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| Boilerpipe Text | "Johor Darul Ta'zim" redirects here. For the professional football club, see
Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C.
Johor
State
State and Subject Territory of Johor, the Abode of Dignity
Negeri dan Jajahan Takluk Johor Darul Ta'zim
Â
(
Malay
)
Flag
Coat of arms
Nickname(s)
:Â
Darul Ta'zim
[
1
]
[
2
]
Motto
:Â
Kepada
Allah
Berserah
[
1
]
(
"To Allah We Surrender"
)
[
1
]
Anthem
:
Lagu Bangsa Johor
(
"Johor State Anthem"
)
Â
Â
Johor
in
Â
Â
Malaysia
Country
Â
Malaysia
AngloâJohor Treaty
1885
Johor State Constitution
14 April 1895
British protected states
1914
Japanese occupation
1942
Accession into the
Federation of Malaya
1948
Malayan Declaration of Independence
31 August 1957
Proclamation of Malaysia
16 September 1963
Capital
and largest city
Johor Bahru
[
3
]
1°59â˛27âłN
103°28â˛58âłE
ďťż / ďťż
1.99083°N 103.48278°E
Royal capital
Muar
Official languages
Malay
Common languages
Malay
,
English
,
Mandarin
,
Tamil
, others
Ethnic groups
(2020)
[
4
]
60.1%
Bumiputera
32.8%
Chinese
6.6%
Indian
0.5% Other ethnicities
Religion
(2020)
[
4
]
59.7%
Sunni Islam
(
official
)
28.7%
Buddhism
7.1%
Hinduism
3.0%
Christianity
0.8% Other religions
0.7%
No religion
Demonym(s)
Johorean
Government
Federated
parliamentary
constitutional monarchy
â˘Â
Sultan
Ibrahim Ismail ibni Iskandar
â˘Â
Chief Minister
Onn Hafiz Ghazi
(
BN
â
UMNO
)
Legislature
Legislative Assembly
Area
â˘Â Total
19,166Â km
2
(7,400 sq mi)
Highest elevation
(
Mount Ledang
)
1,276Â m (4,186Â ft)
Population
â˘Â 2020 census
4,009,670 (2020)
[
5
]
â˘Â Density
209.2/km
2
(541.8/sq mi)
GDP
Â
(
PPP
)
2024Â estimate
â˘Â Total
$133.846 billion
â˘Â Per capita
$31,973
GDP
Â
(nominal)
2024Â estimate
â˘Â Total
$40.914 billion
[
6
]
â˘Â Per capita
$9,773
[
6
]
Gini
Â
(2022)
 0.366
[
7
]
low
HDI
Â
(2024)
 0.811
[
8
]
very high
 ¡Â
9th
Currency
Malaysian ringgit
(RM/MYR)
Time zone
UTC+8
(
Malaysian Time
)
Date format
dd-mm-yyyy
Driving side
Left
Calling code
07
06 (Muar and Tangkak)
[
9
]
Postal code
79xxx
[
11
]
to 86xxx,
[
12
]
73400
ISO 3166 code
MY-01, 21â24
[
10
]
Website
johor
.gov
.my
Johor
[
a
]
is a
state
of
Malaysia
in the south of the
Malay Peninsula
. It borders with
Pahang
,
Malacca
and
Negeri Sembilan
to the north. Johor has maritime borders with
Singapore
to the south and
Indonesia
to the east and west. As of 2025, the state's population is 4.2 million, making it the second most populous state in Malaysia, after
Selangor
.
[
14
]
Johor Bahru
is the capital city and the economic centre of the state, and
Muar
serves as the royal capital.
Johor is one of Malaysia's most important economic hubs, having the highest
gross domestic product
(GDP) in Malaysia outside of the
Klang Valley
, making it the country's
second largest state economy
. Its
household income and total salaries
are also the second highest among all Malaysian states.
[
15
]
[
16
]
Johor has the world's second largest
artificial intelligence
hub,
[
17
]
robust manufacturing and logistics centres, and home to the
Port of Tanjung Pelepas
, the
15th busiest port in the world
.
[
18
]
Located in southern Johor,
Iskandar Malaysia
is Malaysia's largest
special economic zone
by investment value.
Johor's history began with the
Johor Sultanate
, which emerged as a
rump state
of the
Malacca Sultanate
. It operated as a
sovereign state
until the arrival of European powers, when the
Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824
divided the wider polity between the
British
and the
Dutch
and fixed Johor's modern boundaries. Johor remained largely self-governing until 1885, when British oversight increased through the appointment of a General Adviser who directed all affairs over the
Sultan
apart from matters of local religion and customs. Johor became a
British protected state
within the
Unfederated Malay States
in 1914, a position interrupted only by the
Japanese occupation of Malaya
. After the war, it joined the
Malayan Union
in 1946 and subsequently the
Federation of Malaya
in 1948, the latter of which gained its
independence from the British
in 1957, before entering modern-day Malaysia under the
Malaysia Agreement
of 1963.
[
19
]
Johor has high diversity in ethnicity, culture, language, and is known for its traditional dance of
zapin
and
kuda kepang
. The head of state is the
Sultan of Johor
, while the head of government is the
Chief Minister
. The government system is closely modelled on the
Westminster system
. Johor is divided into administrative districts, with
Johor Bahru District
being the second largest district in Malaysia by population and economy.
[
20
]
[
21
]
Islam is the
state religion
, but other religions can be freely practised. Johor has
diverse
tropical
rainforests
and an
equatorial climate
. Situated at the southern foothills of the
Tenasserim Hills
,
inselbergs
and
massifs
dominate the state's flat landscape, with
Mount Ledang
being the highest point.
The Royal Crown in
Istana Bukit Serene
, Johor, dubbed the "Jewel"
[
22
]
[
23
]
The area was first known to the northern inhabitants of
Siam
as
Gangganu
or
Ganggayu
(Treasury of Gems)
[
24
]
[
25
]
[
26
]
due to the abundance of
gemstones
near the
Johor River
.
[
27
]
[
28
]
Arab
traders referred to it as
ŘŹŮŮŮŮŮŘą
â
(â
jauhar
â),
[
24
]
[
25
]
[
29
]
a word borrowed from the
Persian
ÚŻŮŮŘą
â
(
gauhar
), which also means 'precious stone' or 'jewel'.
[
30
]
As the local people found it difficult to pronounce the
Arabic
word in the local dialect, the name subsequently became
Johor
.
[
31
]
Meanwhile, the
Old Javanese
eulogy of
Nagarakretagama
called the area
Ujong Medini
('land's end'),
[
23
]
as it is the southernmost point of
mainland Asia
. Another name, through Portuguese writer
Manuel Godinho de ErĂŠdia
, made reference to
Marco Polo
's sailing to
Ujong Tanah
(the end of the
Malay Peninsula
land) in 1292.
[
24
]
Both
Ujong Medini
and
Ujong Tanah
had been mentioned since before the foundation of the
Sultanate of Malacca
. Throughout the period, several other names also co-existed such as
Galoh
,
Lenggiu
and
Wurawari
.
[
24
]
[
31
]
Johor is also known by its Arabic
honorific
as
داعاŮŘŞŮؚظŮŮ
â
(
Darul Ta'zim
) or 'Abode of Dignity'.
[
31
]
A bronze bell estimated to be from 150 AD was found in Kampong Sungai Penchu near the
Muar River
.
[
32
]
[
33
]
The bell is believed to have been used as a ceremonial object rather than a trade object as a similar ceremonial bell with the same decorations was found in
Battambang province
,
Cambodia
, suggesting that the Malay coast came in contact with
Funan
, with the bell being a gift from the early kingdom in mainland Asia to local chieftains in the Malay Peninsula.
[
32
]
[
34
]
Another important archaeological find was the ancient lost city of
Kota Gelanggi
, which was discovered by following trails described in an old Malay manuscript once owned by
Stamford Raffles
.
[
35
]
Artefacts gathered in the area have reinforced claims of early human settlement in the state.
[
36
]
The claim of Kota Gelanggi as the first settlement is disputed by the state government of Johor, with other evidence from archaeological studies conducted by the state heritage foundation since 1996 suggesting that the historic city is actually located in
Kota Tinggi District
at either
Kota Klang Kiu
or
Ganggayu
. The exact location of the ancient city is still undisclosed, but is said to be within the 14,000-hectare (34,595-acre) forest reserve where the Lenggiu and Madek Rivers are located, based on records in the
Malay Annals
that, after conquering
Gangga Negara
, Raja Suran from Siam of the
Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom
(Ligor Kingdom) had sailed to
Ganggayu
.
[
37
]
Since ancient times, most of the coastal Malay Peninsula has had their own rulers, but all fell under the jurisdiction of Siam.
[
38
]
Map of the Dominion of Johor, 1727
After the
fall of Malacca
in 1511 to the
Portuguese
, the Johor Sultanate was established by Sultan
Mahmud Shah of Malacca
's son,
Ala'udin Ri'ayat Shah II
, in 1528 when he moved the royal court to the
Johor River
and set up his royal residence in
Johor Lama
.
[
39
]
[
40
]
Johor became an empire spanning the southern Malay Peninsula,
Riau Archipelago
(including Singapore),
Anambas Islands
,
Tambelan Archipelago
,
Natuna Islands
, a region around the
Sambas River
in south-western
Borneo
and Siak in
Sumatra
with
Pahang
,
Aru
and
Champa
as allies.
[
41
]
[
42
]
It aspired to retake Malacca from the Portuguese
[
43
]
which the
Aceh Sultanate
in northern Sumatra also aspired to do leading to a three-way war among the rivals.
[
44
]
During the wars, Johor's administrative capital moved several times based on military strategies and to maintain authority over trading in the region.
[
39
]
Johor and the Portuguese began to collaborate against Aceh, which they saw as a common enemy.
[
45
]
In 1582 the Portuguese helped Johor thwart an attack by Aceh, but the arrangement ended when Johor attacked the Portuguese in 1587. Aceh continued its attacks against the Portuguese, and only ceased when a large armada from the
Portuguese port
in
Goa
came to defend Malacca and destroy the sultanate.
[
46
]
The extent of Johor and Jambi influence throughout the
JohorâJambi wars
.
After Aceh was left weakened, the
Dutch East India Company
(VOC) arrived and Johor formed an alliance with them to eliminate the Portuguese in the 1641
capture of Malacca
.
[
47
]
[
48
]
Johor regained authority over many of its former dependencies in Sumatra, such as Siak (1662) and Indragiri (1669), which had fallen to Aceh while Malacca was taken by the Dutch.
[
46
]
[
49
]
Malacca was placed under the direct control of
Batavia
in Java.
[
50
]
Although Malacca fell under Dutch authority, the Dutch did not establish any further trading posts in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, as they had more interest in
Java
and the
Maluku Islands
.
[
48
]
The Dutch only become involved with local disputes when the
Bugis
began to threaten their maritime trade.
[
46
]
Johor (ćä˝ĺ˝) delegates in
Beijing
,
China
, in 1761.
ä¸ĺ˝ćĽćĺž
The dynasty that descended from the rulers of Malacca lasted until the death of
Mahmud II
, when it was succeeded by the
Bendahara dynasty
, a dynasty of ministers who had previously served in the Malacca Sultanate.
[
39
]
The Dutch felt increasingly threatened in the 18th century, especially when the English
East India Company
started to establish a presence in the northern Malay Peninsula,
[
51
]
leading the Dutch to seize the Bugis areas of
Riau
and expel the Bugis from both Riau and
Selangor
so these areas would not fall under British rule.
[
52
]
This ended Bugis political domination in the Johor-Pahang-Riau empire, resulting in the Bugis being banned from Riau in 1784.
[
53
]
[
54
]
During the rivalry between the Bugis and Dutch,
Mahmud Shah III
concluded a treaty of protection with the VOC on board the HNLMS
Utrecht
and the sultan was allowed to reside in Riau with Dutch protection.
[
53
]
Since then, mistrust between the Bugis and Malay escalated.
[
54
]
From 1796 to 1801 and from 1807 to 1818, Malacca was placed under British
Residency
as the Netherlands were
conquered by France
in the
Napoleonic Wars
and was returned to the Dutch in 1818. Malacca served as the staging area for the British
Invasion of Java
in 1811.
[
55
]
British protected states
[
edit
]
A painting by John Edmund Taylor showing people in rowboats on the
Johor River
in the evening seen from
Changi
in Singapore, July 1879
When Mahmud Shah III died the sultan left two sons through commoner mothers. While the elder son
Hussein Shah
was supported by the Malay community, the younger son
Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah
was supported by the Bugis community.
[
54
]
In 1818, the Dutch recognised Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah as the legitimate heir to the Johor Empire in return for supporting their intention to establish a trading post in Riau.
[
56
]
The following year, the British recognised Hussein Shah as the legitimate heir to the Johor Empire in return for supporting their intention to establish a trading post in Singapore.
[
39
]
[
54
]
[
57
]
Before his death, Mahmud Shah III had appointed
Abdul Rahman
as the
Temenggong
for Johor with recognition from the British as the Temenggong of Johor-Singapore,
[
39
]
[
58
]
[
59
]
marking the beginning of the Temenggong dynasty. Abdul Rahman was succeeded by his son,
Daeng Ibrahim
, although he was only recognised by the British 14 years later.
[
39
]
Johor Bahru town during the British period, circa 1920
With the
partition
of the Johor Empire due to the dispute between the Bugis and Malay and following the defined spheres of influence for the British and Dutch resulting from the
Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824
, Daeng Ibrahim intended to create a new administrative centre for the Johor Sultanate under the new dynasty.
[
60
]
As he maintained a close relationship with the British and the latter wanted full control over trade in Singapore, a treaty was signed between Daeng Ibrahim and Hussein Shah's successor,
Ali Iskandar
, recognising Ali as the next sultan.
[
61
]
Through the treaty, Ali was crowned as the sultan and received $5,000 (in
Spanish dollars
) and an allowance of $500 per month, but was required to cede the sovereignty of the territory of Johor (except
Kesang
of
Muar
, which would be the only territory under his control) to Daeng Ibrahim.
[
61
]
[
62
]
[
63
]
Partition of the Johor Empire before and after the
Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824
[
64
]
Under
British influence
:
Under
Dutch influence
:
Â
 Indragiri Sultanate
The first written constitution among the Malay states was Johor, namely
Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor
by
Abu Bakar
Following the establishment of a new capital in mainland Johor, the administrative centre was moved from
Telok Blangah
in Singapore. As the area was still an undeveloped jungle, the Temenggong encouraged the migration of
Chinese
and
Javanese
to clear the land and develop an agricultural economy in Johor. During Daeng Ibrahim's reign, Johor began to be modernised which was continued by his son,
Abu Bakar
.
[
39
]
[
65
]
In 1885, an Anglo-Johor Treaty was signed that formalised the close relations between the two, with the British given transit rights for trade through Johor's territory and responsibility for its foreign relations, as well as providing protection to the latter.
[
56
]
[
63
]
It was also in this year that Johor had formed its present-day boundary.
[
66
]
The treaty also provided for the appointment of a British agent in an
advisory role
, although no advisor was appointed until 1910.
[
67
]
Abu Bakar also implemented a constitution known as the
Johor State Constitution
(Malay:
Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor
) and organised his administration in a British style.
[
68
]
By adopting an English-style modernisation policy, Johor temporarily prevented itself from being directly controlled by the British, as happened to other Malay states.
[
69
]
[
70
]
Under the reign of
Ibrahim
, the British appointed
Douglas Graham Campbell
as an advisor to the sultanate in 1910, although the sultan only appointed Campbell as a General Adviser unlike in other Malayan states which had Resident Advisors, becoming the last Malay state to accept a British Adviser.
[
39
]
However, due to Ibrahim's overspending, the sultanate faced problems caused by the falling price of its major source of
revenue
and problems between him and members of his state council, which gave the British an opportunity to intervene in Johor's internal affairs.
[
69
]
Despite Ibrahim's reluctance to appoint a British adviser, Johor was brought under British control as one of the
Unfederated Malay States
(UMS) by 1914, with the position of its General Adviser elevated to that of a Resident in the
Federated Malay States
(FMS).
[
49
]
[
56
]
[
63
]
[
71
]
Indian troops embark onto boats during an invasion exercise in southern Johor, 13 November 1941.
Three Australian
8th Division
members firing on Japanese
Type 95 Ha-GĹ
tanks on the Muar-Parit Sulong road during the
Battle of Muar
, 18 January 1942
Since the 1910s, Japanese planters had been involved in numerous estates and in the mining of mineral resources in Johor as a result of the
Anglo-Japanese Alliance
.
[
72
]
[
73
]
[
74
]
After the
First World War
,
rubber
cultivation in Malaya was largely controlled by Japanese companies. Following the abolition of the
Rubber Lands Restrictions (Enactment)
in 1919, Gomu Nanyo Company (South Seas Rubber Co. Ltd.) began cultivating rubber in the interior of Johor.
[
75
]
By the 1920s, Ibrahim had become a personal friend of
Tokugawa Yoshichika
, a member of the
Tokugawa clan
whose ancestors were military leaders (
shĹgun
in
Japanese
) who ruled Japan from the 16th to the 19th centuries.
[
73
]
In the
Second World War
, at a great cost of lives in the
Battle of Muar
in Johor as part of the
Malayan Campaign
,
[
76
]
Imperial Japanese Army
(IJA) forces with their
bicycle infantry
and tanks advanced into Muar District (present-day
Tangkak District
) on 14 January 1942.
[
77
]
During the Japanese forces' arrival, Tokugawa accompanied General
Tomoyuki Yamashita
's troops and was warmly received by Ibrahim when they reached
Johor Bahru
at the end of January 1942.
[
77
]
Yamashita and his officers stationed themselves at the Sultan's residence,
Istana Bukit Serene
, and the state secretariat building,
Sultan Ibrahim Building
, to plan for the
invasion of Singapore
.
[
78
]
Some of the Japanese officers were worried since the location of the palace left them exposed to the British, but Yamashita was confident that the British would not attack since Ibrahim was also a friend to the British, which proved to be correct.
[
73
]
[
78
]
View of the blown up
JohorâSingapore Causeway
with the gap visible in the middle, which delayed the
Japanese conquest
of
Singapore
for over a week to 8 February 1942
On 8 February, the Japanese began to bombard the northwestern coastline of Singapore, which was followed by the crossing of the IJA
5th
and
18th Divisions
with around 13,000 troops through the
Straits of Johor
.
[
79
]
The following day, the
Imperial Guard Division
crossed into
Kranji
while the remaining Japanese Guard troops crossed through the repaired
JohorâSingapore Causeway
.
[
79
]
Following the occupation of all of Malaya and Singapore by the Japanese, Tokugawa proposed a reform plan by which the five kingdoms of Johor, Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah-Penang and Perlis would be restored and federated.
[
74
]
Under the scheme, Johor would control
Perak
, Selangor,
Negeri Sembilan
and Malacca while a 2,100-square-kilometre (800 sq mi) area in the southern part of Johor would be incorporated into
Singapore
for defence purposes.
[
74
]
The five monarchs of the kingdoms would be obliged to pledge loyalty to Japan, would need to visit the Japanese royal family every two years, and would assure the
freedom of religion
, worship, employment and
ownership of private property
to all people and accord every Japanese person residing in the kingdoms with treatment equal to indigenous people.
[
74
]
Additional Japanese troops advancing through an iron bridge in
Labis
which had been destroyed by the retreating British forces down the Malayan Peninsula, 22 January 1942
Meanwhile,
Ĺtani KĹzui
of the
Nishi Hongan-ji
sub-sect of
JĹdo ShinshĹŤ
Buddhism
suggested that the sultan system should be abolished and Japan should rule the Malay kingdoms under a Japanese constitutional monarchy government.
[
74
]
Japanese War Minister
Hideki TĹjĹ
, however, had already reminded their government staff in Malaya to refrain from acting superior to the sultan and to pay respect so the sultan would co-operate with the
gunsei
(Japanese military organisation).
[
74
]
In May, many high-ranking Japanese officials returned to
Tokyo
to consult with officials of the War Ministry and General Staff on how to deal with the Sultan.
[
74
]
Upon their return to Singapore in July, they published a document called "A Policy for the Treatment of the Sultan", which was a demand for the Sultan to surrender his power over his people and land to the
Japanese emperor
through the IJA commander. The military organisation demanded the Sultan surrender his power in a manner reminiscent of the way the
Tokugawa shogunate
surrendered their power to the Japanese emperor in 1868.
[
74
]
Through the Japanese administration, many massacres of civilians occurred with an estimate that 25,000 ethnic Chinese civilians in Johor perished during the occupation.
[
80
]
In spite of that, the Japanese established the Endau Settlement (also known as the New
Syonan
Model Farm) in
Endau
for Chinese settlers to ease the food supply problem in Singapore.
[
81
]
Post-war and independence
[
edit
]
British Brigadier J J McCully inspects men of the 4th Regiment of the
Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army
(MPAJA) guerrillas at Johor Bahru after the end of war against the Japanese, 1945
At the start of the war, the British had accepted an offer from the
Communist Party of Malaya (CPM)
to co-operate to fight the Japanese; to do this, the CPM formed the
Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army
(MPAJA).
[
82
]
The CPM supporters were mostly Chinese-educated members discriminated against by the English-educated elite and the
Babas
(
Straits-born Chinese
) during British rule whose main objective was to gain independence from foreign empires and to establish a socialist state based on
MarxismâLeninism
similar to the
People's Republic of China
.
[
83
]
The party also had Malay and Indian representatives. They advocated violence as a method of achieving their goals.
[
83
]
Throughout their war against the Japanese, they also assassinated civilians suspected of collaborating with the Japanese,
[
84
]
while kidnapped Malay women were used as
comfort women
, as had also been done by the Japanese.
[
85
]
This led to retaliatory raids from some Malays affected by the attacks who decided to collaborate with the Japanese. This indirectly led to
ethnic conflict
, especially when ethnic propaganda was being made by both sides, leading to the deaths of more civilians.
[
85
]
[
86
]
The Allied forces launched
Operation Tiderace
and
Operation Zipper
to liberate Malaya and Singapore. In the five weeks before the British resumed control over Malaya following the Japanese surrender on 16 August 1945, the MPAJA emerged as the
de facto
authority in the Malayan territory.
[
82
]
MPAJA guerrillas marching through the street of Johor Bahru during their disbandment ceremony in December 1945
Johor and the rest of Malaya were officially placed under the
British Military Administration
(BMA) in September 1945 and the MPAJA was disbanded in December after its secretary-general,
Lai Teck
(who was also a double agent for the British),
[
74
]
[
87
]
accepted the return of British colonial rule and adopted a moderate "open and legal" attitude towards progressing their goals with most members receiving medals from the British the following year.
[
82
]
[
84
]
There was a dispute after the British had returned when Lai Teck disappeared with the CPM funds. The party administration was taken over by
Chin Peng
, who abandoned the "moderate strategy" in favour of a "people's revolutionary war", culminating in the
Malayan Emergency
of 1948.
[
82
]
During the emergency period, large-scale attacks by the CPM occurred in the present-day
Kulai District
and other parts of Malaya, but failed to establish
Mao Zedong
-style "liberated areas".
[
82
]
Onn Jaafar
(left), the
Menteri Besar
of Johor and founder of the
United Malays National Organisation
(UMNO) with Dr. W. Linehan (right), C.M.G. Adviser on Constitutional Affairs during the
Federation of Malaya
Agreements in 1948
Fighting between the British occupation forces and their Malayan allies against the CPM continued through the formation of the
Malayan Union
on 1 April 1946 and the proclamation of the independence of the
Federation of Malaya
on 31 August 1957.
[
88
]
At the time of independence there were three political factions: the Communists, the pro-British, and a race-based coalition. The pro-British side was divided between the Malayan Democratic Union (MDU), which was dominated by English-speaking Chinese and Eurasians who co-operate with
left-wing
Malay nationalists "for an independent Malaya that would also include Singapore" and another pro-British side comprising the
Babas
under the Straits Chinese British Association (SCBA), who were trying to retain their status and privileges granted for their loyalty to the British during the
Straits Settlements
era by remaining under British administration.
[
83
]
[
89
]
[
90
]
Meanwhile, the racial coalition, comprising the leading
United Malays National Organisation
(UMNO) in an
alliance
with the
Malaysian Indian Congress
(MIC) and
Malaysian Chinese Association
(MCA), sought an independent Malaya based on a racial and religious privileges policy and won the
1955 Malayan general election
, with the capital of Johor Bahru being the centre of the UMNO party.
[
54
]
[
83
]
In 1961, the Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya
Tunku Abdul Rahman
desired to unite Malaya with the British colonies of
North Borneo
,
Sarawak
and
Singapore
.
[
91
]
Despite growing opposition from the governments of
Indonesia
and the
Philippines
as well from Communist sympathisers and nationalists in Borneo, the federation was realised on 16 September 1963, with the sovereign state renamed Malaysia.
[
92
]
[
93
]
The Indonesian government later launched a "policy of
confrontation
" towards the new federation,
[
94
]
which prompted the United Kingdom and their allies of
Australia
and
New Zealand
to deploy armed forces.
[
95
]
[
96
]
Pontian District
became the coastal landing point for amphibious Indonesian troops during the confrontation while
Labis
and
Tenang
in
Segamat District
became the landing point for Indonesian para-commandos for subversion and sabotage attacks.
[
97
]
[
98
]
[
99
]
Several encounters occurred in Kota Tinggi District, where nine Malayan/Singaporean troops and half of the Indonesian infiltrators were killed and the rest were captured.
[
100
]
Despite several attacks that also cost civilian lives, the Indonesian side did not reach their main objective, and the confrontation ended in 1966 following the internal political struggle in Indonesia resulting from the
30 September Movement
.
[
101
]
[
102
]
Since the end of the confrontation, the state's development has expanded further with industrial estates and new suburbs. Of the total approved development projects for Johor from 1980 until 1990, 69 per cent were concentrated in Johor Bahru and the
Pasir Gudang
area.
[
103
]
Industrial estates and new suburbs were built in settlements on both the northern and eastern sides of the town, including
Plentong
and
Tebrau
.
[
104
]
The town of Johor Bahru was
officially recognised as a city
on 1 January 1994.
[
104
]
On 22 November 2017,
Iskandar Puteri
was declared a city and assigned as the administrative centre of the state, located in
Kota Iskandar
.
[
105
]
Dato' Jaafar Muhammad Building in
Kota Iskandar
, which houses the office of the Chief Minister of Johor
Affiliation
Coalition/Party Leader
Status
Seats
2022 election
Current
Â
Barisan Nasional
Onn Hafiz Ghazi
Government
40
40
Â
Pakatan Harapan
Liew Chin Tong
Confidence and supply
12
12
Â
Perikatan Nasional
Sahruddin Jamal
Opposition
3
3
Total
56
56
Government majority
17
23
The
Johor royal family
in 2015
Johor is a
constitutional monarchy
and was the first state in Malaysia to adopt the system via the
Johor State Constitution
(
Malay
:
Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor)
written by Sultan
Abu Bakar
in 1895.
[
106
]
[
107
]
The constitutional head of Johor is the
sultan
. This hereditary position can only be held by a member of the
Johor royal family
who is descended from Abu Bakar. The current Sultan of Johor is
Ibrahim Iskandar
, who became sultan on 23 January 2010.
[
108
]
The main royal palace for the sultan is the
Bukit Serene Palace
, while the crown prince's is the
Istana Pasir Pelangi
; both palaces are located in the state capital. Other palaces are the
Grand Palace
(which is also located in the state capital), Tanjong Palace in
Muar
, Sri Lambak in
Kluang
and Shooting Box in
Segamat
.
[
109
]
The
Sultan Ismail Building
houses the Johor State Legislative Assembly in
Kota Iskandar
,
Iskandar Puteri
.
The state government is headed by a
Chief Minister
, who is assisted by an 11-member
executive council
selected from the state assembly members.
[
110
]
The legislative branch of Johor's government is the
Johor State Legislative Assembly
, which is based on the
Westminster system
. Therefore, the chief minister is appointed based on their ability to command the majority of the state assembly. The state assembly makes laws in matters regarding the state. Members of the Assembly are elected by citizens every five years by
universal suffrage
.
[
111
]
There are 56 seats in the assembly. The majority (40 seats) are currently held by
Barisan Nasional
(BN).
Johor was a
sovereign state
from 1948 until 1957 while the Federation of Malaya Agreement was in force, but its defence and external affairs were mainly under the control of the
United Kingdom
.
[
112
]
The Malayan Federation was then merged with two British colonies in Borneo â North Borneo and Sarawak â to form the Federation of Malaysia. Since then, several disputes have arisen such as the incident involving the state royal family that resulted in the
1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia
, disputes with federal leaders on state and federation affairs, and dissatisfaction over slower development in contrast with the long-standing prosperity in neighbouring Singapore, which even led to statements about
secession
from Johor's royal family.
[
113
]
[
114
]
Other social issues include the rise of racial and religious intolerance among the state's citizens since being part of the federation.
[
115
]
[
116
]
Administrative divisions
[
edit
]
City council of
Johor Bahru
.
A district council office in
Mersing District
.
A municipal council office in
Kluang District
.
A FELDA office in
Kota Tinggi District
.
Johor is divided into ten
districts
(
daerah
), 103
mukims
and 16 local governments.
[
117
]
[
118
]
There are district officers for each district and a village head person (known as a
ketua kampung
or
penghulu
) for each village in the district.
[
119
]
[
120
]
[
121
]
Before the British arrival, Johor was run by a group of relatives and friends of the sultan. A more organised administration was developed in the treaty of friendship with Great Britain in 1885.
[
122
]
A British Resident began to be accepted in 1914 when the state became part of the
Unfederated Malay States
.
[
123
]
With the transformation into British-style administration, more Europeans were appointed into the administration with their role expanding from advising on financial matters to modern administration guidance.
[
124
]
Malay state commissioners worked alongside British district officers, known in Johor as "Assistant Advisers".
[
125
]
When the post of the Resident of the UMS was abolished, other European-held posts in the administration were replaced with locals. As in the rest of Malaysia, the local government comes under the purview of the state government.
[
126
]
Districts
Capital
Area (km
2
)
Population (2010)
[
127
]
Population (2020)
1
Batu Pahat District
Batu Pahat
1,878
401,902
495,338
2
Johor Bahru District
Johor Bahru
1,817.8
1,334,188
1,711,191
3
Kluang District
Kluang
2,851
288,364
323,762
4
Kota Tinggi District
Kota Tinggi
3,488
187,824
222,382
5
Kulai District
Kulai
753
245,294
329,497
6
Mersing District
Mersing
2,838
69,028
78,195
7
Muar District
Muar
1,376
239,027
314,776
8
Pontian District
Pontian Kechil
907
149,938
173,318
9
Segamat District
Segamat
2,851
182,985
197,762
10
Tangkak District
Tangkak
970
131,890
163,449
Sultan
Ibrahim
leading the Johor Military Forces (JMF) during the King's Birthday Parade of
George V
in Singapore,
c.
â1920
The Ninth Schedule of the
Constitution of Malaysia
states that the
Malaysian federal government
is solely responsible for foreign policy and military forces in the country.
[
128
]
However, Johor has a
private army
, the only state to do so. The retention of the army was one of the stipulations Johor made in 1946 when it participated in the
Federation of Malaya
.
[
129
]
This army, the
Royal Johor Military Force
(
Askar Timbalan Setia Negeri Johor
), has served as the protector of the Johor monarchs since 1886.
[
130
]
It is one of the oldest military units in present-day Malaysia and had a significant historical role in the suppression of the
1915 Singapore Mutiny
and served in both World Wars.
[
131
]
Territorial disputes
[
edit
]
Map of the disputed island and rocks
Johor previously had a territorial dispute with Singapore.
[
132
]
In 1979 Government of Malaysia published the Malaysian Territorial Waters and Continental Shelf Boundaries Map which showed the island of
Batu Puteh
(present-day Pedra Branca) as under their jurisdiction, Singapore lodged a formal protest the following year.
[
133
]
The dispute originally concerned only the one feature, but when both sides agreed to refer the matter to the
International Court of Justice
(ICJ) in 2003, the dispute was enlarged to include two other features in the vicinity,
Middle Rocks
and South Ledge.
[
132
]
In 2008 the ICJ decided that "Batu Puteh belongs to Singapore, Middle Rocks to Malaysia and South Ledge belongs to the state in the territorial waters of which it is located".
[
134
]
[
135
]
The final decision by ICJ to award Pedra Branca to Singapore was in line with the 1953 letter made by the Acting State Secretary of Johor in response to the question letter regarding Pedra Branca from the
Colonial Secretary of Singapore
, where the Government of Johor openly stated that it did not claim ownership of Pedra Branca despite acknowledging that the old Johor Empire once ruled most of the islands in the area.
[
136
]
[
137
]
In 2017, Malaysia appealed the case of Pedra Branca based on the conditions required by the ICJ that a case could be revised within six months of discovery of facts and within ten years of the date of judgement following the discovery of several facts.
[
138
]
The request was dropped following internal changes in the new Malaysian administration the following year where they subsequently acknowledged Singapore's permanent sovereignty over the island while announcing plans to convert the Middle Rocks into an island.
[
139
]
[
140
]
Johor is located in southern Malay Peninsula as seen from
NASA
satellite image.
The southernmost tip of mainland Eurasia, at Tanjung Piai.
The total land area of Johor is nearly 19,166 square kilometres (7,400 sq mi), and it is surrounded by the South China Sea to the east, the Straits of Johor to the south and the
Straits of Malacca
to the west.
[
13
]
The
southernmost point of mainland Eurasia
, is located at
Tanjung Piai
.
[
141
]
The state has 400 kilometres (250Â mi) of coastline,
[
142
]
of which 237.7 kilometres (147.7Â mi) have been
eroding
.
[
143
]
A majority of its coastline, especially on the west coast is covered with
mangrove
and
nipah
forests.
[
144
]
[
145
]
[
146
]
The east coast is dominated by sand beaches and rocky
headlands
,
[
147
]
while the south coast consists of a series of alternating headlands and
bays
.
[
146
]
Its
exclusive economic zone
(EEZ) extends much further in the South China Sea than in the Straits of Malacca.
[
148
]
The western part of Johor had a considerable amount of
peatland
.
[
149
]
In 2005, the state recorded 391,499,002 hectares (967,415,102 acres) of forested land, which is classified into natural inland forest,
peat swamp forest
, mangrove forest and
mud flat
.
[
150
]
About 83% of Johor's terrain is
lowlands
, while only 17% is higher and steep terrain.
[
150
]
While being relatively flat, Johor is dotted with many isolated peaks known as
inselbergs
, including isolated
massifs
.
Mount Ledang
, also known as Mount Ophir, in the district of
Tangkak
and near the tripoint with
Malacca
and
Negeri Sembilan
, is the state's highest point at 1,276 metres above sea level.
[
151
]
Also in the state are Mount Besar,
Mount Belumut
and Mount Panti,
[
152
]
which form the southern foothills of the
Tenasserim Hills
that extends from southern
Myanmar
and
Thailand
. Since the state also lies on the
Sunda Plate
, it experiences tremors from nearby earthquakes in Sumatra, Indonesia.
[
153
]
Forest trees of Johor in
tropical rainforest climate
Much of central Johor is covered with dense forest, where an extensive network of rivers originating from mountains and
hills
in the area spreads to the west, east and south.
[
154
]
On the west coast, the
Batu Pahat River
,
Muar River
and Pontian River flow to the
Straits of Malacca
, while the
Johor River
, Perepat River,
Pulai River
,
Skudai River
and
Tebrau River
flow to the
Straits of Johor
in the south. The Endau River,
Mersing River
,
Sedili Besar River
and Sedili Kecil River flow to the South China Sea in the east.
[
150
]
The Johor River Basin covers an area of 2,690Â kilometres, starting from
Mount Belumut
(east of Kluang) and Mount Gemuruh (to the north) downstream to Tanjung Belungkor.
[
155
]
The river originates from the Layang-Layang, Linggiu, and Sayong rivers before converging into the main river and flowing southeast to the Straits of Johor for 122.7Â kilometres. Its tributaries include the Berangan River, Lebak River, Lebam River, Panti River, Pengeli River, Permandi River, Seluyut River, Semangar River, Telor River, Tembioh River, and Tiram River.
[
155
]
Other river basins in Johor including the Ayer Baloi River, Benut River, Botak Drainage, Jemaluang River, Pontian Besar River, Sanglang River, Santi River, and
Sarang Buaya River
.
[
156
]
Johor is located in a
tropical region
with an
equatorial climate
. Both the temperature and humidity are consistently high throughout the year with heavy rainfall. Average monthly temperatures between 26 °C (79 °F) and 28 °C (82 °F), with the lowest recorded during the rainy seasons.
[
150
]
The west coast receives an average of between 2,000Â millimetres and 2,500Â millimetres of rain, while in the east the average rainfall is higher, with
Endau
and
Pengerang
receiving more than 3,400Â millimetres of rain a year. The state experiences two
monsoon
seasons, the northeast and southwest seasons; the northeast occurs from November until March while the southeast occurs from May until September, and the transitional months for the monsoon seasons are April and November.
[
150
]
The state experienced
extreme flooding
from December 2006 to January 2007 with around 60,000â70,000 of the state residents evacuated to an emergency shelter.
[
157
]
[
158
]
Climate data for Johor Bahru (
Senai International Airport
) (2006â2020 normals, extremes 2015âpresent)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
36.7
(98.1)
36.6
(97.9)
37.0
(98.6)
37.3
(99.1)
36.2
(97.2)
36.9
(98.4)
36.6
(97.9)
36.2
(97.2)
36.9
(98.4)
35.5
(95.9)
35.1
(95.2)
35.3
(95.5)
37.3
(99.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
30.8
(87.4)
31.4
(88.5)
32.2
(90.0)
32.4
(90.3)
32.0
(89.6)
31.6
(88.9)
31.2
(88.2)
31.3
(88.3)
31.6
(88.9)
31.8
(89.2)
31.2
(88.2)
30.8
(87.4)
31.5
(88.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)
27.1
(80.8)
27.3
(81.1)
27.9
(82.2)
28.3
(82.9)
28.2
(82.8)
27.9
(82.2)
27.6
(81.7)
27.5
(81.5)
27.6
(81.7)
27.8
(82.0)
27.6
(81.7)
27.3
(81.1)
27.7
(81.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
23.3
(73.9)
23.3
(73.9)
23.7
(74.7)
24.1
(75.4)
24.3
(75.7)
24.3
(75.7)
24.0
(75.2)
23.7
(74.7)
23.6
(74.5)
23.8
(74.8)
24.0
(75.2)
23.9
(75.0)
23.8
(74.9)
Record low °C (°F)
21.7
(71.1)
21.6
(70.9)
22.3
(72.1)
22.2
(72.0)
21.9
(71.4)
22.0
(71.6)
21.9
(71.4)
21.2
(70.2)
21.6
(70.9)
22.4
(72.3)
22.3
(72.1)
22.2
(72.0)
21.2
(70.2)
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
162.6
(6.40)
139.8
(5.50)
203.4
(8.01)
232.8
(9.17)
215.3
(8.48)
148.1
(5.83)
177.0
(6.97)
185.9
(7.32)
190.8
(7.51)
217.7
(8.57)
237.6
(9.35)
244.5
(9.63)
2,355.5
(92.74)
Average precipitation days
(⼠1.0 mm)
11
9
13
15
15
12
13
13
13
16
17
15
162
Source 1: IEM
[
159
]
Source 2:
World Meteorological Organisation
(precipitation 1974â2000)
[
160
]
Meteomanz (extremes)
[
161
]
Landscapes of Johor
Sunrise over a palm oil plantation
Waterfall in
Mount Belumut
Tree-cover loss year in Johor, 2001-2024, from the
Global Forest Change dataset
.
A female
tiger shrike
(
Lanius tigrinus
) in Panti Forest
The jungles of Johor host a diverse array of plant and animal species, with an estimated 950
vertebrates
species, comprising 200 mammals, 600 birds and 150 reptiles, along with 2,080
invertebrate
species.
[
150
]
The
Endau-Rompin National Park
is the largest
national park
in the state, covering an area of 48,905 hectares (120,847 acres) in northern Johor; its name comes from the Endau and Rompin rivers that flow through the park.
[
162
]
There are two entry points for the park, one through Peta with an area of 19,562 hectares (48,339 acres) (about 40% of the total area) with entrance from
Kahang
in the Mersing District and the other at Kampung Selai with an area of 29,343 hectares (72,508 acres) (about 60% of the total area) with entrance from
Bekok
in Segamat District.
[
163
]
[
164
]
Destinations in Peta including the Buaya Sangkut Waterfalls, Upeh Guling Waterfalls, Air Biru Lake, Janing Barat, Nature Education and Research Centre (NERC), Kuala Jasin and Peta indigenous village, while in Selai the area is mostly for hiking and
jungle trekking
.
[
164
]
[
165
]
Some mammal species found in the park include the
Asian elephant
,
clouded leopard
,
Malayan sun bear
,
Malayan tapir
and
Malayan tiger
.
[
166
]
Heron
in a swamp of Johor
Gunung Ledang National Park
in western Johor, was established in 2005 with an area of 8,611 hectares (21,278 acres).
[
167
]
It has various rivers and streams, waterfalls, diverse rainforest,
pines
, and sub-
montane forest
, and the Tangkak Dam can also be seen from the park area. Several trails for hiking are available, such as the Asahan Trail, Ayer Panas Trail, Jementah Trail and Lagenda Trail.
[
167
]
The state's only
marine park
, the Sultan Iskandar Park, is located off the east coast and is made up of 13 islands in six clusters,
Aur
,
Besar
,
Pemanggil
,
Rawa
,
Sibu
and
Tinggi
, with an area of more than 8,000 hectares (19,768 acres).
[
168
]
[
169
]
In 2003, three
wetlands
in southern Johor comprising
Kukup Island
, Pulai River and
Tanjung Piai
were designated as a
Ramsar site
.
[
170
]
Tanjung Piai covers an area of 526 hectares (1,300 acres) of mangroves and another 400 hectares (988 acres) of inter-tidal
mudflats
,
[
171
]
Pulai River with 9,126.0 hectares (22,551 acres)
[
172
]
and Kukup Island with 647 hectares (1,599 acres) surrounded by some 800 hectares (1,977 acres) of mudflats.
[
173
]
The Pulai River became a
seahorse
sanctuary and hatchery as part of the state biodiversity masterplan, since Johor's waters are home to three of the eight seahorse species found in Malaysia.
[
174
]
Crocodile sanctuary in
Pasir Gudang
.
Poaching
is a concern, with the number of wild animals in state parks decreasing with the rise of hunting and fishing in the 2000s.
[
175
]
In 2004, local authorities uncovered large-scale
sandalwood
(
gaharu
) poaching by foreigners in the Endau-Rompin National Park with a large number of protected plant species being confiscated from the suspects.
[
176
]
The conversion of mangrove areas along the southern and eastern coasts for use in
aquaculture
projects,
sand mining
and rapid
urbanisation
in addition to the abnormal weather patterns caused by
climate change
and rising sea levels are contributing to the
erosion
of the state's coastline.
[
177
]
It has also been discovered that some 68,468 hectares (169,188 acres) of peatland soils in western Johor have been planted with
palm oil
plantations.
[
149
]
In 2017, around 28 rivers in the state were categorised as polluted,
[
178
]
leading the authorities and government to push for legislative change and sterner action against river polluters, especially since severe pollution has disrupted the
water supply
to an estimated 1.8 million people in the state.
[
179
]
[
180
]
The
2019 Kim Kim River toxic pollution
affected 6,000 residents of the industrial area of Pasir Gudang with 2,775 being hospitalised.
[
181
]
[
182
]
Forest fires
have also become a concern with more than 380 recorded throughout the state in 2016.
[
183
]
[
184
]
Johor GDP Share by Sector (2016)
[
185
]
Services (47.1%)
Manufacturing (30.6%)
Agriculture (13.5%)
Construction (6.80%)
Import Duties (1.90%)
Port of Tanjung Pelepas
, the
15th busiest port in the world
and the largest transshipment hub in Malaysia.
Johor's economy is mainly based on the
tertiary sector
, namely services, manufacturing, construction, etc.
[
186
]
[
187
]
In 2023, the
gross domestic product
(GDP) of Johor was RM148.2 billion, the second highest among Malaysian states after
Selangor
and the largest outside the
Klang Valley
.
[
188
]
The state's
median income
was RM5,652 in 2024, making it the state with the second highest median household income. In 2024, Johor had the fastest
GDP growth rate
among all Malaysian states and accounted for 9.6 per cent of Malaysia's GDP.
[
189
]
[
190
]
The state has the largest
services sector
and
real estate
development outside the
Klang Valley
, with the former contributing 8.6 percent of the country's services sector's GDP in 2023.
[
191
]
[
192
]
Legoland Malaysia Resort
Johor is the top investment destination in Malaysia.
[
193
]
[
194
]
[
195
]
It has been ranked the top state in Malaysia for six consecutive years in approved manufacturing projects valued at RM145 billion from 2013 to 2018.
[
196
]
The state attracted the highest
foreign direct investment (FDI)
among all Malaysian states in 2022, primarily in the manufacturing sector.
[
197
]
In 2017, RM16.8 billion came from domestic direct investment and RM5.1 billion came from foreign direct investment, with Australia, China and the United States being the top three foreign investors in manufacturing.
[
198
]
With the influx of foreign investments, Johor has also been ranked the second largest
artificial intelligence
hub globally.
[
199
]
[
200
]
[
201
]
Johor is the second largest trade contributor in Malaysia, and has the second largest share of the country's imports, after Selangor.
[
202
]
The state is also Southeast Asia's largest
data centre
hub and the third largest in
Asia Pacific
.
[
203
]
As a prominent regional manufacturing hub, the state is home to major
multinational corporations
(MNCs) in Malaysia, like
ByteDance
,
Nvidia
,
Microsoft
,
Micron
,
Saudi Aramco
,
Foxconn
, among others.
[
204
]
[
205
]
[
206
]
[
207
]
[
208
]
Its capital city,
Johor Bahru
, has been ranked the world's 20th most attractive city for businesses, second in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur, according to
Oliver Wyman
, a
New York
-based management consulting firm.
[
209
]
Johor Bahru
skyline.
Iskandar Malaysia
located in southern Johor, is the largest
special economic zone
in Malaysia by investment value and
GDP per capita
, encompassing the city centre of
Johor Bahru
,
Iskandar Puteri
,
Kulai District
,
Pasir Gudang
and South
Pontian
. It is a major development zone in the nation with an area of 221,634 hectares (2,216.34Â km
2
).
[
210
]
[
211
]
It primarily focuses on
trading
and services, manufacturing, business and finance, logistics,
artificial intelligence
, modern
farming
and
ecotourism
.
[
212
]
With the establishment of the Johor-Singapore Special Economic Zone, the state is set to rival Klang Valley, the main economic region in Malaysia, in the next decade.
[
213
]
Pengerang Integrated Petroleum Complex (PIPC)
, the largest petrochemical hub in Malaysia.
The total industrial area in the state as of 2015 was 144Â km
2
(56 sq mi) or 0.75 per cent of the land in Johor.
[
118
]
The state also houses
Johor Corporation
(JCorp), a
state-owned
conglomerate
involved in various business activities in the state and overseas.
[
214
]
[
215
]
Johor is also the largest agriculture output contributor in Malaysia.
[
216
]
The main agricultural sectors in the state are
palm oil
plantations, rubber plantations, and
produce
.
[
118
]
In 2015, land area used for agriculture in Johor covered 11,555Â km
2
(4,461 sq mi), 60.15 per cent of the state, with other plantations including
herbs
and
spices
.
