by search engines
. It can strengthen a user's LinkedIn presence if they belong to professional groups on the site.
[
131
]
[
127
]
The site enables users to add a video to their profiles.
[
132
]
Some users hire a professional photographer for their profile photo.
[
133
]
Video presentations can be added to one's profile.
[
134
]
LinkedIn's capabilities have been expanding so rapidly that a cottage industry of outside consultants has grown up to help users navigate the system.
[
135
]
[
132
]
A particular emphasis is helping users with their LinkedIn profiles.
[
135
]
There's no hiding in the long grass on LinkedIn ... The number one mistake people make on the profile is to not have a photo.
— Sandra Long of Post Road Consulting, 2017
[
136
]
In October 2012, LinkedIn launched the LinkedIn Influencers program, which features global
thought leaders
who share their professional insights with LinkedIn's members. As of May 2016, there are 750+ Influencers.
[
137
]
The program is invite-only and features leaders from a range of industries, including
Richard Branson
,
Narendra Modi
,
Arianna Huffington
,
Greg McKeown
,
Rahm Emanuel
,
Jamie Dimon
,
Martha Stewart
,
Deepak Chopra
,
Jack Welch
, and
Bill Gates
.
[
138
]
[
139
]
Job seekers and employers widely use LinkedIn. According to Jack Meyer, the site has become the "premier digital platform" for professionals to network online.
[
131
]
In Australia, which has approximately twelve million working professionals, ten million of them are on LinkedIn, according to Anastasia Santoreneos, suggesting that the probability was high that one's "future employer is probably on the site."
[
140
]
According to one estimate based on worldwide figures, 122 million users got
job interviews
via LinkedIn and 35 million were hired by a LinkedIn online connection.
[
141
]
LinkedIn also allows users to research companies, non-profit organizations, and governments they may be interested in working for. Typing the name of a company or organization in the search box causes pop-up data about the company or organization to appear. Such data may include the ratio of female to male employees, the percentage of the most common titles/positions held within the company, the location of the company's headquarters and offices, and a list of present and former employees. In July 2011, LinkedIn launched a new feature allowing companies to include an "Apply with LinkedIn" button on job listing pages.
[
142
]
The new plugin allowed potential employees to apply for positions using their LinkedIn profiles as resumes.
[
142
]
LinkedIn can help small businesses connect with customers.
[
143
]
In the site's parlance, two users have a "first-degree connection" when one accepts an invitation from another.
[
141
]
People connected to each of them are "second-degree connections" and persons connected to the second-degree connections are "third-degree connections."
[
141
]
This forms a user's internal LinkedIn network, making the user's profile more likely to appear in searches.
LinkedIn's Profinder is a marketplace where freelancers can (for a monthly subscription fee) bid for project proposals submitted by individuals and small businesses.
[
144
]
In 2017, it had around 60,000 freelancers in more than 140 service areas, such as headshot photography, bookkeeping or tax filing.
[
144
]
The premise for connecting with someone has shifted significantly in recent years. Before the 2017 new interface was launched, LinkedIn encouraged connections between people who'd already worked, studied, done business, or the like. Since 2017, that step has been removed from the connection request process - and users are allowed to connect with up to 30,000 people.
[
145
]
This change means LinkedIn is a more proactive networking site for job applicants trying to secure a career move or for salespeople wanting to generate new client leads.
[
127
]
LinkedIn Top Companies
is a series of lists published by LinkedIn, identifying companies in the United States, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, Spain, and the United Kingdom that are attracting the most intense interest from job candidates. The 2019 lists identified
Google
's parent company,
Alphabet
, as the most sought-after U.S. company, with
Facebook
ranked second and
Amazon
ranked third.
[
146
]
The lists are based on more than one billion actions by LinkedIn members worldwide. The Top Companies lists were started in 2016 and are published annually. The 2021 top list identified
Amazon
as the top company, with
Alphabet
ranked second and
JPMorgan & Chase Co.
ranked third.
[
147
]
Top Voices and other rankings
[
edit
]
Since 2015, LinkedIn has published annual rankings of Top Voices on the platform, recognizing "members that generated the most engagement and interaction with their posts."
[
148
]
The 2020 lists
[
149
]
included 14 industry categories, ranging from data science to sports, as well as 14 country lists, extending from Australia to Italy.
LinkedIn also publishes data-driven annual rankings of the Top Startups in more than a dozen countries, based on "employment growth, job interest from potential candidates, engagement, and attraction of top talent."
[
150
]
[
151
]
Advertising and for-pay research
[
edit
]
In 2008, LinkedIn launched LinkedIn DirectAds as a form of sponsored advertising.
[
152
]
In October 2008, LinkedIn revealed plans to open its social network of 30 million professionals globally as a potential sample for business-to-business research. It is testing a potential social network revenue model – research that, to some, appears more promising than advertising.
[
153
]
On July 23, 2013, LinkedIn announced its Sponsored Updates ad service. Individuals and companies can now pay a fee to have LinkedIn sponsor their content and spread it to their user base. This is a common way for social media sites such as LinkedIn to generate revenue.
[
154
]
LinkedIn launched its carousel ads feature in 2018, making it the newest addition to the platform's advertising options. With carousel ads, businesses can showcase their products or services through a series of swipeable cards, each with its unique image, headline, and description. They can be used for various marketing objectives, such as promoting a new product launch, driving website traffic, generating leads, or building brand awareness.
On July 22, 2022, LinkedIn announced the creation of Business Manager.
[
155
]
The new Business Manager is a centralized platform designed to make it easier for large companies and agencies to manage people, ad accounts, and business pages.
[
156
]
Publishing platform
[
edit
]
In 2015, LinkedIn added an analytics tool to its publishing platform. The tool allows authors to better track the traffic that their posts receive. In relation to this functionality, LinkedIn has gained more users over the years in the interest of clearly monitoring users' posts through post-performance analytics
[
157
]
Inspired by Facebook's "
social graph
", LinkedIn CEO Jeff Weiner set a goal in 2012 to create an "economic graph" within a decade.
[
158
]
The goal was to create a comprehensive digital map of the world economy and the connections within it.
[
159
]
The economic graph was to be built on the company's current platform with data nodes including companies, jobs, skills, volunteer opportunities, educational institutions, and content.
[
160
]
[
161
]
The project's vision was to include all the job listings in the world, all the skills required to get those jobs, all the professionals who could fill them, and all the companies (nonprofit and for-profit) at which they work. The ultimate goal is to make the world economy and job market more efficient through increased transparency.
[
158
]
In June 2014, the company announced its "Galene" search architecture to give users access to the economic graph's data with more thorough filtering of data, via user searches like "Engineers with Hadoop experience in Brazil."
[
162
]
[
163
]
LinkedIn has published blog posts using economic graph data to research several topics on the job market, including popular destination cities of recent college graduates,
[
164
]
areas with high concentrations of technology skills,
[
165
]
and common career transitions.
[
166
]
LinkedIn provided the City of New York with data from economic graph showing "in-demand" tech skills for the city's "Tech Talent Pipeline" project.
[
167
]
LinkedIn has been described by online trade publication
TechRepublic
as having "become the de facto tool for professional networking".
[
168
]
LinkedIn has also been praised for its usefulness in fostering business relationships.
[
169
]
"LinkedIn is, far and away, the most advantageous social networking tool available to job seekers and business professionals today", according to
Forbes
.
[
170
]
LinkedIn has inspired the creation of specialised professional networking opportunities, such as co-founder Eddie Lou's Chicago startup,
Shiftgig
(released in 2012 as a platform for hourly workers).
[
171
]
Criticism and controversies
[
edit
]
Controversial design choices
[
edit
]
Endorsement feature
[
edit
]
The feature that allows LinkedIn members to "endorse" each other's skills and experience has been criticized as meaningless, since the endorsements are not necessarily accurate or given by people who have familiarity with the member's skills.
[
172
]
In October 2016, LinkedIn acknowledged that it "really does matter who endorsed you" and began highlighting endorsements from "coworkers and other mutual connections" to address the criticism.
[
173
]
Use of e-mail accounts of members for spam sending
[
edit
]
LinkedIn sends "invite emails" to Outlook contacts from its members' email accounts, without obtaining their consent. The "invitations" give the impression that the e-mail holder themself has sent the invitation. If there is no response, the answer will be repeated several times ("You have not yet answered XY's invitation.") LinkedIn was sued in the United States on charges of hijacking e-mail accounts and spamming. The company argued with the right to freedom of expression. In addition, the users concerned would be supported in building a network.
[
174
]
[
175
]
[
176
]
The sign-up process includes users entering their email password (there is an opt-out feature). LinkedIn will then offer to send out contact invitations to all members in that address book or that the user has had email conversations with. When the member's email address book is opened, it is opened with all email addresses selected, and the member is advised invitations will be sent to "selected" email addresses, or to all. LinkedIn was sued for sending out another two follow-up invitations to each contact from members to link to friends who had ignored the initial, authorized invitation.
In November 2014, LinkedIn lost a motion to dismiss the lawsuit, in a ruling that the invitations were advertisements not broadly protected by free speech rights that would otherwise permit use of people's names and images without authorization.
[
177
]
[
178
]
[
179
]
The lawsuit was eventually settled in 2015 in favor of LinkedIn members.
[
90
]
Moving emails to LinkedIn servers
[
edit
]
At the end of 2013 it was announced that the LinkedIn app intercepted users' emails and quietly moved them to LinkedIn servers for full access.
[
180
]
LinkedIn used man-in-the-middle attacks.
[
181
]
In June 2012,
cryptographic hashes
of approximately 6.4 million LinkedIn user passwords were stolen by
Yevgeniy Nikulin
and other hackers who then published the stolen hashes online.
[
182
]
This action is known as the
2012 LinkedIn hack
. In response to the incident, LinkedIn asked its users to change their passwords.
Security experts
criticized LinkedIn for not
salting
their password file and for using a single iteration of
SHA-1
.
[
183
]
On May 31, 2013, LinkedIn added
two-factor authentication
, an important
security
enhancement for preventing hackers from gaining access to accounts.
[
184
]
In May 2016, 117 million LinkedIn usernames and passwords were offered for sale online for the equivalent of $2,200 (≈$2,951 in 2025).
[
185
]
These account details are believed to be sourced from the original 2012 LinkedIn hack, in which the number of user IDs stolen had been underestimated. To handle the large volume of emails sent to its users every day with notifications for messages, profile views, important happenings in their network, and other things, LinkedIn uses the Momentum email platform from Message Systems.
[
186
]
A breach disclosed in April 2021 affected 500 million users.
[
187
]
[
188
]
A breach disclosed in June 2021 was thought to have affected 92% of users, exposing contact information, employment information. LinkedIn asserted that the data was aggregated via
web scraping
from LinkedIn as well as several other sites, and noted that "only information that people listed publicly in their profiles" was included.
[
189
]
[
190
]
Malicious behavior on LinkedIn
[
edit
]
In what is known as
Operation Socialist
, documents released by
Edward Snowden
in the
2013 global surveillance disclosures
revealed that British Government Communications Headquarters (
GCHQ
) (an intelligence and security organisation) infiltrated the Belgian telecommunications network
Belgacom
by luring employees to a false LinkedIn page.
[
191
]
In 2014,
Dell SecureWorks
Counter Threat Unit (CTU) discovered that Threat Group-2889, an
Iran
-based group, created 25 fake LinkedIn accounts. The accounts were either fully developed personas or supporting personas. They use
spearphishing
and
malicious websites
against their victims.
[
192
]
[
independent source needed
]
According to reporting by
Le Figaro
, France's
General Directorate for Internal Security
and
Directorate-General for External Security
believe that Chinese spies have used LinkedIn to target thousands of business and government officials as potential sources of information.
[
193
]
In 2017, Germany's
Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution
(BfV) published information alleging that Chinese intelligence services had created fake social media profiles on sites such as LinkedIn, using them to gather information on German politicians and government officials.
[
194
]
[
195
]
In 2022, the company ranked first in a list of brands most likely to be imitated in phishing attempts.
[
196
]
In August 2023, several Linkedin users were targeted by hackers in hijacking and phishing bid. Users were locked out of their accounts and threatened with permanent account deletion if they did not pay a ransom.
[
197
]
False and misleading information
[
edit
]
LinkedIn has come under scrutiny for its handling of
misinformation
and
disinformation
.
[
198
]
The platform has struggled to deal with fake profiles and falsehoods about
COVID-19
and the
2020 US presidential election
.
[
199
]
[
200
]
[
201
]
The German
Stiftung Warentest
has criticized that the balance of rights between users and LinkedIn is disproportionate, restricting users' rights excessively while granting the company far-reaching rights.
[
202
]
It has also been claimed that LinkedIn does not respond to consumer protection center requests.
[
203
]
DEI and hate speech
[
edit
]
In January 2025 during the
second Trump administration
, LinkedIn quietly deleted its
Diversity, equity, and inclusion
(DEI) web page.
[
204
]
Later in July of that year, the company removed its protections against the
misgendering
and/or
deadnaming
of transgender users.
[
205
]
Without giving its users any prior notice, Linkedin has been removing accounts that do not follow its criteria since 2022.
[
206
]
[
207
]
Massive amounts of data from LinkedIn allow scientists and machine learning researchers to extract insights and build product features.
[
208
]
For example, this data can help to shape patterns of deception in resumes. Findings suggested that people commonly lie about their hobbies rather than their work experience on online resumes.
[
209
]
Labor market effects
[
edit
]
In 2010,
Social Science Computer Review
published research by economists Ralf Caers and Vanessa Castelyns who sent an online questionnaire to 398 and 353 LinkedIn and Facebook users respectively in
Belgium
and found that both sites had become tools for recruiting job applicants for professional occupations as well as additional information about applicants, and that it was being used by recruiters to decide which applicants would receive interviews.
[
210
]
In May 2017,
Research Policy
published an analysis of PhD holders use of LinkedIn and found that PhD holders who move into industry were more likely to have LinkedIn accounts and to have larger networks of LinkedIn connections, were more likely to use LinkedIn if they had co-authors abroad, and to have wider networks if they moved abroad after obtaining their PhD.
[
211
]
Also in 2017, sociologist Ofer Sharone conducted interviews with unemployed workers to research the effects of LinkedIn and Facebook as labor market intermediaries. Sharone found that social networking services (SNS) have had a filtration effect that has little to do with evaluations of merit. Specifically, Sharone argued that 1) how job seekers' profile pictures appear to the gaze of hiring parties; 2) whether seekers are able to construct personal narratives to fit how profiles are screened; and 3) how the limited visibility of singular resumes can be disadvantageous for workers interested in multiple fields are causing a filtering effect. Consequently, this SNS filtration effect has exerted new pressures on workers to manage their careers to conform to the logic of the SNS filtration effect.
[
212
]
In October 2018,
Foster School of Business
professors Melissa Rhee, Elina Hwang, and Yong Tan performed an empirical analysis of whether the common professional networking tactic by job seekers of creating LinkedIn connections with professionals who work at a target company or in a target field is actually instrumental in obtaining referrals and found instead that job seekers were less likely to be referred by employees who were employed by the target company or in the target field due to job similarity and self-protection from competition. Rhee, Hwang, and Tan further found that referring employees in higher hierarchical positions than the job candidates were more likely to provide referrals
[
clarification needed
]
and that gender
homophily
did not reduce the competition self-protection effect.
[
213
]
In July 2019, sociologists Steve McDonald, Amanda K. Damarin, Jenelle Lawhorne, and Annika Wilcox performed qualitative interviews with 61
human resources
recruiters in two metropolitan areas in the
Southern United States
and found that recruiters filling low- and general-skilled positions typically posted advertisements on online job boards while recruiters filling high-skilled or supervisor positions targeted passive candidates on LinkedIn (i.e. employed workers not actively seeking work but possibly willing to change positions), and concluded that this is resulting in a bifurcated
winner-takes-all
job market with recruiters focusing their efforts on poaching already employed high-skilled workers while active job seekers are relegated to hyper-competitive online job boards.
[
214
]
In December 2001, the
ACM SIGGROUP Bulletin
published a study on the use of mobile phones by
blue-collar workers
that noted that research about tools for blue-collar workers to find work in the
digital age
was strangely absent and expressed concern that the absence of such research could lead to technology design choices that would concentrate greater power in the hands of managers rather than workers.
[
215
]
[
216
]
In a September 2019
working paper
, economists Laurel Wheeler, Robert Garlick, and
RTI International
scholars Eric Johnson, Patrick Shaw, and Marissa Gargano ran a randomized evaluation of training job seekers in
South Africa
to use LinkedIn as part of job readiness programs. The evaluation found that the training increased the job seekers employment by approximately 10 percent by reducing
information frictions
between job seekers and prospective employers, that the training had this effect for approximately 12 months, and that while the training may also have facilitated referrals, it did not reduce job search costs and the jobs for the
treatment and control groups
in the evaluation had equal probabilities of retention, promotion, and obtaining a permanent contract.
[
217
]
In 2020,
Applied Economics
published research by economists Steffen Brenner, Sezen Aksin Sivrikaya, and Joachim Schwalbach using LinkedIn demonstrating that high status individuals
self-select
into professional networking services rather than workers unsatisfied with their career status adversely selecting into the services to receive networking benefits.
[
218
]
International restrictions
[
edit
]
In February 2011, it was reported that LinkedIn was being
blocked in China
after calls for a "
Jasmine Revolution
". It was speculated to have been blocked because it is an easy way for dissidents to access
Twitter
, which had been
blocked
previously.
[
219
]
After a day of being blocked, LinkedIn access was restored in China.
[
220
]
In February 2014, LinkedIn launched its Simplified Chinese language version named "
领
英
" (
pinyin
:
Lǐngyīng
;
lit.
'leading elite'), officially extending their service in China.
[
221
]
[
222
]
LinkedIn CEO Jeff Weiner acknowledged in a blog post that they would have to censor some of the content that users post on its website in order to comply with Chinese rules, but he also said the benefits of providing its online service to people in China outweighed those concerns.
[
221
]
[
223
]
Since Autumn 2017 job postings from western countries for China aren't possible anymore.
[
224
]
In 2016, a Moscow court ruled that LinkedIn must be blocked in Russia for violating a
data retention
law which requires the user data of Russian citizens to be stored on servers within the country. The relevant law had been in force there since 2014.
[
225
]
[
226
]
This ban was upheld on November 10, 2016, and all Russian ISPs began blocking LinkedIn thereafter. LinkedIn's mobile app was also banned from
Google Play Store
and
iOS App Store
in Russia in January 2017.
[
227
]
[
228
]
In July 2021 it was also blocked in
Kazakhstan
.
[
229
]
In October 2021, after reports of several academicians and reporters who received notifications regarding their profiles will be blocked in China, Microsoft confirmed that LinkedIn will be shutting down in China and replaced with InJobs, a China exclusive app, citing difficulties in operating environments and increasing compliance requirements.
[
230
]
In May 2023, LinkedIn announced that it would be phasing out the app by 9 August 2023.
[
231
]
Open-source contributions
[
edit
]
Since 2010, LinkedIn has contributed several internal technologies, tools, and software products to the
open source
domain.
[
232
]
Notable among these projects is
Apache Kafka
, which was built and open sourced at LinkedIn in 2011.
