🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa154)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum","crawl_time":1758166763,"first_indexed_time":0,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Kauri_gum s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Kauri gum - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"A 19th-century carving of a  tattooed Maori  from kauri gum. The carving is owned and displayed by the  Dargaville  Museum, New Zealand. Kauri gum  is  resin  from kauri trees ( Agathis australis ), which historically had several important industrial uses. It can also be used to make crafts such as jewellery. Kauri forests once covered much of the  North Island  of New Zealand, before early settlers caused the forests to retreat, causing several areas to revert to weeds,  scrubs , and  swamps . [ 1 ]  Even afterwards, ancient kauri fields and the remaining forests continued to provide a source for the gum. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  Between 1820 and 1900, over 90% of Kauri forests were  logged  or burnt by Europeans. [ 4 ] Kauri gum forms when resin from kauri trees leaks out through fractures or cracks in the bark, hardening upon exposure to air. Lumps commonly fall to the ground and can be covered with soil and forest litter, eventually  fossilising . Other lumps form as branches forked or trees are damaged, releasing the resin. [ 5 ] Kauri gum, polished Kauri gum, unpolished The  Māori  had many uses for the gum, which they called  kapia . Fresh gum was used as a type of  chewing gum  (older gum was softened by soaking and mixing with juice of the  puha thistle ). Highly flammable, the gum was also used as a  fire-starter , or bound in  flax  to act as a torch. Burnt and mixed with animal fat, it made a dark pigment for  moko  tattooing. [ 6 ]  Kauri gum was also crafted into jewellery, keepsakes and small decorative items, like  amber , kauri gum sometimes includes insects and plant material. [ 7 ] Kauri gum was used commercially in  varnish , and can be considered a type of  copal  (the name given to resin used in such a way). Kauri gum was particularly useful for this and, from the mid-1840s, was exported to London and America. Tentative exports had begun a few years earlier, for use in marine glue and as fire-kindlers; [ 8 ]  gum was part of an export cargo to Australia in 1814. [ 9 ] Since kauri gum would mix more easily with  linseed oil  at lower temperatures, by the 1890s 70% of all oil varnishes made in England used kauri gum. [ 10 ]  It was used to a limited extent in paints during the late 19th century, and from 1910 was used extensively in manufacturing  linoleum . From the 1930s, the market for gum dropped as synthetic alternatives were found, but there remained niche uses for the gum in jewellery and specialist high-grade varnish for  violins . [ 10 ] Kauri gum was  Auckland 's main export in the second half of the 19th century, sustaining much of the early growth of the city. Between 1850 and 1950, 450,000 tons of gum were exported. [ 11 ]  The peak in the gum market was 1899, with 11,116 tons exported that year, with a value of  £ 600,000 ( $ 989,700 US). [ 9 ] [ 12 ]  The average annual export was more than 5,000 tons, with the average price gained £63 ($103.91 US) per ton. [ 13 ] The gum varied in colour depending on the condition of the original tree. It also depended on where the gum had formed and how long it had been buried. Colours ranged from chalky-white through red-brown to black. The most prized was pale gold, as it was hard and translucent. [ 5 ] [ 14 ]  The size of each lump also varied greatly. Swamps tended to yield the small nuggets known as \"chips\", whereas hillsides tended to produce larger lumps. The majority were the size of acorns, although some were found which weighed a few  pounds . The largest (and rarest) were reported to weigh half a  hundredweight  (25.4kg, 56lbs). [ 15 ]  Kauri gum shares a few characteristics with  amber , another fossilised resin found in the  Northern Hemisphere . While amber can be millions of years old,  carbon-dating  suggests the age of most kauri gum is a few thousand years. [ 8 ] North Auckland Kauri Forest c. 1890 – c. 1910 Most of the gumfields were in  Northland ,  Coromandel  and  Auckland , the site of the original kauri forests. Initially, the gum was readily accessible, commonly found lying on the ground.  Captain Cook  reported the presence of resinous lumps on the beach at  Mercury Bay , Coromandel, in 1769, although he suspected it came from the  mangroves , and missionary  Samuel Marsden  spoke of their presence in Northland in 1819. [ 14 ] By 1850, most of the surface gum had been harvested, and people began digging for it. The hillsides yielded shallow-buried gum (about 1 m), but in swamps and beaches it was buried much deeper (4 m or below). [ 2 ] Gum-digger statue at  Dargaville Gum-diggers were men and women who dug for kauri gum in the old kauri fields of New Zealand at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The term may be a source for the nickname \" Digger \" given to New Zealand soldiers in  World War I . [ 16 ]  In 1898, a gum-digger described \"the life of a gum-digger\" as \"wretched, and one of the last [occupations] a man would take to.\" [ 17 ] Gum-diggers worked in the old kauri fields, most of which were then covered by swamp or scrub, digging for gum. Much of the population was transient, moving from field to field, and they lived in rough huts or tents (which were called \" whares \", after the Maori for 'house'). It was extremely hard work and not well paid, but it attracted many Maori and European settlers, including women and children. [ 18 ]  There were many  Dalmatians , who had first come to work the  South Island goldfields  in the 1860s. [ 19 ]  They were transient workers, rather than settlers, and much of their income was sent out of the country, resulting in resentment from the local workforce. In 1898, the \"Kauri Gum Industry Act\" was passed, which reserved gum-grounds for  British subjects , and requiring all other diggers to be licensed. By 1910, only British subjects could hold gum-digging licences. [ 20 ] Gum-digging was the major source of income for settlers in North Auckland, and farmers often worked the gumfields in the winter months to subsidise the poor income from their unbroken land. By the 1890s, 20,000 people were engaged in gum-digging, of which 7000 worked full-time. [ 21 ]  Gum-digging was not restricted to settlers or workers in the rural areas; Auckland families would cross the  Waitematā Harbour  by ferry at weekends to dig in the fields around  Birkenhead , causing damage to public roads and private farms, and leading to local council management of the problem. [ 22 ] Most gum was dug from the ground using gum-spears (pointed rods to probe for gum) and \"skeltons\", defined as blade-edged spades for cutting through old wood and roots as well as soil. Once the gum was retrieved it would need to be scraped and cleaned. [ 23 ]  Gum-diggers in the Auckland region had access to \"gum sheds\" with an open fireplace where the gum was dried and sorted into different qualities or grades. Clear, transparent gum called \"specimen gum\" would often be found and would be put aside for use in high quality ornaments and trinkets. [ 24 ] Digging in swamps was more complicated. A longer spear (up to 8m) was often used, often fitted with a hooked end to scoop out the lumps. Scrub was often cleared first with fire; some became uncontrolled and swamp fires could burn for weeks. [ 25 ]  Holes were often dug by teams in both hills and swamps—often up to 12m deep—and some wetlands were drained to aid in the excavation of gum. [ 26 ]  As field gum became scarce, \"bush gum\" was obtained by purposely cutting the bark of kauri trees and returning months later to retrieve the hardened resin. Due to the damage caused to the trees by the cutting the practice was banned in state forests in 1905. [ 23 ]  Gum chips, small lumps useful for the manufacture of linoleum, were difficult to find. By 1910, the process of washing and sieving to retrieve the chips became common. The process was later mechanised. [ 27 ] Gumdiggers generally sold their gum to local gumbuyers, who transported it to  Auckland  (generally by sea) for sale to merchants and exporters. [ 28 ]   There were six major export firms in Auckland who dealt in gum, employing several hundred workers who graded and rescraped the gum for export, packing them in cases made from kauri timber. [ 29 ] As early as the 1830s and 1840s, merchants, including  Gilbert Mair  and  Logan Campbell , were buying gum from local Māori for £5 ($8.25) a ton or trading it for goods. [ 9 ]  The majority of the gum was exported to America and London (from whence it was distributed throughout Europe), although smaller amounts were sent to Australia,  Hong Kong , Japan and Russia. [ 30 ]","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages)\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/wikipedia.png) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kauri+gum \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kauri+gum \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPersonal tools\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kauri+gum \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kauri+gum \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPages for logged out editors [learn more](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction)\n\n- [Contributions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyContributions \"A list of edits made from this IP address [y]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyTalk \"Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum)\n- [1 Uses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#Uses)\n- [2 Appearance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#Appearance)\n- [3 Gumfields](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#Gumfields)\n- [4 Gum-diggers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#Gum-diggers)\n  Toggle Gum-diggers subsection\n  - [4\\.1 Methods](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#Methods)\n- [5 Gum merchants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#Gum_merchants)\n- [6 Gallery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#Gallery)\n- [7 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#See_also)\n- [8 Notes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#Notes)\n- [9 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#References)\n- [10 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Kauri gum\n5 languages\n\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%BA_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A \"صمغ كاوري – Arabic\")\n- [Deutsch](https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri-Harz \"Kauri-Harz – German\")\n- [Español](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Resina_kauri \"Resina kauri – Spanish\")\n- [Gaeilge](https:\/\/ga.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guma_camhra%C3%AD \"Guma camhraí – Irish\")\n- [Português](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Resina_kauri \"Resina kauri – Portuguese\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q1737159#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Kauri_gum \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/Kauri_gum \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/Kauri_gum \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&oldid=1310918109 \"Permanent link to this revision of this page\")\n- [Page information](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=info \"More information about this page\")\n- [Cite this page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Kauri_gum&id=1310918109&wpFormIdentifier=titleform \"Information on how to cite this page\")\n- [Get shortened URL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKauri_gum)\n- [Download QR code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKauri_gum)\n\nPrint\/export\n\n- [Download as PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kauri_gum&action=show-download-screen \"Download this page as a PDF file\")\n- [Printable version](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&printable=yes \"Printable version of this page [p]\")\n\nIn other projects\n\n- [Wikimedia Commons](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Kauri_gum)\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q1737159 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n[![This is a good article. Click here for more information.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/94\/Symbol_support_vote.svg\/20px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Good_articles* \"This is a good article. Click here for more information.\")\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nResin\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6e\/Kauri_gum_carving.jpg\/250px-Kauri_gum_carving.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Kauri_gum_carving.jpg)\n\nA 19th-century carving of a [tattooed Maori](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tattooed_Maori \"Tattooed Maori\") from kauri gum. The carving is owned and displayed by the [Dargaville](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dargaville \"Dargaville\") Museum, New Zealand.\n\n**Kauri gum** is [resin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Resin \"Resin\") from kauri trees (*[Agathis australis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agathis_australis \"Agathis australis\")*), which historically had several important industrial uses. It can also be used to make crafts such as jewellery. Kauri forests once covered much of the [North Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Island \"North Island\") of New Zealand, before early settlers caused the forests to retreat, causing several areas to revert to weeds, [scrubs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scrubland \"Scrubland\"), and [swamps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swamps \"Swamps\").[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-1) Even afterwards, ancient kauri fields and the remaining forests continued to provide a source for the gum.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-Hayward4-2)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-3) Between 1820 and 1900, over 90% of Kauri forests were [logged](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Logging \"Logging\") or burnt by Europeans.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-4)\n\nKauri gum forms when resin from kauri trees leaks out through fractures or cracks in the bark, hardening upon exposure to air. Lumps commonly fall to the ground and can be covered with soil and forest litter, eventually [fossilising](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fossil \"Fossil\"). Other lumps form as branches forked or trees are damaged, releasing the resin.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-Hayward2-5)\n\n## Uses\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Uses\")\\]\n\n[![A dark gold transparent smooth lump of resin](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ee\/Kauri_gum_polished_side.jpg\/250px-Kauri_gum_polished_side.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Kauri_gum_polished_side.jpg)\n\nKauri gum, polished\n\n[![A dark gold transparent rough lump of resin](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cd\/Kauri_gum_unpolished_side.jpg\/250px-Kauri_gum_unpolished_side.