[
118
]
[
217
]
In 2016, palm oil plantations covered 7,456Â km
2
(2,879 sq mi) (38.8 per cent of the total land area), making it the third largest
plantation area
in Malaysia after
Sabah
and Sarawak.
[
218
]
Farmers' markets (
Malay
:
pasar peladang
) are used to distribute the agricultural produces which are located around the state.
[
219
]
Johor is the biggest fruit producer in Malaysia, with a total fruit plantation area of 414Â km
2
(160 sq mi) and total harvesting area of 305 km
2
(118 sq mi). Approximately 532,249 tons of fruit was produced in 2016, with Segamat District having the largest major fruit plantation and harvesting area in the state with a total area of 111 km
2
(43 sq mi) and 66 km
2
(25 sq mi), respectively, while Kluang District had the highest total fruit production at 163,714 tons. In the same year, Johor was the second biggest producer of vegetables among Malaysian states after Pahang, with a total vegetable plantation area of 154 km
2
(59 sq mi) and a total harvesting area of 143 km
2
(55 sq mi). Kluang District also had the largest vegetable plantation and harvesting areas, with a total area of 36 km
2
(14 sq mi), and the highest total vegetable production at 60,102 tons.
[
217
]
The Astaka
is the tallest residential building in Southeast Asia.
Johor benefits from Singaporean investors and tourists due to its close proximity to Singapore.
[
114
]
[
220
]
[
221
]
From 1990 to 1992, approved Singaporean investments in Johor amounted to about US$500 million in 272 projects.
[
222
]
In 1994, the investment from Singapore was nearly 40% of the state's total foreign investment. The state also had a policy of "twinning with Singapore" to promote their industrial development, which increased the movement of people and
goods
between the two.
[
223
]
[
224
]
[
225
]
The close economic links between the two began with the establishment of the
IndonesiaâMalaysiaâSingapore Growth Triangle
(SIJORI Growth Triangle) in 1989.
[
226
]
RTS Bukit Chagar Station
under construction in Johor Bahru City Centre
The Johor Department of Economy Planning is responsible for all public infrastructure planning and development in the state,
[
227
]
while the Landscape Department is responsible for the state's landscape development.
[
228
]
Since the
Ninth Malaysia Plan
, the Johor Southern Corridor has been a focus for development.
[
229
]
In 2010, the total state land used for
commercial buildings
was 21.53Â km
2
(8.31 sq mi), with
Johor Bahru District
accounting for 12.99Â km
2
(5.02 sq mi) or 63.5%.
[
230
]
Since 2012, around RM2.63 billion has been allocated by the federal and state governments for 33 infrastructure projects in Pengerang in southeastern Johor.
[
231
]
The 2015 state budget included spending more than RM500 million for development in the following year â the highest amount ever allocated.
[
232
]
The state government also ensured that infrastructure and development projects would be fairly distributed to all districts in the state,
[
233
]
with six focus areas outlined in the state government's strategic development plan in 2018.
[
234
]
In the same year, the federal government allocated RM250 million for three infrastructure projects to improve connectivity and accessibility within the state capital.
[
235
]
Following the recent change in the state government administration, the new government also pledged to provide better infrastructure for investors by improving the road network, providing an adequate water supply for factories and building sub-stations for electricity generation while rejecting foreign companies after discovering a foreign investor who claimed to use green technology to hide that he intended to use Johor as a waste disposal site.
[
236
]
[
237
]
Energy and water resources
[
edit
]
Electricity distribution in the state is managed by
Tenaga Nasional
Berhad. Most electricity is generated by
coal
and
gas-fired plants
. The coal power plant had a capacity of 700
MW
in 2007 and 3,100 MW in 2016, which originated from the Tanjung Bin Power Station in Pontian.
[
238
]
[
239
]
[
240
]
Two gas-fired plants, Pasir Gudang Power Station with 210 MW and
Sultan Iskandar Power Station
with 269 MW, are located in Pasir Gudang.
[
241
]
[
242
]
The Pasir Gudang Power Station was retired from the system in 2016.
[
241
]
The state government has been planning to construct
hydropower
and
combined cycle
power plants since 2015 and 2018 respectively.
[
243
]
[
244
]
A new combined cycle power plant was constructed on a greenfield site near the old decommissioned power plants in Pasir Gudang, named the Sultan Ibrahim Power Plant.
[
245
]
All water supply pipes in the state are managed by the Water Regulatory Bodies of Johor, with a total of 11 reservoirs: Congok, Gunung Ledang, Gunung Pulai 1, Gunung Pulai 2, Gunung Pulai 3, Juaseh, Layang Lower, Layang Upper, Lebam, Linggiu and Pontian Kechil.
[
246
]
[
247
]
The state also supplies
raw water
to Singapore for RM0.03 for every 3.8 cubic metres (1,000Â USÂ gal) drawn from Johor rivers. In return, the Johor state government pays the Singaporean government 50 cents (RM0.50) for every 3.8 cubic metres of treated water from Singapore.
[
248
]
Telecommunication and broadcasting
[
edit
]
As of August 2022, Johor had the largest
5G
internet coverage in Malaysia, Johor Bahru's
internet speed
is also the fastest in Malaysia and second in
Southeast Asia
, after Singapore.
[
249
]
[
250
]
Telecommunications in Johor were originally administered by the Posts and Telecommunication Department and maintained by the British
Cable & Wireless Communications
, which was responsible for all telecommunication services in Malaya.
[
251
]
[
252
]
During this time, a
troposcatter
system was installed on Mount Pulai in Johor and Mount Serapi in Sarawak to connect radio signals between
British Malaya
and
British Borneo
, the only such system for both territories to allow simultaneous transmission of radio programs to North Borneo and Sarawak.
[
253
]
In 1968, following the foundation of the Federation of Malaysia, the telecommunication departments in Malaya and Borneo merged to form the Telecommunications Department Malaysia, which later became
Telekom Malaysia
(TM).
[
252
]
Early in 1964,
Ericsson
âa Nordic telecommunication companyâ began operating in the country. Following the first
AXE telephone exchange
in Southeast Asia that went online in Pelangi in 1980, TM was provided with the first mobile telephone network, named ATUR, in 1984.
[
254
]
Since then, the Malaysia's cellular network has expanded rapidly.
[
255
]
From 2013 until 2017, the state mobile-cellular penetration rate has reached 100%, with 11.3% to 11.5% of the population using the internet.
[
256
]
[
257
]
In 2018, the state internet speed was 10Â
Mbps
with the government urging the
Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission
to develop high-speed Internet infrastructure to reach 100Â Mbit/s to match the state's current rapid development.
[
258
]
The Malaysian federal government operates one radio channel â
Johor FM
through its Department of Broadcasting, officially known as
Radio Televisyen Malaysia
.
[
259
]
There is one independent radio station,
Best FM
, which launched in 1988.
[
260
]
Television broadcasting in the state is divided into
terrestrial
and
satellite television
. There are two types of
free-to-air
television providers,
MYTV Broadcasting
(digital terrestrial) and
Astro NJOI
(satellite), while
IPTV
is accessed via
Unifi TV
through the UniFi fibre optic internet subscription.
[
261
]
Johor Bahru Eastern Dispersal Link Expressway
, a major expressway leading to the city centre, from the rest of Malaysia.
The state is linked to the other Malaysian states and federal territories on the western coast through the
NorthâSouth Expressway
and on the eastern coast through
Malaysia Federal Route 3
. Since British colonial times, there has been a road system linking Johor's capital in the southern Malay Peninsula to
Kangar
in the north and
Kota Bharu
on the east coast.
[
262
]
The roads in Johor are classified into two categories; 2,369 kilometres (1,472Â mi) are
federal roads
while 19,329 kilometres (12,010Â mi) are
state roads
, as of 2016.
[
262
]
[
263
]
Johor uses a
dual carriageway
with the
left-hand traffic rule
, and towns in the state provide public transportation services such as buses and taxis along with
Grab
services. The
Sungai Johor Bridge
is in Johor, which is the longest central span river-crossing bridge in Malaysia and connects
Johor Bahru
and
Kota Tinggi District
. There are various expressways in the state capital city, including
Tebrau Highway
,
Johor Bahru Eastern Dispersal Link Expressway
,
Pasir Gudang Highway
, and others. In 2018, construction of the
Iskandar Malaysia Bus Rapid Transit
was announced to be completed before 2021.
[
264
]
The previous federal government had allocated RM29.43 billion as part of the
Eleventh Malaysia Plan
for infrastructure projects including upgrading roads and bridges.
[
265
]
The state government also spends over RM600 million on road maintenance annually.
[
266
]
Johor Bahru Sentral railway station
in
Johor Bahru
.
The
KTM ETS
service was extended to the state in 2025.
Rail transport in the state is operated by
Keretapi Tanah Melayu
(KTM).
[
267
]
The railway line is connected to all of the states in western
Peninsular Malaysia
. It is also connected to stations in
Singapore
and
Thailand
.
[
268
]
The
KTM ETS
service was extended into Johor in 2025, beginning with
Segamat railway station
in March, towards
Kluang railway station
in August and
Johor Bahru Sentral station
in December.
With its full completion, travel time by rail between
Kuala Lumpur Sentral station
and Johor Bahru Sentral station was reduced to 3.5 hours.
[
269
]
The upcoming
Johor BahruâSingapore Rapid Transit System
(RTS Link) linking Johor Bahru to
Woodlands, Singapore
will be the first
rapid transit
system outside the
Klang Valley
.
[
270
]
Senai International Airport
The
Senai International Airport
is the largest and the only international airport in Johor, which acts as the main gateway to the state. The airport is located in
Senai Town
,
Kulai District
. In 2016, the Malaysian federal government approved a total of RM7 million in upgrades for the airport.
[
271
]
[
272
]
Four airlines fly to Johor:
AirAsia
,
Malaysia Airlines
,
Firefly
and
Batik Air Malaysia
.
[
273
]
Other minor airports including
Kluang Airport
,
Mersing Airport
, Segamat Airstrip and Batu Pahat Airstrip in Kluang District, Mersing District, Segamat District and Batu Pahat District, respectively.
[
274
]
Puteri Harbour International Ferry Terminal in
Iskandar Puteri
.
Johor has four ports in Iskandar Puteri and Pasir Gudang, which operate under three different companies. The
Port of Tanjung Pelepas
in western
Iskandar Malaysia
is currently the 15th busiest port in the world, and the largest transshipment hub in Malaysia.
[
275
]
Johor also has two other container ports, the Integrated Container Terminal in Tanjung Langsat and
Johor Port
in
Pasir Gudang
.
[
276
]
[
277
]
The
Tanjung Langsat Terminal
serves as the state's regional oil and gas hub and supports offshore
petroleum
exploration and production, while Johor Port is the world's largest
palm oil
terminal.
[
278
]
[
279
]
There are boat services to ports in
Batam
and
Tanjung Pinang
of the
Bintan
Islands in Indonesia and to port in
Changi
in
Singapore
.
[
280
]
[
281
]
Sultanah Aminah Hospital
, the main
government hospital
in the state.
Health-related matters in Johor are administered by the Johor State Health Office (
Malay
:
Jabatan Kesihatan Negeri Johor
). The state has two major government hospitals,
Sultanah Aminah Hospital
and
Sultan Ismail Hospital
, nine government district hospitals Permai Hospital, Sultanah Fatimah Hospital, Sultanah Nora Ismail Hospital, Enche' Besar Hajjah Khalsom Hospital, Segamat Hospital, Pontian Hospital, Kota Tinggi Hospital, Mersing Hospital, and Tangkak Hospital, and Temenggung Seri Maharaja Tun Ibrahim Hospital, a women's and children's hospital and mental hospital. Other public health clinics,
1Malaysia clinics
and rural clinics are scattered throughout the state with a number of private hospitals such as Penawar Hospital, Johor Specialist Hospital, Regency Specialist Hospital, Pantai Hospital Batu Pahat, Putra Specialist Hospital Batu Pahat, Puteri Specialist Hospital, KPJ Specialist Hospital Muar, Abdul Samad Specialist Hospital,
Columbia Asia
, Gleneagles Medini Hospital and KPJ Specialist Hospital Pasir Gudang.
[
282
]
In 2009, the state's doctorâpatient ratio was 3 per 1,000 population.
[
283
]
University of Technology Malaysia
All primary and secondary schools are under the jurisdiction of the Johor State Education Department, under the guidance of the national
Ministry of Education
.
[
284
]
The oldest school in Johor is the
English College Johore Bahru
(1914).
[
285
]
As of 2013, Johor had a total of 240 government secondary schools,
[
286
]
fifteen
international schools
(Austin Heights Private and International Schools,
[
287
]
Crescendo-HELP International School,
[
288
]
Crescendo International College
,
[
289
]
Excelsior International School,
[
290
]
Paragon Private and International School,
[
291
]
Seri Omega Private and International School,
[
292
]
Sri Ara International Schools,
[
293
]
StarClub Education,
[
294
]
Sunway International School,
[
295
]
Tenby Schools Setia Eco Gardens
,
[
296
]
UniWorld International School,
[
297
]
and Raffles American School
[
298
]
and three international campuses of British
Marlborough College
,
[
299
]
R.E.A.L Schools
[
300
]
and Utama Schools),
[
301
]
and nine
Chinese independent schools
. Johor has a considerable number of Malay and indigenous students enrolled in Chinese schools.
[
302
]
There is also an Indonesian school in the state capital mainly for the children of Indonesian migrants.
[
303
]
There are two Japanese learning centres in Johor Bahru.
[
304
]
The state government also emphasises pre-school education in the state with the establishment of several
kindergartens
such as Nuri Kindergarten and Childcare,
[
305
]
Stellar Preschool
[
306
]
and Tadika Kastil.
[
307
]
University of Southampton
Malaysia campus in
Iskandar Puteri
.
Johor has three public universities, the
University of Technology Malaysia (UTM)
in
Skudai
,
Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia
in
Parit Raja
, and
Universiti Teknologi MARA Johor
in
Jementah
and the state capital. As of 2024, UTM is the second highest ranked university in Malaysia, after
University of Malaya
, according to
Webometrics Ranking of World Universities
.
[
308
]
EduHub Pagoh, the largest public higher education hub in Malaysia, is being constructed at
Bandar Universiti Pagoh
, a new planned education township in
Muar
.
[
309
]
The state also houses a number of international university branches, including
Newcastle University
Medicine Malaysia, Netherlands Maritime Institute of Technology,
University of Southampton
Malaysia,
University of Reading
Malaysia,
Monash University Malaysia
Clinical School, and others.
[
310
]
There are several polytechnics including
Ibrahim Sultan Polytechnic
and Mersing Polytechnic; and two teaching colleges, IPG Kampus Temenggong Ibrahim in Johor Bahru and IPG Kampus Tun Hussien Onn in Batu Pahat.
[
311
]
[
312
]
It has one non-profit community college,
Southern University College
in Skudai.
[
313
]
There is also a proposal to establish the University of Johor that has been welcomed by the Sultan of Johor with the federal education ministry also willing to extend their co-operation.
[
314
]
[
315
]
To ensure the quality of education in the state, the state government introduced six long-term measures to upgrade the capability of local teachers.
[
316
]
In 2018, it was reported that Johor was among several Malaysian states facing a teacher shortage, so the federal education ministry set up a special committee to study ways to tackle the problem.
[
317
]
The Johor State Library is the main public library in the state.
[
318
]
Ethnicity and immigration
[
edit
]
Johor residents with families near the end of the year, at the
Johor Premium Outlets
.
Historical population
Year
Pop.
Âą%
1970
1,277,180
â   Â
1980
1,580,423
+23.7%
1991
2,069,740
+31.0%
2000
2,584,997
+24.9%
2010
3,230,440
+25.0%
2020
4,009,670
+24.1%
Source:
[
4
]
The 2023 Malaysian census reported the population of Johor at 4,100,900, with a non-citizen population of 276,900, making it the second most populous state in Malaysia, after Selangor.
[
319
]
Of the Malaysian residents, 2,464,640 (60.1%) are
Bumiputera
, 1,312,128 (32.8%) are
Chinese
, 246,054 (6.0%) are
Indian
.
[
319
]
In 2010, the population was estimated to be around 3,348,243, with 1,972,115 (58.9%) Bumiputera, 1,292,421(38.6%) Chinese, 237,725 (7.1%) Indian.
[
127
]
Despite the racial diversity of the population, most people in Johor identify themselves as "
Bangsa Johor
" (
English
:
Johor race
), which is also echoed by Johor's royal family to unite the population regardless of ancestry.
[
320
]
Johor Bahru District
, anchoring the state capital Johor Bahru, is currently the second most populous
district
in Malaysia with a population of 1.8 million, as of 2023.
[
321
]
Ethnic groups in Johor (2023)
[
127
]
Ethnic
Percent
Bumiputera
60.1%
Chinese
32.8%
Indian
6.6%
Non-Malaysian citizen
6.0%
Girls from the
aboriginal people
of Johor
As Malaysia is one of the
least densely populated countries
in Asia, the state is particularly sparsely populated, with most people concentrated in the coastal urban areas, since towns and urban centres have massively expanded through recent developments. From 1991 to 2000, the state experienced a 2.39% average annual
population growth
, with Johor Bahru District being the highest at 4.59% growth and Segamat District being the lowest at 0.07%.
[
230
]
The total population increased by about 600,000 every decade following the increase of residential developments in the southern developmental region; if the pattern continues, Johor will have an estimated 5.6 million people in 2030, larger than the government projection of 4 million.
[
322
]
Johor is among the most popular destinations for
expatriates
in the region. Its strategic geographical position has contributed to the state's rapid development as Malaysia's transportation and industrial hub, creating jobs and attracting migrants from other states and overseas, especially from Singapore, China, Indonesia, the
Philippines
,
Vietnam
, Myanmar,
Bangladesh
, India and
Pakistan
. As of 2018, nearly two thirds of foreign workers in Malaysia were located in Johor, Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, according to
World Bank
.
[
323
]
Due to its rapid development and diversified economy, Johor attracted the highest number of inter-state migrants among all Malaysian states, with an influx of over 11.9 thousand people in 2020, despite dropping in 2022.
[
324
]
Religion in Johor (2022)
[
325
]
[
4
]
Religion
Percent
Islam
58.7%
Buddhism
25.9%
Christianity
8.2%
Hinduism
6%
No religion
/Unknown
0.2%
Others
0.3%
Islam became the
state religion
upon the adoption of the 1895 Johor Constitution, although other religions can be freely practised.
[
326
]
According to the 2020 Malaysian census the religious affiliation of Johor's population was 58.7%
Muslim
, 25.9%
Buddhist
, 8.2%
Christian
, 6%
Hindu
, 0.1% followers of other religions or unknown affiliations, 0.2%
Taoist
or
Chinese folk religion
adherents, and 0.2% non-religious.
[
325
]
The census indicated that 80.2% of the Chinese population in Johor identified as Buddhists, with significant minorities identifying as Christians (18.2%), Chinese folk religion adherents (1.6%) and Muslims (0.2%). The majority of the Indian population identified as Hindus (73.5%), with significant minorities identifying as Christians (6.1%), Muslims (9.2%) and Buddhists (2.8%). The non-Malay bumiputera community was predominantly Christians (68.3%), with significant minorities identifying as Muslims (21.6%) and Buddhists (15%). Among the majority population, all Malay bumiputera identified as Muslims.
[
325
]
Multilingual sign in Malay, English, Chinese and Tamil at a restaurant in
Johor Bahru
.
The majority of Johoreans are at least bilingual, with
Malay
as the official language in Johor.
[
327
]
Other multilingual speakers may also be fluent in
English
,
Chinese
and
Tamil
languages.
[
328
]
Johorean Malay, also known as Johor-Riau Malay and originally spoken in Johor,
Riau
,
Riau Islands
,
Malacca
,
Selangor
and
Singapore
, has been adopted as the basis for both the
Malaysian
and
Indonesian
national languages.
[
329
]
Due to Johor's location at the confluence of trade routes within
Maritime Southeast Asia
as well as its history as an influential empire, the dialect has spread as the region's
lingua franca
since the 15th century; hence the adoption of the dialect as the basis for the national languages of
Brunei
, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore.
[
330
]
Several related languages are also spoken in Johor such as
Orang Seletar
(spoken along the Straits of Johor and in northern Singapore),
Orang Kanaq
(spoken in small parts of southeastern Johor),
Jakun
(spoken mostly in inland parts of Johor),
Temuan
(spoken near the border with Pahang and Negeri Sembilan) and
Orang Kuala
(spoken along the northwest coast of Johor).
Terengganu Malay
, a distinct variant of Malay, is spoken in the district of
Mersing
near the border with
Rompin
, Pahang.
[
331
]
Different
dialect groups
of the Chinese language are spoken among the Chinese community in the state, including
Hokkien
,
Teochew
,
Hakka
,
Cantonese
,
Hainanese
,
Foochow
, and
Henghua
.
The Indian community predominantly speaks Tamil. There is also a significant number of
Malayalee
populations in parts of
Segamat
,
Johor Bahru
and
Masai
, who speak
Malayalam
as their mother tongue. Moreover, small number of other Indian language speakers such as the
Bengali
,
Telugu
, and
Punjabi
language speakers are also present. Many
Malayalees
and
Telugus
are often categorised as Tamils by the Tamils themselves, and by other groups, as they use the Tamil language as a
lingua franca
among other Indian communities as in other locations in Peninsular Malaysia.
[
332
]
In 2017, the Queen of Johor, as the royal patron of the Malaysian English Language Teaching Association, called for a more conducive environment for young Malaysians to master English since there has been a drastic decline in proficiency among the younger Malaysian generation.
[
333
]
[
334
]
The Johor Heritage Foundation building in the state capital
Johor's culture has been influenced by different ethnicities throughout history, especially by the Arabs, Bugis and Javanese people, with the state also becoming a mixture of different cultures among the Chinese, Indian, Malay and aboriginal people.
[
335
]
Zapin
performance in a school in Batu Pahat
A strong
Arab cultural
influence is apparent in art performances like
zapin
,
masri
and
hamdolok
and in musical instruments like the
gambus
.
[
336
]
[
337
]
The
zapin
dance was introduced in the 14th century by Arab Muslim missionaries from
Hadhramaut
,
Yemen
, and was originally performed only by male dancers, although female dancers are now common.
[
338
]
The dance itself differs among five Johor regions, namely
zapin tenglu
and
zapin pulau
(Mersing),
zapin lenga
(Muar),
zapin pekajang
(Johor Bahru),
zapin koris
(Batu Pahat) and
zapin parit mustar
with
zapin seri bunian
(Pontian).
[
338
]
Another Arab legacy is the use of Arabic names with
wadi
(valley) for areas populated by the Arab community in the state capital such as "
wadi hana
" and "
wadi hassan
".
[
339
]
Buginese and
Javanese
cultural influences are found in the
bosara
and
kuda kepang
dances introduced to Johor before the early 20th century by immigrants of respective communities.
[
340
]
[
341
]
The influence of
Javanese language
on the local Malay dialect is also noticeable from particular vocabulary collected in recorded observations.
[
342
]
Indian culture inspired the
ghazal
. These cultural activities are normally performed at Malay weddings and religious festivals.
[
337
]
The aboriginal culture is also unique with a diversity of traditions still practised, such as the making of traditional weapons, medicines,
handicrafts
and
souvenirs
.
[
343
]
Chingay parade in 2018
The Chinese community holds the
Chingay parade
annually by the
Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple
, which unites the five Chinese ethnic groups in Johor, namely
Cantonese
,
Hainanese
,
Hakka
,
Hoklo
and
Teochew
.
[
344
]
This co-operation among different Chinese cultures under a voluntary organisation became a symbol of harmony among the different Chinese people that deepens their sense of heritage to preserve their cultural traditions.
[
345
]
The
Johor Bahru Chinese Heritage Museum
describes the history of Chinese migration into Johor from the 14th to 19th centuries during the
Ming
and
Qing
dynasties. The ruler of Johor encouraged the Chinese community to plant
gambier
and
pepper
in the interior. Many of these farmers switched to
pineapple
cultivation in the 20th century, making Johor one of Malaysia's top fruit producers.
[
346
]
Mee bandung
in Johor
Cuisine in Johor has been influenced by Arab, Buginese, Javanese, Malay, Chinese and Indian cultures. Notable dishes include
nasi lemak
,
asam pedas
,
Nasi Beringin
, cathay
laksa
, cheese
murtabak
,
Johor laksa
, kway teow kia,
mee bandung
,
mee rebus
, Muar
satay
, pineapple pajeri, Pontian
wonton noodle
, san lou fried
bee hoon
,
otak-otak
,
telur pindang
,
[
347
]
[
348
]
and other mixed Malay dishes.
[
349
]
Popular desserts include
burasak
,
[
349
]
kacang pool
,
lontong
and snacks like
banana cake
, Kluang toasted buns and
pisang goreng
.
[
348
]
[
350
]
International restaurants offering
Western
,
Filipino
,
Indonesian
,
Japanese
,
Korean
,
Taiwanese
,
Thai
and
Vietnamese
cuisines are found throughout the state, especially in Johor Bahru and
Iskandar Puteri
.
[
351
]
Holidays and festivals
[
edit
]
Johoreans observe a number of holidays and festivals throughout the year including
Independence Day
,
Malaysia Day
celebrations and the Sultan of Johor's Birthday.
[
352
]
The
Tan Sri Dato' Haji Hassan Yunos Stadium
, which is still used by
Johor Darul Ta'zim II F.C.
(JDT II)
As Johor has been part of Malaya since 1957, its athletes represented Malaya and later Malaysia at the
Summer Olympic Games
,
Commonwealth Games
,
Asian Games
and
Southeast Asian Games
. The Johor State Youth and Sports Department was established in 1957 to raise the standard of sports in the state.
[
353
]
Johor hosted the
Sukma Games
in 1992. There are four sports complexes in the state,
[
354
]
and the federal government also provides aid to improve sports facilities.
[
355
]
In 2018, as part of a federal government plan to turn Muar into Johor's sports hub, around RM15 million has been allocated to build and upgrade sports facilities in the town.
[
356
]
The home stadium of JDT, which is solely owned by the club.
Located in
Iskandar Puteri
, the
Sultan Ibrahim Stadium
is the main stadium of the football club
Johor Darul Ta'zim
(JDT). A dominant club in Malaysian club football since the 2010s, they have won the
Malaysia Cup
five times, the
Malaysia FA Cup
five times, the
Malaysia Super League
for twelve consecutive seasons between 2014 and 2026,
[
357
]
and the
AFC Cup
in 2015.
[
358
]
[
359
]
[
360
]
The state women's football team also won four titles in the
Tun Sharifah Rodziah Cup
in 1984, 1986, 1987 and 1989. Another notable stadium in the state is
Pasir Gudang Corporation Stadium
in
Pasir Gudang
.
[
361
]
Johor also launched its own
esports
league, becoming the second Malaysian state to introduce the sport to the Sukma Games, with the Johor Sports Council agreeing to include it in the
2020 edition
.
[
362
]
[
363
]
Yasmin Ahmad
Hishamuddin Hussein
Noraniza Idris
Onn Jaafar
Zulhadi Omar
Hussein Onn
Seah Jim Quee
Syed Saddiq
Fasha Sandha
Penny Tai
Muhyiddin Yassin
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Official website
Johor
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor)
- [1 Etymology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Etymology)
- [2 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#History)
Toggle History subsection
- [2\.1 Hindu-Buddhist Era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Hindu-Buddhist_Era)
- [2\.2 Sultanate of Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Sultanate_of_Johor)
- [2\.3 British protected states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#British_protected_states)
- [2\.4 Second World War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Second_World_War)
- [2\.5 Post-war and independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Post-war_and_independence)
- [2\.6 Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Malaysia)
- [3 Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Politics)
Toggle Politics subsection
- [3\.1 Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Government)
- [3\.2 Administrative divisions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Administrative_divisions)
- [3\.3 Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Security)
- [3\.4 Territorial disputes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Territorial_disputes)
- [4 Geography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Geography)
Toggle Geography subsection
- [4\.1 Climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Climate)
- [4\.2 Biodiversity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Biodiversity)
- [5 Economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Economy)
- [6 Utilities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Utilities)
Toggle Utilities subsection
- [6\.1 Energy and water resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Energy_and_water_resources)
- [6\.2 Telecommunication and broadcasting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Telecommunication_and_broadcasting)
- [7 Transportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Transportation)
Toggle Transportation subsection
- [7\.1 Roads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Roads)
- [7\.2 Rail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Rail)
- [7\.3 Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Air)
- [7\.4 Water](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Water)
- [8 Healthcare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Healthcare)
- [9 Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Education)
- [10 Demography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Demography)
Toggle Demography subsection
- [10\.1 Ethnicity and immigration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Ethnicity_and_immigration)
- [10\.2 Religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Religion)
- [10\.3 Languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Languages)
- [11 Culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Culture)
Toggle Culture subsection
- [11\.1 Chingay parade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Chingay_parade)
- [11\.2 Cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Cuisine)
- [11\.3 Holidays and festivals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Holidays_and_festivals)
- [12 Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Sports)
- [13 Notable people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Notable_people)
- [14 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Notes)
- [15 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#References)
- [16 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Further_reading)
- [17 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#External_links)
Toggle the table of contents
# Johor
75 languages
- [Acèh](https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Acehnese")
- [AragonĂŠs](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Aragonese")
- [اŮؚعبŮŘŠ](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1_\(%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9\) "ŘŹŮŮŘą (ŮŮاŮŘŠ) â Arabic")
- [AzÉrbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohor "Cohor â Azerbaijani")
- [ĐĐ°ŃŇĄĐžŃŃŃĐ°](https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80 "ĐМОŃ
ĐžŃ â Bashkir")
- [ĐоНаŃŃŃкаŃ](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80 "ĐМаŃ
ĐžŃ â Belarusian")
- [Betawi](https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Betawi")
- [ĐŃНгаŃŃки](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80 "ĐМОŃ
ĐžŃ â Bulgarian")
- [Banjar](https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor,_Malaysia "Johor, Malaysia â Banjar")
- [বাŕŚŕŚ˛ŕŚž](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0 "ŕŚŕ§ŕŚšŕŚ° â Bangla")
- [CatalĂ ](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Catalan")
- [éŠćąčŞ / MĂŹng-dÄ̤ng-ngášłĚ](https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Mindong")
- [Cebuano](https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_\(estado\) "Johor (estado) â Cebuano")
- [ÄeĹĄtina](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Czech")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â German")
- [Zazaki](https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohor "Cohor â Dimli")
- [ÎΝΝΡνΚκΏ](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%87%CF%8C%CF%81 "ΤΜοĎĎĎ â Greek")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cohoro "Äohoro â Esperanto")
- [EspaĂąol](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johori_osariik "Johori osariik â Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Basque")
- [ŮاعسŰ](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1 "اŰاŮŘŞ ŘŹŮŮŘą â Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Finnish")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â French")
- [Nordfriisk](https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_\(Bundesstoot\) "Johor (Bundesstoot) â Northern Frisian")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Galician")
- [ĺŽ˘ĺŽśčŞ / Hak-kâ-ngĂŽ](https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Hakka Chinese")
- [ע×ר×ת](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8_\(%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94\) "×'×××ר (×××××) â Hebrew")
- [चिनŕĽŕ¤ŚŕĽ](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0 "ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤šŕĽŕ¤° â Hindi")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Hungarian")
- [Jaku Iban](https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Iban")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Indonesian")
- [IĂąupiatun](https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Inupiaq")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Italian")
- [ćĽćŹčŞ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E5%B7%9E "ă¸ă§ăăźăŤĺˇ â Japanese")
- [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Javanese")
- [áĽáá ááŁáá](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98 "áŻáá°áá á â Georgian")
- [Kumoring](https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Komering")
- [ŕ˛ŕ˛¨ŕłŕ˛¨ŕ˛Ą](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D "ŕ˛ŕ˛šŕłŕ˛°ŕł â Kannada")
- [íęľě´](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%ED%98%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%A3%BC "쥰í¸ëĽ´ěŁź â Korean")
- [LietuviĹł](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEohoras "DĹžohoras â Lithuanian")
- [LatvieĹĄu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEohora "DĹžohora â Latvian")
- [Minangkabau](https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Minangkabau")
- [ĐакодОнŃки](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80 "ĐĐžŃ
ĐžŃ â Macedonian")
- [ऎरञठŕĽ](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0 "ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤šŕĽŕ¤° â Marathi")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Malay")
- [Ů
ازŮŘąŮŮŰ](https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1 "ŘŹŮŮŘą â Mazanderani")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Dutch")
- [Norsk bokmĂĽl](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Norwegian BokmĂĽl")
- [ĐŃОн](https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80 "ĐМОŃ
ĐžŃ â Ossetic")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Polish")
- [Piemontèis](https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Piedmontese")
- [ŮžŮ؏ابŰ](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%BE%D8%B1 "ŘŹŮڞع â Western Punjabi")
- [PortuguĂŞs](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jor "Jor â Portuguese")
- [Runa Simi](https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_suyu "Johor suyu â Quechua")
- [RomânÄ](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Romanian")
- [Đ ŃŃŃкиК](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80 "ĐМОŃ
ĐžŃ â Russian")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Simple English")
- [ĐĄŃĐżŃки / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80 "ĐĐžŃ
ĐžŃ â Serbian")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Swedish")
- [தமிழŕŻ](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D "ŕŽŕŻŕŽŕŻŕŽ°ŕŻ â Tamil")
- [ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C "รูŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Žŕ¸Łŕš â Thai")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Tagalog")
- [TĂźrkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohar "Cohar â Turkish")
- [ĐŁĐşŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃŃка](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80 "ĐМОŃ
ĐžŃ â Ukrainian")
- [اعدŮ](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%BE%D8%B1 "ŘŹŮڞع â Urdu")
- [OĘťzbekcha / ŃСйокŃĐ°](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Uzbek")
- [Tiáşżng Viáťt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Vietnamese")
- [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor "Johor â Waray")
- [ĺ´čŻ](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%94%E4%BD%9B "ćä˝ â Wu")
- [ááá ááááŁá á](https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98 "áŻáá°áá á â Mingrelian")
- [éŠĺčŞ / Bân-lâm-gĂ](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C3%BB-hu%CC%8Dt "JiĂť-huĚt â Minnan")
- [精čŞ](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%94%E4%BD%9B%E5%B7%9E "ćä˝ĺˇ â Cantonese")
- [ä¸ć](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%94%E4%BD%9B "ćä˝ â Chinese")
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[Coordinates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system "Geographic coordinate system"): [1°59â˛27âłN 103°28â˛58âłEďťż / ďťż1\.99083°N 103.48278°Eďťż / 1\.99083; 103.48278](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Johor¶ms=1_59_27_N_103_28_58_E_type:city)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles* "This is a good article. Click here for more information.")
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
State of Malaysia
"Johor Darul Ta'zim" redirects here. For the professional football club, see [Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Darul_Ta%27zim_F.C. "Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C.")
State in Malaysia
| Johor | |
|---|---|
| [State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia "States and federal territories of Malaysia") | |
| State and Subject Territory of Johor, the Abode of Dignity *Negeri dan Jajahan Takluk Johor Darul Ta'zim* ([Malay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language "Malay language")) | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Johor.svg "Flag of Johor") [Flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Johor "Flag of Johor") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Johor.svg "Coat of arms of Johor") [Coat of arms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Johor "Coat of arms of Johor") | |
| **Nickname(s)**: *Darul Ta'zim*[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_info-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-jhr-2) | |
| **Motto**: *Kepada [Allah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah "Allah") Berserah*[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_info-1) ("To Allah We Surrender")[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_info-1) | |
| **Anthem**: *[Lagu Bangsa Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_State_Anthem "Johor State Anthem")* ("Johor State Anthem") | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johor_in_Malaysia.svg)**Johor** in **[Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia")** | |
| Country |  [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia") |
| AngloâJohor Treaty | 1885 |
| [Johor State Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-undang_Tubuh_Negeri_Johor "Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor") | 14 April 1895 |
| [British protected states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States "Unfederated Malay States") | 1914 |
| [Japanese occupation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya "Japanese occupation of Malaya") | 1942 |
| Accession into the [Federation of Malaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya "Federation of Malaya") | 1948 |
| [Malayan Declaration of Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Declaration_of_Independence "Malayan Declaration of Independence") | 31 August 1957 |
| [Proclamation of Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_Malaysia "Proclamation of Malaysia") | 16 September 1963 |
| Capitaland largest city | [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru")[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-3) [1°59â˛27âłN 103°28â˛58âłEďťż / ďťż1\.99083°N 103.48278°Eďťż / 1\.99083; 103.48278](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Johor¶ms=1_59_27_N_103_28_58_E_type:city) |
| Royal capital | [Muar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_\(town\) "Muar (town)") |
| Official languages | [Malay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Malay "Malaysian Malay") |
| Common languages | [Malay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Malay "Malaysian Malay"), [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language "English language"), [Mandarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese "Mandarin Chinese"), [Tamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language "Tamil language"), others |
| [Ethnic groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group "Ethnic group") (2020)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-2020KF-4) | 60\.1% [Bumiputera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera_\(Malaysia\) "Bumiputera (Malaysia)") 32\.8% [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese "Malaysian Chinese") 6\.6% [Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Indian "Malaysian Indian") 0\.5% Other ethnicities |
| Religion (2020)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-2020KF-4) | 59\.7% [Sunni Islam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia "Islam in Malaysia") ([official](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion "State religion")) 28\.7% [Buddhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia "Buddhism in Malaysia") 7\.1% [Hinduism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Malaysia "Hinduism in Malaysia") 3\.0% [Christianity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Malaysia "Christianity in Malaysia") 0\.8% Other religions 0\.7% [No religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion "Irreligion") |
| [Demonym(s)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym "Demonym") | Johorean |
| Government | [Federated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_state "Federated state") parliamentary [constitutional monarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy "Constitutional monarchy") |
| ⢠[Sultan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor "Sultan of Johor") | [Ibrahim Ismail ibni Iskandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Iskandar_of_Johor "Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor") |
| ⢠[Chief Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menteri_Besar_of_Johor "Menteri Besar of Johor") | [Onn Hafiz Ghazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onn_Hafiz_Ghazi "Onn Hafiz Ghazi") ([BN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Nasional "Barisan Nasional")â[UMNO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation "United Malays National Organisation")) |
| Legislature | [Legislative Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_State_Legislative_Assembly "Johor State Legislative Assembly") |
| Area | |
| ⢠Total | 19,166 km2 (7,400 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation([Mount Ledang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ledang "Mount Ledang")) | 1,276 m (4,186 ft) |
| Population | |
| ⢠2020 census | 4,009,670 (2020)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-2020_population-5) |
| ⢠Density | 209\.2/km2 (541.8/sq mi) |
| [GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product "Gross domestic product") ([PPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity "Purchasing power parity")) | 2024 estimate |
| ⢠Total | \$133.846 billion |
| ⢠Per capita | \$31,973 |
| [GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product "Gross domestic product") (nominal) | 2024 estimate |
| ⢠Total | \$40.914 billion[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-:dosm-6) |
| ⢠Per capita | \$9,773[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-:dosm-6) |
| [Gini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient "Gini coefficient") (2022) |  0.366[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-dosm2024-7) low |
| [HDI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index "Human Development Index") (2024) |  0.811[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-8) very high ¡ [9th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_Human_Development_Index "List of Malaysian states by Human Development Index") |
| Currency | [Malaysian ringgit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit "Malaysian ringgit") (RM/MYR) |
| [Time zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone "Time zone") | [UTC+8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B8 "UTC+8") ([Malaysian Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Malaysia "Time in Malaysia")) |
| Date format | dd-mm-yyyy |
| [Driving side](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic "Left- and right-hand traffic") | Left |
| Calling code | 07 06 (Muar and Tangkak)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-9) |
| [Postal code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_postal_codes_in_Malaysia "List of postal codes in Malaysia") | 79xxx[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-11) to 86xxx,[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-12) 73400 |
| [ISO 3166 code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166 "ISO 3166") | MY-01, 21â24[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-10) |
| Website | [johor.gov.my](http://johor.gov.my/) |
**Johor**[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-14) is a [state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia "States and federal territories of Malaysia") of [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia") in the south of the [Malay Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula "Malay Peninsula"). It borders with [Pahang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahang "Pahang"), [Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca "Malacca") and [Negeri Sembilan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan "Negeri Sembilan") to the north. Johor has maritime borders with [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") to the south and [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia") to the east and west. As of 2025, the state's population is 4.2 million, making it the second most populous state in Malaysia, after [Selangor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor "Selangor").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-15) [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru") is the capital city and the economic centre of the state, and [Muar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_\(town\) "Muar (town)") serves as the royal capital.
Johor is one of Malaysia's most important economic hubs, having the highest [gross domestic product](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product "Gross domestic product") (GDP) in Malaysia outside of the [Klang Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_Valley "Klang Valley"), making it the country's [second largest state economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP "List of Malaysian states by GDP"). Its [household income and total salaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_household_income "List of Malaysian states by household income") are also the second highest among all Malaysian states.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-16)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-17) Johor has the world's second largest [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") hub,[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-18) robust manufacturing and logistics centres, and home to the [Port of Tanjung Pelepas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Pelepas "Port of Tanjung Pelepas"), the [15th busiest port in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_container_ports "List of busiest container ports").[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-19) Located in southern Johor, [Iskandar Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Malaysia "Iskandar Malaysia") is Malaysia's largest [special economic zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_economic_zone "Special economic zone") by investment value.
Johor's history began with the [Johor Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Sultanate "Johor Sultanate"), which emerged as a [rump state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rump_state "Rump state") of the [Malacca Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate "Malacca Sultanate"). It operated as a [sovereign state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state "Sovereign state") until the arrival of European powers, when the [Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824 "Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824") divided the wider polity between the [British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire") and the [Dutch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire "Dutch colonial empire") and fixed Johor's modern boundaries. Johor remained largely self-governing until 1885, when British oversight increased through the appointment of a General Adviser who directed all affairs over the [Sultan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor "Sultan of Johor") apart from matters of local religion and customs. Johor became a [British protected state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_protectorate#List_of_former_British_protected_states "British protectorate") within the [Unfederated Malay States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States "Unfederated Malay States") in 1914, a position interrupted only by the [Japanese occupation of Malaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya "Japanese occupation of Malaya"). After the war, it joined the [Malayan Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Union "Malayan Union") in 1946 and subsequently the [Federation of Malaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya "Federation of Malaya") in 1948, the latter of which gained its [independence from the British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Declaration_of_Independence "Malayan Declaration of Independence") in 1957, before entering modern-day Malaysia under the [Malaysia Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement "Malaysia Agreement") of 1963.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-20)
Johor has high diversity in ethnicity, culture, language, and is known for its traditional dance of *[zapin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapin "Zapin")* and [*kuda kepang*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuda_lumping "Kuda lumping"). The head of state is the [Sultan of Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor "Sultan of Johor"), while the head of government is the [Chief Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menteri_Besar_of_Johor "Menteri Besar of Johor"). The government system is closely modelled on the [Westminster system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_system "Westminster system"). Johor is divided into administrative districts, with [Johor Bahru District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_District "Johor Bahru District") being the second largest district in Malaysia by population and economy.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-21)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-22) Islam is the [state religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion "State religion"), but other religions can be freely practised. Johor has [diverse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity "Biodiversity") tropical [rainforests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest "Rainforest") and an [equatorial climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_climate "Equatorial climate"). Situated at the southern foothills of the [Tenasserim Hills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenasserim_Hills "Tenasserim Hills"), [inselbergs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inselbergs "Inselbergs") and [massifs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massifs "Massifs") dominate the state's flat landscape, with [Mount Ledang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ledang "Mount Ledang") being the highest point.
## Etymology
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: Etymology")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Istana_Bukit_Serene_-_The_Royal_Crown_\(night,_2015\).jpg)
The Royal Crown in [Istana Bukit Serene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Bukit_Serene "Istana Bukit Serene"), Johor, dubbed the "Jewel"[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-23)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-John_Krich-24)
The area was first known to the northern inhabitants of [Siam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_people "Thai people") as *Gangganu* or *Ganggayu* (Treasury of Gems)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-etymology_of_Johor-25)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-etymology-26)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_information-27) due to the abundance of [gemstones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone "Gemstone") near the [Johor River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_River "Johor River").[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-28)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-29) [Arab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs "Arabs") traders referred to it as ŘŹŮŮŮŮŮŘąâ (â*[jauhar](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1#Arabic "wikt:ŘŹŮŮŘą")*â),[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-etymology_of_Johor-25)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-etymology-26)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-30) a word borrowed from the [Persian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language "Persian language") ÚŻŮŮŘąâ (*gauhar*), which also means 'precious stone' or 'jewel'.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-31) As the local people found it difficult to pronounce the [Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic "Arabic") word in the local dialect, the name subsequently became *Johor*.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_origin-32) Meanwhile, the [Old Javanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Javanese "Old Javanese") eulogy of [Nagarakretagama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarakretagama "Nagarakretagama") called the area *Ujong Medini* ('land's end'),[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-John_Krich-24) as it is the southernmost point of [mainland Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia "Mainland Southeast Asia"). Another name, through Portuguese writer [Manuel Godinho de ErĂŠdia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Godinho_de_Er%C3%A9dia "Manuel Godinho de ErĂŠdia"), made reference to [Marco Polo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo "Marco Polo")'s sailing to *Ujong Tanah* (the end of the [Malay Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula "Malay Peninsula") land) in 1292.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-etymology_of_Johor-25) Both *Ujong Medini* and *Ujong Tanah* had been mentioned since before the foundation of the [Sultanate of Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Malacca "Sultanate of Malacca"). Throughout the period, several other names also co-existed such as *Galoh*, *Lenggiu* and *Wurawari*.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-etymology_of_Johor-25)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_origin-32) Johor is also known by its Arabic [honorific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific "Honorific") as داعاŮŘŞŮؚظŮŮ
â (*Darul Ta'zim*) or 'Abode of Dignity'.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_origin-32)
## History
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: History")\]
### Hindu-Buddhist Era
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Hindu-Buddhist Era")\]
Main article: [Prehistoric Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Malaysia "Prehistoric Malaysia")
A bronze bell estimated to be from 150 AD was found in Kampong Sungai Penchu near the [Muar River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_River "Muar River").[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Jacq-Hergoualc'h2002-33)[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-34) The bell is believed to have been used as a ceremonial object rather than a trade object as a similar ceremonial bell with the same decorations was found in [Battambang province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battambang_province "Battambang province"), [Cambodia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia "Cambodia"), suggesting that the Malay coast came in contact with [Funan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funan "Funan"), with the bell being a gift from the early kingdom in mainland Asia to local chieftains in the Malay Peninsula.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Jacq-Hergoualc'h2002-33)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-35) Another important archaeological find was the ancient lost city of [Kota Gelanggi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Gelanggi "Kota Gelanggi"), which was discovered by following trails described in an old Malay manuscript once owned by [Stamford Raffles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Raffles "Stamford Raffles").[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-36) Artefacts gathered in the area have reinforced claims of early human settlement in the state.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-37) The claim of Kota Gelanggi as the first settlement is disputed by the state government of Johor, with other evidence from archaeological studies conducted by the state heritage foundation since 1996 suggesting that the historic city is actually located in [Kota Tinggi District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Tinggi_District "Kota Tinggi District") at either *Kota Klang Kiu* or *Ganggayu*. The exact location of the ancient city is still undisclosed, but is said to be within the 14,000-hectare (34,595-acre) forest reserve where the Lenggiu and Madek Rivers are located, based on records in the *[Malay Annals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Annals "Malay Annals")* that, after conquering *[Gangga Negara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangga_Negara "Gangga Negara")*, Raja Suran from Siam of the [Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom "Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom") (Ligor Kingdom) had sailed to *Ganggayu*.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-38) Since ancient times, most of the coastal Malay Peninsula has had their own rulers, but all fell under the jurisdiction of Siam.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-39)
### Sultanate of Johor
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Sultanate of Johor")\]
Main articles: [Johor Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Sultanate "Johor Sultanate"), [Acehnese invasion of Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acehnese_invasion_of_Johor "Acehnese invasion of Johor"), and [JohorâJambi wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor%E2%80%93Jambi_wars "JohorâJambi wars")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PedraBranca-MapofDominionsofJohore-Hamilton-1727.jpg)
Map of the Dominion of Johor, 1727
After the [fall of Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_\(1511\) "Capture of Malacca (1511)") in 1511 to the [Portuguese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire "Portuguese Empire"), the Johor Sultanate was established by Sultan [Mahmud Shah of Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_of_Malacca "Mahmud Shah of Malacca")'s son, [Ala'udin Ri'ayat Shah II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alauddin_Riayat_Shah_II_of_Johor "Alauddin Riayat Shah II of Johor"), in 1528 when he moved the royal court to the [Johor River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_River "Johor River") and set up his royal residence in [Johor Lama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Lama "Johor Lama").[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_Sultanate_history-40)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-41) Johor became an empire spanning the southern Malay Peninsula, [Riau Archipelago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau_Archipelago "Riau Archipelago") (including Singapore), [Anambas Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anambas_Islands "Anambas Islands"), [Tambelan Archipelago](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tambelan_Archipelago&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tambelan Archipelago (page does not exist)"), [Natuna Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuna_Islands "Natuna Islands"), a region around the [Sambas River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambas_River "Sambas River") in south-western [Borneo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo "Borneo") and Siak in [Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra "Sumatra") with [Pahang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahang_Kingdom "Pahang Kingdom"), [Aru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aru_Kingdom "Aru Kingdom") and [Champa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champa "Champa") as allies.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-42)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-43) It aspired to retake Malacca from the Portuguese[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Anderson1824-44) which the [Aceh Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate "Aceh Sultanate") in northern Sumatra also aspired to do leading to a three-way war among the rivals.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-45) During the wars, Johor's administrative capital moved several times based on military strategies and to maintain authority over trading in the region.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_Sultanate_history-40) Johor and the Portuguese began to collaborate against Aceh, which they saw as a common enemy.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-46) In 1582 the Portuguese helped Johor thwart an attack by Aceh, but the arrangement ended when Johor attacked the Portuguese in 1587. Aceh continued its attacks against the Portuguese, and only ceased when a large armada from the [Portuguese port](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_India "Portuguese India") in [Goa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa "Goa") came to defend Malacca and destroy the sultanate.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-RicklefsLockhart2010-47)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johor-Jambi_war.png)
The extent of Johor and Jambi influence throughout the [JohorâJambi wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor%E2%80%93Jambi_wars "JohorâJambi wars").