[
233
]
Business network
Employment website
List of social networking services
Reputation systems
Social network
Social software
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{{
cite press release
}}
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. |
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn)
- [1 Company overview](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Company_overview)
- [2 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#History)
Toggle History subsection
- [2\.1 Founding from 2002 to 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Founding_from_2002_to_2011)
- [2\.2 2011 to present](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#2011_to_present)
- [2\.3 Acquisitions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Acquisitions)
- [2\.4 Perkins lawsuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Perkins_lawsuit)
- [2\.5 *hiQ Labs v. LinkedIn*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#hiQ_Labs_v._LinkedIn)
- [3 Membership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Membership)
- [4 Platform and features](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Platform_and_features)
Toggle Platform and features subsection
- [4\.1 User profile network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#User_profile_network)
- [4\.1.1 Basic functionality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Basic_functionality)
- [4\.2 Applications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Applications)
- [4\.2.1 External, third party applications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#External,_third_party_applications)
- [4\.2.2 Embedded in profile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Embedded_in_profile)
- [4\.3 Mobile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Mobile)
- [4\.4 Groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Groups)
- [4\.5 Knowledge graph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Knowledge_graph)
- [4\.6 Discontinued features](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Discontinued_features)
- [5 Usage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Usage)
Toggle Usage subsection
- [5\.1 Personal branding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Personal_branding)
- [5\.2 Job seeking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Job_seeking)
- [5\.3 Top Companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Top_Companies)
- [5\.4 Top Voices and other rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Top_Voices_and_other_rankings)
- [5\.5 Advertising and for-pay research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Advertising_and_for-pay_research)
- [5\.6 Business Manager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Business_Manager)
- [5\.7 Publishing platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Publishing_platform)
- [6 Economic graph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Economic_graph)
- [7 Role in networking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Role_in_networking)
- [8 Criticism and controversies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Criticism_and_controversies)
Toggle Criticism and controversies subsection
- [8\.1 Controversial design choices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Controversial_design_choices)
- [8\.1.1 Endorsement feature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Endorsement_feature)
- [8\.1.2 Use of e-mail accounts of members for spam sending](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Use_of_e-mail_accounts_of_members_for_spam_sending)
- [8\.1.3 Moving emails to LinkedIn servers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Moving_emails_to_LinkedIn_servers)
- [8\.2 Security incidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Security_incidents)
- [8\.2.1 2012 hack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#2012_hack)
- [8\.2.2 2021 breaches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#2021_breaches)
- [8\.3 Malicious behavior on LinkedIn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Malicious_behavior_on_LinkedIn)
- [8\.3.1 Phishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Phishing)
- [8\.3.2 False and misleading information](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#False_and_misleading_information)
- [8\.4 Policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Policies)
- [8\.4.1 Privacy policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Privacy_policy)
- [8\.4.2 DEI and hate speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#DEI_and_hate_speech)
- [8\.4.3 Account banning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Account_banning)
- [9 Academic research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Academic_research)
Toggle Academic research subsection
- [9\.1 Labor market effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Labor_market_effects)
- [10 International restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#International_restrictions)
- [11 Open-source contributions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#Open-source_contributions)
- [12 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#See_also)
- [13 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#References)
- [14 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#External_links)
Toggle the table of contents
# LinkedIn
83 languages
- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Afrikaans")
- [Aragonés](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Aragonese")
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%AF_%D8%A5%D9%86 "لينكد إن – Arabic")
- [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%AF_%D8%A5%D9%86 "لينكد إن – Egyptian Arabic")
- [অসমীয়া](https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8 "লিংকডইন – Assamese")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Azerbaijani")
- [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkedin "Linkedin – Balinese")
- [Boarisch](https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Bavarian")
- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Belarusian")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Bulgarian")
- [भोजपुरी](https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8 "लिंक्डइन – Bhojpuri")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8 "লিংকডইন – Bangla")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Bosnian")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Catalan")
- [Cebuano](https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Cebuano")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%AF%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86 "لینکدئین – Central Kurdish")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Czech")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – German")
- [डोटेली](https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8 "लिंक्डइन – Doteli")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Greek")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Esperanto")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86 "لینکدین – Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Finnish")
- [Føroyskt](https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Faroese")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – French")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Irish")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Galician")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Hebrew")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8 "लिंक्डइन – Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Croatian")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Hungarian")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%A4%D4%BB%D5%B6 "ԼինքդԻն – Armenian")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Indonesian")
- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Italian")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Japanese")
- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Kazakh")
- [ភាសាខ្មែរ](https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Khmer")
- [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D "ಲಿಂಕ್ಡ್ಇನ್ – Kannada")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%81%ED%81%AC%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%B8 "링크드인 – Korean")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Lithuanian")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Latvian")
- [मैथिली](https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8 "लिङ्क्डइन – Maithili")
- [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BB "ലിങ്ക്ഡ്ഇൻ – Malayalam")
- [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8 "लिंक्डइन – Marathi")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Malay")
- [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA "လင့်ခ်ဒ်အင်န် – Burmese")
- [नेपाली](https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8 "लिङ्क्डइन – Nepali")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Dutch")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8 "ਲਿੰਕਡਇਨ – Punjabi")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Portuguese")
- [Runa Simi](https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Quechua")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Romanian")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Russian")
- [Саха тыла](https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Yakut")
- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Scots")
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Serbo-Croatian")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Simple English")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Slovak")
- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Slovenian")
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Albanian")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Serbian")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkedin "Linkedin – Swedish")
- [ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ](https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%9F%EA%A0%A4%EA%A0%8B%EA%A0%87%EA%A0%92%EA%A0%86%EA%A0%81%EA%A0%98 "ꠟꠤꠋꠇꠒ꠆ꠁꠘ – Sylheti")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D "லிங்டின் – Tamil")
- [తెలుగు](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D "లింక్డ్ఇన్ – Telugu")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99 "ลิงกต์อิน – Thai")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Tagalog")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Turkish")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Ukrainian")
- [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%DA%A9%DA%88_%D8%A7%D9%86 "لنکڈ ان – Urdu")
- [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Uzbek")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn – Vietnamese")
- [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E8%8B%B1 "领英 – Wu")
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkedin "Linkedin – Cantonese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E8%8B%B1 "領英 – Chinese")
[Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q213660#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links")
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English
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Professional network website
| | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LinkedIn_2021.svg)Logo used since September 2021 | |
| Type of business | [Subsidiary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary "Subsidiary") |
| Type of site | [Professional network service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_network_service "Professional network service") [Social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media "Social media") |
| Available in | 36 languages[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-About-1) |
| List of languages Arabic, Bengali, Chinese (simplified), Chinese (traditional), Czech, Danish, Dutch, English (UK), English (US), Farsi, French, Finnish, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Marathi, Malay, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Tagalog, Telugu, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese | |
| Founded | December 10, 2002; 23 years ago (2002-12-10) [Mountain View, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California "Mountain View, California"), U.S. |
| Headquarters | [Sunnyvale, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California "Sunnyvale, California"), U.S. |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| [Founders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_founder "Organizational founder") | [Reid Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Hoffman "Reid Hoffman") [Eric Ly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ly "Eric Ly") |
| Key people | [Jeff Weiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Weiner "Jeff Weiner") (Executive Chairman) [Ryan Roslansky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Roslansky "Ryan Roslansky") (CEO) |
| Industry | Internet |
| [Revenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue "Revenue") |  [US\$](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar")17\.8 billion (2025)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-2) |
| Employees | 18,500 (2024)[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-About-1) |
| [Parent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company "Holding company") | [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") (2016–present) |
| [Subsidiaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary "Subsidiary") | [LinkedIn Learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn_Learning "LinkedIn Learning") [Connectifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectifier "Connectifier") [Drawbridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawbridge_\(company\) "Drawbridge (company)") Glint |
| URL | [linkedin.com](https://linkedin.com/) |
| [IPv6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6 "IPv6") support | Yes |
| [Advertising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising "Online advertising") | [AdSense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdSense "AdSense") |
| Registration | Required |
| [Users](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_user "Registered user") | 310 million [MAU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_active_users "Monthly active users") (February 2023)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-3)\[*[unreliable source?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources "Wikipedia:Reliable sources")*\] |
| Launched | May 5, 2003; 22 years ago (2003-05-05) |
| Current status | Active |
**LinkedIn** ([/lɪŋktˈɪn/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English "Help:IPA/English")) is an [American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") business and [employment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment "Employment")\-oriented [social networking service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking_service "Social networking service") used globally. The platform is primarily used for [professional networking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_networking "Business networking") and [career development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_development "Career development"), as it allows jobseekers to post their [CVs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_vitae "Curriculum vitae") and employers to post their job listings. As of 2026, LinkedIn has more than 1.2 billion registered members from over 200 countries and territories.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-4) It was launched on May 5, 2003, by [Reid Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Hoffman "Reid Hoffman") and [Eric Ly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ly "Eric Ly"),[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-about-5) receiving [financing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funding "Funding") from numerous [venture capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital "Venture capital") firms, including [Sequoia Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Capital "Sequoia Capital"), in the years following its inception. Users can invite other people to become connections on the platform, regardless of whether the invitees are already members of LinkedIn. LinkedIn can also be used to organize offline events, create and join groups, write articles, and post photos and videos.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-Help.linkedin.com-6)
In 2007, there were 10 million users on the platform, which urged LinkedIn to open offices around the world, including [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India"), [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") and [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland "Ireland"). In October 2010 LinkedIn was ranked No. 10 on the [Silicon Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley "Silicon Valley") Insider's Top 100 List of most valuable [startups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startup_company "Startup company"). From 2015, most of the company's [revenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue "Revenue") came from [selling access to information about its members](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_broker "Data broker") to recruiters and sales professionals; LinkedIn also introduced their own [ad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising "Advertising") portal named LinkedIn Ads to let companies advertise in their platform.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-7) In December 2016, [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") purchased LinkedIn for \$26.2 billion, being their largest [acquisition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions "Mergers and acquisitions") at the time.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-8) 94% of [business-to-business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business-to-business "Business-to-business") marketers since 2017 use LinkedIn to distribute their content.
LinkedIn has been subject to [criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism "Criticism") over its [design choices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_design "Web design"), such as its endorsement feature and its use of members' [e-mail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email "Email") accounts to send [spam mail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_spam "Email spam"). Due to LinkedIn's poor [security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security "Computer security") practices, several incidents have occurred with the website, [including in 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_LinkedIn_hack "2012 LinkedIn hack"), when the [cryptographic hashes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hashes "Cryptographic hashes") of approximately 6.4 million users were stolen and published online; and in 2016, when 117 million LinkedIn usernames and passwords (likely sourced from the 2012 hack) were offered for sale. The platform has also been criticised for its poor handling of [misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation "Misinformation") and [disinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation "Disinformation"), particularly pertaining to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") and to the [2020 US presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_US_presidential_election "2020 US presidential election"). Various countries have placed [bans or restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship "Internet censorship") on LinkedIn: it was banned in [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia "Russia") in 2016, [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan") in 2021, and [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") in 2023.
## Company overview
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: Company overview")\]
Founded in [Mountain View, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California "Mountain View, California"), LinkedIn is currently headquartered in [Mountain View](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California "Mountain View, California"), with 36 global offices as of February 11, 2024.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-9)[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-About-1) In February 2024, the company had around 18,500 [employees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment "Employment").[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-10)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-about-5)
LinkedIn's current CEO is [Ryan Roslansky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Roslansky "Ryan Roslansky"). [Jeff Weiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Weiner "Jeff Weiner"), previously CEO of LinkedIn, is now serving as the Executive Chairman. [Reid Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Hoffman "Reid Hoffman"), founder of LinkedIn, is chairman of the board.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-hempel2013-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-12) It was funded by [Sequoia Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Capital "Sequoia Capital"), [Greylock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greylock_Partners "Greylock Partners"), [Bain Capital Ventures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bain_Capital_Ventures "Bain Capital Ventures"),[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-13) [Bessemer Venture Partners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessemer_Venture_Partners "Bessemer Venture Partners") and the European Founders Fund.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-14) LinkedIn reached profitability in March 2006.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-15) Since January 2011, the company had received a total of \$103 million (about \$141 million in 2024) of [investment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment "Investment").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-IPO_rumour_Jan_2011-16) LinkedIn filed for an [initial public offering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") in January 2011 and traded its first shares in May, under the [NYSE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange "New York Stock Exchange") [symbol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker_symbol "Ticker symbol") "LNKD".[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-17)
## History
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: History")\]
### Founding from 2002 to 2011
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Founding from 2002 to 2011")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LinkedIn_Headquarters_Mountain_View.jpg)
Former LinkedIn headquarters on Stierlin Court in [Mountain View, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California "Mountain View, California")
The company was founded in December 2002 by [Reid Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Hoffman "Reid Hoffman") and the founding team members from [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal") and Socialnet.com (Allen Blue, [Eric Ly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ly "Eric Ly"), Jean-Luc Vaillant, Lee Hower, Konstantin Guericke, Stephen Beitzel, David Eves, Ian McNish, Yan Pujante, Chris Saccheri).[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-18) In late 2003, [Sequoia Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Capital "Sequoia Capital") led the [Series A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_A_round "Series A round") investment in the company.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-19) In August 2004, LinkedIn reached 1 million users.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-Byers2013-20) In March 2006, LinkedIn achieved its first month of profitability.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-Byers2013-20) In April 2007, LinkedIn reached 10 million users.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-Byers2013-20) In February 2008, LinkedIn launched a mobile version of the site.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-MyUser_Https:_September_11_2016c-21)
In June 2008, [Sequoia Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Capital "Sequoia Capital"), [Greylock Partners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greylock_Partners "Greylock Partners"), and other [venture capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital "Venture capital") firms purchased a 5% [stake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_\(finance\) "Equity (finance)") in the company for \$53 million, giving the company a [post-money valuation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-money_valuation "Post-money valuation") of approximately \$1 billion.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-22) In November 2009, LinkedIn opened its office in [Mumbai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai")[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-23) and soon thereafter in Sydney, as it started its Asia-Pacific team expansion. In 2010, LinkedIn opened an International Headquarters in Dublin, [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Information_and_communications_technology "Economy of the Republic of Ireland"),[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-24) received a \$20 million investment from [Tiger Global Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Global_Management "Tiger Global Management") LLC at a valuation of approximately \$2 billion,[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-25) announced its first acquisition, Mspoke,[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-26) and improved its 1% [premium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium_\(marketing\) "Premium (marketing)") subscription ratio.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-27) In October of that year, Silicon Valley Insider ranked the company No. 10 on its Top 100 List of most valuable startups.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-28) By December, the company was valued at \$1.575 billion in private markets.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-29) LinkedIn started its India operations in 2009 and a major part of the first year was dedicated to understanding professionals in India and educating members to leverage LinkedIn for career development.
### 2011 to present
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: 2011 to present")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:222secondStreet.jpg)
LinkedIn office building at [222 Second Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/222_Second_Street "222 Second Street") in San Francisco (opened in March 2016)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LinkedInOfficeToronto2.jpg)
LinkedIn office in Toronto inside the [Toronto Eaton Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Eaton_Centre "Toronto Eaton Centre")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LinkedIn_Headquarters_Sunnyvale.jpg)
LinkedIn headquarters in [Sunnyvale, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California "Sunnyvale, California")
LinkedIn filed for an [initial public offering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") in January 2011. The company traded its first shares on May 19, 2011, under the [NYSE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange "New York Stock Exchange") symbol "LNKD", at \$45 (≈\$62.00 in 2024) per share.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-30) Shares of LinkedIn rose as much as 171% on their first day of trade on the New York Stock Exchange and closed at \$94.25, more than 109% above [IPO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") price. Shortly after the IPO, the site's underlying infrastructure was revised to allow accelerated revision-release cycles.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-hempel2013-11) In 2011, LinkedIn earned \$154.6 million in advertising revenue alone, surpassing [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter"), which earned \$139.5 million.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-31) LinkedIn's fourth-[quarter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterly_finance_report "Quarterly finance report") 2011, earnings soared because of the company's increase in success in the social media world.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-32) By this point, LinkedIn had about 2,100 full-time employees compared to the 500 that it had in 2010.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-33)
In April 2014, LinkedIn announced that it had leased [222 Second Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/222_Second_Street "222 Second Street"), a 26-story building under construction in [San Francisco's SoMa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_of_Market,_San_Francisco "South of Market, San Francisco") district, to accommodate up to 2,500 of its employees,[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-:0-34) with the lease covering 10 years.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-sfbusiness-35) The goal was to join all San Francisco-based staff (1,250 as of January 2016) in one building, bringing sales and [marketing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing "Marketing") employees together with the [research and development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_Development_Efficiency_Act "Research and Development Efficiency Act") team.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-sfbusiness-35) In March 2016 they started to move in.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-sfbusiness-35) In February 2016 following an earnings report, LinkedIn's shares dropped 43.6% within a single day, down to \$108.38 per share. LinkedIn lost \$10 billion of its [market capitalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization "Market capitalization") that day.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-37)
In 2016, access to LinkedIn was blocked by [Russian authorities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_authorities "Russian authorities") for non-compliance with the 2015 national legislation that requires social media networks to store citizens' personal data on servers located in Russia.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-38)
In June 2016, [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") announced that it would acquire LinkedIn for \$196 a share, a total value of \$26.2 billion. It was the largest [acquisition made by Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Microsoft "List of mergers and acquisitions by Microsoft"), until the [acquisition of Activision Blizzard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_Activision_Blizzard_by_Microsoft "Acquisition of Activision Blizzard by Microsoft") in 2022. The acquisition would be an all-cash, debt-financed transaction. Microsoft would allow LinkedIn to "retain its distinct brand, culture and independence", with Weiner to remain as CEO, who would then report to Microsoft CEO [Satya Nadella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya_Nadella "Satya Nadella"). Analysts believed Microsoft saw the opportunity to integrate LinkedIn with its [Office product suite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office "Microsoft Office") to help better integrate the professional network system with its [products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_\(business\) "Product (business)"). The deal was completed on December 8, 2016.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-wsj_ms-39)
In late 2016, LinkedIn announced a planned increase of 200 new positions in its [Dublin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin "Dublin") office, which would bring the total employee count to 1,200.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-40) Since 2017 94% of B2B marketers use LinkedIn to distribute content.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-41)
Soon after LinkedIn's acquisition by Microsoft, LinkedIn's new desktop version was introduced.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-LinkedIn_Corporate_Communications_Team-42) The new version was meant to make the user experience similar across mobile and desktop. Some changes were made according to the feedback received from the previously launched mobile app. Features that were not heavily used were removed. For example, the contact tagging and filtering features are not supported anymore.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-43)
Following the launch of the new [user interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface "User interface") (UI), some users complained about the missing features which were there in the older version, slowness, and bugs in it. The issues were faced by free and premium users and with both the desktop and mobile versions of the site.
In 2019, LinkedIn launched globally the feature Open for Business that enables freelancers to be discovered on the platform.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-44)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-45) LinkedIn Events was launched in the same year.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-46)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-47)
In June 2020, Jeff Weiner stepped down as CEO and become executive chairman after 11 years in the role. Ryan Roslansky stepped up as CEO from his previous position as the senior vice president of product.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-48) In late July 2020, LinkedIn announced it [laid off](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layoff "Layoff") 960 employees, about 6 percent of the total workforce, from the talent acquisition and global sales teams. In an email to all employees, CEO [Ryan Roslansky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Roslansky "Ryan Roslansky") said the cuts were due to effects of the global [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-49) In April 2021, CyberNews claimed that 500 million LinkedIn's accounts have leaked online.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-50) However, LinkedIn stated that "We have investigated an alleged set of LinkedIn data that has been posted for sale and have determined that it is actually an aggregation of data from a number of websites and companies".[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-51)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-52)
In June 2021, PrivacySharks claimed that more than 700 million LinkedIn records were on sale on a hacker forum.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-53)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-54) LinkedIn later stated that this is not a breach, but scraped data which is also a violation of their Terms of Service.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-55)
In Sep 2021, LinkedIn blocks U.S. journalists' profiles in China. Includes but is not limited to Bethany Allen-Ebrahimian, Melissa Chan, Greg Bruno, [Jojje Olsson](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jojje_Olsson&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jojje Olsson (page does not exist)"), J Michael Cole.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-56)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-57)
Microsoft ended LinkedIn operations in China in October 2021.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-58)
In 2022, LinkedIn earned \$13.8 billion in revenue, compared to \$10.3 billion in 2021.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-59)
In May 2023, LinkedIn cut 716 positions from its 20,000 workforce. The move, according to a letter from the company's CEO Ryan Roslansky, was made to streamline the business's operations. Roslansky further stated that this decision would result in the creation of 250 job opportunities. Additionally, LinkedIn also announced the discontinuance of its China local job apps.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-60)
In June 2024, Axios reported LinkedIn was testing a new [AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI "AI") assistant for its paid Premium users.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-61)
In September 2024, LinkedIn suspended its use of UK user data for AI model training after concerns were raised by the [Information Commissioner's Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Office "Information Commissioner's Office") (ICO). The platform had quietly opted in users globally for data use in AI training. However, following ICO feedback, LinkedIn paused this practice for UK users. A company spokesperson stated that LinkedIn has always allowed users to control how their data is used and has now provided UK users with an opt-out option.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-62)
In November 2024, Linkedin challenged [Australian legislation which sought to ban under-16's from social media platforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Safety_Amendment "Online Safety Amendment") on the grounds that it does 'not have content interesting and appealing to minors.'[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-63)
In October 2025, the LinkedIn Learning Career Hub was launched.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-64)
### Acquisitions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: Acquisitions")\]
In July 2012, LinkedIn acquired 15 key [Digg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digg "Digg") patents for \$4 million including a "[click a button to vote up a story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_button "Like button")" patent.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-65)
| Number | Acquisition date | Company | Business | Country | Price | Description | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | August 4, 2010 | mspoke | Adaptive personalization of content |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \$0.6 million[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-SEC_S/1_Filing-66) | LinkedIn Recommendations | [\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-67) |
| 2 | September 23, 2010 | ChoiceVendor | Social B2B Reviews |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \$3.9 million[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-68) | Rate and review B2B service providers | [\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-69) |
| 3 | January 26, 2011 | CardMunch | Social Contacts |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \$1.7 million[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-SEC_S/1_Filing-66) | Scan and import business cards | [\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-70) |
| 4 | October 5, 2011 | Connected | Social CRM |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \- | LinkedIn Connected | [\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-71) |
| 5 | October 11, 2011 | IndexTank | Social search |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \- | LinkedIn Search | [\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-72) |
| 6 | February 22, 2012 | Rapportive | Social Contacts |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \$15 million[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-73) | \- | [\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-74) |
| 7 | 2012 | [ESAYA Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ESAYA_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1 "ESAYA Inc. (page does not exist)") | Social Content |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \- | TrueSwitch - Migrate Your Email, Contacts & Calendar data Between Provider's Account | [\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-75) |
| 8 | May 3, 2012 | [SlideShare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SlideShare "SlideShare") | Social Content |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \$119 million | Give LinkedIn members a way to discover people through content | [\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-76) |
| 9 | April 11, 2013 | [Pulse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_\(Application\) "Pulse (Application)") | Web / Mobile newsreader |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \$90 million | Definitive professional publishing platform | [\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-77) |
| 10 | February 6, 2014 | [Bright.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright.com "Bright.com") | Job Matching |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \$120 million | | [\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-78) |
| 11 | July 14, 2014 | Newsle | Web application |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \- | Allows users to follow real news about their Facebook friends, LinkedIn contacts, and public figures. | [\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-79) |
| 11 | July 22, 2014 | Bizo | Web application |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \$175 million | Helps advertisers reach businesses and professionals | [\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-80) |
| 12 | March 16, 2015 | Careerify | Web application |  [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") | \- | Helps businesses hire people using social media | [\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-81) |
| 13 | April 2, 2015 | Refresh.io | Web application |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \- | Surfaces insights about people in your networks right before you meet them | [\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-82) |
| 14 | April 9, 2015 | [Lynda.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynda.com "Lynda.com") | eLearning |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \$1.5 billion | Lets users learn business, technology, software, and creative skills through videos | [\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-83) |
| 15 | August 28, 2015 | Fliptop | Predictive Sales and Marketing Firm |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \- | Using data science to help companies close more sales | [\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-84) |
| 16 | February 4, 2016 | [Connectifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectifier "Connectifier") | Web application |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \- | Helps companies with their recruiting | [\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-85) |
| 17 | July 26, 2016 | PointDrive | Web application |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \- | Lets salespeople share visual content with prospective clients to help seal the deal | [\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-86) |
| 18 | September 16, 2018 | Glint Inc. | Web application |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \- | Employee engagement platform. | [\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-87) |
| 19 | May 28, 2019 | Drawbridge | Marketing Solutions |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | | | [\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-88) |
### Perkins lawsuit
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Perkins lawsuit")\]
In 2013, a [class action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action "Class action") lawsuit entitled *Perkins vs. LinkedIn Corp* was filed against the company, accusing it of automatically sending invitations to contacts in a member's email address book without permission. The court agreed with LinkedIn that permission had in fact been given for invitations to be sent, but not for the two further reminder emails.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-89) LinkedIn [settled](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_\(litigation\) "Settlement (litigation)") the lawsuit in 2015 for \$13 million (≈\$16.8 million in 2024).[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-auto-90) Many members should have received a notice in their email with the subject line "Legal Notice of Settlement of Class Action". The Case No. is 13-CV-04303-LHK.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-91)
### *hiQ Labs v. LinkedIn*
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: hiQ Labs v. LinkedIn")\]
Main article: [hiQ Labs v. LinkedIn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiQ_Labs_v._LinkedIn "HiQ Labs v. LinkedIn")
In May 2017, LinkedIn sent a Cease-And-Desist letter to hiQ Labs, a Silicon Valley startup that collects data from public profiles and provides analysis of this data to its customers. The letter demanded that hiQ immediately cease "scraping" data from LinkedIn's servers, claiming violations of the CFAA (Computer Fraud and Abuse Act) and the DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act). In response hiQ sued LinkedIn in the Northern District of California in [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"), asking the court to prohibit LinkedIn from blocking its access to public profiles while the court considered the merits of its request. The court served a preliminary injunction against LinkedIn, which was then forced to allow hiQ to continue to collect public data. LinkedIn appealed this ruling; in September 2019, the appeals court rejected LinkedIn's arguments and the preliminary injunction was upheld. The dispute is ongoing.