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Kauri_gum_unpolished_side.jpg)\n\nKauri gum, unpolished\n\nThe [Māori](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%C4%81ori_people \"Māori people\") had many uses for the gum, which they called *kapia*. Fresh gum was used as a type of [chewing gum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chewing_gum \"Chewing gum\") (older gum was softened by soaking and mixing with juice of the [puha thistle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Puha_thistle \"Puha thistle\")). Highly flammable, the gum was also used as a [fire-starter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Firelighting \"Firelighting\"), or bound in [flax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Zealand_flax \"New Zealand flax\") to act as a torch. Burnt and mixed with animal fat, it made a dark pigment for *[moko](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C4%81_moko \"Tā moko\")* tattooing.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-6) Kauri gum was also crafted into jewellery, keepsakes and small decorative items, like [amber](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amber \"Amber\"), kauri gum sometimes includes insects and plant material.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-7)\n\nKauri gum was used commercially in [varnish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Varnish \"Varnish\"), and can be considered a type of [copal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copal \"Copal\") (the name given to resin used in such a way). Kauri gum was particularly useful for this and, from the mid-1840s, was exported to London and America. Tentative exports had begun a few years earlier, for use in marine glue and as fire-kindlers;[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-origins-8) gum was part of an export cargo to Australia in 1814.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-Hayward46-9)\n\nSince kauri gum would mix more easily with [linseed oil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Linseed_oil \"Linseed oil\") at lower temperatures, by the 1890s 70% of all oil varnishes made in England used kauri gum.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-Hayward45-10) It was used to a limited extent in paints during the late 19th century, and from 1910 was used extensively in manufacturing [linoleum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Linoleum \"Linoleum\"). From the 1930s, the market for gum dropped as synthetic alternatives were found, but there remained niche uses for the gum in jewellery and specialist high-grade varnish for [violins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Violin \"Violin\").[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-Hayward45-10)\n\nKauri gum was [Auckland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Auckland \"Auckland\")'s main export in the second half of the 19th century, sustaining much of the early growth of the city. Between 1850 and 1950, 450,000 tons of gum were exported.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-industry-11) The peak in the gum market was 1899, with 11,116 tons exported that year, with a value of [£](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pound_sign \"Pound sign\")600,000 ([\\$](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_dollar \"United States dollar\")989,700 US).[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-Hayward46-9)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-12) The average annual export was more than 5,000 tons, with the average price gained £63 (\\$103.91 US) per ton.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-13)\n\n## Appearance\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Appearance\")\\]\n\nThe gum varied in colour depending on the condition of the original tree. It also depended on where the gum had formed and how long it had been buried. Colours ranged from chalky-white through red-brown to black. The most prized was pale gold, as it was hard and translucent.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-Hayward2-5)[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-ENCkg-14) The size of each lump also varied greatly. Swamps tended to yield the small nuggets known as \"chips\", whereas hillsides tended to produce larger lumps. The majority were the size of acorns, although some were found which weighed a few [pounds](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pound_\$mass\$ \"Pound (mass)\"). The largest (and rarest) were reported to weigh half a [hundredweight](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hundredweight \"Hundredweight\") (25.4kg, 56lbs).[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-15) Kauri gum shares a few characteristics with [amber](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amber \"Amber\"), another fossilised resin found in the [Northern Hemisphere](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Hemisphere \"Northern Hemisphere\"). While amber can be millions of years old, [carbon-dating](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon-dating \"Carbon-dating\") suggests the age of most kauri gum is a few thousand years.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-origins-8)\n\n## Gumfields\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Gumfields\")\\]\n\n[![Very large trees in a jungle-like setting](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1e\/North_Auckland_Kauri_Forest_Lantern_Slide_c1890_-_c1910_%2817832403125%29.jpg\/250px-North_Auckland_Kauri_Forest_Lantern_Slide_c1890_-_c1910_%2817832403125%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:North_Auckland_Kauri_Forest_Lantern_Slide_c1890_-_c1910_\$17832403125\$.jpg)\n\nNorth Auckland Kauri Forest c. 1890 – c. 1910\n\nMost of the gumfields were in [Northland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northland_Region \"Northland Region\"), [Coromandel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coromandel_Peninsula \"Coromandel Peninsula\") and [Auckland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Auckland_Region \"Auckland Region\"), the site of the original kauri forests. Initially, the gum was readily accessible, commonly found lying on the ground. [Captain Cook](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Cook \"James Cook\") reported the presence of resinous lumps on the beach at [Mercury Bay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mercury_Bay \"Mercury Bay\"), Coromandel, in 1769, although he suspected it came from the [mangroves](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mangrove \"Mangrove\"), and missionary [Samuel Marsden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samuel_Marsden \"Samuel Marsden\") spoke of their presence in Northland in 1819.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-ENCkg-14)\n\nBy 1850, most of the surface gum had been harvested, and people began digging for it. The hillsides yielded shallow-buried gum (about 1 m), but in swamps and beaches it was buried much deeper (4 m or below).[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-Hayward4-2)\n\n## Gum-diggers\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Gum-diggers\")\\]\n\n[![Stone statue of a middle aged-man with a beard, a shovel, and some other similar instrument](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bf\/Dargaville_gumdigger.jpg\/250px-Dargaville_gumdigger.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Dargaville_gumdigger.jpg)\n\nGum-digger statue at [Dargaville](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dargaville \"Dargaville\")\n\nGum-diggers were men and women who dug for kauri gum in the old kauri fields of New Zealand at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The term may be a source for the nickname \"[Digger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digger_\$soldier\$ \"Digger (soldier)\")\" given to New Zealand soldiers in [World War I](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I \"World War I\").[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-16) In 1898, a gum-digger described \"the life of a gum-digger\" as \"wretched, and one of the last \\[occupations\\] a man would take to.\"[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-17)\n\nGum-diggers worked in the old kauri fields, most of which were then covered by swamp or scrub, digging for gum. Much of the population was transient, moving from field to field, and they lived in rough huts or tents (which were called \"[whares](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whare \"Whare\")\", after the Maori for 'house'). It was extremely hard work and not well paid, but it attracted many Maori and European settlers, including women and children.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-diggers-18) There were many [Dalmatians](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dalmatia \"Dalmatia\"), who had first come to work the [South Island goldfields](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Otago_gold_rush \"Otago gold rush\") in the 1860s.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-19) They were transient workers, rather than settlers, and much of their income was sent out of the country, resulting in resentment from the local workforce. In 1898, the \"Kauri Gum Industry Act\" was passed, which reserved gum-grounds for [British subjects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Zealand_nationality_law \"New Zealand nationality law\"), and requiring all other diggers to be licensed. By 1910, only British subjects could hold gum-digging licences.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-20)\n\nGum-digging was the major source of income for settlers in North Auckland, and farmers often worked the gumfields in the winter months to subsidise the poor income from their unbroken land. By the 1890s, 20,000 people were engaged in gum-digging, of which 7000 worked full-time.[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-Hayward47-21) Gum-digging was not restricted to settlers or workers in the rural areas; Auckland families would cross the [Waitematā Harbour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Waitemat%C4%81_Harbour \"Waitematā Harbour\") by ferry at weekends to dig in the fields around [Birkenhead](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Birkenhead,_New_Zealand \"Birkenhead, New Zealand\"), causing damage to public roads and private farms, and leading to local council management of the problem.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-22)\n\n### Methods\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Methods\")\\]\n\nMost gum was dug from the ground using gum-spears (pointed rods to probe for gum) and \"skeltons\", defined as blade-edged spades for cutting through old wood and roots as well as soil. Once the gum was retrieved it would need to be scraped and cleaned.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-methods-23) Gum-diggers in the Auckland region had access to \"gum sheds\" with an open fireplace where the gum was dried and sorted into different qualities or grades. Clear, transparent gum called \"specimen gum\" would often be found and would be put aside for use in high quality ornaments and trinkets.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-24)\n\nDigging in swamps was more complicated. A longer spear (up to 8m) was often used, often fitted with a hooked end to scoop out the lumps. Scrub was often cleared first with fire; some became uncontrolled and swamp fires could burn for weeks.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-25) Holes were often dug by teams in both hills and swamps—often up to 12m deep—and some wetlands were drained to aid in the excavation of gum.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-26) As field gum became scarce, \"bush gum\" was obtained by purposely cutting the bark of kauri trees and returning months later to retrieve the hardened resin. Due to the damage caused to the trees by the cutting the practice was banned in state forests in 1905.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-methods-23) Gum chips, small lumps useful for the manufacture of linoleum, were difficult to find. By 1910, the process of washing and sieving to retrieve the chips became common. The process was later mechanised.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-27)\n\n## Gum merchants\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Gum merchants\")\\]\n\nGumdiggers generally sold their gum to local gumbuyers, who transported it to [Auckland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Auckland \"Auckland\") (generally by sea) for sale to merchants and exporters.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-28) There were six major export firms in Auckland who dealt in gum, employing several hundred workers who graded and rescraped the gum for export, packing them in cases made from kauri timber.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-29)\n\nAs early as the 1830s and 1840s, merchants, including [Gilbert Mair](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gilbert_Mair_\$trader\$ \"Gilbert Mair (trader)\") and [Logan Campbell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Logan_Campbell_\$politician\$ \"Logan Campbell (politician)\"), were buying gum from local Māori for £5 (\\$8.25) a ton or trading it for goods.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-Hayward46-9) The majority of the gum was exported to America and London (from whence it was distributed throughout Europe), although smaller amounts were sent to Australia, [Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\"), Japan and Russia.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_note-30)\n\n## Gallery\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Gallery\")\\]\n\n- [![Large group of men filling a picture of a mining field.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ea\/Group_of_gum_diggers_in_gumfield_%281908%29.jpg\/120px-Group_of_gum_diggers_in_gumfield_%281908%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Group_of_gum_diggers_in_gumfield_\$1908\$.jpg \"Group of gum-diggers in gumfield (1908)\")\n  Group of gum-diggers in gumfield (1908)\n- [![Large line of men sorting gum resin, surrounded by baskets and loose piles of resin.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/06\/E._Mitchelson_%26_Co._Gum_sorters_at_work%2C_53228-a.jpg\/120px-E._Mitchelson_%26_Co._Gum_sorters_at_work%2C_53228-a.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:E._Mitchelson_%26_Co._Gum_sorters_at_work,_53228-a.jpg \"Gum sorting at the E. Mitchelson & Co. kauri gum and grain facility on the Auckland waterfront (1906)\")\n  Gum sorting at the [E. Mitchelson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edwin_Mitchelson \"Edwin Mitchelson\") & Co. kauri gum and grain facility on the [Auckland waterfront](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Auckland_waterfront \"Auckland waterfront\") (1906)\n- [![Four seated men holding large pieces of gum resin, scraping the outsides.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/80\/E._Mitchelson_%26_Co._Rescraping_kauri_gum%2C_53227-a.jpg\/120px-E._Mitchelson_%26_Co._Rescraping_kauri_gum%2C_53227-a.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:E._Mitchelson_%26_Co._Rescraping_kauri_gum,_53227-a.jpg \"Gum rescraping at the E. Mitchelson & Co. kauri gum and grain facility (1906)\")\n  Gum rescraping at the E. Mitchelson & Co. kauri gum and grain facility (1906)\n- [![Two men washing dishes in a basin in front of a shelter thatched with palm fronds.