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| Boilerpipe Text | This article is about the group of colleges and the athletic conference that gave the group its name. For other uses, see
Ivy League (disambiguation)
.
Ivy League
Association
NCAA
Founded
1954
; 72 years ago
Commissioner
Robin Harris
[
1
]
(since 2009)
Sports fielded
33
men's: 17
women's: 16
Division
Division I
Subdivision
FCS
No. of teams
8
Headquarters
Princeton, New Jersey
, U.S.
Region
Northeast
Broadcaster
ESPN
Official website
ivyleague
.com
Locations
Home states of the eight Ivy League universities
The
Ivy League
is an American collegiate
athletic conference
of eight
private
research universities
in the
Northeastern United States
. It participates in the
National Collegiate Athletic Association
(NCAA)
Division I
, and in
football
, in the
Football Championship Subdivision
(FCS). The term
Ivy League
is used more broadly to refer to the eight schools that belong to the league, which are globally renowned as elite colleges associated with
academic excellence
,
highly selective admissions
, and social
elitism
.
[
2
]
[
3
]
[
4
]
[
5
]
[
6
]
The term was used as early as 1933, and it became official in 1954 following the formation of the Ivy League athletic conference.
[
7
]
At times, they have also been referred to as the "Ancient Eight".
[
8
]
[
9
]
The eight members of the Ivy League are
Brown University
,
Columbia University
,
Cornell University
,
Dartmouth College
,
Harvard University
,
University of Pennsylvania
,
Princeton University
, and
Yale University
. The conference headquarters is in
Princeton, New Jersey
. All of the "Ivies" except Cornell were founded during the
colonial period
and therefore make up seven of the nine
colonial colleges
. The other two colonial colleges, Queen's College (now
Rutgers University
) and the
College of William & Mary
, became public institutions.
The flags of the eight Ivy League universities flying over
Wien Stadium
at
Columbia University
Ivy League schools are some of the most prestigious universities in the world.
[
10
]
All eight universities place in the top 15 of the 2025
U.S. News & World Report
National Universities ranking
.
[
11
]
U.S. News
has named a member of the Ivy League as the best national university
[
a
]
every year since 2001: as of 2020
, Princeton eleven times, Harvard twice, and the two schools tied for first five times.
[
12
]
In the 2024–2025
U.S. News & World Report
Best Global University Ranking
, six Ivies rank in the top 20: Harvard (#1), Columbia (#9), Yale (#10), Penn (#14), Princeton (#18), and Cornell (#19)—ranks that
U.S. News
says are based on "indicators that measure their academic research performance and their global and regional reputations."
[
13
]
All eight Ivy League schools are members of the
Association of American Universities
, the most prestigious alliance of American research universities.
[
14
]
Undergraduate enrollments range from about 4,500 to about 15,000,
[
15
]
larger than most
liberal arts colleges
and smaller than most
state university systems
. Total enrollment, which includes graduate students, ranges from approximately 6,600 at Dartmouth to over 20,000 at Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, and Penn. Ivy League
financial endowments
range from Brown's $6.9 billion
[
16
]
to Harvard's $53.2 billion,
[
17
]
the
largest financial endowment
of any academic institution in the world.
[
18
]
The Ivy League is similar
[
further explanation needed
]
to other groups of universities in other countries, such as
Oxbridge
[
19
]
in
England
, the
C9 League
[
20
]
in
China
, the
Écoles Normales Supérieures
[
21
]
in
France
, the
SKY Universities
[
citation needed
]
in
South Korea
, and the
Imperial Universities
[
22
]
in
Japan
.
Ivy League universities have some of the largest university
financial endowments
in the world, allowing the universities to provide abundant resources for their academic programs, financial aid, and research endeavors. As of 2021, Harvard University had an endowment of $53.2 billion, the largest of any educational institution.
[
17
]
Each university attracts millions of dollars in annual research funding from both the federal government and private sources.
Institution
Location
Undergraduates
Postgraduates
Endowment
[
23
]
(in $ billions)
Academic staff
Year founded
Team name
Colors
Brown University
Providence, Rhode Island
7,349
3,347
$6.20
736
[
24
]
1764
Bears
Columbia University
New York City
6,716
[
b
]
21,987
$13.64
4,370
[
27
]
1754
Lions
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
15,503
10,097
$10.04
2,908
1865
Big Red
Dartmouth College
Hanover, New Hampshire
4,556
2,205
$7.93
943
1769
Big Green
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts
[
c
]
7,153
14,495
$49.50
4,671
[
28
]
1636
Crimson
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
9,962
13,469
$20.96
4,464
[
29
]
1740
Quakers
Princeton University
Princeton, New Jersey
5,321
3,157
$34.06
1,172
1746
Tigers
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut
6,536
8,031
$40.75
4,140
1701
Bulldogs
Former affiliate members
[
edit
]
Before the 2000s, many of the Ivy League championships for men's and women's cross country, indoor and outdoor track & field, and swimming & diving were formatted as invitationals that many schools across the eastern United States would attend. In other sports, such as fencing, wrestling, men's and women's ice hockey, and men's and women's rowing, all of the Ivy League schools were members of other single-sport conferences and the top-performing Ivy League team would be crowned the champion.
The
United States Military Academy
and the
United States Naval Academy
were members of the Ivy League in many sports and were crowned as Ivy League champions while competing with Ivy League teams. Both schools left the conference in the early 2000s to join with their current conference, the
Patriot League
, except for football, for which they are affiliate members of the
American Athletic Conference
.
Map of the eight Ivy League universities in the
United States
Institutional history
[
edit
]
Institution
Founded as
Founded
Chartered
First instruction
Founding affiliation
Harvard University
Harvard College
[
30
]
1636
1650
1642
Nonsectarian
,
[
citation needed
]
founded by
Calvinist
Congregationalists
Yale University
Collegiate School
1701
1701
[
31
]
1702
Calvinist (Congregationalist)
Princeton University
College of New Jersey
1746
[
d
]
1746
[
33
]
1747
Nonsectarian,
[
34
]
founded by Calvinist
Presbyterians
[
34
]
[
better source needed
]
Columbia University
King's College
1754
1754
[
35
]
1754
Church of England
University of Pennsylvania
College of Philadelphia
[
36
]
1740 or 1749 or 1755
[
e
]
1755
1755
Nonsectarian,
[
40
]
founded by
Church of England
/
Methodist
members
[
41
]
[
42
]
Brown University
College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
1764
1764
1765
[
43
]
Baptist
, founding charter promises "no religious tests" and "full liberty of conscience"
[
44
]
Brown's website characterizes it as "the Baptist answer to Congregationalist Yale and Harvard; Presbyterian Princeton; and Episcopalian Penn and Columbia," but adds that at the time it was "the only one that welcomed students of all religious persuasions."
[
42
]
Dartmouth College
Dartmouth College
1769
1769
[
45
]
1769
Calvinist (Congregationalist)
Cornell University
Cornell University
1865
1865
1868
[
46
]
Nonsectarian
Note:
Six of the eight Ivy League universities consider their founding dates to be simply the date that they received their charters and thus became legal corporations with the authority to grant academic degrees. Harvard University uses the date that the legislature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony formally allocated funds for the creation of a college. Harvard was chartered in 1650, although classes had been conducted for approximately a decade by then. The University of Pennsylvania's founding date is discussed in the footnote above. "Religious affiliation" refers to financial sponsorship, formal association with, and promotion by, a religious denomination. All of the institutions in the Ivy League are private (Cornell includes both private and state-supported schools) and are no longer associated with any religion.
"Planting the
ivy
" was a customary class day ceremony at many colleges in the 1800s. In 1893, an alumnus told
The Harvard Crimson
, "In 1850, class day was placed upon the University Calendar ... the custom of planting the ivy, while the ivy oration was delivered, arose about this time."
[
47
]
At Penn, graduating seniors started the custom of planting ivy at a university building each spring in 1873 and that practice was formally designated as "
Ivy Day
" in 1874.
[
48
]
Ivy planting ceremonies are recorded at
Yale University
,
Simmons College
, and
Bryn Mawr College
among other schools.
[
49
]
[
50
]
[
51
]
Princeton's "Ivy Club" was founded in 1879.
[
52
]
The first usage of
Ivy
in reference to a group of colleges is from sportswriter
Stanley Woodward
(1895–1965).
A proportion of our eastern ivy colleges are meeting little fellows another Saturday before plunging into the strife and the turmoil.
— Stanley Woodward,
New-York Tribune
, October 14, 1933, describing the football season
[
53
]
The first known instance of the term
Ivy League
appeared in
The Christian Science Monitor
on February 7, 1935.
[
7
]
[
53
]
[
54
]
Several sportswriters and other journalists used the term shortly later to refer to the older colleges, those along the northeastern seaboard of the United States, chiefly the nine institutions with origins dating from the
colonial era
, together with the
United States Military Academy
(West Point), the
United States Naval Academy
, and a few others. These schools were known for their long-standing traditions in intercollegiate athletics, often being the first schools to participate in such activities. At this time, however, none of these institutions made efforts to form an athletic league.
A common
folk etymology
attributes the name to the
Roman numeral
for four (
IV
), asserting that there was such a sports league originally with four members. The
Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins
helped to perpetuate this belief. The supposed "
IV
League" was formed over a century ago and consisted of Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and a fourth school that varies depending on who is telling the story.
[
55
]
[
56
]
However, it is clear that Harvard, Princeton, Columbia, and Yale met on November 23, 1876, at the so-called Massasoit Convention to decide on uniform rules for the emerging game of American football, which rapidly spread.
[
57
]
Seven out of the eight Ivy League schools are
Colonial Colleges
: institutions of higher education founded prior to the
American Revolution
. Cornell, the exception to this commonality, was founded immediately after the
American Civil War
. These seven colleges served as the primary institutions of higher learning in
British America
's
Northern
and
Middle Colonies
. During the colonial era, the schools' faculties and founding boards were largely drawn from other Ivy League institutions. Also represented were British graduates from the
University of Cambridge
, the
University of Oxford
, the
University of St. Andrews
, and the
University of Edinburgh
.
The influence of these institutions on the founding of other colleges and universities is notable. This included the Southern public college movement which blossomed in the decades surrounding the turn of the 19th century when Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia established what became the flagship universities of their respective states. In 1801, a majority of the first board of trustees for what became the
University of South Carolina
were Princeton alumni. They appointed
Jonathan Maxcy
, a Brown graduate, as the university's first president.
Thomas Cooper
, an Oxford alumnus and University of Pennsylvania faculty member, became the second president of the South Carolina college. The founders of the
University of California
came from Yale, hence
Berkeley
's colors are
Yale Blue
and California Gold.
[
58
]
Stanford University
has, since its earliest days, been nicknamed the "Cornell of the West": more than half of Stanford's initial faculty, as well as its first two presidents, had connections to Cornell as alumni or faculty.
[
59
]
Samuel Jones, the Baptist minister from Philadelphia who rewrote Brown's original charter (itself written by future Yale College president
Ezra Stiles
) was a graduate of the
College of Philadelphia
.
[
60
]
The majority of the Ivy League schools have identifiable
Protestant
roots. Harvard, Yale, and Dartmouth all held early associations with the
Congregationalists
. Princeton was financed by
New Light
Presbyterians, though originally led by a Congregationalist. Brown was founded by Baptists, though the university's charter stipulated that students should enjoy "full liberty of conscience." Columbia was founded by Anglicans, who composed 10 of the college's first 15 presidents. Penn and Cornell were officially nonsectarian, though Protestants were well represented in their respective founding. In the early nineteenth century, the specific purpose of training Calvinist ministers was handed off to
theological seminaries
, but a denominational tone and religious traditions including compulsory chapel often lasted well into the twentieth century.
"Ivy League" is sometimes used as a way of referring to an elite class, even though institutions such as Cornell University were among the first in the United States to reject racial and gender discrimination in their admissions policies. This dates back to at least 1935.
[
61
]
Novels and memoirs attest this sense, as a social elite; to some degree independent of the actual schools.
[
62
]
[
63
]
History of the athletic league
[
edit
]
Yale University's four-oared
crew
team, posing with the 1876 Centennial
Regatta
trophy
The 1875 program for the
Harvard
vs.
Yale
game played using
rugby
rules
In 1870, the nation's first formal athletic league was created in 1870 with the formation of the
Rowing Association of American Colleges
(RAAC), composed exclusively of Ivy League universities. RAAC hosted a national championship in rowing from 1870 to 1894.
The first
Harvard vs Yale
rugby football contest was held in 1875, two years after the inaugural
Princeton–Yale
rugby football contest. Harvard athlete Nathaniel Curtis challenged
Yale
's captain, William Arnold to a rugby-style game.
[
64
]
[
65
]
Program for the "Foot Ball Match", Harvard v Yale, the first intercollegiate game. It is considered the first rugby game between Ivy League teams. The game was played at
Hamilton Park
, a venue in
New Haven, Connecticut
(located at the intersection of Whalley Avenue and West Park Avenue
[
66
]
). The two teams played with 15 players (rugby) on a side instead of 11 (soccer) as Yale would have preferred.
In 1881,
Penn
,
Harvard College
,
Haverford College
, Princeton University (then known as College of New Jersey), and Columbia University (then known as Columbia College) formed The
Intercollegiate Cricket Association
,
[
67
]
which
Cornell University
later joined.
[
68
]
Penn won The Intercollegiate Cricket Association championship 23 times, including 18 solo victories and three shared with Haverford and Harvard, one shared with Haverford and Cornell, and one shared with just Haverford, during the 44 years that the Intercollegiate Cricket Association existed from 1881 through 1924.
[
69
]
In 1895, Cornell, Columbia, and Penn founded the
Intercollegiate Rowing Association
, which remains the oldest collegiate athletic organizing body in the US. To this day, the IRA Championship Regatta determines the national champion in rowing and all of the Ivies are regularly invited to compete.
A basketball league was later created in 1902, when Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Yale, and Princeton formed the
Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League
; they were later joined by Penn and Dartmouth.
In 1906, the organization that eventually became the
National Collegiate Athletic Association
was formed, primarily to formalize rules for the emerging sport of football. But of the 39 original member colleges in the NCAA, only two of them (Dartmouth and Penn) later became Ivies. In February 1903, intercollegiate wrestling began when Yale accepted a challenge from Columbia, published in the Yale News. The dual meet took place prior to a basketball game hosted by Columbia and resulted in a tie.
Two years later, Penn and Princeton also added wrestling teams, leading to the formation of the student-run Intercollegiate Wrestling Association, now the
Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association
(EIWA), the first and oldest collegiate wrestling league in the US.
[
70
]
A sketch of the Yale versus Princeton baseball game on May 30, 1882
Though schools now in Ivy League (such as Yale and Columbia) played against each other in the 1880s, it was not until 1930 that Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Penn, Princeton and Yale formed the
Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League
; they were later joined by Harvard, Brown, Army and Navy. Before the formal establishment of the Ivy League, there was an "unwritten and unspoken agreement among certain Eastern colleges on athletic relations". The earliest reference to the "Ivy colleges" came in 1933, when
Stanley Woodward
of the
New York Herald Tribune
used it to refer to the eight current members plus Army.
[
7
]
In 1935, the
Associated Press
reported on an example of collaboration between the schools:
The athletic authorities of the so-called "Ivy League" are considering drastic measures to curb the increasing tendency toward riotous attacks on goal posts and other encroachments by spectators on playing fields.
— The Associated Press,
The New York Times
[
71
]
Despite such collaboration, the universities did not seem to consider the formation of the league as imminent.
Romeyn Berry
, Cornell's manager of athletics, reported the situation in January 1936 as follows:
I can say with certainty that in the last five years—and markedly in the last three months—there has been a strong drift among the eight or ten universities of the East which see a good deal of one another in sport toward a closer bond of confidence and cooperation and toward the formation of a common front against the threat of a breakdown in the ideals of amateur sport in the interests of supposed expediency.
Please do not regard that statement as implying the organization of an Eastern conference or even a poetic "Ivy League". That sort of thing does not seem to be in the cards at the moment.
[
72
]
Within a year of this statement and having held month-long discussions about the proposal, on December 3, 1936, the idea of "the formation of an Ivy League" gained enough traction among the undergraduate bodies of the universities that the
Columbia Daily Spectator
,
The Cornell Daily Sun
,
The Dartmouth
,
The Harvard Crimson
,
The Daily Pennsylvanian
,
The Daily Princetonian
and the
Yale Daily News
would simultaneously run an editorial entitled "Now Is the Time", encouraging the seven universities to form the league in an effort to preserve the ideals of athletics.
[
73
]
Part of the editorial read as follows:
The Ivy League exists already in the minds of a good many of those connected with football, and we fail to see why the seven schools concerned should be satisfied to let it exist as a purely nebulous entity where there are so many practical benefits which would be possible under definite organized association. The seven colleges involved fall naturally together by reason of their common interests and similar general standards and by dint of their established national reputation they are in a particularly advantageous position to assume leadership for the preservation of the ideals of intercollegiate athletics.
[
74
]
The Ivies have been competing in sports as long as intercollegiate sports have existed in the United States. Rowing teams from Harvard and Yale met in the first sporting event held between students of two U.S. colleges on
Lake Winnipesaukee
,
New Hampshire
, on August 3, 1852. Harvard's team, "The Oneida", won the race and was presented with trophy black walnut oars from then-presidential nominee General
Franklin Pierce
. The proposal to create an athletic league did not succeed. On January 11, 1937, the athletic authorities at the schools rejected the "possibility of a
heptagonal
league in football such as these institutions maintain in basketball, baseball and track." However, they noted that the league "has such promising possibilities that it may not be dismissed and must be the subject of further consideration."
[
75
]
Integration of athletic competition in the Ivy League
[
edit
]
The 1879 Brown varsity baseball team.
W.E. White
(seated second from right) may have been the
first African-American
to play major league baseball.
[
76
]
The integration of athletics followed a similar pattern to the overall integration of the Ivy League's in the 19th and early 20th century. There was no active policy that would discriminate against incorporating Black student athletes into the athletic coalition. Harvard has the earliest record of breaking the color barrier in athletics after recruiting
William Henry Lewis
to their
football team
in 1892.
[
77
]
Dartmouth followed suit, with Black athletes integrating onto their football teams in 1904.
[
78
]
Brown integrated their football team shortly after, in 1916.
[
79
]
Cornell added the first Black athlete to their football team in 1937.
[
80
]
The University of Pennsylvania men's track team was the 1907
IC4A
point winner. Left to right: Guy Haskins, R.C. Folwell, T.R. Moffitt,
John Baxter Taylor, Jr.
, the first Black athlete in the U.S. to win a gold medal in the Olympics,
[
81
]
Nathaniel Cartmell
, and J.D. Whitham (seated)
Penn had Black students on their track and field team as early as 1903 (
John Baxter Taylor, Jr.
, the first Black athlete in the U.S. to win a gold medal in the Olympics) and a Black student was named captain of the track team in 1918.
[
82
]
Columbia's track and field team would be integrated in 1934.
[
83
]
Basketball would become integrated at Yale in 1926,
[
84
]
at Princeton in 1947.
[
85
]
In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first
Ivy Group Agreement
, which set academic, financial, and athletic standards for the
football
teams.
[
86
]
The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton presidents' Agreement of 1916. The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant's ability to play on a team would not influence admissions decisions:
The members of the Group reaffirm their prohibition of athletic scholarships. Athletes shall be admitted as students and awarded financial aid only on the basis of the same academic standards and economic need as are applied to all other students.
[
87
]
In 1954, the presidents extended the Ivy Group Agreement to all intercollegiate sports, effective with the 1955–56 basketball season. This is generally reckoned as the formal formation of the Ivy League. As part of the transition, Brown, the only Ivy that had not joined the EIBL, did so for the 1954–55 season. A year later, the Ivy League absorbed the EIBL. The Ivy League claims the EIBL's history as its own. Through the EIBL, it is the oldest basketball conference in Division I.
[
88
]
[
89
]
Pforzheimer House
(1901) at Harvard, originally part of Radcliffe College, which was fully integrated with Harvard in 1999
As late as the 1960s many of the Ivy League universities' undergraduate programs remained
open
only to men, with Cornell the only one to have been coeducational from its founding (1865) and Columbia being the last (1983) to become coeducational. Before they became coeducational, many of the Ivy schools maintained extensive social ties with nearby
Seven Sisters
women's colleges
, including weekend visits, dances and parties inviting Ivy and Seven Sisters students to mingle. This was the case not only at
Barnard College
and
Radcliffe College
, which are adjacent to Columbia and Harvard, but at more distant institutions as well. The movie
Animal House
includes a satiric version of the formerly common visits by Dartmouth men to Massachusetts to meet
Smith
and
Mount Holyoke
women, a drive of more than two hours. As noted by Irene Harwarth, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra, "The '
Seven Sisters'
was the name given to Barnard, Smith, Mount Holyoke,
Vassar
,
Bryn Mawr
,
Wellesley
, and Radcliffe, because of their parallel to the Ivy League men's colleges."
[
90
]
In 1982 the Ivy League considered adding two members, with Army, Navy, and
Northwestern
as the most likely candidates; if it had done so, the league could probably have avoided being moved into the recently created Division I-AA (now Division I FCS) for football.
[
91
]
In 1983, following the admission of women to Columbia College, Columbia University and Barnard College entered into an athletic consortium agreement by which students from both schools compete together on Columbia University women's athletic teams, which replaced the women's teams previously sponsored by Barnard.
Yale
rowing
team in the annual
Harvard–Yale Regatta
, 2007
When Army and Navy departed the Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League in 1992, nearly all intercollegiate competition involving the eight schools became united under the Ivy League banner. The major exception is hockey, with the Ivies that sponsor hockey—all except Penn and Columbia—members of ECAC Hockey. Wrestling was a second exception through the 2023-24 academic calendar; up until that point the Ivies that sponsor wrestling—all except Dartmouth and Yale— were members of the
Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association
.
[
92
]
The Ivy League was the first athletic conference to respond to the
COVID-19 pandemic
by shutting down all athletic competition in March 2020, leaving many Spring schedules unfinished.
[
93
]
The Fall 2020 schedule was canceled in July, and winter sports were canceled before Thanksgiving.
[
93
]
Of the 357 men's basketball teams in
Division I
, only ten did not play; the Ivy League made up eight of those ten.
[
93
]
By giving up its automatic qualifying bid to
March Madness
, the Ivy League forfeited at least $280,000 in NCAA basketball funds.
[
93
]
As a consequence of the pandemic, an unprecedented number of student athletes in the Ivy League either transferred to other schools, or temporarily unenrolled in hopes of maintaining their eligibility to play post-pandemic.
[
93
]
Some Ivy alumni expressed displeasure with the League's position.
[
93
]
In February 2021 it was reported that Yale declined a multi-million dollar offer from alum
Joseph Tsai
to create a sequestered "bubble" for the lacrosse team.
[
93
]
The league announced in a May 2021 joint statement that "regular athletic competition" would resume "across all sports" in fall 2021.
[
94
]
Following the
Black Lives Matter
protests in 2020, the Ivy League Conference committed itself to uphold "diversity, equity, and inclusion," to combat racism and homophobia. At Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, and Princeton there are Black Student Athlete groups and other
affinity groups
that are dedicated to ensuring their organizations are committed to anti-racism and anti-homophobia.
[
95
]
In 2023, two former Brown University basketball players sued the Ivy League alleging that by denying athletic scholarships, the 1954 "Ivy League Agreement" is anticompetititive and violates antitrust laws.
[
96
]
[
97
]
The lawsuit claims that the agreement constitutes price-fixing in violation of the
Sherman Antitrust Act
of 1890, and in effect raises the cost of Ivy League education for student athletes.
[
96
]
[
97
]
[
98
]
Undergraduate admissions
[
edit
]
Nassau Hall
(1756) at Princeton
Admission statistics (Class of 2028)
Applicants
Admission rates
Brown
48,898
5.2%
[
99
]
Columbia
60,248
3.9%
[
99
]
Cornell
61,178
8.4%
[
99
]
Dartmouth
31,656
5.3%
[
99
]
Harvard
54,008
3.7%
[
99
]
Penn
65,236
5.4%
[
99
]
Princeton
39,644
4.6%
[
99
]
Yale
57,517
3.9%
[
99
]
The Ivy League schools are highly selective, with seven out of the eight universities reporting undergraduate acceptance rates below 6%. Admitted students come from around the world, although those from the
Northeastern United States
make up a significant proportion of students.
[
100
]
[
101
]
[
102
]
In 2021, all eight Ivy League schools recorded record high numbers of applications and record low acceptance rates.
[
103
]
[
104
]
[
105
]
[
106
]
[
107
]
[
108
]
Year-over-year increases in the number of applicants ranged from 14.5% at Princeton to 51% at Columbia.
[
109
]
[
110
]
There have been arguments that Ivy League schools discriminate against Asian-American candidates. For example, in August 2020, the U.S.
Justice Department
argued that Yale University discriminated against Asian-American candidates on the basis of their race, a charge the university denied.
[
111
]
Harvard faced a similar challenge from
Students for Fair Admissions
, which ultimately won its
case
in the U.S. Supreme Court in 2023, leading to the end of affirmative action in college admissions.
[
112
]
University Hall
(1770) at Brown University
Members of the League have been highly ranked by various
university rankings
. All of the Ivy League schools are consistently ranked within the top 20 national universities by the
U.S. News & World Report
Best Colleges Ranking
.
[
11
]
National academic rankings
University
(in alphabetical order)
Forbes
(2025)
[
113
]
USNWR
(2025)
[
11
]
WSJ
/College Pulse
(2025)
[
114
]
Brown
18
13 (tie)
36
Columbia
6
13 (tie)
14
Cornell
10
11 (tie)
27
Dartmouth
16
15 (tie)
57
Harvard
8
3
7
Penn
7
10
13
Princeton
1
1
1
Yale
4
5
4
Endowment (FY2023) per student
University
Per
FTE
Student (Fall 2022)
[
23
]
Princeton University
$3,832,426.46
Yale University
$2,781,928.04
Harvard University
$2,032,820.27
Dartmouth College
$1,175,878.56
University of Pennsylvania
$834,978.31
Brown University
$582,294.27
Columbia University
$447,066.03
Cornell University
$368,615.52
Collaboration between the member schools is illustrated by the student-led
Ivy Council
that meets in the fall and spring of each year, with representatives from every Ivy League school. The governing body of the Ivy League is the Council of Ivy Group presidents, composed of each university president. During meetings, the presidents discuss common procedures and initiatives for their universities.
The universities collaborate academically through the IvyPlus Exchange Scholar Program, which allows students to cross-register at one of the Ivies or another eligible school such as
Berkeley
,
Chicago
,
MIT
, and
Stanford
.
[
115
]
[
116
]
History of diversity
[
edit
]
Racial segregation and integration
[
edit
]
Ivy League institutions have a complex history of racial segregation, and, eventually, integration. All of the universities in the Ivy League besides Cornell University were chartered during the
American era of slavery
.
[
117
]
In 2003, Brown University was the first of the Ivies to take accountability for their historic ties to slavery and the
transatlantic slave trade
.
[
118
]
[
119
]
Following Brown, other Ivy League universities formed committees to examine their ties to slavery, and found various institutional relationships to slavery. Yale University, for example, used profits from slave traders and owners to fund its first scholarships, libraries, and faculty positions.
[
120
]
[
121
]
To date, some of Yale's residential colleges are named after slave traders and supporters.
[
122
]
The investigations at Harvard, Princeton, Columbia, and the University of Pennsylvania all found that, in the century following their charters, enslaved Black people lived on campus to care for students, professors, or the universities' presidents.
[
123
]
[
124
]
[
125
]
[
126
]
Notably, Princeton's first nine presidents were slave owners, and in 1766, a slave auction reportedly took place on Princeton's campus.
[
124
]
A small number of Black people did attend Ivy League institutions as students during their early years. These early students, however, were not always granted degrees. For example, some Black students were recorded studying privately with the Princeton University president as early as 1774, but no Black students received Princeton degrees until the middle of the twentieth century.
[
127
]
Jonathan and Philip Gayienquitioga, two brothers of the
Mohawk People
,
[
128
]
were the first people of color to enroll at Penn in 1755 after being recruited by Benjamin Franklin to attend the Academy of Philadelphia (then part of
Penn
).
[
129
]
But there is no evidence that either earned a degree, as the first Native American to graduate Penn did not occur until 1847 when Robert Daniel Ross, a member of the
Cherokee Nation
, graduated with a degree from
Penn's medical school
.
[
129
]
19th and early 20th centuries
[
edit
]
In 1900,
W. E. B. Du Bois
oversaw and edited
The College-bred Negro
[
130
]
a study on Black integration in colleges and universities that found a combined total of 52 Black students had graduated from Ivy League schools in their collective histories. Since no official policies prohibited schools in the Ivy League from admitting students of color each university in the League had different policies regarding the admission of Black students.
[
117
]
Dartmouth's first Black student graduated in 1828, while Princeton would only admit their first Black student under the
V-12 Navy College Training Program
in the 1940s.
[
117
]
[
131
]
Early Black student admits to Ivy League universities were controversial and often faced backlash. Dartmouth initially denied its first Black graduate, Edward Mitchell, supposedly to avoid "offend[ing] students". Dartmouth students protested this decision, leading to Mitchell's admission in 1824.
[
131
]
Richard Henry Green
was awarded an
MD
degree by Dartmouth College in 1864.
[
132
]
Harvard admitted its first Black student, Beverly Garnett Williams, in 1847. News of his admission incited protests by Harvard students and faculty.
[
133
]
Williams died before the academic year began, however, and never matriculated.
[
134
]
Richard Theodore Greener
was the first African American to receive a Harvard degree in 1870.
[
135
]
Between 1890 and 1940, an average of three Black men enrolled at Harvard per year.
[
127
]
In 1923, Harvard's Board of Overseers overruled University President Abbot Lawrence's ban on Black students living in dorms, announcing that all freshmen would be permitted to live in dorms regardless of race, but upheld that "men of the white and colored races shall not be compelled to live and eat together."
[
136
]
Brown seems to have refused admission to Black students outright prior to the Civil War. Abolitionist Elizabeth Buffum Chase wrote in her book
Anti Slavery Reminiscences
about "a lad of rare excellence and attainments [who] was refused an examination for admission by the authorities of Brown University on account of the color of his skin."
Inman E. Page
was the first Black student to graduate from Brown in 1877, and was class speaker.
[
137
]
William Adger, James Brister, and
Nathan Francis Mossell
were the first Black students enrolled at
Penn
in 1879.
[
138
]
Brister graduated from the
School of Dental Medicine (Penn Dental)
in 1881 as the first African American to earn a degree from Penn, while Adger was the first African American to graduate from the college in 1883.
[
139
]
Columbia University has claimed that four Black students earned University degrees between 1875 and 1900,
[
134
]
though their names are apparently unknown.
Yale's
Edward Bouchet
, was the first Black person (a) elected to
Phi Beta Kappa
in the US in 1874 and (b) to earn a
Ph.D.
from any American university, completing his
dissertation
in
physics
in 1876.
[
140
]
[
141
]
Bouchet was thought to have been the first African-American graduate of Yale, but research publicized in 2014 reported that Yale awarded a Black man,
Richard Henry Green
, a bachelor of arts degree in 1857.
[
132
]
[
142
]
Cornell seemed the most inclusive of the Ivy Leagues at its inception, with admission open to any race and gender.
[
143
]
University co-founder Andrew Dickson White wrote in 1874 that the school had
"
no colored students...at present but shall be very glad to receive any who are prepared to enter...if even one offered himself and passed the examinations, we should receive him even if all our five hundred white students were to ask for dismissal on that account."
[
144
]
In 1890, Charles Chauveau Cook and Jane Eleanor Datcher were the first Black students awarded four-year undergraduate Cornell degrees.
[
145
]
Despite this, Black students faced legal and social segregation in the town of Ithaca, New York. In 1905, Black students reported being denied housing while attending Cornell.
[
117
]
Princeton University, sometimes referred to as the "Southern-most Ivy", was the last to integrate. In Du Bois'
The College-bred Negro
(1900), a Princeton representative is quoted: "We have never had any colored students here, though there is nothing in the University statutes to prevent their admission. It is possible, however, in view of our proximity to the South and the large number of southern students here, that Negro students would find Princeton less comfortable than some other institutions."
[
146
]
Notably, in 1939, Princeton revoked admittance to Black student Bruce Wright upon his arrival on campus, when Director of Admission Radcliffe Heermance noticed Wright's race.