## Membership
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Membership")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linkedin_Chocolates.jpg)
Social media websites may also use "traditional" marketing approaches, as seen in these LinkedIn-branded chocolates.
In 2015, LinkedIn had more than 400 million members in over 200 countries and territories,[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-hempel2013-11)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-in-92) which was significantly more than competitor [Viadeo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viadeo "Viadeo") (50 million as of 2013.)[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-thenextweb-93) In 2011, its membership grew by approximately two new members every second.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-TwoMembersASecond-94) In 2020, LinkedIn's membership grew to over 690 million LinkedIn members.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-about_linkedin-95) As of September 2021, LinkedIn had 774+ million registered members from over 200 countries and territories.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-about_linkedin-95) In November 2023, LinkedIn reached a member count of one billion.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-96)
## Platform and features
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Platform and features")\]
### User profile network
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: User profile network")\]
#### Basic functionality
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: Basic functionality")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LinkedIn_homepage.png)
LinkedIn homepage
The basic functionality of LinkedIn allows users to create profiles, which for employees typically consist of a [curriculum vitae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_vitae "Curriculum vitae") describing their work experience, education and training, skills, and a personal photo. Employers can list [jobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_\(role\) "Job (role)") and search for potential candidates. Users can find jobs, people and business opportunities recommended by someone in one's contact network. Users can save jobs that they would like to apply for. Users also have the ability to follow different companies.
The site also enables members to make "connections" to each other in an online social network which may represent real-world professional relationships. Members can invite anyone to become a connection. Users can obtain introductions to the connections of connections (termed *second-degree connections*) and connections of second-degree connections (termed *third-degree connections*).
A member's list of connections can be used in a number of ways. For example, users can search for second-degree connections who work at a company they are interested in, and then ask a specific first-degree connection in common for an introduction.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-SecondDegreeConnections-97) The "gated-access approach" (where contact with any professional requires either an existing relationship, or the intervention of a contact of theirs) is intended to build trust among the service's users. LinkedIn participated in the EU's [International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Safe_Harbor_Privacy_Principles "International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles").[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-:1-98)
Users can interact with each other in a variety of ways:
- Connections can interact by choosing to "like" posts and "congratulate" others on updates such as birthdays, anniversaries and new positions, as well as by direct messaging.
- Users can share video with text and filters with the introduction of LinkedIn Video.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-99)[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-100)
- Users can write posts and articles[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-101) within the LinkedIn platform to share with their network.
Since September 2012, LinkedIn has enabled users to "endorse" each other's skills. However, there is no way of flagging anything other than positive content.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-102) LinkedIn solicits endorsements using [algorithms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm "Algorithm") that generate skills members might have. Members cannot opt out of such solicitations, with the result that it sometimes appears that a member is soliciting an endorsement for a non-existent skill.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-103)
### Applications
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: Applications")\]
LinkedIn 'applications' often refer to external third-party applications that interact with LinkedIn's developer API. However, in some cases, it could refer to sanctioned applications featured on a user's profile page.
#### External, third party applications
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: External, third party applications")\]
In February 2015, LinkedIn released an updated terms of use for their developer API.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-104) The developer API allows both companies and individuals the ability to interact with LinkedIn's data through creation of managed third-party applications. Applications must go through a review process and request permission from the user before accessing a user's data.
Normal use of the API is outlined in LinkedIn's developer documents,[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-105) including:
- Sign into external services using LinkedIn
- Add items or attributes to a user profile
- Share items or articles to user's timeline
#### Embedded in profile
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Embedded in profile")\]
In October 2008, LinkedIn enabled an "applications platform" which allows external online services to be embedded within a member's profile page. Among the initial applications were an [Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_\(company\) "Amazon (company)") Reading List that allows LinkedIn members to display books they are reading, a connection to Tripit, and a [Six Apart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Apart "Six Apart"), [WordPress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPress "WordPress") and [TypePad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypePad "TypePad") application that allows members to display their latest blog postings within their LinkedIn profile.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-106) In November 2010, LinkedIn allowed businesses to list products and services on company profile pages; it also permitted LinkedIn members to "recommend" products and services and write reviews.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-107) Shortly after, some of the external services were no longer supported, including Amazon's Reading List.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
### Mobile
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: Mobile")\]
A mobile version of the site was launched in February 2008 and made available in six languages: Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese and Spanish.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-108) In January 2011, LinkedIn acquired CardMunch, a [mobile app](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app "Mobile app") maker that scans [business cards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_card "Business card") and converts into contacts.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-109) In June 2013, CardMunch was noted as an available LinkedIn app.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-hempel2013-11) In October 2013, LinkedIn announced a service for iPhone users called "Intro", which inserts a thumbnail of a person's LinkedIn profile in correspondence with that person when reading mail messages in the native iOS [Mail program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_\(Apple\) "Mail (Apple)").[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-110) This is accomplished by re-routing all emails from and to the iPhone through LinkedIn servers, which security firm Bishop Fox asserts has serious [privacy implications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_issues_of_social_networking_sites "Privacy issues of social networking sites"), violates many organizations' [security policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_policy "Security policy"), and resembles a [man-in-the-middle attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack "Man-in-the-middle attack").[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-111)[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-112)
### Groups
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: Groups")\]
LinkedIn also supports daily the formation of interest groups. In 2012, there were 1,248,019 such groups whose membership varies from 1 to 744,662.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-autogenerated1-113)[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-114) Groups support a limited form of discussion area, moderated by the group owners and managers.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-115) Groups may be private, accessible to members only or may be open to Internet users in general to read, though they must join in order to post messages. Since groups offer the functionality to reach a wide audience without so easily falling foul of [anti-spam solutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-spam_techniques "Anti-spam techniques"), there is a constant stream of spam postings, and there now exists a range of firms who offer a spamming service for this very purpose. LinkedIn has devised a few mechanisms to reduce the volume of spam,[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-116) but recently\[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")*\] decided to remove the ability of group owners to inspect the email address of new members in order to determine if they were spammers.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] Groups also keep their members informed through emails with updates to the group, including most talked about discussions within your professional circles.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-autogenerated1-113)[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-117)
In December 2011, LinkedIn announced that they are rolling out polls to groups.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-118) In November 2013, LinkedIn announced the addition of Showcase Pages to the platform.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-119) In 2014, LinkedIn announced they were going to be removing Product and Services Pages[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-120) paving the way for a greater focus on Showcase Pages.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-121)
### Knowledge graph
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: Knowledge graph")\]
LinkedIn maintains an internal [knowledge graph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_graph "Knowledge graph") of entities (people, organizations, groups) that helps it connect everyone working in a field or at an organization or network. This can be used to query the neighborhood around each entity to find updates that might be related to it.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-122) This also lets them train machine learning models that can infer new properties about an entity or further information that may apply to it for both summary views and analytics.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-123)
### Discontinued features
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: Discontinued features")\]
In January 2013, LinkedIn dropped support for LinkedIn Answers and cited a new 'focus on development of new and more engaging ways to share and discuss professional topics across LinkedIn' as the reason for the retirement of the feature. The feature had been launched in 2007 and allowed users to post questions to their network and allowed users to rank answers.
In 2014, LinkedIn retired InMaps, a feature which allowed you to visualize your professional network.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-124) The feature had been in use since January 2011.
According to the company's website, LinkedIn Referrals will no longer be available after May 2018.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-125)\[*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")*\]
In September 2021, LinkedIn discontinued LinkedIn stories, a feature that was rolled out worldwide in October 2020.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-126)
## Usage
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: Usage")\]
### Personal branding
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: Personal branding")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LinkedIn_connection_levels_first-level_second-level_third-level_according_to_Sandra_Long_of_Post_Road_Consulting.png)
When a user accepts an invitation from another user, they have a first-level connection; the user is indirectly connected to the other user's connections with what LinkedIn terms second-level and third-level connections.
LinkedIn is particularly well-suited for [personal branding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_branding "Personal branding"), which, according to Sandra Long, entails "actively managing one's image and unique value" to position oneself for career opportunities.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsLong1212-127) LinkedIn has evolved from being a mere platform for job searchers into a social network which allows users a chance to create a personal brand.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsSA101-128) Career coach Pamela Green describes a personal brand as the "emotional experience you want people to have as a result of interacting with you," and a LinkedIn profile is an aspect of that.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsAN112-129) A contrasting report suggests that a personal brand is "a public-facing persona, exhibited on LinkedIn, Twitter and other networks, that showcases expertise and fosters new connections."[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsWSH4433-130)
LinkedIn allows professionals to build exposure for their brand within the site itself and on the World Wide Web as a whole. With a tool that LinkedIn dubs a *Profile Strength Meter*, the site encourages users to offer enough information in their profile to optimize [visibility by search engines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization "Search engine optimization"). It can strengthen a user's LinkedIn presence if they belong to professional groups on the site.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsTheStreet111-131)[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsLong1212-127) The site enables users to add a video to their profiles.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsINC2010-132) Some users hire a professional photographer for their profile photo.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsForbes202-133) Video presentations can be added to one's profile.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsEP101-134) LinkedIn's capabilities have been expanding so rapidly that a cottage industry of outside consultants has grown up to help users navigate the system.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsFC101-135)[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsINC2010-132) A particular emphasis is helping users with their LinkedIn profiles.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsFC101-135)
> There's no hiding in the long grass on LinkedIn ... The number one mistake people make on the profile is to not have a photo.
— Sandra Long of Post Road Consulting, 2017[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsMktWatch101-136)
In October 2012, LinkedIn launched the LinkedIn Influencers program, which features global [thought leaders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_leader "Thought leader") who share their professional insights with LinkedIn's members. As of May 2016, there are 750+ Influencers.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-137) The program is invite-only and features leaders from a range of industries, including [Richard Branson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson "Richard Branson"), [Narendra Modi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi "Narendra Modi"), [Arianna Huffington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianna_Huffington "Arianna Huffington"), [Greg McKeown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_McKeown_\(author\) "Greg McKeown (author)"), [Rahm Emanuel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel "Rahm Emanuel"), [Jamie Dimon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Dimon "Jamie Dimon"), [Martha Stewart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Stewart "Martha Stewart"), [Deepak Chopra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepak_Chopra "Deepak Chopra"), [Jack Welch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Welch "Jack Welch"), and [Bill Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates "Bill Gates").[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-138)[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-139)
### Job seeking
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: Job seeking")\]
Job seekers and employers widely use LinkedIn. According to Jack Meyer, the site has become the "premier digital platform" for professionals to network online.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsTheStreet111-131) In Australia, which has approximately twelve million working professionals, ten million of them are on LinkedIn, according to Anastasia Santoreneos, suggesting that the probability was high that one's "future employer is probably on the site."[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsYahooFinance113-140) According to one estimate based on worldwide figures, 122 million users got [job interviews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_interview "Job interview") via LinkedIn and 35 million were hired by a LinkedIn online connection.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsYahooFinance4454-141)
LinkedIn also allows users to research companies, non-profit organizations, and governments they may be interested in working for. Typing the name of a company or organization in the search box causes pop-up data about the company or organization to appear. Such data may include the ratio of female to male employees, the percentage of the most common titles/positions held within the company, the location of the company's headquarters and offices, and a list of present and former employees. In July 2011, LinkedIn launched a new feature allowing companies to include an "Apply with LinkedIn" button on job listing pages.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-Plugin-142) The new plugin allowed potential employees to apply for positions using their LinkedIn profiles as resumes.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-Plugin-142)
LinkedIn can help small businesses connect with customers.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsInc49400-143) In the site's parlance, two users have a "first-degree connection" when one accepts an invitation from another.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsYahooFinance4454-141) People connected to each of them are "second-degree connections" and persons connected to the second-degree connections are "third-degree connections."[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsYahooFinance4454-141) This forms a user's internal LinkedIn network, making the user's profile more likely to appear in searches.
LinkedIn's Profinder is a marketplace where freelancers can (for a monthly subscription fee) bid for project proposals submitted by individuals and small businesses.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-:2-144) In 2017, it had around 60,000 freelancers in more than 140 service areas, such as headshot photography, bookkeeping or tax filing.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-:2-144)
The premise for connecting with someone has shifted significantly in recent years. Before the 2017 new interface was launched, LinkedIn encouraged connections between people who'd already worked, studied, done business, or the like. Since 2017, that step has been removed from the connection request process - and users are allowed to connect with up to 30,000 people.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-145) This change means LinkedIn is a more proactive networking site for job applicants trying to secure a career move or for salespeople wanting to generate new client leads.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsLong1212-127)
### Top Companies
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: Top Companies")\]
[LinkedIn Top Companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn_Top_Companies "LinkedIn Top Companies") is a series of lists published by LinkedIn, identifying companies in the United States, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, Spain, and the United Kingdom that are attracting the most intense interest from job candidates. The 2019 lists identified [Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google")'s parent company, [Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc."), as the most sought-after U.S. company, with [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook,_Inc "Facebook, Inc") ranked second and [Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_\(company\) "Amazon (company)") ranked third.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-146) The lists are based on more than one billion actions by LinkedIn members worldwide. The Top Companies lists were started in 2016 and are published annually. The 2021 top list identified [Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_\(company\) "Amazon (company)") as the top company, with [Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") ranked second and [JPMorgan & Chase Co.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase "JPMorgan Chase") ranked third.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-147)
### Top Voices and other rankings
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: Top Voices and other rankings")\]
Since 2015, LinkedIn has published annual rankings of Top Voices on the platform, recognizing "members that generated the most engagement and interaction with their posts."[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-148) The 2020 lists[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-149) included 14 industry categories, ranging from data science to sports, as well as 14 country lists, extending from Australia to Italy.
LinkedIn also publishes data-driven annual rankings of the Top Startups in more than a dozen countries, based on "employment growth, job interest from potential candidates, engagement, and attraction of top talent."[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-150)[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-151)
### Advertising and for-pay research
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: Advertising and for-pay research")\]
In 2008, LinkedIn launched LinkedIn DirectAds as a form of sponsored advertising.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-152) In October 2008, LinkedIn revealed plans to open its social network of 30 million professionals globally as a potential sample for business-to-business research. It is testing a potential social network revenue model – research that, to some, appears more promising than advertising.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-153) On July 23, 2013, LinkedIn announced its Sponsored Updates ad service. Individuals and companies can now pay a fee to have LinkedIn sponsor their content and spread it to their user base. This is a common way for social media sites such as LinkedIn to generate revenue.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-154)
LinkedIn launched its carousel ads feature in 2018, making it the newest addition to the platform's advertising options. With carousel ads, businesses can showcase their products or services through a series of swipeable cards, each with its unique image, headline, and description. They can be used for various marketing objectives, such as promoting a new product launch, driving website traffic, generating leads, or building brand awareness.
### Business Manager
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: Business Manager")\]
On July 22, 2022, LinkedIn announced the creation of Business Manager.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-155) The new Business Manager is a centralized platform designed to make it easier for large companies and agencies to manage people, ad accounts, and business pages.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-156)
### Publishing platform
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: Publishing platform")\]
In 2015, LinkedIn added an analytics tool to its publishing platform. The tool allows authors to better track the traffic that their posts receive. In relation to this functionality, LinkedIn has gained more users over the years in the interest of clearly monitoring users' posts through post-performance analytics[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-157)
## Economic graph
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: Economic graph")\]
Inspired by Facebook's "[social graph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_graph "Social graph")", LinkedIn CEO Jeff Weiner set a goal in 2012 to create an "economic graph" within a decade.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-KovachBI-158) The goal was to create a comprehensive digital map of the world economy and the connections within it.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-159) The economic graph was to be built on the company's current platform with data nodes including companies, jobs, skills, volunteer opportunities, educational institutions, and content.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-160)[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-161) The project's vision was to include all the job listings in the world, all the skills required to get those jobs, all the professionals who could fill them, and all the companies (nonprofit and for-profit) at which they work. The ultimate goal is to make the world economy and job market more efficient through increased transparency.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-KovachBI-158) In June 2014, the company announced its "Galene" search architecture to give users access to the economic graph's data with more thorough filtering of data, via user searches like "Engineers with Hadoop experience in Brazil."[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-162)[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-163)
LinkedIn has published blog posts using economic graph data to research several topics on the job market, including popular destination cities of recent college graduates,[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-164) areas with high concentrations of technology skills,[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-165) and common career transitions.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-166) LinkedIn provided the City of New York with data from economic graph showing "in-demand" tech skills for the city's "Tech Talent Pipeline" project.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-167)
## Role in networking
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: Role in networking")\]
LinkedIn has been described by online trade publication *[TechRepublic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechRepublic "TechRepublic")* as having "become the de facto tool for professional networking".[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-168) LinkedIn has also been praised for its usefulness in fostering business relationships.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-169) "LinkedIn is, far and away, the most advantageous social networking tool available to job seekers and business professionals today", according to *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-170) LinkedIn has inspired the creation of specialised professional networking opportunities, such as co-founder Eddie Lou's Chicago startup, [Shiftgig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiftgig "Shiftgig") (released in 2012 as a platform for hourly workers).[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-171)
## Criticism and controversies
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: Criticism and controversies")\]
### Controversial design choices
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=30 "Edit section: Controversial design choices")\]
#### Endorsement feature
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=31 "Edit section: Endorsement feature")\]
The feature that allows LinkedIn members to "endorse" each other's skills and experience has been criticized as meaningless, since the endorsements are not necessarily accurate or given by people who have familiarity with the member's skills.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-172) In October 2016, LinkedIn acknowledged that it "really does matter who endorsed you" and began highlighting endorsements from "coworkers and other mutual connections" to address the criticism.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-173)
#### Use of e-mail accounts of members for spam sending
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=32 "Edit section: Use of e-mail accounts of members for spam sending")\]
LinkedIn sends "invite emails" to Outlook contacts from its members' email accounts, without obtaining their consent. The "invitations" give the impression that the e-mail holder themself has sent the invitation. If there is no response, the answer will be repeated several times ("You have not yet answered XY's invitation.") LinkedIn was sued in the United States on charges of hijacking e-mail accounts and spamming. The company argued with the right to freedom of expression. In addition, the users concerned would be supported in building a network.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-174)[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-175)[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-176)
The sign-up process includes users entering their email password (there is an opt-out feature). LinkedIn will then offer to send out contact invitations to all members in that address book or that the user has had email conversations with. When the member's email address book is opened, it is opened with all email addresses selected, and the member is advised invitations will be sent to "selected" email addresses, or to all. LinkedIn was sued for sending out another two follow-up invitations to each contact from members to link to friends who had ignored the initial, authorized invitation.