After Aceh was left weakened, the [Dutch East India Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company "Dutch East India Company") (VOC) arrived and Johor formed an alliance with them to eliminate the Portuguese in the 1641 [capture of Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_\(1641\) "Siege of Malacca (1641)").[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-48)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Percillier2016-49) Johor regained authority over many of its former dependencies in Sumatra, such as Siak (1662) and Indragiri (1669), which had fallen to Aceh while Malacca was taken by the Dutch.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-RicklefsLockhart2010-47)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Gin2017-50) Malacca was placed under the direct control of [Batavia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies "Batavia, Dutch East Indies") in Java.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-51) Although Malacca fell under Dutch authority, the Dutch did not establish any further trading posts in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, as they had more interest in [Java](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java "Java") and the [Maluku Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands "Maluku Islands").[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Percillier2016-49) The Dutch only become involved with local disputes when the [Bugis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugis "Bugis") began to threaten their maritime trade.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-RicklefsLockhart2010-47)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Johor_\(%E6%9F%94%E4%BD%9B%E5%9B%BD\)_delegates_in_Beijing_in_1761.jpg)
Johor (ćä˝ĺ˝) delegates in [Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing "Beijing"), [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China"), in 1761. *[ä¸ĺ˝ćĽćĺž](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE "ä¸ĺ˝ćĽćĺž")*
The dynasty that descended from the rulers of Malacca lasted until the death of [Mahmud II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_II_of_Johor "Mahmud II of Johor"), when it was succeeded by the [Bendahara dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendahara_dynasty "Bendahara dynasty"), a dynasty of ministers who had previously served in the Malacca Sultanate.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_Sultanate_history-40) The Dutch felt increasingly threatened in the 18th century, especially when the English [East India Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company "East India Company") started to establish a presence in the northern Malay Peninsula,[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-52) leading the Dutch to seize the Bugis areas of [Riau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau "Riau") and expel the Bugis from both Riau and [Selangor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor "Selangor") so these areas would not fall under British rule.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-53) This ended Bugis political domination in the Johor-Pahang-Riau empire, resulting in the Bugis being banned from Riau in 1784.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Gopinath1991-54)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Ooi2004-55) During the rivalry between the Bugis and Dutch, [Mahmud Shah III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_III_of_Johor "Mahmud Shah III of Johor") concluded a treaty of protection with the VOC on board the HNLMS *Utrecht* and the sultan was allowed to reside in Riau with Dutch protection.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Gopinath1991-54) Since then, mistrust between the Bugis and Malay escalated.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Ooi2004-55) From 1796 to 1801 and from 1807 to 1818, Malacca was placed under British [Residency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_\(title\) "Resident (title)") as the Netherlands were [conquered by France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland "Kingdom of Holland") in the [Napoleonic Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars "Napoleonic Wars") and was returned to the Dutch in 1818. Malacca served as the staging area for the British [Invasion of Java](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_\(1811\) "Invasion of Java (1811)") in 1811.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-56)
### British protected states
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: British protected states")\]
Main articles: [Johor Sultanate § Modern Johor Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Sultanate#Modern_Johor_Sultanate "Johor Sultanate"), and [Unfederated Malay States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States "Unfederated Malay States")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sunset_on_the_Johore_River,_Singapore_Wellcome_V0037493.jpg)
A painting by John Edmund Taylor showing people in rowboats on the [Johor River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_River "Johor River") in the evening seen from [Changi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changi "Changi") in Singapore, July 1879
When Mahmud Shah III died the sultan left two sons through commoner mothers. While the elder son [Hussein Shah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Shah_of_Johor "Hussein Shah of Johor") was supported by the Malay community, the younger son [Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Muazzam_Shah_of_Johor "Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah of Johor") was supported by the Bugis community.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Ooi2004-55) In 1818, the Dutch recognised Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah as the legitimate heir to the Johor Empire in return for supporting their intention to establish a trading post in Riau.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-recognition_and_treaty-57) The following year, the British recognised Hussein Shah as the legitimate heir to the Johor Empire in return for supporting their intention to establish a trading post in Singapore.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_Sultanate_history-40)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Ooi2004-55)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-58) Before his death, Mahmud Shah III had appointed [Abdul Rahman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temenggong_Abdul_Rahman "Temenggong Abdul Rahman") as the [Temenggong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temenggong "Temenggong") for Johor with recognition from the British as the Temenggong of Johor-Singapore,[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_Sultanate_history-40)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-59)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-60) marking the beginning of the Temenggong dynasty. Abdul Rahman was succeeded by his son, [Daeng Ibrahim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temenggong_Daeng_Ibrahim "Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim"), although he was only recognised by the British 14 years later.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_Sultanate_history-40)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johor_Bahru_town_in_the_1920s.jpg)
Johor Bahru town during the British period, circa 1920
With the [partition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_\(politics\) "Partition (politics)") of the Johor Empire due to the dispute between the Bugis and Malay and following the defined spheres of influence for the British and Dutch resulting from the [Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824 "Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824"), Daeng Ibrahim intended to create a new administrative centre for the Johor Sultanate under the new dynasty.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-61) As he maintained a close relationship with the British and the latter wanted full control over trade in Singapore, a treaty was signed between Daeng Ibrahim and Hussein Shah's successor, [Ali Iskandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Iskandar_of_Johor "Ali Iskandar of Johor"), recognising Ali as the next sultan.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-jh-62) Through the treaty, Ali was crowned as the sultan and received \$5,000 (in [Spanish dollars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_dollar "Spanish dollar")) and an allowance of \$500 per month, but was required to cede the sovereignty of the territory of Johor (except [Kesang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesang,_Malaysia "Kesang, Malaysia") of [Muar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_District "Muar District"), which would be the only territory under his control) to Daeng Ibrahim.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-jh-62)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-63)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-British_and_Johor-64)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Partition_of_the_Johor_Empire.png)
Partition of the Johor Empire before and after the [Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824 "Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824")[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-65)
***
 **Under [British influence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire"):**
[Johor Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Sultanate "Johor Sultanate")
[Pahang Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahang_Kingdom "Pahang Kingdom")
[Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_years_of_modern_Singapore "Founding years of modern Singapore")
***
 **Under [Dutch influence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Empire "Dutch Empire"):**
Indragiri Sultanate
[Riau-Lingga Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate "Riau-Lingga Sultanate")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exhibit_of_Undang-Undang_Tubuh_Kerajaan_Negeri_Johor_at_Pameran_Raja_Kita_in_conjunction_with_the_coronation_of_Ibrahim_Iskandar_of_Johor_as_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_XVII_20240901_125301.jpg)
The first written constitution among the Malay states was Johor, namely *[Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-undang_Tubuh_Negeri_Johor "Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor")* by [Abu Bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakar_of_Johor "Abu Bakar of Johor")
Following the establishment of a new capital in mainland Johor, the administrative centre was moved from [Telok Blangah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telok_Blangah "Telok Blangah") in Singapore. As the area was still an undeveloped jungle, the Temenggong encouraged the migration of [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese "Overseas Chinese") and [Javanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people "Javanese people") to clear the land and develop an agricultural economy in Johor. During Daeng Ibrahim's reign, Johor began to be modernised which was continued by his son, [Abu Bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakar_of_Johor "Abu Bakar of Johor").[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_Sultanate_history-40)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-66) In 1885, an Anglo-Johor Treaty was signed that formalised the close relations between the two, with the British given transit rights for trade through Johor's territory and responsibility for its foreign relations, as well as providing protection to the latter.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-recognition_and_treaty-57)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-British_and_Johor-64) It was also in this year that Johor had formed its present-day boundary.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-67) The treaty also provided for the appointment of a British agent in an [advisory role](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_rule "Indirect rule"), although no advisor was appointed until 1910.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-68) Abu Bakar also implemented a constitution known as the [Johor State Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_State_Constitution "Johor State Constitution") (Malay: *Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor*) and organised his administration in a British style.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-69) By adopting an English-style modernisation policy, Johor temporarily prevented itself from being directly controlled by the British, as happened to other Malay states.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-reason_for_advisor_acceptance-70)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-71)
Under the reign of [Ibrahim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_of_Johor "Ibrahim of Johor"), the British appointed [Douglas Graham Campbell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Graham_Campbell "Douglas Graham Campbell") as an advisor to the sultanate in 1910, although the sultan only appointed Campbell as a General Adviser unlike in other Malayan states which had Resident Advisors, becoming the last Malay state to accept a British Adviser.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_Sultanate_history-40) However, due to Ibrahim's overspending, the sultanate faced problems caused by the falling price of its major source of [revenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue "Revenue") and problems between him and members of his state council, which gave the British an opportunity to intervene in Johor's internal affairs.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-reason_for_advisor_acceptance-70) Despite Ibrahim's reluctance to appoint a British adviser, Johor was brought under British control as one of the [Unfederated Malay States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States "Unfederated Malay States") (UMS) by 1914, with the position of its General Adviser elevated to that of a Resident in the [Federated Malay States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_Malay_States "Federated Malay States") (FMS).[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Gin2017-50)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-recognition_and_treaty-57)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-British_and_Johor-64)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-72)
### Second World War
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Second World War")\]
Main articles: [Malayan Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Campaign "Malayan Campaign"), [Japanese occupation of Malaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya "Japanese occupation of Malaya"), [Battle of Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore "Battle of Singapore"), and [Operation Zipper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Zipper "Operation Zipper")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_Malaya_1941_FE287.jpg)
Indian troops embark onto boats during an invasion exercise in southern Johor, 13 November 1941.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_2-pdr_anti-tank_gun_in_action_at_Bakri_on_the_Muar-Parit_Sulong_Road.jpg)
Three Australian [8th Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Division_\(Australia\) "8th Division (Australia)") members firing on Japanese [Type 95 Ha-GĹ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_95_Ha-Go_light_tank "Type 95 Ha-Go light tank") tanks on the Muar-Parit Sulong road during the [Battle of Muar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Muar "Battle of Muar"), 18 January 1942
Since the 1910s, Japanese planters had been involved in numerous estates and in the mining of mineral resources in Johor as a result of the [Anglo-Japanese Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance "Anglo-Japanese Alliance").[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-73)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-LimWong2000-74)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-AkashiYoshimura2008-75) After the [First World War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"), [rubber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber "Rubber") cultivation in Malaya was largely controlled by Japanese companies. Following the abolition of the *Rubber Lands Restrictions (Enactment)* in 1919, Gomu Nanyo Company (South Seas Rubber Co. Ltd.) began cultivating rubber in the interior of Johor.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-76) By the 1920s, Ibrahim had become a personal friend of [Tokugawa Yoshichika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshichika_Tokugawa "Yoshichika Tokugawa"), a member of the [Tokugawa clan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_clan "Tokugawa clan") whose ancestors were military leaders (*[shĹgun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun "ShĹgun")* in [Japanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language "Japanese language")) who ruled Japan from the 16th to the 19th centuries.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-LimWong2000-74) In the [Second World War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), at a great cost of lives in the [Battle of Muar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Muar "Battle of Muar") in Johor as part of the [Malayan Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Campaign "Malayan Campaign"),[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-77) [Imperial Japanese Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army "Imperial Japanese Army") (IJA) forces with their [bicycle infantry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_infantry "Bicycle infantry") and tanks advanced into Muar District (present-day [Tangkak District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangkak_District "Tangkak District")) on 14 January 1942.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Yenne2014-78) During the Japanese forces' arrival, Tokugawa accompanied General [Tomoyuki Yamashita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomoyuki_Yamashita "Tomoyuki Yamashita")'s troops and was warmly received by Ibrahim when they reached [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru") at the end of January 1942.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Yenne2014-78) Yamashita and his officers stationed themselves at the Sultan's residence, [Istana Bukit Serene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Bukit_Serene "Istana Bukit Serene"), and the state secretariat building, [Sultan Ibrahim Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ibrahim_Building "Sultan Ibrahim Building"), to plan for the [invasion of Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore "Battle of Singapore").[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Pike2016-79) Some of the Japanese officers were worried since the location of the palace left them exposed to the British, but Yamashita was confident that the British would not attack since Ibrahim was also a friend to the British, which proved to be correct.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-LimWong2000-74)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Pike2016-79)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Singapore_causeway_blown_up.jpg)
View of the blown up [JohorâSingapore Causeway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor%E2%80%93Singapore_Causeway "JohorâSingapore Causeway") with the gap visible in the middle, which delayed the [Japanese conquest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore "Battle of Singapore") of [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements "Singapore in the Straits Settlements") for over a week to 8 February 1942
On 8 February, the Japanese began to bombard the northwestern coastline of Singapore, which was followed by the crossing of the IJA [5th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Division_\(Imperial_Japanese_Army\) "5th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)") and [18th Divisions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Division_\(Imperial_Japanese_Army\) "18th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)") with around 13,000 troops through the [Straits of Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Johor "Straits of Johor").[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Japanese_arrival_Singapore-80) The following day, the [Imperial Guard Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Guard_\(Japan\) "Imperial Guard (Japan)") crossed into [Kranji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kranji "Kranji") while the remaining Japanese Guard troops crossed through the repaired [JohorâSingapore Causeway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor%E2%80%93Singapore_Causeway "JohorâSingapore Causeway").[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Japanese_arrival_Singapore-80) Following the occupation of all of Malaya and Singapore by the Japanese, Tokugawa proposed a reform plan by which the five kingdoms of Johor, Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah-Penang and Perlis would be restored and federated.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-AkashiYoshimura2008-75) Under the scheme, Johor would control [Perak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak "Perak"), Selangor, [Negeri Sembilan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan "Negeri Sembilan") and Malacca while a 2,100-square-kilometre (800 sq mi) area in the southern part of Johor would be incorporated into [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore "Japanese occupation of Singapore") for defence purposes.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-AkashiYoshimura2008-75) The five monarchs of the kingdoms would be obliged to pledge loyalty to Japan, would need to visit the Japanese royal family every two years, and would assure the [freedom of religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion "Freedom of religion"), worship, employment and [ownership of private property](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_property "Private property") to all people and accord every Japanese person residing in the kingdoms with treatment equal to indigenous people.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-AkashiYoshimura2008-75)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_Advancement,_Labis_\(cropped_II\)_\(AWM_4093032\).jpg)
Additional Japanese troops advancing through an iron bridge in [Labis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labis "Labis") which had been destroyed by the retreating British forces down the Malayan Peninsula, 22 January 1942
Meanwhile, [Ĺtani KĹzui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctani_K%C5%8Dzui "Ĺtani KĹzui") of the [Nishi Hongan-ji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishi_Hongan-ji "Nishi Hongan-ji") sub-sect of [JĹdo ShinshĹŤ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB "JĹdo ShinshĹŤ") [Buddhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism") suggested that the sultan system should be abolished and Japan should rule the Malay kingdoms under a Japanese constitutional monarchy government.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-AkashiYoshimura2008-75) Japanese War Minister [Hideki TĹjĹ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D "Hideki TĹjĹ"), however, had already reminded their government staff in Malaya to refrain from acting superior to the sultan and to pay respect so the sultan would co-operate with the *gunsei* (Japanese military organisation).[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-AkashiYoshimura2008-75) In May, many high-ranking Japanese officials returned to [Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_City "Tokyo City") to consult with officials of the War Ministry and General Staff on how to deal with the Sultan.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-AkashiYoshimura2008-75) Upon their return to Singapore in July, they published a document called "A Policy for the Treatment of the Sultan", which was a demand for the Sultan to surrender his power over his people and land to the [Japanese emperor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan "Emperor of Japan") through the IJA commander. The military organisation demanded the Sultan surrender his power in a manner reminiscent of the way the [Tokugawa shogunate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate "Tokugawa shogunate") surrendered their power to the Japanese emperor in 1868.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-AkashiYoshimura2008-75) Through the Japanese administration, many massacres of civilians occurred with an estimate that 25,000 ethnic Chinese civilians in Johor perished during the occupation.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-81) In spite of that, the Japanese established the Endau Settlement (also known as the New [Syonan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syonan "Syonan") Model Farm) in [Endau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endau "Endau") for Chinese settlers to ease the food supply problem in Singapore.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-82)
### Post-war and independence
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Post-war and independence")\]
Main articles: [Malayan Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Union "Malayan Union") and [Federation of Malaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya "Federation of Malaya")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE5882.jpg)
British Brigadier J J McCully inspects men of the 4th Regiment of the [Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_People%27s_Anti-Japanese_Army "Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army") (MPAJA) guerrillas at Johor Bahru after the end of war against the Japanese, 1945
At the start of the war, the British had accepted an offer from the [Communist Party of Malaya (CPM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malaya "Communist Party of Malaya") to co-operate to fight the Japanese; to do this, the CPM formed the [Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army "Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army") (MPAJA).[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-communism_in_Malaya-83) The CPM supporters were mostly Chinese-educated members discriminated against by the English-educated elite and the *Babas* ([Straits-born Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peranakan "Peranakan")) during British rule whose main objective was to gain independence from foreign empires and to establish a socialist state based on [MarxismâLeninism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism "MarxismâLeninism") similar to the [People's Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China "People's Republic of China").[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Lee2013-84) The party also had Malay and Indian representatives. They advocated violence as a method of achieving their goals.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Lee2013-84) Throughout their war against the Japanese, they also assassinated civilians suspected of collaborating with the Japanese,[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Pye2015-85) while kidnapped Malay women were used as [comfort women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_women "Comfort women"), as had also been done by the Japanese.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Bose2012-86) This led to retaliatory raids from some Malays affected by the attacks who decided to collaborate with the Japanese. This indirectly led to [ethnic conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_conflict "Ethnic conflict"), especially when ethnic propaganda was being made by both sides, leading to the deaths of more civilians.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Bose2012-86)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-87) The Allied forces launched [Operation Tiderace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tiderace "Operation Tiderace") and [Operation Zipper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Zipper "Operation Zipper") to liberate Malaya and Singapore. In the five weeks before the British resumed control over Malaya following the Japanese surrender on 16 August 1945, the MPAJA emerged as the [de facto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto "De facto") authority in the Malayan territory.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-communism_in_Malaya-83)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE5878.jpg)
MPAJA guerrillas marching through the street of Johor Bahru during their disbandment ceremony in December 1945
Johor and the rest of Malaya were officially placed under the [British Military Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Military_Administration_\(Malaya\) "British Military Administration (Malaya)") (BMA) in September 1945 and the MPAJA was disbanded in December after its secretary-general, [Lai Teck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai_Teck "Lai Teck") (who was also a double agent for the British),[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-AkashiYoshimura2008-75)[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-88) accepted the return of British colonial rule and adopted a moderate "open and legal" attitude towards progressing their goals with most members receiving medals from the British the following year.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-communism_in_Malaya-83)[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Pye2015-85) There was a dispute after the British had returned when Lai Teck disappeared with the CPM funds. The party administration was taken over by [Chin Peng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_Peng "Chin Peng"), who abandoned the "moderate strategy" in favour of a "people's revolutionary war", culminating in the [Malayan Emergency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Emergency "Malayan Emergency") of 1948.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-communism_in_Malaya-83) During the emergency period, large-scale attacks by the CPM occurred in the present-day [Kulai District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulai_District "Kulai District") and other parts of Malaya, but failed to establish [Mao Zedong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong "Mao Zedong")\-style "liberated areas".[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-communism_in_Malaya-83)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unpacking_the_State_and_Federation_of_Malaya_Agreements_\(cropped\).jpg)
[Onn Jaafar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onn_Jaafar "Onn Jaafar") (left), the [Menteri Besar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Menteris_Besar_of_Johor "List of Menteris Besar of Johor") of Johor and founder of the [United Malays National Organisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation "United Malays National Organisation") (UMNO) with Dr. W. Linehan (right), C.M.G. Adviser on Constitutional Affairs during the [Federation of Malaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya "Federation of Malaya") Agreements in 1948
Fighting between the British occupation forces and their Malayan allies against the CPM continued through the formation of the [Malayan Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Union "Malayan Union") on 1 April 1946 and the proclamation of the independence of the [Federation of Malaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya "Federation of Malaya") on 31 August 1957.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-89) At the time of independence there were three political factions: the Communists, the pro-British, and a race-based coalition. The pro-British side was divided between the Malayan Democratic Union (MDU), which was dominated by English-speaking Chinese and Eurasians who co-operate with [left-wing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics "Left-wing politics") Malay nationalists "for an independent Malaya that would also include Singapore" and another pro-British side comprising the *Babas* under the Straits Chinese British Association (SCBA), who were trying to retain their status and privileges granted for their loyalty to the British during the [Straits Settlements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_Settlements "Straits Settlements") era by remaining under British administration.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Lee2013-84)[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-90)[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-91) Meanwhile, the racial coalition, comprising the leading [United Malays National Organisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation "United Malays National Organisation") (UMNO) in an [alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Party_\(Malaysia\) "Alliance Party (Malaysia)") with the [Malaysian Indian Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_Congress "Malaysian Indian Congress") (MIC) and [Malaysian Chinese Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_Association "Malaysian Chinese Association") (MCA), sought an independent Malaya based on a racial and religious privileges policy and won the [1955 Malayan general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_Malayan_general_election "1955 Malayan general election"), with the capital of Johor Bahru being the centre of the UMNO party.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Ooi2004-55)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Lee2013-84)
### Malaysia
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Malaysia")\]
Main articles: [Malaysia Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement "Malaysia Agreement") and [IndonesiaâMalaysia confrontation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation "IndonesiaâMalaysia confrontation")
In 1961, the Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya [Tunku Abdul Rahman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman "Tunku Abdul Rahman") desired to unite Malaya with the British colonies of [North Borneo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo "Crown Colony of North Borneo"), [Sarawak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak "Crown Colony of Sarawak") and [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Singapore "Crown Colony of Singapore").[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-92) Despite growing opposition from the governments of [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia") and the [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines") as well from Communist sympathisers and nationalists in Borneo, the federation was realised on 16 September 1963, with the sovereign state renamed Malaysia.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-93)[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-94) The Indonesian government later launched a "policy of [confrontation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation "IndonesiaâMalaysia confrontation")" towards the new federation,[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-95) which prompted the United Kingdom and their allies of [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") and [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") to deploy armed forces.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-96)[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-97) [Pontian District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontian_District "Pontian District") became the coastal landing point for amphibious Indonesian troops during the confrontation while [Labis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_at_Labis "Landing at Labis") and [Tenang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenang "Tenang") in [Segamat District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segamat_District "Segamat District") became the landing point for Indonesian para-commandos for subversion and sabotage attacks.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-98)[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-99)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-100) Several encounters occurred in Kota Tinggi District, where nine Malayan/Singaporean troops and half of the Indonesian infiltrators were killed and the rest were captured.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-101) Despite several attacks that also cost civilian lives, the Indonesian side did not reach their main objective, and the confrontation ended in 1966 following the internal political struggle in Indonesia resulting from the [30 September Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_September_Movement "30 September Movement").[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-102)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-103)
Since the end of the confrontation, the state's development has expanded further with industrial estates and new suburbs. Of the total approved development projects for Johor from 1980 until 1990, 69 per cent were concentrated in Johor Bahru and the [Pasir Gudang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Gudang "Pasir Gudang") area.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-104) Industrial estates and new suburbs were built in settlements on both the northern and eastern sides of the town, including [Plentong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plentong "Plentong") and [Tebrau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebrau "Tebrau").[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_as_part_of_Malaysia-105) The town of Johor Bahru was [officially recognised as a city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Malaysia "List of cities in Malaysia") on 1 January 1994.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_as_part_of_Malaysia-105) On 22 November 2017, [Iskandar Puteri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Puteri "Iskandar Puteri") was declared a city and assigned as the administrative centre of the state, located in [Kota Iskandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Iskandar "Kota Iskandar").[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-106)
## Politics
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Politics")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dato%27_Jaafar_Muhammad_Building.JPG)
Dato' Jaafar Muhammad Building in [Kota Iskandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Iskandar "Kota Iskandar"), which houses the office of the Chief Minister of Johor
### Government
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: Government")\]
Main articles: [Johor State Executive Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_State_Executive_Council "Johor State Executive Council") and [Johor State Legislative Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_State_Legislative_Assembly "Johor State Legislative Assembly")
See also: [Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2018-) § Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_State_Assembly_Representatives_\(2018-\)#Johor "Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2018-)"), [Politics of Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia "Politics of Malaysia"), [Order of precedence in Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_Johor "Order of precedence in Johor"), and [Chief Minister of Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Johor "Chief Minister of Johor")
| | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johor_Legislative_Assembly_12032022.svg) | | | | | |
| Affiliation | Coalition/Party Leader | Status | Seats | | |
| [2022 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Johor_state_election "2022 Johor state election") | Current | | | | |
| | [Barisan Nasional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Nasional "Barisan Nasional") | [Onn Hafiz Ghazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onn_Hafiz_Ghazi "Onn Hafiz Ghazi") | Government | 40 | 40 |
| | [Pakatan Harapan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan "Pakatan Harapan") | [Liew Chin Tong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liew_Chin_Tong "Liew Chin Tong") | Confidence and supply | 12 | 12 |
| | [Perikatan Nasional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perikatan_Nasional "Perikatan Nasional") | [Sahruddin Jamal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahruddin_Jamal "Sahruddin Jamal") | Opposition | 3 | 3 |
| Total | 56 | 56 | | | |
| Government majority | 17 | 23 | | | |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johor_Royal_Family_2015.png)
The [Johor royal family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor "Sultan of Johor") in 2015
Johor is a [constitutional monarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy "Constitutional monarchy") and was the first state in Malaysia to adopt the system via the [Johor State Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_State_Constitution "Johor State Constitution") ([Malay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language "Malay language"): *Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor)* written by Sultan [Abu Bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakar_of_Johor "Abu Bakar of Johor") in 1895.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-107)[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-108) The constitutional head of Johor is the [sultan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan "Sultan"). This hereditary position can only be held by a member of the [Johor royal family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor "Sultan of Johor") who is descended from Abu Bakar. The current Sultan of Johor is [Ibrahim Iskandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Iskandar_of_Johor "Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor"), who became sultan on 23 January 2010.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-109) The main royal palace for the sultan is the [Bukit Serene Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Bukit_Serene "Istana Bukit Serene"), while the crown prince's is the [Istana Pasir Pelangi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Pasir_Pelangi "Istana Pasir Pelangi"); both palaces are located in the state capital. Other palaces are the [Grand Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Besar "Istana Besar") (which is also located in the state capital), Tanjong Palace in [Muar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_\(town\) "Muar (town)"), Sri Lambak in [Kluang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluang_\(town\) "Kluang (town)") and Shooting Box in [Segamat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segamat_\(town\) "Segamat (town)").[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-110)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sultan_Ismail_Building.JPG)
The [Sultan Ismail Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ismail_Building "Sultan Ismail Building") houses the Johor State Legislative Assembly in [Kota Iskandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Iskandar,_Johor "Kota Iskandar, Johor"), [Iskandar Puteri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Puteri "Iskandar Puteri").
The state government is headed by a [Chief Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menteri_Besar_of_Johor "Menteri Besar of Johor"), who is assisted by an 11-member [executive council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_State_Executive_Council "Johor State Executive Council") selected from the state assembly members.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-111) The legislative branch of Johor's government is the [Johor State Legislative Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_State_Legislative_Assembly "Johor State Legislative Assembly"), which is based on the [Westminster system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_system "Westminster system"). Therefore, the chief minister is appointed based on their ability to command the majority of the state assembly. The state assembly makes laws in matters regarding the state. Members of the Assembly are elected by citizens every five years by [universal suffrage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage "Universal suffrage").[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-112) There are 56 seats in the assembly. The majority (40 seats) are currently held by [Barisan Nasional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Nasional "Barisan Nasional") (BN).
Johor was a [sovereign state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state "Sovereign state") from 1948 until 1957 while the Federation of Malaya Agreement was in force, but its defence and external affairs were mainly under the control of the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom").[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-113) The Malayan Federation was then merged with two British colonies in Borneo â North Borneo and Sarawak â to form the Federation of Malaysia. Since then, several disputes have arisen such as the incident involving the state royal family that resulted in the [1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia "1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia"), disputes with federal leaders on state and federation affairs, and dissatisfaction over slower development in contrast with the long-standing prosperity in neighbouring Singapore, which even led to statements about [secession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession "Secession") from Johor's royal family.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-114)[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_economy-115) Other social issues include the rise of racial and religious intolerance among the state's citizens since being part of the federation.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-116)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-117)
### Administrative divisions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: Administrative divisions")\]
Main articles: [List of districts in Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Malaysia "List of districts in Malaysia") and [List of local governments in Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_local_governments_in_Malaysia "List of local governments in Malaysia")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johor_Bahru_City_Council_Tower.jpg)
City council of [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mersing_District_Council.JPG)
A district council office in [Mersing District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersing_District "Mersing District").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kluang_Municipal_Council.jpg)
A municipal council office in [Kluang District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluang_District "Kluang District").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FELDA_Linggiu_Office.jpg)
A FELDA office in [Kota Tinggi District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Tinggi_District "Kota Tinggi District").
Johor is divided into ten [districts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Malaysia "List of districts in Malaysia") (*daerah*), 103 [mukims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukim "Mukim") and 16 local governments.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-118)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_town_planning-119) There are district officers for each district and a village head person (known as a *ketua kampung* or *[penghulu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghulu "Penghulu")*) for each village in the district.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-120)[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-121)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-122) Before the British arrival, Johor was run by a group of relatives and friends of the sultan. A more organised administration was developed in the treaty of friendship with Great Britain in 1885.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-123) A British Resident began to be accepted in 1914 when the state became part of the [Unfederated Malay States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States "Unfederated Malay States").[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Hussin2016-124) With the transformation into British-style administration, more Europeans were appointed into the administration with their role expanding from advising on financial matters to modern administration guidance.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-125) Malay state commissioners worked alongside British district officers, known in Johor as "Assistant Advisers".[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-126) When the post of the Resident of the UMS was abolished, other European-held posts in the administration were replaced with locals. As in the rest of Malaysia, the local government comes under the purview of the state government.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-127)
[Batu Pahat District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Pahat_District "Batu Pahat District")
[Johor Bahru District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_District "Johor Bahru District")
[Kluang District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluang_District "Kluang District")
[Kota Tinggi District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Tinggi_District "Kota Tinggi District")
[Kulai District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulai_District "Kulai District")
[Mersing District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersing_District "Mersing District")
[Muar District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_District "Muar District")
[Pontian District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontian_District "Pontian District")
[Segamat District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segamat_District "Segamat District")
[Tangkak District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangkak_District "Tangkak District")
[***INDONESIA***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia")
[***SINGAPORE***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore")
[Batu Pahat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Pahat_\(town\) "Batu Pahat (town)")
[Iskandar Puteri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Puteri "Iskandar Puteri")
[Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru")
[Kluang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluang_\(town\) "Kluang (town)")
[Kota Tinggi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Tinggi "Kota Tinggi")
[Kulai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulai "Kulai")
[Labis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labis "Labis")
[Mersing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersing "Mersing")
[Muar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_\(town\) "Muar (town)")
[Pasir Gudang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Gudang "Pasir Gudang")
[Pengerang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengerang "Pengerang")
[Pontian Kechil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontian_Kechil "Pontian Kechil")
[Segamat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segamat_\(town\) "Segamat (town)")
[Simpang Renggam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpang_Renggam "Simpang Renggam")
[Tangkak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangkak "Tangkak")
[Yong Peng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yong_Peng "Yong Peng")
[***á´á´Ęá´á´á´á´***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca "Malacca")
[***É´á´É˘á´ĘÉŞ sá´á´ĘÉŞĘá´É´***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan "Negeri Sembilan")
[***á´á´Ęá´É´É˘***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahang "Pahang")
[***South China Sea***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea "South China Sea")
[***Straits of Johor***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Johor "Straits of Johor")
[***Strait of Malacca***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca "Strait of Malacca")
| | [Districts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Malaysia "Districts of Malaysia") | Capital | Area (km2) | Population (2010)[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-total_population-128) | Population (2020) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  [Batu Pahat District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Pahat_District "Batu Pahat District") | [Batu Pahat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Pahat_\(town\) "Batu Pahat (town)") | 1,878 | 401,902 | 495,338 |
| 2 |  [Johor Bahru District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_District "Johor Bahru District") | [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru") | 1,817.8 | 1,334,188 | 1,711,191 |
| 3 |  [Kluang District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluang_District "Kluang District") | [Kluang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluang_\(town\) "Kluang (town)") | 2,851 | 288,364 | 323,762 |
| 4 |  [Kota Tinggi District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Tinggi_District "Kota Tinggi District") | [Kota Tinggi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Tinggi "Kota Tinggi") | 3,488 | 187,824 | 222,382 |
| 5 |  [Kulai District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulai_District "Kulai District") | [Kulai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulai "Kulai") | 753 | 245,294 | 329,497 |
| 6 |  [Mersing District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersing_District "Mersing District") | [Mersing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersing "Mersing") | 2,838 | 69,028 | 78,195 |
| 7 |  [Muar District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_District "Muar District") | [Muar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_\(town\) "Muar (town)") | 1,376 | 239,027 | 314,776 |
| 8 |  [Pontian District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontian_District "Pontian District") | [Pontian Kechil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontian_Kechil "Pontian Kechil") | 907 | 149,938 | 173,318 |
| 9 |  [Segamat District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segamat_District "Segamat District") | [Segamat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segamat_\(town\) "Segamat (town)") | 2,851 | 182,985 | 197,762 |
| 10 |  [Tangkak District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangkak_District "Tangkak District") | [Tangkak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangkak "Tangkak") | 970 | 131,890 | 163,449 |
### Security
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: Security")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JMF_Ibrahim.jpg)
Sultan [Ibrahim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_of_Johor "Ibrahim of Johor") leading the Johor Military Forces (JMF) during the King's Birthday Parade of [George V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V "George V") in Singapore,
c.
1920
The Ninth Schedule of the [Constitution of Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia "Constitution of Malaysia") states that the [Malaysian federal government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia "Government of Malaysia") is solely responsible for foreign policy and military forces in the country.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-129) However, Johor has a [private army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_army "Private army"), the only state to do so. The retention of the army was one of the stipulations Johor made in 1946 when it participated in the [Federation of Malaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya "Federation of Malaya").[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-130) This army, the [Royal Johor Military Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Johor_Military_Force "Royal Johor Military Force") (*Askar Timbalan Setia Negeri Johor*), has served as the protector of the Johor monarchs since 1886.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-131) It is one of the oldest military units in present-day Malaysia and had a significant historical role in the suppression of the [1915 Singapore Mutiny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny "1915 Singapore Mutiny") and served in both World Wars.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-132)
### Territorial disputes
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Territorial disputes")\]
Main article: [Pedra Branca dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedra_Branca_dispute "Pedra Branca dispute")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pedra_Branca_Map.svg)
Map of the disputed island and rocks
Johor previously had a territorial dispute with Singapore.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Batu_Puteh_dispute-133) In 1979 Government of Malaysia published the Malaysian Territorial Waters and Continental Shelf Boundaries Map which showed the island of [Batu Puteh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedra_Branca,_Singapore "Pedra Branca, Singapore") (present-day Pedra Branca) as under their jurisdiction, Singapore lodged a formal protest the following year.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-134) The dispute originally concerned only the one feature, but when both sides agreed to refer the matter to the [International Court of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice "International Court of Justice") (ICJ) in 2003, the dispute was enlarged to include two other features in the vicinity, [Middle Rocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Rocks "Middle Rocks") and South Ledge.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Batu_Puteh_dispute-133) In 2008 the ICJ decided that "Batu Puteh belongs to Singapore, Middle Rocks to Malaysia and South Ledge belongs to the state in the territorial waters of which it is located".[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-135)[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-136) The final decision by ICJ to award Pedra Branca to Singapore was in line with the 1953 letter made by the Acting State Secretary of Johor in response to the question letter regarding Pedra Branca from the [Colonial Secretary of Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Secretary,_Singapore "Chief Secretary, Singapore"), where the Government of Johor openly stated that it did not claim ownership of Pedra Branca despite acknowledging that the old Johor Empire once ruled most of the islands in the area.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-137)[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-138) In 2017, Malaysia appealed the case of Pedra Branca based on the conditions required by the ICJ that a case could be revised within six months of discovery of facts and within ten years of the date of judgement following the discovery of several facts.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-139) The request was dropped following internal changes in the new Malaysian administration the following year where they subsequently acknowledged Singapore's permanent sovereignty over the island while announcing plans to convert the Middle Rocks into an island.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-140)[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-141)
## Geography
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Geography")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Satellite_picture_of_Malayan_Peninsular_and_Sumatra_\(extracted\).jpg)
Johor is located in southern Malay Peninsula as seen from [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA") satellite image.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tanjung_Piai_Monument_Earth.jpg)
The southernmost tip of mainland Eurasia, at Tanjung Piai.
The total land area of Johor is nearly 19,166 square kilometres (7,400 sq mi), and it is surrounded by the South China Sea to the east, the Straits of Johor to the south and the [Straits of Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca "Strait of Malacca") to the west.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-statistics-13) The [southernmost point of mainland Eurasia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Asia "Extreme points of Asia"), is located at [Tanjung Piai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Piai "Tanjung Piai").[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-142) The state has 400 kilometres (250 mi) of coastline,[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-143) of which 237.7 kilometres (147.7 mi) have been [eroding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_erosion "Coastal erosion").[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-144) A majority of its coastline, especially on the west coast is covered with [mangrove](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove "Mangrove") and [nipah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nypa_fruticans "Nypa fruticans") forests.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-145)[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-146)[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Bird2010-147) The east coast is dominated by sand beaches and rocky [headlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headland "Headland"),[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-148) while the south coast consists of a series of alternating headlands and [bays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay "Bay").[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Bird2010-147) Its [exclusive economic zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone "Exclusive economic zone") (EEZ) extends much further in the South China Sea than in the Straits of Malacca.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-149)
The western part of Johor had a considerable amount of [peatland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland "Peatland").[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-AshrafOthman2017-150) In 2005, the state recorded 391,499,002 hectares (967,415,102 acres) of forested land, which is classified into natural inland forest, [peat swamp forest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat_swamp_forest "Peat swamp forest"), mangrove forest and [mud flat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_flat "Mud flat").[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_forestry-151) About 83% of Johor's terrain is [lowlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowland "Lowland"), while only 17% is higher and steep terrain.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_forestry-151) While being relatively flat, Johor is dotted with many isolated peaks known as [inselbergs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inselberg "Inselberg"), including isolated [massifs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif "Massif"). [Mount Ledang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ledang "Mount Ledang"), also known as Mount Ophir, in the district of [Tangkak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangkak_District "Tangkak District") and near the tripoint with [Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca "Malacca") and [Negeri Sembilan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan "Negeri Sembilan"), is the state's highest point at 1,276 metres above sea level.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-152) Also in the state are Mount Besar, [Mount Belumut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Belumut "Mount Belumut") and Mount Panti,[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-153) which form the southern foothills of the [Tenasserim Hills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenasserim_Hills "Tenasserim Hills") that extends from southern [Myanmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar "Myanmar") and [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand "Thailand"). Since the state also lies on the [Sunda Plate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_Plate "Sunda Plate"), it experiences tremors from nearby earthquakes in Sumatra, Indonesia.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-154)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forest_trees_in_Johor.jpg)
Forest trees of Johor in [tropical rainforest climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate "Tropical rainforest climate")
Much of central Johor is covered with dense forest, where an extensive network of rivers originating from mountains and [hills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill "Hill") in the area spreads to the west, east and south.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-155) On the west coast, the [Batu Pahat River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Pahat_River "Batu Pahat River"), [Muar River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_River "Muar River") and Pontian River flow to the [Straits of Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca "Strait of Malacca"), while the [Johor River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_River "Johor River"), Perepat River, [Pulai River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulai_River "Pulai River"), [Skudai River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skudai_River "Skudai River") and [Tebrau River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebrau_River "Tebrau River") flow to the [Straits of Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Johor "Straits of Johor") in the south. The Endau River, [Mersing River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersing_River "Mersing River"), [Sedili Besar River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedili_Besar_River "Sedili Besar River") and Sedili Kecil River flow to the South China Sea in the east.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_forestry-151) The Johor River Basin covers an area of 2,690 kilometres, starting from [Mount Belumut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Belumut "Mount Belumut") (east of Kluang) and Mount Gemuruh (to the north) downstream to Tanjung Belungkor.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Ali2018-156) The river originates from the Layang-Layang, Linggiu, and Sayong rivers before converging into the main river and flowing southeast to the Straits of Johor for 122.7 kilometres. Its tributaries include the Berangan River, Lebak River, Lebam River, Panti River, Pengeli River, Permandi River, Seluyut River, Semangar River, Telor River, Tembioh River, and Tiram River.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Ali2018-156) Other river basins in Johor including the Ayer Baloi River, Benut River, Botak Drainage, Jemaluang River, Pontian Besar River, Sanglang River, Santi River, and [Sarang Buaya River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarang_Buaya_River "Sarang Buaya River").[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-157)
### Climate
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: Climate")\]
Johor is located in a [tropical region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_geography "Tropical geography") with an [equatorial climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate "Tropical rainforest climate"). Both the temperature and humidity are consistently high throughout the year with heavy rainfall. Average monthly temperatures between 26 °C (79 °F) and 28 °C (82 °F), with the lowest recorded during the rainy seasons.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_forestry-151) The west coast receives an average of between 2,000 millimetres and 2,500 millimetres of rain, while in the east the average rainfall is higher, with [Endau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endau "Endau") and [Pengerang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengerang "Pengerang") receiving more than 3,400 millimetres of rain a year. The state experiences two [monsoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon "Monsoon") seasons, the northeast and southwest seasons; the northeast occurs from November until March while the southeast occurs from May until September, and the transitional months for the monsoon seasons are April and November.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_forestry-151) The state experienced [extreme flooding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Southeast_Asian_floods "2006â07 Southeast Asian floods") from December 2006 to January 2007 with around 60,000â70,000 of the state residents evacuated to an emergency shelter.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-158)[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-159)
| Climate data for Johor Bahru ([Senai International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senai_International_Airport "Senai International Airport")) (2006â2020 normals, extremes 2015âpresent) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 36\.7 (98.1) | 36\.6 (97.9) | 37\.0 (98.6) | 37\.3 (99.1) | 36\.2 (97.2) | 36\.9 (98.4) | 36\.6 (97.9) | 36\.2 (97.2) | 36\.9 (98.4) | 35\.5 (95.9) | 35\.1 (95.2) | 35\.3 (95.5) | 37\.3 (99.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30\.8 (87.4) | 31\.4 (88.5) | 32\.2 (90.0) | 32\.4 (90.3) | 32\.0 (89.6) | 31\.6 (88.9) | 31\.2 (88.2) | 31\.3 (88.3) | 31\.6 (88.9) | 31\.8 (89.2) | 31\.2 (88.2) | 30\.8 (87.4) | 31\.5 (88.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 27\.1 (80.8) | 27\.3 (81.1) | 27\.9 (82.2) | 28\.3 (82.9) | 28\.2 (82.8) | 27\.9 (82.2) | 27\.6 (81.7) | 27\.5 (81.5) | 27\.6 (81.7) | 27\.8 (82.0) | 27\.6 (81.7) | 27\.3 (81.1) | 27\.7 (81.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23\.3 (73.9) | 23\.3 (73.9) | 23\.7 (74.7) | 24\.1 (75.4) | 24\.3 (75.7) | 24\.3 (75.7) | 24\.0 (75.2) | 23\.7 (74.7) | 23\.6 (74.5) | 23\.8 (74.8) | 24\.0 (75.2) | 23\.9 (75.0) | 23\.8 (74.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 21\.7 (71.1) | 21\.6 (70.9) | 22\.3 (72.1) | 22\.2 (72.0) | 21\.9 (71.4) | 22\.0 (71.6) | 21\.9 (71.4) | 21\.2 (70.2) | 21\.6 (70.9) | 22\.4 (72.3) | 22\.3 (72.1) | 22\.2 (72.0) | 21\.2 (70.2) |
| Average [precipitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation "Precipitation") mm (inches) | 162\.6 (6.40) | 139\.8 (5.50) | 203\.4 (8.01) | 232\.8 (9.17) | 215\.3 (8.48) | 148\.1 (5.83) | 177\.0 (6.97) | 185\.9 (7.32) | 190\.8 (7.51) | 217\.7 (8.57) | 237\.6 (9.35) | 244\.5 (9.63) | 2,355.5 (92.74) |
| Average precipitation days (⼠1.0 mm) | 11 | 9 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 16 | 17 | 15 | 162 |
| Source 1: IEM[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-160) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: [World Meteorological Organisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organisation "World Meteorological Organisation") (precipitation 1974â2000)[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-WMO-161)Meteomanz (extremes)[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Meteomanz-162) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
- Landscapes of Johor
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gunung_Ledang_from_the_road.jpg "Mount Ophir")
[Mount Ophir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ophir "Mount Ophir")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rawa_Island,_Johor,_Malaysia.jpg "Rawa Island beach")
[Rawa Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawa_Island "Rawa Island") beach
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sunrise_over_a_palm_plantation_in_Johor,_Malaysia.jpg "Sunrise over a palm oil plantation")
Sunrise over a palm oil plantation
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waterfall_in_Belumut_Mountain,_Kluang,_Johor,_Malaysia.jpg "Waterfall in Mount Belumut")
Waterfall in [Mount Belumut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Belumut "Mount Belumut")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johor_Bahru_skyline.png)
City centre skyline of [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru"), as of 2023.