[
147
]
When a disappointed Wright wrote Heermance requesting an explanation, Heermance responded:
I cannot conscientiously advise a colored student to apply for admission to Princeton simply because I do not think that he would be happy in this environment. There are no colored students in the University and a member of your race might feel very much alone... My personal experience would enforce my advice to any colored student that he would be happier in an environment of others of his race, and that he would adjust himself far more easily to the life of a New England college or university, or one of the large state universities than he would to a residential college of this particular type.
[
148
]
The few early Black students admitted to Ivy League universities were often from wealthy Caribbean families.
[
117
]
Barriers preventing African American students from attending Ivy League universities included the universities' policies, poor recruitment, tuition costs, and the lack of secondary education opportunities in a
racially segregated
country.
[
117
]
[
149
]
More Black students attended Ivy League graduate and professional schools than their undergraduate programs.
[
117
]
By the middle of the 20th century, only 54 Black men and women had graduated with a bachelor degree from Ivy League universities.
[
117
]
By the middle of the 20th century, some Ivy League students and alumni were advocating for increased racial integration efforts.
[
150
]
[
151
]
[
152
]
[
153
]
These efforts were met with mixed reactions from the schools themselves.
[
154
]
Without a goal for integration shared by the institutions as a collective, each school increased racial diversity at different rates, with Dartmouth having 120 Black undergraduates in the class of 1945 and Princeton having a cumulative total of fewer than 100 Black undergraduates by 1967.
[
117
]
The
V-12 Navy College Training Program
in 1942 effectively forced all eight Ivy institutions to increase Black student enrollment.
[
117
]
At Princeton University, the Black students in this program were the first ever granted bachelor's degrees by the University.
[
155
]
The 1954 Supreme Court decision in
Brown v. Board of Education
did not require private universities like those in the Ivy League to abide by the ruling.
[
156
]
It wasn't until the Court's 1976 decision in
Runyon v. McCrary
that private institutions became legally prohibited from discriminating on the basis of race.
[
157
]
By the early 1960s, however, some admissions offices in the Ivy League began to make concerted efforts to increase their number of Black applicants, rolling out initiatives that actively sought Black talent from high schools.
[
158
]
Efforts for racial integration at Ivy League institutions relied on the support of student organizations, faculty-led initiatives, and third-party organizations like the National Scholarship Service and Fund for Negro Students
[
151
]
to seek prospective Black applicants.
[
158
]
These efforts also prompted internal University action, such as the creation of
Cornell's Committee on Special Educational Projects (COSEP)
, an organization aimed to recruit and support Black students.
[
159
]
By 1965, however, Black students still were only 2% of admitted students across all the Ivies.
[
117
]
Prior to the 1960s, the majority of Ivy League universities explicitly prohibited the admission of women, instead forming partnerships with nearby women's colleges.
[
160
]
As such, Black women were not able to attend Ivy League universities until they changed their policies.
Lillian Lincoln Lambert
was the first Black woman to receive a degree from Harvard University after graduating with a master's degree from
Harvard Business School
in 1969.
[
160
]
Lincoln Lambert was also a founding member of Harvard's African American Student Union, which according to her, actively recruited Black students and created "a space where Black students could find not only support but resources for everything from barber shops that cut Black hair to churches."
[
161
]
As Black student populations grew at Ivy League schools, on-campus activism saw an increase during the civil rights movement. In 1969, students in Cornell's Afro-American Society led an armed occupation of
Willard Straight Hall
to protest the university's racist policies and "its slow progress in establishing a Black studies program."
[
162
]
[
117
]
In the same year, students associated with Yale's New Left organization,
Students for a Democratic Society
, worked closely with the New Haven
Black Panthers
to lead sit-ins and protests that advocated for the admission of more students of color and the establishment of an African American studies department.
[
163
]
[
117
]
At Brown University, identity-based student organizations such as the United African People and the African American Society called for an increase to the number of Black faculty and increased attention to the needs of Black students.
[
118
]
Demonstrations at Harvard and Columbia took the form of occupations and non-violent sit-ins that were often subject to forceful removal by local police called by University administrators.
[
164
]
[
117
]
Activism at Dartmouth took a different shape during this time period, as students would use demonstrations that were happening at other Ivies and colleges around the country, to effectively position their demands for progress within the prospect of taking actions similar to those happening elsewhere.
Continuing the trajectory of the late 20th century, the number of Black students on Ivy League campuses has continued to increase in the 21st century. From 2006 to 2018, there was an approximated 50% increase in the admission of Black students into entering classes, growing from 1,110 to 1,663.
[
165
]
As of 2018, the Ivy League universities unanimously supported Harvard University's "race-conscious admissions" model.
[
166
]
Harvard University representatives credited this form of
affirmative action
as one of the factors increasing campus diversity.
[
166
]
In 2014 case
Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
,
572
U.S.
291
(2014)—the Supreme Court upheld
Michigan's ban
on affirmative action for public institutions and in 2016 in
Fisher v. University of Texas II
, No.
14-981
,
579
U.S.
___ (2016) the court upheld the university's limited use of race in admissions decisions because the university showed it had a clear goal of limited scope without other workable race-neutral means to achieve it. However, in 2023—
Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
, No.
20-1199
,
600
U.S.
___ (2023) the
United States Supreme Court
overruled the decades old decisions
Regents of University of California v. Bakke
and
Grutter v. Bollinger
and other cases mentioned above in this paragraph but disallowing non-individualized racial preferences in admissions for civilian universities. In essence, the court interpreted the
Fourteenth Amendment
as not permitting Harvard's "race-conscious admissions" as the court decision now forbids the consideration of race in higher education admissions.
Institutions in favor of Harvard's model argue that in addition to academic excellence they also aim to form a diverse student body, while individuals that argue against the model state that it is discriminatory against certain applicants.
[
167
]
The growing Black student population in Ivy League universities in the early 2000s was accompanied by an increase in the number of Black faculty at these institutions, though rates of change among faculty have been slower and inconsistent. In 2005, 588– or about 3.9%– of the Ivies' 14,831 full-time faculty members were Black.
[
168
]
This proportion decreased to 3.4% in 2015.
[
169
]
Notably, in 2001,
Ruth J. Simmons
became the president of Brown University, making her the first and only Black president of an Ivy League institution.
[
170
]
The 21st century saw the continuation of demonstrations by Ivy League students revolving around race. Many of these demonstrations have sought to continue the work of their 20th century predecessors by advocating for increased admission and support of Black students. In light of the
Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
Supreme Court case, students from Yale and Harvard joined other universities in protesting in defense of race-conscious admissions policies.
[
171
]
[
172
]
Likewise, Black students from Ivy League institutions continue to protest for the betterment of Black students' lives on campus and beyond. Following
Michael Brown's death
in 2014, students across the Ivies formed the Black Ivy Coalition, which included members from all eight institutions and aimed to combat anti-Black racism.
[
173
]
Individual Ivy League universities also formed their own advocacy organizations and movements as a direct response to instances of anti-Black violence. After the murder of Michael Brown, Princeton University students formed the Black Justice League, which in 2015, occupied
Nassau Hall
and presented a list of demands to university administrators.
[
174
]
Similarly, in 2017, Cornell students made demands to their administration protesting the assault of a Black student. Led by Black Students United, the demands included banning the
Psi Upsilon
fraternity for hate crimes, implementing
implicit bias training
, and introducing policies to increase the number of Black students at the university.
[
175
]
Student demonstrations have also focused on sparking change beyond Ivy League campuses. Following the
Black Lives Matter
protests in 2020, Harvard's Black Law Students Association, beyond calling for more Black faculty,
critical race theory
curriculum, and protection for student protestors, also called on the university to divest from prisons and denounce state-sanctioned violence.
[
176
]
In response to racially charged incidents across the country and prompting from student activists, Ivy League universities have removed and renamed campus landmarks. In response to the
2016 Black Lives Matter protests
, Cornell renamed
their botanical gardens
, previously called the "Cornell Plantations," to the "Cornell Botanical Gardens."
[
177
]
In 2018, Brown renamed one of its largest academic and administrative buildings after its first Black graduates,
Inman E. Page
and Ethel Tremaine Robinson.
[
178
]
In response to the
murder of George Floyd
in 2020, Princeton University removed
Woodrow Wilson's
name from a residential college and the
School of Public and International Affairs
because of his "racist thinking and policies."
[
179
]
Fashion and lifestyle
[
edit
]
An illustration of Cornell's
rowing
team. Rowing is often associated with traditional upper class
New England
culture.
Different fashion trends and styles have emerged from Ivy League campuses over time, and fashion trends such as
Ivy League
and
preppy
are styles often associated with the Ivy League and its culture.
Ivy League style
is a style of men's dress, popular during the late 1950s, believed to have originated on Ivy League campuses. The clothing stores
J. Press
and
Brooks Brothers
represent perhaps the quintessential Ivy League dress manner. The Ivy League style is said to be the predecessor to the
preppy
style of dress.
Preppy fashion started around 1912 to the late 1940s and 1950s as the Ivy League style of dress.
[
180
]
J. Press
represents the quintessential preppy clothing brand, stemming from the collegiate traditions that shaped the preppy subculture. In the mid-twentieth century J. Press and
Brooks Brothers
, both being pioneers in preppy fashion, had stores on Ivy League school campuses, including Harvard, Yale, and Princeton.
Some typical preppy styles also reflect traditional upper class
New England
leisure activities, such as
equestrian
,
sailing
or
yachting
,
hunting
,
fencing
,
rowing
,
lacrosse
,
tennis
,
golf
, and
rugby
. Longtime New England outdoor outfitters, such as
L.L. Bean
, became part of conventional preppy style.
[
181
]
This can be seen in sport stripes and colors, equestrian clothing, plaid shirts, field jackets and nautical-themed accessories. Vacationing in
Palm Beach, Florida
, long popular with the East Coast upper class, led to the emergence of bright colors combinations in leisure wear seen in some brands such as
Lilly Pulitzer
.
[
181
]
By the 1980s, other brands such as
Lacoste
,
Izod
and
Dooney & Bourke
became associated with preppy style.
[
182
]
Though the Ivy League style is most commonly associated with the white, male elites that historically made up Ivy League campuses, the style was quickly popularized among Black communities during the
civil rights era
. Reinterpretations of this style by African-American men in the 1950s and 1960s combined the preppy Ivy League style with other popular Black styles of dress. This led to the emergence of a new style of dress, the Black Ivy style.
[
183
]
Today, Ivy League styles continue to be popular on Ivy League campuses, throughout the U.S., and abroad, and are oftentimes labeled as "Classic American style" or "Traditional American style".
[
184
]
[
185
]
A cartoon portrait of the stereotypical Columbia man, 1902
The Ivy League is often associated with the
upper class
White Anglo-Saxon Protestant
community of the
Northeast
,
Old money
, or more generally, the
American upper middle
and upper classes.
[
186
]
[
187
]
[
188
]
[
189
]
Although most Ivy League students come from upper-middle and upper-class families, the student body has become increasingly more economically and ethnically diverse. The universities provide significant financial aid to help increase the enrollment of lower income and middle class students.
[
190
]
Several reports suggest, however, that the proportion of students from less-affluent families remains low.
[
191
]
[
192
]
Phrases such as "Ivy League snobbery"
[
193
]
are ubiquitous in nonfiction and fiction writing of the early and mid-twentieth century. A
Louis Auchincloss
character dreads "the aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League colleges".
[
62
]
A business writer, warning in 2001 against discriminatory hiring, presented a cautionary example of an attitude to avoid (the bracketed phrase is his):
We Ivy Leaguers [read: mostly white and Anglo] know that an Ivy League degree is a mark of the kind of person who is likely to succeed in this organization.
[
194
]
The phrase
Ivy League
historically has been perceived as connected not only with academic excellence but also with social elitism. In 1936, sportswriter
John Kieran
noted that student editors at
Harvard
,
Yale
,
Columbia
,
Princeton
,
Cornell
,
Dartmouth
, and
Penn
were advocating the formation of an athletic association. In urging them to consider "
Army
and
Navy
and
Georgetown
and
Fordham
and
Syracuse
and
Brown
and
Pitt
" as candidates for membership, he exhorted:
It would be well for the proponents of the Ivy League to make it clear (to themselves especially) that the proposed group would be inclusive but not "exclusive" as this term is used with a slight up-tilting of the tip of the nose.
[
195
]
Aspects of Ivy stereotyping were illustrated during the
1988 presidential election
, when
George H. W. Bush
(Yale '48) derided
Michael Dukakis
(graduate of Harvard Law School) for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique."
[
196
]
New York Times
columnist
Maureen Dowd
asked "Wasn't this a case of the pot calling the kettle elite?" Bush explained, however, that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it. ... Harvard boutique to me has the connotation of liberalism and elitism" and said
Harvard
in his remark was intended to represent "a philosophical enclave" and not a statement about class.
[
197
]
Columnist
Russell Baker
opined that "Voters inclined to loathe and fear elite Ivy League schools rarely make fine distinctions between Yale and Harvard. All they know is that both are full of rich, fancy, stuck-up and possibly dangerous intellectuals who never sit down to supper in their
undershirt
no matter how hot the weather gets."
[
198
]
Still, the next five consecutive presidents all attended Ivy League schools for at least part of their education—George H. W. Bush (Yale undergrad),
Bill Clinton
(Yale Law School),
George W. Bush
(Yale undergrad, Harvard Business School),
Barack Obama
(Columbia undergrad, Harvard Law School), and
Donald Trump
(Penn undergrad). Indeed, since 1989,
Joe Biden
has been the only president to
not
be Ivy League-educated.
U.S. presidents in the Ivy League
[
edit
]
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
, third from left, top row, with his Harvard class in 1904
Of the 45
[
f
]
persons who have served as
President of the United States
, 16 have graduated from an Ivy League university with either a Bachelor's or advanced degree. Of them, eight have degrees from Harvard, five from Yale, three from Columbia, two from Princeton and one from Penn. Twelve presidents have earned Ivy undergraduate degrees. Four of these were transfer students: Woodrow Wilson transferred from
Davidson College
, Barack Obama transferred from
Occidental College
, Donald Trump transferred from
Fordham University
, and John F. Kennedy transferred from Princeton to Harvard.
John Adams
was the first president to graduate from college, graduating from Harvard in 1755.
President
School(s)
Graduation year
John Adams
Harvard University
1755
James Madison
Princeton University
1771
John Quincy Adams
Harvard University
1787
William Henry Harrison
University of Pennsylvania
(withdrew, class of 1793)
Rutherford B. Hayes
Harvard Law School
1845
Theodore Roosevelt
Harvard University
Columbia Law School
1880
(withdrew, class of 1882)
[
199
]
William Howard Taft
Yale University
1878
Woodrow Wilson
Princeton University
1879
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Harvard University
Columbia Law School
1903
(withdrew, class of 1907)
[
200
]
John F. Kennedy
Princeton University
Harvard University
(withdrew)
1940
Gerald Ford
Yale Law School
1941
George H. W. Bush
Yale University
1948
Bill Clinton
Yale Law School
1973
George W. Bush
Yale University
Harvard Business School
1968
1975
Barack Obama
Columbia University
Harvard Law School
1983
1991
Donald Trump
University of Pennsylvania
1968
Student demographics
[
edit
]
Racial and ethnic background (2020)
[
201
]
College
Asian
Black
Hispanic
(of any race)
Non-Hispanic White
Other/
International
Two or more races
Unknown
Brown
16%
7%
10%
39%
18%
5%
4%
Columbia
13%
5%
8%
31%
35%
3%
4%
Cornell
17%
6%
11%
34%
22%
4%
6%
Dartmouth
14%
5%
9%
48%
17%
5%
3%
Harvard
14%
7%
9%
40%
23%
4%
3%
Penn
18%
7%
8%
40%
20%
4%
3%
Princeton
19%
6%
9%
35%
23%
5%
3%
Yale
16%
7%
11%
39%
21%
5%
1%
United States
[
202
]
6%
14%
19%
59%
2%
3%
—
Geographic distribution
[
edit
]
Students of the Ivy League largely hail from
the Northeast
, largely from the New York City,
Boston
, and
Philadelphia
areas. As all eight Ivy League universities are within the Northeast, most graduates end up working and residing in the Northeast after graduation. An unscientific survey of Harvard seniors from the Class of 2013 found that 42% hailed from the Northeast and 55% overall were planning on working and residing in the Northeast.
[
203
]
Boston and New York City are traditionally where many Ivy League graduates end up living.
[
204
]
[
205
]
Socioeconomics and social class
[
edit
]
Family income of students (2013)
[
206
]
College
Median
Top 1%
Top 10%
Top 20%
Bottom 20%
Brown
$204,200
19%
60%
70%
4.1%
Columbia
$150,900
13%
48%
62%
5.1%
Cornell
$151,600
10%
48%
64%
3.8%
Dartmouth
$200,400
21%
58%
69%
2.6%
Harvard
$168,800
15%
53%
67%
4.5%
Penn
$195,500
19%
45%
58%
3.3%
Princeton
$186,100
17%
58%
72%
2.2%
Yale
$192,600
19%
57%
69%
2.1%
Harvard Law School
students
c.
1895
Students of the Ivy League, both graduate and undergraduate, come primarily from
upper middle
and
upper class
families. In recent years, however, the universities have looked towards increasing socioeconomic and class diversity, by providing greater financial aid packages to applicants from
lower
,
working
, and
lower middle class
American families.
[
190
]
[
207
]
In 2013, a
Harvard Crimson
writer estimated that 46% of Harvard undergraduate students came from families in the top 3.8% of all American households (i.e., over $200,000 annual income).
[
207
]
In 2012, the bottom 25% of the American income distribution accounted for only 3–4% of students at Brown, a figure that had remained unchanged since 1992.
[
208
]
In 2014, 69% of incoming freshmen students at Yale College came from families with annual incomes of over $120,000, putting most Yale College students in the upper-middle and upper classes. (The median household income in the U.S. in 2013 was $52,700.)
[
209
]
In the 2011–2012 academic year, students qualifying for
Pell Grants
(federally funded scholarships on the basis of need) constituted 20% at Harvard, 18% at Cornell, 17% at Penn, 16% at Columbia, 15% at Dartmouth and Brown, 14% at Yale, and 12% at Princeton. Nationally, 35% of American university students qualify for a Pell Grant.
[
210
]
Graduation rate by race/ethnicity (2022)
[
211
]
College
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
(of any race )
Native Hawaiian or
Other Pacific Islander
Non-Hispanic White
Two or more
races
Unknown
Brown
57%
96%
95%
95%
—
97%
98%
96%
Columbia
83%
98%
95%
98%
50%
98%
95%
100%
Cornell
73%
96%
90%
90%
75%
95%
95%
94%
Dartmouth
96%
96%
82%
93%
100%
95%
93%
83%
Harvard
75%
98%
96%
97%
—
97%
98%
100%
Penn
100%
97%
96%
95%
—
96%
99%
98%
Princeton
100%
99%
95%
99%
100%
99%
96%
94%
Yale
100%
99%
95%
95%
—
97%
97%
100%
Faculty demographics
[
edit
]
Racial and ethnic background (2021/2022)
College
Asian
Black
Hispanic (of any race)
Non-Hispanic White
Native American, Native Alaskan or Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Two or more races
Unknown
"Under Represented Minorities" &
"Historically Underrepresented Groups"
Brown
[
212
]
—
—
—
86%
—
—
13%
Columbia
[
213
]
19%
—
—
63%
—
—
3%
12%
Cornell
[
214
]
12%
8%
(Combined
with Black)
72%
—
—
7%
—
Dartmouth
[
215
]
9%
4%
6%
80%
1%
2%
—
—
Harvard
[
216
]
12%
4%
3%
79%
.1%
1%
—
—
Penn
[
217
]
17%
4%
5%
71%
(Combined with Asian)
1%
.7%
—
Princeton
[
218
]
11%
4%
3%
78%
0%
0%
4%
—
Yale
[
219
]
21%
5%
5%
62%
—
1%
6%
—
Competition and athletics
[
edit
]
The
Yale Bowl
during a football game against Cornell
Ivy champions are recognized in sixteen men's and sixteen women's sports. In some sports, Ivy teams actually compete as members of another league, the Ivy championship being decided by isolating the members' records in play against each other; for example, the six league members who participate in
ice hockey
do so as members of
ECAC Hockey
, but an Ivy champion is extrapolated each year. In one sport,
rowing
, the Ivies recognize team champions for each sex in both heavyweight and lightweight divisions. While the
Intercollegiate Rowing Association
governs all four sex- and bodyweight-based divisions of rowing, the only one that is sanctioned by the NCAA is women's heavyweight. The Ivy League was the last Division I
basketball
conference to institute a conference postseason tournament; the first tournaments for men and women were held at the end of the 2016–17 season. The tournaments only award the Ivy League automatic bids for the NCAA Division I
Men's
and
Women's
Basketball Tournaments; the official conference championships continue to be awarded based solely on regular-season results.
[
220
]
Before the 2016–17 season, the automatic bids were based solely on regular-season record, with a
one-game playoff
(or series of one-game playoffs if more than two teams were tied) held to determine the automatic bid.
[
221
]
The Ivy League is one of only two Division I conferences which award their official basketball championships solely on regular-season results; the other is the
Southeastern Conference
.
[
222
]
[
223
]
Since its inception, an Ivy League school has yet to win either the men's or women's Division I NCAA basketball tournament.
Brown plays Columbia in basketball, 2020.
On average, each Ivy school has more than 35 varsity teams. All eight are in the top 20 for number of sports offered for both men and women among Division I schools. Unlike most Division I athletic conferences, the Ivy League prohibits the granting of athletic scholarships; all scholarships awarded are need-based (
financial aid
).
[
224
]
In addition, the Ivies have a rigid policy against
redshirting
, even for medical reasons; an athlete loses a year of eligibility for every year enrolled at an Ivy institution.
[
225
]
Additionally, the Ivies prohibit graduate students from participating in intercollegiate athletics, even if they have remaining athletic eligibility.
[
226
]
The only exception to the ban on graduate students was that seniors graduating in 2021 were allowed to play at their current institutions as graduate students in 2021–22. This was a one-time-only response to the Ivies shutting down most intercollegiate athletics in 2020–21 due to COVID-19.
[
227
]
Ivy League teams' non-league games are often against the members of the
Patriot League
, which have similar academic standards and athletic scholarship policies (although unlike the Ivies, the Patriot League allows both redshirting and play by eligible graduate students). To promote diversity and inclusion, student-athletes are required to have their
gender pronouns
listed on their roster pages on the athletic websites for most Ivy League schools.
In the time before
recruiting
for college sports became dominated by those offering athletic scholarships and lowered academic standards for athletes, the Ivy League was successful in many sports relative to other universities in the country. In particular, Princeton won 26 recognized national championships in
college football
(last in 1935), and Yale won 18 (last in 1927).
[
228
]
Both of these totals are considerably higher than those of other historically strong programs such as
Alabama
, which has won 15,
Notre Dame
, which claims 11 but is credited by many sources with 13, and
USC
, which has won 11. Yale, whose coach
Walter Camp
was the "Father of American Football," held on to its place as the all-time wins leader in college football throughout the entire 20th century, but was finally passed by
Michigan
on November 10, 2001. Harvard, Yale, Princeton and Penn each have over a dozen former scholar-athletes enshrined in the
College Football Hall of Fame
. Currently Dartmouth holds the record for most Ivy League football titles, with 18, followed closely by Harvard and Penn, each with 17 titles. In addition, the Ivy League has produced
Super Bowl
winners
Kevin Boothe
(
Cornell
), two-time
Pro Bowler
Zak DeOssie
(
Brown
),
Sean Morey
(Brown),
All-Pro
selection
Matt Birk
(
Harvard
),
Calvin Hill
(
Yale
),
Derrick Harmon
(Cornell) and
Justin Watson (wide receiver)
, (three-time
Super Bowl
champion, winning
Super Bowl LV
with the
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
and
Super Bowl LVII
and
LVIII
with the
Kansas City Chiefs
), (
Penn
).
Penn (left) plays Cornell (right), 2019.
Beginning with the
1982 football season
, the Ivy League has competed in
Division I-AA
(renamed
FCS
in 2006).
[
229
]
[
230
]
The Ivy League teams are eligible for the FCS tournament held to determine the national champion, and the league champion is eligible for an automatic bid (and any other team may qualify for an at-large selection) from the NCAA. However, from its inception in 1956 until 2024, the Ivy League had not played any postseason games due to concerns about the extended December schedule's effects on academics. (The last postseason game for a member before 2025 was the
1934 Rose Bowl
, won by
Columbia
.)
[
231
]
[
232
]
For this reason, any Ivy League team invited to the FCS playoffs turned down the bid. The Ivy League plays a strict 10-game schedule, compared to other FCS members' schedules of 11 (or, in some seasons, 12) regular season games, plus post-season, which expanded in
2013
to five rounds with 24 teams, with a bye week for the top eight teams. Football had been the only sport in which the Ivy League declined to compete for a national title. However, beginning in 2025, the Ivy League will participate in the FCS playoffs, with its conference champion automatically qualifying for the tournament.
[
233
]
In addition to varsity football, Penn and Cornell also field teams in the 9-team
Collegiate Sprint Football League
, in which all players must weigh 178 pounds or less. With Princeton canceling its program in 2016,
[
234
]
Penn is the last remaining founding members of the league from its 1934 debut, and Cornell is the next-oldest, joining in 1937. Yale and Columbia previously fielded teams in the league but no longer do so.
Teams in Ivy League competition
[
235
]
Sport
Men's
Women's
Baseball
8
–
Basketball
8
8
Cross-country
8
8
Fencing
6
7
Field hockey
–
8
Football
8
–
Golf
8
7
Ice hockey
6
6
Lacrosse
7
8
Rowing
8
7
Soccer
8
8
Softball
–
8
Squash
8
8
Swimming and
diving
8
8
Tennis
8
8
Track and field (indoor)
8
8
Track and field (outdoor)
8
8
Volleyball
–
8
Wrestling
6
–
School
Baseball
Basketball
Cross Country
Fencing
Football
Golf
Lacrosse
Rowing
Soccer
Squash
Swimming & Diving
Tennis
Track & Field
(Indoor)
Track & Field
(Outdoor)
Wrestling
Total Ivy League Sports
Brown
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
12
Columbia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
14
Cornell
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
14
Dartmouth
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
13
Harvard
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
15
Penn
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
15
Princeton
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
15
Yale
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
14
Totals
8
8
8
5
8
7
7
8
8
7
8
8
8
8
6
110
School
Crew
Ice Hockey
1
Polo
Sailing
Skiing
Volleyball
Water Polo
Brown
Independent
ECAC Hockey
No
Independent
No
No
CWPA
Columbia
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Cornell
No
ECAC Hockey
Independent
No
No
No
No
Dartmouth
No
ECAC Hockey
No
Independent
Independent
No
No
Harvard
No
ECAC Hockey
No
Independent
Independent
EIVA
CWPA
Penn
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Princeton
No
ECAC Hockey
No
No
No
EIVA
CWPA
Yale
Independent
ECAC Hockey
No
Independent
No
No
No
Notes:
Though the Ivy League lists ice hockey as a sponsored sport, all six ice hockey–playing Ivy League schools participate as members of
ECAC Hockey
.
School
Basketball
Cross Country
Fencing
Field Hockey
Golf
Lacrosse
Rowing
Soccer
Softball
Squash
Swimming & Diving
Tennis
Track & Field
(Indoor)
Track & Field
(Outdoor)
Volleyball
Total Ivy League Sports
Brown
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
13
Columbia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
15
Cornell
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
14
Dartmouth
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
14
Harvard
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
15
Penn
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
15
Princeton
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
15
Yale
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
15
Totals
8
8
7
8
6
8
8
8
8
7
8
8
8
8
8
116
School
Archery
Crew
Equestrian
Gymnastics
Ice Hockey
1
Polo
Rugby
2
Sailing
Skiing
Water Polo
Brown
No
Independent
Independent
GEC
ECAC Hockey
No
Independent
Independent
No
CWPA
Columbia
Independent
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Cornell
No
No
Independent
GEC
ECAC Hockey
Independent
No
Independent
No
No
Dartmouth
No
No
Independent
No
ECAC Hockey
No
Independent
Independent
Independent
No
Harvard
No
No
No
No
ECAC Hockey
No
Independent
Independent
Independent
CWPA
Penn
No
No
No
GEC
No
No
No
No
No
No
Princeton
No
No
No
No
ECAC Hockey
No
Independent
[
236
]
No
No
CWPA
Yale
No
No
No
GEC
ECAC Hockey
No
No
Independent
No
No
Notes:
Though the Ivy League lists ice hockey as a sponsored sport, all six ice hockey–playing Ivy League schools participate as members of
ECAC Hockey
.
The Ivy League is home to some of the oldest
college rugby
teams in the United States. Although none of the men's teams and half of the women's teams are not "varsity" sports, they all compete against each other as part of the
Ivy Rugby Conference
[
237
]
in addition to their own local conferences. Four of the women's teams (Brown, Dartmouth, Harvard, and Princeton) play as part of the NCAA emerging sport category.
[
238
]
Total championships won (1956–2017)
Institution
Ivy League
championships
NCAA team
championships
Princeton Tigers
476
12
Harvard Crimson
415
4
Cornell Big Red
231
5
Pennsylvania Quakers
210
3
Yale Bulldogs
202
3
Dartmouth Big Green
140
3
Brown Bears
123
7
Columbia Lions
105
11
The table above includes the number of team championships won from the beginning of official Ivy League competition (1956–57 academic year) through 2016–17. Princeton and Harvard have on occasion won ten or more Ivy League titles in a year, an achievement accomplished 10 times by Harvard and 24 times by Princeton, including a conference-record 15 championships in 2010–11. Only once has one of the other six schools earned more than eight titles in a single academic year (Cornell with nine in 2005–06). In the 38 academic years beginning 1979–80, Princeton has averaged 10 championships per year, one-third of the conference total of 33 sponsored sports.
[
239
]
In the 12 academic years beginning 2005–06 Princeton has won championships in 31 different sports, all except wrestling and men's tennis.
[
240
]
Cornell and Princeton are longtime
lacrosse rivals
.
Performance of a Greek play at
Harvard Stadium
in 1903
Rivalries run deep in the Ivy League. For instance, Princeton and
Penn
are longstanding
men's basketball rivals
;
[
241
]
"Puck Frinceton" T-shirts are worn by Quaker fans at games.
[
242
]
In only 11 instances in the history of Ivy League basketball, and in only seven seasons since Yale's 1962 title, has neither Penn nor Princeton won at least a share of the Ivy League title in basketball,
[
243
]
with Princeton champion or co-champion 26 times and Penn 25 times. Penn has won 21 outright, Princeton 19 outright. Princeton has been a co-champion 7 times, sharing 4 of those titles with Penn (these 4 seasons represent the only times Penn has been co-champion).
Harvard won its first title of either variety in 2011, losing a dramatic play-off game to Princeton for the NCAA tournament bid, then rebounded to win outright championships in
2012
,
2013
, and
2014
. Harvard also won the 2013 Great Alaska Shootout, defeating TCU to become the only Ivy League school to win the now-defunct tournament.
Rivalries exist between other Ivy league teams in other sports, including
Cornell and Harvard in hockey
, Harvard and Princeton in swimming, and Harvard and Penn in football (Penn and Harvard have won 28 Ivy League Football Championships since 1982, Penn-16; Harvard-12). During that time Penn has had 8 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships and Harvard has had 6 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships.
[
244
]
In
men's lacrosse
,
Cornell
and
Princeton
are
perennial rivals
, and they are two of three Ivy League teams to have won the NCAA tournament.
[
245
]
In 2009, the Big Red and Tigers met for their 70th game in the
NCAA tournament
.
[
246
]
No team other than Harvard or Princeton has won the men's swimming conference title outright since 1972, although Yale, Columbia, and Cornell have shared the title with Harvard and Princeton during this time. Similarly, no program other than Princeton and Harvard has won the women's swimming championship since Brown's 1999 title. Princeton or Cornell has won every indoor and outdoor track and field championship, both men's and women's, every year since 2002–03, with one exception (Columbia women won the indoor championship in 2012). Harvard and Yale are
football
and
crew
rivals although the competition has become unbalanced; Harvard has won all but one of the last 15 football games and all but one of the last 13 crew races.
The
Ingalls Rink
, Yale's primary hockey facility
Intra-conference football rivalries
[
edit
]
Teams
Name
Trophy
First met
Games played
Series record
Columbia–Cornell
Empire State Bowl
Empire Cup
1889
103 games
36–64–3
Cornell–Dartmouth
None
None
1900
103 games
41–61–1
Cornell–Penn
None
Trustee's Cup
1893
122 games
46–71–5
Dartmouth–Harvard
None
None
1882
123 games
47–71–5
Dartmouth–Princeton
None
Sawhorse Dollar
1897
100 games
50–46–4
Harvard–Penn
None
None
1881
90 games
49–39–2
Harvard–Princeton
None
None
1877
112 games
57–48–7
Harvard–Yale
The Game
None
1875
132 games
59–65–8
Penn–Princeton
None
None
1876
111 games
67–43–1
Princeton–Yale
None
None
1873
138 games
52–76–10
The Yale–Princeton series is the nation's second-longest by games played, surpassed only by
"The Rivalry"
between
Lehigh
and
Lafayette
, which began later in 1884 but included two or three games in each of 17 early seasons.