In November 2014, LinkedIn lost a motion to dismiss the lawsuit, in a ruling that the invitations were advertisements not broadly protected by free speech rights that would otherwise permit use of people's names and images without authorization.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-177)[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-178)[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-179) The lawsuit was eventually settled in 2015 in favor of LinkedIn members.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-auto-90)
#### Moving emails to LinkedIn servers
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: Moving emails to LinkedIn servers")\]
At the end of 2013 it was announced that the LinkedIn app intercepted users' emails and quietly moved them to LinkedIn servers for full access.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-New_York_Times-180) LinkedIn used man-in-the-middle attacks.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-181)
### Security incidents
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=34 "Edit section: Security incidents")\]
#### 2012 hack
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=35 "Edit section: 2012 hack")\]
Main article: [2012 LinkedIn hack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_LinkedIn_hack "2012 LinkedIn hack")
In June 2012, [cryptographic hashes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function "Cryptographic hash function") of approximately 6.4 million LinkedIn user passwords were stolen by [Yevgeniy Nikulin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeniy_Nikulin "Yevgeniy Nikulin") and other hackers who then published the stolen hashes online.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-182) This action is known as the [2012 LinkedIn hack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_LinkedIn_hack "2012 LinkedIn hack"). In response to the incident, LinkedIn asked its users to change their passwords. [Security experts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hat_\(computer_security\) "White hat (computer security)") criticized LinkedIn for not [salting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_\(cryptography\) "Salt (cryptography)") their password file and for using a single iteration of [SHA-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-1 "SHA-1").[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-183) On May 31, 2013, LinkedIn added [two-factor authentication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-factor_authentication "Two-factor authentication"), an important [security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security "Computer security") enhancement for preventing hackers from gaining access to accounts.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-184) In May 2016, 117 million LinkedIn usernames and passwords were offered for sale online for the equivalent of \$2,200 (≈\$2,951 in 2025).[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-185) These account details are believed to be sourced from the original 2012 LinkedIn hack, in which the number of user IDs stolen had been underestimated. To handle the large volume of emails sent to its users every day with notifications for messages, profile views, important happenings in their network, and other things, LinkedIn uses the Momentum email platform from Message Systems.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-186)
#### 2021 breaches
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=36 "Edit section: 2021 breaches")\]
A breach disclosed in April 2021 affected 500 million users.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-187)[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-188) A breach disclosed in June 2021 was thought to have affected 92% of users, exposing contact information, employment information. LinkedIn asserted that the data was aggregated via [web scraping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_scraping "Web scraping") from LinkedIn as well as several other sites, and noted that "only information that people listed publicly in their profiles" was included.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-189)[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-190)
### Malicious behavior on LinkedIn
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=37 "Edit section: Malicious behavior on LinkedIn")\]
#### Phishing
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=38 "Edit section: Phishing")\]
In what is known as [Operation Socialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Socialist "Operation Socialist"), documents released by [Edward Snowden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden "Edward Snowden") in the [2013 global surveillance disclosures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_global_surveillance_disclosures "2013 global surveillance disclosures") revealed that British Government Communications Headquarters ([GCHQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCHQ "GCHQ")) (an intelligence and security organisation) infiltrated the Belgian telecommunications network [Belgacom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgacom "Belgacom") by luring employees to a false LinkedIn page.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-191)
In 2014, [Dell SecureWorks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_SecureWorks "Dell SecureWorks") Counter Threat Unit (CTU) discovered that Threat Group-2889, an [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran "Iran")\-based group, created 25 fake LinkedIn accounts. The accounts were either fully developed personas or supporting personas. They use [spearphishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearphishing "Spearphishing") and [malicious websites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware "Malware") against their victims.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-192)\[*[independent source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources "Wikipedia:Independent sources")*\]
According to reporting by *[Le Figaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro "Le Figaro")*, France's [General Directorate for Internal Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Directorate_for_Internal_Security "General Directorate for Internal Security") and [Directorate-General for External Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security "Directorate-General for External Security") believe that Chinese spies have used LinkedIn to target thousands of business and government officials as potential sources of information.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-193)
In 2017, Germany's [Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution "Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution") (BfV) published information alleging that Chinese intelligence services had created fake social media profiles on sites such as LinkedIn, using them to gather information on German politicians and government officials.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-194)[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-195)
In 2022, the company ranked first in a list of brands most likely to be imitated in phishing attempts.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-196)
In August 2023, several Linkedin users were targeted by hackers in hijacking and phishing bid. Users were locked out of their accounts and threatened with permanent account deletion if they did not pay a ransom.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-197)
#### False and misleading information
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=39 "Edit section: False and misleading information")\]
LinkedIn has come under scrutiny for its handling of [misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation "Misinformation") and [disinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation "Disinformation").[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-198) The platform has struggled to deal with fake profiles and falsehoods about [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") and the [2020 US presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_US_presidential_election "2020 US presidential election").[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-199)[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-200)[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-201)
### Policies
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=40 "Edit section: Policies")\]
#### Privacy policy
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=41 "Edit section: Privacy policy")\]
The German [Stiftung Warentest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiftung_Warentest "Stiftung Warentest") has criticized that the balance of rights between users and LinkedIn is disproportionate, restricting users' rights excessively while granting the company far-reaching rights.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-202) It has also been claimed that LinkedIn does not respond to consumer protection center requests.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-203)
#### DEI and hate speech
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=42 "Edit section: DEI and hate speech")\]
In January 2025 during the [second Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Trump_administration "Second Trump administration"), LinkedIn quietly deleted its [Diversity, equity, and inclusion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion "Diversity, equity, and inclusion") (DEI) web page.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-204) Later in July of that year, the company removed its protections against the [misgendering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misgendering "Misgendering") and/or [deadnaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadnaming "Deadnaming") of transgender users.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-205)
#### Account banning
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=43 "Edit section: Account banning")\]
Without giving its users any prior notice, Linkedin has been removing accounts that do not follow its criteria since 2022.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-206)[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-207)
## Academic research
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=44 "Edit section: Academic research")\]
Massive amounts of data from LinkedIn allow scientists and machine learning researchers to extract insights and build product features.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-208) For example, this data can help to shape patterns of deception in resumes. Findings suggested that people commonly lie about their hobbies rather than their work experience on online resumes.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-209)
### Labor market effects
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=45 "Edit section: Labor market effects")\]
In 2010, *[Social Science Computer Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Computer_Review "Social Science Computer Review")* published research by economists Ralf Caers and Vanessa Castelyns who sent an online questionnaire to 398 and 353 LinkedIn and Facebook users respectively in [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") and found that both sites had become tools for recruiting job applicants for professional occupations as well as additional information about applicants, and that it was being used by recruiters to decide which applicants would receive interviews.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-210) In May 2017, *Research Policy* published an analysis of PhD holders use of LinkedIn and found that PhD holders who move into industry were more likely to have LinkedIn accounts and to have larger networks of LinkedIn connections, were more likely to use LinkedIn if they had co-authors abroad, and to have wider networks if they moved abroad after obtaining their PhD.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-211)
Also in 2017, sociologist Ofer Sharone conducted interviews with unemployed workers to research the effects of LinkedIn and Facebook as labor market intermediaries. Sharone found that social networking services (SNS) have had a filtration effect that has little to do with evaluations of merit. Specifically, Sharone argued that 1) how job seekers' profile pictures appear to the gaze of hiring parties; 2) whether seekers are able to construct personal narratives to fit how profiles are screened; and 3) how the limited visibility of singular resumes can be disadvantageous for workers interested in multiple fields are causing a filtering effect. Consequently, this SNS filtration effect has exerted new pressures on workers to manage their careers to conform to the logic of the SNS filtration effect.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-212)
In October 2018, [Foster School of Business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_School_of_Business "Foster School of Business") professors Melissa Rhee, Elina Hwang, and Yong Tan performed an empirical analysis of whether the common professional networking tactic by job seekers of creating LinkedIn connections with professionals who work at a target company or in a target field is actually instrumental in obtaining referrals and found instead that job seekers were less likely to be referred by employees who were employed by the target company or in the target field due to job similarity and self-protection from competition. Rhee, Hwang, and Tan further found that referring employees in higher hierarchical positions than the job candidates were more likely to provide referrals\[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\] and that gender [homophily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophily "Homophily") did not reduce the competition self-protection effect.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-213)
In July 2019, sociologists Steve McDonald, Amanda K. Damarin, Jenelle Lawhorne, and Annika Wilcox performed qualitative interviews with 61 [human resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resources "Human resources") recruiters in two metropolitan areas in the [Southern United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States "Southern United States") and found that recruiters filling low- and general-skilled positions typically posted advertisements on online job boards while recruiters filling high-skilled or supervisor positions targeted passive candidates on LinkedIn (i.e. employed workers not actively seeking work but possibly willing to change positions), and concluded that this is resulting in a bifurcated [winner-takes-all](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winner-take-all_market "Winner-take-all market") job market with recruiters focusing their efforts on poaching already employed high-skilled workers while active job seekers are relegated to hyper-competitive online job boards.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-214) In December 2001, the *[ACM SIGGROUP Bulletin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery "Association for Computing Machinery")* published a study on the use of mobile phones by [blue-collar workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-collar_worker "Blue-collar worker") that noted that research about tools for blue-collar workers to find work in the [digital age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age "Information Age") was strangely absent and expressed concern that the absence of such research could lead to technology design choices that would concentrate greater power in the hands of managers rather than workers.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-215)[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-216)
In a September 2019 [working paper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_paper "Working paper"), economists Laurel Wheeler, Robert Garlick, and [RTI International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI_International "RTI International") scholars Eric Johnson, Patrick Shaw, and Marissa Gargano ran a randomized evaluation of training job seekers in [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa") to use LinkedIn as part of job readiness programs. The evaluation found that the training increased the job seekers employment by approximately 10 percent by reducing [information frictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictional_unemployment "Frictional unemployment") between job seekers and prospective employers, that the training had this effect for approximately 12 months, and that while the training may also have facilitated referrals, it did not reduce job search costs and the jobs for the [treatment and control groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_and_control_groups "Treatment and control groups") in the evaluation had equal probabilities of retention, promotion, and obtaining a permanent contract.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-217) In 2020, *[Applied Economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Economics_\(journal\) "Applied Economics (journal)")* published research by economists Steffen Brenner, Sezen Aksin Sivrikaya, and Joachim Schwalbach using LinkedIn demonstrating that high status individuals [self-select](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-selection "Self-selection") into professional networking services rather than workers unsatisfied with their career status adversely selecting into the services to receive networking benefits.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-218)
## International restrictions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=46 "Edit section: International restrictions")\]
In February 2011, it was reported that LinkedIn was being [blocked in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China") after calls for a "[Jasmine Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Chinese_pro-democracy_protests "2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests")". It was speculated to have been blocked because it is an easy way for dissidents to access [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter"), which had been [blocked](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_of_Twitter "Censorship of Twitter") previously.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-219) After a day of being blocked, LinkedIn access was restored in China.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-220)
In February 2014, LinkedIn launched its Simplified Chinese language version named "[领](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A2%86 "wikt:领")[英](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1 "wikt:英")" ([pinyin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin "Pinyin"): *Lǐngyīng*; lit. 'leading elite'), officially extending their service in China.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-reuters140225-221)[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-222) LinkedIn CEO Jeff Weiner acknowledged in a blog post that they would have to censor some of the content that users post on its website in order to comply with Chinese rules, but he also said the benefits of providing its online service to people in China outweighed those concerns.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-reuters140225-221)[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-223) Since Autumn 2017 job postings from western countries for China aren't possible anymore.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-224)
In 2016, a Moscow court ruled that LinkedIn must be blocked in Russia for violating a [data retention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_retention "Data retention") law which requires the user data of Russian citizens to be stored on servers within the country. The relevant law had been in force there since 2014.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-225)[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-226) This ban was upheld on November 10, 2016, and all Russian ISPs began blocking LinkedIn thereafter. LinkedIn's mobile app was also banned from [Google Play Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Store "Google Play Store") and [iOS App Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_App_Store "IOS App Store") in Russia in January 2017.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-verge-linkedinapprus-227)[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-moscowtimes-upheld-228) In July 2021 it was also blocked in [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan").[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-229)
In October 2021, after reports of several academicians and reporters who received notifications regarding their profiles will be blocked in China, Microsoft confirmed that LinkedIn will be shutting down in China and replaced with InJobs, a China exclusive app, citing difficulties in operating environments and increasing compliance requirements.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-230) In May 2023, LinkedIn announced that it would be phasing out the app by 9 August 2023.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-231)
## Open-source contributions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=47 "Edit section: Open-source contributions")\]
Since 2010, LinkedIn has contributed several internal technologies, tools, and software products to the [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_model "Open-source model") domain.[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-232) Notable among these projects is [Apache Kafka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Kafka "Apache Kafka"), which was built and open sourced at LinkedIn in 2011.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-233)
## See also
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=48 "Edit section: See also")\]
- [Business network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_network "Business network")
- [Employment website](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_website "Employment website")
- [List of social networking services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_networking_services "List of social networking services")
- [Reputation systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_system "Reputation system")
- [Social network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network "Social network")
- [Social software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_software "Social software")
- [Timeline of social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_social_media "Timeline of social media")
## References
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=49 "Edit section: References")\]
1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-About_1-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-About_1-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-About_1-2)
["About Us:Statistics"](https://news.linkedin.com/about-us#Statistics). *LinkedIn Pressroom*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220402124513/https://news.linkedin.com/about-us#Statistics) from the original on April 2, 2022. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-2)**
["Annual Report 2025"](https://www.microsoft.com/investor/reports/ar25/index.html?msockid=1bfe27c1ae05661a3f4c3391af01676e). [U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission"). July 28, 2025. p. 95. Retrieved March 10, 2025.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-3)**
["LinkedIn Stats Looking Into 2023"](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/linkedin-stats-looking-2023-robert-c-stern). *www.linkedin.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230802141523/https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/linkedin-stats-looking-2023-robert-c-stern) from the original on August 2, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-4)**
["About LinkedIn"](https://about.linkedin.com/). LinkedIn Corporation. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210528075044/https://about.linkedin.com/) from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-about_5-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-about_5-1)
["About"](http://press.linkedin.com/about/). LinkedIn Corporation. 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141201020229/http://press.linkedin.com/about) from the original on December 1, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-Help.linkedin.com_6-0)**
["Account Restricted"](https://help.linkedin.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/1386). LinkedIn Help Center. December 20, 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200819030609/https://www.linkedin.com/help/linkedin?lang=en) from the original on August 19, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-7)**
Lemann, Nicholas (October 12, 2015). ["Reid Hoffman's Big Dreams for LinkedIn"](http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/10/12/the-network-man). *The New Yorker*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210501130925/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/10/12/the-network-man) from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2015.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-8)**
["Microsoft buys LinkedIn"](https://news.microsoft.com/announcement/microsoft-buys-linkedin/). *Stories*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230525121358/https://news.microsoft.com/announcement/microsoft-buys-linkedin/) from the original on May 25, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-9)**
["Locations - LinkedIn Careers"](https://careers.linkedin.com/Locations). *LinkedIn*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211109234408/https://careers.linkedin.com/Locations) from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-10)**
["LinkedIn Company Page"](https://www.linkedin.com/company/linkedin/?src=li-other&veh=www.linkedin.com%7Cre-other&trk=homepage-basic_directory_aboutUrl). *LinkedIn*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230405044220/https://www.linkedin.com/company/linkedin/?src=li-other&veh=www.linkedin.com) from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
11. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-hempel2013_11-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-hempel2013_11-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-hempel2013_11-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-hempel2013_11-3)
Hempel, Jessi (July 1, 2013). "LinkedIn: How It's Changing Business". *[Fortune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_\(magazine\) "Fortune (magazine)")*. pp. 69–74\.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-12)**
["LinkedIn – Management"](http://www.linkedin.com/static?key=management). LinkedIn Corporation. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090220154549/http://press.linkedin.com/management) from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved December 7, 2009.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-13)**
["LinkedIn Secures \$53M of Funding Led by Bain Capital Ventures"](http://press.linkedin.com/News-Releases/198/LinkedIn-Secures-53M-of-Funding-Led-by-Bain-Capital-Ventures) (Press release). LinkedIn. June 18, 2008. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
`{{cite press release}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"))
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-14)**
["LinkedIn Raises \$12.8 Million from Bessemer Venture Partners and European Founders Fund to Accelerate Global Growth"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131101234636/http://press.linkedin.com/News-Releases/179/LinkedIn-Raises-12-8-Million-from-Bessemer-Venture-Partners-and-European-Founders-Fund-to-Accelerat) (Press release). LinkedIn. January 29, 2007. Archived from [the original](http://press.linkedin.com/News-Releases/179/LinkedIn-Raises-12-8-Million-from-Bessemer-Venture-Partners-and-European-Founders-Fund-to-Accelerate) on November 1, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-15)**
["LinkedIn Premium Services Finding Rapid Adoption"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131101234634/http://press.linkedin.com/News-Releases/178/LinkedIn-Premium-Services-Finding-Rapid-Adoption) (Press release). LinkedIn. March 7, 2006. Archived from [the original](http://press.linkedin.com/News-Releases/178/LinkedIn-Premium-Services-Finding-Rapid-Adoption) on November 1, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-IPO_rumour_Jan_2011_16-0)**
[Swisher, Kara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Swisher "Kara Swisher") (January 27, 2011). ["Here Comes Another Web IPO: LinkedIn S-1 Filing Imminent"](http://kara.allthingsd.com/20110127/here-comes-another-web-ipo-linkedin-s-1-filing-imminent/). *[All Things Digital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Things_Digital "All Things Digital")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110526025742/http://allthingsd.com/20110127/here-comes-another-web-ipo-linkedin-s-1-filing-imminent/) from the original on May 26, 2011. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-17)**
Pepitone, Julianne (January 27, 2011). ["LinkedIn files for IPO, reveals sales of \$161 million"](https://money.cnn.com/2011/01/27/technology/linkedin_ipo/index.htm). [CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110129075603/http://money.cnn.com/2011/01/27/technology/linkedin_ipo/index.htm) from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-18)**
["Founders"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150214143233/https://www.linkedin.com/static?key=founders). *LinkedIn*. Archived from [the original](https://www.linkedin.com/static?key=founders) on February 14, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-19)**
["Sequoia Capital "Links In" with \$4.7 Million Investment"](http://press.linkedin.com/news-releases/index.php/2003/11/sequoia-capital-links-in-with-47-million-investment). *press.linkedin.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231019100619/https://news.linkedin.com/) from the original on October 19, 2023. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
20. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-Byers2013_20-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-Byers2013_20-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-Byers2013_20-2)
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[978-1-4488-9537-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4488-9537-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4488-9537-3")
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Sharone, Ofer (2017). "LinkedIn or LinkedOut? How Social Networking Sites are Reshaping the Labor Market". In Vallas, Steven (ed.). [*Emerging Conceptions of Work, Management and the Labor Market*](https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S0277-283320170000030001/full/html?fullSc=1). Research in the Sociology of Work. Vol. 30. [Bingley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingley "Bingley"), [UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"): [Emerald Publishing Ltd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Group_Publishing "Emerald Group Publishing"). pp. 1–31\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1108/S0277-283320170000030001](https://doi.org/10.1108%2FS0277-283320170000030001). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1787144606](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1787144606 "Special:BookSources/978-1787144606")
. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210810025446/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S0277-283320170000030001/full/html?fullSc=1) from the original on August 10, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
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Rhee, Kyungsun (Melissa); Hwang, Elina; Tan, Yong (December 13, 2018). ["Social Hiring: The Right LinkedIn Connection that Helps You Land a Job"](https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2018/social/Presentations/27). *ICIS 2018 Proceedings*.
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McDonald, Steve; Damarin, Amanda K.; Lawhorne, Jenelle; Wilcox, Annika (2019). "Black Holes and Purple Squirrels: A Tale of Two Online Labor Markets". In Vallas, Steven; Kovalainen, Anne (eds.). [*Work and Labor in the Digital Age*](https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S0277-283320190000033006/full/html). Research in the Sociology of Work. Vol. 33. [Bingley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingley "Bingley"), [UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"): [Emerald Publishing Ltd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Group_Publishing "Emerald Group Publishing"). pp. 93–120\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1108/S0277-283320190000033006](https://doi.org/10.1108%2FS0277-283320190000033006). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1789735864](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1789735864 "Special:BookSources/978-1789735864")
. [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [197889035](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197889035). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200810190926/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S0277-283320190000033006/full/html) from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
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Brodie, Jacqueline; Perry, Mark (2001). "Designing for mobility, collaboration and information use by blue-collar workers". *ACM SIGGROUP Bulletin*. **22** (3). Association for Computing Machinery: 22–27\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1145/567352.567356](https://doi.org/10.1145%2F567352.567356). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [42218697](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42218697).