### Biodiversity
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: Biodiversity")\]
See also: [Protected areas of Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Johor "Protected areas of Johor")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Change_tree-cover_loss_year_in_Johor,_2001-2024.png)
Tree-cover loss year in Johor, 2001-2024, from the [Global Forest Change dataset](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Forest_Change_dataset "Global Forest Change dataset").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiger_Shrike_\(Lanius_tigrinus\)_female_-_Flickr_-_Lip_Kee.jpg)
A female [tiger shrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_shrike "Tiger shrike") (*Lanius tigrinus*) in Panti Forest
The jungles of Johor host a diverse array of plant and animal species, with an estimated 950 [vertebrates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate "Vertebrate") species, comprising 200 mammals, 600 birds and 150 reptiles, along with 2,080 [invertebrate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate "Invertebrate") species.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_forestry-151) The [Endau-Rompin National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endau-Rompin_National_Park "Endau-Rompin National Park") is the largest [national park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_park "National park") in the state, covering an area of 48,905 hectares (120,847 acres) in northern Johor; its name comes from the Endau and Rompin rivers that flow through the park.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-163) There are two entry points for the park, one through Peta with an area of 19,562 hectares (48,339 acres) (about 40% of the total area) with entrance from [Kahang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahang "Kahang") in the Mersing District and the other at Kampung Selai with an area of 29,343 hectares (72,508 acres) (about 60% of the total area) with entrance from [Bekok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekok "Bekok") in Segamat District.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-164)[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Selai-165) Destinations in Peta including the Buaya Sangkut Waterfalls, Upeh Guling Waterfalls, Air Biru Lake, Janing Barat, Nature Education and Research Centre (NERC), Kuala Jasin and Peta indigenous village, while in Selai the area is mostly for hiking and [jungle trekking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpacking_\(wilderness\) "Backpacking (wilderness)").[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Selai-165)[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-166) Some mammal species found in the park include the [Asian elephant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_elephant "Asian elephant"), [clouded leopard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clouded_leopard "Clouded leopard"), [Malayan sun bear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_sun_bear "Malayan sun bear"), [Malayan tapir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_tapir "Malayan tapir") and [Malayan tiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_tiger "Malayan tiger").[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-167)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grey_Heron_in_Johor.jpg)
[Heron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron "Heron") in a swamp of Johor
[Gunung Ledang National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Ledang_National_Park "Gunung Ledang National Park") in western Johor, was established in 2005 with an area of 8,611 hectares (21,278 acres).[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-gunung_ledang_national_park-168) It has various rivers and streams, waterfalls, diverse rainforest, [pines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine "Pine"), and sub-[montane forest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_forest "Montane forest"), and the Tangkak Dam can also be seen from the park area. Several trails for hiking are available, such as the Asahan Trail, Ayer Panas Trail, Jementah Trail and Lagenda Trail.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-gunung_ledang_national_park-168) The state's only [marine park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_park "Marine park"), the Sultan Iskandar Park, is located off the east coast and is made up of 13 islands in six clusters, [Aur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur_Island "Aur Island"), [Besar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besar_Island,_Johor "Besar Island, Johor"), [Pemanggil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemanggil_Island "Pemanggil Island"), [Rawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawa_Island "Rawa Island"), [Sibu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibu_Island "Sibu Island") and [Tinggi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinggi_Island "Tinggi Island"), with an area of more than 8,000 hectares (19,768 acres).[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-169)[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-170) In 2003, three [wetlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland "Wetland") in southern Johor comprising [Kukup Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukup_Island "Kukup Island"), Pulai River and [Tanjung Piai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Piai "Tanjung Piai") were designated as a [Ramsar site](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_site "Ramsar site").[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-171) Tanjung Piai covers an area of 526 hectares (1,300 acres) of mangroves and another 400 hectares (988 acres) of inter-tidal [mudflats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflat "Mudflat"),[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-172) Pulai River with 9,126.0 hectares (22,551 acres)[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-173) and Kukup Island with 647 hectares (1,599 acres) surrounded by some 800 hectares (1,977 acres) of mudflats.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-174) The Pulai River became a [seahorse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahorse "Seahorse") sanctuary and hatchery as part of the state biodiversity masterplan, since Johor's waters are home to three of the eight seahorse species found in Malaysia.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-175)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarang_Buaya.jpg)
Crocodile sanctuary in [Pasir Gudang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Gudang "Pasir Gudang").
[Poaching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaching "Poaching") is a concern, with the number of wild animals in state parks decreasing with the rise of hunting and fishing in the 2000s.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-176) In 2004, local authorities uncovered large-scale [sandalwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandalwood "Sandalwood") (*gaharu*) poaching by foreigners in the Endau-Rompin National Park with a large number of protected plant species being confiscated from the suspects.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-177) The conversion of mangrove areas along the southern and eastern coasts for use in [aquaculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture "Aquaculture") projects, [sand mining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_mining "Sand mining") and rapid [urbanisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisation "Urbanisation") in addition to the abnormal weather patterns caused by [climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change") and rising sea levels are contributing to the [erosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_erosion "Coastal erosion") of the state's coastline.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-178) It has also been discovered that some 68,468 hectares (169,188 acres) of peatland soils in western Johor have been planted with [palm oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil "Palm oil") plantations.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-AshrafOthman2017-150) In 2017, around 28 rivers in the state were categorised as polluted,[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-179) leading the authorities and government to push for legislative change and sterner action against river polluters, especially since severe pollution has disrupted the [water supply](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply "Water supply") to an estimated 1.8 million people in the state.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-180)[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-181) The [2019 Kim Kim River toxic pollution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Kim_Kim_River_toxic_pollution "2019 Kim Kim River toxic pollution") affected 6,000 residents of the industrial area of Pasir Gudang with 2,775 being hospitalised.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-182)[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-183) [Forest fires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire "Wildfire") have also become a concern with more than 380 recorded throughout the state in 2016.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-184)[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-185)
## Economy
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: Economy")\]
Main article: [Economy of Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Johor "Economy of Johor")
Johor GDP Share by Sector (2016)[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-186)
1. Services (47.1%)
2. Manufacturing (30.6%)
3. Agriculture (13.5%)
4. Construction (6.80%)
5. Import Duties (1.90%)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tanjungpelepas.jpg)
[Port of Tanjung Pelepas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Pelepas_Port "Tanjung Pelepas Port"), the [15th busiest port in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_container_ports "List of busiest container ports") and the largest transshipment hub in Malaysia.
Johor's economy is mainly based on the [tertiary sector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy "Tertiary sector of the economy"), namely services, manufacturing, construction, etc.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-187)[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-188) In 2023, the [gross domestic product](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product "Gross domestic product") (GDP) of Johor was RM148.2 billion, the second highest among Malaysian states after [Selangor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor "Selangor") and the largest outside the [Klang Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_Valley "Klang Valley").[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-diversification-189) The state's [median income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_income "Median income") was RM5,652 in 2024, making it the state with the second highest median household income. In 2024, Johor had the fastest [GDP growth rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growth "Economic growth") among all Malaysian states and accounted for 9.6 per cent of Malaysia's GDP.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-190)[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-191) The state has the largest [services sector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_sector "Services sector") and [real estate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_economics "Real estate economics") development outside the [Klang Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_Valley "Klang Valley"), with the former contributing 8.6 percent of the country's services sector's GDP in 2023.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-192)[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-193)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legoland_Malaysia_Resort.jpg)
[Legoland Malaysia Resort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legoland_Malaysia_Resort "Legoland Malaysia Resort")
Johor is the top investment destination in Malaysia.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-194)[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-195)[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-196) It has been ranked the top state in Malaysia for six consecutive years in approved manufacturing projects valued at RM145 billion from 2013 to 2018.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-197) The state attracted the highest [foreign direct investment (FDI)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment "Foreign direct investment") among all Malaysian states in 2022, primarily in the manufacturing sector.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-198) In 2017, RM16.8 billion came from domestic direct investment and RM5.1 billion came from foreign direct investment, with Australia, China and the United States being the top three foreign investors in manufacturing.[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-199) With the influx of foreign investments, Johor has also been ranked the second largest [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") hub globally.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-:0-200)[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-201)[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-202)
Johor is the second largest trade contributor in Malaysia, and has the second largest share of the country's imports, after Selangor.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-203) The state is also Southeast Asia's largest [data centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_center "Data center") hub and the third largest in [Asia Pacific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific "Asia-Pacific").[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-204) As a prominent regional manufacturing hub, the state is home to major [multinational corporations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation "Multinational corporation") (MNCs) in Malaysia, like [ByteDance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ByteDance "ByteDance"), [Nvidia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia "Nvidia"), [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft"), [Micron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micron_Technology "Micron Technology"), [Saudi Aramco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco "Saudi Aramco"), [Foxconn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxconn "Foxconn"), among others.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-205)[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-206)[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-207)[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-208)[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-209) Its capital city, [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru"), has been ranked the world's 20th most attractive city for businesses, second in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur, according to [Oliver Wyman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wyman "Oliver Wyman"), a [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City "New York City")\-based management consulting firm.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-210)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jbjbjb.jpg)
[Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru") skyline.
[Iskandar Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Malaysia "Iskandar Malaysia") located in southern Johor, is the largest [special economic zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_economic_zone "Special economic zone") in Malaysia by investment value and [GDP per capita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP_per_capita "GDP per capita"), encompassing the city centre of [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru"), [Iskandar Puteri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Puteri "Iskandar Puteri"), [Kulai District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulai_District "Kulai District"), [Pasir Gudang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Gudang "Pasir Gudang") and South [Pontian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontian_District "Pontian District"). It is a major development zone in the nation with an area of 221,634 hectares (2,216.34 km2).[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-211)[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-iskandar_malaysia-212) It primarily focuses on [trading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade "Trade") and services, manufacturing, business and finance, logistics, [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence"), modern [farming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farming "Farming") and [ecotourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotourism "Ecotourism").[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-state_economic_planning_data-213) With the establishment of the Johor-Singapore Special Economic Zone, the state is set to rival Klang Valley, the main economic region in Malaysia, in the next decade.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-214)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johor_9_August_2022_01.jpg)
[Pengerang Integrated Petroleum Complex (PIPC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengerang_Integrated_Petroleum_Complex "Pengerang Integrated Petroleum Complex"), the largest petrochemical hub in Malaysia.
The total industrial area in the state as of 2015 was 144 km2 (56 sq mi) or 0.75 per cent of the land in Johor.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_town_planning-119) The state also houses [Johor Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Corporation "Johor Corporation") (JCorp), a [state-owned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprise "State-owned enterprise") [conglomerate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_\(company\) "Conglomerate (company)") involved in various business activities in the state and overseas.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-215)[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-216) Johor is also the largest agriculture output contributor in Malaysia.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-217) The main agricultural sectors in the state are [palm oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil "Palm oil") plantations, rubber plantations, and [produce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produce "Produce").[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_town_planning-119) In 2015, land area used for agriculture in Johor covered 11,555 km2 (4,461 sq mi), 60.15 per cent of the state, with other plantations including [herbs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb "Herb") and [spices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice "Spice").[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_town_planning-119)[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_plantation_statistics-218) In 2016, palm oil plantations covered 7,456 km2 (2,879 sq mi) (38.8 per cent of the total land area), making it the third largest [plantation area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil_production_in_Malaysia "Palm oil production in Malaysia") in Malaysia after [Sabah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah "Sabah") and Sarawak.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-219) Farmers' markets ([Malay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language "Malay language"): *pasar peladang*) are used to distribute the agricultural produces which are located around the state.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-220) Johor is the biggest fruit producer in Malaysia, with a total fruit plantation area of 414 km2 (160 sq mi) and total harvesting area of 305 km2 (118 sq mi). Approximately 532,249 tons of fruit was produced in 2016, with Segamat District having the largest major fruit plantation and harvesting area in the state with a total area of 111 km2 (43 sq mi) and 66 km2 (25 sq mi), respectively, while Kluang District had the highest total fruit production at 163,714 tons. In the same year, Johor was the second biggest producer of vegetables among Malaysian states after Pahang, with a total vegetable plantation area of 154 km2 (59 sq mi) and a total harvesting area of 143 km2 (55 sq mi). Kluang District also had the largest vegetable plantation and harvesting areas, with a total area of 36 km2 (14 sq mi), and the highest total vegetable production at 60,102 tons.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_plantation_statistics-218)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Astaka_at_Bukit_Senyum,_Johor_Bahru.jpg)
[The Astaka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Astaka "The Astaka") is the tallest residential building in Southeast Asia.
Johor benefits from Singaporean investors and tourists due to its close proximity to Singapore.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_economy-115)[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-221)[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-222) From 1990 to 1992, approved Singaporean investments in Johor amounted to about US\$500 million in 272 projects.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-223) In 1994, the investment from Singapore was nearly 40% of the state's total foreign investment. The state also had a policy of "twinning with Singapore" to promote their industrial development, which increased the movement of people and [goods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods "Goods") between the two.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-224)[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-225)[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-226) The close economic links between the two began with the establishment of the [IndonesiaâMalaysiaâSingapore Growth Triangle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia%E2%80%93Singapore_Growth_Triangle "IndonesiaâMalaysiaâSingapore Growth Triangle") (SIJORI Growth Triangle) in 1989.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-227)
## Utilities
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: Utilities")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RTS_Viaducts_to_Bukit_Chagar_Under_Construction_20240318_160437.jpg)
[RTS Bukit Chagar Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukit_Chagar_RTS_station "Bukit Chagar RTS station") under construction in Johor Bahru City Centre
The Johor Department of Economy Planning is responsible for all public infrastructure planning and development in the state,[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-228) while the Landscape Department is responsible for the state's landscape development.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-229) Since the [Ninth Malaysia Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Malaysia_Plan "Ninth Malaysia Plan"), the Johor Southern Corridor has been a focus for development.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-230) In 2010, the total state land used for [commercial buildings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_building "Commercial building") was 21.53 km2 (8.31 sq mi), with [Johor Bahru District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_District "Johor Bahru District") accounting for 12.99 km2 (5.02 sq mi) or 63.5%.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-johor_data_handbook-231) Since 2012, around RM2.63 billion has been allocated by the federal and state governments for 33 infrastructure projects in Pengerang in southeastern Johor.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-232) The 2015 state budget included spending more than RM500 million for development in the following year â the highest amount ever allocated.[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-233) The state government also ensured that infrastructure and development projects would be fairly distributed to all districts in the state,[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-234) with six focus areas outlined in the state government's strategic development plan in 2018.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-235) In the same year, the federal government allocated RM250 million for three infrastructure projects to improve connectivity and accessibility within the state capital.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-236) Following the recent change in the state government administration, the new government also pledged to provide better infrastructure for investors by improving the road network, providing an adequate water supply for factories and building sub-stations for electricity generation while rejecting foreign companies after discovering a foreign investor who claimed to use green technology to hide that he intended to use Johor as a waste disposal site.[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-237)[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-238)
### Energy and water resources
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: Energy and water resources")\]
Electricity distribution in the state is managed by [Tenaga Nasional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenaga_Nasional "Tenaga Nasional") Berhad. Most electricity is generated by [coal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_power_plant "Coal power plant") and [gas-fired plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station "Fossil fuel power station"). The coal power plant had a capacity of 700 [MW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt "Megawatt") in 2007 and 3,100 MW in 2016, which originated from the Tanjung Bin Power Station in Pontian.[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-239)[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-240)[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-241) Two gas-fired plants, Pasir Gudang Power Station with 210 MW and [Sultan Iskandar Power Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Iskandar_Power_Station "Sultan Iskandar Power Station") with 269 MW, are located in Pasir Gudang.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-capacity-242)[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-243) The Pasir Gudang Power Station was retired from the system in 2016.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-capacity-242) The state government has been planning to construct [hydropower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower "Hydropower") and [combined cycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_cycle "Combined cycle") power plants since 2015 and 2018 respectively.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-244)[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-245) A new combined cycle power plant was constructed on a greenfield site near the old decommissioned power plants in Pasir Gudang, named the Sultan Ibrahim Power Plant.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-246)
All water supply pipes in the state are managed by the Water Regulatory Bodies of Johor, with a total of 11 reservoirs: Congok, Gunung Ledang, Gunung Pulai 1, Gunung Pulai 2, Gunung Pulai 3, Juaseh, Layang Lower, Layang Upper, Lebam, Linggiu and Pontian Kechil.[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-247)[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-248) The state also supplies [raw water](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_water "Raw water") to Singapore for RM0.03 for every 3.8 cubic metres (1,000 US gal) drawn from Johor rivers. In return, the Johor state government pays the Singaporean government 50 cents (RM0.50) for every 3.8 cubic metres of treated water from Singapore.[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-249)
### Telecommunication and broadcasting
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: Telecommunication and broadcasting")\]
As of August 2022, Johor had the largest [5G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G "5G") internet coverage in Malaysia, Johor Bahru's [internet speed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_speed "Internet speed") is also the fastest in Malaysia and second in [Southeast Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia "Southeast Asia"), after Singapore.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-250)[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-251) Telecommunications in Johor were originally administered by the Posts and Telecommunication Department and maintained by the British [Cable & Wireless Communications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_Communications "Cable & Wireless Communications"), which was responsible for all telecommunication services in Malaya.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-252)[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-telecom_merged-253) During this time, a [troposcatter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospheric_scatter "Tropospheric scatter") system was installed on Mount Pulai in Johor and Mount Serapi in Sarawak to connect radio signals between [British Malaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malaya "British Malaya") and [British Borneo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Borneo "British Borneo"), the only such system for both territories to allow simultaneous transmission of radio programs to North Borneo and Sarawak.[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-254) In 1968, following the foundation of the Federation of Malaysia, the telecommunication departments in Malaya and Borneo merged to form the Telecommunications Department Malaysia, which later became [Telekom Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekom_Malaysia "Telekom Malaysia") (TM).[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-telecom_merged-253) Early in 1964, [Ericsson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericsson "Ericsson") âa Nordic telecommunication companyâ began operating in the country. Following the first [AXE telephone exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AXE_telephone_exchange "AXE telephone exchange") in Southeast Asia that went online in Pelangi in 1980, TM was provided with the first mobile telephone network, named ATUR, in 1984.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-255) Since then, the Malaysia's cellular network has expanded rapidly.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-256) From 2013 until 2017, the state mobile-cellular penetration rate has reached 100%, with 11.3% to 11.5% of the population using the internet.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-257)[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-258)
In 2018, the state internet speed was 10 [Mbps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbps "Mbps") with the government urging the [Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Communications_and_Multimedia_Commission "Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission") to develop high-speed Internet infrastructure to reach 100 Mbit/s to match the state's current rapid development.[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-259) The Malaysian federal government operates one radio channel â [Johor FM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_FM "Johor FM") through its Department of Broadcasting, officially known as [Radio Televisyen Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Televisyen_Malaysia "Radio Televisyen Malaysia").[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-260) There is one independent radio station, [Best FM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_FM_\(Malaysia\) "Best FM (Malaysia)"), which launched in 1988.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-261) Television broadcasting in the state is divided into [terrestrial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_television "Terrestrial television") and [satellite television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_television "Satellite television"). There are two types of [free-to-air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-to-air "Free-to-air") television providers, [MYTV Broadcasting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYTV_Broadcasting "MYTV Broadcasting") (digital terrestrial) and [Astro NJOI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_NJOI "Astro NJOI") (satellite), while [IPTV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV "IPTV") is accessed via [Unifi TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unifi_TV "Unifi TV") through the UniFi fibre optic internet subscription.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-262)
## Transportation
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: Transportation")\]
### Roads
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: Roads")\]
See also: [List of bus routes in Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Johor_Bahru "List of bus routes in Johor Bahru")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johor_Bahru_Eastern_Dispersal_Link_Expressway_20240318_154901.jpg)
[Johor Bahru Eastern Dispersal Link Expressway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_Eastern_Dispersal_Link_Expressway "Johor Bahru Eastern Dispersal Link Expressway"), a major expressway leading to the city centre, from the rest of Malaysia.
The state is linked to the other Malaysian states and federal territories on the western coast through the [NorthâSouth Expressway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Expressway_\(Malaysia\) "NorthâSouth Expressway (Malaysia)") and on the eastern coast through [Malaysia Federal Route 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Federal_Route_3 "Malaysia Federal Route 3"). Since British colonial times, there has been a road system linking Johor's capital in the southern Malay Peninsula to [Kangar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangar "Kangar") in the north and [Kota Bharu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Bharu "Kota Bharu") on the east coast.[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-road_networks-263) The roads in Johor are classified into two categories; 2,369 kilometres (1,472 mi) are [federal roads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Federal_Roads_system "Malaysian Federal Roads system") while 19,329 kilometres (12,010 mi) are [state roads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_State_Roads_system "Malaysian State Roads system"), as of 2016.[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-road_networks-263)[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-264) Johor uses a [dual carriageway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_carriageway "Dual carriageway") with the [left-hand traffic rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic "Left- and right-hand traffic"), and towns in the state provide public transportation services such as buses and taxis along with [Grab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grab_\(company\) "Grab (company)") services. The [Sungai Johor Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Johor_Bridge "Sungai Johor Bridge") is in Johor, which is the longest central span river-crossing bridge in Malaysia and connects [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_District "Johor Bahru District") and [Kota Tinggi District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Tinggi_District "Kota Tinggi District"). There are various expressways in the state capital city, including [Tebrau Highway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebrau_Highway "Tebrau Highway"), [Johor Bahru Eastern Dispersal Link Expressway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_Eastern_Dispersal_Link_Expressway "Johor Bahru Eastern Dispersal Link Expressway"), [Pasir Gudang Highway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Gudang_Highway "Pasir Gudang Highway"), and others. In 2018, construction of the [Iskandar Malaysia Bus Rapid Transit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Malaysia_Bus_Rapid_Transit "Iskandar Malaysia Bus Rapid Transit") was announced to be completed before 2021.[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-265)
The previous federal government had allocated RM29.43 billion as part of the [Eleventh Malaysia Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_Malaysia_Plan "Eleventh Malaysia Plan") for infrastructure projects including upgrading roads and bridges.[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-266) The state government also spends over RM600 million on road maintenance annually.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-267)
### Rail
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: Rail")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JB_Sentral_sign_and_entrance.jpg)
[Johor Bahru Sentral railway station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_Sentral_railway_station "Johor Bahru Sentral railway station") in [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ETS3-Class94_train_arriving_at_Pulau_Sebang-Tampin_KTM_station.jpg)
The [KTM ETS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTM_ETS "KTM ETS") service was extended to the state in 2025.
Rail transport in the state is operated by [Keretapi Tanah Melayu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keretapi_Tanah_Melayu "Keretapi Tanah Melayu") (KTM).[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-268) The railway line is connected to all of the states in western [Peninsular Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia "Peninsular Malaysia"). It is also connected to stations in [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") and [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand "Thailand").[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-269) The [KTM ETS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTM_ETS "KTM ETS") service was extended into Johor in 2025, beginning with [Segamat railway station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segamat_railway_station "Segamat railway station") in March, towards [Kluang railway station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluang_railway_station "Kluang railway station") in August and [Johor Bahru Sentral station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_Sentral_station "Johor Bahru Sentral station") in December.
With its full completion, travel time by rail between [Kuala Lumpur Sentral station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Sentral_station "Kuala Lumpur Sentral station") and Johor Bahru Sentral station was reduced to 3.5 hours.[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-270) The upcoming [Johor BahruâSingapore Rapid Transit System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru%E2%80%93Singapore_Rapid_Transit_System "Johor BahruâSingapore Rapid Transit System") (RTS Link) linking Johor Bahru to [Woodlands, Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlands,_Singapore "Woodlands, Singapore") will be the first [rapid transit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit "Rapid transit") system outside the [Klang Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_Valley "Klang Valley").[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-271)
### Air
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: Air")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senai_International_Airport.jpg)
[Senai International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senai_International_Airport "Senai International Airport")
The [Senai International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senai_International_Airport "Senai International Airport") is the largest and the only international airport in Johor, which acts as the main gateway to the state. The airport is located in [Senai Town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senai "Senai"), [Kulai District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulai_District "Kulai District"). In 2016, the Malaysian federal government approved a total of RM7 million in upgrades for the airport.[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-272)[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-273) Four airlines fly to Johor: [AirAsia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirAsia "AirAsia"), [Malaysia Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines "Malaysia Airlines"), [Firefly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly_\(airline\) "Firefly (airline)") and [Batik Air Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik_Air_Malaysia "Batik Air Malaysia").[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-274) Other minor airports including [Kluang Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluang_Airport "Kluang Airport"), [Mersing Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersing_Airport "Mersing Airport"), Segamat Airstrip and Batu Pahat Airstrip in Kluang District, Mersing District, Segamat District and Batu Pahat District, respectively.[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-275)
### Water
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: Water")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puteri_Harbour_International_Ferry_Terminal.jpg)
Puteri Harbour International Ferry Terminal in [Iskandar Puteri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Puteri "Iskandar Puteri").
Johor has four ports in Iskandar Puteri and Pasir Gudang, which operate under three different companies. The [Port of Tanjung Pelepas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Pelepas "Port of Tanjung Pelepas") in western [Iskandar Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Malaysia "Iskandar Malaysia") is currently the 15th busiest port in the world, and the largest transshipment hub in Malaysia.[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-276) Johor also has two other container ports, the Integrated Container Terminal in Tanjung Langsat and [Johor Port](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Port "Johor Port") in [Pasir Gudang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Gudang "Pasir Gudang").[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-277)[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-278) The [Tanjung Langsat Terminal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Langsat_Port "Tanjung Langsat Port") serves as the state's regional oil and gas hub and supports offshore [petroleum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry "Petroleum industry") exploration and production, while Johor Port is the world's largest [palm oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil "Palm oil") terminal.[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-279)[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-280) There are boat services to ports in [Batam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batam "Batam") and [Tanjung Pinang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Pinang "Tanjung Pinang") of the [Bintan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintan_Island "Bintan Island") Islands in Indonesia and to port in [Changi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changi "Changi") in [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore").[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-281)[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-282)
## Healthcare
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: Healthcare")\]
See also: [List of hospitals in Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Malaysia "List of hospitals in Malaysia")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sultanah_Aminah_Hospital.JPG)
[Sultanah Aminah Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanah_Aminah_Hospital "Sultanah Aminah Hospital"), the main [government hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_hospital "Government hospital") in the state.
Health-related matters in Johor are administered by the Johor State Health Office ([Malay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language "Malay language"): *Jabatan Kesihatan Negeri Johor*). The state has two major government hospitals, [Sultanah Aminah Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanah_Aminah_Hospital "Sultanah Aminah Hospital") and [Sultan Ismail Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ismail_Hospital "Sultan Ismail Hospital"), nine government district hospitals Permai Hospital, Sultanah Fatimah Hospital, Sultanah Nora Ismail Hospital, Enche' Besar Hajjah Khalsom Hospital, Segamat Hospital, Pontian Hospital, Kota Tinggi Hospital, Mersing Hospital, and Tangkak Hospital, and Temenggung Seri Maharaja Tun Ibrahim Hospital, a women's and children's hospital and mental hospital. Other public health clinics, [1Malaysia clinics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Malaysia#1Malaysia_clinics "1Malaysia") and rural clinics are scattered throughout the state with a number of private hospitals such as Penawar Hospital, Johor Specialist Hospital, Regency Specialist Hospital, Pantai Hospital Batu Pahat, Putra Specialist Hospital Batu Pahat, Puteri Specialist Hospital, KPJ Specialist Hospital Muar, Abdul Samad Specialist Hospital, [Columbia Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Asia "Columbia Asia"), Gleneagles Medini Hospital and KPJ Specialist Hospital Pasir Gudang.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-283) In 2009, the state's doctorâpatient ratio was 3 per 1,000 population.[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-284)
## Education
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: Education")\]
Main articles: [List of schools in Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Johor "List of schools in Johor") and [List of universities in Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Malaysia "List of universities in Malaysia")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sultan_Ibrahim_Chancellor_Building.jpg)
[University of Technology Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Technology,_Malaysia "University of Technology, Malaysia")
All primary and secondary schools are under the jurisdiction of the Johor State Education Department, under the guidance of the national [Ministry of Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_\(Malaysia\) "Ministry of Education (Malaysia)").[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-285) The oldest school in Johor is the [English College Johore Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_College_Johore_Bahru "English College Johore Bahru") (1914).[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-286) As of 2013, Johor had a total of 240 government secondary schools,[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-287) fifteen [international schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_school "International school") (Austin Heights Private and International Schools,[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-288) Crescendo-HELP International School,[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-289) [Crescendo International College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescendo_International_College "Crescendo International College"),[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-290) Excelsior International School,[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-291) Paragon Private and International School,[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-292) Seri Omega Private and International School,[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-293) Sri Ara International Schools,[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-294) StarClub Education,[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-295) Sunway International School,[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-296) [Tenby Schools Setia Eco Gardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenby_International_School "Tenby International School"),[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-297) UniWorld International School,[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-298) and Raffles American School[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-299) and three international campuses of British [Marlborough College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_College "Marlborough College"),[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-300) R.E.A.L Schools[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-301) and Utama Schools),[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-302) and nine [Chinese independent schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_independent_high_school "Chinese independent high school"). Johor has a considerable number of Malay and indigenous students enrolled in Chinese schools.[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-303) There is also an Indonesian school in the state capital mainly for the children of Indonesian migrants.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-304) There are two Japanese learning centres in Johor Bahru.[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-305) The state government also emphasises pre-school education in the state with the establishment of several [kindergartens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten "Kindergarten") such as Nuri Kindergarten and Childcare,[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-306) Stellar Preschool[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-307) and Tadika Kastil.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-308)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U_of_Southampton_Malaysia.png)
[University of Southampton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southampton "University of Southampton") Malaysia campus in [Iskandar Puteri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Puteri "Iskandar Puteri").
Johor has three public universities, the [University of Technology Malaysia (UTM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Technology,_Malaysia "University of Technology, Malaysia") in [Skudai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skudai "Skudai"), [Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Hussein_Onn_University_of_Malaysia "Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia") in [Parit Raja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parit_Raja "Parit Raja"), and [Universiti Teknologi MARA Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Teknologi_MARA "Universiti Teknologi MARA") in [Jementah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jementah "Jementah") and the state capital. As of 2024, UTM is the second highest ranked university in Malaysia, after [University of Malaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Malaya "University of Malaya"), according to [Webometrics Ranking of World Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webometrics_Ranking_of_World_Universities "Webometrics Ranking of World Universities").[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-309) EduHub Pagoh, the largest public higher education hub in Malaysia, is being constructed at [Bandar Universiti Pagoh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Universiti_Pagoh "Bandar Universiti Pagoh"), a new planned education township in [Muar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_\(town\) "Muar (town)").[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-310) The state also houses a number of international university branches, including [Newcastle University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_University "Newcastle University") Medicine Malaysia, Netherlands Maritime Institute of Technology, [University of Southampton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southampton "University of Southampton") Malaysia, [University of Reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Reading "University of Reading") Malaysia, [Monash University Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_University_Malaysia "Monash University Malaysia") Clinical School, and others.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-311)
There are several polytechnics including [Ibrahim Sultan Polytechnic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Sultan_Polytechnic "Ibrahim Sultan Polytechnic") and Mersing Polytechnic; and two teaching colleges, IPG Kampus Temenggong Ibrahim in Johor Bahru and IPG Kampus Tun Hussien Onn in Batu Pahat.[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-312)[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-313) It has one non-profit community college, [Southern University College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_University_College "Southern University College") in Skudai.[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-314) There is also a proposal to establish the University of Johor that has been welcomed by the Sultan of Johor with the federal education ministry also willing to extend their co-operation.[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-315)[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-316)
To ensure the quality of education in the state, the state government introduced six long-term measures to upgrade the capability of local teachers.[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-317) In 2018, it was reported that Johor was among several Malaysian states facing a teacher shortage, so the federal education ministry set up a special committee to study ways to tackle the problem.[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-318)
The Johor State Library is the main public library in the state.[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-319)
## Demography
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: Demography")\]
### Ethnicity and immigration
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: Ethnicity and immigration")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johor_Premium_Outlet,_Malaysia.jpg)
Johor residents with families near the end of the year, at the [Johor Premium Outlets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Premium_Outlets "Johor Premium Outlets").
| Year | Pop. | Âą% |
|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 1,277,180 | â |
| 1980 | 1,580,423 | \+23.7% |
| 1991 | 2,069,740 | \+31.0% |
| 2000 | 2,584,997 | \+24.9% |
| 2010 | 3,230,440 | \+25.0% |
| 2020 | 4,009,670 | \+24.1% |
| Source: [\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-2020KF-4) | | |
The 2023 Malaysian census reported the population of Johor at 4,100,900, with a non-citizen population of 276,900, making it the second most populous state in Malaysia, after Selangor.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-2015_population-320) Of the Malaysian residents, 2,464,640 (60.1%) are [Bumiputera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera_\(Malaysia\) "Bumiputera (Malaysia)"), 1,312,128 (32.8%) are [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese "Malaysian Chinese"), 246,054 (6.0%) are [Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Indian "Malaysian Indian").[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-2015_population-320) In 2010, the population was estimated to be around 3,348,243, with 1,972,115 (58.9%) Bumiputera, 1,292,421(38.6%) Chinese, 237,725 (7.1%) Indian.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-total_population-128) Despite the racial diversity of the population, most people in Johor identify themselves as "*Bangsa Johor*" ([English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language "English language"): *Johor race*), which is also echoed by Johor's royal family to unite the population regardless of ancestry.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-321) [Johor Bahru District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_District "Johor Bahru District"), anchoring the state capital Johor Bahru, is currently the second most populous [district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_in_Malaysia "Districts in Malaysia") in Malaysia with a population of 1.8 million, as of 2023.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-322)
| | | |
|---|---|---|
| Ethnic | | Percent |
| [Bumiputera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera_\(Malaysia\) "Bumiputera (Malaysia)") | | 60\.1% |
| [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese "Malaysian Chinese") | | 32\.8% |
| [Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Indian "Malaysian Indian") | | 6\.6% |
| Non-Malaysian citizen | | 6\.0% |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kampung_Punjut_Orang_Asli_girls_playing.jpg)
Girls from the [aboriginal people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Asli "Orang Asli") of Johor
As Malaysia is one of the [least densely populated countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density "List of countries and dependencies by population density") in Asia, the state is particularly sparsely populated, with most people concentrated in the coastal urban areas, since towns and urban centres have massively expanded through recent developments. From 1991 to 2000, the state experienced a 2.39% average annual [population growth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growth "Population growth"), with Johor Bahru District being the highest at 4.59% growth and Segamat District being the lowest at 0.07%.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-johor_data_handbook-231) The total population increased by about 600,000 every decade following the increase of residential developments in the southern developmental region; if the pattern continues, Johor will have an estimated 5.6 million people in 2030, larger than the government projection of 4 million.[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-323)
Johor is among the most popular destinations for [expatriates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriate "Expatriate") in the region. Its strategic geographical position has contributed to the state's rapid development as Malaysia's transportation and industrial hub, creating jobs and attracting migrants from other states and overseas, especially from Singapore, China, Indonesia, the [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam"), Myanmar, [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh "Bangladesh"), India and [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan"). As of 2018, nearly two thirds of foreign workers in Malaysia were located in Johor, Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, according to [World Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank "World Bank").[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-324) Due to its rapid development and diversified economy, Johor attracted the highest number of inter-state migrants among all Malaysian states, with an influx of over 11.9 thousand people in 2020, despite dropping in 2022.[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-325)
### Religion
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=30 "Edit section: Religion")\]
| | | |
|---|---|---|
| Religion | | Percent |
| [Islam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam "Islam") | | 58\.7% |
| [Buddhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism") | | 25\.9% |
| [Christianity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity "Christianity") | | 8\.2% |
| [Hinduism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism "Hinduism") | | 6% |
| [No religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion "Irreligion")/Unknown | | 0\.2% |
| Others | | 0\.3% |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sultan_Abu_Bakar_State_Mosque.jpg)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JB_Old_Chinese_Temple_3.JPG)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sri_Mariamman_Temple,_JB_2.JPG)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_\(Johor_Bahru\).jpg)
[Place of worship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_of_worship "Place of worship") in Johor. Clockwise from top right: [Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_Old_Chinese_Temple "Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple"), [Church of the Immaculate Conception](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_\(Johor\) "Church of the Immaculate Conception (Johor)"), Sri Mariamman Temple and the [Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Abu_Bakar_State_Mosque "Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque").
Islam became the [state religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion "State religion") upon the adoption of the 1895 Johor Constitution, although other religions can be freely practised.[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-327) According to the 2020 Malaysian census the religious affiliation of Johor's population was 58.7% [Muslim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim "Muslim"), 25.9% [Buddhist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist "Buddhist"), 8.2% [Christian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians "Christians"), 6% [Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindus "Hindus"), 0.1% followers of other religions or unknown affiliations, 0.2% [Taoist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism "Taoism") or [Chinese folk religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion "Chinese folk religion") adherents, and 0.2% non-religious.[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-total_religion-326) The census indicated that 80.2% of the Chinese population in Johor identified as Buddhists, with significant minorities identifying as Christians (18.2%), Chinese folk religion adherents (1.6%) and Muslims (0.2%). The majority of the Indian population identified as Hindus (73.5%), with significant minorities identifying as Christians (6.1%), Muslims (9.2%) and Buddhists (2.8%). The non-Malay bumiputera community was predominantly Christians (68.3%), with significant minorities identifying as Muslims (21.6%) and Buddhists (15%). Among the majority population, all Malay bumiputera identified as Muslims.[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-total_religion-326)
### Languages
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=31 "Edit section: Languages")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coconut_Wine_Shop,_Johor_Bahru.jpg)
Multilingual sign in Malay, English, Chinese and Tamil at a restaurant in [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru").
The majority of Johoreans are at least bilingual, with [Malay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language "Malay language") as the official language in Johor.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-328) Other multilingual speakers may also be fluent in [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language "English language"), [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language "Chinese language") and [Tamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language "Tamil language") languages.[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-329)
Johorean Malay, also known as Johor-Riau Malay and originally spoken in Johor, [Riau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau "Riau"), [Riau Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau_Islands "Riau Islands"), [Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca "Malacca"), [Selangor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor "Selangor") and [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"), has been adopted as the basis for both the [Malaysian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Malay "Malaysian Malay") and [Indonesian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language "Indonesian language") national languages.[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-330) Due to Johor's location at the confluence of trade routes within [Maritime Southeast Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia "Maritime Southeast Asia") as well as its history as an influential empire, the dialect has spread as the region's *[lingua franca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca "Lingua franca")* since the 15th century; hence the adoption of the dialect as the basis for the national languages of [Brunei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei "Brunei"), Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-331) Several related languages are also spoken in Johor such as [Orang Seletar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language "Orang Seletar language") (spoken along the Straits of Johor and in northern Singapore), [Orang Kanaq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language "Orang Kanaq language") (spoken in small parts of southeastern Johor), [Jakun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakun_language "Jakun language") (spoken mostly in inland parts of Johor), [Temuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuan_language "Temuan language") (spoken near the border with Pahang and Negeri Sembilan) and [Orang Kuala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duano%27_language "Duano' language") (spoken along the northwest coast of Johor). [Terengganu Malay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu_Malay "Terengganu Malay"), a distinct variant of Malay, is spoken in the district of [Mersing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersing "Mersing") near the border with [Rompin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rompin "Rompin"), Pahang.[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-332)
Different [dialect groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese "Varieties of Chinese") of the Chinese language are spoken among the Chinese community in the state, including [Hokkien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien "Hokkien"), [Teochew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew_Min "Teochew Min"), [Hakka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_Chinese "Hakka Chinese"), [Cantonese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese "Cantonese"), [Hainanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanese "Hainanese"), [Foochow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foochow "Foochow"), and [Henghua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henghua "Henghua").
The Indian community predominantly speaks Tamil. There is also a significant number of [Malayalee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Malayalees "Malaysian Malayalees") populations in parts of [Segamat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segamat "Segamat"), [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru") and [Masai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masai,_Johor "Masai, Johor"), who speak [Malayalam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_language "Malayalam language") as their mother tongue. Moreover, small number of other Indian language speakers such as the [Bengali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language "Bengali language"), [Telugu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language "Telugu language"), and [Punjabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language "Punjabi language") language speakers are also present. Many [Malayalees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalees "Malayalees") and [Telugus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugus "Telugus") are often categorised as Tamils by the Tamils themselves, and by other groups, as they use the Tamil language as a *lingua franca* among other Indian communities as in other locations in Peninsular Malaysia.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-333)
In 2017, the Queen of Johor, as the royal patron of the Malaysian English Language Teaching Association, called for a more conducive environment for young Malaysians to master English since there has been a drastic decline in proficiency among the younger Malaysian generation.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-334)[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-335)
## Culture
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=32 "Edit section: Culture")\]
Main article: [Culture of Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia "Culture of Malaysia")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johor_Heritage_Foundation.jpg)
The Johor Heritage Foundation building in the state capital
Johor's culture has been influenced by different ethnicities throughout history, especially by the Arabs, Bugis and Javanese people, with the state also becoming a mixture of different cultures among the Chinese, Indian, Malay and aboriginal people.[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-336)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zapin.jpg)
*[Zapin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapin "Zapin")* performance in a school in Batu Pahat
A strong [Arab cultural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_culture "Arab culture") influence is apparent in art performances like *[zapin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapin "Zapin")*, *masri* and *hamdolok* and in musical instruments like the *[gambus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanb%C5%ABs "QanbĹŤs")*.[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-337)[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-culture_demise-338) The *zapin* dance was introduced in the 14th century by Arab Muslim missionaries from [Hadhramaut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadhramaut "Hadhramaut"), [Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen "Yemen"), and was originally performed only by male dancers, although female dancers are now common.[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-zapin-339) The dance itself differs among five Johor regions, namely *zapin tenglu* and *zapin pulau* (Mersing), *zapin lenga* (Muar), *zapin pekajang* (Johor Bahru), *zapin koris* (Batu Pahat) and *zapin parit mustar* with *zapin seri bunian* (Pontian).[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-zapin-339) Another Arab legacy is the use of Arabic names with *[wadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi "Wadi")* (valley) for areas populated by the Arab community in the state capital such as "*wadi hana*" and "*wadi hassan*".[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-340)
Buginese and [Javanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_Malaysian "Javanese Malaysian") cultural influences are found in the *bosara* and *[kuda kepang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuda_lumping "Kuda lumping")* dances introduced to Johor before the early 20th century by immigrants of respective communities.[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-341)[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-342) The influence of [Javanese language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language "Javanese language") on the local Malay dialect is also noticeable from particular vocabulary collected in recorded observations.[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-343) Indian culture inspired the *[ghazal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal "Ghazal")*. These cultural activities are normally performed at Malay weddings and religious festivals.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-culture_demise-338) The aboriginal culture is also unique with a diversity of traditions still practised, such as the making of traditional weapons, medicines, [handicrafts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicraft "Handicraft") and [souvenirs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souvenir "Souvenir").[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-344)
### Chingay parade
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: Chingay parade")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chingay_Johor_2018.jpg)
Chingay parade in 2018
The Chinese community holds the [Chingay parade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chingay_parade "Chingay parade") annually by the [Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_Old_Chinese_Temple "Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple"), which unites the five Chinese ethnic groups in Johor, namely [Cantonese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_people "Cantonese people"), [Hainanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_people "Hainan people"), [Hakka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_people "Hakka people"), [Hoklo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoklo_people "Hoklo people") and [Teochew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew_people "Teochew people").[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-345) This co-operation among different Chinese cultures under a voluntary organisation became a symbol of harmony among the different Chinese people that deepens their sense of heritage to preserve their cultural traditions.[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-346) The [Johor Bahru Chinese Heritage Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_Chinese_Heritage_Museum "Johor Bahru Chinese Heritage Museum") describes the history of Chinese migration into Johor from the 14th to 19th centuries during the [Ming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty "Ming dynasty") and [Qing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty "Qing dynasty") dynasties. The ruler of Johor encouraged the Chinese community to plant [gambier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambier_\(extract\) "Gambier (extract)") and [pepper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper "Black pepper") in the interior. Many of these farmers switched to [pineapple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple "Pineapple") cultivation in the 20th century, making Johor one of Malaysia's top fruit producers.[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-347)
### Cuisine
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=34 "Edit section: Cuisine")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haa_tuu_diaa_mee_bandung_joho.jpg)
[Mee bandung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_bandung_Muar "Mee bandung Muar") in Johor
Cuisine in Johor has been influenced by Arab, Buginese, Javanese, Malay, Chinese and Indian cultures. Notable dishes include [nasi lemak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_lemak "Nasi lemak"), [asam pedas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_pedas "Asam pedas"), [Nasi Beringin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_Beringin "Nasi Beringin"), cathay [laksa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksa "Laksa"), cheese [murtabak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtabak "Murtabak"), [Johor laksa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksa#Variations "Laksa"), kway teow kia, [mee bandung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_bandung_Muar "Mee bandung Muar"), [mee rebus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_rebus "Mee rebus"), Muar [satay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay "Satay"), pineapple pajeri, Pontian [wonton noodle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonton_noodle "Wonton noodle"), san lou fried [bee hoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_vermicelli "Rice vermicelli"), [otak-otak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak-otak "Otak-otak"), [telur pindang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telur_pindang "Telur pindang"),[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-348)[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_foods-349) and other mixed Malay dishes.[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-mixed_culture_food-350) Popular desserts include [burasak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burasa "Burasa"),[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-mixed_culture_food-350) [kacang pool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ful_medames "Ful medames"), [lontong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontong "Lontong") and snacks like [banana cake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_cake "Banana cake"), Kluang toasted buns and [pisang goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisang_goreng "Pisang goreng").[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_foods-349)[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-351) International restaurants offering [Western](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_cuisine "Western cuisine"), [Filipino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_cuisine "Filipino cuisine"), [Indonesian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine "Indonesian cuisine"), [Japanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cuisine "Japanese cuisine"), [Korean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_cuisine "Korean cuisine"), [Taiwanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine "Taiwanese cuisine"), [Thai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_cuisine "Thai cuisine") and [Vietnamese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine "Vietnamese cuisine") cuisines are found throughout the state, especially in Johor Bahru and [Iskandar Puteri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Puteri "Iskandar Puteri").[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-352)
### Holidays and festivals
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=35 "Edit section: Holidays and festivals")\]
Johoreans observe a number of holidays and festivals throughout the year including [Independence Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_\(Malaysia\) "Independence Day (Malaysia)"), [Malaysia Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Day "Malaysia Day") celebrations and the Sultan of Johor's Birthday.[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-353)
## Sports
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=36 "Edit section: Sports")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stadium_Larkin.jpg)
The [Tan Sri Dato' Haji Hassan Yunos Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Sri_Dato%27_Haji_Hassan_Yunos_Stadium "Tan Sri Dato' Haji Hassan Yunos Stadium"), which is still used by [Johor Darul Ta'zim II F.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Darul_Ta%27zim_II_F.C. "Johor Darul Ta'zim II F.C.") (JDT II)
As Johor has been part of Malaya since 1957, its athletes represented Malaya and later Malaysia at the [Summer Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games "Summer Olympic Games"), [Commonwealth Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games "Commonwealth Games"), [Asian Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Games "Asian Games") and [Southeast Asian Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Games "Southeast Asian Games"). The Johor State Youth and Sports Department was established in 1957 to raise the standard of sports in the state.[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-354) Johor hosted the [Sukma Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukma_Games "Sukma Games") in 1992. There are four sports complexes in the state,[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-355) and the federal government also provides aid to improve sports facilities.[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-356) In 2018, as part of a federal government plan to turn Muar into Johor's sports hub, around RM15 million has been allocated to build and upgrade sports facilities in the town.[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-357)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Sultan_Ibrahim_Stadium_\(2\).jpg)
The home stadium of JDT, which is solely owned by the club.