[
247
]
For the first three decades of the Yale-Princeton rivalry, the two played their season-ending game at a neutral site, usually New York City, and with one exception (1890: Harvard), the winner of the game also won at least a share of the
national championship
that year, covering the period 1869 through 1903.
[
248
]
[
249
]
This phenomenon of a finale contest at a neutral site for the national title created a social occasion for the society elite of the metropolitan area akin to a
Super Bowl
in the era prior to the establishment of the
NFL
in 1920.
[
250
]
[
251
]
These football games were also financially profitable for the two universities, so much that they began to play baseball games in New York City as well, drawing record crowds for that sport also, largely from the same social demographic.
[
252
]
In a period when the only professional team sports were fledgling baseball leagues, these high-profile early contests between Princeton and Yale played a role in popularizing spectator sports, demonstrating their financial potential and raising public awareness of Ivy universities at a time when few people attended college.
Teams
Name
Trophy
First met
Games played
Series record
Brown–
Rhode Island
None
Governor's Cup
1909
107 games
73–32–2
Columbia–
Fordham
None
Liberty Cup
1890
24 games
12–12–0
Cornell–
Colgate
None
None
1896
95 games
48–44–3
Dartmouth–
New Hampshire
Granite Bowl
Granite Bowl Trophy
1901
42 games
21–19–2
Harvard–
Holy Cross
None
None
1904
67 games
41–24–2
Penn–
Lafayette
None
None
1882
90 games
63–23–4
Penn–
Lehigh
None
None
1885
56 games
43–13
Princeton–
Rutgers
None
None
1869
71 games
53–17–1
Yale–
Army
None
None
1893
45 games
22–16–8
Yale–
Connecticut
None
None
1948
49 games
32–17
NCAA team championships
[
edit
]
This list, which is current through January 8, 2018,
[
253
]
includes NCAA championships and women's
AIAW championships
(one each for Yale and Dartmouth and five for Cornell). Excluded from this list are all other national championships earned
outside the scope of NCAA competition
, including football titles and retroactive
Helms Foundation titles
.
School
Total
Men
Women
Co-ed
Nickname
Yale University
29
[
g
]
26
3
0
Bulldogs
Princeton University
24
[
g
]
19
4
1
Tigers
Columbia University
14
11
0
3
Lions
Harvard University
10
[
g
]
7
2
1
Crimson
Brown University
7
0
7
0
Bears
Cornell University
10
5
5
0
Big Red
Dartmouth College
5
[
g
]
1
1
3
Big Green
University of Pennsylvania
4
3
1
0
Quakers
Athletic facilities
[
edit
]
Football stadium
Basketball arena
Baseball field
Hockey rink
Soccer stadium
School
[
254
]
Name
Capacity
Year
Name
Capacity
Year
Name
Capacity
Year
Name
Capacity
Year
Name
Capacity
Year
Brown
Richard Gouse Field at Brown Stadium
20,000
1925
Pizzitola Sports Center
2,800
1989
Murray Stadium
1,000
1959
Meehan Auditorium
3,100
1961
Stevenson Field
3,500
1979
Columbia
Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium
17,000
1984
Levien Gymnasium
3,408
1974
Robertson Field at Satow Stadium
1,500
1923
Non-hockey school
Commisso Soccer Stadium
3,500
1985
Cornell
Schoellkopf Field
25,597
1915
Newman Arena
4,472
1990
Booth Field
500
2023
Lynah Rink
4,267
1957
Charles F. Berman Field
1,000
2000
Dartmouth
Buddy Teevens Stadium at Memorial Field
15,600
1923
Leede Arena
2,100
1986
Red Rolfe Field at Biondi Park
2,000
2008
Thompson Arena
4,500
1975
Burnham Field
1,600
2007
Harvard
Harvard Stadium
30,898
1903
Lavietes Pavilion
2,195
1926
Joseph J. O'Donnell Field
1,600
1898
Bright Hockey Center
2,850
1956
Jordan Field
2,500
2010
Penn
Franklin Field
52,593
1895
The Palestra
8,722
1927
Meiklejohn Stadium
850
2000
Class of 1923 Arena
2,500
1972
Rhodes Field
1,700
2002
[
255
]
Princeton
Powers Field at Princeton Stadium
27,800
1998
Jadwin Gymnasium
6,854
1969
Bill Clarke Field
850
1961
Hobey Baker Memorial Rink
2,094
1923
Roberts Stadium
3,000
2008
Yale
Yale Bowl
61,446
1914
John J. Lee Amphitheater
3,100
1932
Yale Field
6,200
1927
Ingalls Rink
3,486
1958
Reese Stadium
3,000
1981
The term
Ivy
is sometimes used to connote a positive comparison to or an association with the Ivy League, often along academic lines. The term has been used to describe the
Little Ivies
, a grouping of small liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States.
[
256
]
Other common uses include the
Public Ivies
, the
Hidden Ivies
, the
Southern Ivies
, and the
Black Ivies
.
[
257
]
The informal term
IvyPlus
refers to the original eight Ivy league institutions along with a select group of other elite institutions including the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
,
Stanford University
,
Duke University
, and
University of Chicago
.
[
258
]
[
259
]
[
260
]
Johns Hopkins University
is often included as well. Beyond rankings and prestige,
[
261
]
these schools are included in the grouping given their formal participation in exchange programs,
[
262
]
university consortia,
[
263
]
shared academic resources,
[
264
]
collaborative alumni associations,
[
265
]
[
266
]
or endowment comparisons.
[
267
]
[
268
]
[
269
]
[
270
]
Big Three
—An athletic rivalry between Harvard, Yale, and Princeton
Black Ivy League
—Informal list of private
historically black colleges and universities
that have historically been seen as the African American equivalent to the Ivy League
List of Ivy League medical schools
—Schools of the Ivy League universities that offer medical education
List of Ivy League law schools
—Schools of the Ivy League universities that offer various law degrees
List of Ivy League business schools
—Schools of the Ivy League universities that offer various business degrees, especially the MBA
List of Ivy League public policy schools
—Schools of the Ivy League universities that offer
public policy
or
public administration
degrees
Little Ivies
—Private liberal arts colleges that historically have had the same social prestige and similar large financial endowments as the Ivy league
Public Ivy
—Public colleges & universities that are perceived to provide an education equal to the Ivy League
Seven Sisters
—Seven liberal arts colleges, previously open to only women, with historical affiliations to the Ivy League
^
Liberal arts colleges and regional institutions are ranked separately.
^
This figure does not include the
Columbia University School of General Studies
, which, though it is an undergraduate school of the university, is generally not counted as such when calculating student body size and admission rates.
[
25
]
[
26
]
Including General Studies students, the university overall would have an undergraduate enrollment of 9704 students for 2024.
^
Harvard's medical, business, and engineering schools, and most of its athletic facilities, are across the
Charles River
in
Boston
.
^
Princeton University has historical ties to an older college. Five of the twelve members of Princeton's first board of trustees were very closely associated with a "
Log College
" operated by Presbyterian minister
William Tennent
and his son
Gilbert
in
Bucks County, Pennsylvania
from 1726 until 1746.
[
32
]
Because the College of New Jersey and the Log College shared the same religious affiliation (a moderate element within the "
New Side
" or "
New Light
" wing of the
Presbyterian Church
) and there was a considerable overlap in their boards of trustees, some historians suggest that there is sufficient connection between this school and the College of New Jersey which would enable Princeton to claim a founding date of 1726. However, Princeton does not officially do so and a university historian says that the "facts do not warrant" such a claim.
[
32
]
^
There is some disagreement about Penn's date of founding as the university has never used its legal charter date for this purpose and, in addition, took the unusual step of changing its official founding date approximately 150 years after the fact. The first meeting of the founding trustees of the secondary school which eventually became the
University of Pennsylvania
took place in November 1749. Secondary instruction for boys at the
Academy of Philadelphia
began in August 1751. Undergraduate education for men began after a collegiate charter for the
College of Philadelphia
was granted in 1755. Penn initially designated 1750 as its founding date. Sometime later in its early history, Penn began to refer to 1749 instead. The school considered 1749 to be its founding date for more than a century until, in 1895, elite universities in the United States agreed that formal
academic processions
would place visiting dignitaries and other officials in the order of their institution's founding dates. Four years later in 1899, Penn's board of trustees voted to retroactively revise the university's founding date from 1749 to 1740 in order to become older than Princeton, which had been chartered in 1746. The premise for this revised founding date was that the Academy of Philadelphia purchased the building and assumed the educational mandate of an inactive trust which had originally hoped to open a charity school for indigent children. This was part of a 1740 project that had been planned to comprise both a church and school though because of insufficient funding, only the church was built and even it was never put into use. The dormant church building was conveyed to the Academy of Philadelphia in 1750.
[
37
]
[
38
]
[
39
]
^
As of 2025
. While there have been 47 presidencies, only 45 individuals have served as president. Two presidents have served non-consecutive terms: and thus,
Grover Cleveland
is numbered as both the 22nd and 24th U.S. president, and
Donald Trump
is numbered as both the 45th and 47th U.S. president.
^
a
b
c
d
The NCAA started sponsoring the intercollegiate golf championship in 1939, but it retained the titles from the 41 championships previously conferred by the National Intercollegiate Golf Association in its records. Of these pre-NCAA titles, Yale, Princeton, Harvard and Dartmouth won 20, 11, 6 and 1, respectively.
^
"Executive Director Robin Harris"
. Archived from
the original
on April 5, 2016
. Retrieved
April 1,
2016
.
^
"Princeton Campus Guide – Ivy League"
. Archived from
the original
on March 22, 2010
. Retrieved
April 26,
2007
.
^
"The Benefits of the Ivy League – Crimson Education US"
.
www.crimsoneducation.org
. Archived from
the original
on February 12, 2022
. Retrieved
May 7,
2020
.
^
Vedder, Richard.
"Does Attending Elite Colleges Make You Happy? Lessons From The Admissions Scandal"
.
Forbes
.
Archived
from the original on February 12, 2022
. Retrieved
May 7,
2020
.
^
Gladwell, Malcolm.
"Getting In"
.
The New Yorker
.
Archived
from the original on February 16, 2020
. Retrieved
May 7,
2020
.
^
"Joint Ivy Statement on Admission Policies"
.
Princeton University Admission
. September 2, 2016.
Archived
from the original on March 24, 2022
. Retrieved
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2020
.
^
a
b
c
"Ivy League History and Timeline"
. Archived from
the original
on April 20, 2016
. Retrieved
November 13,
2015
.
^
"The Beginning of the Ancient Eight"
. The Cornell Daily Sun.
Archived
from the original on October 26, 2020
. Retrieved
November 3,
2020
.
^
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. Yale Daily News.
Archived
from the original on November 10, 2020
. Retrieved
November 3,
2020
.
^
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. Archived from
the original
on May 30, 2012
. Retrieved
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2009
.
^
a
b
c
"National University Rankings"
.
U.S. News & World Report
.
Archived
from the original on April 17, 2009.
^
"U.S. News & World Report Historical Liberal Arts College and University Rankings"
.
Datasets
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Archived
from the original on September 16, 2017
. Retrieved
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2020
.
^
"2022 Best Global Universities Rankings"
.
U.S. News
. 2022.
Archived
from the original on October 28, 2014
. Retrieved
August 30,
2023
.
^
"Our Members"
. Association of American Universities.
Archived
from the original on June 5, 2021
. Retrieved
August 20,
2021
.
^
Dartmouth
and
Cornell
respectively
^
"Brown University's endowment reaches $6.9b after generating a more than 50 percent return"
.
The Boston Globe
.
Archived
from the original on October 14, 2021
. Retrieved
October 14,
2021
.
^
a
b
"Harvard's Endowment Soars to $53.2 Billion, Reports 33.6% Returns"
.
The Harvard Crimson
.
Archived
from the original on October 14, 2021
. Retrieved
October 14,
2021
.
^
"10 Private Universities With Largest Financial Endowments"
. Archived from
the original
on August 1, 2012
. Retrieved
May 30,
2012
.
^
"What's Better for Me: Ivy League or Oxbridge?"
.
UES Education
.
Archived
from the original on December 29, 2023
. Retrieved
December 29,
2023
.
^
"China's Ivy League：C9 League"
.
en.people.cn
. Archived from
the original
on January 3, 2019
. Retrieved
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2018
.
^
"France's educational elite"
.
The Daily Telegraph
. London. November 17, 2003
. Retrieved
February 5,
2019
.
^
"Prestigious 'Imperial Universities' the best in Japan – THE rankings – Study International"
. March 31, 2017. Archived from
the original
on July 15, 2019
. Retrieved
November 8,
2018
.
^
a
b
As of June 30, 2023.
"U.S. and Canadian 2023 NCSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2023 Endowment Market Value, Change in Market Value from FY22 to FY23, and FY23 Endowment Market Values Per Full-time Equivalent Student"
. National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO). February 15, 2024. Archived from
the original
(XLS)
on February 15, 2024
. Retrieved
February 26,
2024
.
^
"Faculty & Employees"
. Brown University.
Archived
from the original on January 23, 2019
. Retrieved
October 8,
2014
.
^
"Columbia University"
.
usnews.com
. 2020.
Archived
from the original on March 2, 2017
. Retrieved
July 30,
2021
.
^
"How many students attend Columbia?"
.
undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu
. Columbia Undergraduate Admissions. Archived from
the original
on July 9, 2021
. Retrieved
July 30,
2021
.
^
"Full-time Faculty Distribution by School/Division, Fall 2009–2019"
(PDF)
.
Office of the Provost
. Columbia University.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on June 21, 2019
. Retrieved
March 23,
2020
.
^
"Instructional Faculty Appointments"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on April 25, 2012
. Retrieved
February 15,
2014
.
^
"Penn: Penn Facts"
. The University of Pennsylvania. Archived from
the original
on February 26, 2010
. Retrieved
October 8,
2014
.
^
"The Harvard Guide: Cambridge"
. February 5, 2007. Archived from
the original
on February 5, 2007
. Retrieved
July 18,
2024
.
Cambridge was founded in 1630 as Newtowne. In 1637, the tiny village was designated as the location of the then-unnamed college, which would be named Harvard the following year.
^
"The Yale Corporation: Charter and Legislation"
(PDF)
. 1976.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on June 3, 2014
. Retrieved
April 24,
2021
.
By the Gov
rn
, in Council & Representatives of his Maj
ties
Colony of Connecticut in Gen
rll
Court Assembled, New-Haven, Oct
r
9: 1701
^
a
b
"Log College"
. Etcweb1.princeton.edu. Archived from
the original
on March 4, 2016
. Retrieved
February 19,
2012
.
^
The Charters and By-Laws of the Trustees of Princeton University
. Princeton, NJ: The Princeton University Press. 1906. pp.
11
–20.
A Charter to Incorporate Sundry Persons to found a College pass'd the Great Seal of this Province of New Jersey ... the 22d October, 1746 ... The Charter thus mentioned has been lost ...
^
a
b
"University Chapel: Orange Key Virtual Tour of Princeton University"
. Princeton University.
^
Charters, acts and official documents together with the lease and re-lease by Trinity church of a portion of the King's farm
. New York, Printed for the College. June 1895. pp.
10
–24.
Witness our Trusty and well beloved'James De Lancey, Esq., our Lieutenant Governor, and Commander in chief in and over our Province of New York ... this thirty first day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and fifty four, and of our Reign the twenty eighth.
^
See
University of Pennsylvania
for details of the circumstances of Penn's origin. Penn considered its founding date to be 1749 for over a century.
Penn Trustees 1749-1800
;
Archived
November 25, 2012, at the
Wayback Machine
In 1895, elite universities in the United States agreed that henceforth formal
academic processions
would place visiting dignitaries and other officials in the order of their institution's founding dates. Penn's periodical
The Alumni Register
, published by the General Alumni Society, then began a grassroots campaign to retroactively revise the university's founding date to 1740. In 1899, the Board of Trustees acceded to the alumni initiative and voted to change the founding date to 1740, the date of foundation for the trust that was used to establish the school, following the usage used by Harvard University. The rationale offered in 1899 was that, in 1750 founder Benjamin Franklin and his original board of trustees purchased a completed but unused building and assumed a trust from a group that had hoped to begin a church and charity school in Philadelphia. This edifice was commonly called the "New Building" by local citizens and was referred to by such name in Franklin's memoirs as well as the legal bill of sale in Penn's archives. No name is stated or known for the associated educational trust, hence "Unnamed Charity School" serves as a placeholder to refer to the trust which is the premise for Penn's association with a founding date of 1740. The first named entity in Penn's early history was the 1751 secondary school for boys and charity school for indigent children called "Academy and Charitable School in the Province of Pennsylvania."
Penn's Heritage
;
Archived
October 20, 2012, at the
Wayback Machine
Undergraduate education began in 1755 and the organization then changed its name to "College, Academy and Charity School of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania".
Penn in the 18th Century
;
Archived
April 28, 2006, at the
Wayback Machine
Operation of the charity school was discontinued a few years later.
^
"Table of Contents, Penn History, University of Pennsylvania University Archives"
. Archives.upenn.edu. Archived from
the original
on February 25, 2012
. Retrieved
February 19,
2012
.
^
"Gazette: Building Penn's Brand (Sept/Oct 2002)"
. Upenn.edu. Archived from
the original
on November 20, 2005
. Retrieved
February 19,
2012
.
^
"Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library: FAQ Princeton University vs. University of Pennsylvania: Which is the older institution?"
. Princeton.edu. November 6, 2007. Archived from
the original
on March 19, 2003
. Retrieved
February 19,
2012
.
^
Penn's website, like other sources, makes an important point of Penn's heritage being nonsectarian, associated with
Benjamin Franklin
and the Academy of Philadelphia's nonsectarian board of trustees: "The goal of Franklin's nonsectarian, practical plan would be the education of a business and governing class rather than of clergymen."
Penn in the 18th Century
;
Archived
April 28, 2006, at the
Wayback Machine
. Jencks and Riesman (2001) write "The Anglicans who founded the University of Pennsylvania, however, were evidently anxious not to alienate Philadelphia's Quakers, and they made their new college officially nonsectarian." In Franklin's 1749 founding
Proposals relating to the education of youth in Pensilvania
(
Archived
May 4, 2006, at the
Wayback Machine
(page images)
Archived
October 18, 2007, at the
Wayback Machine
), religion is not mentioned directly as a subject of study, but he states in a footnote that the study of "
History
will also afford frequent Opportunities of showing the Necessity of a
Publick Religion
, from its Usefulness to the Publicks; the Advantage of a Religious Character among private Persons; the Mischiefs of Superstition, &c. and the Excellency of the CHRISTIAN RELIGION above all others antient or modern." Starting in 1751, the same trustees also operated a Charity School for Boys, whose curriculum combined "general principles of Christianity" with practical instruction leading toward careers in business and the "mechanical arts."
Penn in the 18th Century: Charity School of Philadelphia
;
Archived
June 20, 2006, at the
Wayback Machine
, and thus might be described as "non-denominational Christian." The charity school was originally planned and a trust was organized on paper in 1740 by followers of travelling evangelist
George Whitefield
. The school was to have operated inside a church supported by the same group of adherents. But the organizers ran short of financing and, although the frame of the building was raised, the interior was left unfinished. The founders of the Academy of Philadelphia purchased the unused building in 1750 for their new venture and, in the process, assumed the original trust. Since 1899, Penn has claimed a founding date of 1740, based on the organizational date of the charity school and the premise that it had institutional identity with the Academy of Philadelphia. Whitefield was a firebrand Methodist associated with
The Great Awakening
; since the Methodists did not formally break from the Church of England until 1784, Whitefield in 1740 would be labeled
Episcopalian
, and in fact
Brown
University, emphasizing its own pioneering nonsectarianism, refers to Penn's origin as "Episcopalian".
Brown’s climate of openness and cooperation can be traced back to its founding over two centuries ago.
Archived
January 18, 2012, at the
Wayback Machine
. Penn is sometimes assumed to have Quaker ties (its athletic teams are called "Quakers," and the cross-registration alliance between Penn, Haverford, Swarthmore and Bryn Mawr is known as the "Quaker Consortium.") But Penn's website does not assert any formal affiliation with Quakerism, historic or otherwise, and
Haverford College
implicitly asserts a non-Quaker origin for Penn when it states that "Founded in 1833, Haverford is the oldest institution of higher learning with Quaker roots in North America."
"About Haverford College"
. Archived from
the original
on February 4, 2012
. Retrieved
February 19,
2012
.
^
Dulany Addison, Daniel (1911).
"Protestant Episcopal Church"
. In
Chisholm, Hugh
(ed.).
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.
473–
475.
^
a
b
"Brown Admission: Our History"
. Brown.edu. Archived from
the original
on February 8, 2011
. Retrieved
January 30,
2011
.
^
Hoeveler, David J.,
Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges
, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, p. 192
^
Brown's charter stated that "into this liberal and catholic institution shall never be admitted any religious tests, but on the contrary, all the members hereof shall forever enjoy full, free, absolute, and uninterrupted liberty of conscience." The charter called for twenty-two of the thirty-six trustees to be Baptists, but required that the remainder be "five Friends, four Congregationalists, and five Episcopalians."
Chisholm, Hugh
, ed. (1911).
"Providence"
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 511.
^
"Dartmouth College Charter"
. Archived from
the original
on September 27, 2015
. Retrieved
April 24,
2021
.
In testimony whereof, we have caused these our letters to be made patent, and the public seal of our said province of New Hampshire to be hereunto affixed. Witness our trusty and well beloved John Wentworth, Esquire, Governor and commander-in-chief in and over our said province, [etc.], this thirteenth day of December, in the tenth year of our reign, and in the year of our Lord 1769.
^
Geiger, Roger L. (2000).
The American College in the Nineteenth Century
. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 163.
ISBN
978-0-8265-1364-9
.
^
"Class Day, New and Old"
.
The Harvard Crimson
. June 3, 1893.
Archived
from the original on April 5, 2023.
^
"Penn: Ivy day and Ivy Stones, a Penn Tradition"
. Archived from
the original
on July 15, 2012
. Retrieved
December 9,
2012
.
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Boston Daily Globe
. June 27, 1882. p. 4.
^
"Simmons Seniors Hosts Class Day Exercises Late in Afternoon, Planting of the Ivy will be One of the Features".
Boston Evening Transcript
. June 11, 1912. p. 12.
^
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.
The Gazette Times
. June 9, 1907
. Retrieved
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2012
.
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. Archived from
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on October 14, 2011.
^
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b
Shapiro, Fred R., ed. (2006).
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.
Yale University Press
.
^
"Ivy League"
.
Oxford English Dictionary
(Online ed.). Oxford University Press.
(Subscription or
participating institution membership
required.)
^
Various
Dear Uncle Ezra
student columns report the "IV League" explanation, apparently relying on the
Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins
as the sole source.
"Question 13"
.
Dear Uncle Ezra..
. Cornell University. May 19, 1998. Archived from
the original
on July 22, 2003.
"Question 9"
.
Dear Uncle Ezra..
. Cornell University. April 27, 1995. Archived from
the original
on July 21, 2003.
"Question 5"
.
Dear Uncle Ezra..
. Cornell University. April 12, 1990. Archived from
the original
on May 24, 2003.
^
"How did the Ivy League get its name?"
. Ask Benny.
The Penn Current
. University of Pennsylvania. October 17, 2002. Archived from
the original
on June 6, 2010
. Retrieved
January 30,
2011
.
^
"Penn Football in the 1800s"
. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from
the original
on July 18, 2010
. Retrieved
January 30,
2011
.
^
"Resource: Student history"
. Resource.berkeley.edu. Archived from
the original
on September 9, 2010
. Retrieved
January 30,
2011
.
^
Davis, Margo Baumgartner; Nilan, Roxanne (1989).
The Stanford Album: A Photographic History, 1885–1945
. Stanford University Press. p. 14.
ISBN
978-0-8047-1639-0
.
^
"Jones, Samuel, D.D."
^
Epstein, Joseph (2003).
Snobbery: The American Version
. Houghton Mifflin.
ISBN
0-618-34073-4
.
p. 55, "by WASP Baltzell meant something much more specific; he intended to cover a select group of people who passed through a congeries of elite American institutions: certain eastern
prep schools
, the Ivy League colleges, and the
Episcopal Church
among them."
^
a
b
Auchincloss, Louis (2004).
East Side Story
. Houghton Mifflin.
ISBN
0-618-45244-3
.
p. 179, "he dreaded the aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League colleges"
^
McDonald, Janet (2000).
Project Girl
. University of California Press.
ISBN
0-520-22345-4
.
p. 163 "
Newsweek
is a morass of incest, nepotism, elitism, racism and utter classic white male patriarchal corruption. ... It is completely Ivy League—a Vassar/Columbia J-School dumping ground ... I will always be excluded, regardless of how many Ivy League degrees I acquire, because of the next level of hurdles: family connections and money."
^
"First Harvard versus Yale Football Game Program, 1875 - lot - Sotheby's"
.
sothebys.com
. Archived from
the original
on January 11, 2021
. Retrieved
January 14,
2024
.
^
"Year by Year 1875"
.
theunbalancedline.com
.
^
Ed Stannard,
Photography exhibit reveals 'lost New Haven'
;
Archived
2012-03-06 at the
Wayback Machine
,
The New Haven Register
, February 8, 2009
^
"Penn's oldest sport goes back 168 years, and it's not one you might think"
.
www.thedp.com
. Retrieved
April 17,
2021
.
^
"Cricket: Penn's First Organized Sport"
. Archived from
the original
on July 23, 2018
. Retrieved
April 17,
2021
.
^
Haverford won such championship 19 times (3 shared with Penn and Harvard, 1 shared with Penn and Cornell, and 1 shared with Penn), and, in third place, Harvard won it 6 times, none after 1899 (3 shared with Haverford and Penn) accessed April 18, 2021.
^
"Columbia Celebrates College Wrestling Centennial"
. Columbia College Today. Archived from
the original
on October 10, 2014
. Retrieved
September 4,
2014
.
^
"Colleges Searching for Check On Trend to Goal Post Riots"
.
The New York Times
. Associated Press. December 6, 1935. p. 33.
Archived
from the original on July 24, 2018
. Retrieved
July 23,
2018
.
^
Kelley, Robert F. (January 17, 1936). "Cornell Club Here Welcomes Lynah".
The New York Times
. p. 22.
^
"Immediate Formation of Ivy League Advocated at Seven Eastern Colleges".
The New York Times
. December 3, 1936. p. 33.
^
"The Harvard Crimson :: News :: AN EDITORIAL"
. Thecrimson.com. December 3, 1936. Archived from
the original
on October 16, 2007
. Retrieved
January 30,
2011
.
^
"Plea for an Ivy Football League Rejected by College Authorities"
.
The New York Times
. January 12, 1937. p. 26.
^
Robert Siegel, "Black Baseball Pioneer William White's 1879 Game," National Public Radio, broadcast January 30, 2004 (audio at npr.org); Stefan Fatsis,
"Mystery of Baseball: Was William White Game's First Black?"
(
Archived
March 7, 2014, at the
Wayback Machine
),
The Wall Street Journal
, January 30, 2004; Peter Morris and Stefan Fatsis, "Baseball's Secret Pioneer: William Edward White, the first Black player in major-league history,"
Slate
, February 4, 2014; Rick Harris,
Brown University Baseball: A Legacy of the game
(Charleston: The History Press, 2012), pp. 41–43
^
"Harvard Athletics and Black History"
.
Harvard University
. February 2021.
Archived
from the original on December 8, 2022
. Retrieved
December 8,
2022
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League)
- [1 Overview](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Overview)
- [2 Members](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Members)
Toggle Members subsection
- [2\.1 Current schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Current_schools)
- [2\.2 Former affiliate members](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Former_affiliate_members)
- [3 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#History)
Toggle History subsection
- [3\.1 Institutional history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Institutional_history)
- [3\.2 Origin of the name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Origin_of_the_name)
- [3\.3 Pre–Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Pre%E2%80%93Ivy_League)
- [3\.4 History of the athletic league](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#History_of_the_athletic_league)
- [3\.4.1 19th century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#19th_century)
- [3\.4.2 20th century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#20th_century)
- [3\.4.3 Integration of athletic competition in the Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Integration_of_athletic_competition_in_the_Ivy_League)
- [3\.4.4 Post–World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Post%E2%80%93World_War_II)
- [4 Academics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Academics)
Toggle Academics subsection
- [4\.1 Undergraduate admissions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Undergraduate_admissions)
- [4\.2 Prestige](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Prestige)
- [4\.3 Collaboration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Collaboration)
- [5 History of diversity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#History_of_diversity)
Toggle History of diversity subsection
- [5\.1 Racial segregation and integration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Racial_segregation_and_integration)
- [5\.1.1 19th and early 20th centuries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#19th_and_early_20th_centuries)
- [5\.1.2 Late 20th century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Late_20th_century)
- [5\.1.3 21st century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#21st_century)
- [5\.2 Fashion and lifestyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Fashion_and_lifestyle)
- [5\.3 Social elitism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Social_elitism)
- [5\.4 U.S. presidents in the Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#U.S._presidents_in_the_Ivy_League)
- [6 Student demographics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Student_demographics)
Toggle Student demographics subsection
- [6\.1 Race and ethnicity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Race_and_ethnicity)
- [6\.2 Geographic distribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Geographic_distribution)
- [6\.3 Socioeconomics and social class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Socioeconomics_and_social_class)
- [6\.4 Graduation rates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Graduation_rates)
- [7 Faculty demographics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Faculty_demographics)
Toggle Faculty demographics subsection
- [7\.1 Race and ethnicity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Race_and_ethnicity_2)
- [8 Competition and athletics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Competition_and_athletics)
Toggle Competition and athletics subsection
- [8\.1 FCS Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#FCS_Championship)
- [8\.2 Sprint football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Sprint_football)
- [8\.3 Teams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Teams)
- [8\.4 Men's sponsored sports by school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Men's_sponsored_sports_by_school)
- [8\.4.1 Men's varsity sports not sponsored by the Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Men's_varsity_sports_not_sponsored_by_the_Ivy_League)
- [8\.5 Women's sponsored sports by school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Women's_sponsored_sports_by_school)
- [8\.5.1 Women's varsity sports not sponsored by the Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Women's_varsity_sports_not_sponsored_by_the_Ivy_League)
- [8\.6 Historical results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Historical_results)
- [8\.7 Rivalries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Rivalries)
- [8\.7.1 Intra-conference football rivalries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Intra-conference_football_rivalries)
- [8\.7.2 Extra-conference football rivalries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Extra-conference_football_rivalries)
- [9 Championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Championships)
Toggle Championships subsection
- [9\.1 NCAA team championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#NCAA_team_championships)
- [10 Athletic facilities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Athletic_facilities)
- [11 Other Ivies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Other_Ivies)
Toggle Other Ivies subsection
- [11\.1 IvyPlus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#IvyPlus)
- [12 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#See_also)
- [13 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#Notes)
- [14 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#References)
- [15 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#External_links)
Toggle the table of contents
# Ivy League
73 languages
- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Afrikaans")
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8 "رابطة اللبلاب – Arabic")
- [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%A4%D9%89_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87 "دورى الايڤى للجامعات الامريكيه – Egyptian Arabic")
- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Asturian")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarma%C5%9F%C4%B1q_Liqas%C4%B1 "Sarmaşıq Liqası – Azerbaijani")
- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%88%D1%87%D1%83 "Ліга плюшчу – Belarusian")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0 "Бръшлянова лига – Bulgarian")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97 "আইভি লিগ – Bangla")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Catalan")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A4%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF "ئایڤی لیگ – Central Kurdish")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Czech")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – German")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Greek")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedera_Ligo "Hedera Ligo – Esperanto")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF "آیوی لیگ – Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Finnish")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – French")
- [Gàidhlig](https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Scottish Gaelic")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Galician")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%92%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A1 "ליגת הקיסוס – Hebrew")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97 "आइवी लीग – Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_br%C5%A1ljana "Liga bršljana – Croatian")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Hungarian")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%AB_%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%A1 "Բաղեղի լիգա – Armenian")
- [Interlingua](https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Interlingua")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Indonesian")
- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Italian")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0 "アイビー・リーグ – Japanese")
- [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%90 "აივი ლიგა – Georgian")
- [Taqbaylit](https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Kabyle")
- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B "Айви Лигасы – Kazakh")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84_%EB%A6%AC%EA%B7%B8 "아이비 리그 – Korean")
- [Кыргызча](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0 "Айви лига – Kyrgyz")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foedus_Hederanum "Foedus Hederanum – Latin")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Lithuanian")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeju_l%C4%ABga "Efeju līga – Latvian")
- [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0 "Бршленова лига – Macedonian")
- [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D "ഐവി ലീഗ് – Malayalam")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Malay")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Dutch")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Occitan")
- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%97 "ਆਈਵੀ ਲੀਗ – Punjabi")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Portuguese")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Romanian")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B0 "Лига плюща – Russian")
- [Русиньскый](https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0 "Блющова лига – Rusyn")
- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Scots")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Simple English")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Slovak")
- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Slovenian")
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Albanian")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0 "Ајви лига – Serbian")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Swedish")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D "ஐவி லீக் – Tamil")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81 "ไอวีลีก – Thai")
- [Türkmençe](https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aywi_ligasy "Aywi ligasy – Turkmen")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarma%C5%9F%C4%B1k_Ligi_\(e%C4%9Fitim\) "Sarmaşık Ligi (eğitim) – Turkish")
- [Татарча / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Crm%C3%A4le_g%C3%B6l_ligas%C4%B1 "Ürmäle göl ligası – Tatar")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B0 "Ліга плюща – Ukrainian")
- [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Ligasi "Ivy Ligasi – Uzbek")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Vietnamese")
- [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League – Waray")
- [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%98%A5%E8%97%A4%E7%9B%9F%E6%A0%A1 "常春藤盟校 – Wu")
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%98%A5%E8%97%A4%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F "長春藤聯盟 – Cantonese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%98%A5%E8%97%A4%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F "常春藤聯盟 – Chinese")
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Group of eight American universities
This article is about the group of colleges and the athletic conference that gave the group its name. For other uses, see [Ivy League (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_\(disambiguation\) "Ivy League (disambiguation)").