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/74\/Gum_climbers%27_camp_on_the_Waipapa_River%2C_near_Rangiahua%2C_1918_ATLIB_301546.png\/120px-Gum_climbers%27_camp_on_the_Waipapa_River%2C_near_Rangiahua%2C_1918_ATLIB_301546.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gum_climbers%27_camp_on_the_Waipapa_River,_near_Rangiahua,_1918_ATLIB_301546.png \"A Gum climbers' camp near the Waipapa River in Northland\")\n  A Gum climbers' camp near the [Waipapa River](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Waipapa_River_\$Northland\$ \"Waipapa River (Northland)\") in Northland\n\n## See also\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: See also\")\\]\n\n- [Kauri Museum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_Museum \"Kauri Museum\")\n- [Dammar gum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dammar_gum \"Dammar gum\")\n- [Northland temperate kauri forests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northland_temperate_kauri_forests \"Northland temperate kauri forests\")\n\n## Notes\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Notes\")\\]\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-1)**\n   Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. [\"How and where kauri grows\"](https:\/\/teara.govt.nz\/en\/kauri-forest\/page-1). *teara.govt.nz*. Retrieved 30 January 2023.\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-Hayward4_2-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-Hayward4_2-1) Hayward, pp 4–5\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-3)**\n   [\"Te Ara Encyclopedia of NZ: Kauri Forest\"](https:\/\/www.teara.govt.nz\/TheBush\/NativePlantsAndFungi\/KauriForest\/1\/en). Teara.govt.nz. 1 March 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2011.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-4)**\n   [\"In the forests of New Zealand, indigenous Maori and Western scientists work through past injustices to save a threatened species together\"](https:\/\/ensia.com\/features\/new-zealand-indigenous-maori-scientists-kauri-tree-forest\/). *Ensia*. Retrieved 30 January 2023.\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-Hayward2_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-Hayward2_5-1) Hayward, p 2\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-6)** Hayward, p 3\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-7)**\n   [\"Category: kauri\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120118191514\/http:\/\/collections.tepapa.govt.nz\/Term.aspx?irn=303011). *Collections Online*. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/collections.tepapa.govt.nz\/Term.aspx?irn=303011) on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2010.\n8. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-origins_8-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-origins_8-1)\n   Gilbert Mair, 1843–1923 (1 March 2009). [\"Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Origins and uses\"](https:\/\/www.teara.govt.nz\/TheBush\/UsesOfTheBush\/KauriGumAndGumDigging\/1\/en). Teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 25 April 2011.\n   \n   `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list \"Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list\"))\n9. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-Hayward46_9-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-Hayward46_9-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-Hayward46_9-2) Hayward, p 46\n10. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-Hayward45_10-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-Hayward45_10-1) Hayward, p 45\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-industry_11-0)**\n    [\"Te Ara Encyclopedia of NZ: The Industry\"](https:\/\/www.teara.govt.nz\/TheBush\/UsesOfTheBush\/KauriGumAndGumDigging\/4\/en). Teara.govt.nz. 2 March 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2011.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-12)** Dunmore, p 21\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-13)** Reed, p 114\n14. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-ENCkg_14-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-ENCkg_14-1)\n    [\"Encyclopedia of NZ, 1966: Kauri Gum\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090226094621\/http:\/\/www.teara.govt.nz\/1966\/K\/KauriGum\/KauriGum\/en). Teara.govt.nz. 22 April 2009. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.teara.govt.nz\/1966\/K\/KauriGum\/KauriGum\/en) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2011.\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-15)** Reed, p 20\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-16)** [Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand: The New Zealanders](https:\/\/www.teara.govt.nz\/NewZealanders\/NewZealandPeoples\/TheNewZealanders\/7\/en)\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-17)** recorded in *Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives*, 1898, H–12, p. 31, and quoted in [Te Ara Encyclopedia of NZ](https:\/\/www.teara.govt.nz\/TheBush\/UsesOfTheBush\/KauriGumAndGumDigging\/2\/en)\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-diggers_18-0)** [Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Gumdigging](https:\/\/www.teara.govt.nz\/TheBush\/UsesOfTheBush\/KauriGumAndGumDigging\/2\/en)\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-19)** [Te Ara Encyclopedia of NZ: Damaltians](https:\/\/www.teara.govt.nz\/NewZealanders\/NewZealandPeoples\/Dalmatians\/2\/en)\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-20)** [Te Ara Encyclopedia of NZ: Dalmatians: Gumdiggers](https:\/\/www.teara.govt.nz\/NewZealanders\/NewZealandPeoples\/Dalmatians\/3\/en)\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-Hayward47_21-0)** Hayward, p 47\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-22)** McClure, p 55-6\n23. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-methods_23-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-methods_23-1) [Te Are Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Gumdigging methods](https:\/\/www.teara.govt.nz\/TheBush\/UsesOfTheBush\/KauriGumAndGumDigging\/3\/en)\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-24)**\n    Bartlett, Jean (4 April 1989). *TAKAPUNA, People and Places*. Arrow Press Limited. pp. 35–36\\. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [0-473-00788-6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-473-00788-6 \"Special:BookSources\/0-473-00788-6\")\n    \n    .\n25. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-25)** Hayward, pp 10–11\n26. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-26)** Hayward, pp 12–13\n27. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-27)** Hayward, p 27\n28. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-28)** Hayward, p 19\n29. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-29)** Hayward, pp 42–43\n30. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-30)** Hayward, p 44\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n- Hayward, Bruce W (1982). *Kauri Gum and the Gumdiggers: A Pictorial History of the Kauri Gum Industry in New Zealand*. [Auckland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Auckland \"Auckland\"): Lodestar Press.\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [0-86465-014-0](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-86465-014-0 \"Special:BookSources\/0-86465-014-0\")\n- McClure, Margaret (1987). *The Story of Birkenhead*. Auckland: Birkenhead City Council.\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [0-908704-04-6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-908704-04-6 \"Special:BookSources\/0-908704-04-6\")\n- [Reed, Alfred](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alfred_Hamish_Reed \"Alfred Hamish Reed\") (1972). *The Gumdiggers: The Story of Kauri Gum*. Auckland: [A.H. & A.W. Reed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reed_Publishing \"Reed Publishing\").\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [0-589-00732-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-589-00732-7 \"Special:BookSources\/0-589-00732-7\")\n- Dunmore, Patricia (ed.) (1977). *The Dunmore Book of New Zealand Records*. [Wellington](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wellington \"Wellington\"): Dunmore Press.\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [0-908564-08-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-908564-08-2 \"Special:BookSources\/0-908564-08-2\")\n\n## External links\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: External links\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commons-logo.svg)\n\nWikimedia Commons has media related to [Kauri gum](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Kauri_gum \"commons:Category:Kauri gum\").\n\n- [Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071218235036\/http:\/\/www.teara.govt.nz\/TheBush\/UsesOfTheBush\/KauriGumAndGumDigging\/en)\n- [Digger History](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060821075830\/http:\/\/www.diggerhistory.info\/pages-reference\/gumdiggers.htm)\n- [The Kauri Museum](http:\/\/www.kauri-museum.com\/) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071215043945\/http:\/\/www.kauri-museum.com\/) 15 December 2007 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Non-timber_forest_products \"Template:Non-timber forest products\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Non-timber_forest_products \"Template talk:Non-timber forest products\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Non-timber_forest_products \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Non-timber forest products\")[Non-timber forest products](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Non-timber_forest_product \"Non-timber forest product\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Animal products](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Animal_product \"Animal product\") | [Furs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fur \"Fur\") [Honey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Honey \"Honey\") [pine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pine_honey \"Pine honey\") [Wild game](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Game_\$hunting\$ \"Game (hunting)\") |\n| [Berries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Berry \"Berry\") \/ [tree fruit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fruit_tree \"Fruit tree\") | [Banana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banana \"Banana\") [Bilberry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bilberry \"Bilberry\") [Binukaw](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garcinia_binucao \"Garcinia binucao\") [Blackberry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blackberry \"Blackberry\") [Blueberry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blueberry \"Blueberry\") [Breadfruit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Breadfruit \"Breadfruit\") [Cocoa bean](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cocoa_bean \"Cocoa bean\") [Coconut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coconut \"Coconut\") [Durian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Durian \"Durian\") [Gambooge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garcinia_gummi-gutta \"Garcinia gummi-gutta\") [Huckleberry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huckleberry \"Huckleberry\") [Jackfruit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jackfruit \"Jackfruit\") [Juniper berry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Juniper_berry \"Juniper berry\") [Lingonberry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea \"Vaccinium vitis-idaea\") [Raspberry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raspberry \"Raspberry\") [Strawberry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strawberry \"Strawberry\") [Tamarind](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tamarind \"Tamarind\") [Woodland strawberry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fragaria_vesca \"Fragaria vesca\") |\n| [Edible plants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_leaf_vegetables \"List of leaf vegetables\") \/ [roots](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Root \"Root\") | [Betel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Betel \"Betel\") [Fiddlehead ferns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fiddlehead \"Fiddlehead\") [Heart of palm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heart_of_palm \"Heart of palm\") [Mahuwa flowers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers \"Madhuca longifolia\") [Sago palm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metroxylon_sagu \"Metroxylon sagu\") [queen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cycas_circinalis \"Cycas circinalis\") [Sassafras](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sassafras \"Sassafras\") [filé powder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fil%C3%A9_powder \"Filé powder\") [root beer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Root_beer \"Root beer\") [Saw palmetto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serenoa \"Serenoa\") [Wild ginseng](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng \"Ginseng\") [Wild onions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wild_onion \"Wild onion\") [Bear garlic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allium_ursinum \"Allium ursinum\") [Canada onion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allium_canadense \"Allium canadense\") [Crow garlic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allium_vineale \"Allium vineale\") [Twincrest onion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allium_bisceptrum \"Allium bisceptrum\") [Pacific mountain onion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allium_validum \"Allium validum\") [Ramps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allium_tricoccum \"Allium tricoccum\") |\n| [Mushrooms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edible_mushroom \"Edible mushroom\") | [Bare-toothed russula](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russula_vesca \"Russula vesca\") [Bay bolete](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imleria_badia \"Imleria badia\") [Birch bolete](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leccinum_scabrum \"Leccinum scabrum\") [Cep](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boletus_edulis \"Boletus edulis\") [Chanterelle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cantharellus \"Cantharellus\") [Honey mushroom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armillaria_mellea \"Armillaria mellea\") [Lingzhi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lingzhi_\$mushroom\$ \"Lingzhi (mushroom)\") (reishi) [Matsutake](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Matsutake \"Matsutake\") [Meadow mushroom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agaricus_campestris \"Agaricus campestris\") [Morel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morchella \"Morchella\") [Oyster mushroom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pleurotus_ostreatus \"Pleurotus ostreatus\") [Parasol mushroom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Macrolepiota_procera \"Macrolepiota procera\") [Red cap](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leccinum_aurantiacum \"Leccinum aurantiacum\") [Saffron milk cap](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lactarius_deliciosus \"Lactarius deliciosus\") [Slippery jack](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suillus_luteus \"Suillus luteus\") [Truffle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Truffle \"Truffle\") [Yellow knight](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tricholoma_equestre \"Tricholoma equestre\") |\n| [Nuts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nut_\$fruit\$ \"Nut (fruit)\") [spices](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spice \"Spice\") | [Allspice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allspice \"Allspice\") [Areca nut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Areca_nut \"Areca nut\") [Bay leaf](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bay_leaf \"Bay leaf\") [Black pepper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_pepper \"Black pepper\") [Brazil nut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brazil_nut \"Brazil nut\") [Cinnamon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cinnamon \"Cinnamon\") [Clove](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clove \"Clove\") [Hazelnut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hazelnut \"Hazelnut\") [Malva nut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scaphium_affine \"Scaphium affine\") [Nutmeg](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nutmeg \"Nutmeg\") [Pine nut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pine_nut \"Pine nut\") [Vanilla](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vanilla \"Vanilla\") |\n| [Oil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vegetable_oil \"Vegetable oil\") [waxes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wax \"Wax\") | [Allanblackia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allanblackia_oil \"Allanblackia oil\") [Babassu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Babassu_oil \"Babassu oil\") [Bacuri](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Platonia \"Platonia\") [Candlenut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Candlenut_oil \"Candlenut oil\") [Capuacu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theobroma_grandiflorum \"Theobroma grandiflorum\") [Carnauba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carnauba_wax \"Carnauba wax\") [Chaulmoogra (*Hydnocarpus wightiana*)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil \"Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil\") [Cocoa butter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cocoa_butter \"Cocoa butter\") [Eucalyptol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eucalyptol \"Eucalyptol\") [Eucalyptus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eucalyptus_oil \"Eucalyptus oil\") [Illipe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Illipe \"Illipe\") [Japan wax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan_wax \"Japan wax\") [Kokum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kokum_butter \"Kokum butter\") [Kombo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pycnanthus_angolensis \"Pycnanthus angolensis\") [Kpangnan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pentadesma_butyracea \"Pentadesma butyracea\") [Kusum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kusum_oil \"Kusum oil\") [Mafura](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trichilia_emetica \"Trichilia emetica\") [Mahua](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil \"Madhuca longifolia\") [Mango butter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mango_oil \"Mango oil\") [Murumuru](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Astrocaryum_murumuru \"Astrocaryum murumuru\") [Nagkesar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nagkesar_seed_oil \"Nagkesar seed oil\") [Palm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palm_oil \"Palm oil\") ([kernel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palm_kernel_oil \"Palm kernel oil\")) [Phulwara](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phulwara_oil \"Phulwara oil\") [Pilu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pilu_oil \"Pilu oil\") [Pongamia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pongamia_oil \"Pongamia oil\") [Sal-seed (*Shorea robusta*)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil \"Shorea robusta seed oil\") [Sandalwood](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sandalwood_oil \"Sandalwood oil\") [Shea butter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shea_butter \"Shea butter\") [Tamanu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tamanu_oil \"Tamanu oil\") [Tea-seed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tea_seed_oil \"Tea seed oil\") [Tea-tree](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tea_tree_oil \"Tea tree oil\") [Tucuma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Astrocaryum_aculeatum \"Astrocaryum aculeatum\") [Ucuuba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ucuhuba_seed_oil \"Ucuhuba seed oil\") [*Vateria indica*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vateria_indica_oil \"Vateria indica oil\") |\n| [Resins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Resin \"Resin\") | [Benzoin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benzoin_\$resin\$ \"Benzoin (resin)\") [Birch tar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Birch_tar \"Birch tar\") [Camphor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camphor \"Camphor\") [Creosote](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote \"Creosote\") [Frankincense](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frankincense \"Frankincense\") [Gamboge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gamboge \"Gamboge\") [Kauri]() [Lacquer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lacquer \"Lacquer\") [Mastic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mastic_\$plant_resin\$ \"Mastic (plant resin)\") [Myrrh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myrrh \"Myrrh\") [Pine tar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pine_tar \"Pine tar\") [Pitch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pitch_\$resin\$ \"Pitch (resin)\") [Rosin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rosin \"Rosin\") [Turpentine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turpentine \"Turpentine\") [Varnish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Varnish \"Varnish\") |\n| [Sap](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sap \"Sap\") \/ [gum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_gum \"Natural gum\") \/ etc. | [Birch syrup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Birch_syrup \"Birch syrup\") [Chicle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chicle \"Chicle\") [chewing gum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chewing_gum \"Chewing gum\") [Coconut sugar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coconut_sugar \"Coconut sugar\") [Date sugar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Date_sugar \"Date sugar\") [Fruit syrup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fruit_syrup \"Fruit syrup\") [Gum arabic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gum_arabic \"Gum arabic\") [Gutta-percha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gutta-percha \"Gutta-percha\") [Kino](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kino_\$botany\$ \"Kino (botany)\") [Latex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latex \"Latex\") [Maple sugar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maple_sugar \"Maple sugar\") [Maple syrup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maple_syrup \"Maple syrup\") [Palm sugar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palm_sugar \"Palm sugar\") [Palm wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palm_wine \"Palm wine\") [akpeteshie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akpeteshie \"Akpeteshie\") [ogogoro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ogogoro \"Ogogoro\") [Rubber](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_rubber \"Natural rubber\") [Spruce gum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spruce_gum \"Spruce gum\") |\n| Other | [Amadou](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadou \"Amadou\") [Bamboo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bamboo \"Bamboo\") [edible](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bamboo_shoot \"Bamboo shoot\") [musical instruments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bamboo_musical_instruments \"Bamboo musical instruments\") [textiles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bamboo_textile \"Bamboo textile\") [Birch bark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Birch_bark \"Birch bark\") [Birch beer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Birch_beer \"Birch beer\") [Cork](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cork_\$material\$ \"Cork (material)\") [Ferns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fern \"Fern\") [Forage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forage \"Forage\") [Gambier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uncaria \"Uncaria\") [Moss](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moss#Commercial \"Moss\") [Natural dyes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_dye \"Natural dye\") [henna](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henna \"Henna\") [Peat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peat \"Peat\") [Quinine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quinine \"Quinine\") [Rattan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rattan \"Rattan\") [Shellac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shellac \"Shellac\") [Tanbark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tanbark \"Tanbark\") [tannin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tannin \"Tannin\") [Tendu leaves](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diospyros_melanoxylon \"Diospyros melanoxylon\") [Thatching](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thatching \"Thatching\") [Vegetable ivory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vegetable_ivory \"Vegetable ivory\") [Willow bark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Willow#Medicinal \"Willow\") |\n| Related | [*Dehesa* (Iberian agroforestry)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dehesa \"Dehesa\") [Forest farming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forest_farming \"Forest farming\") \/ [gardening](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forest_gardening \"Forest gardening\") [Honey hunting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Honey_hunting \"Honey hunting\") [Indian forest produce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forest_produce_\$India\$ \"Forest produce (India)\") [Mushroom hunting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mushroom_hunting \"Mushroom hunting\") [Naval stores](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_stores \"Naval stores\") [Resin extraction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Resin_extraction \"Resin extraction\") [Rubber tapping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rubber_tapping \"Rubber tapping\") [Wildcrafting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wildcrafting \"Wildcrafting\") |\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/96\/Symbol_category_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Non-timber_forest_products \"Category:Non-timber forest products\") ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png) **[Commons](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Non-timber_forest_products \"commons:Category:Non-timber forest products\")** |   |\n\n![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1&usesul3=1)\n\nRetrieved from \"<https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&oldid=1310918109>\"\n\n[Categories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Category \"Help:Category\"):\n\n- [Fossil resins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Fossil_resins \"Category:Fossil resins\")\n- [Economy of New Zealand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Economy_of_New_Zealand \"Category:Economy of New Zealand\")\n- [Organic gemstones](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Organic_gemstones \"Category:Organic gemstones\")\n- [Kauri gum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Kauri_gum \"Category:Kauri gum\")\n- [Culture of New Zealand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Culture_of_New_Zealand \"Category:Culture of New Zealand\")\n\nHidden categories:\n\n- [CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list \"Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list\")\n- [Articles with short description](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Articles_with_short_description \"Category:Articles with short description\")\n- [Short description is different from Wikidata](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata \"Category:Short description is different from Wikidata\")\n- [Use dmy dates from October 2017](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2017 \"Category:Use dmy dates from October 2017\")\n- [Use New Zealand English from October 2017](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Use_New_Zealand_English_from_October_2017 \"Category:Use New Zealand English from October 2017\")\n- [All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_New_Zealand_English \"Category:All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English\")\n- [Good articles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Good_articles \"Category:Good articles\")\n- [Commons category link is on Wikidata](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata \"Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata\")\n- [Webarchive template wayback links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links \"Category:Webarchive template wayback links\")\n\n- This page was last edited on 12 September 2025, at 08:50 (UTC).\n- Text is available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License \"Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License\"); additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the [Terms of Use](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Terms_of_Use \"foundation:Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Terms of Use\") and [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy \"foundation:Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy policy\"). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/), a non-profit organization.\n\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy)\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About)\n- [Disclaimers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)\n- [Contact Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us)\n- [Code of Conduct](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)\n- [Developers](https:\/\/developer.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/stats.wikimedia.org\/#\/en.wikipedia.org)\n- [Cookie statement](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Cookie_statement)\n- [Mobile view](https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)\n\n- [![Wikimedia Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/footer\/wikimedia.svg)](https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [![Powered by MediaWiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/resources\/assets\/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/)\n\nSearch\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\nKauri gum\n\n5 languages\n\n[Add topic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauri_gum)","attrs_readable_markdown":null,"meta_canonical":null}