Located in [Iskandar Puteri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Puteri "Iskandar Puteri"), the [Sultan Ibrahim Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ibrahim_Stadium "Sultan Ibrahim Stadium") is the main stadium of the football club [Johor Darul Ta'zim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Darul_Ta%27zim_F.C. "Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C.") (JDT). A dominant club in Malaysian club football since the 2010s, they have won the [Malaysia Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Cup "Malaysia Cup") five times, the [Malaysia FA Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_FA_Cup "Malaysia FA Cup") five times, the [Malaysia Super League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Super_League "Malaysia Super League") for twelve consecutive seasons between 2014 and 2026,[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-358) and the [AFC Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Cup "AFC Cup") in 2015.[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-359)[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-360)[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-361) The state women's football team also won four titles in the [Tun Sharifah Rodziah Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Sharifah_Rodziah_Cup "Tun Sharifah Rodziah Cup") in 1984, 1986, 1987 and 1989. Another notable stadium in the state is [Pasir Gudang Corporation Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Gudang_Corporation_Stadium "Pasir Gudang Corporation Stadium") in [Pasir Gudang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Gudang "Pasir Gudang").[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-362) Johor also launched its own [esports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esports "Esports") league, becoming the second Malaysian state to introduce the sport to the Sukma Games, with the Johor Sports Council agreeing to include it in the [2020 edition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Sukma_Games "2020 Sukma Games").[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-363)[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-364)
## Notable people
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=37 "Edit section: Notable people")\]
- [Yasmin Ahmad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasmin_Ahmad "Yasmin Ahmad")
- [Hishamuddin Hussein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hishamuddin_Hussein "Hishamuddin Hussein")
- [Noraniza Idris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noraniza_Idris "Noraniza Idris")
- [Onn Jaafar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onn_Jaafar "Onn Jaafar")
- [Zulhadi Omar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulhadi_Omar "Zulhadi Omar")
- [Hussein Onn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Onn "Hussein Onn")
- [Seah Jim Quee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seah_Jim_Quee "Seah Jim Quee")
- [Syed Saddiq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Saddiq "Syed Saddiq")
- [Fasha Sandha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasha_Sandha "Fasha Sandha")
- [Penny Tai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Tai "Penny Tai")
- [Muhyiddin Yassin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhyiddin_Yassin "Muhyiddin Yassin")
## Notes
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=38 "Edit section: Notes")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-14)** Malay pronunciation: [\[ËdÍĄĘoho(r)\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay "Help:IPA/Malay")
## References
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=39 "Edit section: References")\]
1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_info_1-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_info_1-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_info_1-2)
["Maklumat Kenegaraan (Negeri Johor Darul Ta'zim)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180708142043/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan/1600-negeri-johor-darul-tazim.html) \[Statehood Information (State of Johor Darul Ta'zim)\] (in Malay). [Ministry of Communications and Multimedia (Malaysia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Multimedia_\(Malaysia\) "Ministry of Communications and Multimedia (Malaysia)"). Archived from [the original](http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan/1600-negeri-johor-darul-tazim.html) on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-jhr_2-0)**
Mohd Farhaan Shah Farhaan (23 March 2016). ["A rich legacy"](https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-star-malaysia-star2/20160323/281921657169839). *Star2*. Retrieved 8 July 2018 â via [PressReader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PressReader "PressReader").
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-3)**
["MAIN INDICATOR IN M.B. JOHOR BAHRU"](https://tableau.dosm.gov.my/t/BPPD-BahagianperangkaanpendudukdanDemografi/views/MyCenDashEnglish/LOCALAUTORITY?%3Adisplay_count=n&%3Aembed=y&%3AisGuestRedirectFromVizportal=y&%3Aorigin=viz_share_link&%3AshowAppBanner=false&%3AshowVizHome=n). *MyCenDash*. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
4. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-2020KF_4-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-2020KF_4-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-2020KF_4-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-2020KF_4-3)
["Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020"](https://www.dosm.gov.my/uploads/publications/20221020150523.pdf) (pdf) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-967-2000-85-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-2000-85-3 "Special:BookSources/978-967-2000-85-3")
.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-2020_population_5-0)**
["Johor has a population of 4,009,670 people. What does this population look like?"](https://open.dosm.gov.my/dashboard/kawasanku/Johor). Department of Information, Ministry of Communications and Multimedia, Malaysia. 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2025.
6. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-:dosm_6-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-:dosm_6-1)
DOSM. ["Department of Statistics Malaysia"](https://www.dosm.gov.my/portal-main/release-content/gross-domestic-product-gdp-by-state-). *www.dosm.gov.my*. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-dosm2024_7-0)**
"Laporan Sosioekonomi Negeri Johor 2023". *[Department of Statistics Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia "Department of Statistics Malaysia")* (in Malay). August 2024. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2600-9919](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2600-9919).
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-8)**
["Malaysia Human Development Index (MHDI), 2024"](http://statistics.gov.my/portal-main/release-content/malaysia-human-development-index-2024/). *dosm.gov.my*. Retrieved 12 November 2025.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-9)**
["Area codes in Johor"](https://area-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/johor/?p=1). cybo.com. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-10)**
["State Code"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170519030502/http://www.jpn.gov.my/en/kod-negeri/). Malaysian National Registration Department. Archived from [the original](http://www.jpn.gov.my/en/kod-negeri/) on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-11)**
["Postal codes in Johor"](https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/johor/?p=1). cybo.com. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-12)**
["Postal codes in Kluang"](https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/kluang/). cybo.com. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
13. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-statistics_13-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-statistics_13-1)
["Johor @ a Glance"](https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cone&menu_id=d1dTR0JMK2hUUUFnTnp5WUR2d3VBQT09). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-15)**
["Malaysia's population grows by 0.9% year-on-year as of Q1 2025"](https://www.humanresourcesonline.net/malaysia-s-population-grows-by-0-9-year-on-year-as-of-q1-2025). *Human Resources Online*. 15 May 2025. Retrieved 12 March 2026.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-16)**
["Malaysia's average household income increased to RM8,479 in 2022, says Stats Dept"](https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/07/28/malaysia039s-mean-household-income-increased-to-rm8479-in-2022-says-stats-dept). *The Star*. 28 July 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-17)**
DOSM. ["Department of Statistics Malaysia"](http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal-main/release-content/economic-census-2023-statistics-of-employee-and-salaries--wages). *www.statistics.gov.my*. Retrieved 26 June 2025.
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-18)**
["South-East Asia makes an AI power grab"](https://www.economist.com/asia/2025/07/29/south-east-asia-makes-an-ai-power-grab). *The Economist*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0013-0613](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613). Retrieved 4 August 2025.
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-19)**
BIRRUNTHA, S. (2 January 2025). ["PTP handles record-breaking 12.5mil TEUs in 2024 \| New Straits Times"](https://www.nst.com.my/business/corporate/2025/01/1155706/ptp-handles-record-breaking-125mil-teus-2024). *NST Online*. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-20)**
Sinclair, Keith (1967). ["The British Advance in Johore, 1885-1914"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41491908). *Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society*. **40** (1 (211)): 93â110\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0126-7353](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0126-7353). Retrieved 6 December 2025.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-21)**
Aman, Azanis Shahila (3 November 2024). ["Petaling district has Malaysia's next highest GDP after KL, says DOSM \| New Straits Times"](https://www.nst.com.my/business/economy/2024/11/1128961/petaling-district-has-malaysias-next-highest-%C2%A0gdp-after-kl-says). *NST Online*. Retrieved 2 March 2025.
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-22)**
Bernama (29 August 2023). ["Petaling District has highest population, density in 2023 - DOSM"](https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/677399). *Malaysiakini*. Retrieved 2 March 2025.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-23)**
S. Durai Raja Singam (1962). [*Malayan Place Names*](https://books.google.com/books?id=D4UdAAAAMAAJ&q=johor+jewel). Liang Khoo Printing Company.
23. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-John_Krich_24-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-John_Krich_24-1)
John Krich (8 April 2015). ["Johor: Jewel of Malaysia"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170424201844/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/johor-jewel-of-malaysia/). *[National Geographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic "National Geographic")*. Archived from [the original](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/johor-jewel-of-malaysia/) on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
24. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-etymology_of_Johor_25-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-etymology_of_Johor_25-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-etymology_of_Johor_25-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-etymology_of_Johor_25-3)
["Ancient names of Johor"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090221075244/http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Monday/MyJohor/2480438/Article/index_html). *[New Straits Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Straits_Times "New Straits Times")*. 21 February 2009. Archived from [the original](http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Monday/MyJohor/2480438/Article/index_html) on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
25. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-etymology_26-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-etymology_26-1)
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73. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-LimWong2000_74-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-LimWong2000_74-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-LimWong2000_74-2)
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77. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Yenne2014_78-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Yenne2014_78-1)
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78. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Pike2016_79-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Pike2016_79-1)
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79. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Japanese_arrival_Singapore_80-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Japanese_arrival_Singapore_80-1)
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108. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-109)**
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113. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-114)**
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â˘
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Sadho Ram (24 March 2016). ["TMJ Recalls A "Dark History" In The Past But Leaves Out The Most Crucial Part"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180721070210/http://says.com/my/imho/the-role-johor-royalty-played-in-1992-constitutional-crisis). Says.com. Archived from [the original](http://says.com/my/imho/the-role-johor-royalty-played-in-1992-constitutional-crisis) on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
114. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_economy_115-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_economy_115-1)
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["Johor 2030 (Draf Rancangan Struktur Negeri Johor â Profil Negeri Johor)Johor 2030"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180721041643/http://jpbd.johor.gov.my/images/jpbd_muatturun/Bahan_DRSNJ2030/Ringkasan_Eksekutif_DRSNJ2030.pdf) \[Johor 2030 (Johor State Structure Plan Draft â Johor State Profile)\] (PDF) (in Malay). Town and Village Planning Department of Johor. p. 5 \[8/24\]. Archived from [the original](http://jpbd.johor.gov.my/images/jpbd_muatturun/Bahan_DRSNJ2030/Ringkasan_Eksekutif_DRSNJ2030.pdf) (PDF) on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
118. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_town_planning_119-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_town_planning_119-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_town_planning_119-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_town_planning_119-3)
["Johor 2030 (Rancangan Struktur Negeri Johor 2030 â Kajian Semula)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180112164253/http://epublisiti.townplan.gov.my/rsn/RSN_Johor2030/RingkasanEksekutifJohor2030.pdf) \[Johor 2030 (Johor State Structure Plan 2030 â Review)\] (PDF) (in Malay). Town and Village Planning Department of Johor. Archived from [the original](http://epublisiti.townplan.gov.my/rsn/RSN_Johor2030/RingkasanEksekutifJohor2030.pdf) (PDF) on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-120)**
["Profil Pegawai Daerah"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201225001513/http://pdnj.johor.gov.my/profil/pd-johorbahru/profil_pegawai_daerah) \[District Employee Profile\] (in Malay). District Office of the State of Johor. Archived from [the original](http://pdnj.johor.gov.my/profil/pd-johorbahru/profil_pegawai_daerah) on 25 December 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
120. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-121)**
Pusat Pengajian Pembangunan Malaysia (1978). [*Panduan tugas untuk penghulu dan Ketua Kampung Negeri Johor*](https://books.google.com/books?id=8sFaAQAACAAJ) \[*A task guide for local chieftain and Johor State Village Head*\] (in Malay). Pusat Pengajian Pembangunan Malaysia, Johor Bahru.
121. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-122)**
["Senarai Penghulu-Penghulu Daerah"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201225001458/http://pdnj.johor.gov.my/penghulu/) \[List of District Chieftains\] (in Malay). District Office of the State of Johor. Archived from [the original](http://pdnj.johor.gov.my/penghulu/) on 25 December 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
122. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-123)**
Mohd. Sarim Haji Mustajab (1993). ["Malay Elite Participation in the Johor Civil Service: Its Origins and Development until the 1930s"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180721052655/http://www.ukm.my/jebat/images/upload/Mohd.%20Sarim%20Haji%20Mustajab%2021.pdf) (PDF). Town and Village Planning Department of Johor. pp. 67â82\. Archived from [the original](http://www.ukm.my/jebat/images/upload/Mohd.%20Sarim%20Haji%20Mustajab%2021.pdf) (PDF) on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
123. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Hussin2016_124-0)**
[Iza R. Hussin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iza_Hussin "Iza Hussin") (31 March 2016). [*The Politics of Islamic Law: Local Elites, Colonial Authority, and the Making of the Muslim State*](https://books.google.com/books?id=q1ivCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA154). University of Chicago Press. pp. 154 and 159. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-226-32334-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32334-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32334-3")
.
124. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-125)**
Barbara Watson Andaya; Leonard Y Andaya (11 November 2016). [*A History of Malaysia*](https://web.archive.org/web/20190502155110/https://books.google.com/books?id=XSOHDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA208). Macmillan International Higher Education. pp. 208â. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-137-60515-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-60515-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-137-60515-3")
. Archived from [the original](https://books.google.com/books?id=XSOHDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA208) on 2 May 2019.
125. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-126)**
Muhammad Kamil Awang (1998). [*The Sultan & the Constitution*](https://books.google.com/books?id=cLObAAAAMAAJ). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-983-62-5980-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-62-5980-6 "Special:BookSources/978-983-62-5980-6")
.
126. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-127)**
["Bahagian Kerajaan Tempatan"](http://www.johor.gov.my/en/sukkt#1523867957295-f2c2c48a-b58b) \[Local Government Department \[Client's Charter\]\] (in Malay). State Government of Johor. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
127. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-total_population_128-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-total_population_128-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-total_population_128-2)
["Total population by ethnic group, administrative district and state, Malaysia"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120227090331/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Johor.pdf) (PDF). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Johor.pdf) (PDF) on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
128. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-129)**
["Ninth schedule â Legislative lists"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140915024439/http://www.commonlii.org/my/legis/const/1957/24.html). Commonwealth Legal Information Institute. Archived from [the original](http://www.commonlii.org/my/legis/const/1957/24.html) on 15 September 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
129. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-130)**
["Johor crown prince warns that state may secede if Putrajaya breaches federation's terms"](https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/johor-crown-prince-warns-that-state-may-secede-if-putrajaya-breaches-federations-terms). *[The Straits Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Straits_Times "The Straits Times")*. Kuala Lumpur. 16 October 2015.
130. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-131)**
New Jo-Lyn (19 June 2015). ["Why is Johor the only Msian state with its own private army? \[Update\]"](https://cilisos.my/why-is-johor-the-only-malaysian-state-with-its-own-private-army/). cilisos.my. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
131. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-132)**
["Johor Military Forces"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180807004028/http://www.historyasia.com/shows/johor-military-forces). [History Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_\(Southeast_Asian_TV_channel\) "History (Southeast Asian TV channel)"). Archived from [the original](http://www.historyasia.com/shows/johor-military-forces) on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018. "The Johor Military Forces is an independent military force steeped in history. Formed in 1886 by Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor, with the purpose of protecting Johor's safety and the king. The JMF is believed to be the oldest military unit in Malaysia and is the only state army in the Federation. The JMF has played a significant role in the suppression of the [Singapore Mutiny of 1915](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny "1915 Singapore Mutiny") and served in both World Wars."
132. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Batu_Puteh_dispute_133-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Batu_Puteh_dispute_133-1)
Kadir Mohamad (2009). ["Malaysia's territorial disputes â two cases at the ICJ: Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan \[and the Sabah claim\] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042053/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf) (PDF). Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. pp. 1 and 2. Archived from [the original](http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf) (PDF) on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2018. "In 1979, Malaysia had published a map entitled "Territorial Waters and Continental Shelf Boundaries of Malaysia" in which Batu Puteh (BP) was shown as forming a part of Malaysian territory. That inclusion was, in fact, a deliberate step taken by the cartographers to reaffirm Malaysia's sovereignty over BP which had always been a part of the original Sultanate of Johor since ancient times. In February 1980, Singapore lodged a protest against the inclusion of BP in the 1979 Map. That began a protracted dispute between Malaysia and Singapore, spanning almost three decades."
133. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-134)**
["Pedra Branca \[Background\]"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180726045850/https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/special_events/pedrabranca/background.html). Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore. Archived from [the original](https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/special_events/pedrabranca/background.html) on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
134. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-135)**
["The Court finds that Singapore has sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh; that Malaysia has sovereignty over Middle Rocks; and that sovereignty over South Ledge belongs to the State in the territorial waters of which it is located"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180726061810/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/130/14490.pdf) (PDF). International Court of Justice. 23 May 2008. Archived from [the original](http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/130/14490.pdf) (PDF) on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
135. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-136)**
["Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180726061916/http://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/130). International Court of Justice. Archived from [the original](http://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/130) on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
136. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-137)**
Yoshifumi Tanaka (25 August 2008). ["Passing of Sovereignty: the Malaysia/Singapore Territorial Dispute before the ICJ"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180726064011/http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/index.php?id=9665). The Hague Justice. Archived from [the original](http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/index.php?id=9665) on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
137. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-138)**
Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rusli; Wan Izatul Asma Wan Talaat (15 February 2016). ["The Natuna Islands: 'Malaysian in geography', Indonesian in sovereignty"](http://english.astroawani.com/world-news/natuna-islands-malaysian-geography-indonesian-sovereignty-94430). Astro Awani. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
138. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-139)**
Reme Ahmad (3 February 2017). ["Malaysia seeks to revise judgment on Pedra Branca, citing discovery of 'new facts'"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180804080207/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysia-seeks-to-revise-judgment-on-pedra-branca-citing-discovery-of-new-facts). *The Straits Times*. Archived from [the original](https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysia-seeks-to-revise-judgment-on-pedra-branca-citing-discovery-of-new-facts) on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
139. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-140)**
["Malaysia withdraws ICJ challenge on Pedra Branca, ceding rights for future revision to 2008 ruling"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180726073837/https://www.malaymail.com/s/1636496/malaysia-withdraws-icj-challenge-on-pedra-branca-ceding-rights-for-future-r). *Today Online*. The Malay Mail. 30 May 2018. Archived from [the original](https://www.malaymail.com/s/1636496/malaysia-withdraws-icj-challenge-on-pedra-branca-ceding-rights-for-future-r) on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
140. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-141)**
Bhavan Jaipragas (30 May 2018). ["Mahathir plans Malaysian island on Middle Rocks near Singapore"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180804080734/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2148524/malaysias-mahathir-build-island-middle-rocks-near-singapore). *South China Morning Post*. Archived from [the original](https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2148524/malaysias-mahathir-build-island-middle-rocks-near-singapore) on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
141. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-142)**
["Tanjung Piai - Johor National Parks"](https://johornationalparks.gov.my/tanjung-piai/). 25 October 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2025.
142. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-143)**
Daniel J. Hopkins; Merriam-Webster Staff; í¸ě§ëś (1997). [*Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA556). Merriam-Webster. pp. 556â. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-87779-546-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-546-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-546-9")
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143. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-144)**
Ir. Ooi Choon Ann (1996). ["Coastal erosion management in Malaysia"](https://web.archive.org/web/20191014050909/https://water.gov.my/jps/resources/auto%20download%20images/5844e2ec68076.pdf) (PDF). *Director of Coastal Engineering Division Department of Irrigation and Drainage of Malaysia, Proc. 13th Annual Seminar of the Malaysian Society of Marine Sciences*: 9 (10). Archived from [the original](https://water.gov.my/jps/resources/auto%20download%20images/5844e2ec68076.pdf) (PDF) on 14 October 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2019 â via Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources of Malaysia.
144. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-145)**
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145. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-146)**
Abdul Karim; Shashiah; Abdul Rahman; Yusup; Abdullah; Mohd Jinis (2004). ["Management of mangrove forests in Johor â as part of the coastal ecosystem management"](http://repo.uum.edu.my/3751/). Sultanah Bahiyah Library, Universiti Utara Malaysia. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
146. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Bird2010_147-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Bird2010_147-1)
Eric Bird (25 February 2010). [*Encyclopedia of the World's Coastal Landforms*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfo5TPb7SDsC&pg=PA1119). Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1119â1120\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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147. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-148)**
A. Selamat; H. Fujita; H. Haron (29 August 2014). [*New Trends in Software Methodologies, Tools and Techniques: Proceedings of the Thirteenth SoMeT\_14*](https://books.google.com/books?id=oN3YBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119). IOS Press. pp. 119â. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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148. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-149)**
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149. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-AshrafOthman2017_150-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-AshrafOthman2017_150-1)
Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf; Radziah Othman; Che Fauziah Ishak (22 September 2017). [*Soils of Malaysia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=FuM2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT108). CRC Press. pp. 108â. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-351-99857-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-99857-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-351-99857-4")
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150. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_forestry_151-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_forestry_151-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_forestry_151-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_forestry_151-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_forestry_151-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_forestry_151-5)
["Summary of the State of Johor Forest Management Plan for the Period between 2006â2015"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180729132504/https://johor.forestry.gov.my/images/Maklumat-Hutan/MC-and-I/2.Ringkasan-Rancangan-Pengurusan-Hutan-RPH/fmu.pdf) (PDF). Johor State Forestry Department. pp. 7/71â11/71 \[XVIII/XXIII\]. Archived from [the original](https://johor.forestry.gov.my/images/Maklumat-Hutan/MC-and-I/2.Ringkasan-Rancangan-Pengurusan-Hutan-RPH/fmu.pdf) (PDF) on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
151. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-152)**
["Taman Hutan Lagenda Gunung Ledang"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180729191106/http://www.johorparks.gov.my/en/parks/gunung-ledang). Johor Parks. Archived from [the original](http://www.johorparks.gov.my/en/parks/gunung-ledang) on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
152. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-153)**
["11 Mesmerizing mountains in Johor"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180730070930/https://www.johornow.com/english/11-mesmerizing-mountains-johor/). Johor Now. 12 November 2016. Archived from [the original](https://www.johornow.com/english/11-mesmerizing-mountains-johor/) on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
153. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-154)**
["Johor, Selangor residents shaken by Sumatra quake"](https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/03/03/johor-selangor-residents-panic-over-tremors-from-indonesian-earthquake/). *Bernama*. The Star. 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
154. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-155)**
["Peta Pengkelasan Hutan Mengikut Seksyen 10 (1) APN Negeri Johor"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180730133735/http://johor.forestry.gov.my/images/Maklumat-Hutan/FMU/peta-pengkelasan3.jpg) \[Forest Classification Map in accordance with Section 10 (1) of the State APN of Johor\] (in Malay). Johor State Forestry Department. Archived from [the original](http://johor.forestry.gov.my/images/Maklumat-Hutan/FMU/peta-pengkelasan3.jpg) on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
155. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Ali2018_156-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Ali2018_156-1)
Anuar Bin Md. Ali (17 April 2018). [*Flood Inundation Modeling and Hazard Mapping under Uncertainty in the Sungai Johor Basin, Malaysia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=MSJWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33). CRC Press. pp. 33â. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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156. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-157)**
["Senarai Lembangan Sungai Bagi Negeri Johor"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180731073052/http://smanre.mygeoportal.gov.my/smanre/sungai/list_lembangan_sungai_kategori.php?neg=Johor&PageNo=1) \[List of River Basins For The State Of Johor\] (in Malay). Basic Information System of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia (SMANRE). Archived from [the original](http://smanre.mygeoportal.gov.my/smanre/sungai/list_lembangan_sungai_kategori.php?neg=Johor&PageNo=1) on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
157. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-158)**
["Malaysia's worst flood in 100 years destroys over 60,000 homes"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170730111213/http://www.pravdareport.com/news/hotspots/21-12-2006/86036-flood-0/). Pravda. 21 December 2006. Archived from [the original](http://www.pravdareport.com/news/hotspots/21-12-2006/86036-flood-0/) on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
158. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-159)**
["Shortage Of Food Supply At Flood Relief Centres In Johor"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070926215417/http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news.php?id=237957). Bernama. 22 December 2006. Archived from [the original](https://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news.php?id=237957) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
159. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-160)**
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160. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-WMO_161-0)**
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Kristen Stilt (25 July 2015). ["Contextualizing constitutional Islam: The Malayan experience"](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmov031). *International Journal of Constitutional Law*. **3** (2). Oxford Academic: 407â433\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1093/icon/mov031](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmov031). "Article 57 of the 1895 Constitution of Johor provided that: What is called the 'Religion of the State' for this Territory and State of Johor is the Muslim Religion, and such being the case, the Muslim Religion shall continuously and forever be, and be acknowledged to be, and spoken of as, the 'State Religion."
327. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-328)**
["Pentadbiran Johor"](https://royal.johor.my/pentadbiran-johor/).
328. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-329)**
["Johor Sultan: Use education system to promote unity"](https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/08/johor-sultanuse-education-system-to-promote-unity). *The Star*. 8 July 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
329. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-330)**
Asmah Haji Omar (2004). [*The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Languages and literature*](https://books.google.com/books?id=CFkOAQAAMAAJ). Archipelago Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9789813018525](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789813018525 "Special:BookSources/9789813018525")
.
â˘
Cynthia Chou (16 October 2009). [*The Orang Suku Laut of Riau, Indonesia: The Inalienable Gift of Territory*](https://books.google.com/books?id=vh-DAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6). Routledge. pp. 6â. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-134-43033-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-43033-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-134-43033-8")
.
â˘
Michael Clyne (24 May 2012). [*Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ieMgAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA413). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 413â. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-11-088814-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088814-0 "Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088814-0")
.
330. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-331)**
Asmah Haji Omar (16 December 2015). [*Languages in the Malaysian Education System: Monolingual strands in multilingual settings*](https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQ0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53). Routledge. pp. 53â. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-317-36421-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-36421-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-317-36421-4")
.
331. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-332)**
Cecilia OdĂŠ (1997). [*Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics: Leiden 22â27 August 1994*](https://books.google.com/books?id=iyGd2N1KwO4C&pg=PA36). Rodopi. pp. 36â. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-90-420-0253-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0253-1 "Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0253-1")
.
332. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-333)**
Deva Babu, Kathreine; Nora Riget, Patricia (2023). ["Language Shift and Maintenance: A Case Study of the Telugu Community in Bagan Datoh, Perak (Malaysia)"](https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/JML/article/download/42842/15988/117474) (PDF). *Journal of Modern Languages*. **33** (1): 16/28. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.22452/jml.vol33no1.1](https://doi.org/10.22452%2Fjml.vol33no1.1) â via eJournal University of Malaya.
333. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-334)**
["Johor Permaisuri urges more effort to increase English language proficiency among young people"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180915054609/https://www.malaymail.com/s/1477147/johor-permaisuri-urges-more-effort-to-increase-english-language-proficiency). *Bernama*. The Malay Mail. 1 October 2017. Archived from [the original](https://www.malaymail.com/s/1477147/johor-permaisuri-urges-more-effort-to-increase-english-language-proficiency) on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
334. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-335)**
Yee Xiang Yun (1 October 2017). ["Raja Zarith: Stem decline in English language proficiency"](https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/10/01/raja-zarith-stem-decline-in-english-language-proficiency/). *The Star*. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
335. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-336)**
["Johor Culture"](http://www.gojohor.my/johor-culture/). GoJohor.my. 5 February 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
336. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-337)**
["Tarian zapin"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180916043941/http://www.ywj.gov.my/tarian-zapin/) \[Zapin dance\] (in Malay). Johor Heritage Foundation. Archived from [the original](http://www.ywj.gov.my/tarian-zapin/) on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
["Hamdolok (Malaysia)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180918080804/https://seamex.co/2017/09/04/hamdolok-malaysia/). Southeast Asia Music Education Exchange (SEAMEX). 4 September 2017. Archived from [the original](https://seamex.co/2017/09/04/hamdolok-malaysia/) on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
Mohd Nizam Attan (2013). ["Gambus: Tinjauan awal berasaskan gaya permainan di Johor"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180916045544/http://mmj.upsi.edu.my/images/P_2-6-JOUNAL_MUSIC.pdf) \[Gambus: Early reviews based on styles of playing in Johor\] (PDF). *Malaysian Music Journal* (in Malay). Sultan Idris Education University. Archived from [the original](http://mmj.upsi.edu.my/images/P_2-6-JOUNAL_MUSIC.pdf) (PDF) on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
337. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-culture_demise_338-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-culture_demise_338-1)
Nabilah Saleh (28 April 2008). ["Keeping alive a dying art"](https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2008/04/28/keeping-alive-a-dying-art/). *The Star*. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
338. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-zapin_339-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-zapin_339-1)
Maf73 (24 June 2011). ["Zapin"](https://www.thestar.com.my/travel/malaysia/2011/06/24/zapin/). *The Star*. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list"))
339. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-340)**
Mohd. Sohaimi Esa (1999). [*Ekonomi orang Arab di Johor, 1862â1942*](https://books.google.com/books?id=r9FRAQAAMAAJ) \[*Economy of the Arab people in Johor, 1862â1942*\] (in Malay). Centre for the Promotion of Knowledge and Language Learning, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-983-2188-02-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-2188-02-5 "Special:BookSources/978-983-2188-02-5")
.
340. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-341)**
Thomas Koten (5 October 2017). ["Sekilas Perbedaan Suku Bugis dan Suku Makassar"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180917091530/http://www.netralnews.com/news/rsn/read/106182/sekilas-perbedaan-suku-bugis-dan-suku-makassar) \[A Glance at the Difference between the Bugis and Makassar tribes\] (in Indonesian). Netral News. Archived from [the original](http://www.netralnews.com/news/rsn/read/106182/sekilas-perbedaan-suku-bugis-dan-suku-makassar) on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
341. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-342)**
Maf73 (13 April 2011). ["Kuda Kepang"](https://www.thestar.com.my/travel/malaysia/2011/04/13/kuda-kepang/). *The Star*. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list"))
342. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-343)**
Collins, James T. (1989). ["Malay Dialect Research in Malaysia: The Issue of Perspective"](https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003253). *Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde*. **145** (2/3): 244. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1163/22134379-90003253](https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003253). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [27864031](https://www.jstor.org/stable/27864031).
343. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-344)**
Siti Aminah Mohd Sam; Seow Ta Wee (2013). ["Practice Cultural of Orang Asli Jakun at Kampung Peta"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180917101507/http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/5827/1/15._Siti_Aminah.pdf) (PDF). *Faculty of Technology Management and Business*. [Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Hussein_Onn_University_of_Malaysia "Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia"). Archived from [the original](http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/5827/1/15._Siti_Aminah.pdf) (PDF) on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
344. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-345)**
Kathleen Ann Kili (24 February 2018). ["JB gearing up in a big way for Chingay fest"](https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/02/24/jb-gearing-up-in-a-big-way-for-chingay-fest/). *The Star*. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
345. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-346)**
Khun Eng Kuah-Pearce; Evelyn Du-Dehart (1 February 2006). *Voluntary Organizations in the Chinese Diaspora: Illusions of Open Space in Hong Kong, Tokyo, and Shanghai*. Hong Kong University Press. p. 45. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-962-209-776-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-776-6 "Special:BookSources/978-962-209-776-6")
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346. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-347)**
Qinghuang Yan (2002). *The Ethnic Chinese in East and Southeast Asia: Business, Culture, and Politics*. Times Academic Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-981-210-187-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-210-187-7 "Special:BookSources/978-981-210-187-7")
.
Anthony Reid (2010). *Imperial Alchemy: Nationalism and Political Identity in Southeast Asia*. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780521872379](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521872379 "Special:BookSources/9780521872379")
.
Leong Sze Lee (2012). *A Retrospect on the Dust-laden History: The Past and Present of Tekong Island in Singapore*. World Scientific. pp. 12â. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-981-4365-97-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4365-97-0 "Special:BookSources/978-981-4365-97-0")
.
Gregor Benton; Hong Liu; Huimei Zhang (3 May 2018). *The Qiaopi Trade and Transnational Networks in the Chinese Diaspora*. Taylor & Francis. p. 25. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781351623841](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351623841 "Special:BookSources/9781351623841")
.
347. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-348)**
Rossham Rusli (18 July 2011). ["Unique Johor dishes"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180918160456/https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/columnists/lifestyle/food/rossham-rusli/2011/07/18/unique-johor--dishes/). *The Star*. Archived from [the original](https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/columnists/lifestyle/food/rossham-rusli/2011/07/18/unique-johor--dishes/) on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
Ivy Soon (22 September 2016). ["Great Malaysian dishes: Johor â Laksa"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180918073543/https://www.star2.com/food/food-news/2016/09/22/great-malaysian-dishes-johor-laksa/). Star2. Archived from [the original](https://www.star2.com/food/food-news/2016/09/22/great-malaysian-dishes-johor-laksa/) on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
Jane F. Ragavan; Abirami Durai (16 September 2018). ["Fuyoh! Awesome Malaysian breakfasts from each state"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180918080206/https://www.star2.com/food/2018/09/16/malaysians-start-their-day-with-some-fuyoh-breakfasts/). Star2. Archived from [the original](https://www.star2.com/food/2018/09/16/malaysians-start-their-day-with-some-fuyoh-breakfasts/) on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
348. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_foods_349-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_foods_349-1)
Samantha Khor (21 April 2016). ["15 Johorean Dishes You Should Try Before You Die"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180918072632/https://says.com/my/lifestyle/johorean-dishes-you-should-try-before-you-die). Says.com. Archived from [the original](https://says.com/my/lifestyle/johorean-dishes-you-should-try-before-you-die) on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
349. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-mixed_culture_food_350-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-mixed_culture_food_350-1)
Abirami Durai; Sam Tham (13 June 2018). ["Malay recipes from Johor for Hari Raya"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180918074622/https://www.star2.com/food/2018/06/13/malay-recipes-johor-hari-raya/). Star2. Archived from [the original](https://www.star2.com/food/2018/06/13/malay-recipes-johor-hari-raya/) on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
350. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-351)**
Jolene (11 September 2017). ["If You Think Johor Bahru is Boring, Here are 11 Fun Things You Can Do"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180918075736/https://www.worldofbuzz.com/think-johor-bahru-boring-11-fun-things-can/). World of Buzz. Archived from [the original](https://www.worldofbuzz.com/think-johor-bahru-boring-11-fun-things-can/) on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
351. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-352)**
Lonely Planet (1 August 2019). *Lonely Planet Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei*. Lonely Planet Global Limited. p. 468. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781788685405](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781788685405 "Special:BookSources/9781788685405")
.
352. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-353)**
["Hari Kelepasan Am"](https://www.johor.gov.my/rakyat/cuti-umum) \[General Public Holidays\] (in Malay). State Government of Johor. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
353. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-354)**
["History of Johor State Youth and Sports Department"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180919051521/http://www.jbsn.gov.my/en/2015-12-09-03-24-43.html). Johor State Youth and Sports Department. Archived from [the original](http://www.jbsn.gov.my/en/2015-12-09-03-24-43.html) on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
354. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-355)**
["Daiman Johor Jaya Sports Complex"](http://www.daiman.com.my/daiman-johor-jaya-sports-complex-41.aspx). Daiman Group. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
["EduCity Sports Complex"](http://educitysport.com/). EduCity Sports. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
["About"](http://www.impiansports.com/about-impian-sports-centre-skudai/). Impian Sports Complex. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
["Home"](http://www.tsgroup.com.my/tssport/). TS Sports Complex. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
355. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-356)**
Nelson Benjamin; Mohd Farhaan Shah; Kathleen Ann Kili (6 December 2016). ["Sports centre boost for Johor"](https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/12/06/sports-centre-boost-for-johor-states-new-projects-a-beneficial-investment-says-najib/). *The Star*. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
356. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-357)**
["Sports minister: RM15m allocated to build, upgrade sports infrastructure in Muar"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180919060019/https://www.malaymail.com/s/1672882/sports-minister-rm15m-allocated-to-build-upgrade-sports-infrastructure-in-m). *Bernama*. The Malay Mail. 15 September 2018. Archived from [the original](https://www.malaymail.com/s/1672882/sports-minister-rm15m-allocated-to-build-upgrade-sports-infrastructure-in-m) on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
357. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-358)**
Azharie, Farah (15 March 2026). ["JDT crowned Super League champions for 12th consecutive time"](https://www.nst.com.my/sports/football/2026/03/1397796/jdt-crowned-super-league-champions-12th-consecutive-time). *The Straits Times*. Retrieved 15 March 2026.
358. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-359)**
["AFC Cup Final Flashback: FC Istiklol v Johor Darul Ta'zim (2015)"](http://www.the-afc.com/news/afcsection/afc-cup-final-flashback-fc-istiklol-v-johor-darul-tazim-2015-39733). [Asian Football Confederation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation "Asian Football Confederation"). 2 November 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
359. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-360)**
["Football: Malaysia's JDT beat Istiklol to land breakthrough AFC Cup"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180919055248/https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/football/football-malaysias-jdt-beat-istiklol-to-land-breakthrough-afc-cup). *The Straits Times*. 31 October 2015. Archived from [the original](https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/football/football-malaysias-jdt-beat-istiklol-to-land-breakthrough-afc-cup) on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
360. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-361)**
Mohd Farhaan Shah; Norbaiti Phaharoradzi (3 November 2015). ["Holiday declared following JDT's success in Tajikistan"](https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/scoreboard/2015/11/03/holiday-declared-following-teams-success-in-tajikistan/). *The Star*. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
361. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-362)**
["Pasir Gudang Corporation Stadium"](https://int.soccerway.com/venues/malaysia/pasir-gudang-corporation-stadium/v3157/). Soccerway. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
362. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-363)**
Moazan Emran (2 April 2019). ["Esports Johor Debut its First Ever E-sports League in Johor"](https://web.archive.org/web/20191030064413/https://www.theiskandarian.com/live-play/esports-johor-debut-its-first-ever-e-sports-league-in-johor/). The Iskandarian. Archived from [the original](https://www.theiskandarian.com/live-play/esports-johor-debut-its-first-ever-e-sports-league-in-johor/) on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
363. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-364)**
Bryan Lim (11 October 2019). ["Youth And Sports Minister Announces National eSports League Will Kick Off In 2020"](https://web.archive.org/web/20191011183305/https://www.lowyat.net/2019/196146/youth-and-sports-minister-announces-national-esports-league-will-kick-off-in-2020/). Lowyat.net. Archived from [the original](https://www.lowyat.net/2019/196146/youth-and-sports-minister-announces-national-esports-league-will-kick-off-in-2020/) on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
## Further reading
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=40 "Edit section: Further reading")\]
- Richard Olof Winstedt (1932). "A History of Johore (1673âca. 1800 A.D.) / ŘŮاŮŘŞ ŮŮع٠؏ŮŮŘą". *Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society*. **10** (1): 164â170\. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [41587442](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41587442).
- Leonard Y. Andaya (1975). *The Kingdom of Johor 1641â1728*. Oxford University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-19-580322-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-580322-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-580322-8")
.
- Richard Olof Winstedt; Khoo Kay Kim; Ismail Hussein (1993). "A history of Johore, 1365-1941". *Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society*. **66** (1): 87â89\. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [41486192](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41486192).
- Patricia Lim Pui Huen (1998). "Past and Present Juxtaposed: The Chinese of Nineteenth Century Johor". *Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia*. **13** (1): 114â138\. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [41056979](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41056979).
- Peter Borschberg (2002). "The Seizure of the Sta. Catarina Revisited: The Portuguese Empire in Asia, VOC Politics and the Origins of the Dutch-Johor Alliance (1602 â
c.
1616)". *Journal of Southeast Asian Studies*. **33** (1). Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Cambridge University Press: 31â62\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1017/S0022463402000024](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463402000024). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [154935503](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154935503).
- Raimy ChĂŠ-Ross (2004). "The 'Lost City' of Kota Gelanggi: An Exploratory Essay Based on Textual Evidence and An Excursion into 'Aerial Archaeology'". *Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society*. **77** (2): 27â58\. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [41493524](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41493524).
- Carl A. Trocki (2007). *Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784â1885*. NUS Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-9971-69-376-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-376-3 "Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-376-3")
.
- Peter Borschberg (2010). *The Singapore and Melaka Straits: Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th Century*. National University of Singapore, Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-9-06-718364-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-06-718364-2 "Special:BookSources/978-9-06-718364-2")
.
- Peter Borschberg (2011). *Hugo Grotius, the Portuguese and Free Trade in the East Indies*. National University of Singapore. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-9-97-169467-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-97-169467-8 "Special:BookSources/978-9-97-169467-8")
.
- Peter Borschberg (2015). *Journal, Memorial and Letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge. Security, Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th-Century Southeast Asia*. National University of Singapore. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-9-97-169798-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-97-169798-3 "Special:BookSources/978-9-97-169798-3")
.
- Peter Borschberg (2015). *Jacques de Coutre's Singapore and Johor, 1594-c. 1625*. National University of Singapore. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-9-97-169852-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-97-169852-2 "Special:BookSources/978-9-97-169852-2")
.
- Peter Borschberg (2017).
["The value of Admiral Matelieff's writings for studying the history of Southeast Asia, c. 1600â1620"](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002246341700056X)
. *Journal of Southeast Asian Studies*. **48** (3). National University of Singapore, Cambridge University Press: 414â435\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1017/S002246341700056X](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002246341700056X).
- Kwa Chong Guan; Peter Borschberg (2018). *Studying Singapore before 1800*. National University of Singapore. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-981-4722-74-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4722-74-2 "Special:BookSources/978-981-4722-74-2")
.