"Ivies" redirects here. For the plants, see [List of plants known as ivy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_ivy "List of plants known as ivy"). For the singular, see [Ivy (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_\(disambiguation\) "Ivy (disambiguation)").
| | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivy_League_Logo.svg) | |
| Association | [NCAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association "National Collegiate Athletic Association") |
| Founded | 1954; 72 years ago (1954) |
| Commissioner | Robin Harris[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-1) (since 2009) |
| Sports fielded | 33 men's: 17 women's: 16 |
| Division | [Division I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I "NCAA Division I") |
| Subdivision | [FCS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship_Subdivision "NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision") |
| No. of teams | 8 |
| Headquarters | [Princeton, New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey "Princeton, New Jersey"), U.S. |
| Region | [Northeast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States "Northeastern United States") |
| Broadcaster | [ESPN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") |
| Official website | [ivyleague.com](https://ivyleague.com/) |
| Locations | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivy_League_map.svg) Show map of schools [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivy_League_Map.svg) Show map of states with schools Home states of the eight Ivy League universities | |
The **Ivy League** is an American collegiate [athletic conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_conferences "List of NCAA conferences") of eight [private](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university "Private university") [research universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university "Research university") in the [Northeastern United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States "Northeastern United States"). It participates in the [National Collegiate Athletic Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association "National Collegiate Athletic Association") (NCAA) [Division I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I "NCAA Division I"), and in [football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football "College football"), in the [Football Championship Subdivision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Championship_Subdivision "Football Championship Subdivision") (FCS). The term *Ivy League* is used more broadly to refer to the eight schools that belong to the league, which are globally renowned as elite colleges associated with [academic excellence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_achievement "Academic achievement"), [highly selective admissions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_admissions_in_the_United_States#Selectivity "College admissions in the United States"), and social [elitism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitism "Elitism").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Princeton_Campus_Guide-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-www.crimsoneducation.org-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Vedder-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Gladwell-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Princeton_University_Admission-2016-6) The term was used as early as 1933, and it became official in 1954 following the formation of the Ivy League athletic conference.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-officialhistory-7) At times, they have also been referred to as the "Ancient Eight".[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-9)
The eight members of the Ivy League are [Brown University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University"), [Columbia University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University"), [Cornell University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University"), [Dartmouth College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College"), [Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University"), [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania"), [Princeton University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University"), and [Yale University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University"). The conference headquarters is in [Princeton, New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey "Princeton, New Jersey"). All of the "Ivies" except Cornell were founded during the [colonial period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies "Thirteen Colonies") and therefore make up seven of the nine [colonial colleges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_colleges "Colonial colleges"). The other two colonial colleges, Queen's College (now [Rutgers University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University "Rutgers University")) and the [College of William & Mary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary "College of William & Mary"), became public institutions.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scoreboard_and_Ivy_League_flags_at_Wien_Stadium,_2024.jpg)
The flags of the eight Ivy League universities flying over [Wien Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_K._Kraft_Field_at_Lawrence_A._Wien_Stadium "Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium") at [Columbia University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University")
## Overview
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: Overview")\]
Ivy League schools are some of the most prestigious universities in the world.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-World's_Best_Colleges-10) All eight universities place in the top 15 of the 2025 [*U.S. News & World Report* National Universities ranking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking "U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-U.S._News_&_World_Report-11) *U.S. News* has named a member of the Ivy League as the best national university[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-12) every year since 2001: as of 2020[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit), Princeton eleven times, Harvard twice, and the two schools tied for first five times.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-US_News_history-13) In the 2024–2025 [*U.S. News & World Report* Best Global University Ranking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_University_Ranking "U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking"), six Ivies rank in the top 20: Harvard (\#1), Columbia (\#9), Yale (\#10), Penn (\#14), Princeton (\#18), and Cornell (\#19)—ranks that *U.S. News* says are based on "indicators that measure their academic research performance and their global and regional reputations."[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-U.S._News-2022-2023-14) All eight Ivy League schools are members of the [Association of American Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities "Association of American Universities"), the most prestigious alliance of American research universities.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Association_of_American_Universities-15)
Undergraduate enrollments range from about 4,500 to about 15,000,[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Dartmouth_and_Cornell_respectively-16) larger than most [liberal arts colleges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts_college "Liberal arts college") and smaller than most [state university systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_university_system "State university system"). Total enrollment, which includes graduate students, ranges from approximately 6,600 at Dartmouth to over 20,000 at Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, and Penn. Ivy League [financial endowments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_endowment "Financial endowment") range from Brown's \$6.9 billion[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-The_Boston_Globe-17) to Harvard's \$53.2 billion,[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-The_Harvard_Crimson-2-18) the [largest financial endowment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_institutions_of_higher_education_by_endowment "Lists of institutions of higher education by endowment") of any academic institution in the world.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-10_Private_Universities_With_Largest_Financial_Endowments-19)
The Ivy League is similar\[*[further explanation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\] to other groups of universities in other countries, such as [Oxbridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbridge "Oxbridge")[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-20) in [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England "England"), the [C9 League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C9_League "C9 League")[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-en.people.cn-21) in [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China"), the [Écoles Normales Supérieures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure "École normale supérieure")[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-22) in [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France"), the [SKY Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKY_\(universities\) "SKY (universities)")\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] in [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea"), and the [Imperial Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Universities "Imperial Universities")[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Prestigious-2017-23) in [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan "Japan").
## Members
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Members")\]
Ivy League universities have some of the largest university [financial endowments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_endowment "Financial endowment") in the world, allowing the universities to provide abundant resources for their academic programs, financial aid, and research endeavors. As of 2021, Harvard University had an endowment of \$53.2 billion, the largest of any educational institution.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-The_Harvard_Crimson-2-18) Each university attracts millions of dollars in annual research funding from both the federal government and private sources.
### Current schools
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Current schools")\]
| Institution | Location | Undergraduates | Postgraduates | Endowment[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-NACUBO-24)(in \$ billions) | Academic staff | Year founded | Team name | Colors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [Brown University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University") | [Providence, Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island "Providence, Rhode Island") | 7,349 | 3,347 | \$6.20 | 736[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Brown_University-25) | 1764 | [Bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears "Brown Bears") | |
| [Columbia University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") | [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") | 6,716[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-28) | 21,987 | \$13.64 | 4,370[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Office_of_the_Provost-29) | 1754 | [Lions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Lions "Columbia Lions") | |
| [Cornell University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") | [Ithaca, New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York "Ithaca, New York") | 15,503 | 10,097 | \$10.04 | 2,908 | 1865 | [Big Red](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red "Cornell Big Red") | |
| [Dartmouth College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College") | [Hanover, New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover,_New_Hampshire "Hanover, New Hampshire") | 4,556 | 2,205 | \$7.93 | 943 | 1769 | [Big Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green "Dartmouth Big Green") | |
| [Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") | [Cambridge, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts")[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-30) | 7,153 | 14,495 | \$49.50 | 4,671[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Instructional_Faculty_Appointments-31) | 1636 | [Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson "Harvard Crimson") | |
| [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") | [Philadelphia, Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania") | 9,962 | 13,469 | \$20.96 | 4,464[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-penn_facts-32) | 1740 | [Quakers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Quakers "Penn Quakers") | |
| [Princeton University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University") | [Princeton, New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey "Princeton, New Jersey") | 5,321 | 3,157 | \$34.06 | 1,172 | 1746 | [Tigers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers "Princeton Tigers") | |
| [Yale University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University") | [New Haven, Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut "New Haven, Connecticut") | 6,536 | 8,031 | \$40.75 | 4,140 | 1701 | [Bulldogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs "Yale Bulldogs") | |
### Former affiliate members
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Former affiliate members")\]
Before the 2000s, many of the Ivy League championships for men's and women's cross country, indoor and outdoor track & field, and swimming & diving were formatted as invitationals that many schools across the eastern United States would attend. In other sports, such as fencing, wrestling, men's and women's ice hockey, and men's and women's rowing, all of the Ivy League schools were members of other single-sport conferences and the top-performing Ivy League team would be crowned the champion.
The [United States Military Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy "United States Military Academy") and the [United States Naval Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy "United States Naval Academy") were members of the Ivy League in many sports and were crowned as Ivy League champions while competing with Ivy League teams. Both schools left the conference in the early 2000s to join with their current conference, the [Patriot League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_League "Patriot League"), except for football, for which they are affiliate members of the [American Athletic Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Athletic_Conference "American Athletic Conference").
## History
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: History")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivy_League_map.svg)
Map of the eight Ivy League universities in the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States")
### Institutional history
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Institutional history")\]
| Institution | Founded as | Founded | Chartered | First instruction | Founding affiliation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") | Harvard College[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-33) | 1636 | 1650 | 1642 | [Nonsectarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsectarian "Nonsectarian"),\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] founded by [Calvinist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism "Calvinism") [Congregationalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States "Congregationalism in the United States") |
| [Yale University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University") | Collegiate School | 1701 | 1701[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-The_Yale_Corporation-1976-34) | 1702 | Calvinist (Congregationalist) |
| [Princeton University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University") | College of New Jersey | 1746[\[d\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-36) | 1746[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-The_Princeton_University_Press-1906-37) | 1747 | Nonsectarian,[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-princetonchapeltour-38) founded by Calvinist [Presbyterians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism "Presbyterianism")[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-princetonchapeltour-38)\[*[better source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\] |
| [Columbia University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") | King's College | 1754 | 1754[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-New_York,_Printed_for_the_College-1895-39) | 1754 | [Church of England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England "Church of England") |
| [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") | College of Philadelphia[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-PennFoundingYear-40) | 1740 or 1749 or 1755[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-44) | 1755 | 1755 | Nonsectarian,[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Penn-45) founded by [Church of England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England "Church of England")/[Methodist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism "Methodism") members[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Dulany_Addison-1911-46)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Brown.edu-47) |
| [Brown University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University") | College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations | 1764 | 1764 | 1765[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Hoeveler-48) | [Baptist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist "Baptist"), founding charter promises "no religious tests" and "full liberty of conscience"[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-1911-49) Brown's website characterizes it as "the Baptist answer to Congregationalist Yale and Harvard; Presbyterian Princeton; and Episcopalian Penn and Columbia," but adds that at the time it was "the only one that welcomed students of all religious persuasions."[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Brown.edu-47) |
| [Dartmouth College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College") | Dartmouth College | 1769 | 1769[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Dartmouth_College_Charter-50) | 1769 | Calvinist (Congregationalist) |
| [Cornell University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") | Cornell University | 1865 | 1865 | 1868[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Geiger-2000-51) | Nonsectarian |
**Note:** Six of the eight Ivy League universities consider their founding dates to be simply the date that they received their charters and thus became legal corporations with the authority to grant academic degrees. Harvard University uses the date that the legislature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony formally allocated funds for the creation of a college. Harvard was chartered in 1650, although classes had been conducted for approximately a decade by then. The University of Pennsylvania's founding date is discussed in the footnote above. "Religious affiliation" refers to financial sponsorship, formal association with, and promotion by, a religious denomination. All of the institutions in the Ivy League are private (Cornell includes both private and state-supported schools) and are no longer associated with any religion.
### Origin of the name
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Origin of the name")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Das_%C3%B6stliche_Eingangstor_der_Brown_University.jpg)
Soldiers Memorial Gate (1921) at [Brown University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columbia_University_New_York_November_2016_002.jpg)
[Low Memorial Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Memorial_Library "Low Memorial Library") (1895) at [Columbia University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olive_Tjaden_Hall,_Cornell_University.jpg)
Tjaden Hall (1883) at [Cornell University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baker-Library-Dartmouth-College-Hanover-New-Hampshire-05-2018a.jpg)
[Baker-Berry Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker-Berry_Library "Baker-Berry Library") (1928) at [Dartmouth College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Widener_Library.jpg)
[Widener Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widener_Library "Widener Library") (1915) at [Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Hall,_the_home_to_both_the_Princeton_University_Orchestra_and_the_Princeton_Symphony_Orchestra_\(edited\).jpg)
[Alexander Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hall_\(Princeton_University\) "Alexander Hall (Princeton University)") (1894) at [Princeton University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_facade_of_College_Hall,_Penn_Campus.jpg)
[College Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Hall_\(University_of_Pennsylvania\) "College Hall (University of Pennsylvania)") (1873) at the [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Connecticut_Hall,_Yale_University.jpg)
[Connecticut Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Hall "Connecticut Hall") (1752) on [Yale University's Old Campus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Campus_\(Yale_University\) "Old Campus (Yale University)")
"Planting the [ivy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedera "Hedera")" was a customary class day ceremony at many colleges in the 1800s. In 1893, an alumnus told *[The Harvard Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson "The Harvard Crimson")*, "In 1850, class day was placed upon the University Calendar ... the custom of planting the ivy, while the ivy oration was delivered, arose about this time."[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-52) At Penn, graduating seniors started the custom of planting ivy at a university building each spring in 1873 and that practice was formally designated as "[Ivy Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_stone "Ivy stone")" in 1874.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-53) Ivy planting ceremonies are recorded at [Yale University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University"), [Simmons College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmons_College_\(Massachusetts\) "Simmons College (Massachusetts)"), and [Bryn Mawr College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College "Bryn Mawr College") among other schools.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-54)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-55)[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-56) Princeton's "Ivy Club" was founded in 1879.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-57)
The first usage of *Ivy* in reference to a group of colleges is from sportswriter [Stanley Woodward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Woodward_\(editor\) "Stanley Woodward (editor)") (1895–1965).
> A proportion of our eastern ivy colleges are meeting little fellows another Saturday before plunging into the strife and the turmoil.
— Stanley Woodward, *[New-York Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-York_Tribune "New-York Tribune")*, October 14, 1933, describing the football season[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-quotations-58)
The first known instance of the term *Ivy League* appeared in *[The Christian Science Monitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor "The Christian Science Monitor")* on February 7, 1935.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-officialhistory-7)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-quotations-58)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-59) Several sportswriters and other journalists used the term shortly later to refer to the older colleges, those along the northeastern seaboard of the United States, chiefly the nine institutions with origins dating from the [colonial era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_colleges "Colonial colleges"), together with the [United States Military Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy "United States Military Academy") (West Point), the [United States Naval Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy "United States Naval Academy"), and a few others. These schools were known for their long-standing traditions in intercollegiate athletics, often being the first schools to participate in such activities. At this time, however, none of these institutions made efforts to form an athletic league.
A common [folk etymology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_etymology "Folk etymology") attributes the name to the [Roman numeral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numeral "Roman numeral") for four (IV), asserting that there was such a sports league originally with four members. The *Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins* helped to perpetuate this belief. The supposed "IV League" was formed over a century ago and consisted of Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and a fourth school that varies depending on who is telling the story.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-60)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-61) However, it is clear that Harvard, Princeton, Columbia, and Yale met on November 23, 1876, at the so-called Massasoit Convention to decide on uniform rules for the emerging game of American football, which rapidly spread.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-62)
### Pre–Ivy League
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Pre–Ivy League")\]
Seven out of the eight Ivy League schools are [Colonial Colleges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_colleges "Colonial colleges"): institutions of higher education founded prior to the [American Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution "American Revolution"). Cornell, the exception to this commonality, was founded immediately after the [American Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"). These seven colleges served as the primary institutions of higher learning in [British America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_America "British America")'s [Northern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England "New England") and [Middle Colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Colonies "Middle Colonies"). During the colonial era, the schools' faculties and founding boards were largely drawn from other Ivy League institutions. Also represented were British graduates from the [University of Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge"), the [University of Oxford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford"), the [University of St. Andrews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St._Andrews "University of St. Andrews"), and the [University of Edinburgh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh "University of Edinburgh").
The influence of these institutions on the founding of other colleges and universities is notable. This included the Southern public college movement which blossomed in the decades surrounding the turn of the 19th century when Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia established what became the flagship universities of their respective states. In 1801, a majority of the first board of trustees for what became the [University of South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina "University of South Carolina") were Princeton alumni. They appointed [Jonathan Maxcy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Maxcy "Jonathan Maxcy"), a Brown graduate, as the university's first president. [Thomas Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cooper_\(American_politician,_born_1759\) "Thomas Cooper (American politician, born 1759)"), an Oxford alumnus and University of Pennsylvania faculty member, became the second president of the South Carolina college. The founders of the [University of California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California "University of California") came from Yale, hence [Berkeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley")'s colors are [Yale Blue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Blue "Yale Blue") and California Gold.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-63) [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") has, since its earliest days, been nicknamed the "Cornell of the West": more than half of Stanford's initial faculty, as well as its first two presidents, had connections to Cornell as alumni or faculty.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-64) Samuel Jones, the Baptist minister from Philadelphia who rewrote Brown's original charter (itself written by future Yale College president [Ezra Stiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Stiles "Ezra Stiles")) was a graduate of the [College of Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania").[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-65)
The majority of the Ivy League schools have identifiable [Protestant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant "Protestant") roots. Harvard, Yale, and Dartmouth all held early associations with the [Congregationalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_church "Congregational church"). Princeton was financed by [New Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Side-New_Side_Controversy "The Old Side-New Side Controversy") Presbyterians, though originally led by a Congregationalist. Brown was founded by Baptists, though the university's charter stipulated that students should enjoy "full liberty of conscience." Columbia was founded by Anglicans, who composed 10 of the college's first 15 presidents. Penn and Cornell were officially nonsectarian, though Protestants were well represented in their respective founding. In the early nineteenth century, the specific purpose of training Calvinist ministers was handed off to [theological seminaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary "Seminary"), but a denominational tone and religious traditions including compulsory chapel often lasted well into the twentieth century.
"Ivy League" is sometimes used as a way of referring to an elite class, even though institutions such as Cornell University were among the first in the United States to reject racial and gender discrimination in their admissions policies. This dates back to at least 1935.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-66) Novels and memoirs attest this sense, as a social elite; to some degree independent of the actual schools.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-autogenerated1-67)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-68)
### History of the athletic league
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: History of the athletic league")\]
#### 19th century
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: 19th century")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yale%27s_four-oared_crew_team_with_1876_Centennial_Regatta_trophy.jpg)
Yale University's four-oared [crew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing "Rowing") team, posing with the 1876 Centennial [Regatta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatta "Regatta") trophy
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_vs_yale_program_1875.jpg)
The 1875 program for the [Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson "Harvard Crimson") vs. [Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs "Yale Bulldogs") game played using [rugby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football "Rugby football") rules
In 1870, the nation's first formal athletic league was created in 1870 with the formation of the [Rowing Association of American Colleges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_Association_of_American_Colleges "Rowing Association of American Colleges") (RAAC), composed exclusively of Ivy League universities. RAAC hosted a national championship in rowing from 1870 to 1894.
The first [Harvard vs Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_football_rivalry "Harvard–Yale football rivalry") rugby football contest was held in 1875, two years after the inaugural [Princeton–Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton%E2%80%93Yale_football_rivalry "Princeton–Yale football rivalry") rugby football contest. Harvard athlete Nathaniel Curtis challenged [Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875_Yale_Bulldogs_football_team "1875 Yale Bulldogs football team")'s captain, William Arnold to a rugby-style game.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-69)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-70) Program for the "Foot Ball Match", Harvard v Yale, the first intercollegiate game. It is considered the first rugby game between Ivy League teams. The game was played at [Hamilton Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Park_\(New_Haven\) "Hamilton Park (New Haven)"), a venue in [New Haven, Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut "New Haven, Connecticut") (located at the intersection of Whalley Avenue and West Park Avenue[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Stannard-71)). The two teams played with 15 players (rugby) on a side instead of 11 (soccer) as Yale would have preferred.
In 1881, [Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania"), [Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College"), [Haverford College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverford_College "Haverford College"), Princeton University (then known as College of New Jersey), and Columbia University (then known as Columbia College) formed The [Intercollegiate Cricket Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercollegiate_sports_team_champions#Cricket "Intercollegiate sports team champions"),[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-72) which [Cornell University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") later joined.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-web.archive.org-73) Penn won The Intercollegiate Cricket Association championship 23 times, including 18 solo victories and three shared with Haverford and Harvard, one shared with Haverford and Cornell, and one shared with just Haverford, during the 44 years that the Intercollegiate Cricket Association existed from 1881 through 1924.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-74)
In 1895, Cornell, Columbia, and Penn founded the [Intercollegiate Rowing Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercollegiate_Rowing_Association "Intercollegiate Rowing Association"), which remains the oldest collegiate athletic organizing body in the US. To this day, the IRA Championship Regatta determines the national champion in rowing and all of the Ivies are regularly invited to compete.
A basketball league was later created in 1902, when Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Yale, and Princeton formed the [Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Intercollegiate_Basketball_League "Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League"); they were later joined by Penn and Dartmouth.
#### 20th century
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: 20th century")\]
In 1906, the organization that eventually became the [National Collegiate Athletic Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA "NCAA") was formed, primarily to formalize rules for the emerging sport of football. But of the 39 original member colleges in the NCAA, only two of them (Dartmouth and Penn) later became Ivies. In February 1903, intercollegiate wrestling began when Yale accepted a challenge from Columbia, published in the Yale News. The dual meet took place prior to a basketball game hosted by Columbia and resulted in a tie.
Two years later, Penn and Princeton also added wrestling teams, leading to the formation of the student-run Intercollegiate Wrestling Association, now the [Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Intercollegiate_Wrestling_Association "Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association") (EIWA), the first and oldest collegiate wrestling league in the US.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-75)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yale-Princeton_May_30_1882.jpg)
A sketch of the Yale versus Princeton baseball game on May 30, 1882
Though schools now in Ivy League (such as Yale and Columbia) played against each other in the 1880s, it was not until 1930 that Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Penn, Princeton and Yale formed the [Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Intercollegiate_Baseball_League "Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League"); they were later joined by Harvard, Brown, Army and Navy. Before the formal establishment of the Ivy League, there was an "unwritten and unspoken agreement among certain Eastern colleges on athletic relations". The earliest reference to the "Ivy colleges" came in 1933, when [Stanley Woodward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Woodward_\(editor\) "Stanley Woodward (editor)") of the *[New York Herald Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune "New York Herald Tribune")* used it to refer to the eight current members plus Army.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-officialhistory-7) In 1935, the [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") reported on an example of collaboration between the schools:
> The athletic authorities of the so-called "Ivy League" are considering drastic measures to curb the increasing tendency toward riotous attacks on goal posts and other encroachments by spectators on playing fields.
— The Associated Press, *The New York Times*[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-76)
Despite such collaboration, the universities did not seem to consider the formation of the league as imminent. [Romeyn Berry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeyn_Berry "Romeyn Berry"), Cornell's manager of athletics, reported the situation in January 1936 as follows:
> I can say with certainty that in the last five years—and markedly in the last three months—there has been a strong drift among the eight or ten universities of the East which see a good deal of one another in sport toward a closer bond of confidence and cooperation and toward the formation of a common front against the threat of a breakdown in the ideals of amateur sport in the interests of supposed expediency. Please do not regard that statement as implying the organization of an Eastern conference or even a poetic "Ivy League". That sort of thing does not seem to be in the cards at the moment.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-77)
Within a year of this statement and having held month-long discussions about the proposal, on December 3, 1936, the idea of "the formation of an Ivy League" gained enough traction among the undergraduate bodies of the universities that the *[Columbia Daily Spectator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Daily_Spectator "Columbia Daily Spectator")*, *[The Cornell Daily Sun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cornell_Daily_Sun "The Cornell Daily Sun")*, *[The Dartmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dartmouth "The Dartmouth")*, *[The Harvard Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson "The Harvard Crimson")*, *[The Daily Pennsylvanian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Pennsylvanian "The Daily Pennsylvanian")*, *[The Daily Princetonian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Princetonian "The Daily Princetonian")* and the *[Yale Daily News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Daily_News "Yale Daily News")* would simultaneously run an editorial entitled "Now Is the Time", encouraging the seven universities to form the league in an effort to preserve the ideals of athletics.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-78) Part of the editorial read as follows:
> The Ivy League exists already in the minds of a good many of those connected with football, and we fail to see why the seven schools concerned should be satisfied to let it exist as a purely nebulous entity where there are so many practical benefits which would be possible under definite organized association. The seven colleges involved fall naturally together by reason of their common interests and similar general standards and by dint of their established national reputation they are in a particularly advantageous position to assume leadership for the preservation of the ideals of intercollegiate athletics.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-79)
The Ivies have been competing in sports as long as intercollegiate sports have existed in the United States. Rowing teams from Harvard and Yale met in the first sporting event held between students of two U.S. colleges on [Lake Winnipesaukee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Winnipesaukee "Lake Winnipesaukee"), [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire "New Hampshire"), on August 3, 1852. Harvard's team, "The Oneida", won the race and was presented with trophy black walnut oars from then-presidential nominee General [Franklin Pierce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce "Franklin Pierce"). The proposal to create an athletic league did not succeed. On January 11, 1937, the athletic authorities at the schools rejected the "possibility of a [heptagonal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptagon "Heptagon") league in football such as these institutions maintain in basketball, baseball and track." However, they noted that the league "has such promising possibilities that it may not be dismissed and must be the subject of further consideration."[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-80)
#### Integration of athletic competition in the Ivy League
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: Integration of athletic competition in the Ivy League")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_1879_Brown_University_Baseball_Team.jpg)
The 1879 Brown varsity baseball team. [W.E. White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edward_White "William Edward White") (seated second from right) may have been the [first African-American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_color_line "Baseball color line") to play major league baseball.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-81)
The integration of athletics followed a similar pattern to the overall integration of the Ivy League's in the 19th and early 20th century. There was no active policy that would discriminate against incorporating Black student athletes into the athletic coalition. Harvard has the earliest record of breaking the color barrier in athletics after recruiting [William Henry Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Lewis "William H. Lewis") to their [football team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_football "Harvard Crimson football") in 1892.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-82) Dartmouth followed suit, with Black athletes integrating onto their football teams in 1904.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-83) Brown integrated their football team shortly after, in 1916.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-84) Cornell added the first Black athlete to their football team in 1937.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-85)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Track_\(men%27s\),_1907_ICAA_point_winners_UPenn.jpg)
The University of Pennsylvania men's track team was the 1907 [IC4A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC4A "IC4A") point winner. Left to right: Guy Haskins, R.C. Folwell, T.R. Moffitt, [John Baxter Taylor, Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taylor_\(relay_runner\) "John Taylor (relay runner)"), the first Black athlete in the U.S. to win a gold medal in the Olympics,[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-86) [Nathaniel Cartmell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Cartmell "Nathaniel Cartmell"), and J.D. Whitham (seated)
Penn had Black students on their track and field team as early as 1903 ([John Baxter Taylor, Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taylor_\(relay_runner\) "John Taylor (relay runner)"), the first Black athlete in the U.S. to win a gold medal in the Olympics) and a Black student was named captain of the track team in 1918.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-87) Columbia's track and field team would be integrated in 1934.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-88) Basketball would become integrated at Yale in 1926,[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-89) at Princeton in 1947.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-90)
#### Post–World War II
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Post–World War II")\]
In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first *Ivy Group Agreement*, which set academic, financial, and athletic standards for the [football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football "American football") teams.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-91) The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton presidents' Agreement of 1916. The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant's ability to play on a team would not influence admissions decisions:
> The members of the Group reaffirm their prohibition of athletic scholarships. Athletes shall be admitted as students and awarded financial aid only on the basis of the same academic standards and economic need as are applied to all other students.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-92)
In 1954, the presidents extended the Ivy Group Agreement to all intercollegiate sports, effective with the 1955–56 basketball season. This is generally reckoned as the formal formation of the Ivy League. As part of the transition, Brown, the only Ivy that had not joined the EIBL, did so for the 1954–55 season. A year later, the Ivy League absorbed the EIBL. The Ivy League claims the EIBL's history as its own. Through the EIBL, it is the oldest basketball conference in Division I.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-93)[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-94)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snow_and_Pforzheimer_House,_Harvard_Campus,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts.JPG)
[Pforzheimer House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheimer_House "Pforzheimer House") (1901) at Harvard, originally part of Radcliffe College, which was fully integrated with Harvard in 1999
As late as the 1960s many of the Ivy League universities' undergraduate programs remained [open](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_\(sport\) "Open (sport)") only to men, with Cornell the only one to have been coeducational from its founding (1865) and Columbia being the last (1983) to become coeducational. Before they became coeducational, many of the Ivy schools maintained extensive social ties with nearby [Seven Sisters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Sisters_\(colleges\) "Seven Sisters (colleges)") [women's colleges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_college "Women's college"), including weekend visits, dances and parties inviting Ivy and Seven Sisters students to mingle. This was the case not only at [Barnard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard_College "Barnard College") and [Radcliffe College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_College "Radcliffe College"), which are adjacent to Columbia and Harvard, but at more distant institutions as well. The movie *[Animal House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_House "Animal House")* includes a satiric version of the formerly common visits by Dartmouth men to Massachusetts to meet [Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_College "Smith College") and [Mount Holyoke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College "Mount Holyoke College") women, a drive of more than two hours. As noted by Irene Harwarth, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra, "The '[Seven Sisters'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Sisters_\(colleges\) "Seven Sisters (colleges)") was the name given to Barnard, Smith, Mount Holyoke, [Vassar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassar_College "Vassar College"), [Bryn Mawr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College "Bryn Mawr College"), [Wellesley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College "Wellesley College"), and Radcliffe, because of their parallel to the Ivy League men's colleges."[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-95)
In 1982 the Ivy League considered adding two members, with Army, Navy, and [Northwestern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University "Northwestern University") as the most likely candidates; if it had done so, the league could probably have avoided being moved into the recently created Division I-AA (now Division I FCS) for football.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-white19820110-96) In 1983, following the admission of women to Columbia College, Columbia University and Barnard College entered into an athletic consortium agreement by which students from both schools compete together on Columbia University women's athletic teams, which replaced the women's teams previously sponsored by Barnard.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yale_Varsity.jpg)
Yale [rowing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_\(sport\) "Rowing (sport)") team in the annual [Harvard–Yale Regatta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_Regatta "Harvard–Yale Regatta"), 2007
When Army and Navy departed the Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League in 1992, nearly all intercollegiate competition involving the eight schools became united under the Ivy League banner. The major exception is hockey, with the Ivies that sponsor hockey—all except Penn and Columbia—members of ECAC Hockey. Wrestling was a second exception through the 2023-24 academic calendar; up until that point the Ivies that sponsor wrestling—all except Dartmouth and Yale— were members of the [Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Intercollegiate_Wrestling_Association "Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association").[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-97)
The Ivy League was the first athletic conference to respond to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") by shutting down all athletic competition in March 2020, leaving many Spring schedules unfinished.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Higgins-98) The Fall 2020 schedule was canceled in July, and winter sports were canceled before Thanksgiving.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Higgins-98) Of the 357 men's basketball teams in [Division I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament "NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament"), only ten did not play; the Ivy League made up eight of those ten.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Higgins-98) By giving up its automatic qualifying bid to [March Madness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_madness "March madness"), the Ivy League forfeited at least \$280,000 in NCAA basketball funds.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Higgins-98) As a consequence of the pandemic, an unprecedented number of student athletes in the Ivy League either transferred to other schools, or temporarily unenrolled in hopes of maintaining their eligibility to play post-pandemic.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Higgins-98) Some Ivy alumni expressed displeasure with the League's position.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Higgins-98) In February 2021 it was reported that Yale declined a multi-million dollar offer from alum [Joseph Tsai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Tsai "Joseph Tsai") to create a sequestered "bubble" for the lacrosse team.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Higgins-98) The league announced in a May 2021 joint statement that "regular athletic competition" would resume "across all sports" in fall 2021.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-GoLocalProv20210504-99)
Following the [Black Lives Matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter") protests in 2020, the Ivy League Conference committed itself to uphold "diversity, equity, and inclusion," to combat racism and homophobia. At Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, and Princeton there are Black Student Athlete groups and other [affinity groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_group "Affinity group") that are dedicated to ensuring their organizations are committed to anti-racism and anti-homophobia.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-100) In 2023, two former Brown University basketball players sued the Ivy League alleging that by denying athletic scholarships, the 1954 "Ivy League Agreement" is anticompetititive and violates antitrust laws.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-BDH20230309-101)[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-AP20230308-102) The lawsuit claims that the agreement constitutes price-fixing in violation of the [Sherman Antitrust Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act "Sherman Antitrust Act") of 1890, and in effect raises the cost of Ivy League education for student athletes.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-BDH20230309-101)[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-AP20230308-102)[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-103)
## Academics
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Academics")\]
### Undergraduate admissions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: Undergraduate admissions")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cannon_Green_and_Nassau_Hall,_Princeton_University.jpg)
[Nassau Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_Hall "Nassau Hall") (1756) at Princeton
| | Applicants | Admission rates |
|---|---|---|
| **Brown** | 48,898 | 5\.2%[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bergman-2021-104) |
| **Columbia** | 60,248 | 3\.9%[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bergman-2021-104) |
| **Cornell** | 61,178 | 8\.4%[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bergman-2021-104) |
| **Dartmouth** | 31,656 | 5\.3%[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bergman-2021-104) |
| **Harvard** | 54,008 | 3\.7%[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bergman-2021-104) |
| **Penn** | 65,236 | 5\.4%[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bergman-2021-104) |
| **Princeton** | 39,644 | 4\.6%[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bergman-2021-104) |
| **Yale** | 57,517 | 3\.9%[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bergman-2021-104) |
The Ivy League schools are highly selective, with seven out of the eight universities reporting undergraduate acceptance rates below 6%. Admitted students come from around the world, although those from the [Northeastern United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States "Northeastern United States") make up a significant proportion of students.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-105)[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-106)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-107)
In 2021, all eight Ivy League schools recorded record high numbers of applications and record low acceptance rates.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Kubzansky-2021-108)[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-109)[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-The_Harvard_Crimson-110)[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Tilitei-111)[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Davidson-2021-112)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-113) Year-over-year increases in the number of applicants ranged from 14.5% at Princeton to 51% at Columbia.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-The_Princetonian-114)[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Columbia_Daily_Spectator-115)
There have been arguments that Ivy League schools discriminate against Asian-American candidates. For example, in August 2020, the U.S. [Justice Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") argued that Yale University discriminated against Asian-American candidates on the basis of their race, a charge the university denied.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-CNN-116) Harvard faced a similar challenge from [Students for Fair Admissions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions "Students for Fair Admissions"), which ultimately won its [case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._Harvard "Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard") in the U.S. Supreme Court in 2023, leading to the end of affirmative action in college admissions.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-117)
### Prestige
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: Prestige")\]
See also: [List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation "List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brown%27s_University_Hall_in_2007.jpg)
[University Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Hall_\(Brown_University\) "University Hall (Brown University)") (1770) at Brown University
Members of the League have been highly ranked by various [university rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_rankings "University rankings"). All of the Ivy League schools are consistently ranked within the top 20 national universities by the [*U.S. News & World Report* Best Colleges Ranking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking "U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-U.S._News_&_World_Report-11)
| University (in alphabetical order) | [Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes") (2025)[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-118) | [USNWR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report "U.S. News & World Report") (2025)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-U.S._News_&_World_Report-11) | [WSJ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")/College Pulse (2025)[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-119) |
|---|---|---|---|
| **Brown** | 18 | 13 (tie) | 36 |
| **Columbia** | 6 | 13 (tie) | 14 |
| **Cornell** | 10 | 11 (tie) | 27 |
| **Dartmouth** | 16 | 15 (tie) | 57 |
| **Harvard** | 8 | 3 | 7 |
| **Penn** | 7 | 10 | 13 |
| **Princeton** | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| **Yale** | 4 | 5 | 4 |
| University | Per [FTE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-time_equivalent "Full-time equivalent") Student (Fall 2022)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-NACUBO-24) |
|---|---|
| Princeton University | \$3,832,426.46 |
| Yale University | \$2,781,928.04 |
| Harvard University | \$2,032,820.27 |
| Dartmouth College | \$1,175,878.56 |
| University of Pennsylvania | \$834,978.31 |
| Brown University | \$582,294.27 |
| Columbia University | \$447,066.03 |
| Cornell University | \$368,615.52 |
### Collaboration
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: Collaboration")\]
Collaboration between the member schools is illustrated by the student-led [Ivy Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Council "Ivy Council") that meets in the fall and spring of each year, with representatives from every Ivy League school. The governing body of the Ivy League is the Council of Ivy Group presidents, composed of each university president. During meetings, the presidents discuss common procedures and initiatives for their universities.