3. Robots.txt Check

Query:

Response:

4. Spam/Ban Check

Query:

Response:

5. Seen Status Check

ℹ️ Skipped - page is already crawled

📄

INDEXABLE

✅

CRAWLED

6 months ago

🤖

ROBOTS ALLOWED

Page Info Filters

Filter	Status	Condition	Details
HTTP status	PASS	`download_http_code = 200`	HTTP 200
Age cutoff	PASS	`download_stamp > now() - 6 MONTH`	6.8 months ago (distributed domain, exempt)
History drop	PASS	`isNull(history_drop_reason)`	No drop reason
Spam/ban	PASS	`fh_dont_index != 1 AND ml_spam_score = 0`	ml_spam_score=0
Canonical	PASS	`meta_canonical IS NULL OR = '' OR = src_unparsed`	Not set

Page Details

Property	Value
URL	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum
Last Crawled	2025-09-18 03:39:23 (6 months ago)
First Indexed	not set
HTTP Status Code	200
Meta Title	Kauri gum - Wikipedia
Meta Description	null
Meta Canonical	null
Boilerpipe Text	A 19th-century carving of a tattooed Maori from kauri gum. The carving is owned and displayed by the Dargaville Museum, New Zealand. Kauri gum is resin from kauri trees ( Agathis australis ), which historically had several important industrial uses. It can also be used to make crafts such as jewellery. Kauri forests once covered much of the North Island of New Zealand, before early settlers caused the forests to retreat, causing several areas to revert to weeds, scrubs , and swamps . [ 1 ] Even afterwards, ancient kauri fields and the remaining forests continued to provide a source for the gum. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Between 1820 and 1900, over 90% of Kauri forests were logged or burnt by Europeans. [ 4 ] Kauri gum forms when resin from kauri trees leaks out through fractures or cracks in the bark, hardening upon exposure to air. Lumps commonly fall to the ground and can be covered with soil and forest litter, eventually fossilising . Other lumps form as branches forked or trees are damaged, releasing the resin. [ 5 ] Kauri gum, polished Kauri gum, unpolished The Māori had many uses for the gum, which they called kapia . Fresh gum was used as a type of chewing gum (older gum was softened by soaking and mixing with juice of the puha thistle ). Highly flammable, the gum was also used as a fire-starter , or bound in flax to act as a torch. Burnt and mixed with animal fat, it made a dark pigment for moko tattooing. [ 6 ] Kauri gum was also crafted into jewellery, keepsakes and small decorative items, like amber , kauri gum sometimes includes insects and plant material. [ 7 ] Kauri gum was used commercially in varnish , and can be considered a type of copal (the name given to resin used in such a way). Kauri gum was particularly useful for this and, from the mid-1840s, was exported to London and America. Tentative exports had begun a few years earlier, for use in marine glue and as fire-kindlers; [ 8 ] gum was part of an export cargo to Australia in 1814. [ 9 ] Since kauri gum would mix more easily with linseed oil at lower temperatures, by the 1890s 70% of all oil varnishes made in England used kauri gum. [ 10 ] It was used to a limited extent in paints during the late 19th century, and from 1910 was used extensively in manufacturing linoleum . From the 1930s, the market for gum dropped as synthetic alternatives were found, but there remained niche uses for the gum in jewellery and specialist high-grade varnish for violins . [ 10 ] Kauri gum was Auckland 's main export in the second half of the 19th century, sustaining much of the early growth of the city. Between 1850 and 1950, 450,000 tons of gum were exported. [ 11 ] The peak in the gum market was 1899, with 11,116 tons exported that year, with a value of £ 600,000 ( $ 989,700 US). [ 9 ] [ 12 ] The average annual export was more than 5,000 tons, with the average price gained £63 ($103.91 US) per ton. [ 13 ] The gum varied in colour depending on the condition of the original tree. It also depended on where the gum had formed and how long it had been buried. Colours ranged from chalky-white through red-brown to black. The most prized was pale gold, as it was hard and translucent. [ 5 ] [ 14 ] The size of each lump also varied greatly. Swamps tended to yield the small nuggets known as "chips", whereas hillsides tended to produce larger lumps. The majority were the size of acorns, although some were found which weighed a few pounds . The largest (and rarest) were reported to weigh half a hundredweight (25.4kg, 56lbs). [ 15 ] Kauri gum shares a few characteristics with amber , another fossilised resin found in the Northern Hemisphere . While amber can be millions of years old, carbon-dating suggests the age of most kauri gum is a few thousand years. [ 8 ] North Auckland Kauri Forest c. 1890 – c. 1910 Most of the gumfields were in Northland , Coromandel and Auckland , the site of the original kauri forests. Initially, the gum was readily accessible, commonly found lying on the ground. Captain Cook reported the presence of resinous lumps on the beach at Mercury Bay , Coromandel, in 1769, although he suspected it came from the mangroves , and missionary Samuel Marsden spoke of their presence in Northland in 1819. [ 14 ] By 1850, most of the surface gum had been harvested, and people began digging for it. The hillsides yielded shallow-buried gum (about 1 m), but in swamps and beaches it was buried much deeper (4 m or below). [ 2 ] Gum-digger statue at Dargaville Gum-diggers were men and women who dug for kauri gum in the old kauri fields of New Zealand at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The term may be a source for the nickname " Digger " given to New Zealand soldiers in World War I . [ 16 ] In 1898, a gum-digger described "the life of a gum-digger" as "wretched, and one of the last [occupations] a man would take to." [ 17 ] Gum-diggers worked in the old kauri fields, most of which were then covered by swamp or scrub, digging for gum. Much of the population was transient, moving from field to field, and they lived in rough huts or tents (which were called " whares ", after the Maori for 'house'). It was extremely hard work and not well paid, but it attracted many Maori and European settlers, including women and children. [ 18 ] There were many Dalmatians , who had first come to work the South Island goldfields in the 1860s. [ 19 ] They were transient workers, rather than settlers, and much of their income was sent out of the country, resulting in resentment from the local workforce. In 1898, the "Kauri Gum Industry Act" was passed, which reserved gum-grounds for British subjects , and requiring all other diggers to be licensed. By 1910, only British subjects could hold gum-digging licences. [ 20 ] Gum-digging was the major source of income for settlers in North Auckland, and farmers often worked the gumfields in the winter months to subsidise the poor income from their unbroken land. By the 1890s, 20,000 people were engaged in gum-digging, of which 7000 worked full-time. [ 21 ] Gum-digging was not restricted to settlers or workers in the rural areas; Auckland families would cross the Waitematā Harbour by ferry at weekends to dig in the fields around Birkenhead , causing damage to public roads and private farms, and leading to local council management of the problem. [ 22 ] Most gum was dug from the ground using gum-spears (pointed rods to probe for gum) and "skeltons", defined as blade-edged spades for cutting through old wood and roots as well as soil. Once the gum was retrieved it would need to be scraped and cleaned. [ 23 ] Gum-diggers in the Auckland region had access to "gum sheds" with an open fireplace where the gum was dried and sorted into different qualities or grades. Clear, transparent gum called "specimen gum" would often be found and would be put aside for use in high quality ornaments and trinkets. [ 24 ] Digging in swamps was more complicated. A longer spear (up to 8m) was often used, often fitted with a hooked end to scoop out the lumps. Scrub was often cleared first with fire; some became uncontrolled and swamp fires could burn for weeks. [ 25 ] Holes were often dug by teams in both hills and swamps—often up to 12m deep—and some wetlands were drained to aid in the excavation of gum. [ 26 ] As field gum became scarce, "bush gum" was obtained by purposely cutting the bark of kauri trees and returning months later to retrieve the hardened resin. Due to the damage caused to the trees by the cutting the practice was banned in state forests in 1905. [ 23 ] Gum chips, small lumps useful for the manufacture of linoleum, were difficult to find. By 1910, the process of washing and sieving to retrieve the chips became common. The process was later mechanised. [ 27 ] Gumdiggers generally sold their gum to local gumbuyers, who transported it to Auckland (generally by sea) for sale to merchants and exporters. [ 28 ] There were six major export firms in Auckland who dealt in gum, employing several hundred workers who graded and rescraped the gum for export, packing them in cases made from kauri timber. [ 29 ] As early as the 1830s and 1840s, merchants, including Gilbert Mair and Logan Campbell , were buying gum from local Māori for £5 ($8.25) a ton or trading it for goods. [ 9 ] The majority of the gum was exported to America and London (from whence it was distributed throughout Europe), although smaller amounts were sent to Australia, Hong Kong , Japan and Russia. [ 30 ]
Markdown	[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kauri+gum "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kauri+gum "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]") Personal tools - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kauri+gum "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kauri+gum "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]") Pages for logged out editors [learn more](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction) - [Contributions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MyContributions "A list of edits made from this IP address [y]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MyTalk "Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum) - [1 Uses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#Uses) - [2 Appearance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#Appearance) - [3 Gumfields](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#Gumfields) - [4 Gum-diggers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#Gum-diggers) Toggle Gum-diggers subsection - [4\.1 Methods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#Methods) - [5 Gum merchants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#Gum_merchants) - [6 Gallery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#Gallery) - [7 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#See_also) - [8 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#Notes) - [9 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#References) - [10 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # Kauri gum 5 languages - [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%BA_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A "صمغ كاوري – Arabic") - [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri-Harz "Kauri-Harz – German") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resina_kauri "Resina kauri – Spanish") - [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guma_camhra%C3%AD "Guma camhraí – Irish") - [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resina_kauri "Resina kauri – Portuguese") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1737159#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Kauri_gum "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=history "Past revisions of this page [h]") Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=history) General - [What links here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kauri_gum "List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]") - [Related changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Kauri_gum "Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard "Upload files [u]") - [Permanent link](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&oldid=1310918109 "Permanent link to this revision of this page") - [Page information](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=info "More information about this page") - [Cite this page](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Kauri_gum&id=1310918109&wpFormIdentifier=titleform "Information on how to cite this page") - [Get shortened URL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKauri_gum) - [Download QR code](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKauri_gum) Print/export - [Download as PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kauri_gum&action=show-download-screen "Download this page as a PDF file") - [Printable version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]") In other projects - [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kauri_gum) - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1737159 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide [![This is a good article. Click here for more information.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/20px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles* "This is a good article. Click here for more information.") From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Resin [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kauri_gum_carving.jpg/250px-Kauri_gum_carving.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kauri_gum_carving.jpg) A 19th-century carving of a [tattooed Maori](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattooed_Maori "Tattooed Maori") from kauri gum. The carving is owned and displayed by the [Dargaville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargaville "Dargaville") Museum, New Zealand. Kauri gum is [resin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin "Resin") from kauri trees ([Agathis australis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathis_australis "Agathis australis")), which historically had several important industrial uses. It can also be used to make crafts such as jewellery. Kauri forests once covered much of the [North Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island "North Island") of New Zealand, before early settlers caused the forests to retreat, causing several areas to revert to weeds, [scrubs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubland "Scrubland"), and [swamps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamps "Swamps").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-1) Even afterwards, ancient kauri fields and the remaining forests continued to provide a source for the gum.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-Hayward4-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-3) Between 1820 and 1900, over 90% of Kauri forests were [logged](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logging "Logging") or burnt by Europeans.