## External links
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=41 "Edit section: External links")\]
**Johor** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects "Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)[Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Johor "c:Johor") from Commons
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg)[Texts](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Johor "s:Special:Search/Johor") from Wikisource
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg)[Textbooks](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Johor "b:Special:Search/Johor") from Wikibooks
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg)[Travel information](https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Johor "voy:Johor") from Wikivoyage
- [Official website](http://www.johor.gov.my/) [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183032#P856 "Edit this at Wikidata")
- [Johor](http://tourism.johor.my/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200925072423/http://tourism.johor.my/) 25 September 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") at Johor Tourism
- [Johor](https://www.lonelyplanet.com/malaysia/johor) at [Lonely Planet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_Planet "Lonely Planet")
| Places adjacent to Johor | | |
|---|---|---|
| | | |
| [Jasin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasin,_Malacca "Jasin, Malacca"),  [Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca "Malacca") | [Tampin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampin "Tampin"),  [Negeri Sembilan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan "Negeri Sembilan"), [Bera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bera,_Pahang "Bera, Pahang") / [Rompin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rompin "Rompin"),  [Pahang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahang "Pahang") | [Rompin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rompin "Rompin"),  [Pahang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahang "Pahang") |
| |  | |
| [Straits of Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Malacca "Straits of Malacca") | **Johor** | [South China Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea "South China Sea") |
| |  | |
| [Straits of Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Malacca "Straits of Malacca") | [Woodlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlands,_Singapore "Woodlands, Singapore"),  [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") | [South China Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea "South China Sea") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Johor "Template:Johor") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Johor "Template talk:Johor") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Johor "Special:EditPage/Template:Johor")[State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia "States and federal territories of Malaysia") of [Johor]() | | |
|---|---|---|
| Capital city: [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru") Administrative capital: [Iskandar Puteri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Puteri "Iskandar Puteri") Royal town: [Bandar Maharani (Muar)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_\(town\) "Muar (town)") | | |
| General topics | | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Johor.svg) [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mukims_of_Johor_labelled.svg) |
| | | |
| Topics | [Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Johor "Constitution of Johor") [Elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Johor "Elections in Johor") Government [Executive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_State_Executive_Council "Johor State Executive Council") [Sultan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor "Sultan of Johor") [Menteri Besar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menteri_Besar_of_Johor "Menteri Besar of Johor") [Legislative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_State_Legislative_Assembly "Johor State Legislative Assembly") [Johoreans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#Demography) [Monarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Sultanate "Johor Sultanate") [Monarchs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor "Sultan of Johor") [Geography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Johor "Template:Geography of Johor") [Economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Johor "Economy of Johor") Symbols [Anthem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_State_Anthem "Johor State Anthem") [Flag and coat of arms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_and_coat_of_arms_of_Johor "Flag and coat of arms of Johor") | |
| Administrative divisions | 10 [Districts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_in_Malaysia "Districts in Malaysia") and 16 [Local governments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Malaysia "Local government in Malaysia") (3 Cites, 7 Municipals, 6 Districts) [Special zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_economic_zone "Special economic zone"): ([Iskandar Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Malaysia "Iskandar Malaysia"), [RAPID Pengerang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengerang_Integrated_Petroleum_Complex "Pengerang Integrated Petroleum Complex")) | |
| [City councils (Majlis Bandaraya)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Malaysia "Local government in Malaysia") | | |
| | | |
| [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru") (part of [Johor Bahru district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_District "Johor Bahru District")) | **City Centre** [Bakar Batu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampung_Bakar_Batu "Kampung Bakar Batu") [Century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Garden "Century Garden") [Danga Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danga_Bay "Danga Bay") [Larkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larkin,_Johor "Larkin, Johor") [Majidee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majidee_Malay_Village "Majidee Malay Village") [Melodies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Melodies "Taman Melodies") [Nong Chik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampung_Nong_Chik "Kampung Nong Chik") [Pasir Pelangi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Pelangi "Pasir Pelangi") [Stulang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stulang "Stulang") [Suria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Suria "Taman Suria") **[Tebrau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebrau "Tebrau")** [Dato' Onn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Dato%27_Onn "Bandar Dato' Onn") [Daya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Daya "Taman Daya") [Johor Jaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Johor_Jaya "Taman Johor Jaya") [Kangkar Tebrau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangkar_Tebrau "Kangkar Tebrau") [Molek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Molek "Taman Molek") [Mount Austin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Austin,_Johor_Bahru "Mount Austin, Johor Bahru") [Pandan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandan,_Johor "Pandan, Johor") [Setia Indah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setia_Indah "Setia Indah") **[Tampoi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampoi,_Johor "Tampoi, Johor")** [Bandar Baru UDA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Baru_UDA "Bandar Baru UDA") [Damansara Aliff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Damansara_Aliff "Taman Damansara Aliff") [Kempas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempas "Kempas") [Setia Tropika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setia_Tropika "Setia Tropika") **[Plentong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plentong "Plentong")** [Permas Jaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permas_Jaya "Permas Jaya") [Ulu Tiram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulu_Tiram "Ulu Tiram") | |
| [Iskandar Puteri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Puteri "Iskandar Puteri") (part of [Johor Bahru district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_District "Johor Bahru District")) | **City Centre** [Kota Iskandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Iskandar "Kota Iskandar") [Ledang Heights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Ledang "East Ledang") [Nusa Bayu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusa_Bayu "Nusa Bayu") [Medini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medini_Iskandar_Malaysia "Medini Iskandar Malaysia") [Bukit Indah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukit_Indah "Bukit Indah") [Perling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perling "Perling") **[Skudai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skudai "Skudai")** [Lima Kedai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_Kedai "Lima Kedai") [Mutiara Rini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutiara_Rini "Mutiara Rini") [TUTA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Ungku_Tun_Aminah "Taman Ungku Tun Aminah") [Universiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Universiti "Taman Universiti") **[Pulai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulai "Pulai")** [Kangkar Pulai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangkar_Pulai "Kangkar Pulai") [Bandar Baru Kangkar Pulai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Baru_Kangkar_Pulai "Bandar Baru Kangkar Pulai") [Pulai Hijauan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulai_Hijauan,_Johor "Pulai Hijauan, Johor") [Pulai Indah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulai_Indah,_Johor "Pulai Indah, Johor") [Pulai Mutiara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulai_Mutiara,_Johor "Pulai Mutiara, Johor") **[Gelang Patah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelang_Patah "Gelang Patah")** [Forest City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_City_\(Johor\) "Forest City (Johor)") [Pendas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendas,_Malaysia "Pendas, Malaysia") [Tanjung Kupang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Kupang "Tanjung Kupang") [Tanjung Pelepas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Pelepas "Tanjung Pelepas") | |
| [Pasir Gudang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Gudang "Pasir Gudang") (part of [Johor Bahru district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_District "Johor Bahru District")) | **[Pasir Gudang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Gudang "Pasir Gudang")** [Tanjung Langsat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Langsat "Tanjung Langsat") **[Masai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masai,_Johor "Masai, Johor")** [Kong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Kong "Kong Kong") [Kota Masai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Masai "Kota Masai") [Seri Alam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Alam "Bandar Seri Alam") [Taman Scientex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Scientex "Taman Scientex") | |
| [Municipal councils (Majlis Perbandaran)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Malaysia "Local government in Malaysia") | | |
| | | |
| [Muar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_\(town\) "Muar (town)") ([Muar district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_District "Muar District")) | **[Bandar Maharani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Maharani "Bandar Maharani") (City centre)** [Bukit Treh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampung_Bukit_Treh "Kampung Bukit Treh") [Parit Bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parit_Bakar "Parit Bakar") [Parit Sakai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parit_Sakai "Parit Sakai") [Sungai Abong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Abong "Sungai Abong") **[Bakri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukit_Bakri "Bukit Bakri")** [Bukit Bakri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukit_Bakri "Bukit Bakri") [Bukit Naning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukit_Naning "Bukit Naning") **[Parit Jawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parit_Jawa "Parit Jawa")** [Parit Unas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parit_Unas "Parit Unas") **[Bukit Pasir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukit_Pasir "Bukit Pasir")** **[Pagoh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoh "Pagoh")** [Bandar Universiti Pagoh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Universiti_Pagoh "Bandar Universiti Pagoh") [Bukit Kepong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukit_Kepong "Bukit Kepong") [Lenga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga,_Johor "Lenga, Johor") [Panchor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchor "Panchor") [Sungai Balang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Balang "Sungai Balang") | |
| [Batu Pahat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Pahat_\(town\) "Batu Pahat (town)") ([Batu Pahat district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Pahat_District "Batu Pahat District")) | **[Bandar Penggaram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Penggaram "Bandar Penggaram") (City centre)** [Minyak Beku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_Beku "Minyak Beku") Segenting [Taman Bukit Pasir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Bukit_Pasir "Taman Bukit Pasir") [Taman Flora Utama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Flora_Utama "Taman Flora Utama") [Taman Setia Jaya 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Setia_Jaya_2 "Taman Setia Jaya 2") [Tongkang Pechah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongkang_Pechah "Tongkang Pechah") [Rengit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rengit "Rengit") [Parit Raja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parit_Raja "Parit Raja") [Semerah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semerah "Semerah") [Senggarang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senggarang,_Johor "Senggarang, Johor") **[Sri Gading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Gading "Sri Gading")** [Pura Kencana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pura_Kencana "Pura Kencana") | |
| [Kluang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluang_\(town\) "Kluang (town)") ([Kluang district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluang_District "Kluang District")) | **Kluang** [Taman Sri Lambak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Sri_Lambak "Taman Sri Lambak") [Mengkibol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengkibol "Mengkibol") **[Paloh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paloh "Paloh")** [Chamek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamek "Chamek") [Kahang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahang "Kahang") | |
| [Kulai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulai "Kulai") ([Kulai district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulai_District "Kulai District")) | **Kulai** [Bandar Indahpura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indahpura "Indahpura") [Bandar Putra Kulai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Putra_Kulai "Bandar Putra Kulai") **[Senai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senai "Senai")** [FELDA Taib Andak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FELDA_Taib_Andak "FELDA Taib Andak") [Saleng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleng "Saleng") [Seelong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seelong "Seelong") [Senai International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senai_International_Airport "Senai International Airport") [Kelapa Sawit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelapa_Sawit "Kelapa Sawit") [Bukit Batu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukit_Batu "Bukit Batu") [Sedenak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedenak "Sedenak") [Ulu Choh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulu_Choh "Ulu Choh") | |
| [Segamat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segamat_\(town\) "Segamat (town)") ([Segamat district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segamat_District "Segamat District")) | **Segamat** [Genuang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genuang "Genuang") [Kampung Tengah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampung_Tengah "Kampung Tengah") **[Batu Anam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Anam "Batu Anam")** [Buloh Kasap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buloh_Kasap "Buloh Kasap") [Gemas Baru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemas_Baru "Gemas Baru") [Jementah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jementah "Jementah") | |
| [Pengerang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengerang "Pengerang") ([Kota Tinggi district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Tinggi_District "Kota Tinggi District")) | **Pengerang** [Tanjung Pengelih](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Pengelih "Tanjung Pengelih") **[Sungai Rengit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Rengit "Sungai Rengit")** [Teluk Ramunia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluk_Ramunia "Teluk Ramunia") [Pasir Gogok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Gogok "Pasir Gogok") **[Bandar Penawar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Penawar "Bandar Penawar")** [Bandar Mas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Mas "Bandar Mas") [Desaru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desaru "Desaru") [Tanjung Balau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Balau "Tanjung Balau") **[Johor Lama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Lama "Johor Lama")** [Teluk Sengat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluk_Sengat "Teluk Sengat") | |
| [Pontian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontian_District "Pontian District") | [Pontian Kechil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontian_Kechil "Pontian Kechil") [Kampung Kayu Ara Pasong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampung_Kayu_Ara_Pasong "Kampung Kayu Ara Pasong") [Pekan Nanas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekan_Nanas "Pekan Nanas") [Ayer Baloi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayer_Baloi "Ayer Baloi") [Benut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benut "Benut") [Kukup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukup "Kukup") | |
| [District councils (Majlis Daerah)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Malaysia "Local government in Malaysia") | | |
| | | |
| [Kota Tinggi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Tinggi_District "Kota Tinggi District") | [Kota Tinggi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Tinggi "Kota Tinggi") [Lombong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombong "Lombong") [Bandar Tenggara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Tenggara "Bandar Tenggara") [Sedili](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedili "Sedili") [FELDA Lok Heng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FELDA_Lok_Heng "FELDA Lok Heng") [FELDA Waha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FELDA_Waha "FELDA Waha") | |
| [Mersing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersing_District "Mersing District") | [Mersing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersing "Mersing") [Air Papan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Papan "Air Papan") [Tenggaroh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenggaroh "Tenggaroh") [Jemaluang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemaluang "Jemaluang") [Endau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endau "Endau") | |
| [Tangkak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangkak_District "Tangkak District") | [Tangkak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangkak "Tangkak") [Sagil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagil "Sagil") [Sungai Mati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Mati "Sungai Mati") [Bukit Kangkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukit_Kangkar "Bukit Kangkar") [Sengkang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengkang,_Johor "Sengkang, Johor") [Bukit Gambir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukit_Gambir "Bukit Gambir") [Kesang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesang,_Malaysia "Kesang, Malaysia") [Parit Bunga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parit_Bunga "Parit Bunga") [Tanjung Agas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Agas "Tanjung Agas") | |
| [Labis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labis "Labis") ([Segamat district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segamat_District "Segamat District")) | [Labis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labis "Labis") [Air Panas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekan_Air_Panas "Pekan Air Panas") [Sungai Karas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Karas "Sungai Karas") [Tenang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenang_Stesen "Tenang Stesen") [Bekok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekok "Bekok") [Chaah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaah "Chaah") | |
| [Yong Peng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yong_Peng "Yong Peng") ([Batu Pahat district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Pahat_District "Batu Pahat District")) | [Yong Peng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yong_Peng "Yong Peng") [Ayer Hitam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayer_Hitam "Ayer Hitam") [Parit Sulong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parit_Sulong "Parit Sulong") [Sri Medan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Medan "Sri Medan") [Parit Yaani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parit_Yaani "Parit Yaani") | |
| [Simpang Renggam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpang_Renggam "Simpang Renggam") ([Kluang district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluang_District "Kluang District")) | [Simpang Renggam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpang_Renggam "Simpang Renggam") [Machap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machap "Machap") [Layang-Layang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layang-Layang,_Johor "Layang-Layang, Johor") [Renggam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renggam "Renggam") | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg "Commons page") [Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Johor "commons:Johor") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg "Wikisource page") [Wikisource](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Johor "s:Portal:Johor")  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Johor "Category:Johor") | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:States_and_Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia "Template:States and Federal Territories of Malaysia") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:States_and_Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia "Template talk:States and Federal Territories of Malaysia") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_and_Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia "Special:EditPage/Template:States and Federal Territories of Malaysia")[States and federal territories of Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia "States and federal territories of Malaysia") | |
|---|---|
| Capital: [Kuala Lumpur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur") | |
| States | [Johor]() [Kedah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah "Kedah") [Kelantan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan "Kelantan") [Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca "Malacca") [Negeri Sembilan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan "Negeri Sembilan") [Pahang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahang "Pahang") [Penang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang "Penang") [Perak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak "Perak") [Perlis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlis "Perlis") [Sabah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah "Sabah") [Sarawak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak "Sarawak") [Selangor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor "Selangor") [Terengganu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu "Terengganu") |
| [Federal Territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia "Federal Territories of Malaysia") | [Kuala Lumpur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur") [Labuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labuan "Labuan") [Putrajaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putrajaya "Putrajaya") |
| Former states | [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Singapore_\(Malaysia\) "State of Singapore (Malaysia)") |
[Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals "Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"):
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|---|---|
| International | [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/267156929) [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/4096604-5) [FAST](https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1211673) [WorldCat](https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjXgjYhFhrkT78RPXYgKd) |
| National | [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81012417) [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1078607&CON_LNG=ENG) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548171605171) |
| Geographic | [MusicBrainz area](https://musicbrainz.org/area/7074ad56-379d-4298-bb88-80fdf249cf86) |
| Other | [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/place/8b3ae11f-1fc4-423b-9081-6edd209ec500) |
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Johor
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[Add topic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor) |
| Readable Markdown | "Johor Darul Ta'zim" redirects here. For the professional football club, see [Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Darul_Ta%27zim_F.C. "Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C.")
| Johor | |
|---|---|
| [State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia "States and federal territories of Malaysia") | |
| State and Subject Territory of Johor, the Abode of Dignity *Negeri dan Jajahan Takluk Johor Darul Ta'zim* ([Malay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language "Malay language")) | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Johor.svg "Flag of Johor") [Flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Johor "Flag of Johor") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Johor.svg "Coat of arms of Johor") [Coat of arms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Johor "Coat of arms of Johor") | |
| **Nickname(s)**: *Darul Ta'zim*[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_info-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-jhr-2) | |
| **Motto**: *Kepada [Allah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah "Allah") Berserah*[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_info-1) ("To Allah We Surrender")[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_info-1) | |
| **Anthem**: *[Lagu Bangsa Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_State_Anthem "Johor State Anthem")* ("Johor State Anthem") | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johor_in_Malaysia.svg)**Johor** in **[Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia")** | |
| Country |  [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia") |
| AngloâJohor Treaty | 1885 |
| [Johor State Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-undang_Tubuh_Negeri_Johor "Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor") | 14 April 1895 |
| [British protected states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States "Unfederated Malay States") | 1914 |
| [Japanese occupation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya "Japanese occupation of Malaya") | 1942 |
| Accession into the [Federation of Malaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya "Federation of Malaya") | 1948 |
| [Malayan Declaration of Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Declaration_of_Independence "Malayan Declaration of Independence") | 31 August 1957 |
| [Proclamation of Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_Malaysia "Proclamation of Malaysia") | 16 September 1963 |
| Capitaland largest city | [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru")[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-3) [1°59â˛27âłN 103°28â˛58âłEďťż / ďťż1\.99083°N 103.48278°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Johor¶ms=1_59_27_N_103_28_58_E_type:city) |
| Royal capital | [Muar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_\(town\) "Muar (town)") |
| Official languages | [Malay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Malay "Malaysian Malay") |
| Common languages | [Malay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Malay "Malaysian Malay"), [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language "English language"), [Mandarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese "Mandarin Chinese"), [Tamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language "Tamil language"), others |
| [Ethnic groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group "Ethnic group") (2020)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-2020KF-4) | 60\.1% [Bumiputera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera_\(Malaysia\) "Bumiputera (Malaysia)") 32\.8% [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese "Malaysian Chinese") 6\.6% [Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Indian "Malaysian Indian") 0\.5% Other ethnicities |
| Religion (2020)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-2020KF-4) | 59\.7% [Sunni Islam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia "Islam in Malaysia") ([official](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion "State religion")) 28\.7% [Buddhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia "Buddhism in Malaysia") 7\.1% [Hinduism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Malaysia "Hinduism in Malaysia") 3\.0% [Christianity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Malaysia "Christianity in Malaysia") 0\.8% Other religions 0\.7% [No religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion "Irreligion") |
| [Demonym(s)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym "Demonym") | Johorean |
| Government | [Federated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_state "Federated state") parliamentary [constitutional monarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy "Constitutional monarchy") |
| ⢠[Sultan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor "Sultan of Johor") | [Ibrahim Ismail ibni Iskandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Iskandar_of_Johor "Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor") |
| ⢠[Chief Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menteri_Besar_of_Johor "Menteri Besar of Johor") | [Onn Hafiz Ghazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onn_Hafiz_Ghazi "Onn Hafiz Ghazi") ([BN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Nasional "Barisan Nasional")â[UMNO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation "United Malays National Organisation")) |
| Legislature | [Legislative Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_State_Legislative_Assembly "Johor State Legislative Assembly") |
| Area | |
| ⢠Total | 19,166 km2 (7,400 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation([Mount Ledang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ledang "Mount Ledang")) | 1,276 m (4,186 ft) |
| Population | |
| ⢠2020 census | 4,009,670 (2020)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-2020_population-5) |
| ⢠Density | 209\.2/km2 (541.8/sq mi) |
| [GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product "Gross domestic product") ([PPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity "Purchasing power parity")) | 2024 estimate |
| ⢠Total | \$133.846 billion |
| ⢠Per capita | \$31,973 |
| [GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product "Gross domestic product") (nominal) | 2024 estimate |
| ⢠Total | \$40.914 billion[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-:dosm-6) |
| ⢠Per capita | \$9,773[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-:dosm-6) |
| [Gini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient "Gini coefficient") (2022) |  0.366[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-dosm2024-7) low |
| [HDI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index "Human Development Index") (2024) |  0.811[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-8) very high ¡ [9th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_Human_Development_Index "List of Malaysian states by Human Development Index") |
| Currency | [Malaysian ringgit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit "Malaysian ringgit") (RM/MYR) |
| [Time zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone "Time zone") | [UTC+8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B8 "UTC+8") ([Malaysian Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Malaysia "Time in Malaysia")) |
| Date format | dd-mm-yyyy |
| [Driving side](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic "Left- and right-hand traffic") | Left |
| Calling code | 07 06 (Muar and Tangkak)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-9) |
| [Postal code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_postal_codes_in_Malaysia "List of postal codes in Malaysia") | 79xxx[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-11) to 86xxx,[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-12) 73400 |
| [ISO 3166 code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166 "ISO 3166") | MY-01, 21â24[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-10) |
| Website | [johor.gov.my](http://johor.gov.my/) |
**Johor**[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-14) is a [state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia "States and federal territories of Malaysia") of [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia") in the south of the [Malay Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula "Malay Peninsula"). It borders with [Pahang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahang "Pahang"), [Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca "Malacca") and [Negeri Sembilan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan "Negeri Sembilan") to the north. Johor has maritime borders with [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") to the south and [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia") to the east and west. As of 2025, the state's population is 4.2 million, making it the second most populous state in Malaysia, after [Selangor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor "Selangor").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-15) [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru") is the capital city and the economic centre of the state, and [Muar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_\(town\) "Muar (town)") serves as the royal capital.
Johor is one of Malaysia's most important economic hubs, having the highest [gross domestic product](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product "Gross domestic product") (GDP) in Malaysia outside of the [Klang Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_Valley "Klang Valley"), making it the country's [second largest state economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP "List of Malaysian states by GDP"). Its [household income and total salaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_household_income "List of Malaysian states by household income") are also the second highest among all Malaysian states.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-16)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-17) Johor has the world's second largest [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") hub,[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-18) robust manufacturing and logistics centres, and home to the [Port of Tanjung Pelepas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Pelepas "Port of Tanjung Pelepas"), the [15th busiest port in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_container_ports "List of busiest container ports").[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-19) Located in southern Johor, [Iskandar Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Malaysia "Iskandar Malaysia") is Malaysia's largest [special economic zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_economic_zone "Special economic zone") by investment value.
Johor's history began with the [Johor Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Sultanate "Johor Sultanate"), which emerged as a [rump state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rump_state "Rump state") of the [Malacca Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate "Malacca Sultanate"). It operated as a [sovereign state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state "Sovereign state") until the arrival of European powers, when the [Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824 "Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824") divided the wider polity between the [British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire") and the [Dutch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire "Dutch colonial empire") and fixed Johor's modern boundaries. Johor remained largely self-governing until 1885, when British oversight increased through the appointment of a General Adviser who directed all affairs over the [Sultan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor "Sultan of Johor") apart from matters of local religion and customs. Johor became a [British protected state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_protectorate#List_of_former_British_protected_states "British protectorate") within the [Unfederated Malay States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States "Unfederated Malay States") in 1914, a position interrupted only by the [Japanese occupation of Malaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya "Japanese occupation of Malaya"). After the war, it joined the [Malayan Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Union "Malayan Union") in 1946 and subsequently the [Federation of Malaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya "Federation of Malaya") in 1948, the latter of which gained its [independence from the British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Declaration_of_Independence "Malayan Declaration of Independence") in 1957, before entering modern-day Malaysia under the [Malaysia Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement "Malaysia Agreement") of 1963.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-20)
Johor has high diversity in ethnicity, culture, language, and is known for its traditional dance of *[zapin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapin "Zapin")* and [*kuda kepang*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuda_lumping "Kuda lumping"). The head of state is the [Sultan of Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor "Sultan of Johor"), while the head of government is the [Chief Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menteri_Besar_of_Johor "Menteri Besar of Johor"). The government system is closely modelled on the [Westminster system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_system "Westminster system"). Johor is divided into administrative districts, with [Johor Bahru District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_District "Johor Bahru District") being the second largest district in Malaysia by population and economy.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-21)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-22) Islam is the [state religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion "State religion"), but other religions can be freely practised. Johor has [diverse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity "Biodiversity") tropical [rainforests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest "Rainforest") and an [equatorial climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_climate "Equatorial climate"). Situated at the southern foothills of the [Tenasserim Hills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenasserim_Hills "Tenasserim Hills"), [inselbergs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inselbergs "Inselbergs") and [massifs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massifs "Massifs") dominate the state's flat landscape, with [Mount Ledang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ledang "Mount Ledang") being the highest point.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Istana_Bukit_Serene_-_The_Royal_Crown_\(night,_2015\).jpg)
The Royal Crown in [Istana Bukit Serene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Bukit_Serene "Istana Bukit Serene"), Johor, dubbed the "Jewel"[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-23)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-John_Krich-24)
The area was first known to the northern inhabitants of [Siam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_people "Thai people") as *Gangganu* or *Ganggayu* (Treasury of Gems)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-etymology_of_Johor-25)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-etymology-26)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_information-27) due to the abundance of [gemstones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone "Gemstone") near the [Johor River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_River "Johor River").[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-28)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-29) [Arab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs "Arabs") traders referred to it as ŘŹŮŮŮŮŮŘąâ (â*[jauhar](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1#Arabic "wikt:ŘŹŮŮŘą")*â),[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-etymology_of_Johor-25)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-etymology-26)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-30) a word borrowed from the [Persian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language "Persian language") ÚŻŮŮŘąâ (*gauhar*), which also means 'precious stone' or 'jewel'.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-31) As the local people found it difficult to pronounce the [Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic "Arabic") word in the local dialect, the name subsequently became *Johor*.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_origin-32) Meanwhile, the [Old Javanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Javanese "Old Javanese") eulogy of [Nagarakretagama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarakretagama "Nagarakretagama") called the area *Ujong Medini* ('land's end'),[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-John_Krich-24) as it is the southernmost point of [mainland Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia "Mainland Southeast Asia"). Another name, through Portuguese writer [Manuel Godinho de ErĂŠdia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Godinho_de_Er%C3%A9dia "Manuel Godinho de ErĂŠdia"), made reference to [Marco Polo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo "Marco Polo")'s sailing to *Ujong Tanah* (the end of the [Malay Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula "Malay Peninsula") land) in 1292.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-etymology_of_Johor-25) Both *Ujong Medini* and *Ujong Tanah* had been mentioned since before the foundation of the [Sultanate of Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Malacca "Sultanate of Malacca"). Throughout the period, several other names also co-existed such as *Galoh*, *Lenggiu* and *Wurawari*.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-etymology_of_Johor-25)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_origin-32) Johor is also known by its Arabic [honorific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific "Honorific") as داعاŮŘŞŮؚظŮŮ
â (*Darul Ta'zim*) or 'Abode of Dignity'.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_origin-32)
A bronze bell estimated to be from 150 AD was found in Kampong Sungai Penchu near the [Muar River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_River "Muar River").[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Jacq-Hergoualc'h2002-33)[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-34) The bell is believed to have been used as a ceremonial object rather than a trade object as a similar ceremonial bell with the same decorations was found in [Battambang province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battambang_province "Battambang province"), [Cambodia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia "Cambodia"), suggesting that the Malay coast came in contact with [Funan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funan "Funan"), with the bell being a gift from the early kingdom in mainland Asia to local chieftains in the Malay Peninsula.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Jacq-Hergoualc'h2002-33)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-35) Another important archaeological find was the ancient lost city of [Kota Gelanggi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Gelanggi "Kota Gelanggi"), which was discovered by following trails described in an old Malay manuscript once owned by [Stamford Raffles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Raffles "Stamford Raffles").[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-36) Artefacts gathered in the area have reinforced claims of early human settlement in the state.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-37) The claim of Kota Gelanggi as the first settlement is disputed by the state government of Johor, with other evidence from archaeological studies conducted by the state heritage foundation since 1996 suggesting that the historic city is actually located in [Kota Tinggi District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Tinggi_District "Kota Tinggi District") at either *Kota Klang Kiu* or *Ganggayu*. The exact location of the ancient city is still undisclosed, but is said to be within the 14,000-hectare (34,595-acre) forest reserve where the Lenggiu and Madek Rivers are located, based on records in the *[Malay Annals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Annals "Malay Annals")* that, after conquering *[Gangga Negara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangga_Negara "Gangga Negara")*, Raja Suran from Siam of the [Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom "Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom") (Ligor Kingdom) had sailed to *Ganggayu*.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-38) Since ancient times, most of the coastal Malay Peninsula has had their own rulers, but all fell under the jurisdiction of Siam.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-39)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PedraBranca-MapofDominionsofJohore-Hamilton-1727.jpg)
Map of the Dominion of Johor, 1727
After the [fall of Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_\(1511\) "Capture of Malacca (1511)") in 1511 to the [Portuguese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire "Portuguese Empire"), the Johor Sultanate was established by Sultan [Mahmud Shah of Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_of_Malacca "Mahmud Shah of Malacca")'s son, [Ala'udin Ri'ayat Shah II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alauddin_Riayat_Shah_II_of_Johor "Alauddin Riayat Shah II of Johor"), in 1528 when he moved the royal court to the [Johor River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_River "Johor River") and set up his royal residence in [Johor Lama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Lama "Johor Lama").[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_Sultanate_history-40)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-41) Johor became an empire spanning the southern Malay Peninsula, [Riau Archipelago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau_Archipelago "Riau Archipelago") (including Singapore), [Anambas Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anambas_Islands "Anambas Islands"), [Tambelan Archipelago](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tambelan_Archipelago&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tambelan Archipelago (page does not exist)"), [Natuna Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuna_Islands "Natuna Islands"), a region around the [Sambas River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambas_River "Sambas River") in south-western [Borneo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo "Borneo") and Siak in [Sumatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra "Sumatra") with [Pahang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahang_Kingdom "Pahang Kingdom"), [Aru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aru_Kingdom "Aru Kingdom") and [Champa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champa "Champa") as allies.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-42)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-43) It aspired to retake Malacca from the Portuguese[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Anderson1824-44) which the [Aceh Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate "Aceh Sultanate") in northern Sumatra also aspired to do leading to a three-way war among the rivals.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-45) During the wars, Johor's administrative capital moved several times based on military strategies and to maintain authority over trading in the region.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_Sultanate_history-40) Johor and the Portuguese began to collaborate against Aceh, which they saw as a common enemy.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-46) In 1582 the Portuguese helped Johor thwart an attack by Aceh, but the arrangement ended when Johor attacked the Portuguese in 1587. Aceh continued its attacks against the Portuguese, and only ceased when a large armada from the [Portuguese port](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_India "Portuguese India") in [Goa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa "Goa") came to defend Malacca and destroy the sultanate.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-RicklefsLockhart2010-47)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johor-Jambi_war.png)
The extent of Johor and Jambi influence throughout the [JohorâJambi wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor%E2%80%93Jambi_wars "JohorâJambi wars").
After Aceh was left weakened, the [Dutch East India Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company "Dutch East India Company") (VOC) arrived and Johor formed an alliance with them to eliminate the Portuguese in the 1641 [capture of Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_\(1641\) "Siege of Malacca (1641)").[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-48)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Percillier2016-49) Johor regained authority over many of its former dependencies in Sumatra, such as Siak (1662) and Indragiri (1669), which had fallen to Aceh while Malacca was taken by the Dutch.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-RicklefsLockhart2010-47)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Gin2017-50) Malacca was placed under the direct control of [Batavia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies "Batavia, Dutch East Indies") in Java.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-51) Although Malacca fell under Dutch authority, the Dutch did not establish any further trading posts in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, as they had more interest in [Java](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java "Java") and the [Maluku Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands "Maluku Islands").[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Percillier2016-49) The Dutch only become involved with local disputes when the [Bugis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugis "Bugis") began to threaten their maritime trade.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-RicklefsLockhart2010-47)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Johor_\(%E6%9F%94%E4%BD%9B%E5%9B%BD\)_delegates_in_Beijing_in_1761.jpg)
Johor (ćä˝ĺ˝) delegates in [Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing "Beijing"), [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China"), in 1761. *[ä¸ĺ˝ćĽćĺž](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE "ä¸ĺ˝ćĽćĺž")*
The dynasty that descended from the rulers of Malacca lasted until the death of [Mahmud II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_II_of_Johor "Mahmud II of Johor"), when it was succeeded by the [Bendahara dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendahara_dynasty "Bendahara dynasty"), a dynasty of ministers who had previously served in the Malacca Sultanate.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_Sultanate_history-40) The Dutch felt increasingly threatened in the 18th century, especially when the English [East India Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company "East India Company") started to establish a presence in the northern Malay Peninsula,[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-52) leading the Dutch to seize the Bugis areas of [Riau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau "Riau") and expel the Bugis from both Riau and [Selangor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor "Selangor") so these areas would not fall under British rule.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-53) This ended Bugis political domination in the Johor-Pahang-Riau empire, resulting in the Bugis being banned from Riau in 1784.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Gopinath1991-54)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Ooi2004-55) During the rivalry between the Bugis and Dutch, [Mahmud Shah III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_III_of_Johor "Mahmud Shah III of Johor") concluded a treaty of protection with the VOC on board the HNLMS *Utrecht* and the sultan was allowed to reside in Riau with Dutch protection.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Gopinath1991-54) Since then, mistrust between the Bugis and Malay escalated.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Ooi2004-55) From 1796 to 1801 and from 1807 to 1818, Malacca was placed under British [Residency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_\(title\) "Resident (title)") as the Netherlands were [conquered by France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland "Kingdom of Holland") in the [Napoleonic Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars "Napoleonic Wars") and was returned to the Dutch in 1818. Malacca served as the staging area for the British [Invasion of Java](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_\(1811\) "Invasion of Java (1811)") in 1811.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-56)
### British protected states
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: British protected states")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sunset_on_the_Johore_River,_Singapore_Wellcome_V0037493.jpg)
A painting by John Edmund Taylor showing people in rowboats on the [Johor River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_River "Johor River") in the evening seen from [Changi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changi "Changi") in Singapore, July 1879
When Mahmud Shah III died the sultan left two sons through commoner mothers. While the elder son [Hussein Shah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Shah_of_Johor "Hussein Shah of Johor") was supported by the Malay community, the younger son [Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Muazzam_Shah_of_Johor "Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah of Johor") was supported by the Bugis community.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Ooi2004-55) In 1818, the Dutch recognised Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah as the legitimate heir to the Johor Empire in return for supporting their intention to establish a trading post in Riau.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-recognition_and_treaty-57) The following year, the British recognised Hussein Shah as the legitimate heir to the Johor Empire in return for supporting their intention to establish a trading post in Singapore.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_Sultanate_history-40)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Ooi2004-55)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-58) Before his death, Mahmud Shah III had appointed [Abdul Rahman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temenggong_Abdul_Rahman "Temenggong Abdul Rahman") as the [Temenggong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temenggong "Temenggong") for Johor with recognition from the British as the Temenggong of Johor-Singapore,[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_Sultanate_history-40)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-59)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-60) marking the beginning of the Temenggong dynasty. Abdul Rahman was succeeded by his son, [Daeng Ibrahim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temenggong_Daeng_Ibrahim "Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim"), although he was only recognised by the British 14 years later.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_Sultanate_history-40)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johor_Bahru_town_in_the_1920s.jpg)
Johor Bahru town during the British period, circa 1920
With the [partition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_\(politics\) "Partition (politics)") of the Johor Empire due to the dispute between the Bugis and Malay and following the defined spheres of influence for the British and Dutch resulting from the [Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824 "Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824"), Daeng Ibrahim intended to create a new administrative centre for the Johor Sultanate under the new dynasty.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-61) As he maintained a close relationship with the British and the latter wanted full control over trade in Singapore, a treaty was signed between Daeng Ibrahim and Hussein Shah's successor, [Ali Iskandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Iskandar_of_Johor "Ali Iskandar of Johor"), recognising Ali as the next sultan.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-jh-62) Through the treaty, Ali was crowned as the sultan and received \$5,000 (in [Spanish dollars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_dollar "Spanish dollar")) and an allowance of \$500 per month, but was required to cede the sovereignty of the territory of Johor (except [Kesang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesang,_Malaysia "Kesang, Malaysia") of [Muar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_District "Muar District"), which would be the only territory under his control) to Daeng Ibrahim.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-jh-62)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-63)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-British_and_Johor-64)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Partition_of_the_Johor_Empire.png)
Partition of the Johor Empire before and after the [Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824 "Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824")[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-65)
***
 **Under [British influence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire"):**
***
 **Under [Dutch influence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Empire "Dutch Empire"):**
Indragiri Sultanate
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exhibit_of_Undang-Undang_Tubuh_Kerajaan_Negeri_Johor_at_Pameran_Raja_Kita_in_conjunction_with_the_coronation_of_Ibrahim_Iskandar_of_Johor_as_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_XVII_20240901_125301.jpg)
The first written constitution among the Malay states was Johor, namely *[Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-undang_Tubuh_Negeri_Johor "Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor")* by [Abu Bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakar_of_Johor "Abu Bakar of Johor")
Following the establishment of a new capital in mainland Johor, the administrative centre was moved from [Telok Blangah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telok_Blangah "Telok Blangah") in Singapore. As the area was still an undeveloped jungle, the Temenggong encouraged the migration of [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese "Overseas Chinese") and [Javanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people "Javanese people") to clear the land and develop an agricultural economy in Johor. During Daeng Ibrahim's reign, Johor began to be modernised which was continued by his son, [Abu Bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakar_of_Johor "Abu Bakar of Johor").[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_Sultanate_history-40)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-66) In 1885, an Anglo-Johor Treaty was signed that formalised the close relations between the two, with the British given transit rights for trade through Johor's territory and responsibility for its foreign relations, as well as providing protection to the latter.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-recognition_and_treaty-57)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-British_and_Johor-64) It was also in this year that Johor had formed its present-day boundary.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-67) The treaty also provided for the appointment of a British agent in an [advisory role](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_rule "Indirect rule"), although no advisor was appointed until 1910.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-68) Abu Bakar also implemented a constitution known as the [Johor State Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_State_Constitution "Johor State Constitution") (Malay: *Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor*) and organised his administration in a British style.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-69) By adopting an English-style modernisation policy, Johor temporarily prevented itself from being directly controlled by the British, as happened to other Malay states.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-reason_for_advisor_acceptance-70)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-71)
Under the reign of [Ibrahim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_of_Johor "Ibrahim of Johor"), the British appointed [Douglas Graham Campbell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Graham_Campbell "Douglas Graham Campbell") as an advisor to the sultanate in 1910, although the sultan only appointed Campbell as a General Adviser unlike in other Malayan states which had Resident Advisors, becoming the last Malay state to accept a British Adviser.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_Sultanate_history-40) However, due to Ibrahim's overspending, the sultanate faced problems caused by the falling price of its major source of [revenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue "Revenue") and problems between him and members of his state council, which gave the British an opportunity to intervene in Johor's internal affairs.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-reason_for_advisor_acceptance-70) Despite Ibrahim's reluctance to appoint a British adviser, Johor was brought under British control as one of the [Unfederated Malay States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States "Unfederated Malay States") (UMS) by 1914, with the position of its General Adviser elevated to that of a Resident in the [Federated Malay States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_Malay_States "Federated Malay States") (FMS).[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Gin2017-50)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-recognition_and_treaty-57)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-British_and_Johor-64)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-72)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_Malaya_1941_FE287.jpg)
Indian troops embark onto boats during an invasion exercise in southern Johor, 13 November 1941.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_2-pdr_anti-tank_gun_in_action_at_Bakri_on_the_Muar-Parit_Sulong_Road.jpg)
Three Australian [8th Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Division_\(Australia\) "8th Division (Australia)") members firing on Japanese [Type 95 Ha-GĹ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_95_Ha-Go_light_tank "Type 95 Ha-Go light tank") tanks on the Muar-Parit Sulong road during the [Battle of Muar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Muar "Battle of Muar"), 18 January 1942
Since the 1910s, Japanese planters had been involved in numerous estates and in the mining of mineral resources in Johor as a result of the [Anglo-Japanese Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance "Anglo-Japanese Alliance").[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-73)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-LimWong2000-74)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-AkashiYoshimura2008-75) After the [First World War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"), [rubber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber "Rubber") cultivation in Malaya was largely controlled by Japanese companies. Following the abolition of the *Rubber Lands Restrictions (Enactment)* in 1919, Gomu Nanyo Company (South Seas Rubber Co. Ltd.) began cultivating rubber in the interior of Johor.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-76) By the 1920s, Ibrahim had become a personal friend of [Tokugawa Yoshichika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshichika_Tokugawa "Yoshichika Tokugawa"), a member of the [Tokugawa clan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_clan "Tokugawa clan") whose ancestors were military leaders (*[shĹgun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun "ShĹgun")* in [Japanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language "Japanese language")) who ruled Japan from the 16th to the 19th centuries.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-LimWong2000-74) In the [Second World War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), at a great cost of lives in the [Battle of Muar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Muar "Battle of Muar") in Johor as part of the [Malayan Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Campaign "Malayan Campaign"),[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-77) [Imperial Japanese Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army "Imperial Japanese Army") (IJA) forces with their [bicycle infantry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_infantry "Bicycle infantry") and tanks advanced into Muar District (present-day [Tangkak District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangkak_District "Tangkak District")) on 14 January 1942.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Yenne2014-78) During the Japanese forces' arrival, Tokugawa accompanied General [Tomoyuki Yamashita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomoyuki_Yamashita "Tomoyuki Yamashita")'s troops and was warmly received by Ibrahim when they reached [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru") at the end of January 1942.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Yenne2014-78) Yamashita and his officers stationed themselves at the Sultan's residence, [Istana Bukit Serene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Bukit_Serene "Istana Bukit Serene"), and the state secretariat building, [Sultan Ibrahim Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ibrahim_Building "Sultan Ibrahim Building"), to plan for the [invasion of Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore "Battle of Singapore").[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Pike2016-79) Some of the Japanese officers were worried since the location of the palace left them exposed to the British, but Yamashita was confident that the British would not attack since Ibrahim was also a friend to the British, which proved to be correct.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-LimWong2000-74)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Pike2016-79)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Singapore_causeway_blown_up.jpg)
View of the blown up [JohorâSingapore Causeway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor%E2%80%93Singapore_Causeway "JohorâSingapore Causeway") with the gap visible in the middle, which delayed the [Japanese conquest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore "Battle of Singapore") of [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements "Singapore in the Straits Settlements") for over a week to 8 February 1942
On 8 February, the Japanese began to bombard the northwestern coastline of Singapore, which was followed by the crossing of the IJA [5th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Division_\(Imperial_Japanese_Army\) "5th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)") and [18th Divisions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Division_\(Imperial_Japanese_Army\) "18th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)") with around 13,000 troops through the [Straits of Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Johor "Straits of Johor").[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Japanese_arrival_Singapore-80) The following day, the [Imperial Guard Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Guard_\(Japan\) "Imperial Guard (Japan)") crossed into [Kranji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kranji "Kranji") while the remaining Japanese Guard troops crossed through the repaired [JohorâSingapore Causeway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor%E2%80%93Singapore_Causeway "JohorâSingapore Causeway").[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Japanese_arrival_Singapore-80) Following the occupation of all of Malaya and Singapore by the Japanese, Tokugawa proposed a reform plan by which the five kingdoms of Johor, Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah-Penang and Perlis would be restored and federated.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-AkashiYoshimura2008-75) Under the scheme, Johor would control [Perak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak "Perak"), Selangor, [Negeri Sembilan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan "Negeri Sembilan") and Malacca while a 2,100-square-kilometre (800 sq mi) area in the southern part of Johor would be incorporated into [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore "Japanese occupation of Singapore") for defence purposes.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-AkashiYoshimura2008-75) The five monarchs of the kingdoms would be obliged to pledge loyalty to Japan, would need to visit the Japanese royal family every two years, and would assure the [freedom of religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion "Freedom of religion"), worship, employment and [ownership of private property](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_property "Private property") to all people and accord every Japanese person residing in the kingdoms with treatment equal to indigenous people.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-AkashiYoshimura2008-75)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_Advancement,_Labis_\(cropped_II\)_\(AWM_4093032\).jpg)
Additional Japanese troops advancing through an iron bridge in [Labis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labis "Labis") which had been destroyed by the retreating British forces down the Malayan Peninsula, 22 January 1942
Meanwhile, [Ĺtani KĹzui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctani_K%C5%8Dzui "Ĺtani KĹzui") of the [Nishi Hongan-ji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishi_Hongan-ji "Nishi Hongan-ji") sub-sect of [JĹdo ShinshĹŤ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB "JĹdo ShinshĹŤ") [Buddhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism") suggested that the sultan system should be abolished and Japan should rule the Malay kingdoms under a Japanese constitutional monarchy government.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-AkashiYoshimura2008-75) Japanese War Minister [Hideki TĹjĹ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D "Hideki TĹjĹ"), however, had already reminded their government staff in Malaya to refrain from acting superior to the sultan and to pay respect so the sultan would co-operate with the *gunsei* (Japanese military organisation).[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-AkashiYoshimura2008-75) In May, many high-ranking Japanese officials returned to [Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_City "Tokyo City") to consult with officials of the War Ministry and General Staff on how to deal with the Sultan.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-AkashiYoshimura2008-75) Upon their return to Singapore in July, they published a document called "A Policy for the Treatment of the Sultan", which was a demand for the Sultan to surrender his power over his people and land to the [Japanese emperor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan "Emperor of Japan") through the IJA commander. The military organisation demanded the Sultan surrender his power in a manner reminiscent of the way the [Tokugawa shogunate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate "Tokugawa shogunate") surrendered their power to the Japanese emperor in 1868.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-AkashiYoshimura2008-75) Through the Japanese administration, many massacres of civilians occurred with an estimate that 25,000 ethnic Chinese civilians in Johor perished during the occupation.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-81) In spite of that, the Japanese established the Endau Settlement (also known as the New [Syonan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syonan "Syonan") Model Farm) in [Endau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endau "Endau") for Chinese settlers to ease the food supply problem in Singapore.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-82)
### Post-war and independence
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Post-war and independence")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE5882.jpg)
British Brigadier J J McCully inspects men of the 4th Regiment of the [Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_People%27s_Anti-Japanese_Army "Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army") (MPAJA) guerrillas at Johor Bahru after the end of war against the Japanese, 1945
At the start of the war, the British had accepted an offer from the [Communist Party of Malaya (CPM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malaya "Communist Party of Malaya") to co-operate to fight the Japanese; to do this, the CPM formed the [Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army "Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army") (MPAJA).[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-communism_in_Malaya-83) The CPM supporters were mostly Chinese-educated members discriminated against by the English-educated elite and the *Babas* ([Straits-born Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peranakan "Peranakan")) during British rule whose main objective was to gain independence from foreign empires and to establish a socialist state based on [MarxismâLeninism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism "MarxismâLeninism") similar to the [People's Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China "People's Republic of China").[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Lee2013-84) The party also had Malay and Indian representatives. They advocated violence as a method of achieving their goals.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Lee2013-84) Throughout their war against the Japanese, they also assassinated civilians suspected of collaborating with the Japanese,[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Pye2015-85) while kidnapped Malay women were used as [comfort women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_women "Comfort women"), as had also been done by the Japanese.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Bose2012-86) This led to retaliatory raids from some Malays affected by the attacks who decided to collaborate with the Japanese. This indirectly led to [ethnic conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_conflict "Ethnic conflict"), especially when ethnic propaganda was being made by both sides, leading to the deaths of more civilians.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Bose2012-86)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-87) The Allied forces launched [Operation Tiderace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tiderace "Operation Tiderace") and [Operation Zipper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Zipper "Operation Zipper") to liberate Malaya and Singapore. In the five weeks before the British resumed control over Malaya following the Japanese surrender on 16 August 1945, the MPAJA emerged as the [de facto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto "De facto") authority in the Malayan territory.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-communism_in_Malaya-83)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE5878.jpg)
MPAJA guerrillas marching through the street of Johor Bahru during their disbandment ceremony in December 1945
Johor and the rest of Malaya were officially placed under the [British Military Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Military_Administration_\(Malaya\) "British Military Administration (Malaya)") (BMA) in September 1945 and the MPAJA was disbanded in December after its secretary-general, [Lai Teck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai_Teck "Lai Teck") (who was also a double agent for the British),[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-AkashiYoshimura2008-75)[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-88) accepted the return of British colonial rule and adopted a moderate "open and legal" attitude towards progressing their goals with most members receiving medals from the British the following year.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-communism_in_Malaya-83)[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Pye2015-85) There was a dispute after the British had returned when Lai Teck disappeared with the CPM funds. The party administration was taken over by [Chin Peng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_Peng "Chin Peng"), who abandoned the "moderate strategy" in favour of a "people's revolutionary war", culminating in the [Malayan Emergency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Emergency "Malayan Emergency") of 1948.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-communism_in_Malaya-83) During the emergency period, large-scale attacks by the CPM occurred in the present-day [Kulai District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulai_District "Kulai District") and other parts of Malaya, but failed to establish [Mao Zedong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong "Mao Zedong")\-style "liberated areas".[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-communism_in_Malaya-83)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unpacking_the_State_and_Federation_of_Malaya_Agreements_\(cropped\).jpg)
[Onn Jaafar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onn_Jaafar "Onn Jaafar") (left), the [Menteri Besar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Menteris_Besar_of_Johor "List of Menteris Besar of Johor") of Johor and founder of the [United Malays National Organisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation "United Malays National Organisation") (UMNO) with Dr. W. Linehan (right), C.M.G. Adviser on Constitutional Affairs during the [Federation of Malaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya "Federation of Malaya") Agreements in 1948
Fighting between the British occupation forces and their Malayan allies against the CPM continued through the formation of the [Malayan Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Union "Malayan Union") on 1 April 1946 and the proclamation of the independence of the [Federation of Malaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya "Federation of Malaya") on 31 August 1957.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-89) At the time of independence there were three political factions: the Communists, the pro-British, and a race-based coalition. The pro-British side was divided between the Malayan Democratic Union (MDU), which was dominated by English-speaking Chinese and Eurasians who co-operate with [left-wing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics "Left-wing politics") Malay nationalists "for an independent Malaya that would also include Singapore" and another pro-British side comprising the *Babas* under the Straits Chinese British Association (SCBA), who were trying to retain their status and privileges granted for their loyalty to the British during the [Straits Settlements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_Settlements "Straits Settlements") era by remaining under British administration.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Lee2013-84)[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-90)[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-91) Meanwhile, the racial coalition, comprising the leading [United Malays National Organisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation "United Malays National Organisation") (UMNO) in an [alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Party_\(Malaysia\) "Alliance Party (Malaysia)") with the [Malaysian Indian Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_Congress "Malaysian Indian Congress") (MIC) and [Malaysian Chinese Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_Association "Malaysian Chinese Association") (MCA), sought an independent Malaya based on a racial and religious privileges policy and won the [1955 Malayan general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_Malayan_general_election "1955 Malayan general election"), with the capital of Johor Bahru being the centre of the UMNO party.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Ooi2004-55)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Lee2013-84)
In 1961, the Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya [Tunku Abdul Rahman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman "Tunku Abdul Rahman") desired to unite Malaya with the British colonies of [North Borneo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo "Crown Colony of North Borneo"), [Sarawak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak "Crown Colony of Sarawak") and [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Singapore "Crown Colony of Singapore").[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-92) Despite growing opposition from the governments of [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia") and the [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines") as well from Communist sympathisers and nationalists in Borneo, the federation was realised on 16 September 1963, with the sovereign state renamed Malaysia.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-93)[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-94) The Indonesian government later launched a "policy of [confrontation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation "IndonesiaâMalaysia confrontation")" towards the new federation,[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-95) which prompted the United Kingdom and their allies of [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") and [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") to deploy armed forces.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-96)[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-97) [Pontian District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontian_District "Pontian District") became the coastal landing point for amphibious Indonesian troops during the confrontation while [Labis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_at_Labis "Landing at Labis") and [Tenang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenang "Tenang") in [Segamat District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segamat_District "Segamat District") became the landing point for Indonesian para-commandos for subversion and sabotage attacks.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-98)[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-99)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-100) Several encounters occurred in Kota Tinggi District, where nine Malayan/Singaporean troops and half of the Indonesian infiltrators were killed and the rest were captured.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-101) Despite several attacks that also cost civilian lives, the Indonesian side did not reach their main objective, and the confrontation ended in 1966 following the internal political struggle in Indonesia resulting from the [30 September Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_September_Movement "30 September Movement").[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-102)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-103)
Since the end of the confrontation, the state's development has expanded further with industrial estates and new suburbs. Of the total approved development projects for Johor from 1980 until 1990, 69 per cent were concentrated in Johor Bahru and the [Pasir Gudang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Gudang "Pasir Gudang") area.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-104) Industrial estates and new suburbs were built in settlements on both the northern and eastern sides of the town, including [Plentong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plentong "Plentong") and [Tebrau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebrau "Tebrau").[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_as_part_of_Malaysia-105) The town of Johor Bahru was [officially recognised as a city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Malaysia "List of cities in Malaysia") on 1 January 1994.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_as_part_of_Malaysia-105) On 22 November 2017, [Iskandar Puteri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Puteri "Iskandar Puteri") was declared a city and assigned as the administrative centre of the state, located in [Kota Iskandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Iskandar "Kota Iskandar").[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-106)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dato%27_Jaafar_Muhammad_Building.JPG)
Dato' Jaafar Muhammad Building in [Kota Iskandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Iskandar "Kota Iskandar"), which houses the office of the Chief Minister of Johor
| | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johor_Legislative_Assembly_12032022.svg) | | | | | |
| Affiliation | Coalition/Party Leader | Status | Seats | | |
| [2022 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Johor_state_election "2022 Johor state election") | Current | | | | |
| | [Barisan Nasional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Nasional "Barisan Nasional") | [Onn Hafiz Ghazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onn_Hafiz_Ghazi "Onn Hafiz Ghazi") | Government | 40 | 40 |
| | [Pakatan Harapan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan "Pakatan Harapan") | [Liew Chin Tong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liew_Chin_Tong "Liew Chin Tong") | Confidence and supply | 12 | 12 |
| | [Perikatan Nasional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perikatan_Nasional "Perikatan Nasional") | [Sahruddin Jamal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahruddin_Jamal "Sahruddin Jamal") | Opposition | 3 | 3 |
| Total | 56 | 56 | | | |
| Government majority | 17 | 23 | | | |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johor_Royal_Family_2015.png)
The [Johor royal family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor "Sultan of Johor") in 2015
Johor is a [constitutional monarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy "Constitutional monarchy") and was the first state in Malaysia to adopt the system via the [Johor State Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_State_Constitution "Johor State Constitution") ([Malay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language "Malay language"): *Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor)* written by Sultan [Abu Bakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakar_of_Johor "Abu Bakar of Johor") in 1895.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-107)[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-108) The constitutional head of Johor is the [sultan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan "Sultan"). This hereditary position can only be held by a member of the [Johor royal family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor "Sultan of Johor") who is descended from Abu Bakar. The current Sultan of Johor is [Ibrahim Iskandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Iskandar_of_Johor "Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor"), who became sultan on 23 January 2010.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-109) The main royal palace for the sultan is the [Bukit Serene Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Bukit_Serene "Istana Bukit Serene"), while the crown prince's is the [Istana Pasir Pelangi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Pasir_Pelangi "Istana Pasir Pelangi"); both palaces are located in the state capital. Other palaces are the [Grand Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Besar "Istana Besar") (which is also located in the state capital), Tanjong Palace in [Muar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_\(town\) "Muar (town)"), Sri Lambak in [Kluang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluang_\(town\) "Kluang (town)") and Shooting Box in [Segamat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segamat_\(town\) "Segamat (town)").[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-110)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sultan_Ismail_Building.JPG)
The [Sultan Ismail Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ismail_Building "Sultan Ismail Building") houses the Johor State Legislative Assembly in [Kota Iskandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Iskandar,_Johor "Kota Iskandar, Johor"), [Iskandar Puteri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Puteri "Iskandar Puteri").