The universities collaborate academically through the IvyPlus Exchange Scholar Program, which allows students to cross-register at one of the Ivies or another eligible school such as [Berkeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley"), [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago "University of Chicago"), [MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology"), and [Stanford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University").[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Princeton-120)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Yale-121)
## History of diversity
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: History of diversity")\]
### Racial segregation and integration
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: Racial segregation and integration")\]
Ivy League institutions have a complex history of racial segregation, and, eventually, integration. All of the universities in the Ivy League besides Cornell University were chartered during the [American era of slavery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States "Slavery in the United States").[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122) In 2003, Brown University was the first of the Ivies to take accountability for their historic ties to slavery and the [transatlantic slave trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#:~:text=The_Atlantic_slave_trade,_transatlantic,16th_to_the_19th_centuries. "Atlantic slave trade").[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Brown's_Slavery_&_Justice_Report,_Digital_2nd_Edition_|_Brown_University-123)[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-124) Following Brown, other Ivy League universities formed committees to examine their ties to slavery, and found various institutional relationships to slavery. Yale University, for example, used profits from slave traders and owners to fund its first scholarships, libraries, and faculty positions.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-125)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-126) To date, some of Yale's residential colleges are named after slave traders and supporters.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-127) The investigations at Harvard, Princeton, Columbia, and the University of Pennsylvania all found that, in the century following their charters, enslaved Black people lived on campus to care for students, professors, or the universities' presidents.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-128)[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-slavery.princeton.edu-129)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Time-130)[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-131) Notably, Princeton's first nine presidents were slave owners, and in 1766, a slave auction reportedly took place on Princeton's campus.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-slavery.princeton.edu-129)
A small number of Black people did attend Ivy League institutions as students during their early years. These early students, however, were not always granted degrees. For example, some Black students were recorded studying privately with the Princeton University president as early as 1774, but no Black students received Princeton degrees until the middle of the twentieth century.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Radcliffe_Institute_for_Advanced_Study_at_Harvard_University-132) Jonathan and Philip Gayienquitioga, two brothers of the [Mohawk People](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Nation "Mohawk Nation"),[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-133) were the first people of color to enroll at Penn in 1755 after being recruited by Benjamin Franklin to attend the Academy of Philadelphia (then part of [Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania")).[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-sas.upenn-134) But there is no evidence that either earned a degree, as the first Native American to graduate Penn did not occur until 1847 when Robert Daniel Ross, a member of the [Cherokee Nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_Nation "Cherokee Nation"), graduated with a degree from [Penn's medical school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Medicine "University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine").[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-sas.upenn-134)
#### 19th and early 20th centuries
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: 19th and early 20th centuries")\]
In 1900, [W. E. B. Du Bois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois "W. E. B. Du Bois") oversaw and edited *The College-bred Negro*[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-135) a study on Black integration in colleges and universities that found a combined total of 52 Black students had graduated from Ivy League schools in their collective histories. Since no official policies prohibited schools in the Ivy League from admitting students of color each university in the League had different policies regarding the admission of Black students.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122) Dartmouth's first Black student graduated in 1828, while Princeton would only admit their first Black student under the [V-12 Navy College Training Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-12_Navy_College_Training_Program "V-12 Navy College Training Program") in the 1940s.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-www.dartmouth.edu-136)
Early Black student admits to Ivy League universities were controversial and often faced backlash. Dartmouth initially denied its first Black graduate, Edward Mitchell, supposedly to avoid "offend\[ing\] students". Dartmouth students protested this decision, leading to Mitchell's admission in 1824.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-www.dartmouth.edu-136) [Richard Henry Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Henry_Green "Richard Henry Green") was awarded an [MD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine "Doctor of Medicine") degree by Dartmouth College in 1864.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-:2-137)
Harvard admitted its first Black student, Beverly Garnett Williams, in 1847. News of his admission incited protests by Harvard students and faculty.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-138) Williams died before the academic year began, however, and never matriculated.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-:1-139) [Richard Theodore Greener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Theodore_Greener "Richard Theodore Greener") was the first African American to receive a Harvard degree in 1870.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Chicago_Sun_docs-140) Between 1890 and 1940, an average of three Black men enrolled at Harvard per year.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Radcliffe_Institute_for_Advanced_Study_at_Harvard_University-132) In 1923, Harvard's Board of Overseers overruled University President Abbot Lawrence's ban on Black students living in dorms, announcing that all freshmen would be permitted to live in dorms regardless of race, but upheld that "men of the white and colored races shall not be compelled to live and eat together."[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-The_Harvard_Crimson-3-141) Brown seems to have refused admission to Black students outright prior to the Civil War. Abolitionist Elizabeth Buffum Chase wrote in her book *Anti Slavery Reminiscences* about "a lad of rare excellence and attainments \[who\] was refused an examination for admission by the authorities of Brown University on account of the color of his skin." [Inman E. Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inman_E._Page "Inman E. Page") was the first Black student to graduate from Brown in 1877, and was class speaker.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-142)
William Adger, James Brister, and [Nathan Francis Mossell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Francis_Mossell "Nathan Francis Mossell") were the first Black students enrolled at [Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") in 1879.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-PT-Adger-143) Brister graduated from the [School of Dental Medicine (Penn Dental)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Dental_Medicine "University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine") in 1881 as the first African American to earn a degree from Penn, while Adger was the first African American to graduate from the college in 1883.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-144)
Columbia University has claimed that four Black students earned University degrees between 1875 and 1900,[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-:1-139) though their names are apparently unknown.
Yale's [Edward Bouchet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bouchet "Edward Bouchet"), was the first Black person (a) elected to [Phi Beta Kappa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa "Phi Beta Kappa") in the US in 1874 and (b) to earn a [Ph.D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D. "Ph.D.") from any American university, completing his [dissertation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissertation "Dissertation") in [physics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics "Physics") in 1876.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-145)[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-146) Bouchet was thought to have been the first African-American graduate of Yale, but research publicized in 2014 reported that Yale awarded a Black man, [Richard Henry Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Henry_Green "Richard Henry Green"), a bachelor of arts degree in 1857.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-:2-137)[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-NYT-147)
Cornell seemed the most inclusive of the Ivy Leagues at its inception, with admission open to any race and gender.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-148) University co-founder Andrew Dickson White wrote in 1874 that the school had *"*no colored students...at present but shall be very glad to receive any who are prepared to enter...if even one offered himself and passed the examinations, we should receive him even if all our five hundred white students were to ask for dismissal on that account."[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-149) In 1890, Charles Chauveau Cook and Jane Eleanor Datcher were the first Black students awarded four-year undergraduate Cornell degrees.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-150) Despite this, Black students faced legal and social segregation in the town of Ithaca, New York. In 1905, Black students reported being denied housing while attending Cornell.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122)
Princeton University, sometimes referred to as the "Southern-most Ivy", was the last to integrate. In Du Bois' *The College-bred Negro* (1900), a Princeton representative is quoted: "We have never had any colored students here, though there is nothing in the University statutes to prevent their admission. It is possible, however, in view of our proximity to the South and the large number of southern students here, that Negro students would find Princeton less comfortable than some other institutions."[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-151) Notably, in 1939, Princeton revoked admittance to Black student Bruce Wright upon his arrival on campus, when Director of Admission Radcliffe Heermance noticed Wright's race.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-152) When a disappointed Wright wrote Heermance requesting an explanation, Heermance responded:
> I cannot conscientiously advise a colored student to apply for admission to Princeton simply because I do not think that he would be happy in this environment. There are no colored students in the University and a member of your race might feel very much alone... My personal experience would enforce my advice to any colored student that he would be happier in an environment of others of his race, and that he would adjust himself far more easily to the life of a New England college or university, or one of the large state universities than he would to a residential college of this particular type.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-153)
The few early Black students admitted to Ivy League universities were often from wealthy Caribbean families.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122) Barriers preventing African American students from attending Ivy League universities included the universities' policies, poor recruitment, tuition costs, and the lack of secondary education opportunities in a [racially segregated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation "Racial segregation") country.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122)[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-154) More Black students attended Ivy League graduate and professional schools than their undergraduate programs.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122) By the middle of the 20th century, only 54 Black men and women had graduated with a bachelor degree from Ivy League universities.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122)
#### Late 20th century
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: Late 20th century")\]
By the middle of the 20th century, some Ivy League students and alumni were advocating for increased racial integration efforts.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-155)[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-:0-156)[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-157)[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-158) These efforts were met with mixed reactions from the schools themselves.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-159) Without a goal for integration shared by the institutions as a collective, each school increased racial diversity at different rates, with Dartmouth having 120 Black undergraduates in the class of 1945 and Princeton having a cumulative total of fewer than 100 Black undergraduates by 1967.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122)
The [V-12 Navy College Training Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-12_Navy_College_Training_Program "V-12 Navy College Training Program") in 1942 effectively forced all eight Ivy institutions to increase Black student enrollment.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122) At Princeton University, the Black students in this program were the first ever granted bachelor's degrees by the University.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-160)
The 1954 Supreme Court decision in *[Brown v. Board of Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education "Brown v. Board of Education")* did not require private universities like those in the Ivy League to abide by the ruling.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-161) It wasn't until the Court's 1976 decision in *[Runyon v. McCrary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runyon_v._McCrary "Runyon v. McCrary")* that private institutions became legally prohibited from discriminating on the basis of race.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-162) By the early 1960s, however, some admissions offices in the Ivy League began to make concerted efforts to increase their number of Black applicants, rolling out initiatives that actively sought Black talent from high schools.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-The_Current-163) Efforts for racial integration at Ivy League institutions relied on the support of student organizations, faculty-led initiatives, and third-party organizations like the National Scholarship Service and Fund for Negro Students[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-:0-156) to seek prospective Black applicants.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-The_Current-163) These efforts also prompted internal University action, such as the creation of [Cornell's Committee on Special Educational Projects (COSEP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cornell_University "History of Cornell University"), an organization aimed to recruit and support Black students.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-164) By 1965, however, Black students still were only 2% of admitted students across all the Ivies.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122)
Prior to the 1960s, the majority of Ivy League universities explicitly prohibited the admission of women, instead forming partnerships with nearby women's colleges.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-BestColleges-165) As such, Black women were not able to attend Ivy League universities until they changed their policies. [Lillian Lincoln Lambert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Lincoln "Lillian Lincoln") was the first Black woman to receive a degree from Harvard University after graduating with a master's degree from [Harvard Business School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School "Harvard Business School") in 1969.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-BestColleges-165) Lincoln Lambert was also a founding member of Harvard's African American Student Union, which according to her, actively recruited Black students and created "a space where Black students could find not only support but resources for everything from barber shops that cut Black hair to churches."[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-166)
As Black student populations grew at Ivy League schools, on-campus activism saw an increase during the civil rights movement. In 1969, students in Cornell's Afro-American Society led an armed occupation of [Willard Straight Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Straight_Hall "Willard Straight Hall") to protest the university's racist policies and "its slow progress in establishing a Black studies program."[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-167)[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122) In the same year, students associated with Yale's New Left organization, [Students for a Democratic Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society "Students for a Democratic Society"), worked closely with the New Haven [Black Panthers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_Party "Black Panther Party") to lead sit-ins and protests that advocated for the admission of more students of color and the establishment of an African American studies department.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-168)[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122) At Brown University, identity-based student organizations such as the United African People and the African American Society called for an increase to the number of Black faculty and increased attention to the needs of Black students.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Brown's_Slavery_&_Justice_Report,_Digital_2nd_Edition_|_Brown_University-123) Demonstrations at Harvard and Columbia took the form of occupations and non-violent sit-ins that were often subject to forceful removal by local police called by University administrators.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-169)[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122) Activism at Dartmouth took a different shape during this time period, as students would use demonstrations that were happening at other Ivies and colleges around the country, to effectively position their demands for progress within the prospect of taking actions similar to those happening elsewhere.
#### 21st century
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: 21st century")\]
Continuing the trajectory of the late 20th century, the number of Black students on Ivy League campuses has continued to increase in the 21st century. From 2006 to 2018, there was an approximated 50% increase in the admission of Black students into entering classes, growing from 1,110 to 1,663.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-The_Journal_of_Blacks_in_Higher_Education-2018-170) As of 2018, the Ivy League universities unanimously supported Harvard University's "race-conscious admissions" model.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Franklin-2018-171) Harvard University representatives credited this form of [affirmative action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States "Affirmative action in the United States") as one of the factors increasing campus diversity.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Franklin-2018-171)
In 2014 case *[Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuette_v._Coalition_to_Defend_Affirmative_Action "Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action")*, [572](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_572 "List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 572") [U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports "United States Reports") [291](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/572/291/) (2014)—the Supreme Court upheld [Michigan's ban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Civil_Rights_Initiative "Michigan Civil Rights Initiative") on affirmative action for public institutions and in 2016 in*[Fisher v. University of Texas II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_v._University_of_Texas_\(2016\) "Fisher v. University of Texas (2016)")*, No. [14-981](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/579/14-981/), [579](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_579 "List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 579") [U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports "United States Reports") \_\_\_ (2016) the court upheld the university's limited use of race in admissions decisions because the university showed it had a clear goal of limited scope without other workable race-neutral means to achieve it. However, in 2023—*[Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College "Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College")*, No. [20-1199](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/600/20-1199/), [600](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_600 "List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 600") [U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports "United States Reports") \_\_\_ (2023) the [United States Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court "United States Supreme Court") overruled the decades old decisions*Regents of University of California v. Bakke* and *Grutter v. Bollinger* and other cases mentioned above in this paragraph but disallowing non-individualized racial preferences in admissions for civilian universities. In essence, the court interpreted the [Fourteenth Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") as not permitting Harvard's "race-conscious admissions" as the court decision now forbids the consideration of race in higher education admissions.
Institutions in favor of Harvard's model argue that in addition to academic excellence they also aim to form a diverse student body, while individuals that argue against the model state that it is discriminatory against certain applicants.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-172)
The growing Black student population in Ivy League universities in the early 2000s was accompanied by an increase in the number of Black faculty at these institutions, though rates of change among faculty have been slower and inconsistent. In 2005, 588– or about 3.9%– of the Ivies' 14,831 full-time faculty members were Black.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-173) This proportion decreased to 3.4% in 2015.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-174) Notably, in 2001, [Ruth J. Simmons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Simmons "Ruth Simmons") became the president of Brown University, making her the first and only Black president of an Ivy League institution.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-175)
The 21st century saw the continuation of demonstrations by Ivy League students revolving around race. Many of these demonstrations have sought to continue the work of their 20th century predecessors by advocating for increased admission and support of Black students. In light of the *[Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College "Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College")* Supreme Court case, students from Yale and Harvard joined other universities in protesting in defense of race-conscious admissions policies.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-176)[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-177)
Likewise, Black students from Ivy League institutions continue to protest for the betterment of Black students' lives on campus and beyond. Following [Michael Brown's death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Michael_Brown "Shooting of Michael Brown") in 2014, students across the Ivies formed the Black Ivy Coalition, which included members from all eight institutions and aimed to combat anti-Black racism.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-178) Individual Ivy League universities also formed their own advocacy organizations and movements as a direct response to instances of anti-Black violence. After the murder of Michael Brown, Princeton University students formed the Black Justice League, which in 2015, occupied [Nassau Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_Hall "Nassau Hall") and presented a list of demands to university administrators.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-179) Similarly, in 2017, Cornell students made demands to their administration protesting the assault of a Black student. Led by Black Students United, the demands included banning the [Psi Upsilon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psi_Upsilon "Psi Upsilon") fraternity for hate crimes, implementing [implicit bias training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_bias_training "Implicit bias training"), and introducing policies to increase the number of Black students at the university.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-180)
Student demonstrations have also focused on sparking change beyond Ivy League campuses. Following the [Black Lives Matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter") protests in 2020, Harvard's Black Law Students Association, beyond calling for more Black faculty, [critical race theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_race_theory "Critical race theory") curriculum, and protection for student protestors, also called on the university to divest from prisons and denounce state-sanctioned violence.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-181)
In response to racially charged incidents across the country and prompting from student activists, Ivy League universities have removed and renamed campus landmarks. In response to the [2016 Black Lives Matter protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter"), Cornell renamed [their botanical gardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Botanic_Gardens "Cornell Botanic Gardens"), previously called the "Cornell Plantations," to the "Cornell Botanical Gardens."[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-182) In 2018, Brown renamed one of its largest academic and administrative buildings after its first Black graduates, [Inman E. Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inman_E._Page "Inman E. Page") and Ethel Tremaine Robinson.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-183) In response to the [murder of George Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd "Murder of George Floyd") in 2020, Princeton University removed [Woodrow Wilson's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson") name from a residential college and the [School of Public and International Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_School_of_Public_and_International_Affairs "Princeton School of Public and International Affairs") because of his "racist thinking and policies."[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-184)
### Fashion and lifestyle
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: Fashion and lifestyle")\]
See also: [Ivy League (clothes)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_\(clothes\) "Ivy League (clothes)"), [Preppy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preppy "Preppy"), [Take Ivy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Ivy "Take Ivy"), and [Ivy League (haircut)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_\(haircut\) "Ivy League (haircut)")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornell_Rowing_-_Penfield_1907.jpg)
An illustration of Cornell's [rowing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_\(sport\) "Rowing (sport)") team. Rowing is often associated with traditional upper class [New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England "New England") culture.
Different fashion trends and styles have emerged from Ivy League campuses over time, and fashion trends such as [Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_\(clothes\) "Ivy League (clothes)") and [preppy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preppy "Preppy") are styles often associated with the Ivy League and its culture.
[Ivy League style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_\(clothes\) "Ivy League (clothes)") is a style of men's dress, popular during the late 1950s, believed to have originated on Ivy League campuses. The clothing stores [J. Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Press "J. Press") and [Brooks Brothers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Brothers "Brooks Brothers") represent perhaps the quintessential Ivy League dress manner. The Ivy League style is said to be the predecessor to the [preppy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preppy "Preppy") style of dress.
Preppy fashion started around 1912 to the late 1940s and 1950s as the Ivy League style of dress.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-185) [J. Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Press "J. Press") represents the quintessential preppy clothing brand, stemming from the collegiate traditions that shaped the preppy subculture. In the mid-twentieth century J. Press and [Brooks Brothers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Brothers "Brooks Brothers"), both being pioneers in preppy fashion, had stores on Ivy League school campuses, including Harvard, Yale, and Princeton.
Some typical preppy styles also reflect traditional upper class [New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England "New England") leisure activities, such as [equestrian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_riding "Horse riding"), [sailing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing "Sailing") or [yachting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht "Yacht"), [hunting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting "Hunting"), [fencing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing "Fencing"), [rowing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_\(sport\) "Rowing (sport)"), [lacrosse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse "Lacrosse"), [tennis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis "Tennis"), [golf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf "Golf"), and [rugby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football "Rugby football"). Longtime New England outdoor outfitters, such as [L.L. Bean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.L._Bean "L.L. Bean"), became part of conventional preppy style.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Zlotnick-186) This can be seen in sport stripes and colors, equestrian clothing, plaid shirts, field jackets and nautical-themed accessories. Vacationing in [Palm Beach, Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida "Palm Beach, Florida"), long popular with the East Coast upper class, led to the emergence of bright colors combinations in leisure wear seen in some brands such as [Lilly Pulitzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilly_Pulitzer "Lilly Pulitzer").[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Zlotnick-186) By the 1980s, other brands such as [Lacoste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacoste "Lacoste"), [Izod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izod "Izod") and [Dooney & Bourke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dooney_%26_Bourke "Dooney & Bourke") became associated with preppy style.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Peterson_Kellogg_285-187)
Though the Ivy League style is most commonly associated with the white, male elites that historically made up Ivy League campuses, the style was quickly popularized among Black communities during the [civil rights era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_era "Civil rights era"). Reinterpretations of this style by African-American men in the 1950s and 1960s combined the preppy Ivy League style with other popular Black styles of dress. This led to the emergence of a new style of dress, the Black Ivy style.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-188)
Today, Ivy League styles continue to be popular on Ivy League campuses, throughout the U.S., and abroad, and are oftentimes labeled as "Classic American style" or "Traditional American style".[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-189)[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-190)
### Social elitism
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: Social elitism")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columbiaman.jpg)
A cartoon portrait of the stereotypical Columbia man, 1902
The Ivy League is often associated with the [upper class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_upper_class "American upper class") [White Anglo-Saxon Protestant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant "White Anglo-Saxon Protestant") community of the [Northeast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States "Northeastern United States"), [Old money](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_money "Old money"), or more generally, the [American upper middle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States "Upper middle class in the United States") and upper classes.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-191)[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-192)[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-193)[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-194) Although most Ivy League students come from upper-middle and upper-class families, the student body has become increasingly more economically and ethnically diverse. The universities provide significant financial aid to help increase the enrollment of lower income and middle class students.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-theatlantic.com-195) Several reports suggest, however, that the proportion of students from less-affluent families remains low.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-196)[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-197)
Phrases such as "Ivy League snobbery"[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-198) are ubiquitous in nonfiction and fiction writing of the early and mid-twentieth century. A [Louis Auchincloss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Auchincloss "Louis Auchincloss") character dreads "the aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League colleges".[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-autogenerated1-67) A business writer, warning in 2001 against discriminatory hiring, presented a cautionary example of an attitude to avoid (the bracketed phrase is his):
> We Ivy Leaguers \[read: mostly white and Anglo\] know that an Ivy League degree is a mark of the kind of person who is likely to succeed in this organization.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-199)
The phrase *Ivy League* historically has been perceived as connected not only with academic excellence but also with social elitism. In 1936, sportswriter [John Kieran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kieran "John Kieran") noted that student editors at [Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University"), [Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale "Yale"), [Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University"), [Princeton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University"), [Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University"), [Dartmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College"), and [Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") were advocating the formation of an athletic association. In urging them to consider "[Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy "United States Military Academy") and [Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy "United States Naval Academy") and [Georgetown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University "Georgetown University") and [Fordham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University "Fordham University") and [Syracuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University "Syracuse University") and [Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University") and [Pitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh "University of Pittsburgh")" as candidates for membership, he exhorted:
> It would be well for the proponents of the Ivy League to make it clear (to themselves especially) that the proposed group would be inclusive but not "exclusive" as this term is used with a slight up-tilting of the tip of the nose.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-200)
Aspects of Ivy stereotyping were illustrated during the [1988 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election "1988 United States presidential election"), when [George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush") (Yale '48) derided [Michael Dukakis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis "Michael Dukakis") (graduate of Harvard Law School) for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique."[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-201) *New York Times* columnist [Maureen Dowd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Dowd "Maureen Dowd") asked "Wasn't this a case of the pot calling the kettle elite?" Bush explained, however, that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it. ... Harvard boutique to me has the connotation of liberalism and elitism" and said *Harvard* in his remark was intended to represent "a philosophical enclave" and not a statement about class.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-202) Columnist [Russell Baker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Baker "Russell Baker") opined that "Voters inclined to loathe and fear elite Ivy League schools rarely make fine distinctions between Yale and Harvard. All they know is that both are full of rich, fancy, stuck-up and possibly dangerous intellectuals who never sit down to supper in their [undershirt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undershirt "Undershirt") no matter how hot the weather gets."[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-203) Still, the next five consecutive presidents all attended Ivy League schools for at least part of their education—George H. W. Bush (Yale undergrad), [Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") (Yale Law School), [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") (Yale undergrad, Harvard Business School), [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") (Columbia undergrad, Harvard Law School), and [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") (Penn undergrad). Indeed, since 1989, [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") has been the only president to *not* be Ivy League-educated.
### U.S. presidents in the Ivy League
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: U.S. presidents in the Ivy League")\]
See also: [List of presidents of the United States by education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education "List of presidents of the United States by education")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franklin_D._Roosevelt_with_Harvard_class_of_1904,_group_shot_in_Nantasket_Beach,_Massachusetts_-_NARA_-_195358.jpg)
[Franklin Delano Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt "Franklin Delano Roosevelt"), third from left, top row, with his Harvard class in 1904
Of the 45[\[f\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-204) persons who have served as [President of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States"), 16 have graduated from an Ivy League university with either a Bachelor's or advanced degree. Of them, eight have degrees from Harvard, five from Yale, three from Columbia, two from Princeton and one from Penn. Twelve presidents have earned Ivy undergraduate degrees. Four of these were transfer students: Woodrow Wilson transferred from [Davidson College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidson_College "Davidson College"), Barack Obama transferred from [Occidental College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_College "Occidental College"), Donald Trump transferred from [Fordham University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University "Fordham University"), and John F. Kennedy transferred from Princeton to Harvard. [John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams") was the first president to graduate from college, graduating from Harvard in 1755.
| President | School(s) | Graduation year |
|---|---|---|
| [John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams") | Harvard University | 1755 |
| [James Madison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison "James Madison") | Princeton University | 1771 |
| [John Quincy Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams "John Quincy Adams") | Harvard University | 1787 |
| [William Henry Harrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison "William Henry Harrison") | University of Pennsylvania | (withdrew, class of 1793) |
| [Rutherford B. Hayes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes "Rutherford B. Hayes") | [Harvard Law School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School") | 1845 |
| [Theodore Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt "Theodore Roosevelt") | Harvard University [Columbia Law School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_School "Columbia Law School") | 1880 (withdrew, class of 1882)[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-205) |
| [William Howard Taft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft "William Howard Taft") | Yale University | 1878 |
| [Woodrow Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson") | Princeton University | 1879 |
| [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") | Harvard University Columbia Law School | 1903 (withdrew, class of 1907)[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-206) |
| [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") | Princeton University Harvard University | (withdrew) 1940 |
| [Gerald Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford "Gerald Ford") | [Yale Law School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Law_School "Yale Law School") | 1941 |
| [George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush") | Yale University | 1948 |
| [Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") | Yale Law School | 1973 |
| [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") | Yale University [Harvard Business School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School "Harvard Business School") | 1968 1975 |
| [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") | Columbia University Harvard Law School | 1983 1991 |
| [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") | University of Pennsylvania | 1968 |
## Student demographics
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: Student demographics")\]
### Race and ethnicity
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: Race and ethnicity")\]
| College | [Asian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans") | [Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans "African Americans") | [Hispanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") (of any race) | [Non-Hispanic White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites "Non-Hispanic whites") | Other/ International | [Two or more races](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans") | Unknown |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **Brown** | 16% | 7% | 10% | 39% | 18% | 5% | 4% |
| **Columbia** | 13% | 5% | 8% | 31% | 35% | 3% | 4% |
| **Cornell** | 17% | 6% | 11% | 34% | 22% | 4% | 6% |
| **Dartmouth** | 14% | 5% | 9% | 48% | 17% | 5% | 3% |
| **Harvard** | 14% | 7% | 9% | 40% | 23% | 4% | 3% |
| **Penn** | 18% | 7% | 8% | 40% | 20% | 4% | 3% |
| **Princeton** | 19% | 6% | 9% | 35% | 23% | 5% | 3% |
| **Yale** | 16% | 7% | 11% | 39% | 21% | 5% | 1% |
| **United States**[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-208) | 6% | 14% | 19% | 59% | 2% | 3% | — |
### Geographic distribution
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: Geographic distribution")\]
Students of the Ivy League largely hail from [the Northeast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States "Northeastern United States"), largely from the New York City, [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston "Boston"), and [Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia") areas. As all eight Ivy League universities are within the Northeast, most graduates end up working and residing in the Northeast after graduation. An unscientific survey of Harvard seniors from the Class of 2013 found that 42% hailed from the Northeast and 55% overall were planning on working and residing in the Northeast.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-209) Boston and New York City are traditionally where many Ivy League graduates end up living.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-210)[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-211)
### Socioeconomics and social class
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: Socioeconomics and social class")\]
| College | Median | Top 1% | Top 10% | Top 20% | Bottom 20% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **Brown** | \$204,200 | 19% | 60% | 70% | 4\.1% |
| **Columbia** | \$150,900 | 13% | 48% | 62% | 5\.1% |
| **Cornell** | \$151,600 | 10% | 48% | 64% | 3\.8% |
| **Dartmouth** | \$200,400 | 21% | 58% | 69% | 2\.6% |
| **Harvard** | \$168,800 | 15% | 53% | 67% | 4\.5% |
| **Penn** | \$195,500 | 19% | 45% | 58% | 3\.3% |
| **Princeton** | \$186,100 | 17% | 58% | 72% | 2\.2% |
| **Yale** | \$192,600 | 19% | 57% | 69% | 2\.1% |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Learned_Hand_at_Harvarda.jpg)
[Harvard Law School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School") students
c.