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-4) Kauri gum forms when resin from kauri trees leaks out through fractures or cracks in the bark, hardening upon exposure to air. Lumps commonly fall to the ground and can be covered with soil and forest litter, eventually [fossilising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil "Fossil"). Other lumps form as branches forked or trees are damaged, releasing the resin.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-Hayward2-5) ## Uses \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Uses")\] [![A dark gold transparent smooth lump of resin](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kauri_gum_polished_side.jpg/250px-Kauri_gum_polished_side.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kauri_gum_polished_side.jpg) Kauri gum, polished [![A dark gold transparent rough lump of resin](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kauri_gum_unpolished_side.jpg/250px-Kauri_gum_unpolished_side.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kauri_gum_unpolished_side.jpg) Kauri gum, unpolished The [Māori](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people "Māori people") had many uses for the gum, which they called kapia. Fresh gum was used as a type of [chewing gum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewing_gum "Chewing gum") (older gum was softened by soaking and mixing with juice of the [puha thistle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puha_thistle "Puha thistle")). Highly flammable, the gum was also used as a [fire-starter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firelighting "Firelighting"), or bound in [flax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_flax "New Zealand flax") to act as a torch. Burnt and mixed with animal fat, it made a dark pigment for [moko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81_moko "Tā moko") tattooing.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-6) Kauri gum was also crafted into jewellery, keepsakes and small decorative items, like [amber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber "Amber"), kauri gum sometimes includes insects and plant material.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-7) Kauri gum was used commercially in [varnish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnish "Varnish"), and can be considered a type of [copal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copal "Copal") (the name given to resin used in such a way). Kauri gum was particularly useful for this and, from the mid-1840s, was exported to London and America. Tentative exports had begun a few years earlier, for use in marine glue and as fire-kindlers;[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-origins-8) gum was part of an export cargo to Australia in 1814.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-Hayward46-9) Since kauri gum would mix more easily with [linseed oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linseed_oil "Linseed oil") at lower temperatures, by the 1890s 70% of all oil varnishes made in England used kauri gum.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-Hayward45-10) It was used to a limited extent in paints during the late 19th century, and from 1910 was used extensively in manufacturing [linoleum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linoleum "Linoleum"). From the 1930s, the market for gum dropped as synthetic alternatives were found, but there remained niche uses for the gum in jewellery and specialist high-grade varnish for [violins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin "Violin").[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-Hayward45-10) Kauri gum was [Auckland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland "Auckland")'s main export in the second half of the 19th century, sustaining much of the early growth of the city. Between 1850 and 1950, 450,000 tons of gum were exported.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-industry-11) The peak in the gum market was 1899, with 11,116 tons exported that year, with a value of [£](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sign "Pound sign")600,000 ([\$](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar")989,700 US).[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-Hayward46-9)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-12) The average annual export was more than 5,000 tons, with the average price gained £63 (\$103.91 US) per ton.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-13) ## Appearance \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Appearance")\] The gum varied in colour depending on the condition of the original tree. It also depended on where the gum had formed and how long it had been buried. Colours ranged from chalky-white through red-brown to black. The most prized was pale gold, as it was hard and translucent.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-Hayward2-5)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-ENCkg-14) The size of each lump also varied greatly. Swamps tended to yield the small nuggets known as "chips", whereas hillsides tended to produce larger lumps. The majority were the size of acorns, although some were found which weighed a few [pounds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_$mass$ "Pound (mass)"). The largest (and rarest) were reported to weigh half a [hundredweight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundredweight "Hundredweight") (25.4kg, 56lbs).[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-15) Kauri gum shares a few characteristics with [amber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber "Amber"), another fossilised resin found in the [Northern Hemisphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere "Northern Hemisphere"). While amber can be millions of years old, [carbon-dating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-dating "Carbon-dating") suggests the age of most kauri gum is a few thousand years.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-origins-8) ## Gumfields \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Gumfields")\] [![Very large trees in a jungle-like setting](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/North_Auckland_Kauri_Forest_Lantern_Slide_c1890_-_c1910_%2817832403125%29.jpg/250px-North_Auckland_Kauri_Forest_Lantern_Slide_c1890_-_c1910_%2817832403125%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Auckland_Kauri_Forest_Lantern_Slide_c1890_-_c1910_$17832403125$.jpg) North Auckland Kauri Forest c. 1890 – c. 1910 Most of the gumfields were in [Northland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northland_Region "Northland Region"), [Coromandel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coromandel_Peninsula "Coromandel Peninsula") and [Auckland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Region "Auckland Region"), the site of the original kauri forests. Initially, the gum was readily accessible, commonly found lying on the ground. [Captain Cook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook "James Cook") reported the presence of resinous lumps on the beach at [Mercury Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Bay "Mercury Bay"), Coromandel, in 1769, although he suspected it came from the [mangroves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove "Mangrove"), and missionary [Samuel Marsden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Marsden "Samuel Marsden") spoke of their presence in Northland in 1819.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-ENCkg-14) By 1850, most of the surface gum had been harvested, and people began digging for it. The hillsides yielded shallow-buried gum (about 1 m), but in swamps and beaches it was buried much deeper (4 m or below).[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-Hayward4-2) ## Gum-diggers \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Gum-diggers")\] [![Stone statue of a middle aged-man with a beard, a shovel, and some other similar instrument](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dargaville_gumdigger.jpg/250px-Dargaville_gumdigger.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dargaville_gumdigger.jpg) Gum-digger statue at [Dargaville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargaville "Dargaville") Gum-diggers were men and women who dug for kauri gum in the old kauri fields of New Zealand at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The term may be a source for the nickname "[Digger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digger_$soldier$ "Digger (soldier)")" given to New Zealand soldiers in [World War I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I "World War I").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-16) In 1898, a gum-digger described "the life of a gum-digger" as "wretched, and one of the last \[occupations\] a man would take to."[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-17) Gum-diggers worked in the old kauri fields, most of which were then covered by swamp or scrub, digging for gum. Much of the population was transient, moving from field to field, and they lived in rough huts or tents (which were called "[whares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whare "Whare")", after the Maori for 'house'). It was extremely hard work and not well paid, but it attracted many Maori and European settlers, including women and children.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-diggers-18) There were many [Dalmatians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia "Dalmatia"), who had first come to work the [South Island goldfields](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago_gold_rush "Otago gold rush") in the 1860s.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-19) They were transient workers, rather than settlers, and much of their income was sent out of the country, resulting in resentment from the local workforce. In 1898, the "Kauri Gum Industry Act" was passed, which reserved gum-grounds for [British subjects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law "New Zealand nationality law"), and requiring all other diggers to be licensed. By 1910, only British subjects could hold gum-digging licences.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-20) Gum-digging was the major source of income for settlers in North Auckland, and farmers often worked the gumfields in the winter months to subsidise the poor income from their unbroken land. By the 1890s, 20,000 people were engaged in gum-digging, of which 7000 worked full-time.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-Hayward47-21) Gum-digging was not restricted to settlers or workers in the rural areas; Auckland families would cross the [Waitematā Harbour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitemat%C4%81_Harbour "Waitematā Harbour") by ferry at weekends to dig in the fields around [Birkenhead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead,_New_Zealand "Birkenhead, New Zealand"), causing damage to public roads and private farms, and leading to local council management of the problem.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-22) ### Methods \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Methods")\] Most gum was dug from the ground using gum-spears (pointed rods to probe for gum) and "skeltons", defined as blade-edged spades for cutting through old wood and roots as well as soil. Once the gum was retrieved it would need to be scraped and cleaned.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-methods-23) Gum-diggers in the Auckland region had access to "gum sheds" with an open fireplace where the gum was dried and sorted into different qualities or grades. Clear, transparent gum called "specimen gum" would often be found and would be put aside for use in high quality ornaments and trinkets.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-24) Digging in swamps was more complicated. A longer spear (up to 8m) was often used, often fitted with a hooked end to scoop out the lumps. Scrub was often cleared first with fire; some became uncontrolled and swamp fires could burn for weeks.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-25) Holes were often dug by teams in both hills and swamps—often up to 12m deep—and some wetlands were drained to aid in the excavation of gum.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-26) As field gum became scarce, "bush gum" was obtained by purposely cutting the bark of kauri trees and returning months later to retrieve the hardened resin. Due to the damage caused to the trees by the cutting the practice was banned in state forests in 1905.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-methods-23) Gum chips, small lumps useful for the manufacture of linoleum, were difficult to find. By 1910, the process of washing and sieving to retrieve the chips became common. The process was later mechanised.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-27) ## Gum merchants \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Gum merchants")\] Gumdiggers generally sold their gum to local gumbuyers, who transported it to [Auckland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland "Auckland") (generally by sea) for sale to merchants and exporters.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-28) There were six major export firms in Auckland who dealt in gum, employing several hundred workers who graded and rescraped the gum for export, packing them in cases made from kauri timber.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-29) As early as the 1830s and 1840s, merchants, including [Gilbert Mair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Mair_$trader$ "Gilbert Mair (trader)") and [Logan Campbell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Campbell_$politician$ "Logan Campbell (politician)"), were buying gum from local Māori for £5 (\$8.25) a ton or trading it for goods.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-Hayward46-9) The majority of the gum was exported to America and London (from whence it was distributed throughout Europe), although smaller amounts were sent to Australia, [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong"), Japan and Russia.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_note-30) ## Gallery \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Gallery")\] - [![Large group of men filling a picture of a mining field.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Group_of_gum_diggers_in_gumfield_%281908%29.jpg/120px-Group_of_gum_diggers_in_gumfield_%281908%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Group_of_gum_diggers_in_gumfield_$1908$.jpg "Group of gum-diggers in gumfield (1908)") Group of gum-diggers in gumfield (1908) - [![Large line of men sorting gum resin, surrounded by baskets and loose piles of resin.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/E._Mitchelson_%26_Co._Gum_sorters_at_work%2C_53228-a.jpg/120px-E._Mitchelson_%26_Co._Gum_sorters_at_work%2C_53228-a.