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Picciotto, Rebecca (April 20, 2023). ["Blue-collar job openings have 'gone gangbusters'—workers aren't finding them on LinkedIn"](https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/20/blue-collar-jobs-linkedin-online-platforms.html). [CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC "CNBC"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230430180121/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/20/blue-collar-jobs-linkedin-online-platforms.html) from the original on April 30, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
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Wheeler, Laurel; Garlick, Robert; Johnson, Eric; Shaw, Patrick; Gargano, Marissa (2019). [LinkedIn(to) Job Opportunities: Experimental Evidence from Job Readiness Training](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3452249). *Economic Research Initiatives at Duke* (Report). [Duke University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University "Duke University"). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2139/ssrn.3452249](https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3452249). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [203525431](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203525431). [SSRN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_\(identifier\) "SSRN (identifier)") [3452609](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3452609). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201030031827/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3452249) from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
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Ungerleider, Neal (February 25, 2011). ["China blocks access to LinkedIn"](http://www.cnn.com/2011/TECH/social.media/02/25/china.blocks.linkedin.fastco/index.html?iref=NS1). *Fast Company*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110628234633/http://www.cnn.com/2011/TECH/social.media/02/25/china.blocks.linkedin.fastco/index.html?iref=NS1) from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
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Baker, Liana (February 25, 2011). ["LinkedIn website working again in China"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-linkedin-idUSTRE71O5VY20110225). *Reuters*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211008113016/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-linkedin-idUSTRE71O5VY20110225) from the original on October 8, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
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["专业社交网站LinkedIn推出中文版"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/zhongwen/simp/world/2014/02/140225_linkedin_china.shtml). BBC Chinese. February 25, 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140316132144/http://www.bbc.co.uk/zhongwen/simp/world/2014/02/140225_linkedin_china.shtml) from the original on March 16, 2014. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
223. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-223)**
Weiner, Jeff (February 24, 2014). ["LinkedIn in China: Connecting the World's Professionals"](http://www.linkedin.com/today/post/article/20140224235450-22330283-linkedin-in-china-connecting-the-world-s-professionals). Linkedin official blog. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140820091952/http://www.linkedin.com/today/post/article/20140224235450-22330283-linkedin-in-china-connecting-the-world-s-professionals) from the original on August 20, 2014. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
224. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-224)**
["No Job Postings for China on LinkedIn anymore"](https://linkedinsiders.wordpress.com/2017/11/10/keine-stellenanzeigen-mehr-fuer-china-auf-linkedin/). Stephan Koß. November 10, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180122071844/https://linkedinsiders.wordpress.com/2017/11/10/keine-stellenanzeigen-mehr-fuer-china-auf-linkedin/) from the original on January 22, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
225. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-225)**
["Russland blockiert LinkedIn"](http://www.spiegel.de/karriere/linkedin-wird-in-russland-gesperrt-a-1121723.html). *Spiegel Online* (in German). November 17, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220306035257/https://www.spiegel.de/karriere/linkedin-wird-in-russland-gesperrt-a-1121723.html) from the original on March 6, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
226. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-226)**
Wilkens, Andreas (November 17, 2016). ["Russland blockiert Linkedin"](http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Russland-blockiert-Linkedin-3490326.html). *heise.de* (in German). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180222043741/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Russland-blockiert-Linkedin-3490326.html) from the original on February 22, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
227. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-verge-linkedinapprus_227-0)**
["Russia is erasing Linkedin from app stores"](https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/6/14197030/russia-linkedin-blocked-app-store-ios-android). *The Verge*. Vox Media. January 7, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210428235621/https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/6/14197030/russia-linkedin-blocked-app-store-ios-android) from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
228. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-moscowtimes-upheld_228-0)**
["Moscow Court Upholds Decision to Ban LinkedIn in Russia"](https://themoscowtimes.com/news/moscow-court-upholds-decision-to-ban-linkedin-in-russia-56086). *The Moscow Times*. November 10, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180322010542/https://themoscowtimes.com/news/moscow-court-upholds-decision-to-ban-linkedin-in-russia-56086) from the original on March 22, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
229. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-229)**
["В Казахстане заблокировали соцсеть LinkedIn"](https://forbes.kz//process/internet/v_kazahstane_zablokirovali_sotsset_linkedin/). *www.forbes.kz*. July 27, 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210727130941/https://forbes.kz//process/internet/v_kazahstane_zablokirovali_sotsset_linkedin/) from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
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Lawler, Richard (October 14, 2021). ["Microsoft to 'sunset' LinkedIn for China, and replace it with an app lacking social media features"](https://www.theverge.com/2021/10/14/22726189/microsoft-linkedin-china-censorship-shut-down). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211014150020/https://www.theverge.com/2021/10/14/22726189/microsoft-linkedin-china-censorship-shut-down) from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
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Asay, Matt (April 20, 2016). ["The secrets to LinkedIn's open source success"](https://www.infoworld.com/article/3058778/the-secrets-to-linkedins-open-source-success.html). *InfoWorld*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210715000014/https://www.infoworld.com/article/3058778/the-secrets-to-linkedins-open-source-success.html) from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
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## External links
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=50 "Edit section: External links")\]
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Media related to [LinkedIn](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:LinkedIn "commons:Category:LinkedIn") at Wikimedia Commons
- [Official website](https://www.linkedin.com/) [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213660#P856 "Edit this at Wikidata")
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:LinkedIn "Template:LinkedIn") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:LinkedIn "Template talk:LinkedIn") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LinkedIn "Special:EditPage/Template:LinkedIn")[LinkedIn]() | |
|---|---|
| A subsidiary of [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") | |
| People | [Reid Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Hoffman "Reid Hoffman") (founder) [Eric Ly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ly "Eric Ly") [Ryan Roslansky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Roslansky "Ryan Roslansky") [Kevin Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Scott_\(computer_scientist\) "Kevin Scott (computer scientist)") [Rashmi Sinha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashmi_Sinha "Rashmi Sinha") [Jeff Weiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Weiner "Jeff Weiner") [Lynda Weinman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynda_Weinman "Lynda Weinman") |
| Subsidiaries | [LinkedIn Learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn_Learning "LinkedIn Learning") |
| Software | [Helix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Helix "Apache Helix") [Kafka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Kafka "Apache Kafka") [Samza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Samza "Apache Samza") [Voldemort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voldemort_\(distributed_data_store\) "Voldemort (distributed data store)") |
| Defunct | [Bright.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright.com "Bright.com") [Connectifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectifier "Connectifier") [LinkedIn Pulse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn_Pulse "LinkedIn Pulse") |
| Former | [SlideShare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SlideShare "SlideShare") |
| Facilities | [222 Second Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/222_Second_Street "222 Second Street") |
| Events | [2012 LinkedIn hack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_LinkedIn_hack "2012 LinkedIn hack") [hiQ Labs v. LinkedIn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiQ_Labs_v._LinkedIn "HiQ Labs v. LinkedIn") [Timeline of LinkedIn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_LinkedIn "Timeline of LinkedIn") |
| Related | [LinkedIn Top Companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn_Top_Companies "LinkedIn Top Companies") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Microsoft "Template:Microsoft") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Microsoft "Template talk:Microsoft") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft "Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft")[Microsoft Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") | |
|---|---|
| [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Microsoft "History of Microsoft") [Outline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Microsoft "Outline of Microsoft") | |
| People | |
| | |
| Founders | [Bill Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates "Bill Gates") [Paul Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Allen "Paul Allen") |
| Board of directors | [Satya Nadella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya_Nadella "Satya Nadella") (Chairman and CEO) [Reid Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Hoffman "Reid Hoffman") Hugh Johnston Teri List [Catherine MacGregor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_MacGregor "Catherine MacGregor") [Mark Mason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Mason_\(executive\) "Mark Mason (executive)") [Sandi Peterson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandi_Peterson "Sandi Peterson") [Penny Pritzker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Pritzker "Penny Pritzker") [Carlos A. Rodriguez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_A._Rodriguez "Carlos A. Rodriguez") [Charles Scharf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scharf "Charles Scharf") [John W. Stanton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Stanton "John W. Stanton") [Emma Walmsley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Walmsley "Emma Walmsley") |
| Senior leadership team | [Satya Nadella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya_Nadella "Satya Nadella") (CEO) Takeshi Numoto (CMO) [Scott Guthrie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Guthrie "Scott Guthrie") [Carolina Dybeck Happe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Dybeck_Happe "Carolina Dybeck Happe") (COO) [Amy Hood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Hood "Amy Hood") (CFO) [Kevin Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Scott_\(computer_scientist\) "Kevin Scott (computer scientist)") (CTO) [Brad Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Smith_\(American_lawyer\) "Brad Smith (American lawyer)") (CLO) [Harry Shum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Shum "Harry Shum") [Phil Spencer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Spencer_\(business_executive\) "Phil Spencer (business executive)") [Kathleen Hogan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Hogan "Kathleen Hogan") (CPO) |
| Corporate VPs | [Joe Belfiore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Belfiore "Joe Belfiore") [Richard Rashid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rashid "Richard Rashid") (SVP) [César Cernuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cernuda "César Cernuda") |
| Employee groups | [Global LGBTQIA+ Employee & Allies at Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_LGBTQIA%2B_Employee_%26_Allies_at_Microsoft "Global LGBTQIA+ Employee & Allies at Microsoft") [Microsoft and unions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_and_unions "Microsoft and unions") |
| Products | |
| | |
| [Hardware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_hardware "Microsoft hardware") | [Azure Kinect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure_Kinect "Azure Kinect") [HoloLens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_HoloLens "Microsoft HoloLens") [LifeCam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LifeCam "LifeCam") [Surface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Surface "Microsoft Surface") [Duo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Duo "Surface Duo") [Go](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Go "Surface Go") [Hub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Hub "Surface Hub") [Laptop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Laptop "Surface Laptop") [Laptop Go](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Laptop_Go "Surface Laptop Go") [Neo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Neo "Surface Neo") [Pro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Pro "Surface Pro") [Studio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Studio "Surface Studio") [Xbox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox "Xbox") |
| [Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_software "List of Microsoft software") | [Clipchamp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipchamp "Clipchamp") [Dynamics 365](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Dynamics_365 "Microsoft Dynamics 365") [Havok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havok_\(software\) "Havok (software)") [Microsoft 365](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_365 "Microsoft 365") [Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office "Microsoft Office") [Teams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Teams "Microsoft Teams") [Open source software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_and_open_source "Microsoft and open source") [Power Platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Power_Platform "Microsoft Power Platform") [Servers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Servers "Microsoft Servers") [Start](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Start "Microsoft Start") [Tay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_\(chatbot\) "Tay (chatbot)") [List of video games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_video_games "List of Microsoft video games") [Visual Studio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio "Visual Studio") [Visual Studio Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code "Visual Studio Code") [Windows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows "Microsoft Windows") [Xbox OS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_system_software "Xbox system software") |
| Programming languages | [BASIC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC "BASIC") [VB.NET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_\(.NET\) "Visual Basic (.NET)") [VBA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications "Visual Basic for Applications") [VBScript](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBScript "VBScript") [Visual Basic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_\(classic\) "Visual Basic (classic)") [C\#](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_\(programming_language\) "C Sharp (programming language)") [C/AL a.k.a. Navision Attain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/AL "C/AL") [F\#](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp_\(programming_language\) "F Sharp (programming language)") [MVPL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Programming_Language "Microsoft Visual Programming Language") [Power Fx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Power_Fx "Microsoft Power Fx") [PowerShell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerShell "PowerShell") [Q\#](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_Sharp "Q Sharp") [Transact-SQL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transact-SQL "Transact-SQL") [TypeScript](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript "TypeScript") *[Visual J++](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_J%2B%2B "Visual J++")* *[Visual J\#](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_J_Sharp "Visual J Sharp")* |
| Web properties | [Azure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Azure "Microsoft Azure") [Bing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Bing "Microsoft Bing") [Copilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot "Microsoft Copilot") [GitHub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub "GitHub") [Learn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Learn "Microsoft Learn") [Channel 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_9_\(Microsoft\) "Channel 9 (Microsoft)") [Developer Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Developer_Network "Microsoft Developer Network") [TechNet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_TechNet "Microsoft TechNet") [LinkedIn]() [LinkedIn Learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn_Learning "LinkedIn Learning") [MSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN "MSN") [Outlook.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlook.com "Outlook.com") [Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Store "Microsoft Store") [Translator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Translator "Microsoft Translator") |
| Company | |
| | |
| Conferences | [Build](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Build "Microsoft Build") [Ignite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Ignite "Microsoft Ignite") [Inspire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Inspire "Microsoft Inspire") [MIX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIX_\(Microsoft\) "MIX (Microsoft)") [PDC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Developers_Conference "Professional Developers Conference") [WinHEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Hardware_Engineering_Conference "Windows Hardware Engineering Conference") |
| Divisions | [.NET Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Foundation ".NET Foundation") [AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_AI "Microsoft AI") [Digital Crimes Unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Digital_Crimes_Unit "Microsoft Digital Crimes Unit") [Engineering groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_engineering_groups "Microsoft engineering groups") [Mobile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Mobile "Microsoft Mobile") [Skype unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skype_Technologies "Skype Technologies") [Gaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Gaming "Microsoft Gaming") [Activision Blizzard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activision_Blizzard "Activision Blizzard") [Xbox Game Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Game_Studios "Xbox Game Studios") [ZeniMax Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZeniMax_Media "ZeniMax Media") [Garage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Garage "Microsoft Garage") [Outercurve Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outercurve_Foundation "Outercurve Foundation") [Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Press "Microsoft Press") [Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Research "Microsoft Research") [Retail stores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Store_\(retail\) "Microsoft Store (retail)") |
| Estates | [Microsoft campus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_campus "Microsoft campus") [Microsoft India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_India "Microsoft India") [Microsoft Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Japan "Microsoft Japan") |
| Campaigns | "[Where do you want to go today?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_do_you_want_to_go_today%3F "Where do you want to go today?")" (1994) "[Champagne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_\(advertisement\) "Champagne (advertisement)")" (2002) "[Mojave Experiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Experiment "Mojave Experiment")" (2006) "[I'm a PC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_a_PC "I'm a PC")" (2008) "[Scroogled](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroogled "Scroogled")" (2012) |
| [Criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft "Criticism of Microsoft") | [Bundling of Microsoft Windows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundling_of_Microsoft_Windows "Bundling of Microsoft Windows") [Clippy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Assistant "Office Assistant") [iLoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILoo#Reaction "ILoo") [Internet Explorer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer#Security_vulnerabilities "Internet Explorer") [Microsoft Bob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Bob "Microsoft Bob") [\_NSAKEY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSAKEY "NSAKEY") [Windows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft_Windows "Criticism of Microsoft Windows") [XP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_XP "Criticism of Windows XP") [Vista](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_Vista "Criticism of Windows Vista") [10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_10 "Criticism of Windows 10") |
| [Litigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_litigation "Microsoft litigation") | *[Apple v. Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc._v._Microsoft_Corp. "Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.")* (1994) *[United States v. Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Microsoft_Corp. "United States v. Microsoft Corp.")* (2001) *[Microsoft v. Lindows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._Lindows.com,_Inc. "Microsoft Corp. v. Lindows.com, Inc.")* (2004) [Microsoft v. MikeRoweSoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_v._MikeRoweSoft "Microsoft v. MikeRoweSoft") (2004) *[Microsoft v. Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._Commission "Microsoft Corp. v. Commission")* (2007) *[Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent_v._Microsoft_Corp. "Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft Corp.")* (2009) *[Microsoft v. Shah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._Shah "Microsoft Corp. v. Shah")* (2011) *[Microsoft v. United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._United_States "Microsoft Corp. v. United States")* (2018) *[FTC v. Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTC_v._Microsoft "FTC v. Microsoft")* (2022) |
| [Acquisitions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Microsoft "List of mergers and acquisitions by Microsoft") | [6Wunderkinder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wunderlist "Wunderlist") [Access Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_Software "Access Software") [Acompli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acompli "Acompli") [Activision Blizzard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activision_Blizzard "Activision Blizzard") [acquisition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_Activision_Blizzard_by_Microsoft "Acquisition of Activision Blizzard by Microsoft") [Altamira Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamira_Software "Altamira Software") [AltspaceVR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AltspaceVR "AltspaceVR") [aQuantive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQuantive "AQuantive") [Azyxxi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Amalga "Microsoft Amalga") [Beam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixer_\(service\) "Mixer (service)") [The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Ribbon_SoundWorks "The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks") [Bungie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungie "Bungie") [Clipchamp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipchamp "Clipchamp") [Colloquis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquis "Colloquis") [Compulsion Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsion_Games "Compulsion Games") [Connectix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectix "Connectix") [Consumers Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumers_Software "Consumers Software") [Danger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger,_Inc. "Danger, Inc.") [Double Fine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Fine "Double Fine") [Farecast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farecast "Farecast") [FASA Studio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASA_Studio "FASA Studio") [Fast Search & Transfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Development_Center_Norway "Microsoft Development Center Norway") [Firefly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly_\(website\) "Firefly (website)") [Forethought](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forethought,_Inc. "Forethought, Inc.") [GIANT Company Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Defender_Antivirus "Microsoft Defender Antivirus") [GitHub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub "GitHub") [Great Plains Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains_Software "Great Plains Software") [GreenButton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GreenButton "GreenButton") [Groove Networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_Networks "Groove Networks") [Havok Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havok_\(company\) "Havok (company)") *[High Heat Major League Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Heat_Major_League_Baseball "High Heat Major League Baseball")* [Hotmail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlook.com "Outlook.com") [inXile Entertainment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InXile_Entertainment "InXile Entertainment") [Jellyfish.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish.com "Jellyfish.com") [LinkedIn]() [LinkExchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkExchange "LinkExchange") [Lionhead Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionhead_Studios "Lionhead Studios") [Maluuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluuba "Maluuba") [Massive Incorporated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_Incorporated "Massive Incorporated") [Metaswitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaswitch "Metaswitch") [Mobile Data Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MileIQ "MileIQ") [Mojang Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojang_Studios "Mojang Studios") [Ninja Theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Theory "Ninja Theory") [Nokia Devices and Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Mobile "Microsoft Mobile") [npm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Npm "Npm") [Nuance Communications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuance_Communications "Nuance Communications") [Obsidian Entertainment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian_Entertainment "Obsidian Entertainment") [Onfolio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Live_Toolbar#Onfolio "Windows Live Toolbar") [Pando Networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pando_Networks "Pando Networks") [Perceptive Pixel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptive_Pixel "Perceptive Pixel") [PlaceWare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlaceWare "PlaceWare") [Playground Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playground_Games "Playground Games") [Powerset](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerset_\(company\) "Powerset (company)") [Press Play](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Play_\(company\) "Press Play (company)") [ProClarity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProClarity "ProClarity") [Rare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_\(company\) "Rare (company)") [Revolution Analytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_Analytics "Revolution Analytics") [RiskIQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RiskIQ "RiskIQ") [Simplygon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplygon "Simplygon") [Skype](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skype_Technologies "Skype Technologies") [Sunrise Atelier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_Calendar "Sunrise Calendar") [SwiftKey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_SwiftKey "Microsoft SwiftKey") [TakeLessons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TakeLessons "TakeLessons") [Tellme Networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellme_Networks "Tellme Networks") [Twisted Pixel Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_Pixel_Games "Twisted Pixel Games") [Undead Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undead_Labs "Undead Labs") [Vermeer Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermeer_Technologies "Vermeer Technologies") [Visio Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visio_Corporation "Visio Corporation") [Vivaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_\(graphics_software\) "Flux (graphics software)") [VoloMetrix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoloMetrix "VoloMetrix") [VXtreme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetShow "NetShow") [WebTV Networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN_TV "MSN TV") [Winternals Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysinternals "Sysinternals") [Xamarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xamarin "Xamarin") [Xandr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xandr "Xandr") [AppNexus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppNexus "AppNexus") [Yammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva_Engage "Viva Engage") [Yupi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupi "Yupi") [ZeniMax Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZeniMax_Media "ZeniMax Media") |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Microsoft "Category:Microsoft") | |
| Links to related articles | |
|---|---|
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Social_networking_services "Template:Social networking services") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Social_networking_services "Template talk:Social networking services") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_networking_services "Special:EditPage/Template:Social networking services")[Social networking services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking_service "Social networking service") | |