1895
Students of the Ivy League, both graduate and undergraduate, come primarily from [upper middle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States "Upper middle class in the United States") and [upper class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_upper_class "American upper class") families. In recent years, however, the universities have looked towards increasing socioeconomic and class diversity, by providing greater financial aid packages to applicants from [lower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_lower_class "American lower class"), [working](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_working_class "American working class"), and [lower middle class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_middle_class#United_States "Lower middle class") American families.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-theatlantic.com-195)[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-McGrath-213)
In 2013, a [Harvard Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson "Harvard Crimson") writer estimated that 46% of Harvard undergraduate students came from families in the top 3.8% of all American households (i.e., over \$200,000 annual income).[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-McGrath-213) In 2012, the bottom 25% of the American income distribution accounted for only 3–4% of students at Brown, a figure that had remained unchanged since 1992.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-214) In 2014, 69% of incoming freshmen students at Yale College came from families with annual incomes of over \$120,000, putting most Yale College students in the upper-middle and upper classes. (The median household income in the U.S. in 2013 was \$52,700.)[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-215)
In the 2011–2012 academic year, students qualifying for [Pell Grants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell_Grant "Pell Grant") (federally funded scholarships on the basis of need) constituted 20% at Harvard, 18% at Cornell, 17% at Penn, 16% at Columbia, 15% at Dartmouth and Brown, 14% at Yale, and 12% at Princeton. Nationally, 35% of American university students qualify for a Pell Grant.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-216)
### Graduation rates
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=30 "Edit section: Graduation rates")\]
| College | American Indian or Alaska Native | Asian | Black | Hispanic (of any race ) | Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | Non-Hispanic White | Two or more races | Unknown |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **Brown** | 57% | 96% | 95% | 95% | — | 97% | 98% | 96% |
| **Columbia** | 83% | 98% | 95% | 98% | 50% | 98% | 95% | 100% |
| **Cornell** | 73% | 96% | 90% | 90% | 75% | 95% | 95% | 94% |
| **Dartmouth** | 96% | 96% | 82% | 93% | 100% | 95% | 93% | 83% |
| **Harvard** | 75% | 98% | 96% | 97% | — | 97% | 98% | 100% |
| **Penn** | 100% | 97% | 96% | 95% | — | 96% | 99% | 98% |
| **Princeton** | 100% | 99% | 95% | 99% | 100% | 99% | 96% | 94% |
| **Yale** | 100% | 99% | 95% | 95% | — | 97% | 97% | 100% |
## Faculty demographics
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=31 "Edit section: Faculty demographics")\]
### Race and ethnicity
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=32 "Edit section: Race and ethnicity")\]
| College | Asian | Black | Hispanic (of any race) | Non-Hispanic White | Native American, Native Alaskan or Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | Two or more races | Unknown | "Under Represented Minorities" & "Historically Underrepresented Groups" |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **Brown**[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-218) | — | — | — | 86% | — | | — | 13% |
| **Columbia**[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-219) | 19% | — | — | 63% | — | — | 3% | 12% |
| **Cornell**[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-220) | 12% | *8%* | *(Combined* *with Black)* | 72% | — | — | 7% | — |
| **Dartmouth**[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-221) | 9% | 4% | 6% | 80% | 1% | 2% | — | — |
| **Harvard**[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-222) | 12% | 4% | 3% | 79% | .1% | 1% | — | — |
| **Penn**[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-223) | *17%* | 4% | 5% | 71% | *(Combined with Asian)* | 1% | .7% | — |
| **Princeton**[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-224) | 11% | 4% | 3% | 78% | 0% | 0% | 4% | — |
| **Yale**[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-225) | 21% | 5% | 5% | 62% | — | 1% | 6% | — |
## Competition and athletics
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: Competition and athletics")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yale_Bowl_from_south_end.jpg)
The [Yale Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bowl "Yale Bowl") during a football game against Cornell
Ivy champions are recognized in sixteen men's and sixteen women's sports. In some sports, Ivy teams actually compete as members of another league, the Ivy championship being decided by isolating the members' records in play against each other; for example, the six league members who participate in [ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey "Ice hockey") do so as members of [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey"), but an Ivy champion is extrapolated each year. In one sport, [rowing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_rowing_\(United_States\) "College rowing (United States)"), the Ivies recognize team champions for each sex in both heavyweight and lightweight divisions. While the [Intercollegiate Rowing Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercollegiate_Rowing_Association "Intercollegiate Rowing Association") governs all four sex- and bodyweight-based divisions of rowing, the only one that is sanctioned by the NCAA is women's heavyweight. The Ivy League was the last Division I [basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball "Basketball") conference to institute a conference postseason tournament; the first tournaments for men and women were held at the end of the 2016–17 season. The tournaments only award the Ivy League automatic bids for the NCAA Division I [Men's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament "NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament") and [Women's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_basketball_tournament "NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament") Basketball Tournaments; the official conference championships continue to be awarded based solely on regular-season results.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-226) Before the 2016–17 season, the automatic bids were based solely on regular-season record, with a [one-game playoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-game_playoff "One-game playoff") (or series of one-game playoffs if more than two teams were tied) held to determine the automatic bid.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-227) The Ivy League is one of only two Division I conferences which award their official basketball championships solely on regular-season results; the other is the [Southeastern Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference "Southeastern Conference").[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-228)[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-229) Since its inception, an Ivy League school has yet to win either the men's or women's Division I NCAA basketball tournament.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brown_v_Columbia_basketball_game.jpg)
Brown plays Columbia in basketball, 2020.
On average, each Ivy school has more than 35 varsity teams. All eight are in the top 20 for number of sports offered for both men and women among Division I schools. Unlike most Division I athletic conferences, the Ivy League prohibits the granting of athletic scholarships; all scholarships awarded are need-based ([financial aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_financial_aid_\(United_States\) "Student financial aid (United States)")).[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-whatisivy-230) In addition, the Ivies have a rigid policy against [redshirting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshirt_\(college_sports\) "Redshirt (college sports)"), even for medical reasons; an athlete loses a year of eligibility for every year enrolled at an Ivy institution.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-231) Additionally, the Ivies prohibit graduate students from participating in intercollegiate athletics, even if they have remaining athletic eligibility.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Borsello_2020-02-12-232) The only exception to the ban on graduate students was that seniors graduating in 2021 were allowed to play at their current institutions as graduate students in 2021–22. This was a one-time-only response to the Ivies shutting down most intercollegiate athletics in 2020–21 due to COVID-19.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Borzello_2021-02-11-233) Ivy League teams' non-league games are often against the members of the [Patriot League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_League "Patriot League"), which have similar academic standards and athletic scholarship policies (although unlike the Ivies, the Patriot League allows both redshirting and play by eligible graduate students). To promote diversity and inclusion, student-athletes are required to have their [gender pronouns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_pronoun "Personal pronoun") listed on their roster pages on the athletic websites for most Ivy League schools.
In the time before [recruiting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_recruiting "College recruiting") for college sports became dominated by those offering athletic scholarships and lowered academic standards for athletes, the Ivy League was successful in many sports relative to other universities in the country. In particular, Princeton won 26 recognized national championships in [college football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football "College football") (last in 1935), and Yale won 18 (last in 1927).[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-234) Both of these totals are considerably higher than those of other historically strong programs such as [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football "Alabama Crimson Tide football"), which has won 15, [Notre Dame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football"), which claims 11 but is credited by many sources with 13, and [USC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USC_Trojans_football "USC Trojans football"), which has won 11. Yale, whose coach [Walter Camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Camp "Walter Camp") was the "Father of American Football," held on to its place as the all-time wins leader in college football throughout the entire 20th century, but was finally passed by [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_football "Michigan Wolverines football") on November 10, 2001. Harvard, Yale, Princeton and Penn each have over a dozen former scholar-athletes enshrined in the [College Football Hall of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame "College Football Hall of Fame"). Currently Dartmouth holds the record for most Ivy League football titles, with 18, followed closely by Harvard and Penn, each with 17 titles. In addition, the Ivy League has produced [Super Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl "Super Bowl") winners [Kevin Boothe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Boothe "Kevin Boothe") ([Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_football "Cornell Big Red football")), two-time [Pro Bowler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Bowl "Pro Bowl") [Zak DeOssie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zak_DeOssie "Zak DeOssie") ([Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears_football "Brown Bears football")), [Sean Morey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Morey_\(American_football\) "Sean Morey (American football)") (Brown), [All-Pro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Pro "All-Pro") selection [Matt Birk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Birk "Matt Birk") ([Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_football "Harvard Crimson football")), [Calvin Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Hill "Calvin Hill") ([Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_football "Yale Bulldogs football")), [Derrick Harmon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_Harmon_\(running_back\) "Derrick Harmon (running back)") (Cornell) and [Justin Watson (wide receiver)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Watson_\(wide_receiver\) "Justin Watson (wide receiver)"), (three-time [Super Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl "Super Bowl") champion, winning [Super Bowl LV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_LV "Super Bowl LV") with the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers "Tampa Bay Buccaneers") and [Super Bowl LVII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_LVII "Super Bowl LVII") and [LVIII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_LVIII "Super Bowl LVIII") with the [Kansas City Chiefs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs "Kansas City Chiefs")), ([Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Quakers_football "Penn Quakers football")).
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornell_vs_UPenn_football_game_2019.jpg)
Penn (left) plays Cornell (right), 2019.
### FCS Championship
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=34 "Edit section: FCS Championship")\]
Beginning with the [1982 football season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season "1982 NCAA Division I-AA football season"), the Ivy League has competed in [Division I-AA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season "1982 NCAA Division I-AA football season") (renamed [FCS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship_Subdivision "NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision") in 2006).[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-wergbt-235)[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-236) The Ivy League teams are eligible for the FCS tournament held to determine the national champion, and the league champion is eligible for an automatic bid (and any other team may qualify for an at-large selection) from the NCAA. However, from its inception in 1956 until 2024, the Ivy League had not played any postseason games due to concerns about the extended December schedule's effects on academics. (The last postseason game for a member before 2025 was the [1934 Rose Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Rose_Bowl "1934 Rose Bowl"), won by [Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Columbia_Lions_football_team "1933 Columbia Lions football team").)[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-vnqmud-237)[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-colamz-238) For this reason, any Ivy League team invited to the FCS playoffs turned down the bid. The Ivy League plays a strict 10-game schedule, compared to other FCS members' schedules of 11 (or, in some seasons, 12) regular season games, plus post-season, which expanded in [2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season "2013 NCAA Division I FCS football season") to five rounds with 24 teams, with a bye week for the top eight teams. Football had been the only sport in which the Ivy League declined to compete for a national title. However, beginning in 2025, the Ivy League will participate in the FCS playoffs, with its conference champion automatically qualifying for the tournament.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-2025playoffs-239)
### Sprint football
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=35 "Edit section: Sprint football")\]
In addition to varsity football, Penn and Cornell also field teams in the 9-team [Collegiate Sprint Football League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_football "Sprint football"), in which all players must weigh 178 pounds or less. With Princeton canceling its program in 2016,[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-240) Penn is the last remaining founding members of the league from its 1934 debut, and Cornell is the next-oldest, joining in 1937. Yale and Columbia previously fielded teams in the league but no longer do so.
### Teams
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=36 "Edit section: Teams")\]
| Sport | Men's | Women's |
|---|---|---|
| [Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball "College baseball") | 8 | – |
| [Basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball "College basketball") | 8 | 8 |
| [Cross-country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_running "Cross country running") | 8 | 8 |
| [Fencing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing "Fencing") | 6 | 7 |
| [Field hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey "Field hockey") | – | 8 |
| [Football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football "College football") | 8 | – |
| [Golf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf "Golf") | 8 | 7 |
| [Ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_ice_hockey "College ice hockey") | 6 | 6 |
| [Lacrosse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_lacrosse "College lacrosse") | 7 | 8 |
| [Rowing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_rowing_\(United_States\) "College rowing (United States)") | 8 | 7 |
| Soccer | 8 | 8 |
| [Softball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_softball "College softball") | – | 8 |
| [Squash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_\(sport\) "Squash (sport)") | 8 | 8 |
| Swimming and [diving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_\(sport\) "Diving (sport)") | 8 | 8 |
| [Tennis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis "Tennis") | 8 | 8 |
| [Track and field (indoor)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field#Indoor "Track and field") | 8 | 8 |
| [Track and field (outdoor)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field#Outdoor "Track and field") | 8 | 8 |
| [Volleyball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball "Volleyball") | – | 8 |
| [Wrestling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_wrestling "Collegiate wrestling") | 6 | – |
### Men's sponsored sports by school
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=37 "Edit section: Men's sponsored sports by school")\]
| School | Baseball | Basketball | Cross Country | Fencing | Football | Golf | Lacrosse | Rowing | Soccer | Squash | Swimming & Diving | Tennis | Track & Field (Indoor) | Track & Field (Outdoor) | Wrestling | Total Ivy League Sports |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brown | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 12 |
| Columbia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 14 |
| Cornell | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 14 |
| Dartmouth | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | 13 |
| Harvard | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 15 |
| Penn | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 15 |
| Princeton | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 15 |
| Yale | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | 14 |
| Totals | 8 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 110 |
#### Men's varsity sports not sponsored by the Ivy League
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=38 "Edit section: Men's varsity sports not sponsored by the Ivy League")\]
| School | Crew | Ice Hockey1 | Polo | Sailing | Skiing | Volleyball | Water Polo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brown | Independent | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | No | Independent | No | No | [CWPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Water_Polo_Association "Collegiate Water Polo Association") |
| Columbia | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Cornell | No | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | Independent | No | No | No | No |
| Dartmouth | No | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | No | Independent | Independent | No | No |
| Harvard | No | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | No | Independent | Independent | [EIVA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Intercollegiate_Volleyball_Association "Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association") | [CWPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Water_Polo_Association "Collegiate Water Polo Association") |
| Penn | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Princeton | No | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | No | No | No | [EIVA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Intercollegiate_Volleyball_Association "Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association") | [CWPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Water_Polo_Association "Collegiate Water Polo Association") |
| Yale | Independent | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | No | Independent | No | No | No |
Notes:
1. Though the Ivy League lists ice hockey as a sponsored sport, all six ice hockey–playing Ivy League schools participate as members of [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey").
### Women's sponsored sports by school
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=39 "Edit section: Women's sponsored sports by school")\]
| School | Basketball | Cross Country | Fencing | Field Hockey | Golf | Lacrosse | Rowing | Soccer | Softball | Squash | Swimming & Diving | Tennis | Track & Field (Indoor) | Track & Field (Outdoor) | Volleyball | Total Ivy League Sports |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brown | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 13 |
| Columbia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 15 |
| Cornell | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 14 |
| Dartmouth | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 14 |
| Harvard | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 15 |
| Penn | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 15 |
| Princeton | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 15 |
| Yale | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 15 |
| Totals | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 116 |
#### Women's varsity sports not sponsored by the Ivy League
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=40 "Edit section: Women's varsity sports not sponsored by the Ivy League")\]
| School | Archery | Crew | Equestrian | Gymnastics | Ice Hockey1 | Polo | Rugby2 | Sailing | Skiing | Water Polo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brown | No | Independent | Independent | [GEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gymnastics_East_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gymnastics East Conference (page does not exist)") | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | No | Independent | Independent | No | [CWPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Water_Polo_Association "Collegiate Water Polo Association") |
| Columbia | Independent | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Cornell | No | No | Independent | [GEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gymnastics_East_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gymnastics East Conference (page does not exist)") | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | Independent | No | Independent | No | No |
| Dartmouth | No | No | Independent | No | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | No | Independent | Independent | Independent | No |
| Harvard | No | No | No | No | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | No | Independent | Independent | Independent | [CWPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Water_Polo_Association "Collegiate Water Polo Association") |
| Penn | No | No | No | [GEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gymnastics_East_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gymnastics East Conference (page does not exist)") | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Princeton | No | No | No | No | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | No | Independent[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-242) | No | No | [CWPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Water_Polo_Association "Collegiate Water Polo Association") |
| Yale | No | No | No | [GEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gymnastics_East_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gymnastics East Conference (page does not exist)") | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | No | No | Independent | No | No |
Notes:
1. Though the Ivy League lists ice hockey as a sponsored sport, all six ice hockey–playing Ivy League schools participate as members of [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey").
2. The Ivy League is home to some of the oldest [college rugby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_rugby "College rugby") teams in the United States. Although none of the men's teams and half of the women's teams are not "varsity" sports, they all compete against each other as part of the [Ivy Rugby Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Rugby_Conference "Ivy Rugby Conference")[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-243) in addition to their own local conferences. Four of the women's teams (Brown, Dartmouth, Harvard, and Princeton) play as part of the NCAA emerging sport category.[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-244)
### Historical results
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=41 "Edit section: Historical results")\]
| Institution | Ivy League championships | NCAA team championships |
|---|---|---|
| Princeton Tigers | 476 | 12 |
| Harvard Crimson | 415 | 4 |
| Cornell Big Red | 231 | 5 |
| Pennsylvania Quakers | 210 | 3 |
| Yale Bulldogs | 202 | 3 |
| Dartmouth Big Green | 140 | 3 |
| Brown Bears | 123 | 7 |
| Columbia Lions | 105 | 11 |
The table above includes the number of team championships won from the beginning of official Ivy League competition (1956–57 academic year) through 2016–17. Princeton and Harvard have on occasion won ten or more Ivy League titles in a year, an achievement accomplished 10 times by Harvard and 24 times by Princeton, including a conference-record 15 championships in 2010–11. Only once has one of the other six schools earned more than eight titles in a single academic year (Cornell with nine in 2005–06). In the 38 academic years beginning 1979–80, Princeton has averaged 10 championships per year, one-third of the conference total of 33 sponsored sports.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-245)
In the 12 academic years beginning 2005–06 Princeton has won championships in 31 different sports, all except wrestling and men's tennis.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-246)
### Rivalries
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=42 "Edit section: Rivalries")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornell_University_vs_Princeton_Lacrosse_1987.jpg)
Cornell and Princeton are longtime [lacrosse rivals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell%E2%80%93Princeton_lacrosse_rivalry "Cornell–Princeton lacrosse rivalry").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_Stadium_-_1903_Greek_Play.jpg)
Performance of a Greek play at [Harvard Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Stadium "Harvard Stadium") in 1903
Rivalries run deep in the Ivy League. For instance, Princeton and [Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Quakers_men%27s_basketball "Penn Quakers men's basketball") are longstanding [men's basketball rivals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_%E2%80%93_Princeton_basketball_rivalry "Penn – Princeton basketball rivalry");[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-247) "Puck Frinceton" T-shirts are worn by Quaker fans at games.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-248) In only 11 instances in the history of Ivy League basketball, and in only seven seasons since Yale's 1962 title, has neither Penn nor Princeton won at least a share of the Ivy League title in basketball,[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-249) with Princeton champion or co-champion 26 times and Penn 25 times. Penn has won 21 outright, Princeton 19 outright. Princeton has been a co-champion 7 times, sharing 4 of those titles with Penn (these 4 seasons represent the only times Penn has been co-champion).
Harvard won its first title of either variety in 2011, losing a dramatic play-off game to Princeton for the NCAA tournament bid, then rebounded to win outright championships in [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_basketball_team "2011–12 Harvard Crimson men's basketball team"), [2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_basketball_team "2012–13 Harvard Crimson men's basketball team"), and [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_basketball_team "2013–14 Harvard Crimson men's basketball team"). Harvard also won the 2013 Great Alaska Shootout, defeating TCU to become the only Ivy League school to win the now-defunct tournament.
Rivalries exist between other Ivy league teams in other sports, including [Cornell and Harvard in hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell-Harvard_hockey_rivalry "Cornell-Harvard hockey rivalry"), Harvard and Princeton in swimming, and Harvard and Penn in football (Penn and Harvard have won 28 Ivy League Football Championships since 1982, Penn-16; Harvard-12). During that time Penn has had 8 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships and Harvard has had 6 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships.[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-250) In [men's lacrosse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_lacrosse "Field lacrosse"), [Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_men%27s_lacrosse "Cornell Big Red men's lacrosse") and [Princeton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_men%27s_lacrosse "Princeton Tigers men's lacrosse") are [perennial rivals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell%E2%80%93Princeton_lacrosse_rivalry "Cornell–Princeton lacrosse rivalry"), and they are two of three Ivy League teams to have won the NCAA tournament.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-251) In 2009, the Big Red and Tigers met for their 70th game in the [NCAA tournament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Lacrosse_Championship "2009 NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship").[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-252) No team other than Harvard or Princeton has won the men's swimming conference title outright since 1972, although Yale, Columbia, and Cornell have shared the title with Harvard and Princeton during this time. Similarly, no program other than Princeton and Harvard has won the women's swimming championship since Brown's 1999 title. Princeton or Cornell has won every indoor and outdoor track and field championship, both men's and women's, every year since 2002–03, with one exception (Columbia women won the indoor championship in 2012). Harvard and Yale are [football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Game_\(Harvard-Yale\) "The Game (Harvard-Yale)") and [crew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_Regatta "Harvard–Yale Regatta") rivals although the competition has become unbalanced; Harvard has won all but one of the last 15 football games and all but one of the last 13 crew races.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ingalls_Rink_Highsmith.jpg)
The [Ingalls Rink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalls_Rink "Ingalls Rink"), Yale's primary hockey facility
#### Intra-conference football rivalries
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=43 "Edit section: Intra-conference football rivalries")\]
| Teams | Name | Trophy | First met | Games played | Series record |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [Columbia–Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia%E2%80%93Cornell_football_rivalry "Columbia–Cornell football rivalry") | Empire State Bowl | Empire Cup | 1889 | 103 games | 36–64–3 |
| [Cornell–Dartmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell%E2%80%93Dartmouth_football_rivalry "Cornell–Dartmouth football rivalry") | None | None | 1900 | 103 games | 41–61–1 |
| [Cornell–Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell%E2%80%93Penn_football_rivalry "Cornell–Penn football rivalry") | None | Trustee's Cup | 1893 | 122 games | 46–71–5 |
| [Dartmouth–Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth%E2%80%93Harvard_football_rivalry "Dartmouth–Harvard football rivalry") | None | None | 1882 | 123 games | 47–71–5 |
| Dartmouth–Princeton | None | Sawhorse Dollar | 1897 | 100 games | 50–46–4 |
| [Harvard–Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Penn_football_rivalry "Harvard–Penn football rivalry") | None | None | 1881 | 90 games | 49–39–2 |
| [Harvard–Princeton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Princeton_football_rivalry "Harvard–Princeton football rivalry") | None | None | 1877 | 112 games | 57–48–7 |
| [Harvard–Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_football_rivalry "Harvard–Yale football rivalry") | The Game | None | 1875 | 132 games | 59–65–8 |
| [Penn–Princeton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn%E2%80%93Princeton_football_rivalry "Penn–Princeton football rivalry") | None | None | 1876 | 111 games | 67–43–1 |
| [Princeton–Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton%E2%80%93Yale_football_rivalry "Princeton–Yale football rivalry") | None | None | 1873 | 138 games | 52–76–10 |
The Yale–Princeton series is the nation's second-longest by games played, surpassed only by ["The Rivalry"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rivalry_\(Lafayette%E2%80%93Lehigh\) "The Rivalry (Lafayette–Lehigh)") between [Lehigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Mountain_Hawks_football "Lehigh Mountain Hawks football") and [Lafayette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_Leopards_football "Lafayette Leopards football"), which began later in 1884 but included two or three games in each of 17 early seasons.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-253) For the first three decades of the Yale-Princeton rivalry, the two played their season-ending game at a neutral site, usually New York City, and with one exception (1890: Harvard), the winner of the game also won at least a share of the [national championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS "College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS") that year, covering the period 1869 through 1903.[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-254)[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-255) This phenomenon of a finale contest at a neutral site for the national title created a social occasion for the society elite of the metropolitan area akin to a [Super Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl "Super Bowl") in the era prior to the establishment of the [NFL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League") in 1920.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-256)[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-257) These football games were also financially profitable for the two universities, so much that they began to play baseball games in New York City as well, drawing record crowds for that sport also, largely from the same social demographic.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-258) In a period when the only professional team sports were fledgling baseball leagues, these high-profile early contests between Princeton and Yale played a role in popularizing spectator sports, demonstrating their financial potential and raising public awareness of Ivy universities at a time when few people attended college.
#### Extra-conference football rivalries
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=44 "Edit section: Extra-conference football rivalries")\]
| Teams | Name | Trophy | First met | Games played | Series record |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brown–[Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_Rams_football "Rhode Island Rams football") | None | [Governor's Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Rhode_Island_football_rivalry "Brown–Rhode Island football rivalry") | 1909 | 107 games | 73–32–2 |
| Columbia–[Fordham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_Rams_football "Fordham Rams football") | None | [Liberty Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Cup "Liberty Cup") | 1890 | 24 games | 12–12–0 |
| Cornell–[Colgate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate_Raiders_football "Colgate Raiders football") | [None](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate%E2%80%93Cornell_football_rivalry "Colgate–Cornell football rivalry") | None | 1896 | 95 games | 48–44–3 |
| Dartmouth–[New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Wildcats_football "New Hampshire Wildcats football") | [Granite Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth%E2%80%93New_Hampshire_football_rivalry "Dartmouth–New Hampshire football rivalry") | Granite Bowl Trophy | 1901 | 42 games | 21–19–2 |
| Harvard–[Holy Cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Cross_Crusaders_football "Holy Cross Crusaders football") | None | None | 1904 | 67 games | 41–24–2 |
| Penn–[Lafayette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_Leopards_football "Lafayette Leopards football") | None | None | 1882 | 90 games | 63–23–4 |
| Penn–[Lehigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Mountain_Hawks_football "Lehigh Mountain Hawks football") | None | None | 1885 | 56 games | 43–13 |
| Princeton–[Rutgers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_football "Rutgers Scarlet Knights football") | [None](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton%E2%80%93Rutgers_rivalry "Princeton–Rutgers rivalry") | None | 1869 | 71 games | 53–17–1 |
| Yale–[Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Black_Knights_football "Army Black Knights football") | None | None | 1893 | 45 games | 22–16–8 |
| Yale–[Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UConn_Huskies_football "UConn Huskies football") | None | None | 1948 | 49 games | 32–17 |
## Championships
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=45 "Edit section: Championships")\]
### NCAA team championships
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=46 "Edit section: NCAA team championships")\]
This list, which is current through January 8, 2018,[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-259) includes NCAA championships and women's [AIAW championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Intercollegiate_Athletics_for_Women_championships "Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women championships") (one each for Yale and Dartmouth and five for Cornell). Excluded from this list are all other national championships earned [outside the scope of NCAA competition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_college_athletics_championship_game_outcomes "List of college athletics championship game outcomes"), including football titles and retroactive [Helms Foundation titles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helms_Athletic_Foundation "Helms Athletic Foundation").