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E._Mitchelson_%26_Co._Gum_sorters_at_work,_53228-a.jpg "Gum sorting at the E. Mitchelson & Co. kauri gum and grain facility on the Auckland waterfront (1906)") Gum sorting at the [E. Mitchelson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Mitchelson "Edwin Mitchelson") & Co. kauri gum and grain facility on the [Auckland waterfront](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_waterfront "Auckland waterfront") (1906) - [![Four seated men holding large pieces of gum resin, scraping the outsides.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/E._Mitchelson_%26_Co._Rescraping_kauri_gum%2C_53227-a.jpg/120px-E._Mitchelson_%26_Co._Rescraping_kauri_gum%2C_53227-a.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E._Mitchelson_%26_Co._Rescraping_kauri_gum,_53227-a.jpg "Gum rescraping at the E. Mitchelson & Co. kauri gum and grain facility (1906)") Gum rescraping at the E. Mitchelson & Co. kauri gum and grain facility (1906) - [![Two men washing dishes in a basin in front of a shelter thatched with palm fronds.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gum_climbers%27_camp_on_the_Waipapa_River%2C_near_Rangiahua%2C_1918_ATLIB_301546.png/120px-Gum_climbers%27_camp_on_the_Waipapa_River%2C_near_Rangiahua%2C_1918_ATLIB_301546.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gum_climbers%27_camp_on_the_Waipapa_River,_near_Rangiahua,_1918_ATLIB_301546.png "A Gum climbers' camp near the Waipapa River in Northland") A Gum climbers' camp near the [Waipapa River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waipapa_River_$Northland$ "Waipapa River (Northland)") in Northland ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: See also")\] - [Kauri Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_Museum "Kauri Museum") - [Dammar gum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dammar_gum "Dammar gum") - [Northland temperate kauri forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northland_temperate_kauri_forests "Northland temperate kauri forests") ## Notes \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Notes")\] 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-1) Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. ["How and where kauri grows"](https://teara.govt.nz/en/kauri-forest/page-1). teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 30 January 2023. 2. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-Hayward4_2-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-Hayward4_2-1) Hayward, pp 4–5 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-3)* ["Te Ara Encyclopedia of NZ: Kauri Forest"](https://www.teara.govt.nz/TheBush/NativePlantsAndFungi/KauriForest/1/en). Teara.govt.nz. 1 March 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2011. 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-4) ["In the forests of New Zealand, indigenous Maori and Western scientists work through past injustices to save a threatened species together"](https://ensia.com/features/new-zealand-indigenous-maori-scientists-kauri-tree-forest/). Ensia. Retrieved 30 January 2023. 5. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-Hayward2_5-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-Hayward2_5-1) Hayward, p 2 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-6)* Hayward, p 3 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-7) ["Category: kauri"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120118191514/http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/Term.aspx?irn=303011). Collections Online. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Archived from [the original](http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/Term.aspx?irn=303011) on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2010. 8. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-origins_8-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-origins_8-1) Gilbert Mair, 1843–1923 (1 March 2009). ["Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Origins and uses"](https://www.teara.govt.nz/TheBush/UsesOfTheBush/KauriGumAndGumDigging/1/en). Teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 25 April 2011. `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list")) 9. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-Hayward46_9-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-Hayward46_9-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-Hayward46_9-2) Hayward, p 46 10. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-Hayward45_10-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-Hayward45_10-1) Hayward, p 45 11. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-industry_11-0)* ["Te Ara Encyclopedia of NZ: The Industry"](https://www.teara.govt.nz/TheBush/UsesOfTheBush/KauriGumAndGumDigging/4/en). Teara.govt.nz. 2 March 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2011. 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-12) Dunmore, p 21 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-13) Reed, p 114 14. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-ENCkg_14-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-ENCkg_14-1) ["Encyclopedia of NZ, 1966: Kauri Gum"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090226094621/http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/K/KauriGum/KauriGum/en). Teara.govt.nz. 22 April 2009. Archived from [the original](https://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/K/KauriGum/KauriGum/en) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2011. 15. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-15)* Reed, p 20 16. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-16) [Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand: The New Zealanders](https://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/TheNewZealanders/7/en) 17. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-17) recorded in Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1898, H–12, p. 31, and quoted in [Te Ara Encyclopedia of NZ](https://www.teara.govt.nz/TheBush/UsesOfTheBush/KauriGumAndGumDigging/2/en) 18. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-diggers_18-0) [Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Gumdigging](https://www.teara.govt.nz/TheBush/UsesOfTheBush/KauriGumAndGumDigging/2/en) 19. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-19) [Te Ara Encyclopedia of NZ: Damaltians](https://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/Dalmatians/2/en) 20. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-20) [Te Ara Encyclopedia of NZ: Dalmatians: Gumdiggers](https://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/Dalmatians/3/en) 21. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-Hayward47_21-0) Hayward, p 47 22. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-22) McClure, p 55-6 23. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-methods_23-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-methods_23-1) [Te Are Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Gumdigging methods](https://www.teara.govt.nz/TheBush/UsesOfTheBush/KauriGumAndGumDigging/3/en) 24. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-24)* Bartlett, Jean (4 April 1989). TAKAPUNA, People and Places. Arrow Press Limited. pp. 35–36\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-473-00788-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-473-00788-6 "Special:BookSources/0-473-00788-6") . 25. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-25) Hayward, pp 10–11 26. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-26) Hayward, pp 12–13 27. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-27) Hayward, p 27 28. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-28) Hayward, p 19 29. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-29) Hayward, pp 42–43 30. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum#cite_ref-30) Hayward, p 44 ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: References")\] - Hayward, Bruce W (1982). Kauri Gum and the Gumdiggers: A Pictorial History of the Kauri Gum Industry in New Zealand. [Auckland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland "Auckland"): Lodestar Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-86465-014-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86465-014-0 "Special:BookSources/0-86465-014-0") - McClure, Margaret (1987). The Story of Birkenhead. Auckland: Birkenhead City Council. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-908704-04-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908704-04-6 "Special:BookSources/0-908704-04-6") - [Reed, Alfred](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hamish_Reed "Alfred Hamish Reed") (1972). The Gumdiggers: The Story of Kauri Gum. Auckland: [A.H. & A.W. Reed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Publishing "Reed Publishing"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-589-00732-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-589-00732-7 "Special:BookSources/0-589-00732-7") - Dunmore, Patricia (ed.) (1977). The Dunmore Book of New Zealand Records. [Wellington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington "Wellington"): Dunmore Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-908564-08-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908564-08-2 "Special:BookSources/0-908564-08-2") ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: External links")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Kauri gum](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kauri_gum "commons:Category:Kauri gum"). - [Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand](https://web.archive.org/web/20071218235036/http://www.teara.govt.nz/TheBush/UsesOfTheBush/KauriGumAndGumDigging/en) - [Digger History](https://web.archive.org/web/20060821075830/http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-reference/gumdiggers.htm) - [The Kauri Museum](http://www.kauri-museum.com/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071215043945/http://www.kauri-museum.com/) 15 December 2007 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Non-timber_forest_products "Template:Non-timber forest products") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Non-timber_forest_products "Template talk:Non-timber forest products") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber_forest_products "Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber forest products")[Non-timber forest products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product "Non-timber forest product") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Animal products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_product "Animal product") \| [Furs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur "Fur") [Honey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey "Honey") [pine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_honey "Pine honey") [Wild game](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_$hunting$ "Game (hunting)") \| \| [Berries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry "Berry") / [tree fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_tree "Fruit tree") \| [Banana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana "Banana") [Bilberry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilberry "Bilberry") [Binukaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcinia_binucao "Garcinia binucao") [Blackberry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackberry "Blackberry") [Blueberry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberry "Blueberry") [Breadfruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadfruit "Breadfruit") [Cocoa bean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_bean "Cocoa bean") [Coconut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut "Coconut") [Durian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durian "Durian") [Gambooge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta "Garcinia gummi-gutta") [Huckleberry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huckleberry "Huckleberry") [Jackfruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit "Jackfruit") [Juniper berry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper_berry "Juniper berry") [Lingonberry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea "Vaccinium vitis-idaea") [Raspberry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry "Raspberry") [Strawberry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry "Strawberry") [Tamarind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarind "Tamarind") [Woodland strawberry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragaria_vesca "Fragaria vesca") \| \| [Edible plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables "List of leaf vegetables") / [roots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root "Root") \| [Betel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel "Betel") [Fiddlehead ferns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddlehead "Fiddlehead") [Heart of palm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_palm "Heart of palm") [Mahuwa flowers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers "Madhuca longifolia") [Sago palm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu "Metroxylon sagu") [queen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycas_circinalis "Cycas circinalis") [Sassafras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassafras "Sassafras") [filé powder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder "Filé powder") [root beer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_beer "Root beer") [Saw palmetto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenoa "Serenoa") [Wild ginseng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng "Ginseng") [Wild onions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_onion "Wild onion") [Bear garlic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_ursinum "Allium ursinum") [Canada onion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_canadense "Allium canadense") [Crow garlic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_vineale "Allium vineale") [Twincrest onion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum "Allium bisceptrum") [Pacific mountain onion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_validum "Allium validum") [Ramps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_tricoccum "Allium tricoccum") \| \| [Mushrooms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_mushroom "Edible mushroom") \| [Bare-toothed russula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russula_vesca "Russula vesca") [Bay bolete](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imleria_badia "Imleria badia") [Birch bolete](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum "Leccinum scabrum") [Cep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus_edulis "Boletus edulis") [Chanterelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantharellus "Cantharellus") [Honey mushroom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_mellea "Armillaria mellea") [Lingzhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingzhi_$mushroom$ "Lingzhi (mushroom)") (reishi) [Matsutake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsutake "Matsutake") [Meadow mushroom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaricus_campestris "Agaricus campestris") [Morel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morchella "Morchella") [Oyster mushroom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus "Pleurotus ostreatus") [Parasol mushroom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera "Macrolepiota procera") [Red cap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum "Leccinum aurantiacum") [Saffron milk cap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus "Lactarius deliciosus") [Slippery jack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suillus_luteus "Suillus luteus") [Truffle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle "Truffle") [Yellow knight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre "Tricholoma equestre") \| \| [Nuts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_$fruit$ "Nut (fruit)") [spices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice "Spice") \| [Allspice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allspice "Allspice") [Areca nut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areca_nut "Areca nut") [Bay leaf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_leaf "Bay leaf") [Black pepper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper "Black pepper") [Brazil nut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_nut "Brazil nut") [Cinnamon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon "Cinnamon") [Clove](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove "Clove") [Hazelnut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazelnut "Hazelnut") [Malva nut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaphium_affine "Scaphium affine") [Nutmeg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg "Nutmeg") [Pine nut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_nut "Pine nut") [Vanilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla "Vanilla") \| \| [Oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil "Vegetable oil") [waxes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax "Wax") \| [Allanblackia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allanblackia_oil "Allanblackia oil") [Babassu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babassu_oil "Babassu oil") [Bacuri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonia "Platonia") [Candlenut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlenut_oil "Candlenut oil") [Capuacu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum "Theobroma grandiflorum") [Carnauba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnauba_wax "Carnauba wax") [Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus wightiana)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil "Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil") [Cocoa butter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_butter "Cocoa butter") [Eucalyptol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptol "Eucalyptol") [Eucalyptus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil "Eucalyptus oil") [Illipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illipe "Illipe") [Japan wax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_wax "Japan wax") [Kokum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokum_butter "Kokum butter") [Kombo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis "Pycnanthus angolensis") [Kpangnan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea "Pentadesma butyracea") [Kusum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusum_oil "Kusum oil") [Mafura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichilia_emetica "Trichilia emetica") [Mahua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil "Madhuca longifolia") [Mango butter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_oil "Mango oil") [Murumuru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru "Astrocaryum murumuru") [Nagkesar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil "Nagkesar seed oil") [Palm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil "Palm oil") ([kernel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil "Palm kernel oil")) [Phulwara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phulwara_oil "Phulwara oil") [Pilu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilu_oil "Pilu oil") [Pongamia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongamia_oil "Pongamia oil") [Sal-seed (Shorea robusta)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil "Shorea robusta seed oil") [Sandalwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandalwood_oil "Sandalwood oil") [Shea butter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shea_butter "Shea butter") [Tamanu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamanu_oil "Tamanu oil") [Tea-seed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_seed_oil "Tea seed oil") [Tea-tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_tree_oil "Tea tree oil") [Tucuma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum "Astrocaryum aculeatum") [Ucuuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil "Ucuhuba seed oil") [Vateria indica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil "Vateria indica oil") \| \| [Resins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin "Resin") \| [Benzoin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoin_$resin$ "Benzoin (resin)") [Birch tar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_tar "Birch tar") [Camphor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphor "Camphor") [Creosote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote "Creosote") [Frankincense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankincense "Frankincense") [Gamboge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamboge "Gamboge") [Kauri]() [Lacquer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacquer "Lacquer") [Mastic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastic_$plant_resin$ "Mastic (plant resin)") [Myrrh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrrh "Myrrh") [Pine tar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_tar "Pine tar") [Pitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_$resin$ "Pitch (resin)") [Rosin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosin "Rosin") [Turpentine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpentine "Turpentine") [Varnish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnish "Varnish") \| \| [Sap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sap "Sap") / [gum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gum "Natural gum") / etc. \| [Birch syrup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_syrup "Birch syrup") [Chicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicle "Chicle") [chewing gum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewing_gum "Chewing gum") [Coconut sugar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_sugar "Coconut sugar") [Date sugar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_sugar "Date sugar") [Fruit syrup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_syrup "Fruit syrup") [Gum arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_arabic "Gum arabic") [Gutta-percha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutta-percha "Gutta-percha") [Kino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kino_$botany$ "Kino (botany)") [Latex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex "Latex") [Maple sugar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_sugar "Maple sugar") [Maple syrup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_syrup "Maple syrup") [Palm sugar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_sugar "Palm sugar") [Palm wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_wine "Palm wine") [akpeteshie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akpeteshie "Akpeteshie") [ogogoro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogogoro "Ogogoro") [Rubber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_rubber "Natural rubber") [Spruce gum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruce_gum "Spruce gum") \| \| Other \| [Amadou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou "Amadou") [Bamboo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo "Bamboo") [edible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_shoot "Bamboo shoot") [musical instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments "Bamboo musical instruments") [textiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_textile "Bamboo textile") [Birch bark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_bark "Birch bark") [Birch beer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_beer "Birch beer") [Cork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_$material$ "Cork (material)") [Ferns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern "Fern") [Forage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forage "Forage") [Gambier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncaria "Uncaria") [Moss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss#Commercial "Moss") [Natural dyes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_dye "Natural dye") [henna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henna "Henna") [Peat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat "Peat") [Quinine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine "Quinine") [Rattan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattan "Rattan") [Shellac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellac "Shellac") [Tanbark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanbark "Tanbark") [tannin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin "Tannin") [Tendu leaves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon "Diospyros melanoxylon") [Thatching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatching "Thatching") [Vegetable ivory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_ivory "Vegetable ivory") [Willow bark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow#Medicinal "Willow") \| \| Related \| [Dehesa (Iberian agroforestry)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehesa "Dehesa") [Forest farming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_farming "Forest farming") / [gardening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_gardening "Forest gardening") [Honey hunting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_hunting "Honey hunting") [Indian forest produce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_produce_$India$ "Forest produce (India)") [Mushroom hunting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_hunting "Mushroom hunting") [Naval stores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_stores "Naval stores") [Resin extraction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin_extraction "Resin extraction") [Rubber tapping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_tapping "Rubber tapping") [Wildcrafting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcrafting "Wildcrafting") \| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products "Category:Non-timber forest products") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png) [Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products "commons:Category:Non-timber forest products") \| \| ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&oldid=1310918109>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - [Fossil resins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fossil_resins "Category:Fossil resins") - [Economy of New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_New_Zealand "Category:Economy of New Zealand") - [Organic gemstones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organic_gemstones "Category:Organic gemstones") - [Kauri gum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Kauri_gum "Category:Kauri gum") - [Culture of New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture_of_New_Zealand "Category:Culture of New Zealand") Hidden categories: - [CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list") - [Articles with short description](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description") - [Short description is different from Wikidata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata "Category:Short description is different from Wikidata") - [Use dmy dates from October 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2017 "Category:Use dmy dates from October 2017") - [Use New Zealand English from October 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_New_Zealand_English_from_October_2017 "Category:Use New Zealand English from October 2017") - [All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_New_Zealand_English "Category:All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English") - [Good articles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Good_articles "Category:Good articles") - [Commons category link is on Wikidata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata "Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata") - [Webarchive template wayback links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links "Category:Webarchive template wayback links") - This page was last edited on 12 September 2025, at 08:50 (UTC). - Text is available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License "Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"); additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the [Terms of Use](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use "foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use") and [Privacy Policy](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy "foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy"). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https://wikimediafoundation.org/), a non-profit organization. - [Privacy policy](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy) - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About) - [Disclaimers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer) - [Contact Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) - [Code of Conduct](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct) - [Developers](https://developer.wikimedia.org/) - [Statistics](https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org) - [Cookie statement](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement) - [Mobile view](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kauri_gum&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile) - [![Wikimedia Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg)](https://www.wikimedia.org/) - [![Powered by MediaWiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https://www.mediawiki.org/) Search Toggle the table of contents Kauri gum 5 languages [Add topic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum)
Readable Markdown	null
Shard	152 (laksa)
Root Hash	17790707453426894952
Unparsed URL	org,wikipedia!en,/wiki/Kauri_gum s443