The state government is headed by a [Chief Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menteri_Besar_of_Johor "Menteri Besar of Johor"), who is assisted by an 11-member [executive council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_State_Executive_Council "Johor State Executive Council") selected from the state assembly members.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-111) The legislative branch of Johor's government is the [Johor State Legislative Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_State_Legislative_Assembly "Johor State Legislative Assembly"), which is based on the [Westminster system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_system "Westminster system"). Therefore, the chief minister is appointed based on their ability to command the majority of the state assembly. The state assembly makes laws in matters regarding the state. Members of the Assembly are elected by citizens every five years by [universal suffrage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage "Universal suffrage").[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-112) There are 56 seats in the assembly. The majority (40 seats) are currently held by [Barisan Nasional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Nasional "Barisan Nasional") (BN).
Johor was a [sovereign state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state "Sovereign state") from 1948 until 1957 while the Federation of Malaya Agreement was in force, but its defence and external affairs were mainly under the control of the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom").[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-113) The Malayan Federation was then merged with two British colonies in Borneo â North Borneo and Sarawak â to form the Federation of Malaysia. Since then, several disputes have arisen such as the incident involving the state royal family that resulted in the [1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia "1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia"), disputes with federal leaders on state and federation affairs, and dissatisfaction over slower development in contrast with the long-standing prosperity in neighbouring Singapore, which even led to statements about [secession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession "Secession") from Johor's royal family.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-114)[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_economy-115) Other social issues include the rise of racial and religious intolerance among the state's citizens since being part of the federation.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-116)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-117)
### Administrative divisions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: Administrative divisions")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johor_Bahru_City_Council_Tower.jpg)
City council of [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mersing_District_Council.JPG)
A district council office in [Mersing District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersing_District "Mersing District").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kluang_Municipal_Council.jpg)
A municipal council office in [Kluang District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluang_District "Kluang District").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FELDA_Linggiu_Office.jpg)
A FELDA office in [Kota Tinggi District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Tinggi_District "Kota Tinggi District").
Johor is divided into ten [districts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Malaysia "List of districts in Malaysia") (*daerah*), 103 [mukims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukim "Mukim") and 16 local governments.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-118)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_town_planning-119) There are district officers for each district and a village head person (known as a *ketua kampung* or *[penghulu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghulu "Penghulu")*) for each village in the district.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-120)[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-121)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-122) Before the British arrival, Johor was run by a group of relatives and friends of the sultan. A more organised administration was developed in the treaty of friendship with Great Britain in 1885.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-123) A British Resident began to be accepted in 1914 when the state became part of the [Unfederated Malay States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States "Unfederated Malay States").[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Hussin2016-124) With the transformation into British-style administration, more Europeans were appointed into the administration with their role expanding from advising on financial matters to modern administration guidance.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-125) Malay state commissioners worked alongside British district officers, known in Johor as "Assistant Advisers".[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-126) When the post of the Resident of the UMS was abolished, other European-held posts in the administration were replaced with locals. As in the rest of Malaysia, the local government comes under the purview of the state government.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-127)
| | [Districts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Malaysia "Districts of Malaysia") | Capital | Area (km2) | Population (2010)[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-total_population-128) | Population (2020) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  [Batu Pahat District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Pahat_District "Batu Pahat District") | [Batu Pahat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Pahat_\(town\) "Batu Pahat (town)") | 1,878 | 401,902 | 495,338 |
| 2 |  [Johor Bahru District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_District "Johor Bahru District") | [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru") | 1,817.8 | 1,334,188 | 1,711,191 |
| 3 |  [Kluang District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluang_District "Kluang District") | [Kluang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluang_\(town\) "Kluang (town)") | 2,851 | 288,364 | 323,762 |
| 4 |  [Kota Tinggi District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Tinggi_District "Kota Tinggi District") | [Kota Tinggi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Tinggi "Kota Tinggi") | 3,488 | 187,824 | 222,382 |
| 5 |  [Kulai District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulai_District "Kulai District") | [Kulai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulai "Kulai") | 753 | 245,294 | 329,497 |
| 6 |  [Mersing District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersing_District "Mersing District") | [Mersing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersing "Mersing") | 2,838 | 69,028 | 78,195 |
| 7 |  [Muar District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_District "Muar District") | [Muar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_\(town\) "Muar (town)") | 1,376 | 239,027 | 314,776 |
| 8 |  [Pontian District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontian_District "Pontian District") | [Pontian Kechil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontian_Kechil "Pontian Kechil") | 907 | 149,938 | 173,318 |
| 9 |  [Segamat District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segamat_District "Segamat District") | [Segamat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segamat_\(town\) "Segamat (town)") | 2,851 | 182,985 | 197,762 |
| 10 |  [Tangkak District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangkak_District "Tangkak District") | [Tangkak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangkak "Tangkak") | 970 | 131,890 | 163,449 |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JMF_Ibrahim.jpg)
Sultan [Ibrahim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_of_Johor "Ibrahim of Johor") leading the Johor Military Forces (JMF) during the King's Birthday Parade of [George V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V "George V") in Singapore,
c.
1920
The Ninth Schedule of the [Constitution of Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia "Constitution of Malaysia") states that the [Malaysian federal government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia "Government of Malaysia") is solely responsible for foreign policy and military forces in the country.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-129) However, Johor has a [private army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_army "Private army"), the only state to do so. The retention of the army was one of the stipulations Johor made in 1946 when it participated in the [Federation of Malaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya "Federation of Malaya").[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-130) This army, the [Royal Johor Military Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Johor_Military_Force "Royal Johor Military Force") (*Askar Timbalan Setia Negeri Johor*), has served as the protector of the Johor monarchs since 1886.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-131) It is one of the oldest military units in present-day Malaysia and had a significant historical role in the suppression of the [1915 Singapore Mutiny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny "1915 Singapore Mutiny") and served in both World Wars.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-132)
### Territorial disputes
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Territorial disputes")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pedra_Branca_Map.svg)
Map of the disputed island and rocks
Johor previously had a territorial dispute with Singapore.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Batu_Puteh_dispute-133) In 1979 Government of Malaysia published the Malaysian Territorial Waters and Continental Shelf Boundaries Map which showed the island of [Batu Puteh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedra_Branca,_Singapore "Pedra Branca, Singapore") (present-day Pedra Branca) as under their jurisdiction, Singapore lodged a formal protest the following year.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-134) The dispute originally concerned only the one feature, but when both sides agreed to refer the matter to the [International Court of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice "International Court of Justice") (ICJ) in 2003, the dispute was enlarged to include two other features in the vicinity, [Middle Rocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Rocks "Middle Rocks") and South Ledge.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Batu_Puteh_dispute-133) In 2008 the ICJ decided that "Batu Puteh belongs to Singapore, Middle Rocks to Malaysia and South Ledge belongs to the state in the territorial waters of which it is located".[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-135)[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-136) The final decision by ICJ to award Pedra Branca to Singapore was in line with the 1953 letter made by the Acting State Secretary of Johor in response to the question letter regarding Pedra Branca from the [Colonial Secretary of Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Secretary,_Singapore "Chief Secretary, Singapore"), where the Government of Johor openly stated that it did not claim ownership of Pedra Branca despite acknowledging that the old Johor Empire once ruled most of the islands in the area.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-137)[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-138) In 2017, Malaysia appealed the case of Pedra Branca based on the conditions required by the ICJ that a case could be revised within six months of discovery of facts and within ten years of the date of judgement following the discovery of several facts.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-139) The request was dropped following internal changes in the new Malaysian administration the following year where they subsequently acknowledged Singapore's permanent sovereignty over the island while announcing plans to convert the Middle Rocks into an island.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-140)[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-141)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Satellite_picture_of_Malayan_Peninsular_and_Sumatra_\(extracted\).jpg)
Johor is located in southern Malay Peninsula as seen from [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA") satellite image.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tanjung_Piai_Monument_Earth.jpg)
The southernmost tip of mainland Eurasia, at Tanjung Piai.
The total land area of Johor is nearly 19,166 square kilometres (7,400 sq mi), and it is surrounded by the South China Sea to the east, the Straits of Johor to the south and the [Straits of Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca "Strait of Malacca") to the west.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-statistics-13) The [southernmost point of mainland Eurasia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Asia "Extreme points of Asia"), is located at [Tanjung Piai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Piai "Tanjung Piai").[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-142) The state has 400 kilometres (250 mi) of coastline,[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-143) of which 237.7 kilometres (147.7 mi) have been [eroding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_erosion "Coastal erosion").[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-144) A majority of its coastline, especially on the west coast is covered with [mangrove](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove "Mangrove") and [nipah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nypa_fruticans "Nypa fruticans") forests.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-145)[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-146)[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Bird2010-147) The east coast is dominated by sand beaches and rocky [headlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headland "Headland"),[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-148) while the south coast consists of a series of alternating headlands and [bays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay "Bay").[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Bird2010-147) Its [exclusive economic zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone "Exclusive economic zone") (EEZ) extends much further in the South China Sea than in the Straits of Malacca.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-149)
The western part of Johor had a considerable amount of [peatland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland "Peatland").[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-AshrafOthman2017-150) In 2005, the state recorded 391,499,002 hectares (967,415,102 acres) of forested land, which is classified into natural inland forest, [peat swamp forest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat_swamp_forest "Peat swamp forest"), mangrove forest and [mud flat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_flat "Mud flat").[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_forestry-151) About 83% of Johor's terrain is [lowlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowland "Lowland"), while only 17% is higher and steep terrain.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_forestry-151) While being relatively flat, Johor is dotted with many isolated peaks known as [inselbergs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inselberg "Inselberg"), including isolated [massifs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif "Massif"). [Mount Ledang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ledang "Mount Ledang"), also known as Mount Ophir, in the district of [Tangkak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangkak_District "Tangkak District") and near the tripoint with [Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca "Malacca") and [Negeri Sembilan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan "Negeri Sembilan"), is the state's highest point at 1,276 metres above sea level.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-152) Also in the state are Mount Besar, [Mount Belumut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Belumut "Mount Belumut") and Mount Panti,[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-153) which form the southern foothills of the [Tenasserim Hills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenasserim_Hills "Tenasserim Hills") that extends from southern [Myanmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar "Myanmar") and [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand "Thailand"). Since the state also lies on the [Sunda Plate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_Plate "Sunda Plate"), it experiences tremors from nearby earthquakes in Sumatra, Indonesia.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-154)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forest_trees_in_Johor.jpg)
Forest trees of Johor in [tropical rainforest climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate "Tropical rainforest climate")
Much of central Johor is covered with dense forest, where an extensive network of rivers originating from mountains and [hills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill "Hill") in the area spreads to the west, east and south.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-155) On the west coast, the [Batu Pahat River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Pahat_River "Batu Pahat River"), [Muar River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_River "Muar River") and Pontian River flow to the [Straits of Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca "Strait of Malacca"), while the [Johor River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_River "Johor River"), Perepat River, [Pulai River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulai_River "Pulai River"), [Skudai River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skudai_River "Skudai River") and [Tebrau River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebrau_River "Tebrau River") flow to the [Straits of Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Johor "Straits of Johor") in the south. The Endau River, [Mersing River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersing_River "Mersing River"), [Sedili Besar River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedili_Besar_River "Sedili Besar River") and Sedili Kecil River flow to the South China Sea in the east.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_forestry-151) The Johor River Basin covers an area of 2,690 kilometres, starting from [Mount Belumut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Belumut "Mount Belumut") (east of Kluang) and Mount Gemuruh (to the north) downstream to Tanjung Belungkor.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Ali2018-156) The river originates from the Layang-Layang, Linggiu, and Sayong rivers before converging into the main river and flowing southeast to the Straits of Johor for 122.7 kilometres. Its tributaries include the Berangan River, Lebak River, Lebam River, Panti River, Pengeli River, Permandi River, Seluyut River, Semangar River, Telor River, Tembioh River, and Tiram River.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Ali2018-156) Other river basins in Johor including the Ayer Baloi River, Benut River, Botak Drainage, Jemaluang River, Pontian Besar River, Sanglang River, Santi River, and [Sarang Buaya River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarang_Buaya_River "Sarang Buaya River").[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-157)
Johor is located in a [tropical region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_geography "Tropical geography") with an [equatorial climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate "Tropical rainforest climate"). Both the temperature and humidity are consistently high throughout the year with heavy rainfall. Average monthly temperatures between 26 °C (79 °F) and 28 °C (82 °F), with the lowest recorded during the rainy seasons.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_forestry-151) The west coast receives an average of between 2,000 millimetres and 2,500 millimetres of rain, while in the east the average rainfall is higher, with [Endau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endau "Endau") and [Pengerang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengerang "Pengerang") receiving more than 3,400 millimetres of rain a year. The state experiences two [monsoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon "Monsoon") seasons, the northeast and southwest seasons; the northeast occurs from November until March while the southeast occurs from May until September, and the transitional months for the monsoon seasons are April and November.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_forestry-151) The state experienced [extreme flooding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Southeast_Asian_floods "2006â07 Southeast Asian floods") from December 2006 to January 2007 with around 60,000â70,000 of the state residents evacuated to an emergency shelter.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-158)[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-159)
| Climate data for Johor Bahru ([Senai International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senai_International_Airport "Senai International Airport")) (2006â2020 normals, extremes 2015âpresent) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 36\.7 (98.1) | 36\.6 (97.9) | 37\.0 (98.6) | 37\.3 (99.1) | 36\.2 (97.2) | 36\.9 (98.4) | 36\.6 (97.9) | 36\.2 (97.2) | 36\.9 (98.4) | 35\.5 (95.9) | 35\.1 (95.2) | 35\.3 (95.5) | 37\.3 (99.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30\.8 (87.4) | 31\.4 (88.5) | 32\.2 (90.0) | 32\.4 (90.3) | 32\.0 (89.6) | 31\.6 (88.9) | 31\.2 (88.2) | 31\.3 (88.3) | 31\.6 (88.9) | 31\.8 (89.2) | 31\.2 (88.2) | 30\.8 (87.4) | 31\.5 (88.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 27\.1 (80.8) | 27\.3 (81.1) | 27\.9 (82.2) | 28\.3 (82.9) | 28\.2 (82.8) | 27\.9 (82.2) | 27\.6 (81.7) | 27\.5 (81.5) | 27\.6 (81.7) | 27\.8 (82.0) | 27\.6 (81.7) | 27\.3 (81.1) | 27\.7 (81.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23\.3 (73.9) | 23\.3 (73.9) | 23\.7 (74.7) | 24\.1 (75.4) | 24\.3 (75.7) | 24\.3 (75.7) | 24\.0 (75.2) | 23\.7 (74.7) | 23\.6 (74.5) | 23\.8 (74.8) | 24\.0 (75.2) | 23\.9 (75.0) | 23\.8 (74.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 21\.7 (71.1) | 21\.6 (70.9) | 22\.3 (72.1) | 22\.2 (72.0) | 21\.9 (71.4) | 22\.0 (71.6) | 21\.9 (71.4) | 21\.2 (70.2) | 21\.6 (70.9) | 22\.4 (72.3) | 22\.3 (72.1) | 22\.2 (72.0) | 21\.2 (70.2) |
| Average [precipitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation "Precipitation") mm (inches) | 162\.6 (6.40) | 139\.8 (5.50) | 203\.4 (8.01) | 232\.8 (9.17) | 215\.3 (8.48) | 148\.1 (5.83) | 177\.0 (6.97) | 185\.9 (7.32) | 190\.8 (7.51) | 217\.7 (8.57) | 237\.6 (9.35) | 244\.5 (9.63) | 2,355.5 (92.74) |
| Average precipitation days (⼠1.0 mm) | 11 | 9 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 16 | 17 | 15 | 162 |
| Source 1: IEM[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-160) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: [World Meteorological Organisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organisation "World Meteorological Organisation") (precipitation 1974â2000)[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-WMO-161)Meteomanz (extremes)[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Meteomanz-162) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
- Landscapes of Johor
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gunung_Ledang_from_the_road.jpg "Mount Ophir")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rawa_Island,_Johor,_Malaysia.jpg "Rawa Island beach")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sunrise_over_a_palm_plantation_in_Johor,_Malaysia.jpg "Sunrise over a palm oil plantation")
Sunrise over a palm oil plantation
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waterfall_in_Belumut_Mountain,_Kluang,_Johor,_Malaysia.jpg "Waterfall in Mount Belumut")
Waterfall in [Mount Belumut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Belumut "Mount Belumut")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Change_tree-cover_loss_year_in_Johor,_2001-2024.png)
Tree-cover loss year in Johor, 2001-2024, from the [Global Forest Change dataset](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Forest_Change_dataset "Global Forest Change dataset").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiger_Shrike_\(Lanius_tigrinus\)_female_-_Flickr_-_Lip_Kee.jpg)
A female [tiger shrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_shrike "Tiger shrike") (*Lanius tigrinus*) in Panti Forest
The jungles of Johor host a diverse array of plant and animal species, with an estimated 950 [vertebrates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate "Vertebrate") species, comprising 200 mammals, 600 birds and 150 reptiles, along with 2,080 [invertebrate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate "Invertebrate") species.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_forestry-151) The [Endau-Rompin National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endau-Rompin_National_Park "Endau-Rompin National Park") is the largest [national park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_park "National park") in the state, covering an area of 48,905 hectares (120,847 acres) in northern Johor; its name comes from the Endau and Rompin rivers that flow through the park.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-163) There are two entry points for the park, one through Peta with an area of 19,562 hectares (48,339 acres) (about 40% of the total area) with entrance from [Kahang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahang "Kahang") in the Mersing District and the other at Kampung Selai with an area of 29,343 hectares (72,508 acres) (about 60% of the total area) with entrance from [Bekok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekok "Bekok") in Segamat District.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-164)[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Selai-165) Destinations in Peta including the Buaya Sangkut Waterfalls, Upeh Guling Waterfalls, Air Biru Lake, Janing Barat, Nature Education and Research Centre (NERC), Kuala Jasin and Peta indigenous village, while in Selai the area is mostly for hiking and [jungle trekking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpacking_\(wilderness\) "Backpacking (wilderness)").[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Selai-165)[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-166) Some mammal species found in the park include the [Asian elephant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_elephant "Asian elephant"), [clouded leopard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clouded_leopard "Clouded leopard"), [Malayan sun bear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_sun_bear "Malayan sun bear"), [Malayan tapir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_tapir "Malayan tapir") and [Malayan tiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_tiger "Malayan tiger").[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-167)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grey_Heron_in_Johor.jpg)
[Heron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron "Heron") in a swamp of Johor
[Gunung Ledang National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Ledang_National_Park "Gunung Ledang National Park") in western Johor, was established in 2005 with an area of 8,611 hectares (21,278 acres).[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-gunung_ledang_national_park-168) It has various rivers and streams, waterfalls, diverse rainforest, [pines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine "Pine"), and sub-[montane forest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_forest "Montane forest"), and the Tangkak Dam can also be seen from the park area. Several trails for hiking are available, such as the Asahan Trail, Ayer Panas Trail, Jementah Trail and Lagenda Trail.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-gunung_ledang_national_park-168) The state's only [marine park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_park "Marine park"), the Sultan Iskandar Park, is located off the east coast and is made up of 13 islands in six clusters, [Aur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur_Island "Aur Island"), [Besar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besar_Island,_Johor "Besar Island, Johor"), [Pemanggil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemanggil_Island "Pemanggil Island"), [Rawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawa_Island "Rawa Island"), [Sibu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibu_Island "Sibu Island") and [Tinggi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinggi_Island "Tinggi Island"), with an area of more than 8,000 hectares (19,768 acres).[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-169)[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-170) In 2003, three [wetlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland "Wetland") in southern Johor comprising [Kukup Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukup_Island "Kukup Island"), Pulai River and [Tanjung Piai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Piai "Tanjung Piai") were designated as a [Ramsar site](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_site "Ramsar site").[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-171) Tanjung Piai covers an area of 526 hectares (1,300 acres) of mangroves and another 400 hectares (988 acres) of inter-tidal [mudflats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflat "Mudflat"),[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-172) Pulai River with 9,126.0 hectares (22,551 acres)[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-173) and Kukup Island with 647 hectares (1,599 acres) surrounded by some 800 hectares (1,977 acres) of mudflats.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-174) The Pulai River became a [seahorse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahorse "Seahorse") sanctuary and hatchery as part of the state biodiversity masterplan, since Johor's waters are home to three of the eight seahorse species found in Malaysia.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-175)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarang_Buaya.jpg)
Crocodile sanctuary in [Pasir Gudang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Gudang "Pasir Gudang").
[Poaching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaching "Poaching") is a concern, with the number of wild animals in state parks decreasing with the rise of hunting and fishing in the 2000s.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-176) In 2004, local authorities uncovered large-scale [sandalwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandalwood "Sandalwood") (*gaharu*) poaching by foreigners in the Endau-Rompin National Park with a large number of protected plant species being confiscated from the suspects.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-177) The conversion of mangrove areas along the southern and eastern coasts for use in [aquaculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture "Aquaculture") projects, [sand mining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_mining "Sand mining") and rapid [urbanisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisation "Urbanisation") in addition to the abnormal weather patterns caused by [climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change") and rising sea levels are contributing to the [erosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_erosion "Coastal erosion") of the state's coastline.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-178) It has also been discovered that some 68,468 hectares (169,188 acres) of peatland soils in western Johor have been planted with [palm oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil "Palm oil") plantations.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-AshrafOthman2017-150) In 2017, around 28 rivers in the state were categorised as polluted,[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-179) leading the authorities and government to push for legislative change and sterner action against river polluters, especially since severe pollution has disrupted the [water supply](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply "Water supply") to an estimated 1.8 million people in the state.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-180)[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-181) The [2019 Kim Kim River toxic pollution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Kim_Kim_River_toxic_pollution "2019 Kim Kim River toxic pollution") affected 6,000 residents of the industrial area of Pasir Gudang with 2,775 being hospitalised.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-182)[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-183) [Forest fires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire "Wildfire") have also become a concern with more than 380 recorded throughout the state in 2016.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-184)[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-185)
Johor GDP Share by Sector (2016)[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-186)
1. Services (47.1%)
2. Manufacturing (30.6%)
3. Agriculture (13.5%)
4. Construction (6.80%)
5. Import Duties (1.90%)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tanjungpelepas.jpg)
[Port of Tanjung Pelepas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Pelepas_Port "Tanjung Pelepas Port"), the [15th busiest port in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_container_ports "List of busiest container ports") and the largest transshipment hub in Malaysia.
Johor's economy is mainly based on the [tertiary sector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy "Tertiary sector of the economy"), namely services, manufacturing, construction, etc.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-187)[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-188) In 2023, the [gross domestic product](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product "Gross domestic product") (GDP) of Johor was RM148.2 billion, the second highest among Malaysian states after [Selangor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor "Selangor") and the largest outside the [Klang Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_Valley "Klang Valley").[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-diversification-189) The state's [median income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_income "Median income") was RM5,652 in 2024, making it the state with the second highest median household income. In 2024, Johor had the fastest [GDP growth rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growth "Economic growth") among all Malaysian states and accounted for 9.6 per cent of Malaysia's GDP.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-190)[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-191) The state has the largest [services sector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_sector "Services sector") and [real estate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_economics "Real estate economics") development outside the [Klang Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_Valley "Klang Valley"), with the former contributing 8.6 percent of the country's services sector's GDP in 2023.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-192)[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-193)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legoland_Malaysia_Resort.jpg)
[Legoland Malaysia Resort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legoland_Malaysia_Resort "Legoland Malaysia Resort")
Johor is the top investment destination in Malaysia.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-194)[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-195)[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-196) It has been ranked the top state in Malaysia for six consecutive years in approved manufacturing projects valued at RM145 billion from 2013 to 2018.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-197) The state attracted the highest [foreign direct investment (FDI)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment "Foreign direct investment") among all Malaysian states in 2022, primarily in the manufacturing sector.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-198) In 2017, RM16.8 billion came from domestic direct investment and RM5.1 billion came from foreign direct investment, with Australia, China and the United States being the top three foreign investors in manufacturing.[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-199) With the influx of foreign investments, Johor has also been ranked the second largest [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") hub globally.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-:0-200)[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-201)[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-202)
Johor is the second largest trade contributor in Malaysia, and has the second largest share of the country's imports, after Selangor.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-203) The state is also Southeast Asia's largest [data centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_center "Data center") hub and the third largest in [Asia Pacific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific "Asia-Pacific").[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-204) As a prominent regional manufacturing hub, the state is home to major [multinational corporations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation "Multinational corporation") (MNCs) in Malaysia, like [ByteDance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ByteDance "ByteDance"), [Nvidia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia "Nvidia"), [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft"), [Micron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micron_Technology "Micron Technology"), [Saudi Aramco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco "Saudi Aramco"), [Foxconn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxconn "Foxconn"), among others.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-205)[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-206)[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-207)[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-208)[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-209) Its capital city, [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru"), has been ranked the world's 20th most attractive city for businesses, second in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur, according to [Oliver Wyman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wyman "Oliver Wyman"), a [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City "New York City")\-based management consulting firm.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-210)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jbjbjb.jpg)
[Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru") skyline.
[Iskandar Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Malaysia "Iskandar Malaysia") located in southern Johor, is the largest [special economic zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_economic_zone "Special economic zone") in Malaysia by investment value and [GDP per capita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP_per_capita "GDP per capita"), encompassing the city centre of [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru"), [Iskandar Puteri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Puteri "Iskandar Puteri"), [Kulai District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulai_District "Kulai District"), [Pasir Gudang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Gudang "Pasir Gudang") and South [Pontian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontian_District "Pontian District"). It is a major development zone in the nation with an area of 221,634 hectares (2,216.34 km2).[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-211)[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-iskandar_malaysia-212) It primarily focuses on [trading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade "Trade") and services, manufacturing, business and finance, logistics, [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence"), modern [farming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farming "Farming") and [ecotourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotourism "Ecotourism").[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-state_economic_planning_data-213) With the establishment of the Johor-Singapore Special Economic Zone, the state is set to rival Klang Valley, the main economic region in Malaysia, in the next decade.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-214)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johor_9_August_2022_01.jpg)
[Pengerang Integrated Petroleum Complex (PIPC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengerang_Integrated_Petroleum_Complex "Pengerang Integrated Petroleum Complex"), the largest petrochemical hub in Malaysia.
The total industrial area in the state as of 2015 was 144 km2 (56 sq mi) or 0.75 per cent of the land in Johor.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_town_planning-119) The state also houses [Johor Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Corporation "Johor Corporation") (JCorp), a [state-owned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprise "State-owned enterprise") [conglomerate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_\(company\) "Conglomerate (company)") involved in various business activities in the state and overseas.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-215)[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-216) Johor is also the largest agriculture output contributor in Malaysia.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-217) The main agricultural sectors in the state are [palm oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil "Palm oil") plantations, rubber plantations, and [produce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produce "Produce").[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_town_planning-119) In 2015, land area used for agriculture in Johor covered 11,555 km2 (4,461 sq mi), 60.15 per cent of the state, with other plantations including [herbs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb "Herb") and [spices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice "Spice").[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_town_planning-119)[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_plantation_statistics-218) In 2016, palm oil plantations covered 7,456 km2 (2,879 sq mi) (38.8 per cent of the total land area), making it the third largest [plantation area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil_production_in_Malaysia "Palm oil production in Malaysia") in Malaysia after [Sabah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah "Sabah") and Sarawak.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-219) Farmers' markets ([Malay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language "Malay language"): *pasar peladang*) are used to distribute the agricultural produces which are located around the state.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-220) Johor is the biggest fruit producer in Malaysia, with a total fruit plantation area of 414 km2 (160 sq mi) and total harvesting area of 305 km2 (118 sq mi). Approximately 532,249 tons of fruit was produced in 2016, with Segamat District having the largest major fruit plantation and harvesting area in the state with a total area of 111 km2 (43 sq mi) and 66 km2 (25 sq mi), respectively, while Kluang District had the highest total fruit production at 163,714 tons. In the same year, Johor was the second biggest producer of vegetables among Malaysian states after Pahang, with a total vegetable plantation area of 154 km2 (59 sq mi) and a total harvesting area of 143 km2 (55 sq mi). Kluang District also had the largest vegetable plantation and harvesting areas, with a total area of 36 km2 (14 sq mi), and the highest total vegetable production at 60,102 tons.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_plantation_statistics-218)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Astaka_at_Bukit_Senyum,_Johor_Bahru.jpg)
[The Astaka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Astaka "The Astaka") is the tallest residential building in Southeast Asia.
Johor benefits from Singaporean investors and tourists due to its close proximity to Singapore.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_economy-115)[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-221)[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-222) From 1990 to 1992, approved Singaporean investments in Johor amounted to about US\$500 million in 272 projects.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-223) In 1994, the investment from Singapore was nearly 40% of the state's total foreign investment. The state also had a policy of "twinning with Singapore" to promote their industrial development, which increased the movement of people and [goods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods "Goods") between the two.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-224)[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-225)[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-226) The close economic links between the two began with the establishment of the [IndonesiaâMalaysiaâSingapore Growth Triangle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia%E2%80%93Singapore_Growth_Triangle "IndonesiaâMalaysiaâSingapore Growth Triangle") (SIJORI Growth Triangle) in 1989.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-227)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RTS_Viaducts_to_Bukit_Chagar_Under_Construction_20240318_160437.jpg)
[RTS Bukit Chagar Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukit_Chagar_RTS_station "Bukit Chagar RTS station") under construction in Johor Bahru City Centre
The Johor Department of Economy Planning is responsible for all public infrastructure planning and development in the state,[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-228) while the Landscape Department is responsible for the state's landscape development.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-229) Since the [Ninth Malaysia Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Malaysia_Plan "Ninth Malaysia Plan"), the Johor Southern Corridor has been a focus for development.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-230) In 2010, the total state land used for [commercial buildings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_building "Commercial building") was 21.53 km2 (8.31 sq mi), with [Johor Bahru District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_District "Johor Bahru District") accounting for 12.99 km2 (5.02 sq mi) or 63.5%.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-johor_data_handbook-231) Since 2012, around RM2.63 billion has been allocated by the federal and state governments for 33 infrastructure projects in Pengerang in southeastern Johor.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-232) The 2015 state budget included spending more than RM500 million for development in the following year â the highest amount ever allocated.[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-233) The state government also ensured that infrastructure and development projects would be fairly distributed to all districts in the state,[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-234) with six focus areas outlined in the state government's strategic development plan in 2018.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-235) In the same year, the federal government allocated RM250 million for three infrastructure projects to improve connectivity and accessibility within the state capital.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-236) Following the recent change in the state government administration, the new government also pledged to provide better infrastructure for investors by improving the road network, providing an adequate water supply for factories and building sub-stations for electricity generation while rejecting foreign companies after discovering a foreign investor who claimed to use green technology to hide that he intended to use Johor as a waste disposal site.[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-237)[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-238)
### Energy and water resources
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: Energy and water resources")\]
Electricity distribution in the state is managed by [Tenaga Nasional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenaga_Nasional "Tenaga Nasional") Berhad. Most electricity is generated by [coal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_power_plant "Coal power plant") and [gas-fired plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station "Fossil fuel power station"). The coal power plant had a capacity of 700 [MW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt "Megawatt") in 2007 and 3,100 MW in 2016, which originated from the Tanjung Bin Power Station in Pontian.[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-239)[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-240)[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-241) Two gas-fired plants, Pasir Gudang Power Station with 210 MW and [Sultan Iskandar Power Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Iskandar_Power_Station "Sultan Iskandar Power Station") with 269 MW, are located in Pasir Gudang.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-capacity-242)[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-243) The Pasir Gudang Power Station was retired from the system in 2016.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-capacity-242) The state government has been planning to construct [hydropower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower "Hydropower") and [combined cycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_cycle "Combined cycle") power plants since 2015 and 2018 respectively.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-244)[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-245) A new combined cycle power plant was constructed on a greenfield site near the old decommissioned power plants in Pasir Gudang, named the Sultan Ibrahim Power Plant.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-246)
All water supply pipes in the state are managed by the Water Regulatory Bodies of Johor, with a total of 11 reservoirs: Congok, Gunung Ledang, Gunung Pulai 1, Gunung Pulai 2, Gunung Pulai 3, Juaseh, Layang Lower, Layang Upper, Lebam, Linggiu and Pontian Kechil.[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-247)[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-248) The state also supplies [raw water](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_water "Raw water") to Singapore for RM0.03 for every 3.8 cubic metres (1,000 US gal) drawn from Johor rivers. In return, the Johor state government pays the Singaporean government 50 cents (RM0.50) for every 3.8 cubic metres of treated water from Singapore.[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-249)
### Telecommunication and broadcasting
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: Telecommunication and broadcasting")\]
As of August 2022, Johor had the largest [5G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G "5G") internet coverage in Malaysia, Johor Bahru's [internet speed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_speed "Internet speed") is also the fastest in Malaysia and second in [Southeast Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia "Southeast Asia"), after Singapore.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-250)[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-251) Telecommunications in Johor were originally administered by the Posts and Telecommunication Department and maintained by the British [Cable & Wireless Communications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_Communications "Cable & Wireless Communications"), which was responsible for all telecommunication services in Malaya.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-252)[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-telecom_merged-253) During this time, a [troposcatter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospheric_scatter "Tropospheric scatter") system was installed on Mount Pulai in Johor and Mount Serapi in Sarawak to connect radio signals between [British Malaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malaya "British Malaya") and [British Borneo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Borneo "British Borneo"), the only such system for both territories to allow simultaneous transmission of radio programs to North Borneo and Sarawak.[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-254) In 1968, following the foundation of the Federation of Malaysia, the telecommunication departments in Malaya and Borneo merged to form the Telecommunications Department Malaysia, which later became [Telekom Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekom_Malaysia "Telekom Malaysia") (TM).[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-telecom_merged-253) Early in 1964, [Ericsson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericsson "Ericsson") âa Nordic telecommunication companyâ began operating in the country. Following the first [AXE telephone exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AXE_telephone_exchange "AXE telephone exchange") in Southeast Asia that went online in Pelangi in 1980, TM was provided with the first mobile telephone network, named ATUR, in 1984.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-255) Since then, the Malaysia's cellular network has expanded rapidly.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-256) From 2013 until 2017, the state mobile-cellular penetration rate has reached 100%, with 11.3% to 11.5% of the population using the internet.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-257)[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-258)
In 2018, the state internet speed was 10 [Mbps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbps "Mbps") with the government urging the [Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Communications_and_Multimedia_Commission "Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission") to develop high-speed Internet infrastructure to reach 100 Mbit/s to match the state's current rapid development.[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-259) The Malaysian federal government operates one radio channel â [Johor FM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_FM "Johor FM") through its Department of Broadcasting, officially known as [Radio Televisyen Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Televisyen_Malaysia "Radio Televisyen Malaysia").[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-260) There is one independent radio station, [Best FM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_FM_\(Malaysia\) "Best FM (Malaysia)"), which launched in 1988.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-261) Television broadcasting in the state is divided into [terrestrial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_television "Terrestrial television") and [satellite television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_television "Satellite television"). There are two types of [free-to-air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-to-air "Free-to-air") television providers, [MYTV Broadcasting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYTV_Broadcasting "MYTV Broadcasting") (digital terrestrial) and [Astro NJOI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_NJOI "Astro NJOI") (satellite), while [IPTV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV "IPTV") is accessed via [Unifi TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unifi_TV "Unifi TV") through the UniFi fibre optic internet subscription.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-262)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johor_Bahru_Eastern_Dispersal_Link_Expressway_20240318_154901.jpg)
[Johor Bahru Eastern Dispersal Link Expressway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_Eastern_Dispersal_Link_Expressway "Johor Bahru Eastern Dispersal Link Expressway"), a major expressway leading to the city centre, from the rest of Malaysia.
The state is linked to the other Malaysian states and federal territories on the western coast through the [NorthâSouth Expressway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Expressway_\(Malaysia\) "NorthâSouth Expressway (Malaysia)") and on the eastern coast through [Malaysia Federal Route 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Federal_Route_3 "Malaysia Federal Route 3"). Since British colonial times, there has been a road system linking Johor's capital in the southern Malay Peninsula to [Kangar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangar "Kangar") in the north and [Kota Bharu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Bharu "Kota Bharu") on the east coast.[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-road_networks-263) The roads in Johor are classified into two categories; 2,369 kilometres (1,472 mi) are [federal roads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Federal_Roads_system "Malaysian Federal Roads system") while 19,329 kilometres (12,010 mi) are [state roads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_State_Roads_system "Malaysian State Roads system"), as of 2016.[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-road_networks-263)[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-264) Johor uses a [dual carriageway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_carriageway "Dual carriageway") with the [left-hand traffic rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic "Left- and right-hand traffic"), and towns in the state provide public transportation services such as buses and taxis along with [Grab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grab_\(company\) "Grab (company)") services. The [Sungai Johor Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Johor_Bridge "Sungai Johor Bridge") is in Johor, which is the longest central span river-crossing bridge in Malaysia and connects [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_District "Johor Bahru District") and [Kota Tinggi District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Tinggi_District "Kota Tinggi District"). There are various expressways in the state capital city, including [Tebrau Highway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebrau_Highway "Tebrau Highway"), [Johor Bahru Eastern Dispersal Link Expressway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_Eastern_Dispersal_Link_Expressway "Johor Bahru Eastern Dispersal Link Expressway"), [Pasir Gudang Highway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Gudang_Highway "Pasir Gudang Highway"), and others. In 2018, construction of the [Iskandar Malaysia Bus Rapid Transit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Malaysia_Bus_Rapid_Transit "Iskandar Malaysia Bus Rapid Transit") was announced to be completed before 2021.[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-265)
The previous federal government had allocated RM29.43 billion as part of the [Eleventh Malaysia Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_Malaysia_Plan "Eleventh Malaysia Plan") for infrastructure projects including upgrading roads and bridges.[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-266) The state government also spends over RM600 million on road maintenance annually.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-267)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JB_Sentral_sign_and_entrance.jpg)
[Johor Bahru Sentral railway station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_Sentral_railway_station "Johor Bahru Sentral railway station") in [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ETS3-Class94_train_arriving_at_Pulau_Sebang-Tampin_KTM_station.jpg)
The [KTM ETS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTM_ETS "KTM ETS") service was extended to the state in 2025.
Rail transport in the state is operated by [Keretapi Tanah Melayu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keretapi_Tanah_Melayu "Keretapi Tanah Melayu") (KTM).[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-268) The railway line is connected to all of the states in western [Peninsular Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia "Peninsular Malaysia"). It is also connected to stations in [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") and [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand "Thailand").[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-269) The [KTM ETS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTM_ETS "KTM ETS") service was extended into Johor in 2025, beginning with [Segamat railway station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segamat_railway_station "Segamat railway station") in March, towards [Kluang railway station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluang_railway_station "Kluang railway station") in August and [Johor Bahru Sentral station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_Sentral_station "Johor Bahru Sentral station") in December.
With its full completion, travel time by rail between [Kuala Lumpur Sentral station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Sentral_station "Kuala Lumpur Sentral station") and Johor Bahru Sentral station was reduced to 3.5 hours.[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-270) The upcoming [Johor BahruâSingapore Rapid Transit System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru%E2%80%93Singapore_Rapid_Transit_System "Johor BahruâSingapore Rapid Transit System") (RTS Link) linking Johor Bahru to [Woodlands, Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlands,_Singapore "Woodlands, Singapore") will be the first [rapid transit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit "Rapid transit") system outside the [Klang Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_Valley "Klang Valley").[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-271)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senai_International_Airport.jpg)
[Senai International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senai_International_Airport "Senai International Airport")
The [Senai International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senai_International_Airport "Senai International Airport") is the largest and the only international airport in Johor, which acts as the main gateway to the state. The airport is located in [Senai Town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senai "Senai"), [Kulai District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulai_District "Kulai District"). In 2016, the Malaysian federal government approved a total of RM7 million in upgrades for the airport.[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-272)[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-273) Four airlines fly to Johor: [AirAsia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirAsia "AirAsia"), [Malaysia Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines "Malaysia Airlines"), [Firefly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly_\(airline\) "Firefly (airline)") and [Batik Air Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik_Air_Malaysia "Batik Air Malaysia").[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-274) Other minor airports including [Kluang Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluang_Airport "Kluang Airport"), [Mersing Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersing_Airport "Mersing Airport"), Segamat Airstrip and Batu Pahat Airstrip in Kluang District, Mersing District, Segamat District and Batu Pahat District, respectively.[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-275)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puteri_Harbour_International_Ferry_Terminal.jpg)
Puteri Harbour International Ferry Terminal in [Iskandar Puteri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Puteri "Iskandar Puteri").
Johor has four ports in Iskandar Puteri and Pasir Gudang, which operate under three different companies. The [Port of Tanjung Pelepas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Pelepas "Port of Tanjung Pelepas") in western [Iskandar Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Malaysia "Iskandar Malaysia") is currently the 15th busiest port in the world, and the largest transshipment hub in Malaysia.[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-276) Johor also has two other container ports, the Integrated Container Terminal in Tanjung Langsat and [Johor Port](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Port "Johor Port") in [Pasir Gudang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Gudang "Pasir Gudang").[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-277)[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-278) The [Tanjung Langsat Terminal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Langsat_Port "Tanjung Langsat Port") serves as the state's regional oil and gas hub and supports offshore [petroleum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry "Petroleum industry") exploration and production, while Johor Port is the world's largest [palm oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil "Palm oil") terminal.[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-279)[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-280) There are boat services to ports in [Batam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batam "Batam") and [Tanjung Pinang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Pinang "Tanjung Pinang") of the [Bintan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintan_Island "Bintan Island") Islands in Indonesia and to port in [Changi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changi "Changi") in [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore").[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-281)[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-282)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sultanah_Aminah_Hospital.JPG)
[Sultanah Aminah Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanah_Aminah_Hospital "Sultanah Aminah Hospital"), the main [government hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_hospital "Government hospital") in the state.
Health-related matters in Johor are administered by the Johor State Health Office ([Malay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language "Malay language"): *Jabatan Kesihatan Negeri Johor*). The state has two major government hospitals, [Sultanah Aminah Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanah_Aminah_Hospital "Sultanah Aminah Hospital") and [Sultan Ismail Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ismail_Hospital "Sultan Ismail Hospital"), nine government district hospitals Permai Hospital, Sultanah Fatimah Hospital, Sultanah Nora Ismail Hospital, Enche' Besar Hajjah Khalsom Hospital, Segamat Hospital, Pontian Hospital, Kota Tinggi Hospital, Mersing Hospital, and Tangkak Hospital, and Temenggung Seri Maharaja Tun Ibrahim Hospital, a women's and children's hospital and mental hospital. Other public health clinics, [1Malaysia clinics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Malaysia#1Malaysia_clinics "1Malaysia") and rural clinics are scattered throughout the state with a number of private hospitals such as Penawar Hospital, Johor Specialist Hospital, Regency Specialist Hospital, Pantai Hospital Batu Pahat, Putra Specialist Hospital Batu Pahat, Puteri Specialist Hospital, KPJ Specialist Hospital Muar, Abdul Samad Specialist Hospital, [Columbia Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Asia "Columbia Asia"), Gleneagles Medini Hospital and KPJ Specialist Hospital Pasir Gudang.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-283) In 2009, the state's doctorâpatient ratio was 3 per 1,000 population.[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-284)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sultan_Ibrahim_Chancellor_Building.jpg)
[University of Technology Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Technology,_Malaysia "University of Technology, Malaysia")
All primary and secondary schools are under the jurisdiction of the Johor State Education Department, under the guidance of the national [Ministry of Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_\(Malaysia\) "Ministry of Education (Malaysia)").[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-285) The oldest school in Johor is the [English College Johore Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_College_Johore_Bahru "English College Johore Bahru") (1914).[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-286) As of 2013, Johor had a total of 240 government secondary schools,[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-287) fifteen [international schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_school "International school") (Austin Heights Private and International Schools,[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-288) Crescendo-HELP International School,[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-289) [Crescendo International College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescendo_International_College "Crescendo International College"),[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-290) Excelsior International School,[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-291) Paragon Private and International School,[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-292) Seri Omega Private and International School,[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-293) Sri Ara International Schools,[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-294) StarClub Education,[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-295) Sunway International School,[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-296) [Tenby Schools Setia Eco Gardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenby_International_School "Tenby International School"),[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-297) UniWorld International School,[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-298) and Raffles American School[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-299) and three international campuses of British [Marlborough College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_College "Marlborough College"),[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-300) R.E.A.L Schools[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-301) and Utama Schools),[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-302) and nine [Chinese independent schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_independent_high_school "Chinese independent high school"). Johor has a considerable number of Malay and indigenous students enrolled in Chinese schools.[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-303) There is also an Indonesian school in the state capital mainly for the children of Indonesian migrants.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-304) There are two Japanese learning centres in Johor Bahru.[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-305) The state government also emphasises pre-school education in the state with the establishment of several [kindergartens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten "Kindergarten") such as Nuri Kindergarten and Childcare,[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-306) Stellar Preschool[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-307) and Tadika Kastil.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-308)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U_of_Southampton_Malaysia.png)
[University of Southampton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southampton "University of Southampton") Malaysia campus in [Iskandar Puteri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Puteri "Iskandar Puteri").