| [Personal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_networking_services "List of social networking services") | [23snaps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23snaps "23snaps") [Amikumu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amikumu "Amikumu") [anobii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anobii "Anobii") [Are.na](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are.na "Are.na") [Badoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badoo "Badoo") [BeReal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeReal "BeReal") [Bluesky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluesky "Bluesky") [BharatMatrimony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BharatMatrimony "BharatMatrimony") [Bondee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondee "Bondee") [Bumble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumble "Bumble") [Cara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cara_\(app\) "Cara (app)") [Clapper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapper_\(service\) "Clapper (service)") [Clubhouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clubhouse_\(app\) "Clubhouse (app)") [Convoz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoz "Convoz") [Cyworld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyworld "Cyworld") [Diaspora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora_\(social_network\) "Diaspora (social network)") [display](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_\(social_network\) "Display (social network)") [Douban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douban "Douban") [Draugiem.lv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draugiem.lv "Draugiem.lv") [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") [Foursquare City Guide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foursquare_City_Guide "Foursquare City Guide") [Foursquare Swarm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foursquare_Swarm "Foursquare Swarm") [Friendica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendica "Friendica") [Gab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gab_\(social_network\) "Gab (social network)") [Gapo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapo "Gapo") [Gas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_\(app\) "Gas (app)") [Gettr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettr "Gettr") [GNU social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_social "GNU social") [Hi5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi5 "Hi5") [Hive Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hive_Social "Hive Social") [Idka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idka "Idka") [Instagram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram "Instagram") [IRC-Galleria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRC-Galleria "IRC-Galleria") [Kuaishou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuaishou "Kuaishou") [Kumu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumu_\(social_network\) "Kumu (social network)") [Letterboxd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterboxd "Letterboxd") [Likee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likee "Likee") [LiveJournal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveJournal "LiveJournal") [Jeevansathi.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeevansathi.com "Jeevansathi.com") [Matrimony.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimony.com "Matrimony.com") [Marco Polo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo_\(app\) "Marco Polo (app)") [Mastodon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastodon_\(social_network\) "Mastodon (social network)") [The Meet Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meet_Group "The Meet Group") [Meetup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meetup "Meetup") [mewe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewe_\(social_media\) "Mewe (social media)") [Miaopai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaopai "Miaopai") [micro.blog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro.blog "Micro.blog") [Minds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minds_\(social_network\) "Minds (social network)") [Misskey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misskey "Misskey") [Mixi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixi "Mixi") [MX TakaTak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MX_TakaTak "MX TakaTak") [My World@Mail.Ru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_World@Mail.Ru "My World@Mail.Ru") [Myspace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace "Myspace") [Nextdoor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nextdoor "Nextdoor") [Odnoklassniki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odnoklassniki "Odnoklassniki") [Parler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler "Parler") [Pinterest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinterest "Pinterest") [Pixnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixnet "Pixnet") [Pleroma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleroma_\(software\) "Pleroma (software)") [Plurk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurk "Plurk") [Promo.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promo.com "Promo.com") [Qzone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qzone "Qzone") [Readgeek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readgeek "Readgeek") [Xiaohongshu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaohongshu "Xiaohongshu") (RedNote) [Renren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renren "Renren") [Seeking.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeking.com "Seeking.com") [Shaadi.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaadi.com "Shaadi.com") [ShareChat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShareChat "ShareChat") [Snapchat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat "Snapchat") [Snow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_\(app\) "Snow (app)") [Spaces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaces_\(social_network\) "Spaces (social network)") [Spoutible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoutible "Spoutible") [Tagged](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagged_\(website\) "Tagged (website)") [Tal Canal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal_Canal "Tal Canal") [Tastebuds.fm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tastebuds.fm "Tastebuds.fm") [Tea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_\(app\) "Tea (app)") [Tellonym](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellonym "Tellonym") [Threads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threads_\(social_network\) "Threads (social network)") [TikTok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok "TikTok") [Tinder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinder_\(app\) "Tinder (app)") [Triller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triller_\(app\) "Triller (app)") [Trust Café](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_Caf%C3%A9 "Trust Café") [Truth Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_Social "Truth Social") [Tuenti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuenti "Tuenti") [Tumblr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumblr "Tumblr") [TV Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Time "TV Time") [Untappd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untappd "Untappd") [UpScrolled](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UpScrolled "UpScrolled") [Vero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vero_\(app\) "Vero (app)") [VK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VK_\(service\) "VK (service)") [Weibo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibo "Weibo") [Whisper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisper_\(app\) "Whisper (app)") [X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_\(social_network\) "X (social network)") (formerly Twitter) [Yik Yak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yik_Yak "Yik Yak") |
| [Professional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_network_service "Professional network service") | [Academia.edu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia.edu "Academia.edu") [Behance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behance "Behance") [Brainly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainly "Brainly") [HCL Connections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCL_Connections "HCL Connections") [LinkedIn]() [Moodle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moodle "Moodle") [ResearchGate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate "ResearchGate") [Solaborate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaborate "Solaborate") [TradingView](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TradingView "TradingView") [Viadeo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viadeo "Viadeo") [Viva Engage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva_Engage "Viva Engage") [XING](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XING "XING") |
| [Defunct](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_social_networking_services "List of defunct social networking services") | [App.net](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App.net "App.net") [AsianAve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AsianAve "AsianAve") [Ask.fm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ask.fm "Ask.fm") [Avatars United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatars_United "Avatars United") [Bebo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebo "Bebo") [Bolt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt_\(website\) "Bolt (website)") [BranchOut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BranchOut "BranchOut") [Capazoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capazoo "Capazoo") [Cloob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloob "Cloob") [Cohost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohost "Cohost") [eConozco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EConozco "EConozco") [Edmodo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmodo "Edmodo") [Ello](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ello_\(social_network\) "Ello (social network)") [Emojli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emojli "Emojli") [eWorld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EWorld "EWorld") [Eyegroove](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyegroove "Eyegroove") [FitFinder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FitFinder "FitFinder") [FriendFeed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FriendFeed "FriendFeed") [Friends Reunited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_Reunited "Friends Reunited") [Friendster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendster "Friendster") [Google+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%2B "Google+") [Google Buzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Buzz "Google Buzz") [Google Currents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Currents_\(social_app\) "Google Currents (social app)") [Grono.net](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grono.net "Grono.net") [Heello](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heello "Heello") [Hello](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_\(social_network\) "Hello (social network)") [Highlight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlight_\(application\) "Highlight (application)") [Houseparty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houseparty_\(app\) "Houseparty (app)") [Huddles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddles_\(app\) "Huddles (app)") [Hyves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyves "Hyves") [IdeaPlane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IdeaPlane "IdeaPlane") [IGTV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGTV "IGTV") [iTunes Ping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Ping "ITunes Ping") [iWiW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWiW "IWiW") [Jaiku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaiku "Jaiku") [Keek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keek "Keek") [Koo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koo_\(social_network\) "Koo (social network)") [Lifeknot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeknot "Lifeknot") [LunarStorm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LunarStorm "LunarStorm") [Me2day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me2day "Me2day") [Meerkat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerkat_\(app\) "Meerkat (app)") [Miiverse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miiverse "Miiverse") [MixBit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MixBit "MixBit") [Mobli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobli "Mobli") [Mugshot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugshot_\(website\) "Mugshot (website)") [Multiply](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiply_\(website\) "Multiply (website)") [Musical.ly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical.ly "Musical.ly") [Natter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natter_\(social_network\) "Natter (social network)") [Netlog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netlog "Netlog") [NK.pl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK.pl "NK.pl") [Orkut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkut "Orkut") [Path](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_\(social_network\) "Path (social network)") [Peach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach_\(social_network\) "Peach (social network)") [Periscope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periscope_\(service\) "Periscope (service)") [Pheed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheed "Pheed") [Piczo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piczo "Piczo") [PlanetAll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlanetAll "PlanetAll") [Posterous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterous "Posterous") [Pownce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pownce "Pownce") [Qaiku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaiku "Qaiku") [Sciencescape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencescape "Sciencescape") (Metaα) [SixDegrees.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SixDegrees.com "SixDegrees.com") [Skyrock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyrock_\(social_network_site\) "Skyrock (social network site)") [So.cl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So.cl "So.cl") [Spotify Live](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify_Live "Spotify Live") [Spring.me](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring.me "Spring.me") [Streetlife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetlife_\(website\) "Streetlife (website)") [StudiVZ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StudiVZ "StudiVZ") [Surfbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfbook "Surfbook") [Talkbits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkbits "Talkbits") [Taringa\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taringa! "Taringa!") [tbh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbh "Tbh") [Tea Party Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Party_Community "Tea Party Community") [Third Voice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Voice "Third Voice") [Tout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tout_\(company\) "Tout (company)") [tribe.net](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe.net "Tribe.net") [tvtag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvtag "Tvtag") [Vine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine_\(service\) "Vine (service)") [Windows Live Spaces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Live_Spaces "Windows Live Spaces") [Wretch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wretch_\(website\) "Wretch (website)") [Xanga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanga "Xanga") [Yahoo! 360°](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo_360%C2%B0 "Yahoo 360°") [Yahoo! Kickstart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo_Kickstart "Yahoo Kickstart") [Yahoo! Mash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo_Mash "Yahoo Mash") [Yahoo! Meme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo_Meme "Yahoo Meme") [Yo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo_\(app\) "Yo (app)") [Zune Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zune_Social "Zune Social") [ZunZuneo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZunZuneo "ZunZuneo") |
| Services | [Software comparison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_social_networking_software "Comparison of social networking software") [Burned Haystack Dating Method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burned_Haystack_Dating_Method "Burned Haystack Dating Method") [White-label](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-label_product "White-label product") [Ning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ning_\(website\) "Ning (website)") [Wall.fm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall.fm "Wall.fm") |
| Tools | [Analysis software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_analysis_software "Social network analysis software") [Diaspora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora_\(social_network\) "Diaspora (social network)") [Web 2.0 Suicide Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0_Suicide_Machine "Web 2.0 Suicide Machine") |
| Concepts | [Attention inequality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_inequality "Attention inequality") [Confessions page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessions_page "Confessions page") [Cybersectarianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybersectarianism "Cybersectarianism") [Fediverse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediverse "Fediverse") [Online identity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_identity "Online identity") [Small-world experiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-world_experiment "Small-world experiment") [Small-world network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-world_network "Small-world network") [Social network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network "Social network") [Thirst trap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirst_trap "Thirst trap") [User profile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_profile "User profile") [Virtual community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_community "Virtual community") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_virtual_communities_with_more_than_1_million_users "List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users") |
| Applications | [Hospitality exchange service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_exchange_service "Hospitality exchange service") [Mobile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_social_network "Mobile social network") [Online dating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_dating "Online dating") [comparison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_online_dating_services "Comparison of online dating services") [Social network advertising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_advertising "Social network advertising") [Social network hosting service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_hosting_service "Social network hosting service") [Social profiling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_profiling "Social profiling") |
| [User interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface "User interface") | [Activity stream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity_stream "Activity stream") [Brand page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_page "Brand page") [Groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_\(online_social_networking\) "Group (online social networking)") [Hashtag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtag "Hashtag") [Like button](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_button "Like button") [Online petitions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_petition "Online petition") [Polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-access_poll "Open-access poll") [Reblogging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reblogging "Reblogging") [Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_\(social_media\) "Story (social media)") |
| Implications | [Issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issues_relating_to_social_networking_services "Issues relating to social networking services") [Privacy concerns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_social_networking_services "Privacy concerns with social networking services") [Problematic social media use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problematic_social_media_use "Problematic social media use") [Use in investigations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_social_network_websites_in_investigations "Use of social network websites in investigations") [Use in politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics "Social media use in politics") [User gender differences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_differences_in_social_network_service_use "Gender differences in social network service use") |
| Protocols | [ActivityPub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActivityPub "ActivityPub") [AT Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT_Protocol "AT Protocol") [Decentralized Social Networking Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_Social_Networking_Protocol "Decentralized Social Networking Protocol") [Distributed Social Networking Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Social_Networking_Protocol "Distributed Social Networking Protocol") (defunct) [Micropub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropub_\(protocol\) "Micropub (protocol)") [Nostr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostr "Nostr") [OpenSocial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSocial "OpenSocial") (defunct) [OStatus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OStatus "OStatus") [Pump.io](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump.io "Pump.io") [XMPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMPP "XMPP") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Microblogging "Template:Microblogging") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Microblogging "Template talk:Microblogging") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microblogging "Special:EditPage/Template:Microblogging")[Microblogging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microblogging "Microblogging") | |
| Centralized | [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") [Fanfou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanfou "Fanfou") [Gab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gab_\(social_network\) "Gab (social network)") [Gettr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettr "Gettr") [Hive Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hive_Social "Hive Social") [LinkedIn]() [Myspace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace "Myspace") [Pillowfort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillowfort "Pillowfort") [Plurk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurk "Plurk") [Qzone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qzone "Qzone") [Solaborate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaborate "Solaborate") [Spoutible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoutible "Spoutible") [Truth Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_Social "Truth Social") [Tumblr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumblr "Tumblr") [UpScrolled](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UpScrolled "UpScrolled") [Viadeo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viadeo "Viadeo") [VK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VK_\(service\) "VK (service)") [Weibo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibo "Weibo") [X/Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_\(social_network\) "X (social network)") [XING](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XING "XING") |
| Decentralized | |
| | |
| [ActivityPub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActivityPub "ActivityPub")\-compatible | [Friendica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendica "Friendica") [GNU social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_social "GNU social") [Mastodon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastodon_\(social_network\) "Mastodon (social network)") [micro.blog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro.blog "Micro.blog") [Misskey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misskey "Misskey") [Pleroma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleroma_\(software\) "Pleroma (software)") [Threads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threads_\(social_network\) "Threads (social network)") |
| [Bluesky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluesky "Bluesky") [AT Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT_Protocol "AT Protocol") [diaspora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora_\(social_network\) "Diaspora (social network)") [identi.ca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identi.ca "Identi.ca") [pump.io](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump.io "Pump.io") [Nostr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostr "Nostr") [OpenMicroBlogging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenMicroBlogging "OpenMicroBlogging") [OStatus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OStatus "OStatus") [Twister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twister_\(software\) "Twister (software)") | |
| Defunct | [App.net](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App.net "App.net") [Edmodo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmodo "Edmodo") [Google Buzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Buzz "Google Buzz") [Google+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%2B "Google+") [Heello](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heello "Heello") [Jaiku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaiku "Jaiku") [Me2day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me2day "Me2day") [Meme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo_Meme "Yahoo Meme") [Migme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migme "Migme") [Natter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natter_\(social_network\) "Natter (social network)") [Parler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler "Parler") [Posterous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterous "Posterous") [Pownce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pownce "Pownce") [Qaiku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaiku "Qaiku") [Tencent Weibo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent_Weibo "Tencent Weibo") [Tout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tout_\(company\) "Tout (company)") |
| Features | [Activity stream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity_stream "Activity stream") [Backchannel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backchannel "Backchannel") [Hashtag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtag "Hashtag") [Lifestreaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifestreaming "Lifestreaming") [Mention/Replies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mention_\(blogging\) "Mention (blogging)") [Reblogging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reblogging "Reblogging") |
| [Comparison of microblogging and similar services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_microblogging_and_similar_services "Comparison of microblogging and similar services") | |
| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213660#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | |
|---|---|
| International | [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/117144648516024029431) [FAST](https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1914940) |
| National | [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2012001212) [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1044960&CON_LNG=ENG) [Sweden](https://libris.kb.se/zf9b6ssmw4s6b7rn) |
| Other | [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/e442f815-1652-496d-8d34-2aa129e0afab) |
Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&oldid=1344772503>"
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LinkedIn
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[Add topic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn) |
| Readable Markdown | | | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LinkedIn_2021.svg)Logo used since September 2021 | |
| Type of business | [Subsidiary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary "Subsidiary") |
| Type of site | [Professional network service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_network_service "Professional network service") [Social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media "Social media") |
| Available in | 36 languages[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-About-1) |
| List of languages Arabic, Bengali, Chinese (simplified), Chinese (traditional), Czech, Danish, Dutch, English (UK), English (US), Farsi, French, Finnish, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Marathi, Malay, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Tagalog, Telugu, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese | |
| Founded | December 10, 2002; 23 years ago [Mountain View, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California "Mountain View, California"), U.S. |
| Headquarters | [Sunnyvale, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California "Sunnyvale, California"), U.S. |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| [Founders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_founder "Organizational founder") | [Reid Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Hoffman "Reid Hoffman") [Eric Ly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ly "Eric Ly") |
| Key people | [Jeff Weiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Weiner "Jeff Weiner") (Executive Chairman) [Ryan Roslansky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Roslansky "Ryan Roslansky") (CEO) |
| Industry | Internet |
| [Revenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue "Revenue") |  [US\$](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar")17\.8 billion (2025)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-2) |
| Employees | 18,500 (2024)[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-About-1) |
| [Parent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company "Holding company") | [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") (2016–present) |
| [Subsidiaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary "Subsidiary") | [LinkedIn Learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn_Learning "LinkedIn Learning") [Connectifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectifier "Connectifier") [Drawbridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawbridge_\(company\) "Drawbridge (company)") Glint |
| URL | [linkedin.com](https://linkedin.com/) |
| [IPv6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6 "IPv6") support | Yes |
| [Advertising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising "Online advertising") | [AdSense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdSense "AdSense") |
| Registration | Required |
| [Users](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_user "Registered user") | 310 million [MAU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_active_users "Monthly active users") (February 2023)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-3)\[*[unreliable source?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources "Wikipedia:Reliable sources")*\] |
| Launched | May 5, 2003; 22 years ago |
| Current status | Active |
**LinkedIn** () is an [American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") business and [employment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment "Employment")\-oriented [social networking service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking_service "Social networking service") used globally. The platform is primarily used for [professional networking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_networking "Business networking") and [career development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_development "Career development"), as it allows jobseekers to post their [CVs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_vitae "Curriculum vitae") and employers to post their job listings. As of 2026, LinkedIn has more than 1.2 billion registered members from over 200 countries and territories.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-4) It was launched on May 5, 2003, by [Reid Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Hoffman "Reid Hoffman") and [Eric Ly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ly "Eric Ly"),[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-about-5) receiving [financing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funding "Funding") from numerous [venture capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital "Venture capital") firms, including [Sequoia Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Capital "Sequoia Capital"), in the years following its inception. Users can invite other people to become connections on the platform, regardless of whether the invitees are already members of LinkedIn. LinkedIn can also be used to organize offline events, create and join groups, write articles, and post photos and videos.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-Help.linkedin.com-6)
In 2007, there were 10 million users on the platform, which urged LinkedIn to open offices around the world, including [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India"), [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") and [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland "Ireland"). In October 2010 LinkedIn was ranked No. 10 on the [Silicon Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley "Silicon Valley") Insider's Top 100 List of most valuable [startups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startup_company "Startup company"). From 2015, most of the company's [revenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue "Revenue") came from [selling access to information about its members](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_broker "Data broker") to recruiters and sales professionals; LinkedIn also introduced their own [ad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising "Advertising") portal named LinkedIn Ads to let companies advertise in their platform.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-7) In December 2016, [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") purchased LinkedIn for \$26.2 billion, being their largest [acquisition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions "Mergers and acquisitions") at the time.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-8) 94% of [business-to-business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business-to-business "Business-to-business") marketers since 2017 use LinkedIn to distribute their content.
LinkedIn has been subject to [criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism "Criticism") over its [design choices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_design "Web design"), such as its endorsement feature and its use of members' [e-mail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email "Email") accounts to send [spam mail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_spam "Email spam"). Due to LinkedIn's poor [security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security "Computer security") practices, several incidents have occurred with the website, [including in 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_LinkedIn_hack "2012 LinkedIn hack"), when the [cryptographic hashes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hashes "Cryptographic hashes") of approximately 6.4 million users were stolen and published online; and in 2016, when 117 million LinkedIn usernames and passwords (likely sourced from the 2012 hack) were offered for sale. The platform has also been criticised for its poor handling of [misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation "Misinformation") and [disinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation "Disinformation"), particularly pertaining to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") and to the [2020 US presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_US_presidential_election "2020 US presidential election"). Various countries have placed [bans or restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship "Internet censorship") on LinkedIn: it was banned in [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia "Russia") in 2016, [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan") in 2021, and [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") in 2023.
Founded in [Mountain View, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California "Mountain View, California"), LinkedIn is currently headquartered in [Mountain View](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California "Mountain View, California"), with 36 global offices as of February 11, 2024.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-9)[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-About-1) In February 2024, the company had around 18,500 [employees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment "Employment").[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-10)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-about-5)
LinkedIn's current CEO is [Ryan Roslansky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Roslansky "Ryan Roslansky"). [Jeff Weiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Weiner "Jeff Weiner"), previously CEO of LinkedIn, is now serving as the Executive Chairman. [Reid Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Hoffman "Reid Hoffman"), founder of LinkedIn, is chairman of the board.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-hempel2013-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-12) It was funded by [Sequoia Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Capital "Sequoia Capital"), [Greylock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greylock_Partners "Greylock Partners"), [Bain Capital Ventures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bain_Capital_Ventures "Bain Capital Ventures"),[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-13) [Bessemer Venture Partners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessemer_Venture_Partners "Bessemer Venture Partners") and the European Founders Fund.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-14) LinkedIn reached profitability in March 2006.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-15) Since January 2011, the company had received a total of \$103 million (about \$141 million in 2024) of [investment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment "Investment").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-IPO_rumour_Jan_2011-16) LinkedIn filed for an [initial public offering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") in January 2011 and traded its first shares in May, under the [NYSE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange "New York Stock Exchange") [symbol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker_symbol "Ticker symbol") "LNKD".[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-17)
### Founding from 2002 to 2011
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Founding from 2002 to 2011")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LinkedIn_Headquarters_Mountain_View.jpg)
Former LinkedIn headquarters on Stierlin Court in [Mountain View, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California "Mountain View, California")
The company was founded in December 2002 by [Reid Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Hoffman "Reid Hoffman") and the founding team members from [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal") and Socialnet.com (Allen Blue, [Eric Ly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ly "Eric Ly"), Jean-Luc Vaillant, Lee Hower, Konstantin Guericke, Stephen Beitzel, David Eves, Ian McNish, Yan Pujante, Chris Saccheri).[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-18) In late 2003, [Sequoia Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Capital "Sequoia Capital") led the [Series A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_A_round "Series A round") investment in the company.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-19) In August 2004, LinkedIn reached 1 million users.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-Byers2013-20) In March 2006, LinkedIn achieved its first month of profitability.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-Byers2013-20) In April 2007, LinkedIn reached 10 million users.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-Byers2013-20) In February 2008, LinkedIn launched a mobile version of the site.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-MyUser_Https:_September_11_2016c-21)
In June 2008, [Sequoia Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Capital "Sequoia Capital"), [Greylock Partners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greylock_Partners "Greylock Partners"), and other [venture capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital "Venture capital") firms purchased a 5% [stake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_\(finance\) "Equity (finance)") in the company for \$53 million, giving the company a [post-money valuation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-money_valuation "Post-money valuation") of approximately \$1 billion.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-22) In November 2009, LinkedIn opened its office in [Mumbai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai")[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-23) and soon thereafter in Sydney, as it started its Asia-Pacific team expansion. In 2010, LinkedIn opened an International Headquarters in Dublin, [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Information_and_communications_technology "Economy of the Republic of Ireland"),[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-24) received a \$20 million investment from [Tiger Global Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Global_Management "Tiger Global Management") LLC at a valuation of approximately \$2 billion,[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-25) announced its first acquisition, Mspoke,[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-26) and improved its 1% [premium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium_\(marketing\) "Premium (marketing)") subscription ratio.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-27) In October of that year, Silicon Valley Insider ranked the company No. 10 on its Top 100 List of most valuable startups.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-28) By December, the company was valued at \$1.575 billion in private markets.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-29) LinkedIn started its India operations in 2009 and a major part of the first year was dedicated to understanding professionals in India and educating members to leverage LinkedIn for career development.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:222secondStreet.jpg)
LinkedIn office building at [222 Second Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/222_Second_Street "222 Second Street") in San Francisco (opened in March 2016)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LinkedInOfficeToronto2.jpg)
LinkedIn office in Toronto inside the [Toronto Eaton Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Eaton_Centre "Toronto Eaton Centre")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LinkedIn_Headquarters_Sunnyvale.jpg)
LinkedIn headquarters in [Sunnyvale, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California "Sunnyvale, California")
LinkedIn filed for an [initial public offering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") in January 2011. The company traded its first shares on May 19, 2011, under the [NYSE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange "New York Stock Exchange") symbol "LNKD", at \$45 (≈\$62.00 in 2024) per share.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-30) Shares of LinkedIn rose as much as 171% on their first day of trade on the New York Stock Exchange and closed at \$94.25, more than 109% above [IPO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") price. Shortly after the IPO, the site's underlying infrastructure was revised to allow accelerated revision-release cycles.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-hempel2013-11) In 2011, LinkedIn earned \$154.6 million in advertising revenue alone, surpassing [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter"), which earned \$139.5 million.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-31) LinkedIn's fourth-[quarter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterly_finance_report "Quarterly finance report") 2011, earnings soared because of the company's increase in success in the social media world.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-32) By this point, LinkedIn had about 2,100 full-time employees compared to the 500 that it had in 2010.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-33)
In April 2014, LinkedIn announced that it had leased [222 Second Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/222_Second_Street "222 Second Street"), a 26-story building under construction in [San Francisco's SoMa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_of_Market,_San_Francisco "South of Market, San Francisco") district, to accommodate up to 2,500 of its employees,[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-:0-34) with the lease covering 10 years.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-sfbusiness-35) The goal was to join all San Francisco-based staff (1,250 as of January 2016) in one building, bringing sales and [marketing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing "Marketing") employees together with the [research and development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_Development_Efficiency_Act "Research and Development Efficiency Act") team.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-sfbusiness-35) In March 2016 they started to move in.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-sfbusiness-35) In February 2016 following an earnings report, LinkedIn's shares dropped 43.6% within a single day, down to \$108.38 per share. LinkedIn lost \$10 billion of its [market capitalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization "Market capitalization") that day.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-37)
In 2016, access to LinkedIn was blocked by [Russian authorities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_authorities "Russian authorities") for non-compliance with the 2015 national legislation that requires social media networks to store citizens' personal data on servers located in Russia.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-38)
In June 2016, [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") announced that it would acquire LinkedIn for \$196 a share, a total value of \$26.2 billion. It was the largest [acquisition made by Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Microsoft "List of mergers and acquisitions by Microsoft"), until the [acquisition of Activision Blizzard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_Activision_Blizzard_by_Microsoft "Acquisition of Activision Blizzard by Microsoft") in 2022. The acquisition would be an all-cash, debt-financed transaction. Microsoft would allow LinkedIn to "retain its distinct brand, culture and independence", with Weiner to remain as CEO, who would then report to Microsoft CEO [Satya Nadella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya_Nadella "Satya Nadella"). Analysts believed Microsoft saw the opportunity to integrate LinkedIn with its [Office product suite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office "Microsoft Office") to help better integrate the professional network system with its [products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_\(business\) "Product (business)"). The deal was completed on December 8, 2016.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-wsj_ms-39)
In late 2016, LinkedIn announced a planned increase of 200 new positions in its [Dublin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin "Dublin") office, which would bring the total employee count to 1,200.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-40) Since 2017 94% of B2B marketers use LinkedIn to distribute content.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-41)
Soon after LinkedIn's acquisition by Microsoft, LinkedIn's new desktop version was introduced.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-LinkedIn_Corporate_Communications_Team-42) The new version was meant to make the user experience similar across mobile and desktop. Some changes were made according to the feedback received from the previously launched mobile app. Features that were not heavily used were removed. For example, the contact tagging and filtering features are not supported anymore.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-43)
Following the launch of the new [user interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface "User interface") (UI), some users complained about the missing features which were there in the older version, slowness, and bugs in it. The issues were faced by free and premium users and with both the desktop and mobile versions of the site.
In 2019, LinkedIn launched globally the feature Open for Business that enables freelancers to be discovered on the platform.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-44)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-45) LinkedIn Events was launched in the same year.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-46)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-47)
In June 2020, Jeff Weiner stepped down as CEO and become executive chairman after 11 years in the role. Ryan Roslansky stepped up as CEO from his previous position as the senior vice president of product.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-48) In late July 2020, LinkedIn announced it [laid off](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layoff "Layoff") 960 employees, about 6 percent of the total workforce, from the talent acquisition and global sales teams. In an email to all employees, CEO [Ryan Roslansky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Roslansky "Ryan Roslansky") said the cuts were due to effects of the global [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-49) In April 2021, CyberNews claimed that 500 million LinkedIn's accounts have leaked online.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-50) However, LinkedIn stated that "We have investigated an alleged set of LinkedIn data that has been posted for sale and have determined that it is actually an aggregation of data from a number of websites and companies".[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-51)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-52)
In June 2021, PrivacySharks claimed that more than 700 million LinkedIn records were on sale on a hacker forum.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-53)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-54) LinkedIn later stated that this is not a breach, but scraped data which is also a violation of their Terms of Service.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-55)
In Sep 2021, LinkedIn blocks U.S. journalists' profiles in China. Includes but is not limited to Bethany Allen-Ebrahimian, Melissa Chan, Greg Bruno, [Jojje Olsson](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jojje_Olsson&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jojje Olsson (page does not exist)"), J Michael Cole.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-56)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-57)
Microsoft ended LinkedIn operations in China in October 2021.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-58)
In 2022, LinkedIn earned \$13.8 billion in revenue, compared to \$10.3 billion in 2021.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-59)
In May 2023, LinkedIn cut 716 positions from its 20,000 workforce. The move, according to a letter from the company's CEO Ryan Roslansky, was made to streamline the business's operations. Roslansky further stated that this decision would result in the creation of 250 job opportunities. Additionally, LinkedIn also announced the discontinuance of its China local job apps.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-60)
In June 2024, Axios reported LinkedIn was testing a new [AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI "AI") assistant for its paid Premium users.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-61)
In September 2024, LinkedIn suspended its use of UK user data for AI model training after concerns were raised by the [Information Commissioner's Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Office "Information Commissioner's Office") (ICO). The platform had quietly opted in users globally for data use in AI training. However, following ICO feedback, LinkedIn paused this practice for UK users. A company spokesperson stated that LinkedIn has always allowed users to control how their data is used and has now provided UK users with an opt-out option.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-62)
In November 2024, Linkedin challenged [Australian legislation which sought to ban under-16's from social media platforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Safety_Amendment "Online Safety Amendment") on the grounds that it does 'not have content interesting and appealing to minors.'[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-63)
In October 2025, the LinkedIn Learning Career Hub was launched.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-64)
In July 2012, LinkedIn acquired 15 key [Digg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digg "Digg") patents for \$4 million including a "[click a button to vote up a story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_button "Like button")" patent.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-65)
| Number | Acquisition date | Company | Business | Country | Price | Description | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | August 4, 2010 | mspoke | Adaptive personalization of content |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \$0.6 million[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-SEC_S/1_Filing-66) | LinkedIn Recommendations | [\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-67) |
| 2 | September 23, 2010 | ChoiceVendor | Social B2B Reviews |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \$3.9 million[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-68) | Rate and review B2B service providers | [\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-69) |
| 3 | January 26, 2011 | CardMunch | Social Contacts |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \$1.7 million[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-SEC_S/1_Filing-66) | Scan and import business cards | [\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-70) |
| 4 | October 5, 2011 | Connected | Social CRM |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \- | LinkedIn Connected | [\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-71) |
| 5 | October 11, 2011 | IndexTank | Social search |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \- | LinkedIn Search | [\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-72) |
| 6 | February 22, 2012 | Rapportive | Social Contacts |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \$15 million[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-73) | \- | [\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-74) |
| 7 | 2012 | [ESAYA Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ESAYA_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1 "ESAYA Inc. (page does not exist)") | Social Content |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \- | TrueSwitch - Migrate Your Email, Contacts & Calendar data Between Provider's Account | [\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-75) |
| 8 | May 3, 2012 | [SlideShare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SlideShare "SlideShare") | Social Content |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \$119 million | Give LinkedIn members a way to discover people through content | [\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-76) |
| 9 | April 11, 2013 | [Pulse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_\(Application\) "Pulse (Application)") | Web / Mobile newsreader |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \$90 million | Definitive professional publishing platform | [\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-77) |
| 10 | February 6, 2014 | [Bright.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright.com "Bright.com") | Job Matching |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \$120 million | | [\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-78) |
| 11 | July 14, 2014 | Newsle | Web application |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \- | Allows users to follow real news about their Facebook friends, LinkedIn contacts, and public figures. | [\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-79) |
| 11 | July 22, 2014 | Bizo | Web application |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \$175 million | Helps advertisers reach businesses and professionals | [\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-80) |
| 12 | March 16, 2015 | Careerify | Web application |  [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") | \- | Helps businesses hire people using social media | [\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-81) |
| 13 | April 2, 2015 | Refresh.io | Web application |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \- | Surfaces insights about people in your networks right before you meet them | [\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-82) |
| 14 | April 9, 2015 | [Lynda.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynda.com "Lynda.com") | eLearning |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \$1.5 billion | Lets users learn business, technology, software, and creative skills through videos | [\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-83) |
| 15 | August 28, 2015 | Fliptop | Predictive Sales and Marketing Firm |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \- | Using data science to help companies close more sales | [\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-84) |
| 16 | February 4, 2016 | [Connectifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectifier "Connectifier") | Web application |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \- | Helps companies with their recruiting | [\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-85) |
| 17 | July 26, 2016 | PointDrive | Web application |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \- | Lets salespeople share visual content with prospective clients to help seal the deal | [\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-86) |
| 18 | September 16, 2018 | Glint Inc. | Web application |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | \- | Employee engagement platform. | [\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-87) |
| 19 | May 28, 2019 | Drawbridge | Marketing Solutions |  [USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | | | [\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-88) |
In 2013, a [class action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action "Class action") lawsuit entitled *Perkins vs. LinkedIn Corp* was filed against the company, accusing it of automatically sending invitations to contacts in a member's email address book without permission. The court agreed with LinkedIn that permission had in fact been given for invitations to be sent, but not for the two further reminder emails.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-89) LinkedIn [settled](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_\(litigation\) "Settlement (litigation)") the lawsuit in 2015 for \$13 million (≈\$16.8 million in 2024).[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-auto-90) Many members should have received a notice in their email with the subject line "Legal Notice of Settlement of Class Action". The Case No. is 13-CV-04303-LHK.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-91)
### *hiQ Labs v. LinkedIn*
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: hiQ Labs v. LinkedIn")\]
In May 2017, LinkedIn sent a Cease-And-Desist letter to hiQ Labs, a Silicon Valley startup that collects data from public profiles and provides analysis of this data to its customers. The letter demanded that hiQ immediately cease "scraping" data from LinkedIn's servers, claiming violations of the CFAA (Computer Fraud and Abuse Act) and the DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act). In response hiQ sued LinkedIn in the Northern District of California in [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"), asking the court to prohibit LinkedIn from blocking its access to public profiles while the court considered the merits of its request. The court served a preliminary injunction against LinkedIn, which was then forced to allow hiQ to continue to collect public data. LinkedIn appealed this ruling; in September 2019, the appeals court rejected LinkedIn's arguments and the preliminary injunction was upheld. The dispute is ongoing.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linkedin_Chocolates.jpg)
Social media websites may also use "traditional" marketing approaches, as seen in these LinkedIn-branded chocolates.
In 2015, LinkedIn had more than 400 million members in over 200 countries and territories,[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-hempel2013-11)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-in-92) which was significantly more than competitor [Viadeo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viadeo "Viadeo") (50 million as of 2013.)[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-thenextweb-93) In 2011, its membership grew by approximately two new members every second.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-TwoMembersASecond-94) In 2020, LinkedIn's membership grew to over 690 million LinkedIn members.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-about_linkedin-95) As of September 2021, LinkedIn had 774+ million registered members from over 200 countries and territories.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-about_linkedin-95) In November 2023, LinkedIn reached a member count of one billion.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-96)
## Platform and features
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Platform and features")\]
### User profile network
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: User profile network")\]
#### Basic functionality
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: Basic functionality")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LinkedIn_homepage.png)
LinkedIn homepage
The basic functionality of LinkedIn allows users to create profiles, which for employees typically consist of a [curriculum vitae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_vitae "Curriculum vitae") describing their work experience, education and training, skills, and a personal photo. Employers can list [jobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_\(role\) "Job (role)") and search for potential candidates. Users can find jobs, people and business opportunities recommended by someone in one's contact network. Users can save jobs that they would like to apply for. Users also have the ability to follow different companies.
The site also enables members to make "connections" to each other in an online social network which may represent real-world professional relationships. Members can invite anyone to become a connection. Users can obtain introductions to the connections of connections (termed *second-degree connections*) and connections of second-degree connections (termed *third-degree connections*).
A member's list of connections can be used in a number of ways. For example, users can search for second-degree connections who work at a company they are interested in, and then ask a specific first-degree connection in common for an introduction.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-SecondDegreeConnections-97) The "gated-access approach" (where contact with any professional requires either an existing relationship, or the intervention of a contact of theirs) is intended to build trust among the service's users. LinkedIn participated in the EU's [International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Safe_Harbor_Privacy_Principles "International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles").[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-:1-98)
Users can interact with each other in a variety of ways:
- Connections can interact by choosing to "like" posts and "congratulate" others on updates such as birthdays, anniversaries and new positions, as well as by direct messaging.
- Users can share video with text and filters with the introduction of LinkedIn Video.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-99)[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-100)
- Users can write posts and articles[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-101) within the LinkedIn platform to share with their network.
Since September 2012, LinkedIn has enabled users to "endorse" each other's skills. However, there is no way of flagging anything other than positive content.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-102) LinkedIn solicits endorsements using [algorithms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm "Algorithm") that generate skills members might have. Members cannot opt out of such solicitations, with the result that it sometimes appears that a member is soliciting an endorsement for a non-existent skill.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-103)
LinkedIn 'applications' often refer to external third-party applications that interact with LinkedIn's developer API. However, in some cases, it could refer to sanctioned applications featured on a user's profile page.
#### External, third party applications
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: External, third party applications")\]
In February 2015, LinkedIn released an updated terms of use for their developer API.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-104) The developer API allows both companies and individuals the ability to interact with LinkedIn's data through creation of managed third-party applications. Applications must go through a review process and request permission from the user before accessing a user's data.
Normal use of the API is outlined in LinkedIn's developer documents,[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-105) including:
- Sign into external services using LinkedIn
- Add items or attributes to a user profile
- Share items or articles to user's timeline
#### Embedded in profile
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Embedded in profile")\]
In October 2008, LinkedIn enabled an "applications platform" which allows external online services to be embedded within a member's profile page. Among the initial applications were an [Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_\(company\) "Amazon (company)") Reading List that allows LinkedIn members to display books they are reading, a connection to Tripit, and a [Six Apart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Apart "Six Apart"), [WordPress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPress "WordPress") and [TypePad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypePad "TypePad") application that allows members to display their latest blog postings within their LinkedIn profile.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-106) In November 2010, LinkedIn allowed businesses to list products and services on company profile pages; it also permitted LinkedIn members to "recommend" products and services and write reviews.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-107) Shortly after, some of the external services were no longer supported, including Amazon's Reading List.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
A mobile version of the site was launched in February 2008 and made available in six languages: Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese and Spanish.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-108) In January 2011, LinkedIn acquired CardMunch, a [mobile app](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app "Mobile app") maker that scans [business cards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_card "Business card") and converts into contacts.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-109) In June 2013, CardMunch was noted as an available LinkedIn app.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-hempel2013-11) In October 2013, LinkedIn announced a service for iPhone users called "Intro", which inserts a thumbnail of a person's LinkedIn profile in correspondence with that person when reading mail messages in the native iOS [Mail program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_\(Apple\) "Mail (Apple)").[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-110) This is accomplished by re-routing all emails from and to the iPhone through LinkedIn servers, which security firm Bishop Fox asserts has serious [privacy implications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_issues_of_social_networking_sites "Privacy issues of social networking sites"), violates many organizations' [security policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_policy "Security policy"), and resembles a [man-in-the-middle attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack "Man-in-the-middle attack").[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-111)[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-112)
LinkedIn also supports daily the formation of interest groups. In 2012, there were 1,248,019 such groups whose membership varies from 1 to 744,662.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-autogenerated1-113)[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-114) Groups support a limited form of discussion area, moderated by the group owners and managers.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-115) Groups may be private, accessible to members only or may be open to Internet users in general to read, though they must join in order to post messages. Since groups offer the functionality to reach a wide audience without so easily falling foul of [anti-spam solutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-spam_techniques "Anti-spam techniques"), there is a constant stream of spam postings, and there now exists a range of firms who offer a spamming service for this very purpose. LinkedIn has devised a few mechanisms to reduce the volume of spam,[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-116) but recently\[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")*\] decided to remove the ability of group owners to inspect the email address of new members in order to determine if they were spammers.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] Groups also keep their members informed through emails with updates to the group, including most talked about discussions within your professional circles.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-autogenerated1-113)[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-117)
In December 2011, LinkedIn announced that they are rolling out polls to groups.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-118) In November 2013, LinkedIn announced the addition of Showcase Pages to the platform.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-119) In 2014, LinkedIn announced they were going to be removing Product and Services Pages[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-120) paving the way for a greater focus on Showcase Pages.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-121)
LinkedIn maintains an internal [knowledge graph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_graph "Knowledge graph") of entities (people, organizations, groups) that helps it connect everyone working in a field or at an organization or network. This can be used to query the neighborhood around each entity to find updates that might be related to it.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-122) This also lets them train machine learning models that can infer new properties about an entity or further information that may apply to it for both summary views and analytics.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-123)
### Discontinued features
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: Discontinued features")\]
In January 2013, LinkedIn dropped support for LinkedIn Answers and cited a new 'focus on development of new and more engaging ways to share and discuss professional topics across LinkedIn' as the reason for the retirement of the feature. The feature had been launched in 2007 and allowed users to post questions to their network and allowed users to rank answers.
In 2014, LinkedIn retired InMaps, a feature which allowed you to visualize your professional network.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-124) The feature had been in use since January 2011.
According to the company's website, LinkedIn Referrals will no longer be available after May 2018.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-125)\[*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")*\]
In September 2021, LinkedIn discontinued LinkedIn stories, a feature that was rolled out worldwide in October 2020.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-126)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LinkedIn_connection_levels_first-level_second-level_third-level_according_to_Sandra_Long_of_Post_Road_Consulting.png)
When a user accepts an invitation from another user, they have a first-level connection; the user is indirectly connected to the other user's connections with what LinkedIn terms second-level and third-level connections.
LinkedIn is particularly well-suited for [personal branding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_branding "Personal branding"), which, according to Sandra Long, entails "actively managing one's image and unique value" to position oneself for career opportunities.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsLong1212-127) LinkedIn has evolved from being a mere platform for job searchers into a social network which allows users a chance to create a personal brand.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsSA101-128) Career coach Pamela Green describes a personal brand as the "emotional experience you want people to have as a result of interacting with you," and a LinkedIn profile is an aspect of that.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsAN112-129) A contrasting report suggests that a personal brand is "a public-facing persona, exhibited on LinkedIn, Twitter and other networks, that showcases expertise and fosters new connections."[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsWSH4433-130)
LinkedIn allows professionals to build exposure for their brand within the site itself and on the World Wide Web as a whole. With a tool that LinkedIn dubs a *Profile Strength Meter*, the site encourages users to offer enough information in their profile to optimize [visibility by search engines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization "Search engine optimization"). It can strengthen a user's LinkedIn presence if they belong to professional groups on the site.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsTheStreet111-131)[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsLong1212-127) The site enables users to add a video to their profiles.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsINC2010-132) Some users hire a professional photographer for their profile photo.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsForbes202-133) Video presentations can be added to one's profile.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsEP101-134) LinkedIn's capabilities have been expanding so rapidly that a cottage industry of outside consultants has grown up to help users navigate the system.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsFC101-135)[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsINC2010-132) A particular emphasis is helping users with their LinkedIn profiles.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsFC101-135)
> There's no hiding in the long grass on LinkedIn ... The number one mistake people make on the profile is to not have a photo.