Johor has three public universities, the [University of Technology Malaysia (UTM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Technology,_Malaysia "University of Technology, Malaysia") in [Skudai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skudai "Skudai"), [Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Hussein_Onn_University_of_Malaysia "Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia") in [Parit Raja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parit_Raja "Parit Raja"), and [Universiti Teknologi MARA Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Teknologi_MARA "Universiti Teknologi MARA") in [Jementah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jementah "Jementah") and the state capital. As of 2024, UTM is the second highest ranked university in Malaysia, after [University of Malaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Malaya "University of Malaya"), according to [Webometrics Ranking of World Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webometrics_Ranking_of_World_Universities "Webometrics Ranking of World Universities").[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-309) EduHub Pagoh, the largest public higher education hub in Malaysia, is being constructed at [Bandar Universiti Pagoh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Universiti_Pagoh "Bandar Universiti Pagoh"), a new planned education township in [Muar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_\(town\) "Muar (town)").[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-310) The state also houses a number of international university branches, including [Newcastle University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_University "Newcastle University") Medicine Malaysia, Netherlands Maritime Institute of Technology, [University of Southampton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southampton "University of Southampton") Malaysia, [University of Reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Reading "University of Reading") Malaysia, [Monash University Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_University_Malaysia "Monash University Malaysia") Clinical School, and others.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-311)
There are several polytechnics including [Ibrahim Sultan Polytechnic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Sultan_Polytechnic "Ibrahim Sultan Polytechnic") and Mersing Polytechnic; and two teaching colleges, IPG Kampus Temenggong Ibrahim in Johor Bahru and IPG Kampus Tun Hussien Onn in Batu Pahat.[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-312)[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-313) It has one non-profit community college, [Southern University College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_University_College "Southern University College") in Skudai.[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-314) There is also a proposal to establish the University of Johor that has been welcomed by the Sultan of Johor with the federal education ministry also willing to extend their co-operation.[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-315)[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-316)
To ensure the quality of education in the state, the state government introduced six long-term measures to upgrade the capability of local teachers.[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-317) In 2018, it was reported that Johor was among several Malaysian states facing a teacher shortage, so the federal education ministry set up a special committee to study ways to tackle the problem.[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-318)
The Johor State Library is the main public library in the state.[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-319)
### Ethnicity and immigration
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: Ethnicity and immigration")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johor_Premium_Outlet,_Malaysia.jpg)
Johor residents with families near the end of the year, at the [Johor Premium Outlets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Premium_Outlets "Johor Premium Outlets").
| Year | Pop. | Âą% |
|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 1,277,180 | â |
| 1980 | 1,580,423 | \+23.7% |
| 1991 | 2,069,740 | \+31.0% |
| 2000 | 2,584,997 | \+24.9% |
| 2010 | 3,230,440 | \+25.0% |
| 2020 | 4,009,670 | \+24.1% |
| Source: [\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-2020KF-4) | | |
The 2023 Malaysian census reported the population of Johor at 4,100,900, with a non-citizen population of 276,900, making it the second most populous state in Malaysia, after Selangor.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-2015_population-320) Of the Malaysian residents, 2,464,640 (60.1%) are [Bumiputera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera_\(Malaysia\) "Bumiputera (Malaysia)"), 1,312,128 (32.8%) are [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese "Malaysian Chinese"), 246,054 (6.0%) are [Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Indian "Malaysian Indian").[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-2015_population-320) In 2010, the population was estimated to be around 3,348,243, with 1,972,115 (58.9%) Bumiputera, 1,292,421(38.6%) Chinese, 237,725 (7.1%) Indian.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-total_population-128) Despite the racial diversity of the population, most people in Johor identify themselves as "*Bangsa Johor*" ([English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language "English language"): *Johor race*), which is also echoed by Johor's royal family to unite the population regardless of ancestry.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-321) [Johor Bahru District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_District "Johor Bahru District"), anchoring the state capital Johor Bahru, is currently the second most populous [district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_in_Malaysia "Districts in Malaysia") in Malaysia with a population of 1.8 million, as of 2023.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-322)
| | | |
|---|---|---|
| Ethnic | | Percent |
| [Bumiputera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera_\(Malaysia\) "Bumiputera (Malaysia)") | | 60\.1% |
| [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese "Malaysian Chinese") | | 32\.8% |
| [Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Indian "Malaysian Indian") | | 6\.6% |
| Non-Malaysian citizen | | 6\.0% |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kampung_Punjut_Orang_Asli_girls_playing.jpg)
Girls from the [aboriginal people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Asli "Orang Asli") of Johor
As Malaysia is one of the [least densely populated countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density "List of countries and dependencies by population density") in Asia, the state is particularly sparsely populated, with most people concentrated in the coastal urban areas, since towns and urban centres have massively expanded through recent developments. From 1991 to 2000, the state experienced a 2.39% average annual [population growth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growth "Population growth"), with Johor Bahru District being the highest at 4.59% growth and Segamat District being the lowest at 0.07%.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-johor_data_handbook-231) The total population increased by about 600,000 every decade following the increase of residential developments in the southern developmental region; if the pattern continues, Johor will have an estimated 5.6 million people in 2030, larger than the government projection of 4 million.[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-323)
Johor is among the most popular destinations for [expatriates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriate "Expatriate") in the region. Its strategic geographical position has contributed to the state's rapid development as Malaysia's transportation and industrial hub, creating jobs and attracting migrants from other states and overseas, especially from Singapore, China, Indonesia, the [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam"), Myanmar, [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh "Bangladesh"), India and [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan"). As of 2018, nearly two thirds of foreign workers in Malaysia were located in Johor, Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, according to [World Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank "World Bank").[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-324) Due to its rapid development and diversified economy, Johor attracted the highest number of inter-state migrants among all Malaysian states, with an influx of over 11.9 thousand people in 2020, despite dropping in 2022.[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-325)
| | | |
|---|---|---|
| Religion | | Percent |
| [Islam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam "Islam") | | 58\.7% |
| [Buddhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism") | | 25\.9% |
| [Christianity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity "Christianity") | | 8\.2% |
| [Hinduism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism "Hinduism") | | 6% |
| [No religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion "Irreligion")/Unknown | | 0\.2% |
| Others | | 0\.3% |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sultan_Abu_Bakar_State_Mosque.jpg)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JB_Old_Chinese_Temple_3.JPG)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sri_Mariamman_Temple,_JB_2.JPG)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_\(Johor_Bahru\).jpg)
Islam became the [state religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion "State religion") upon the adoption of the 1895 Johor Constitution, although other religions can be freely practised.[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-327) According to the 2020 Malaysian census the religious affiliation of Johor's population was 58.7% [Muslim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim "Muslim"), 25.9% [Buddhist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist "Buddhist"), 8.2% [Christian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians "Christians"), 6% [Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindus "Hindus"), 0.1% followers of other religions or unknown affiliations, 0.2% [Taoist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism "Taoism") or [Chinese folk religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion "Chinese folk religion") adherents, and 0.2% non-religious.[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-total_religion-326) The census indicated that 80.2% of the Chinese population in Johor identified as Buddhists, with significant minorities identifying as Christians (18.2%), Chinese folk religion adherents (1.6%) and Muslims (0.2%). The majority of the Indian population identified as Hindus (73.5%), with significant minorities identifying as Christians (6.1%), Muslims (9.2%) and Buddhists (2.8%). The non-Malay bumiputera community was predominantly Christians (68.3%), with significant minorities identifying as Muslims (21.6%) and Buddhists (15%). Among the majority population, all Malay bumiputera identified as Muslims.[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-total_religion-326)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coconut_Wine_Shop,_Johor_Bahru.jpg)
Multilingual sign in Malay, English, Chinese and Tamil at a restaurant in [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru").
The majority of Johoreans are at least bilingual, with [Malay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language "Malay language") as the official language in Johor.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-328) Other multilingual speakers may also be fluent in [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language "English language"), [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language "Chinese language") and [Tamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language "Tamil language") languages.[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-329)
Johorean Malay, also known as Johor-Riau Malay and originally spoken in Johor, [Riau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau "Riau"), [Riau Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau_Islands "Riau Islands"), [Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca "Malacca"), [Selangor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor "Selangor") and [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"), has been adopted as the basis for both the [Malaysian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Malay "Malaysian Malay") and [Indonesian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language "Indonesian language") national languages.[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-330) Due to Johor's location at the confluence of trade routes within [Maritime Southeast Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia "Maritime Southeast Asia") as well as its history as an influential empire, the dialect has spread as the region's *[lingua franca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca "Lingua franca")* since the 15th century; hence the adoption of the dialect as the basis for the national languages of [Brunei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei "Brunei"), Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-331) Several related languages are also spoken in Johor such as [Orang Seletar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language "Orang Seletar language") (spoken along the Straits of Johor and in northern Singapore), [Orang Kanaq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language "Orang Kanaq language") (spoken in small parts of southeastern Johor), [Jakun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakun_language "Jakun language") (spoken mostly in inland parts of Johor), [Temuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuan_language "Temuan language") (spoken near the border with Pahang and Negeri Sembilan) and [Orang Kuala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duano%27_language "Duano' language") (spoken along the northwest coast of Johor). [Terengganu Malay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu_Malay "Terengganu Malay"), a distinct variant of Malay, is spoken in the district of [Mersing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersing "Mersing") near the border with [Rompin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rompin "Rompin"), Pahang.[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-332)
Different [dialect groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese "Varieties of Chinese") of the Chinese language are spoken among the Chinese community in the state, including [Hokkien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien "Hokkien"), [Teochew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew_Min "Teochew Min"), [Hakka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_Chinese "Hakka Chinese"), [Cantonese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese "Cantonese"), [Hainanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanese "Hainanese"), [Foochow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foochow "Foochow"), and [Henghua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henghua "Henghua").
The Indian community predominantly speaks Tamil. There is also a significant number of [Malayalee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Malayalees "Malaysian Malayalees") populations in parts of [Segamat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segamat "Segamat"), [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru") and [Masai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masai,_Johor "Masai, Johor"), who speak [Malayalam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_language "Malayalam language") as their mother tongue. Moreover, small number of other Indian language speakers such as the [Bengali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language "Bengali language"), [Telugu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language "Telugu language"), and [Punjabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language "Punjabi language") language speakers are also present. Many [Malayalees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalees "Malayalees") and [Telugus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugus "Telugus") are often categorised as Tamils by the Tamils themselves, and by other groups, as they use the Tamil language as a *lingua franca* among other Indian communities as in other locations in Peninsular Malaysia.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-333)
In 2017, the Queen of Johor, as the royal patron of the Malaysian English Language Teaching Association, called for a more conducive environment for young Malaysians to master English since there has been a drastic decline in proficiency among the younger Malaysian generation.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-334)[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-335)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johor_Heritage_Foundation.jpg)
The Johor Heritage Foundation building in the state capital
Johor's culture has been influenced by different ethnicities throughout history, especially by the Arabs, Bugis and Javanese people, with the state also becoming a mixture of different cultures among the Chinese, Indian, Malay and aboriginal people.[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-336)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zapin.jpg)
*[Zapin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapin "Zapin")* performance in a school in Batu Pahat
A strong [Arab cultural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_culture "Arab culture") influence is apparent in art performances like *[zapin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapin "Zapin")*, *masri* and *hamdolok* and in musical instruments like the *[gambus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanb%C5%ABs "QanbĹŤs")*.[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-337)[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-culture_demise-338) The *zapin* dance was introduced in the 14th century by Arab Muslim missionaries from [Hadhramaut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadhramaut "Hadhramaut"), [Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen "Yemen"), and was originally performed only by male dancers, although female dancers are now common.[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-zapin-339) The dance itself differs among five Johor regions, namely *zapin tenglu* and *zapin pulau* (Mersing), *zapin lenga* (Muar), *zapin pekajang* (Johor Bahru), *zapin koris* (Batu Pahat) and *zapin parit mustar* with *zapin seri bunian* (Pontian).[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-zapin-339) Another Arab legacy is the use of Arabic names with *[wadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi "Wadi")* (valley) for areas populated by the Arab community in the state capital such as "*wadi hana*" and "*wadi hassan*".[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-340)
Buginese and [Javanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_Malaysian "Javanese Malaysian") cultural influences are found in the *bosara* and *[kuda kepang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuda_lumping "Kuda lumping")* dances introduced to Johor before the early 20th century by immigrants of respective communities.[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-341)[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-342) The influence of [Javanese language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language "Javanese language") on the local Malay dialect is also noticeable from particular vocabulary collected in recorded observations.[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-343) Indian culture inspired the *[ghazal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal "Ghazal")*. These cultural activities are normally performed at Malay weddings and religious festivals.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-culture_demise-338) The aboriginal culture is also unique with a diversity of traditions still practised, such as the making of traditional weapons, medicines, [handicrafts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicraft "Handicraft") and [souvenirs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souvenir "Souvenir").[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-344)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chingay_Johor_2018.jpg)
Chingay parade in 2018
The Chinese community holds the [Chingay parade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chingay_parade "Chingay parade") annually by the [Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_Old_Chinese_Temple "Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple"), which unites the five Chinese ethnic groups in Johor, namely [Cantonese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_people "Cantonese people"), [Hainanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_people "Hainan people"), [Hakka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_people "Hakka people"), [Hoklo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoklo_people "Hoklo people") and [Teochew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew_people "Teochew people").[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-345) This co-operation among different Chinese cultures under a voluntary organisation became a symbol of harmony among the different Chinese people that deepens their sense of heritage to preserve their cultural traditions.[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-346) The [Johor Bahru Chinese Heritage Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru_Chinese_Heritage_Museum "Johor Bahru Chinese Heritage Museum") describes the history of Chinese migration into Johor from the 14th to 19th centuries during the [Ming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty "Ming dynasty") and [Qing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty "Qing dynasty") dynasties. The ruler of Johor encouraged the Chinese community to plant [gambier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambier_\(extract\) "Gambier (extract)") and [pepper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper "Black pepper") in the interior. Many of these farmers switched to [pineapple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple "Pineapple") cultivation in the 20th century, making Johor one of Malaysia's top fruit producers.[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-347)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haa_tuu_diaa_mee_bandung_joho.jpg)
[Mee bandung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_bandung_Muar "Mee bandung Muar") in Johor
Cuisine in Johor has been influenced by Arab, Buginese, Javanese, Malay, Chinese and Indian cultures. Notable dishes include [nasi lemak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_lemak "Nasi lemak"), [asam pedas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_pedas "Asam pedas"), [Nasi Beringin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_Beringin "Nasi Beringin"), cathay [laksa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksa "Laksa"), cheese [murtabak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtabak "Murtabak"), [Johor laksa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksa#Variations "Laksa"), kway teow kia, [mee bandung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_bandung_Muar "Mee bandung Muar"), [mee rebus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee_rebus "Mee rebus"), Muar [satay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay "Satay"), pineapple pajeri, Pontian [wonton noodle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonton_noodle "Wonton noodle"), san lou fried [bee hoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_vermicelli "Rice vermicelli"), [otak-otak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak-otak "Otak-otak"), [telur pindang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telur_pindang "Telur pindang"),[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-348)[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_foods-349) and other mixed Malay dishes.[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-mixed_culture_food-350) Popular desserts include [burasak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burasa "Burasa"),[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-mixed_culture_food-350) [kacang pool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ful_medames "Ful medames"), [lontong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontong "Lontong") and snacks like [banana cake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_cake "Banana cake"), Kluang toasted buns and [pisang goreng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisang_goreng "Pisang goreng").[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-Johor_foods-349)[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-351) International restaurants offering [Western](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_cuisine "Western cuisine"), [Filipino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_cuisine "Filipino cuisine"), [Indonesian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine "Indonesian cuisine"), [Japanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cuisine "Japanese cuisine"), [Korean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_cuisine "Korean cuisine"), [Taiwanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine "Taiwanese cuisine"), [Thai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_cuisine "Thai cuisine") and [Vietnamese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine "Vietnamese cuisine") cuisines are found throughout the state, especially in Johor Bahru and [Iskandar Puteri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Puteri "Iskandar Puteri").[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-352)
### Holidays and festivals
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor&action=edit§ion=35 "Edit section: Holidays and festivals")\]
Johoreans observe a number of holidays and festivals throughout the year including [Independence Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_\(Malaysia\) "Independence Day (Malaysia)"), [Malaysia Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Day "Malaysia Day") celebrations and the Sultan of Johor's Birthday.[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-353)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stadium_Larkin.jpg)
The [Tan Sri Dato' Haji Hassan Yunos Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Sri_Dato%27_Haji_Hassan_Yunos_Stadium "Tan Sri Dato' Haji Hassan Yunos Stadium"), which is still used by [Johor Darul Ta'zim II F.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Darul_Ta%27zim_II_F.C. "Johor Darul Ta'zim II F.C.") (JDT II)
As Johor has been part of Malaya since 1957, its athletes represented Malaya and later Malaysia at the [Summer Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games "Summer Olympic Games"), [Commonwealth Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games "Commonwealth Games"), [Asian Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Games "Asian Games") and [Southeast Asian Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Games "Southeast Asian Games"). The Johor State Youth and Sports Department was established in 1957 to raise the standard of sports in the state.[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-354) Johor hosted the [Sukma Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukma_Games "Sukma Games") in 1992. There are four sports complexes in the state,[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-355) and the federal government also provides aid to improve sports facilities.[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-356) In 2018, as part of a federal government plan to turn Muar into Johor's sports hub, around RM15 million has been allocated to build and upgrade sports facilities in the town.[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-357)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Sultan_Ibrahim_Stadium_\(2\).jpg)
The home stadium of JDT, which is solely owned by the club.
Located in [Iskandar Puteri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Puteri "Iskandar Puteri"), the [Sultan Ibrahim Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ibrahim_Stadium "Sultan Ibrahim Stadium") is the main stadium of the football club [Johor Darul Ta'zim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Darul_Ta%27zim_F.C. "Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C.") (JDT). A dominant club in Malaysian club football since the 2010s, they have won the [Malaysia Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Cup "Malaysia Cup") five times, the [Malaysia FA Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_FA_Cup "Malaysia FA Cup") five times, the [Malaysia Super League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Super_League "Malaysia Super League") for twelve consecutive seasons between 2014 and 2026,[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-358) and the [AFC Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Cup "AFC Cup") in 2015.[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-359)[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-360)[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-361) The state women's football team also won four titles in the [Tun Sharifah Rodziah Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Sharifah_Rodziah_Cup "Tun Sharifah Rodziah Cup") in 1984, 1986, 1987 and 1989. Another notable stadium in the state is [Pasir Gudang Corporation Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Gudang_Corporation_Stadium "Pasir Gudang Corporation Stadium") in [Pasir Gudang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Gudang "Pasir Gudang").[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-362) Johor also launched its own [esports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esports "Esports") league, becoming the second Malaysian state to introduce the sport to the Sukma Games, with the Johor Sports Council agreeing to include it in the [2020 edition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Sukma_Games "2020 Sukma Games").[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-363)[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_note-364)
- [Yasmin Ahmad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasmin_Ahmad "Yasmin Ahmad")
- [Hishamuddin Hussein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hishamuddin_Hussein "Hishamuddin Hussein")
- [Noraniza Idris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noraniza_Idris "Noraniza Idris")
- [Onn Jaafar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onn_Jaafar "Onn Jaafar")
- [Zulhadi Omar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulhadi_Omar "Zulhadi Omar")
- [Hussein Onn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Onn "Hussein Onn")
- [Seah Jim Quee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seah_Jim_Quee "Seah Jim Quee")
- [Syed Saddiq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Saddiq "Syed Saddiq")
- [Fasha Sandha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasha_Sandha "Fasha Sandha")
- [Penny Tai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Tai "Penny Tai")
- [Muhyiddin Yassin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhyiddin_Yassin "Muhyiddin Yassin")
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-14)** Malay pronunciation: [\[ËdÍĄĘoho(r)\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay "Help:IPA/Malay")
1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_info_1-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_info_1-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_info_1-2)
["Maklumat Kenegaraan (Negeri Johor Darul Ta'zim)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180708142043/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan/1600-negeri-johor-darul-tazim.html) \[Statehood Information (State of Johor Darul Ta'zim)\] (in Malay). [Ministry of Communications and Multimedia (Malaysia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Multimedia_\(Malaysia\) "Ministry of Communications and Multimedia (Malaysia)"). Archived from [the original](http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan/1600-negeri-johor-darul-tazim.html) on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-jhr_2-0)**
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3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-3)**
["MAIN INDICATOR IN M.B. JOHOR BAHRU"](https://tableau.dosm.gov.my/t/BPPD-BahagianperangkaanpendudukdanDemografi/views/MyCenDashEnglish/LOCALAUTORITY?%3Adisplay_count=n&%3Aembed=y&%3AisGuestRedirectFromVizportal=y&%3Aorigin=viz_share_link&%3AshowAppBanner=false&%3AshowVizHome=n). *MyCenDash*. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
4. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-2020KF_4-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-2020KF_4-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-2020KF_4-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-2020KF_4-3)
["Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020"](https://www.dosm.gov.my/uploads/publications/20221020150523.pdf) (pdf) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-967-2000-85-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-2000-85-3 "Special:BookSources/978-967-2000-85-3")
.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-2020_population_5-0)**
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"Laporan Sosioekonomi Negeri Johor 2023". *[Department of Statistics Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia "Department of Statistics Malaysia")* (in Malay). August 2024. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2600-9919](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2600-9919).
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-8)**
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["Postal codes in Johor"](https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/johor/?p=1). cybo.com. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
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13. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-statistics_13-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-statistics_13-1)
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["Malaysia's population grows by 0.9% year-on-year as of Q1 2025"](https://www.humanresourcesonline.net/malaysia-s-population-grows-by-0-9-year-on-year-as-of-q1-2025). *Human Resources Online*. 15 May 2025. Retrieved 12 March 2026.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-16)**
["Malaysia's average household income increased to RM8,479 in 2022, says Stats Dept"](https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/07/28/malaysia039s-mean-household-income-increased-to-rm8479-in-2022-says-stats-dept). *The Star*. 28 July 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
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["South-East Asia makes an AI power grab"](https://www.economist.com/asia/2025/07/29/south-east-asia-makes-an-ai-power-grab). *The Economist*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0013-0613](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613). Retrieved 4 August 2025.
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Sinclair, Keith (1967). ["The British Advance in Johore, 1885-1914"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41491908). *Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society*. **40** (1 (211)): 93â110\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0126-7353](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0126-7353). Retrieved 6 December 2025.
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Aman, Azanis Shahila (3 November 2024). ["Petaling district has Malaysia's next highest GDP after KL, says DOSM \| New Straits Times"](https://www.nst.com.my/business/economy/2024/11/1128961/petaling-district-has-malaysias-next-highest-%C2%A0gdp-after-kl-says). *NST Online*. Retrieved 2 March 2025.
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John Krich (8 April 2015). ["Johor: Jewel of Malaysia"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170424201844/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/johor-jewel-of-malaysia/). *[National Geographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic "National Geographic")*. Archived from [the original](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/johor-jewel-of-malaysia/) on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
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73. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-LimWong2000_74-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-LimWong2000_74-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-LimWong2000_74-2)
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77. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Yenne2014_78-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Yenne2014_78-1)
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78. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Pike2016_79-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Pike2016_79-1)
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79. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Japanese_arrival_Singapore_80-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Japanese_arrival_Singapore_80-1)
Stephanie Ho (19 July 2013). ["Battle of Singapore"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180624014203/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2013-07-19_113523.html). National Library Board, Singapore. Archived from [the original](http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2013-07-19_113523.html) on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
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81. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-82)**
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84. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Pye2015_85-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Pye2015_85-1)
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85. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Bose2012_86-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Bose2012_86-1)
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86. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-87)**
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88. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-89)**
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89. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-90)**
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102. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-103)**
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104. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_as_part_of_Malaysia_105-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_as_part_of_Malaysia_105-1)
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106. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-107)**
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107. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-108)**
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108. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-109)**
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109. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-110)**
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111. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-112)**
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112. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-113)**
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[978-9971-69-457-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-457-9 "Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-457-9")
. "Despite transferring control of its defence and external affairs to Britain, it is an undisputed fact that Johor was a sovereign State during the period 1948 to 1957, when the Federation Agreement was in force."
113. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-114)**
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â˘
["Johor has every right to secede from M'sia: Crown Prince"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180721061851/https://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/johor-has-right-secede-if-putrajaya-breaches-federations-terms-crown-prince). Today Online. 16 October 2015. Archived from [the original](https://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/johor-has-right-secede-if-putrajaya-breaches-federations-terms-crown-prince) on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
â˘
Sadho Ram (24 March 2016). ["TMJ Recalls A "Dark History" In The Past But Leaves Out The Most Crucial Part"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180721070210/http://says.com/my/imho/the-role-johor-royalty-played-in-1992-constitutional-crisis). Says.com. Archived from [the original](http://says.com/my/imho/the-role-johor-royalty-played-in-1992-constitutional-crisis) on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
114. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_economy_115-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_economy_115-1)
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115. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-116)**
Rizalman Hammim (22 November 2017). ["Sultan of Johor voices concern over Malay 'credibility crisis'"](https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2017/11/306201/sultan-johor-voices-concern-over-malay-credibility-crisis). *New Straits Times*. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
116. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-117)**
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118. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_town_planning_119-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_town_planning_119-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_town_planning_119-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_town_planning_119-3)
["Johor 2030 (Rancangan Struktur Negeri Johor 2030 â Kajian Semula)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180112164253/http://epublisiti.townplan.gov.my/rsn/RSN_Johor2030/RingkasanEksekutifJohor2030.pdf) \[Johor 2030 (Johor State Structure Plan 2030 â Review)\] (PDF) (in Malay). Town and Village Planning Department of Johor. Archived from [the original](http://epublisiti.townplan.gov.my/rsn/RSN_Johor2030/RingkasanEksekutifJohor2030.pdf) (PDF) on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-120)**
["Profil Pegawai Daerah"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201225001513/http://pdnj.johor.gov.my/profil/pd-johorbahru/profil_pegawai_daerah) \[District Employee Profile\] (in Malay). District Office of the State of Johor. Archived from [the original](http://pdnj.johor.gov.my/profil/pd-johorbahru/profil_pegawai_daerah) on 25 December 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
120. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-121)**
Pusat Pengajian Pembangunan Malaysia (1978). [*Panduan tugas untuk penghulu dan Ketua Kampung Negeri Johor*](https://books.google.com/books?id=8sFaAQAACAAJ) \[*A task guide for local chieftain and Johor State Village Head*\] (in Malay). Pusat Pengajian Pembangunan Malaysia, Johor Bahru.
121. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-122)**
["Senarai Penghulu-Penghulu Daerah"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201225001458/http://pdnj.johor.gov.my/penghulu/) \[List of District Chieftains\] (in Malay). District Office of the State of Johor. Archived from [the original](http://pdnj.johor.gov.my/penghulu/) on 25 December 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
122. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-123)**
Mohd. Sarim Haji Mustajab (1993). ["Malay Elite Participation in the Johor Civil Service: Its Origins and Development until the 1930s"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180721052655/http://www.ukm.my/jebat/images/upload/Mohd.%20Sarim%20Haji%20Mustajab%2021.pdf) (PDF). Town and Village Planning Department of Johor. pp. 67â82\. Archived from [the original](http://www.ukm.my/jebat/images/upload/Mohd.%20Sarim%20Haji%20Mustajab%2021.pdf) (PDF) on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
123. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Hussin2016_124-0)**
[Iza R. Hussin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iza_Hussin "Iza Hussin") (31 March 2016). [*The Politics of Islamic Law: Local Elites, Colonial Authority, and the Making of the Muslim State*](https://books.google.com/books?id=q1ivCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA154). University of Chicago Press. pp. 154 and 159. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-226-32334-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32334-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32334-3")
.
124. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-125)**
Barbara Watson Andaya; Leonard Y Andaya (11 November 2016). [*A History of Malaysia*](https://web.archive.org/web/20190502155110/https://books.google.com/books?id=XSOHDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA208). Macmillan International Higher Education. pp. 208â. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-137-60515-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-60515-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-137-60515-3")
. Archived from [the original](https://books.google.com/books?id=XSOHDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA208) on 2 May 2019.
125. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-126)**
Muhammad Kamil Awang (1998). [*The Sultan & the Constitution*](https://books.google.com/books?id=cLObAAAAMAAJ). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-983-62-5980-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-62-5980-6 "Special:BookSources/978-983-62-5980-6")
.
126. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-127)**
["Bahagian Kerajaan Tempatan"](http://www.johor.gov.my/en/sukkt#1523867957295-f2c2c48a-b58b) \[Local Government Department \[Client's Charter\]\] (in Malay). State Government of Johor. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
127. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-total_population_128-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-total_population_128-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-total_population_128-2)
["Total population by ethnic group, administrative district and state, Malaysia"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120227090331/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Johor.pdf) (PDF). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Johor.pdf) (PDF) on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
128. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-129)**
["Ninth schedule â Legislative lists"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140915024439/http://www.commonlii.org/my/legis/const/1957/24.html). Commonwealth Legal Information Institute. Archived from [the original](http://www.commonlii.org/my/legis/const/1957/24.html) on 15 September 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
129. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-130)**
["Johor crown prince warns that state may secede if Putrajaya breaches federation's terms"](https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/johor-crown-prince-warns-that-state-may-secede-if-putrajaya-breaches-federations-terms). *[The Straits Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Straits_Times "The Straits Times")*. Kuala Lumpur. 16 October 2015.
130. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-131)**
New Jo-Lyn (19 June 2015). ["Why is Johor the only Msian state with its own private army? \[Update\]"](https://cilisos.my/why-is-johor-the-only-malaysian-state-with-its-own-private-army/). cilisos.my. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
131. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-132)**
["Johor Military Forces"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180807004028/http://www.historyasia.com/shows/johor-military-forces). [History Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_\(Southeast_Asian_TV_channel\) "History (Southeast Asian TV channel)"). Archived from [the original](http://www.historyasia.com/shows/johor-military-forces) on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018. "The Johor Military Forces is an independent military force steeped in history. Formed in 1886 by Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor, with the purpose of protecting Johor's safety and the king. The JMF is believed to be the oldest military unit in Malaysia and is the only state army in the Federation. The JMF has played a significant role in the suppression of the [Singapore Mutiny of 1915](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny "1915 Singapore Mutiny") and served in both World Wars."
132. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Batu_Puteh_dispute_133-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Batu_Puteh_dispute_133-1)
Kadir Mohamad (2009). ["Malaysia's territorial disputes â two cases at the ICJ: Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan \[and the Sabah claim\] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042053/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf) (PDF). Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. pp. 1 and 2. Archived from [the original](http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf) (PDF) on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2018. "In 1979, Malaysia had published a map entitled "Territorial Waters and Continental Shelf Boundaries of Malaysia" in which Batu Puteh (BP) was shown as forming a part of Malaysian territory. That inclusion was, in fact, a deliberate step taken by the cartographers to reaffirm Malaysia's sovereignty over BP which had always been a part of the original Sultanate of Johor since ancient times. In February 1980, Singapore lodged a protest against the inclusion of BP in the 1979 Map. That began a protracted dispute between Malaysia and Singapore, spanning almost three decades."
133. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-134)**
["Pedra Branca \[Background\]"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180726045850/https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/special_events/pedrabranca/background.html). Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore. Archived from [the original](https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/special_events/pedrabranca/background.html) on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
134. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-135)**
["The Court finds that Singapore has sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh; that Malaysia has sovereignty over Middle Rocks; and that sovereignty over South Ledge belongs to the State in the territorial waters of which it is located"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180726061810/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/130/14490.pdf) (PDF). International Court of Justice. 23 May 2008. Archived from [the original](http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/130/14490.pdf) (PDF) on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
135. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-136)**
["Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180726061916/http://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/130). International Court of Justice. Archived from [the original](http://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/130) on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
136. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-137)**
Yoshifumi Tanaka (25 August 2008). ["Passing of Sovereignty: the Malaysia/Singapore Territorial Dispute before the ICJ"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180726064011/http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/index.php?id=9665). The Hague Justice. Archived from [the original](http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/index.php?id=9665) on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
137. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-138)**
Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rusli; Wan Izatul Asma Wan Talaat (15 February 2016). ["The Natuna Islands: 'Malaysian in geography', Indonesian in sovereignty"](http://english.astroawani.com/world-news/natuna-islands-malaysian-geography-indonesian-sovereignty-94430). Astro Awani. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
138. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-139)**
Reme Ahmad (3 February 2017). ["Malaysia seeks to revise judgment on Pedra Branca, citing discovery of 'new facts'"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180804080207/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysia-seeks-to-revise-judgment-on-pedra-branca-citing-discovery-of-new-facts). *The Straits Times*. Archived from [the original](https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysia-seeks-to-revise-judgment-on-pedra-branca-citing-discovery-of-new-facts) on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
139. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-140)**
["Malaysia withdraws ICJ challenge on Pedra Branca, ceding rights for future revision to 2008 ruling"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180726073837/https://www.malaymail.com/s/1636496/malaysia-withdraws-icj-challenge-on-pedra-branca-ceding-rights-for-future-r). *Today Online*. The Malay Mail. 30 May 2018. Archived from [the original](https://www.malaymail.com/s/1636496/malaysia-withdraws-icj-challenge-on-pedra-branca-ceding-rights-for-future-r) on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
140. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-141)**
Bhavan Jaipragas (30 May 2018). ["Mahathir plans Malaysian island on Middle Rocks near Singapore"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180804080734/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2148524/malaysias-mahathir-build-island-middle-rocks-near-singapore). *South China Morning Post*. Archived from [the original](https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2148524/malaysias-mahathir-build-island-middle-rocks-near-singapore) on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
141. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-142)**
["Tanjung Piai - Johor National Parks"](https://johornationalparks.gov.my/tanjung-piai/). 25 October 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2025.
142. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-143)**
Daniel J. Hopkins; Merriam-Webster Staff; í¸ě§ëś (1997). [*Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA556). Merriam-Webster. pp. 556â. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-87779-546-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-546-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-546-9")
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143. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-144)**
Ir. Ooi Choon Ann (1996). ["Coastal erosion management in Malaysia"](https://web.archive.org/web/20191014050909/https://water.gov.my/jps/resources/auto%20download%20images/5844e2ec68076.pdf) (PDF). *Director of Coastal Engineering Division Department of Irrigation and Drainage of Malaysia, Proc. 13th Annual Seminar of the Malaysian Society of Marine Sciences*: 9 (10). Archived from [the original](https://water.gov.my/jps/resources/auto%20download%20images/5844e2ec68076.pdf) (PDF) on 14 October 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2019 â via Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources of Malaysia.
144. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-145)**
["\[Malaysia\] Vegetation description"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180728075627/http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/j1533e/J1533E50.htm). [Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization "Food and Agriculture Organization"). Archived from [the original](http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/j1533e/J1533E50.htm) on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
145. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-146)**
Abdul Karim; Shashiah; Abdul Rahman; Yusup; Abdullah; Mohd Jinis (2004). ["Management of mangrove forests in Johor â as part of the coastal ecosystem management"](http://repo.uum.edu.my/3751/). Sultanah Bahiyah Library, Universiti Utara Malaysia. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
146. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Bird2010_147-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Bird2010_147-1)
Eric Bird (25 February 2010). [*Encyclopedia of the World's Coastal Landforms*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfo5TPb7SDsC&pg=PA1119). Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1119â1120\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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147. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-148)**
A. Selamat; H. Fujita; H. Haron (29 August 2014). [*New Trends in Software Methodologies, Tools and Techniques: Proceedings of the Thirteenth SoMeT\_14*](https://books.google.com/books?id=oN3YBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119). IOS Press. pp. 119â. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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148. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-149)**
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149. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-AshrafOthman2017_150-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-AshrafOthman2017_150-1)
Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf; Radziah Othman; Che Fauziah Ishak (22 September 2017). [*Soils of Malaysia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=FuM2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT108). CRC Press. pp. 108â. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-351-99857-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-99857-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-351-99857-4")
.
150. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_forestry_151-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_forestry_151-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_forestry_151-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_forestry_151-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_forestry_151-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_forestry_151-5)
["Summary of the State of Johor Forest Management Plan for the Period between 2006â2015"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180729132504/https://johor.forestry.gov.my/images/Maklumat-Hutan/MC-and-I/2.Ringkasan-Rancangan-Pengurusan-Hutan-RPH/fmu.pdf) (PDF). Johor State Forestry Department. pp. 7/71â11/71 \[XVIII/XXIII\]. Archived from [the original](https://johor.forestry.gov.my/images/Maklumat-Hutan/MC-and-I/2.Ringkasan-Rancangan-Pengurusan-Hutan-RPH/fmu.pdf) (PDF) on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
151. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-152)**
["Taman Hutan Lagenda Gunung Ledang"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180729191106/http://www.johorparks.gov.my/en/parks/gunung-ledang). Johor Parks. Archived from [the original](http://www.johorparks.gov.my/en/parks/gunung-ledang) on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
152. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-153)**
["11 Mesmerizing mountains in Johor"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180730070930/https://www.johornow.com/english/11-mesmerizing-mountains-johor/). Johor Now. 12 November 2016. Archived from [the original](https://www.johornow.com/english/11-mesmerizing-mountains-johor/) on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
153. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-154)**
["Johor, Selangor residents shaken by Sumatra quake"](https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/03/03/johor-selangor-residents-panic-over-tremors-from-indonesian-earthquake/). *Bernama*. The Star. 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
154. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-155)**
["Peta Pengkelasan Hutan Mengikut Seksyen 10 (1) APN Negeri Johor"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180730133735/http://johor.forestry.gov.my/images/Maklumat-Hutan/FMU/peta-pengkelasan3.jpg) \[Forest Classification Map in accordance with Section 10 (1) of the State APN of Johor\] (in Malay). Johor State Forestry Department. Archived from [the original](http://johor.forestry.gov.my/images/Maklumat-Hutan/FMU/peta-pengkelasan3.jpg) on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
155. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Ali2018_156-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Ali2018_156-1)
Anuar Bin Md. Ali (17 April 2018). [*Flood Inundation Modeling and Hazard Mapping under Uncertainty in the Sungai Johor Basin, Malaysia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=MSJWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33). CRC Press. pp. 33â. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-429-88949-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-88949-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-429-88949-3")
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156. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-157)**
["Senarai Lembangan Sungai Bagi Negeri Johor"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180731073052/http://smanre.mygeoportal.gov.my/smanre/sungai/list_lembangan_sungai_kategori.php?neg=Johor&PageNo=1) \[List of River Basins For The State Of Johor\] (in Malay). Basic Information System of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia (SMANRE). Archived from [the original](http://smanre.mygeoportal.gov.my/smanre/sungai/list_lembangan_sungai_kategori.php?neg=Johor&PageNo=1) on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
157. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-158)**
["Malaysia's worst flood in 100 years destroys over 60,000 homes"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170730111213/http://www.pravdareport.com/news/hotspots/21-12-2006/86036-flood-0/). Pravda. 21 December 2006. Archived from [the original](http://www.pravdareport.com/news/hotspots/21-12-2006/86036-flood-0/) on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
158. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-159)**
["Shortage Of Food Supply At Flood Relief Centres In Johor"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070926215417/http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news.php?id=237957). Bernama. 22 December 2006. Archived from [the original](https://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news.php?id=237957) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
159. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-160)**
["\[WMKJ\] Johor Bahru \[1998-\] Monthly Summaries"](https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/sites/monthlysum.php?network=MY__ASOS&station=WMKJ). The Iowa Environmental Mesonet. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
160. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-WMO_161-0)**
["World Weather Information Service â Johor Bahru"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131023032749/http://worldweather.wmo.int/020/c00078.htm). World Meteorological Organisation. Archived from [the original](https://worldweather.wmo.int/020/c00078.htm) on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
161. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Meteomanz_162-0)**
["SYNOP/BUFR observations. Data by months"](http://www.meteomanz.com/sy3?l=1&cou=5010&ind=48625&y1=2015&m1=01&y2=2024&m2=12&so=000&fm=00). Meteomanz. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
162. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-163)**
Ben van Wijnen. ["Endau-Rompin \[Johor National Park\]"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180801081947/https://www.malaysiasite.nl/endaueng.htm). The Malaysia Site. Archived from [the original](https://www.malaysiasite.nl/endaueng.htm) on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
163. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-164)**
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337. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-culture_demise_338-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-culture_demise_338-1)
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Anthony Reid (2010). *Imperial Alchemy: Nationalism and Political Identity in Southeast Asia*. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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Leong Sze Lee (2012). *A Retrospect on the Dust-laden History: The Past and Present of Tekong Island in Singapore*. World Scientific. pp. 12â. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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Gregor Benton; Hong Liu; Huimei Zhang (3 May 2018). *The Qiaopi Trade and Transnational Networks in the Chinese Diaspora*. Taylor & Francis. p. 25. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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Ivy Soon (22 September 2016). ["Great Malaysian dishes: Johor â Laksa"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180918073543/https://www.star2.com/food/food-news/2016/09/22/great-malaysian-dishes-johor-laksa/). Star2. Archived from [the original](https://www.star2.com/food/food-news/2016/09/22/great-malaysian-dishes-johor-laksa/) on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
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348. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_foods_349-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-Johor_foods_349-1)
Samantha Khor (21 April 2016). ["15 Johorean Dishes You Should Try Before You Die"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180918072632/https://says.com/my/lifestyle/johorean-dishes-you-should-try-before-you-die). Says.com. Archived from [the original](https://says.com/my/lifestyle/johorean-dishes-you-should-try-before-you-die) on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
349. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-mixed_culture_food_350-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-mixed_culture_food_350-1)
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Jolene (11 September 2017). ["If You Think Johor Bahru is Boring, Here are 11 Fun Things You Can Do"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180918075736/https://www.worldofbuzz.com/think-johor-bahru-boring-11-fun-things-can/). World of Buzz. Archived from [the original](https://www.worldofbuzz.com/think-johor-bahru-boring-11-fun-things-can/) on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
351. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-352)**
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352. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-353)**
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353. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-354)**
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355. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-356)**
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356. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-357)**
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357. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-358)**
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358. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-359)**
["AFC Cup Final Flashback: FC Istiklol v Johor Darul Ta'zim (2015)"](http://www.the-afc.com/news/afcsection/afc-cup-final-flashback-fc-istiklol-v-johor-darul-tazim-2015-39733). [Asian Football Confederation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation "Asian Football Confederation"). 2 November 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
359. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-360)**
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361. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-362)**
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362. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor#cite_ref-363)**
Moazan Emran (2 April 2019). ["Esports Johor Debut its First Ever E-sports League in Johor"](https://web.archive.org/web/20191030064413/https://www.theiskandarian.com/live-play/esports-johor-debut-its-first-ever-e-sports-league-in-johor/). The Iskandarian. Archived from [the original](https://www.theiskandarian.com/live-play/esports-johor-debut-its-first-ever-e-sports-league-in-johor/) on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
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Bryan Lim (11 October 2019). ["Youth And Sports Minister Announces National eSports League Will Kick Off In 2020"](https://web.archive.org/web/20191011183305/https://www.lowyat.net/2019/196146/youth-and-sports-minister-announces-national-esports-league-will-kick-off-in-2020/). Lowyat.net. Archived from [the original](https://www.lowyat.net/2019/196146/youth-and-sports-minister-announces-national-esports-league-will-kick-off-in-2020/) on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
- Richard Olof Winstedt (1932). "A History of Johore (1673âca. 1800 A.D.) / ŘŮاŮŘŞ ŮŮع٠؏ŮŮŘą". *Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society*. **10** (1): 164â170\. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [41587442](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41587442).
- Leonard Y. Andaya (1975). *The Kingdom of Johor 1641â1728*. Oxford University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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- Patricia Lim Pui Huen (1998). "Past and Present Juxtaposed: The Chinese of Nineteenth Century Johor". *Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia*. **13** (1): 114â138\. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [41056979](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41056979).
- Peter Borschberg (2002). "The Seizure of the Sta. Catarina Revisited: The Portuguese Empire in Asia, VOC Politics and the Origins of the Dutch-Johor Alliance (1602 â
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1616)". *Journal of Southeast Asian Studies*. **33** (1). Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Cambridge University Press: 31â62\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1017/S0022463402000024](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463402000024). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [154935503](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154935503).
- Raimy ChĂŠ-Ross (2004). "The 'Lost City' of Kota Gelanggi: An Exploratory Essay Based on Textual Evidence and An Excursion into 'Aerial Archaeology'". *Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society*. **77** (2): 27â58\. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [41493524](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41493524).
- Carl A. Trocki (2007). *Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784â1885*. NUS Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-9971-69-376-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-376-3 "Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-376-3")
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- Peter Borschberg (2010). *The Singapore and Melaka Straits: Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th Century*. National University of Singapore, Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-9-06-718364-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-06-718364-2 "Special:BookSources/978-9-06-718364-2")
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- Peter Borschberg (2011). *Hugo Grotius, the Portuguese and Free Trade in the East Indies*. National University of Singapore. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-9-97-169467-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-97-169467-8 "Special:BookSources/978-9-97-169467-8")
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- Peter Borschberg (2015). *Journal, Memorial and Letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge. Security, Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th-Century Southeast Asia*. National University of Singapore. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-9-97-169798-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-97-169798-3 "Special:BookSources/978-9-97-169798-3")
.
- Peter Borschberg (2015). *Jacques de Coutre's Singapore and Johor, 1594-c. 1625*. National University of Singapore. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-9-97-169852-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-97-169852-2 "Special:BookSources/978-9-97-169852-2")
.
- Peter Borschberg (2017).
["The value of Admiral Matelieff's writings for studying the history of Southeast Asia, c. 1600â1620"](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002246341700056X)
. *Journal of Southeast Asian Studies*. **48** (3). National University of Singapore, Cambridge University Press: 414â435\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1017/S002246341700056X](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002246341700056X).
- Kwa Chong Guan; Peter Borschberg (2018). *Studying Singapore before 1800*. National University of Singapore. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-981-4722-74-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4722-74-2 "Special:BookSources/978-981-4722-74-2")
.
- [Official website](http://www.johor.gov.my/) [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183032#P856 "Edit this at Wikidata")
- [Johor](http://tourism.johor.my/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200925072423/http://tourism.johor.my/) 25 September 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") at Johor Tourism
- [Johor](https://www.lonelyplanet.com/malaysia/johor) at [Lonely Planet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_Planet "Lonely Planet") |
| Shard | 152 (laksa) |
| Root Hash | 17790707453426894952 |
| Unparsed URL | org,wikipedia!en,/wiki/Johor s443 |