— Sandra Long of Post Road Consulting, 2017[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsMktWatch101-136)
In October 2012, LinkedIn launched the LinkedIn Influencers program, which features global [thought leaders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_leader "Thought leader") who share their professional insights with LinkedIn's members. As of May 2016, there are 750+ Influencers.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-137) The program is invite-only and features leaders from a range of industries, including [Richard Branson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson "Richard Branson"), [Narendra Modi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi "Narendra Modi"), [Arianna Huffington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianna_Huffington "Arianna Huffington"), [Greg McKeown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_McKeown_\(author\) "Greg McKeown (author)"), [Rahm Emanuel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel "Rahm Emanuel"), [Jamie Dimon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Dimon "Jamie Dimon"), [Martha Stewart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Stewart "Martha Stewart"), [Deepak Chopra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepak_Chopra "Deepak Chopra"), [Jack Welch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Welch "Jack Welch"), and [Bill Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates "Bill Gates").[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-138)[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-139)
Job seekers and employers widely use LinkedIn. According to Jack Meyer, the site has become the "premier digital platform" for professionals to network online.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsTheStreet111-131) In Australia, which has approximately twelve million working professionals, ten million of them are on LinkedIn, according to Anastasia Santoreneos, suggesting that the probability was high that one's "future employer is probably on the site."[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsYahooFinance113-140) According to one estimate based on worldwide figures, 122 million users got [job interviews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_interview "Job interview") via LinkedIn and 35 million were hired by a LinkedIn online connection.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsYahooFinance4454-141)
LinkedIn also allows users to research companies, non-profit organizations, and governments they may be interested in working for. Typing the name of a company or organization in the search box causes pop-up data about the company or organization to appear. Such data may include the ratio of female to male employees, the percentage of the most common titles/positions held within the company, the location of the company's headquarters and offices, and a list of present and former employees. In July 2011, LinkedIn launched a new feature allowing companies to include an "Apply with LinkedIn" button on job listing pages.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-Plugin-142) The new plugin allowed potential employees to apply for positions using their LinkedIn profiles as resumes.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-Plugin-142)
LinkedIn can help small businesses connect with customers.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsInc49400-143) In the site's parlance, two users have a "first-degree connection" when one accepts an invitation from another.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsYahooFinance4454-141) People connected to each of them are "second-degree connections" and persons connected to the second-degree connections are "third-degree connections."[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsYahooFinance4454-141) This forms a user's internal LinkedIn network, making the user's profile more likely to appear in searches.
LinkedIn's Profinder is a marketplace where freelancers can (for a monthly subscription fee) bid for project proposals submitted by individuals and small businesses.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-:2-144) In 2017, it had around 60,000 freelancers in more than 140 service areas, such as headshot photography, bookkeeping or tax filing.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-:2-144)
The premise for connecting with someone has shifted significantly in recent years. Before the 2017 new interface was launched, LinkedIn encouraged connections between people who'd already worked, studied, done business, or the like. Since 2017, that step has been removed from the connection request process - and users are allowed to connect with up to 30,000 people.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-145) This change means LinkedIn is a more proactive networking site for job applicants trying to secure a career move or for salespeople wanting to generate new client leads.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-twsLong1212-127)
[LinkedIn Top Companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn_Top_Companies "LinkedIn Top Companies") is a series of lists published by LinkedIn, identifying companies in the United States, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, Spain, and the United Kingdom that are attracting the most intense interest from job candidates. The 2019 lists identified [Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google")'s parent company, [Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc."), as the most sought-after U.S. company, with [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook,_Inc "Facebook, Inc") ranked second and [Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_\(company\) "Amazon (company)") ranked third.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-146) The lists are based on more than one billion actions by LinkedIn members worldwide. The Top Companies lists were started in 2016 and are published annually. The 2021 top list identified [Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_\(company\) "Amazon (company)") as the top company, with [Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") ranked second and [JPMorgan & Chase Co.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase "JPMorgan Chase") ranked third.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-147)
### Top Voices and other rankings
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: Top Voices and other rankings")\]
Since 2015, LinkedIn has published annual rankings of Top Voices on the platform, recognizing "members that generated the most engagement and interaction with their posts."[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-148) The 2020 lists[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-149) included 14 industry categories, ranging from data science to sports, as well as 14 country lists, extending from Australia to Italy.
LinkedIn also publishes data-driven annual rankings of the Top Startups in more than a dozen countries, based on "employment growth, job interest from potential candidates, engagement, and attraction of top talent."[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-150)[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-151)
### Advertising and for-pay research
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: Advertising and for-pay research")\]
In 2008, LinkedIn launched LinkedIn DirectAds as a form of sponsored advertising.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-152) In October 2008, LinkedIn revealed plans to open its social network of 30 million professionals globally as a potential sample for business-to-business research. It is testing a potential social network revenue model – research that, to some, appears more promising than advertising.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-153) On July 23, 2013, LinkedIn announced its Sponsored Updates ad service. Individuals and companies can now pay a fee to have LinkedIn sponsor their content and spread it to their user base. This is a common way for social media sites such as LinkedIn to generate revenue.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-154)
LinkedIn launched its carousel ads feature in 2018, making it the newest addition to the platform's advertising options. With carousel ads, businesses can showcase their products or services through a series of swipeable cards, each with its unique image, headline, and description. They can be used for various marketing objectives, such as promoting a new product launch, driving website traffic, generating leads, or building brand awareness.
On July 22, 2022, LinkedIn announced the creation of Business Manager.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-155) The new Business Manager is a centralized platform designed to make it easier for large companies and agencies to manage people, ad accounts, and business pages.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-156)
### Publishing platform
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: Publishing platform")\]
In 2015, LinkedIn added an analytics tool to its publishing platform. The tool allows authors to better track the traffic that their posts receive. In relation to this functionality, LinkedIn has gained more users over the years in the interest of clearly monitoring users' posts through post-performance analytics[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-157)
Inspired by Facebook's "[social graph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_graph "Social graph")", LinkedIn CEO Jeff Weiner set a goal in 2012 to create an "economic graph" within a decade.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-KovachBI-158) The goal was to create a comprehensive digital map of the world economy and the connections within it.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-159) The economic graph was to be built on the company's current platform with data nodes including companies, jobs, skills, volunteer opportunities, educational institutions, and content.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-160)[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-161) The project's vision was to include all the job listings in the world, all the skills required to get those jobs, all the professionals who could fill them, and all the companies (nonprofit and for-profit) at which they work. The ultimate goal is to make the world economy and job market more efficient through increased transparency.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-KovachBI-158) In June 2014, the company announced its "Galene" search architecture to give users access to the economic graph's data with more thorough filtering of data, via user searches like "Engineers with Hadoop experience in Brazil."[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-162)[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-163)
LinkedIn has published blog posts using economic graph data to research several topics on the job market, including popular destination cities of recent college graduates,[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-164) areas with high concentrations of technology skills,[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-165) and common career transitions.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-166) LinkedIn provided the City of New York with data from economic graph showing "in-demand" tech skills for the city's "Tech Talent Pipeline" project.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-167)
LinkedIn has been described by online trade publication *[TechRepublic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechRepublic "TechRepublic")* as having "become the de facto tool for professional networking".[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-168) LinkedIn has also been praised for its usefulness in fostering business relationships.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-169) "LinkedIn is, far and away, the most advantageous social networking tool available to job seekers and business professionals today", according to *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-170) LinkedIn has inspired the creation of specialised professional networking opportunities, such as co-founder Eddie Lou's Chicago startup, [Shiftgig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiftgig "Shiftgig") (released in 2012 as a platform for hourly workers).[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-171)
## Criticism and controversies
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: Criticism and controversies")\]
### Controversial design choices
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=30 "Edit section: Controversial design choices")\]
#### Endorsement feature
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=31 "Edit section: Endorsement feature")\]
The feature that allows LinkedIn members to "endorse" each other's skills and experience has been criticized as meaningless, since the endorsements are not necessarily accurate or given by people who have familiarity with the member's skills.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-172) In October 2016, LinkedIn acknowledged that it "really does matter who endorsed you" and began highlighting endorsements from "coworkers and other mutual connections" to address the criticism.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-173)
#### Use of e-mail accounts of members for spam sending
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=32 "Edit section: Use of e-mail accounts of members for spam sending")\]
LinkedIn sends "invite emails" to Outlook contacts from its members' email accounts, without obtaining their consent. The "invitations" give the impression that the e-mail holder themself has sent the invitation. If there is no response, the answer will be repeated several times ("You have not yet answered XY's invitation.") LinkedIn was sued in the United States on charges of hijacking e-mail accounts and spamming. The company argued with the right to freedom of expression. In addition, the users concerned would be supported in building a network.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-174)[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-175)[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-176)
The sign-up process includes users entering their email password (there is an opt-out feature). LinkedIn will then offer to send out contact invitations to all members in that address book or that the user has had email conversations with. When the member's email address book is opened, it is opened with all email addresses selected, and the member is advised invitations will be sent to "selected" email addresses, or to all. LinkedIn was sued for sending out another two follow-up invitations to each contact from members to link to friends who had ignored the initial, authorized invitation.
In November 2014, LinkedIn lost a motion to dismiss the lawsuit, in a ruling that the invitations were advertisements not broadly protected by free speech rights that would otherwise permit use of people's names and images without authorization.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-177)[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-178)[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-179) The lawsuit was eventually settled in 2015 in favor of LinkedIn members.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-auto-90)
#### Moving emails to LinkedIn servers
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: Moving emails to LinkedIn servers")\]
At the end of 2013 it was announced that the LinkedIn app intercepted users' emails and quietly moved them to LinkedIn servers for full access.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-New_York_Times-180) LinkedIn used man-in-the-middle attacks.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-181)
In June 2012, [cryptographic hashes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function "Cryptographic hash function") of approximately 6.4 million LinkedIn user passwords were stolen by [Yevgeniy Nikulin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeniy_Nikulin "Yevgeniy Nikulin") and other hackers who then published the stolen hashes online.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-182) This action is known as the [2012 LinkedIn hack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_LinkedIn_hack "2012 LinkedIn hack"). In response to the incident, LinkedIn asked its users to change their passwords. [Security experts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hat_\(computer_security\) "White hat (computer security)") criticized LinkedIn for not [salting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_\(cryptography\) "Salt (cryptography)") their password file and for using a single iteration of [SHA-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-1 "SHA-1").[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-183) On May 31, 2013, LinkedIn added [two-factor authentication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-factor_authentication "Two-factor authentication"), an important [security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security "Computer security") enhancement for preventing hackers from gaining access to accounts.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-184) In May 2016, 117 million LinkedIn usernames and passwords were offered for sale online for the equivalent of \$2,200 (≈\$2,951 in 2025).[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-185) These account details are believed to be sourced from the original 2012 LinkedIn hack, in which the number of user IDs stolen had been underestimated. To handle the large volume of emails sent to its users every day with notifications for messages, profile views, important happenings in their network, and other things, LinkedIn uses the Momentum email platform from Message Systems.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-186)
A breach disclosed in April 2021 affected 500 million users.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-187)[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-188) A breach disclosed in June 2021 was thought to have affected 92% of users, exposing contact information, employment information. LinkedIn asserted that the data was aggregated via [web scraping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_scraping "Web scraping") from LinkedIn as well as several other sites, and noted that "only information that people listed publicly in their profiles" was included.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-189)[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-190)
### Malicious behavior on LinkedIn
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=37 "Edit section: Malicious behavior on LinkedIn")\]
In what is known as [Operation Socialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Socialist "Operation Socialist"), documents released by [Edward Snowden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden "Edward Snowden") in the [2013 global surveillance disclosures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_global_surveillance_disclosures "2013 global surveillance disclosures") revealed that British Government Communications Headquarters ([GCHQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCHQ "GCHQ")) (an intelligence and security organisation) infiltrated the Belgian telecommunications network [Belgacom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgacom "Belgacom") by luring employees to a false LinkedIn page.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-191)
In 2014, [Dell SecureWorks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_SecureWorks "Dell SecureWorks") Counter Threat Unit (CTU) discovered that Threat Group-2889, an [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran "Iran")\-based group, created 25 fake LinkedIn accounts. The accounts were either fully developed personas or supporting personas. They use [spearphishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearphishing "Spearphishing") and [malicious websites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware "Malware") against their victims.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-192)\[*[independent source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources "Wikipedia:Independent sources")*\]
According to reporting by *[Le Figaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro "Le Figaro")*, France's [General Directorate for Internal Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Directorate_for_Internal_Security "General Directorate for Internal Security") and [Directorate-General for External Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security "Directorate-General for External Security") believe that Chinese spies have used LinkedIn to target thousands of business and government officials as potential sources of information.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-193)
In 2017, Germany's [Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution "Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution") (BfV) published information alleging that Chinese intelligence services had created fake social media profiles on sites such as LinkedIn, using them to gather information on German politicians and government officials.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-194)[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-195)
In 2022, the company ranked first in a list of brands most likely to be imitated in phishing attempts.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-196)
In August 2023, several Linkedin users were targeted by hackers in hijacking and phishing bid. Users were locked out of their accounts and threatened with permanent account deletion if they did not pay a ransom.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-197)
#### False and misleading information
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=39 "Edit section: False and misleading information")\]
LinkedIn has come under scrutiny for its handling of [misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation "Misinformation") and [disinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation "Disinformation").[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-198) The platform has struggled to deal with fake profiles and falsehoods about [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") and the [2020 US presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_US_presidential_election "2020 US presidential election").[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-199)[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-200)[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-201)
The German [Stiftung Warentest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiftung_Warentest "Stiftung Warentest") has criticized that the balance of rights between users and LinkedIn is disproportionate, restricting users' rights excessively while granting the company far-reaching rights.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-202) It has also been claimed that LinkedIn does not respond to consumer protection center requests.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-203)
#### DEI and hate speech
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=42 "Edit section: DEI and hate speech")\]
In January 2025 during the [second Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Trump_administration "Second Trump administration"), LinkedIn quietly deleted its [Diversity, equity, and inclusion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion "Diversity, equity, and inclusion") (DEI) web page.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-204) Later in July of that year, the company removed its protections against the [misgendering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misgendering "Misgendering") and/or [deadnaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadnaming "Deadnaming") of transgender users.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-205)
Without giving its users any prior notice, Linkedin has been removing accounts that do not follow its criteria since 2022.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-206)[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-207)
Massive amounts of data from LinkedIn allow scientists and machine learning researchers to extract insights and build product features.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-208) For example, this data can help to shape patterns of deception in resumes. Findings suggested that people commonly lie about their hobbies rather than their work experience on online resumes.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-209)
### Labor market effects
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=45 "Edit section: Labor market effects")\]
In 2010, *[Social Science Computer Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Computer_Review "Social Science Computer Review")* published research by economists Ralf Caers and Vanessa Castelyns who sent an online questionnaire to 398 and 353 LinkedIn and Facebook users respectively in [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") and found that both sites had become tools for recruiting job applicants for professional occupations as well as additional information about applicants, and that it was being used by recruiters to decide which applicants would receive interviews.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-210) In May 2017, *Research Policy* published an analysis of PhD holders use of LinkedIn and found that PhD holders who move into industry were more likely to have LinkedIn accounts and to have larger networks of LinkedIn connections, were more likely to use LinkedIn if they had co-authors abroad, and to have wider networks if they moved abroad after obtaining their PhD.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-211)
Also in 2017, sociologist Ofer Sharone conducted interviews with unemployed workers to research the effects of LinkedIn and Facebook as labor market intermediaries. Sharone found that social networking services (SNS) have had a filtration effect that has little to do with evaluations of merit. Specifically, Sharone argued that 1) how job seekers' profile pictures appear to the gaze of hiring parties; 2) whether seekers are able to construct personal narratives to fit how profiles are screened; and 3) how the limited visibility of singular resumes can be disadvantageous for workers interested in multiple fields are causing a filtering effect. Consequently, this SNS filtration effect has exerted new pressures on workers to manage their careers to conform to the logic of the SNS filtration effect.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-212)
In October 2018, [Foster School of Business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_School_of_Business "Foster School of Business") professors Melissa Rhee, Elina Hwang, and Yong Tan performed an empirical analysis of whether the common professional networking tactic by job seekers of creating LinkedIn connections with professionals who work at a target company or in a target field is actually instrumental in obtaining referrals and found instead that job seekers were less likely to be referred by employees who were employed by the target company or in the target field due to job similarity and self-protection from competition. Rhee, Hwang, and Tan further found that referring employees in higher hierarchical positions than the job candidates were more likely to provide referrals\[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\] and that gender [homophily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophily "Homophily") did not reduce the competition self-protection effect.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-213)
In July 2019, sociologists Steve McDonald, Amanda K. Damarin, Jenelle Lawhorne, and Annika Wilcox performed qualitative interviews with 61 [human resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resources "Human resources") recruiters in two metropolitan areas in the [Southern United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States "Southern United States") and found that recruiters filling low- and general-skilled positions typically posted advertisements on online job boards while recruiters filling high-skilled or supervisor positions targeted passive candidates on LinkedIn (i.e. employed workers not actively seeking work but possibly willing to change positions), and concluded that this is resulting in a bifurcated [winner-takes-all](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winner-take-all_market "Winner-take-all market") job market with recruiters focusing their efforts on poaching already employed high-skilled workers while active job seekers are relegated to hyper-competitive online job boards.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-214) In December 2001, the *[ACM SIGGROUP Bulletin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery "Association for Computing Machinery")* published a study on the use of mobile phones by [blue-collar workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-collar_worker "Blue-collar worker") that noted that research about tools for blue-collar workers to find work in the [digital age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age "Information Age") was strangely absent and expressed concern that the absence of such research could lead to technology design choices that would concentrate greater power in the hands of managers rather than workers.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-215)[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-216)
In a September 2019 [working paper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_paper "Working paper"), economists Laurel Wheeler, Robert Garlick, and [RTI International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI_International "RTI International") scholars Eric Johnson, Patrick Shaw, and Marissa Gargano ran a randomized evaluation of training job seekers in [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa") to use LinkedIn as part of job readiness programs. The evaluation found that the training increased the job seekers employment by approximately 10 percent by reducing [information frictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictional_unemployment "Frictional unemployment") between job seekers and prospective employers, that the training had this effect for approximately 12 months, and that while the training may also have facilitated referrals, it did not reduce job search costs and the jobs for the [treatment and control groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_and_control_groups "Treatment and control groups") in the evaluation had equal probabilities of retention, promotion, and obtaining a permanent contract.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-217) In 2020, *[Applied Economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Economics_\(journal\) "Applied Economics (journal)")* published research by economists Steffen Brenner, Sezen Aksin Sivrikaya, and Joachim Schwalbach using LinkedIn demonstrating that high status individuals [self-select](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-selection "Self-selection") into professional networking services rather than workers unsatisfied with their career status adversely selecting into the services to receive networking benefits.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-218)
## International restrictions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=46 "Edit section: International restrictions")\]
In February 2011, it was reported that LinkedIn was being [blocked in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China") after calls for a "[Jasmine Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Chinese_pro-democracy_protests "2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests")". It was speculated to have been blocked because it is an easy way for dissidents to access [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter"), which had been [blocked](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_of_Twitter "Censorship of Twitter") previously.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-219) After a day of being blocked, LinkedIn access was restored in China.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-220)
In February 2014, LinkedIn launched its Simplified Chinese language version named "[领](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A2%86 "wikt:领")[英](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1 "wikt:英")" ([pinyin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin "Pinyin"): *Lǐngyīng*; lit. 'leading elite'), officially extending their service in China.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-reuters140225-221)[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-222) LinkedIn CEO Jeff Weiner acknowledged in a blog post that they would have to censor some of the content that users post on its website in order to comply with Chinese rules, but he also said the benefits of providing its online service to people in China outweighed those concerns.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-reuters140225-221)[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-223) Since Autumn 2017 job postings from western countries for China aren't possible anymore.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-224)
In 2016, a Moscow court ruled that LinkedIn must be blocked in Russia for violating a [data retention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_retention "Data retention") law which requires the user data of Russian citizens to be stored on servers within the country. The relevant law had been in force there since 2014.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-225)[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-226) This ban was upheld on November 10, 2016, and all Russian ISPs began blocking LinkedIn thereafter. LinkedIn's mobile app was also banned from [Google Play Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Store "Google Play Store") and [iOS App Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_App_Store "IOS App Store") in Russia in January 2017.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-verge-linkedinapprus-227)[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-moscowtimes-upheld-228) In July 2021 it was also blocked in [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan").[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-229)
In October 2021, after reports of several academicians and reporters who received notifications regarding their profiles will be blocked in China, Microsoft confirmed that LinkedIn will be shutting down in China and replaced with InJobs, a China exclusive app, citing difficulties in operating environments and increasing compliance requirements.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-230) In May 2023, LinkedIn announced that it would be phasing out the app by 9 August 2023.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-231)
## Open-source contributions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedIn&action=edit§ion=47 "Edit section: Open-source contributions")\]
Since 2010, LinkedIn has contributed several internal technologies, tools, and software products to the [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_model "Open-source model") domain.[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-232) Notable among these projects is [Apache Kafka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Kafka "Apache Kafka"), which was built and open sourced at LinkedIn in 2011.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_note-233)
- [Business network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_network "Business network")
- [Employment website](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_website "Employment website")
- [List of social networking services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_networking_services "List of social networking services")
- [Reputation systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_system "Reputation system")
- [Social network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network "Social network")
- [Social software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_software "Social software")
- [Timeline of social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_social_media "Timeline of social media")
1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-About_1-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-About_1-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-About_1-2)
["About Us:Statistics"](https://news.linkedin.com/about-us#Statistics). *LinkedIn Pressroom*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220402124513/https://news.linkedin.com/about-us#Statistics) from the original on April 2, 2022. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-2)**
["Annual Report 2025"](https://www.microsoft.com/investor/reports/ar25/index.html?msockid=1bfe27c1ae05661a3f4c3391af01676e). [U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission"). July 28, 2025. p. 95. Retrieved March 10, 2025.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn#cite_ref-3)**
["LinkedIn Stats Looking Into 2023"](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/linkedin-stats-looking-2023-robert-c-stern). *www.linkedin.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230802141523/https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/linkedin-stats-looking-2023-robert-c-stern) from the original on August 2, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
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