| School | Total | Men | Women | Co-ed | Nickname |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [Yale University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University") | [29](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs#NCAA_team_championships "Yale Bulldogs")[\[g\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-fn1-260) | 26 | 3 | 0 | [Bulldogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs "Yale Bulldogs") |
| [Princeton University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University") | [24](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers#NCAA_team_championships "Princeton Tigers")[\[g\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-fn1-260) | 19 | 4 | 1 | [Tigers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers "Princeton Tigers") |
| [Columbia University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") | [14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Lions#NCAA_team_championships "Columbia Lions") | 11 | 0 | 3 | [Lions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Lions "Columbia Lions") |
| [Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") | [10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson#NCAA_team_championships "Harvard Crimson")[\[g\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-fn1-260) | 7 | 2 | 1 | [Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson "Harvard Crimson") |
| [Brown University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University") | [7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears#NCAA_team_championships "Brown Bears") | 0 | 7 | 0 | [Bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears "Brown Bears") |
| [Cornell University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") | [10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red#NCAA_team_championships "Cornell Big Red") | 5 | 5 | 0 | [Big Red](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red "Cornell Big Red") |
| [Dartmouth College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College") | [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green#NCAA_team_championships "Dartmouth Big Green")[\[g\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-fn1-260) | 1 | 1 | 3 | [Big Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green "Dartmouth Big Green") |
| [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") | [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Quakers#NCAA_team_championships "Penn Quakers") | 3 | 1 | 0 | [Quakers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Quakers "Penn Quakers") |
See also: [List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_schools_with_the_most_NCAA_Division_I_championships "List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships") and [List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_schools_with_the_most_Division_I_national_championships "List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships")
## Athletic facilities
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=47 "Edit section: Athletic facilities")\]
| | Football stadium | Basketball arena | Baseball field | Hockey rink | Soccer stadium | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| School[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-261) | Name | Capacity | Year | Name | Capacity | Year | Name | Capacity | Year | Name | Capacity | Year | Name | Capacity | Year |
| [**Brown**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears "Brown Bears") | [Richard Gouse Field at Brown Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gouse_Field_at_Brown_Stadium "Richard Gouse Field at Brown Stadium") | 20,000 | 1925 | [Pizzitola Sports Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizzitola_Sports_Center "Pizzitola Sports Center") | 2,800 | 1989 | [Murray Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Stadium "Murray Stadium") | 1,000 | 1959 | [Meehan Auditorium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meehan_Auditorium "Meehan Auditorium") | 3,100 | 1961 | [Stevenson Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenson_Field "Stevenson Field") | 3,500 | 1979 |
| [**Columbia**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Lions "Columbia Lions") | [Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_K._Kraft_Field_at_Lawrence_A._Wien_Stadium "Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium") | 17,000 | 1984 | [Levien Gymnasium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levien_Gymnasium "Levien Gymnasium") | 3,408 | 1974 | [Robertson Field at Satow Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson_Field_at_Satow_Stadium "Robertson Field at Satow Stadium") | 1,500 | 1923 | *Non-hockey school* | [Commisso Soccer Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commisso_Soccer_Stadium "Commisso Soccer Stadium") | 3,500 | 1985 | | |
| [**Cornell**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red "Cornell Big Red") | [Schoellkopf Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoellkopf_Field "Schoellkopf Field") | 25,597 | 1915 | [Newman Arena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newman_Arena "Newman Arena") | 4,472 | 1990 | Booth Field | 500 | 2023 | [Lynah Rink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynah_Rink "Lynah Rink") | 4,267 | 1957 | [Charles F. Berman Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Berman_Field "Charles F. Berman Field") | 1,000 | 2000 |
| [**Dartmouth**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green "Dartmouth Big Green") | [Buddy Teevens Stadium at Memorial Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Field_\(Dartmouth\) "Memorial Field (Dartmouth)") | 15,600 | 1923 | [Leede Arena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leede_Arena "Leede Arena") | 2,100 | 1986 | [Red Rolfe Field at Biondi Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Rolfe_Field_at_Biondi_Park "Red Rolfe Field at Biondi Park") | 2,000 | 2008 | [Thompson Arena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_Arena "Thompson Arena") | 4,500 | 1975 | [Burnham Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnham_Field "Burnham Field") | 1,600 | 2007 |
| [**Harvard**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson "Harvard Crimson") | [Harvard Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Stadium "Harvard Stadium") | 30,898 | 1903 | [Lavietes Pavilion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavietes_Pavilion "Lavietes Pavilion") | 2,195 | 1926 | [Joseph J. O'Donnell Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_J._O%27Donnell_Field "Joseph J. O'Donnell Field") | 1,600 | 1898 | [Bright Hockey Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_Hockey_Center "Bright Hockey Center") | 2,850 | 1956 | [Jordan Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Field "Jordan Field") | 2,500 | 2010 |
| [**Penn**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Quakers "Penn Quakers") | [Franklin Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Field "Franklin Field") | 52,593 | 1895 | [The Palestra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Palestra "The Palestra") | 8,722 | 1927 | [Meiklejohn Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiklejohn_Stadium "Meiklejohn Stadium") | 850 | 2000 | [Class of 1923 Arena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_of_1923_Arena "Class of 1923 Arena") | 2,500 | 1972 | Rhodes Field | 1,700 | 2002[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-262) |
| [**Princeton**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers "Princeton Tigers") | [Powers Field at Princeton Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powers_Field_at_Princeton_Stadium "Powers Field at Princeton Stadium") | 27,800 | 1998 | [Jadwin Gymnasium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwin_Gymnasium "Jadwin Gymnasium") | 6,854 | 1969 | [Bill Clarke Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clarke_Field "Bill Clarke Field") | 850 | 1961 | [Hobey Baker Memorial Rink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobey_Baker_Memorial_Rink "Hobey Baker Memorial Rink") | 2,094 | 1923 | [Roberts Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Stadium_\(Soccer_stadium\) "Roberts Stadium (Soccer stadium)") | 3,000 | 2008 |
| [**Yale**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs "Yale Bulldogs") | [Yale Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bowl "Yale Bowl") | 61,446 | 1914 | [John J. Lee Amphitheater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payne_Whitney_Gymnasium "Payne Whitney Gymnasium") | 3,100 | 1932 | [Yale Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Field "Yale Field") | 6,200 | 1927 | [Ingalls Rink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalls_Rink "Ingalls Rink") | 3,486 | 1958 | [Reese Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reese_Stadium "Reese Stadium") | 3,000 | 1981 |
## Other Ivies
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=48 "Edit section: Other Ivies")\]
The term *Ivy* is sometimes used to connote a positive comparison to or an association with the Ivy League, often along academic lines. The term has been used to describe the [Little Ivies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ivies "Little Ivies"), a grouping of small liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-263) Other common uses include the [Public Ivies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Ivy "Public Ivy"), the [Hidden Ivies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Ivies "Hidden Ivies"), the [Southern Ivies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ivy "Southern Ivy"), and the [Black Ivies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Ivy_League "Black Ivy League").[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-264)
### IvyPlus
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=49 "Edit section: IvyPlus")\]
Main article: [IvyPlus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IvyPlus "IvyPlus")
The informal term *IvyPlus* refers to the original eight Ivy league institutions along with a select group of other elite institutions including the [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology"), [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University"), [Duke University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University "Duke University"), and [University of Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago "University of Chicago").[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-265)[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Untangling-266)[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-267) [Johns Hopkins University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University "Johns Hopkins University") is often included as well. Beyond rankings and prestige,[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-268) these schools are included in the grouping given their formal participation in exchange programs,[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-269) university consortia,[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-sustain-270) shared academic resources,[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-271) collaborative alumni associations,[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-BluePrint-272)[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-273) or endowment comparisons.[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-274)[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-275)[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-DangerousWealth-276)[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Lerner-277)
## See also
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=50 "Edit section: See also")\]
- [Big Three](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Three_\(colleges\) "Big Three (colleges)")—An athletic rivalry between Harvard, Yale, and Princeton
- [Black Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Ivy_League "Black Ivy League")—Informal list of private [historically black colleges and universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities "Historically black colleges and universities") that have historically been seen as the African American equivalent to the Ivy League
- [List of Ivy League medical schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_medical_schools "List of Ivy League medical schools")—Schools of the Ivy League universities that offer medical education
- [List of Ivy League law schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_law_schools "List of Ivy League law schools")—Schools of the Ivy League universities that offer various law degrees
- [List of Ivy League business schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_business_schools "List of Ivy League business schools")—Schools of the Ivy League universities that offer various business degrees, especially the MBA
- [List of Ivy League public policy schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_public_policy_schools "List of Ivy League public policy schools")—Schools of the Ivy League universities that offer [public policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Public_Policy "Master of Public Policy") or [public administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Public_Administration "Master of Public Administration") degrees
- [Little Ivies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ivies "Little Ivies")—Private liberal arts colleges that historically have had the same social prestige and similar large financial endowments as the Ivy league
- [Public Ivy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Ivy "Public Ivy")—Public colleges & universities that are perceived to provide an education equal to the Ivy League
- [Seven Sisters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Sisters_\(colleges\) "Seven Sisters (colleges)")—Seven liberal arts colleges, previously open to only women, with historical affiliations to the Ivy League
## Notes
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=51 "Edit section: Notes")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-12)** Liberal arts colleges and regional institutions are ranked separately.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-28)** This figure does not include the [Columbia University School of General Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_School_of_General_Studies "Columbia University School of General Studies"), which, though it is an undergraduate school of the university, is generally not counted as such when calculating student body size and admission rates.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-26)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-27) Including General Studies students, the university overall would have an undergraduate enrollment of 9704 students for 2024.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-30)** Harvard's medical, business, and engineering schools, and most of its athletic facilities, are across the [Charles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River "Charles River") in [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston "Boston").
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-36)** Princeton University has historical ties to an older college. Five of the twelve members of Princeton's first board of trustees were very closely associated with a "[Log College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_College "Log College")" operated by Presbyterian minister [William Tennent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tennent "William Tennent") and his son [Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Tennent "Gilbert Tennent") in [Bucks County, Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania "Bucks County, Pennsylvania") from 1726 until 1746.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-princeton1-35) Because the College of New Jersey and the Log College shared the same religious affiliation (a moderate element within the "[New Side](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Side-New_Side_Controversy "The Old Side-New Side Controversy")" or "[New Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_and_New_Light "Old and New Light")" wing of the [Presbyterian Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism "Presbyterianism")) and there was a considerable overlap in their boards of trustees, some historians suggest that there is sufficient connection between this school and the College of New Jersey which would enable Princeton to claim a founding date of 1726. However, Princeton does not officially do so and a university historian says that the "facts do not warrant" such a claim.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-princeton1-35)
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-44)** There is some disagreement about Penn's date of founding as the university has never used its legal charter date for this purpose and, in addition, took the unusual step of changing its official founding date approximately 150 years after the fact. The first meeting of the founding trustees of the secondary school which eventually became the [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") took place in November 1749. Secondary instruction for boys at the *[Academy of Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Philadelphia "Academy of Philadelphia")* began in August 1751. Undergraduate education for men began after a collegiate charter for the *[College of Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Philadelphia "College of Philadelphia")* was granted in 1755. Penn initially designated 1750 as its founding date. Sometime later in its early history, Penn began to refer to 1749 instead. The school considered 1749 to be its founding date for more than a century until, in 1895, elite universities in the United States agreed that formal [academic processions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_procession "Academic procession") would place visiting dignitaries and other officials in the order of their institution's founding dates. Four years later in 1899, Penn's board of trustees voted to retroactively revise the university's founding date from 1749 to 1740 in order to become older than Princeton, which had been chartered in 1746. The premise for this revised founding date was that the Academy of Philadelphia purchased the building and assumed the educational mandate of an inactive trust which had originally hoped to open a charity school for indigent children. This was part of a 1740 project that had been planned to comprise both a church and school though because of insufficient funding, only the church was built and even it was never put into use. The dormant church building was conveyed to the Academy of Philadelphia in 1750.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-41)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-42)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-43)
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-204)** As of 2025[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit). While there have been 47 presidencies, only 45 individuals have served as president. Two presidents have served non-consecutive terms: and thus, [Grover Cleveland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland "Grover Cleveland") is numbered as both the 22nd and 24th U.S. president, and [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") is numbered as both the 45th and 47th U.S. president.
7. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-fn1_260-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-fn1_260-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-fn1_260-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-fn1_260-3) The NCAA started sponsoring the intercollegiate golf championship in 1939, but it retained the titles from the 41 championships previously conferred by the National Intercollegiate Golf Association in its records. Of these pre-NCAA titles, Yale, Princeton, Harvard and Dartmouth won 20, 11, 6 and 1, respectively.
## References
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=52 "Edit section: References")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-1)**
["Executive Director Robin Harris"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160405152035/http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/information/directory/bios/robin_harris). Archived from [the original](http://ivyleaguesports.com/information/directory/bios/robin_harris) on April 5, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Princeton_Campus_Guide_2-0)**
["Princeton Campus Guide – Ivy League"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100322232720/http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/ivy_league.html). Archived from [the original](http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/ivy_league.html) on March 22, 2010. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-www.crimsoneducation.org_3-0)**
["The Benefits of the Ivy League – Crimson Education US"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220212121543/https://www.crimsoneducation.org/us/blog/campus-life-more/benefits-of-Ivy-League/). *www.crimsoneducation.org*. Archived from [the original](https://www.crimsoneducation.org/us/blog/campus-life-more/benefits-of-Ivy-League) on February 12, 2022. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Vedder_4-0)**
Vedder, Richard. ["Does Attending Elite Colleges Make You Happy? Lessons From The Admissions Scandal"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardvedder/2019/04/22/college-quality-and-lifetime-happiness-lessons-from-the-varsity-blue-admissions-scandal/). *Forbes*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220212121532/https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardvedder/2019/04/22/college-quality-and-lifetime-happiness-lessons-from-the-varsity-blue-admissions-scandal/) from the original on February 12, 2022. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Gladwell_5-0)**
Gladwell, Malcolm. ["Getting In"](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/10/10/getting-in). *The New Yorker*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200216021140/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/10/10/getting-in) from the original on February 16, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Princeton_University_Admission-2016_6-0)**
["Joint Ivy Statement on Admission Policies"](https://admission.princeton.edu/how-apply/joint-ivy-statement-admission-policies). *Princeton University Admission*. September 2, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220324053757/https://admission.princeton.edu/how-apply/joint-ivy-statement-admission-policies) from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
7. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-officialhistory_7-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-officialhistory_7-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-officialhistory_7-2)
["Ivy League History and Timeline"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160420101456/http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/history/timeline/index). Archived from [the original](http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/history/timeline/index) on April 20, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-8)**
["The Beginning of the Ancient Eight"](https://cornellsun.com/2009/07/19/beginning-ancient-eight/). The Cornell Daily Sun. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201026133515/https://cornellsun.com/2009/07/19/beginning-ancient-eight/) from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-9)**
["Modernizing the Ancient Eight"](https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2016/01/20/bronsdon-modernizing-the-ancient-eight/). Yale Daily News. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201110040359/https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2016/01/20/bronsdon-modernizing-the-ancient-eight/) from the original on November 10, 2020. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-World's_Best_Colleges_10-0)**
["World's Best Colleges"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120530232922/http://www.usnews.com/education/worlds-best-universities-rankings/top-400-universities-in-the-world). Archived from [the original](https://www.usnews.com/articles/education/worlds-best-colleges/2009/06/18/worlds-best-colleges-top-400.html) on May 30, 2012. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
11. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-U.S._News_&_World_Report_11-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-U.S._News_&_World_Report_11-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-U.S._News_&_World_Report_11-2)
["National University Rankings"](https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities). *U.S. News & World Report*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090417054249/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/college/national-search) from the original on April 17, 2009.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-US_News_history_13-0)**
["U.S. News & World Report Historical Liberal Arts College and University Rankings"](http://andyreiter.com/datasets/). *Datasets*. Andrew G. Reiter. July 13, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170916095502/http://andyreiter.com/datasets/) from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-U.S._News-2022-2023_14-0)**
["2022 Best Global Universities Rankings"](https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings). *U.S. News*. 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141028092904/http://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings) from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Association_of_American_Universities_15-0)**
["Our Members"](https://www.aau.edu/who-we-are/our-members). Association of American Universities. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210605095215/https://www.aau.edu/who-we-are/our-members) from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Dartmouth_and_Cornell_respectively_16-0)** [Dartmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College") and [Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") respectively
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-The_Boston_Globe_17-0)**
["Brown University's endowment reaches \$6.9b after generating a more than 50 percent return"](https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/10/14/metro/brown-universitys-endowment-reaches-69b-after-generating-more-than-50-percent-return/). *The Boston Globe*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211014192838/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/10/14/metro/brown-universitys-endowment-reaches-69b-after-generating-more-than-50-percent-return/) from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
17. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-The_Harvard_Crimson-2_18-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-The_Harvard_Crimson-2_18-1)
["Harvard's Endowment Soars to \$53.2 Billion, Reports 33.6% Returns"](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/10/15/endowment-returns-soar-2021/). *The Harvard Crimson*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211014171054/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/10/15/endowment-returns-soar-2021/) from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-10_Private_Universities_With_Largest_Financial_Endowments_19-0)**
["10 Private Universities With Largest Financial Endowments"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120801124053/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-colleges/articles/2011/06/28/10-universities-with-largest-financial-endowments). Archived from [the original](https://www.usnews.com/education/best-colleges/articles/2011/06/28/10-universities-with-largest-financial-endowments) on August 1, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-20)**
["What's Better for Me: Ivy League or Oxbridge?"](http://www.ueseducation.com/blog/ivy-league-oxbridge). *UES Education*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231229173035/https://www.ueseducation.com/blog/ivy-league-oxbridge) from the original on December 29, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-en.people.cn_21-0)**
["China's Ivy League：C9 League"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190103063135/http://en.people.cn/203691/7822275.html). *en.people.cn*. Archived from [the original](http://en.people.cn/203691/7822275.html) on January 3, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-22)**
["France's educational elite"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4190728/Frances-educational-elite.html). *The Daily Telegraph*. London. November 17, 2003. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Prestigious-2017_23-0)**
["Prestigious 'Imperial Universities' the best in Japan – THE rankings – Study International"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190715045309/https://www.studyinternational.com/news/prestigious-imperial-universities-best-japan-rankings/). March 31, 2017. Archived from [the original](https://www.studyinternational.com/news/prestigious-imperial-universities-best-japan-rankings/) on July 15, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
23. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-NACUBO_24-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-NACUBO_24-1)
As of June 30, 2023.
["U.S. and Canadian 2023 NCSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2023 Endowment Market Value, Change in Market Value from FY22 to FY23, and FY23 Endowment Market Values Per Full-time Equivalent Student"](https://web.archive.org/web/20240215102011/https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2023-NCSE-Endowment-Market-Values-FINAL.ashx). National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO). February 15, 2024. Archived from [the original](https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2023-NCSE-Endowment-Market-Values-FINAL.ashx) (XLS) on February 15, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Brown_University_25-0)**
["Faculty & Employees"](https://www.brown.edu/about/facts/faculty-and-employees). Brown University. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190123151951/https://www.brown.edu/about/facts/faculty-and-employees) from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-26)**
["Columbia University"](https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/columbia-university-2707#:~:text=Columbia%20University%20is%20a%20private,campus%20size%20is%2036%20acres.). *usnews.com*. 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112624/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/columbia-university-2707#:~:text=Columbia%20University%20is%20a%20private,campus%20size%20is%2036%20acres.) from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-27)**
["How many students attend Columbia?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184742/https://undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu/ask/faq/question/2512). *undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu*. Columbia Undergraduate Admissions. Archived from [the original](https://undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu/ask/faq/question/2512) on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Office_of_the_Provost_29-0)**
["Full-time Faculty Distribution by School/Division, Fall 2009–2019"](https://provost.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/Institutional%20Research/Statistical%20Abstract/opir_faculty_history.pdf) (PDF). *Office of the Provost*. Columbia University. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190621215433/https://provost.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/Institutional%20Research/Statistical%20Abstract/opir_faculty_history.pdf) (PDF) from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Instructional_Faculty_Appointments_31-0)**
["Instructional Faculty Appointments"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120425050912/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_09_18-19facuni.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_09_18-19facuni.pdf) (PDF) on April 25, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-penn_facts_32-0)**
["Penn: Penn Facts"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100226023403/http://www.upenn.edu/about/facts.php). The University of Pennsylvania. Archived from [the original](http://www.upenn.edu/about/facts.php) on February 26, 2010. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-33)**
["The Harvard Guide: Cambridge"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070205041058/http://www.news.harvard.edu/guide/commu/index.html). February 5, 2007. Archived from [the original](http://www.news.harvard.edu/guide/commu/index.html) on February 5, 2007. Retrieved July 18, 2024. "Cambridge was founded in 1630 as Newtowne. In 1637, the tiny village was designated as the location of the then-unnamed college, which would be named Harvard the following year."
31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-The_Yale_Corporation-1976_34-0)**
["The Yale Corporation: Charter and Legislation"](http://www.yale.edu/about/University-Charter.pdf) (PDF). 1976. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140603002044/http://www.yale.edu/about/University-Charter.pdf) (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2021. "By the Govrn, in Council & Representatives of his Majties Colony of Connecticut in Genrll Court Assembled, New-Haven, Octr 9: 1701"
32. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-princeton1_35-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-princeton1_35-1)
["Log College"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022928/http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/log_college.html). Etcweb1.princeton.edu. Archived from [the original](http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/log_college.html) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-The_Princeton_University_Press-1906_37-0)**
[*The Charters and By-Laws of the Trustees of Princeton University*](https://archive.org/details/chartersbylawsof00prin). Princeton, NJ: The Princeton University Press. 1906. pp. [11](https://archive.org/details/chartersbylawsof00prin/page/11)–20. "A Charter to Incorporate Sundry Persons to found a College pass'd the Great Seal of this Province of New Jersey ... the 22d October, 1746 ... The Charter thus mentioned has been lost ..."
34. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-princetonchapeltour_38-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-princetonchapeltour_38-1)
["University Chapel: Orange Key Virtual Tour of Princeton University"](https://www.princeton.edu/~oktour/virtualtour/english/Stop05.htm). Princeton University.
35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-New_York,_Printed_for_the_College-1895_39-0)**
[*Charters, acts and official documents together with the lease and re-lease by Trinity church of a portion of the King's farm*](https://archive.org/details/chartersactsoffi00colurich). New York, Printed for the College. June 1895. pp. [10](https://archive.org/details/chartersactsoffi00colurich/page/10)–24. "Witness our Trusty and well beloved'James De Lancey, Esq., our Lieutenant Governor, and Commander in chief in and over our Province of New York ... this thirty first day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and fifty four, and of our Reign the twenty eighth."
36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-PennFoundingYear_40-0)** See [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") for details of the circumstances of Penn's origin. Penn considered its founding date to be 1749 for over a century.[Penn Trustees 1749-1800](http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/trustees.html); [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121125023024/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/trustees.html) November 25, 2012, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") In 1895, elite universities in the United States agreed that henceforth formal [academic processions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_procession "Academic procession") would place visiting dignitaries and other officials in the order of their institution's founding dates. Penn's periodical *The Alumni Register*, published by the General Alumni Society, then began a grassroots campaign to retroactively revise the university's founding date to 1740. In 1899, the Board of Trustees acceded to the alumni initiative and voted to change the founding date to 1740, the date of foundation for the trust that was used to establish the school, following the usage used by Harvard University. The rationale offered in 1899 was that, in 1750 founder Benjamin Franklin and his original board of trustees purchased a completed but unused building and assumed a trust from a group that had hoped to begin a church and charity school in Philadelphia. This edifice was commonly called the "New Building" by local citizens and was referred to by such name in Franklin's memoirs as well as the legal bill of sale in Penn's archives. No name is stated or known for the associated educational trust, hence "Unnamed Charity School" serves as a placeholder to refer to the trust which is the premise for Penn's association with a founding date of 1740. The first named entity in Penn's early history was the 1751 secondary school for boys and charity school for indigent children called "Academy and Charitable School in the Province of Pennsylvania."[Penn's Heritage](http://www.upenn.edu/about/heritage.php); [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121020235939/http://www.upenn.edu/about/heritage.php) October 20, 2012, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") Undergraduate education began in 1755 and the organization then changed its name to "College, Academy and Charity School of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania".[Penn in the 18th Century](http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/penn1700s.html); [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060428155156/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/penn1700s.html) April 28, 2006, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") Operation of the charity school was discontinued a few years later.
37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-41)**
["Table of Contents, Penn History, University of Pennsylvania University Archives"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120225124708/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/entry.html). Archives.upenn.edu. Archived from [the original](http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/entry.html) on February 25, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-42)**
["Gazette: Building Penn's Brand (Sept/Oct 2002)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20051120020503/http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0902/thomas.html). Upenn.edu. Archived from [the original](http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0902/thomas.html) on November 20, 2005. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
39. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-43)**
["Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library: FAQ Princeton University vs. University of Pennsylvania: Which is the older institution?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20030319132644/http://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/older.shtml). Princeton.edu. November 6, 2007. Archived from [the original](https://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/older.shtml) on March 19, 2003. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Penn_45-0)**
Penn's website, like other sources, makes an important point of Penn's heritage being nonsectarian, associated with [Benjamin Franklin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin "Benjamin Franklin") and the Academy of Philadelphia's nonsectarian board of trustees: "The goal of Franklin's nonsectarian, practical plan would be the education of a business and governing class rather than of clergymen."[Penn in the 18th Century](http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/penn1700s.html); [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060428155156/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/penn1700s.html) April 28, 2006, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). Jencks and Riesman (2001) write "The Anglicans who founded the University of Pennsylvania, however, were evidently anxious not to alienate Philadelphia's Quakers, and they made their new college officially nonsectarian." In Franklin's 1749 founding [Proposals relating to the education of youth in Pensilvania](http://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/1749proposals.html) ([Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060504075701/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/1749proposals.html) May 4, 2006, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") [(page images)](http://dewey.library.upenn.edu/sceti/printedbooksNew/index.cfm?TextID=franklin_youth&PagePosition=20) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071018223123/http://dewey.library.upenn.edu/sceti/printedbooksNew/index.cfm?TextID=franklin_youth&PagePosition=20) October 18, 2007, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")), religion is not mentioned directly as a subject of study, but he states in a footnote that the study of "*History* will also afford frequent Opportunities of showing the Necessity of a *Publick Religion*, from its Usefulness to the Publicks; the Advantage of a Religious Character among private Persons; the Mischiefs of Superstition, \&c. and the Excellency of the CHRISTIAN RELIGION above all others antient or modern." Starting in 1751, the same trustees also operated a Charity School for Boys, whose curriculum combined "general principles of Christianity" with practical instruction leading toward careers in business and the "mechanical arts." [Penn in the 18th Century: Charity School of Philadelphia](http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/charitysch.html); [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060620024258/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/charitysch.html) June 20, 2006, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), and thus might be described as "non-denominational Christian." The charity school was originally planned and a trust was organized on paper in 1740 by followers of travelling evangelist [George Whitefield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield "George Whitefield"). The school was to have operated inside a church supported by the same group of adherents. But the organizers ran short of financing and, although the frame of the building was raised, the interior was left unfinished. The founders of the Academy of Philadelphia purchased the unused building in 1750 for their new venture and, in the process, assumed the original trust. Since 1899, Penn has claimed a founding date of 1740, based on the organizational date of the charity school and the premise that it had institutional identity with the Academy of Philadelphia. Whitefield was a firebrand Methodist associated with [The Great Awakening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Awakening "Great Awakening"); since the Methodists did not formally break from the Church of England until 1784, Whitefield in 1740 would be labeled [Episcopalian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England "Church of England"), and in fact *Brown* University, emphasizing its own pioneering nonsectarianism, refers to Penn's origin as "Episcopalian".[Brown’s climate of openness and cooperation can be traced back to its founding over two centuries ago.](https://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/ourhistory.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120118080913/http://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/ourhistory.html) January 18, 2012, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). Penn is sometimes assumed to have Quaker ties (its athletic teams are called "Quakers," and the cross-registration alliance between Penn, Haverford, Swarthmore and Bryn Mawr is known as the "Quaker Consortium.") But Penn's website does not assert any formal affiliation with Quakerism, historic or otherwise, and [Haverford College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverford_College "Haverford College") implicitly asserts a non-Quaker origin for Penn when it states that "Founded in 1833, Haverford is the oldest institution of higher learning with Quaker roots in North America."
["About Haverford College"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120204054925/https://www.haverford.edu/publicrelations/news/QandA.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.haverford.edu/publicrelations/news/QandA.html) on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Dulany_Addison-1911_46-0)**
Dulany Addison, Daniel (1911). ["Protestant Episcopal Church"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Protestant_Episcopal_Church) . In [Chisholm, Hugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm "Hugh Chisholm") (ed.). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition "Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition")*. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 473–475\.
42. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Brown.edu_47-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Brown.edu_47-1)
["Brown Admission: Our History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110208022301/http://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/ourhistory.html). Brown.edu. Archived from [the original](https://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/ourhistory.html) on February 8, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Hoeveler_48-0)** Hoeveler, David J., *Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges*, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, p. 192
44. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press-1911_49-0)**
Brown's charter stated that "into this liberal and catholic institution shall never be admitted any religious tests, but on the contrary, all the members hereof shall forever enjoy full, free, absolute, and uninterrupted liberty of conscience." The charter called for twenty-two of the thirty-six trustees to be Baptists, but required that the remainder be "five Friends, four Congregationalists, and five Episcopalians."
[Chisholm, Hugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm "Hugh Chisholm"), ed. (1911). ["Providence"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Providence) . *[Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition "Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition")*. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 511.
45. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Dartmouth_College_Charter_50-0)**
["Dartmouth College Charter"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150927001030/https://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/rauner/dartmouth/dc-charter.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/rauner/dartmouth/dc-charter.html) on September 27, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2021. "In testimony whereof, we have caused these our letters to be made patent, and the public seal of our said province of New Hampshire to be hereunto affixed. Witness our trusty and well beloved John Wentworth, Esquire, Governor and commander-in-chief in and over our said province, \[etc.\], this thirteenth day of December, in the tenth year of our reign, and in the year of our Lord 1769."
46. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Geiger-2000_51-0)**
Geiger, Roger L. (2000). [*The American College in the Nineteenth Century*](https://books.google.com/books?id=T7nFTW57MgcC). Vanderbilt University Press. p. 163. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8265-1364-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1364-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1364-9")
.
47. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-52)**
["Class Day, New and Old"](http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1893/6/3/class-day-old-and-new-it-is/). *The Harvard Crimson*. June 3, 1893. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230405235748/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1893/6/3/class-day-old-and-new-it-is/?print=1) from the original on April 5, 2023.
48. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-53)**
["Penn: Ivy day and Ivy Stones, a Penn Tradition"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120715230153/http://www.upenn.edu/spotlights/ivy-day-and-ivy-stones-penn-tradition). Archived from [the original](http://www.upenn.edu/spotlights/ivy-day-and-ivy-stones-penn-tradition) on July 15, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
49. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-54)**
"CLASS DAY.: Yale Seniors Plant the Ivy, Sing 'Blage,' and Entertain the Beauty of New Haven". *Boston Daily Globe*. June 27, 1882. p. 4.
50. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-55)**
"Simmons Seniors Hosts Class Day Exercises Late in Afternoon, Planting of the Ivy will be One of the Features". *Boston Evening Transcript*. June 11, 1912. p. 12.
51. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-56)**
["Play a Romance and Plant Ivy, Pretty Class Day Exercises of the Women's College"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1126&dat=19070609&id=uXpRAAAAIBAJ&pg=4741,1858451). *The Gazette Times*. June 9, 1907. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
52. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-57)**
["The Ivy Club: History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111014234433/http://theivyclub.net/history/). Archived from [the original](http://theivyclub.net/history/) on October 14, 2011.
53. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-quotations_58-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-quotations_58-1)
Shapiro, Fred R., ed. (2006). *Yale Book of Quotations*. [Yale University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press "Yale University Press").
54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-59)**
["Ivy League"](https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Ivy+League). *[Oxford English Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary "Oxford English Dictionary")* (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.
(Subscription or [participating institution membership](https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary) required.)
55. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-60)**
Various *Dear Uncle Ezra* student columns report the "IV League" explanation, apparently relying on the *Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins* as the sole source.
- ["Question 13"](https://web.archive.org/web/20030722214918/http://ezra.cornell.edu/posting.php?timestamp=895550400#question13). *Dear Uncle Ezra..*. Cornell University. May 19, 1998. Archived from [the original](https://ezra.cornell.edu/posting.php?timestamp=895550400#question13) on July 22, 2003.
- ["Question 9"](https://web.archive.org/web/20030721134212/http://ezra.cornell.edu/posting.php?timestamp=798955200#question9). *Dear Uncle Ezra..*. Cornell University. April 27, 1995. Archived from [the original](https://ezra.cornell.edu/posting.php?timestamp=798955200#question9) on July 21, 2003.
- ["Question 5"](https://web.archive.org/web/20030524211531/http://ezra.cornell.edu/posting.php?timestamp=639892800#question5). *Dear Uncle Ezra..*. Cornell University. April 12, 1990. Archived from [the original](https://ezra.cornell.edu/posting.php?timestamp=639892800#question5) on May 24, 2003.
56. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-61)**
["How did the Ivy League get its name?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100606232308/http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/2002/101702/askbenny.html). Ask Benny. *The Penn Current*. University of Pennsylvania. October 17, 2002. Archived from [the original](http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/2002/101702/askbenny.html) on June 6, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
57. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-62)**
["Penn Football in the 1800s"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100718192438/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/sports/football/1800s/origins.html). University of Pennsylvania. Archived from [the original](http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/sports/football/1800s/origins.html) on July 18, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
58. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-63)**
["Resource: Student history"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100909165637/http://resource.berkeley.edu/r_html/r01_04.html). Resource.berkeley.edu. Archived from [the original](http://resource.berkeley.edu/r_html/r01_04.html) on September 9, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
59. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-64)**
Davis, Margo Baumgartner; Nilan, Roxanne (1989). [*The Stanford Album: A Photographic History, 1885–1945*](https://books.google.com/books?id=oe0qpzomMwkC&pg=PA14). Stanford University Press. p. 14. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8047-1639-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1639-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1639-0")
.
60. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-65)**
["Jones, Samuel, D.D."](https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/J/jones-samuel-dd.html)
61. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-66)**
Epstein, Joseph (2003). [*Snobbery: The American Version*](https://archive.org/details/snobbery00jose). Houghton Mifflin. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-618-34073-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-34073-4 "Special:BookSources/0-618-34073-4")
.
p. 55, "by WASP Baltzell meant something much more specific; he intended to cover a select group of people who passed through a congeries of elite American institutions: certain eastern [prep schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University-preparatory_school "University-preparatory school"), the Ivy League colleges, and the [Episcopal Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_\(United_States\) "Episcopal Church (United States)") among them."
62. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-autogenerated1_67-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-autogenerated1_67-1)
Auchincloss, Louis (2004). [*East Side Story*](https://archive.org/details/eastsidestorynov00auch_0). Houghton Mifflin. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-618-45244-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-45244-3 "Special:BookSources/0-618-45244-3")
.
p. 179, "he dreaded the aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League colleges"
63. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-68)**
McDonald, Janet (2000). *Project Girl*. University of California Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-520-22345-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22345-4 "Special:BookSources/0-520-22345-4")
.
p. 163 "*Newsweek* is a morass of incest, nepotism, elitism, racism and utter classic white male patriarchal corruption. ... It is completely Ivy League—a Vassar/Columbia J-School dumping ground ... I will always be excluded, regardless of how many Ivy League degrees I acquire, because of the next level of hurdles: family connections and money."
64. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-69)**
["First Harvard versus Yale Football Game Program, 1875 - lot - Sotheby's"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210111203156/http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.171.html/2005/important-sports-memorabilia-and-cards-n08155). *sothebys.com*. Archived from [the original](http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.171.html/2005/important-sports-memorabilia-and-cards-n08155) on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
65. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-70)**
["Year by Year 1875"](http://www.theunbalancedline.com/2010/03/year-by-year-1875.html). *theunbalancedline.com*.
66. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Stannard_71-0)** Ed Stannard, [Photography exhibit reveals 'lost New Haven'](http://www.newhavenregister.com/articles/2009/02/08/news/new_haven/ctoldnewhaven.txt); [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120306222022/http://www.newhavenregister.com/articles/2009/02/08/news/new_haven/ctoldnewhaven.txt) 2012-03-06 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), *The New Haven Register*, February 8, 2009
67. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-72)**
["Penn's oldest sport goes back 168 years, and it's not one you might think"](https://www.thedp.com/article/2020/10/penn-cricket-team-historical-feature). *www.thedp.com*. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
68. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-web.archive.org_73-0)**
["Cricket: Penn's First Organized Sport"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180723200322/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/sports/cricket/1864.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/sports/cricket/1864.html) on July 23, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
69. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-74)** Haverford won such championship 19 times (3 shared with Penn and Harvard, 1 shared with Penn and Cornell, and 1 shared with Penn), and, in third place, Harvard won it 6 times, none after 1899 (3 shared with Haverford and Penn) accessed April 18, 2021.
70. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-75)**
["Columbia Celebrates College Wrestling Centennial"](https://web.archive.org/web/20141010054526/http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/may03/features5.php). Columbia College Today. Archived from [the original](http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/may03/features5.php) on October 10, 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
71. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-76)**
["Colleges Searching for Check On Trend to Goal Post Riots"](https://www.nytimes.com/1935/12/06/archives/colleges-searching-for-check-on-trend-to-goal-post-riots-eastern.html). *The New York Times*. Associated Press. December 6, 1935. p. 33. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180724002313/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/12/06/archives/colleges-searching-for-check-on-trend-to-goal-post-riots-eastern.html) from the original on July 24, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
72. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-77)**
Kelley, Robert F. (January 17, 1936). "Cornell Club Here Welcomes Lynah". *The New York Times*. p. 22.
73. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-78)**
"Immediate Formation of Ivy League Advocated at Seven Eastern Colleges". *The New York Times*. December 3, 1936. p. 33.
74. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-79)**
["The Harvard Crimson :: News :: AN EDITORIAL"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071016204452/http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=456169). Thecrimson.com. December 3, 1936. Archived from [the original](http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=456169) on October 16, 2007. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
75. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-80)**
["Plea for an Ivy Football League Rejected by College Authorities"](https://www.nytimes.com/1937/01/12/archives/plea-for-an-ivy-football-league-rejected-by-college-authorities.html). *The New York Times*. January 12, 1937. p. 26.
76. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-81)** Robert Siegel, "Black Baseball Pioneer William White's 1879 Game," National Public Radio, broadcast January 30, 2004 (audio at npr.org); Stefan Fatsis, ["Mystery of Baseball: Was William White Game's First Black?"](https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB107541676333815810) ([Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140307215344/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB107541676333815810) March 7, 2014, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")), *The Wall Street Journal*, January 30, 2004; Peter Morris and Stefan Fatsis, "Baseball's Secret Pioneer: William Edward White, the first Black player in major-league history," *Slate*, February 4, 2014; Rick Harris, *Brown University Baseball: A Legacy of the game* (Charleston: The History Press, 2012), pp. 41–43
77. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-82)**
["Harvard Athletics and Black History"](https://gocrimson.com/news/2021/1/19/general-harvard-athletics-and-black-history.aspx). *Harvard University*. February 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183202/https://gocrimson.com/news/2021/1/19/general-harvard-athletics-and-black-history.aspx) from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
78. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-83)**
["Black History Month: Pioneer Profiles"](https://dartmouthsports.com/news/2021/2/18/black-history-month-pioneer-profiles-210217.aspx). *Dartmouth College Athletics*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183204/https://dartmouthsports.com/news/2021/2/18/black-history-month-pioneer-profiles-210217.aspx) from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
79. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-84)**
["Fritz Pollard, Class of 1919"](https://www.brown.edu/about/history/timeline/fritz-pollard-class-1919). *Brown University Timeline*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183206/https://www.brown.edu/about/history/timeline/fritz-pollard-class-1919) from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
80. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-85)**
Leonard, Matthew (February 2, 2026). ["Athlete, Educator, Diplomat: Jerome Holland '38 M.S. '41 and a Life of Service"](https://www.cornellsun.com/article/2026/02/athlete-educator-diplomat-jerome-holland-38-m-s-41-and-a-life-of-service). *The Cornell Daily Sun*. Retrieved February 8, 2026.
81. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-86)**
["John Taylor"](https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/79112). *Olympedia*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240816111659/https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/79112) from the original on August 16, 2024. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
82. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-87)**
March, Lochlahn. ["Breaking barriers: Documenting the illustrious history of Black athletes at Penn"](https://www.thedp.com/article/2020/09/penn-athletics-black-documenting-illustrious-history-ivy-league-discrimination-integration). *www.thedp.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183215/https://www.thedp.com/article/2020/09/penn-athletics-black-documenting-illustrious-history-ivy-league-discrimination-integration) from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
83. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-88)**
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181. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Zlotnick_186-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Zlotnick_186-1)
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p. 55, "by WASP Baltzell meant something much more specific; he intended to cover a select group of people who passed through a congeries of elite American institutions: certain eastern prep schools, the Ivy League colleges, and the Episcopal Church among them." and
Wolff, Robert Paul (1992). *The Ideal of the University*. Transaction Publishers. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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191. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-196)** Time magazine, Noliwe M. Rooks, February 27, 2013, [The Biggest Barrier to Elite Education Isn't Affordability. It's Accessibility](https://ideas.time.com/2013/02/27/the-biggest-barrier-to-elite-education-isnt-affordability-its-accessibility/), Retrieved August 27, 2014, "... accessibility of these schools to students who are poor, minority ... the weight that Ivy League and other highly selective schools ... unfortunate set of circumstances ... gifted minority, poor and working class students can benefit most from the educational opportunities ..."
192. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-197)** August 26, 2014, Boston Globe (via NY Times), [A Generation Later, Poor are Still Rare at Elite Colleges](http://www.boston.com/business/news/2014/08/26/generation-later-poor-are-still-rare-elite-colleges/pL5EU7PrPXvpEflvgXAuEJ/story.html) ([Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140903094207/http://www.boston.com/business/news/2014/08/26/generation-later-poor-are-still-rare-elite-colleges/pL5EU7PrPXvpEflvgXAuEJ/story.html) September 3, 2014, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")), Retrieved August 30, 2014, "more elite group of 28 private colleges and universities, including all eight Ivy League members ... from 2001 to 2009 ... enrollment of students from the bottom 40 percent of family incomes increased from just 10 percent to 11 percent...."
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p. viii: "My genial, aristocratic contempt for Clark Kerr's celebration of the University of California was as much an expression of Ivy League snobbery as it was of radical social critique."
194. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-199)**
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196. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-201)**
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207. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-McGrath_213-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-McGrath_213-1)
McGrath, Maggie (November 27, 2013). ["The Challenge Of Being Poor At America's Richest Colleges"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/maggiemcgrath/2013/11/27/the-challenge-of-being-poor-at-americas-richest-colleges/). *Forbes*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171016005556/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maggiemcgrath/2013/11/27/the-challenge-of-being-poor-at-americas-richest-colleges/) from the original on October 16, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
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\[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")*\]
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`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"))
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238. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-244)**
Harvard: see
["Women's Rugby"](https://gocrimson.com/sports/womens-rugby). August 29, 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230829151811/https://gocrimson.com/sports/womens-rugby) from the original on August 29, 2023.
, Brown see
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, Dartmouth see
["Women's Rugby"](https://dartmouthsports.com/sports/womens-rugby/). September 2, 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230902090023/https://dartmouthsports.com/sports/womens-rugby/schedule/2022-23) from the original on September 2, 2023.
and Princeton see
["Women's Rugby"](https://goprincetontigers.com/sports/womens-rugby). August 30, 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230830232155/https://goprincetontigers.com/sports/womens-rugby) from the original on August 30, 2023.
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["Ivy Plus Libraries"](https://ivpluslibraries.org/). *ivpluslibraries.org*. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
265. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-BluePrint_272-0)**
Babbit, Nory (Fall 2005). ["Yale Hosts Ivy Plus Conference"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100610124852/http://alumni.yale.edu/aya/blueprint/article.php?id=93). The Blue Print. Archived from [the original](http://alumni.yale.edu/aya/blueprint/article.php?id=93) on June 10, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
266. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-273)**
["Ivy + Alumni Relations Conference"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090126203009/http://www.princeton.edu/ivyplusalumni/). Princeton. Archived from [the original](https://www.princeton.edu/ivyplusalumni/) on January 26, 2009. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
267. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-274)**
Weisman, Robert (November 2, 2007). ["Risk pays off for endowments"](http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2007/11/02/risk_pays_off_for_endowments/). *The Boston Globe*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090823014139/http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2007/11/02/risk_pays_off_for_endowments/) from the original on August 23, 2009. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
268. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-275)**
Perloff-Giles, Alexandra (March 11, 2008). ["Columbia, MIT Fall Into Line on Aid"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090817212307/http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=522468). *The Harvard Crimson*. Archived from [the original](http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=522468) on August 17, 2009. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
269. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-DangerousWealth_276-0)**
Bianco, Anthony (November 29, 2007). ["The Dangerous Wealth of the Ivy League"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071202184726/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_50/b4062038784589.htm). *Businessweek*. Archived from [the original](http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_50/b4062038784589.htm) on December 2, 2007. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
270. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Lerner_277-0)**
Lerner, Josh; Schoar, Antoinette; Wang, Jialan (Summer 2008). ["Secrets of the Academy: The Drivers of University Endowment Success"](http://www.nber.org/papers/w14341.pdf) (PDF). *Journal of Economic Perspectives*. **22** (3). Nashville, TN: The American Economic Association: 207–22\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1257/jep.22.3.207](https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.22.3.207). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0895-3309](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0895-3309). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [16474127](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16474127). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [17968423](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17968423). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191211234418/https://www.nber.org/papers/w14341.pdf) (PDF) from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
## External links
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=53 "Edit section: External links")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Ivy League](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ivy_League "commons:Category:Ivy League").
- [Official website](https://www.ivyleaguesports.com/) [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49113#P856 "Edit this at Wikidata")
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ivy_League_navbox "Template:Ivy League navbox") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ivy_League_navbox "Template talk:Ivy League navbox") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ivy_League_navbox "Special:EditPage/Template:Ivy League navbox")[Ivy League]() | |
|---|---|
| Members | [Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University") [Bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears "Brown Bears") [Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") [Lions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Lions "Columbia Lions") [Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") [Big Red](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red "Cornell Big Red") [Dartmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College") [Big Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green "Dartmouth Big Green") [Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") [Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson "Harvard Crimson") [Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") [Quakers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Quakers "Penn Quakers") [Princeton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University") [Tigers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers "Princeton Tigers") [Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University") [Bulldogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs "Yale Bulldogs") |
| Tournaments | [Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_Baseball_Championship_Series "Ivy League Baseball Championship Series") [Basketball (men's)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_men%27s_basketball "Ivy League men's basketball") [Basketball (women's)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_women%27s_basketball_tournament "Ivy League women's basketball tournament") [Fencing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_Fencing_Championships "Ivy League Fencing Championships") [Rugby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Rugby_Conference "Ivy Rugby Conference") [Soccer (men's)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_men%27s_soccer_tournament "Ivy League men's soccer tournament") [Soccer (women's)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_women%27s_soccer_tournament "Ivy League women's soccer tournament") |
| Schools (lists) | [Business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_business_schools "List of Ivy League business schools") [Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_law_schools "List of Ivy League law schools") [Medical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_medical_schools "List of Ivy League medical schools") [Public policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_public_policy_schools "List of Ivy League public policy schools") |
| Related topics | [Big Three](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Three_\(colleges\) "Big Three (colleges)") [Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Council "Ivy Council") [Digital Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_Digital_Network "Ivy League Digital Network") [Nude posture photos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_nude_posture_photos "Ivy League nude posture photos") [Public Ivy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Ivy "Public Ivy") [Southern Ivy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ivy "Southern Ivy") *[Take Ivy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Ivy "Take Ivy")* |
| Links to related articles | |
|---|---|
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ivy_League_rivalry_navbox "Template:Ivy League rivalry navbox") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ivy_League_rivalry_navbox "Template talk:Ivy League rivalry navbox") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ivy_League_rivalry_navbox "Special:EditPage/Template:Ivy League rivalry navbox")[Ivy League]() rivalries | |
| Conference | [Columbia–Cornell (football)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia%E2%80%93Cornell_football_rivalry "Columbia–Cornell football rivalry") [Cornell–Dartmouth (football)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell%E2%80%93Dartmouth_football_rivalry "Cornell–Dartmouth football rivalry") [Cornell–Harvard (hockey)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell%E2%80%93Harvard_hockey_rivalry "Cornell–Harvard hockey rivalry") [Cornell–Penn (football)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell%E2%80%93Penn_football_rivalry "Cornell–Penn football rivalry") [Cornell–Princeton (lacrosse)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell%E2%80%93Princeton_lacrosse_rivalry "Cornell–Princeton lacrosse rivalry") [Dartmouth–Harvard (football)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth%E2%80%93Harvard_football_rivalry "Dartmouth–Harvard football rivalry") [Harvard–Penn (football)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Penn_football_rivalry "Harvard–Penn football rivalry") [Harvard–Princeton (football)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Princeton_football_rivalry "Harvard–Princeton football rivalry") [Harvard–Yale (football)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_football_rivalry "Harvard–Yale football rivalry") [Harvard–Yale (ice hockey)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_hockey_rivalry "Harvard–Yale hockey rivalry") [Harvard–Yale (rowing)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_Regatta "Harvard–Yale Regatta") [Harvard–Yale (soccer)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_soccer_rivalry "Harvard–Yale soccer rivalry") [Penn–Princeton (football)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn%E2%80%93Princeton_football_rivalry "Penn–Princeton football rivalry") [Penn–Princeton (men's basketball)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn%E2%80%93Princeton_men%27s_basketball_rivalry "Penn–Princeton men's basketball rivalry") [Princeton–Yale (football)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton%E2%80%93Yale_football_rivalry "Princeton–Yale football rivalry") |
| Non-conference | [Brown–Providence (hockey)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Providence_men%27s_ice_hockey_rivalry "Brown–Providence men's ice hockey rivalry") [Brown–Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Rhode_Island_football_rivalry "Brown–Rhode Island football rivalry") [Colgate–Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate%E2%80%93Cornell_football_rivalry "Colgate–Cornell football rivalry") [Liberty Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Cup "Liberty Cup") (Columbia–Fordham) [Cornell–Hobart (lacrosse)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell%E2%80%93Hobart_lacrosse_rivalry "Cornell–Hobart lacrosse rivalry") [Cornell–Syracuse (lacrosse)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell%E2%80%93Syracuse_lacrosse_rivalry "Cornell–Syracuse lacrosse rivalry") [Dartmouth–New Hampshire (overall)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth%E2%80%93New_Hampshire_rivalry "Dartmouth–New Hampshire rivalry") [Dartmouth–New Hampshire (football)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth%E2%80%93New_Hampshire_football_rivalry "Dartmouth–New Hampshire football rivalry") [Battle of 33rd Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_33rd_Street "Battle of 33rd Street") (Drexel–Penn) [Beanpot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beanpot_\(ice_hockey\) "Beanpot (ice hockey)") (Boston College–Boston University–Harvard–Northeastern) [Johns Hopkins–Princeton (lacrosse)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins%E2%80%93Princeton_lacrosse_rivalry "Johns Hopkins–Princeton lacrosse rivalry") [Yank Townsend Trophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yank_Townsend_Trophy "Yank Townsend Trophy") (Lehigh–Yale) [Philadelphia Big 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Big_5 "Philadelphia Big 5") (Drexel–La Salle–Penn–Saint Joseph's–Temple–Villanova) [Princeton–Rutgers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton%E2%80%93Rutgers_rivalry "Princeton–Rutgers rivalry") [Battle of Whitney Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Whitney_Avenue "Battle of Whitney Avenue") (Quinnipiac–Yale) [Connecticut Ice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Ice "Connecticut Ice") (Connecticut–Quinnipiac–Sacred Heart–Yale) |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:NCAA_Division_I_all-sports_conferences "Template:NCAA Division I all-sports conferences") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:NCAA_Division_I_all-sports_conferences "Template talk:NCAA Division I all-sports conferences") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NCAA_Division_I_all-sports_conferences "Special:EditPage/Template:NCAA Division I all-sports conferences")[NCAA Division I all-sports conferences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_conferences#Division_I "List of NCAA conferences") | |
| [FBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision "NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision") | [American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Conference_\(NCAA\) "American Conference (NCAA)") [Atlantic Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference "Atlantic Coast Conference") [Big 12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_12_Conference "Big 12 Conference") [Big Ten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference "Big Ten Conference") [CUSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_USA "Conference USA") [Mid-American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-American_Conference "Mid-American Conference") [Mountain West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference "Mountain West Conference") [Pac-12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-12_Conference "Pac-12 Conference") [Southeastern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference "Southeastern Conference") [Sun Belt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference "Sun Belt Conference") |
| [FCS (full)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship_Subdivision "NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision") | [Big Sky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sky_Conference "Big Sky Conference") [Ivy]() [MEAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference "Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference") [Northeast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Conference "Northeast Conference") [Patriot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_League "Patriot League") [SoCon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference "Southern Conference") [Southland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland_Conference "Southland Conference") [SWAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference "Southwestern Athletic Conference") |
| [FCS (alliance)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship_Subdivision "NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision") | [CAA FB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Athletic_Association_Football_Conference "Coastal Athletic Association Football Conference") ([CAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Athletic_Association "Coastal Athletic Association") / [America East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_East_Conference "America East Conference")) [Missouri Valley FB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Valley_Football_Conference "Missouri Valley Football Conference") ([Missouri Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Valley_Conference "Missouri Valley Conference") / [Summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_League "Summit League")) [OVC–Big South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OVC%E2%80%93Big_South_Football_Association "OVC–Big South Football Association") ([Ohio Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Valley_Conference "Ohio Valley Conference") / [Big South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_South_Conference "Big South Conference")) [United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Athletic_Conference_\(football\) "United Athletic Conference (football)") ([ASUN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Sun_Conference "Atlantic Sun Conference") / [WAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference "Western Athletic Conference")) |
| Non-football | [Atlantic 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_10_Conference "Atlantic 10 Conference") [Big East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_East_Conference "Big East Conference") [Big West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_West_Conference "Big West Conference") [Horizon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_League "Horizon League") [MAAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Atlantic_Athletic_Conference "Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference") [West Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Conference "West Coast Conference") |
| Related | [Eastern College Athletic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_College_Athletic_Conference "Eastern College Athletic Conference") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:NCAA_Division_I_FCS_conference_navbox "Template:NCAA Division I FCS conference navbox") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:NCAA_Division_I_FCS_conference_navbox "Template talk:NCAA Division I FCS conference navbox") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NCAA_Division_I_FCS_conference_navbox "Special:EditPage/Template:NCAA Division I FCS conference navbox")[NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision conferences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_conferences#Football_Championship_Subdivision "List of NCAA conferences") | |
| Current conferences | [Big Sky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sky_Conference "Big Sky Conference") [CAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Athletic_Association_Football_Conference "Coastal Athletic Association Football Conference") ([AmEast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_East_Conference "America East Conference") / [CAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Athletic_Association "Coastal Athletic Association")) [Ivy]() [MEAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference "Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference") [MVFC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Valley_Football_Conference "Missouri Valley Football Conference") ([MVC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Valley_Conference "Missouri Valley Conference") / [Summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_League "Summit League")) [NEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Conference "Northeast Conference") [OVC–Big South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OVC%E2%80%93Big_South_Football_Association "OVC–Big South Football Association") ([OVC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Valley_Conference "Ohio Valley Conference") / [Big South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_South_Conference "Big South Conference")) [Patriot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_League "Patriot League") [Pioneer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Football_League "Pioneer Football League") [SoCon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference "Southern Conference") [Southland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland_Conference "Southland Conference") [SWAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference "Southwestern Athletic Conference") [UAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Athletic_Conference_\(football\) "United Athletic Conference (football)") ([ASUN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Sun_Conference "Atlantic Sun Conference") / [WAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference "Western Athletic Conference")) |
| Previous conferences | [American West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_West_Conference "American West Conference") (*defunct 1996*) [Great West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_West_Conference "Great West Conference") (*non-football 2012; defunct 2013*) [Gulf Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Star_Conference "Gulf Star Conference") (*defunct 1987*) [MAAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Atlantic_Athletic_Conference "Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference") (*non-football 2008*) [Yankee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Conference "Yankee Conference") (*became A10 1997*) |
| [Independents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FCS_independent_schools "NCAA Division I FCS independent schools") | |
| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49113#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | |
|---|---|
| International | [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/130345285) [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/7728340-5) |
| National | [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n95061019) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007376902605171) |
| Other | [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/102077b0-5cbf-4c81-9bd4-b0597e21b34a) |
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Ivy League
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| Readable Markdown | This article is about the group of colleges and the athletic conference that gave the group its name. For other uses, see [Ivy League (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_\(disambiguation\) "Ivy League (disambiguation)").
| | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivy_League_Logo.svg) | |
| Association | [NCAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association "National Collegiate Athletic Association") |
| Founded | 1954; 72 years ago |
| Commissioner | Robin Harris[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-1) (since 2009) |
| Sports fielded | 33 men's: 17 women's: 16 |
| Division | [Division I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I "NCAA Division I") |
| Subdivision | [FCS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship_Subdivision "NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision") |
| No. of teams | 8 |
| Headquarters | [Princeton, New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey "Princeton, New Jersey"), U.S. |
| Region | [Northeast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States "Northeastern United States") |
| Broadcaster | [ESPN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") |
| Official website | [ivyleague.com](https://ivyleague.com/) |
| Locations | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivy_League_map.svg) [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivy_League_Map.svg) Home states of the eight Ivy League universities | |
The **Ivy League** is an American collegiate [athletic conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_conferences "List of NCAA conferences") of eight [private](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university "Private university") [research universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university "Research university") in the [Northeastern United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States "Northeastern United States"). It participates in the [National Collegiate Athletic Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association "National Collegiate Athletic Association") (NCAA) [Division I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I "NCAA Division I"), and in [football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football "College football"), in the [Football Championship Subdivision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Championship_Subdivision "Football Championship Subdivision") (FCS). The term *Ivy League* is used more broadly to refer to the eight schools that belong to the league, which are globally renowned as elite colleges associated with [academic excellence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_achievement "Academic achievement"), [highly selective admissions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_admissions_in_the_United_States#Selectivity "College admissions in the United States"), and social [elitism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitism "Elitism").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Princeton_Campus_Guide-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-www.crimsoneducation.org-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Vedder-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Gladwell-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Princeton_University_Admission-2016-6) The term was used as early as 1933, and it became official in 1954 following the formation of the Ivy League athletic conference.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-officialhistory-7) At times, they have also been referred to as the "Ancient Eight".[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-9)
The eight members of the Ivy League are [Brown University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University"), [Columbia University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University"), [Cornell University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University"), [Dartmouth College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College"), [Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University"), [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania"), [Princeton University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University"), and [Yale University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University"). The conference headquarters is in [Princeton, New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey "Princeton, New Jersey"). All of the "Ivies" except Cornell were founded during the [colonial period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies "Thirteen Colonies") and therefore make up seven of the nine [colonial colleges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_colleges "Colonial colleges"). The other two colonial colleges, Queen's College (now [Rutgers University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University "Rutgers University")) and the [College of William & Mary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary "College of William & Mary"), became public institutions.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scoreboard_and_Ivy_League_flags_at_Wien_Stadium,_2024.jpg)
The flags of the eight Ivy League universities flying over [Wien Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_K._Kraft_Field_at_Lawrence_A._Wien_Stadium "Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium") at [Columbia University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University")
Ivy League schools are some of the most prestigious universities in the world.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-World's_Best_Colleges-10) All eight universities place in the top 15 of the 2025 [*U.S. News & World Report* National Universities ranking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking "U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-U.S._News_&_World_Report-11) *U.S. News* has named a member of the Ivy League as the best national university[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-12) every year since 2001: as of 2020, Princeton eleven times, Harvard twice, and the two schools tied for first five times.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-US_News_history-13) In the 2024–2025 [*U.S. News & World Report* Best Global University Ranking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_University_Ranking "U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking"), six Ivies rank in the top 20: Harvard (\#1), Columbia (\#9), Yale (\#10), Penn (\#14), Princeton (\#18), and Cornell (\#19)—ranks that *U.S. News* says are based on "indicators that measure their academic research performance and their global and regional reputations."[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-U.S._News-2022-2023-14) All eight Ivy League schools are members of the [Association of American Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities "Association of American Universities"), the most prestigious alliance of American research universities.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Association_of_American_Universities-15)
Undergraduate enrollments range from about 4,500 to about 15,000,[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Dartmouth_and_Cornell_respectively-16) larger than most [liberal arts colleges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts_college "Liberal arts college") and smaller than most [state university systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_university_system "State university system"). Total enrollment, which includes graduate students, ranges from approximately 6,600 at Dartmouth to over 20,000 at Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, and Penn. Ivy League [financial endowments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_endowment "Financial endowment") range from Brown's \$6.9 billion[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-The_Boston_Globe-17) to Harvard's \$53.2 billion,[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-The_Harvard_Crimson-2-18) the [largest financial endowment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_institutions_of_higher_education_by_endowment "Lists of institutions of higher education by endowment") of any academic institution in the world.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-10_Private_Universities_With_Largest_Financial_Endowments-19)
The Ivy League is similar\[*[further explanation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\] to other groups of universities in other countries, such as [Oxbridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbridge "Oxbridge")[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-20) in [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England "England"), the [C9 League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C9_League "C9 League")[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-en.people.cn-21) in [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China"), the [Écoles Normales Supérieures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure "École normale supérieure")[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-22) in [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France"), the [SKY Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKY_\(universities\) "SKY (universities)")\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] in [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea"), and the [Imperial Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Universities "Imperial Universities")[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Prestigious-2017-23) in [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan "Japan").
Ivy League universities have some of the largest university [financial endowments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_endowment "Financial endowment") in the world, allowing the universities to provide abundant resources for their academic programs, financial aid, and research endeavors. As of 2021, Harvard University had an endowment of \$53.2 billion, the largest of any educational institution.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-The_Harvard_Crimson-2-18) Each university attracts millions of dollars in annual research funding from both the federal government and private sources.
| Institution | Location | Undergraduates | Postgraduates | Endowment[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-NACUBO-24)(in \$ billions) | Academic staff | Year founded | Team name | Colors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [Brown University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University") | [Providence, Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island "Providence, Rhode Island") | 7,349 | 3,347 | \$6.20 | 736[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Brown_University-25) | 1764 | [Bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears "Brown Bears") | |
| [Columbia University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") | [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") | 6,716[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-28) | 21,987 | \$13.64 | 4,370[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Office_of_the_Provost-29) | 1754 | [Lions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Lions "Columbia Lions") | |
| [Cornell University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") | [Ithaca, New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York "Ithaca, New York") | 15,503 | 10,097 | \$10.04 | 2,908 | 1865 | [Big Red](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red "Cornell Big Red") | |
| [Dartmouth College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College") | [Hanover, New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover,_New_Hampshire "Hanover, New Hampshire") | 4,556 | 2,205 | \$7.93 | 943 | 1769 | [Big Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green "Dartmouth Big Green") | |
| [Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") | [Cambridge, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts")[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-30) | 7,153 | 14,495 | \$49.50 | 4,671[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Instructional_Faculty_Appointments-31) | 1636 | [Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson "Harvard Crimson") | |
| [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") | [Philadelphia, Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania") | 9,962 | 13,469 | \$20.96 | 4,464[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-penn_facts-32) | 1740 | [Quakers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Quakers "Penn Quakers") | |
| [Princeton University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University") | [Princeton, New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey "Princeton, New Jersey") | 5,321 | 3,157 | \$34.06 | 1,172 | 1746 | [Tigers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers "Princeton Tigers") | |
| [Yale University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University") | [New Haven, Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut "New Haven, Connecticut") | 6,536 | 8,031 | \$40.75 | 4,140 | 1701 | [Bulldogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs "Yale Bulldogs") | |
### Former affiliate members
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Former affiliate members")\]
Before the 2000s, many of the Ivy League championships for men's and women's cross country, indoor and outdoor track & field, and swimming & diving were formatted as invitationals that many schools across the eastern United States would attend. In other sports, such as fencing, wrestling, men's and women's ice hockey, and men's and women's rowing, all of the Ivy League schools were members of other single-sport conferences and the top-performing Ivy League team would be crowned the champion.
The [United States Military Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy "United States Military Academy") and the [United States Naval Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy "United States Naval Academy") were members of the Ivy League in many sports and were crowned as Ivy League champions while competing with Ivy League teams. Both schools left the conference in the early 2000s to join with their current conference, the [Patriot League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_League "Patriot League"), except for football, for which they are affiliate members of the [American Athletic Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Athletic_Conference "American Athletic Conference").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivy_League_map.svg)
Map of the eight Ivy League universities in the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States")
### Institutional history
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Institutional history")\]
| Institution | Founded as | Founded | Chartered | First instruction | Founding affiliation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") | Harvard College[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-33) | 1636 | 1650 | 1642 | [Nonsectarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsectarian "Nonsectarian"),\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] founded by [Calvinist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism "Calvinism") [Congregationalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States "Congregationalism in the United States") |
| [Yale University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University") | Collegiate School | 1701 | 1701[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-The_Yale_Corporation-1976-34) | 1702 | Calvinist (Congregationalist) |
| [Princeton University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University") | College of New Jersey | 1746[\[d\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-36) | 1746[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-The_Princeton_University_Press-1906-37) | 1747 | Nonsectarian,[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-princetonchapeltour-38) founded by Calvinist [Presbyterians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism "Presbyterianism")[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-princetonchapeltour-38)\[*[better source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\] |
| [Columbia University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") | King's College | 1754 | 1754[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-New_York,_Printed_for_the_College-1895-39) | 1754 | [Church of England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England "Church of England") |
| [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") | College of Philadelphia[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-PennFoundingYear-40) | 1740 or 1749 or 1755[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-44) | 1755 | 1755 | Nonsectarian,[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Penn-45) founded by [Church of England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England "Church of England")/[Methodist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism "Methodism") members[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Dulany_Addison-1911-46)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Brown.edu-47) |
| [Brown University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University") | College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations | 1764 | 1764 | 1765[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Hoeveler-48) | [Baptist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist "Baptist"), founding charter promises "no religious tests" and "full liberty of conscience"[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-1911-49) Brown's website characterizes it as "the Baptist answer to Congregationalist Yale and Harvard; Presbyterian Princeton; and Episcopalian Penn and Columbia," but adds that at the time it was "the only one that welcomed students of all religious persuasions."[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Brown.edu-47) |
| [Dartmouth College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College") | Dartmouth College | 1769 | 1769[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Dartmouth_College_Charter-50) | 1769 | Calvinist (Congregationalist) |
| [Cornell University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") | Cornell University | 1865 | 1865 | 1868[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Geiger-2000-51) | Nonsectarian |
**Note:** Six of the eight Ivy League universities consider their founding dates to be simply the date that they received their charters and thus became legal corporations with the authority to grant academic degrees. Harvard University uses the date that the legislature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony formally allocated funds for the creation of a college. Harvard was chartered in 1650, although classes had been conducted for approximately a decade by then. The University of Pennsylvania's founding date is discussed in the footnote above. "Religious affiliation" refers to financial sponsorship, formal association with, and promotion by, a religious denomination. All of the institutions in the Ivy League are private (Cornell includes both private and state-supported schools) and are no longer associated with any religion.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Das_%C3%B6stliche_Eingangstor_der_Brown_University.jpg)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columbia_University_New_York_November_2016_002.jpg)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olive_Tjaden_Hall,_Cornell_University.jpg)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baker-Library-Dartmouth-College-Hanover-New-Hampshire-05-2018a.jpg)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Widener_Library.jpg)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Hall,_the_home_to_both_the_Princeton_University_Orchestra_and_the_Princeton_Symphony_Orchestra_\(edited\).jpg)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_facade_of_College_Hall,_Penn_Campus.jpg)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Connecticut_Hall,_Yale_University.jpg)
"Planting the [ivy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedera "Hedera")" was a customary class day ceremony at many colleges in the 1800s. In 1893, an alumnus told *[The Harvard Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson "The Harvard Crimson")*, "In 1850, class day was placed upon the University Calendar ... the custom of planting the ivy, while the ivy oration was delivered, arose about this time."[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-52) At Penn, graduating seniors started the custom of planting ivy at a university building each spring in 1873 and that practice was formally designated as "[Ivy Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_stone "Ivy stone")" in 1874.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-53) Ivy planting ceremonies are recorded at [Yale University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University"), [Simmons College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmons_College_\(Massachusetts\) "Simmons College (Massachusetts)"), and [Bryn Mawr College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College "Bryn Mawr College") among other schools.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-54)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-55)[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-56) Princeton's "Ivy Club" was founded in 1879.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-57)
The first usage of *Ivy* in reference to a group of colleges is from sportswriter [Stanley Woodward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Woodward_\(editor\) "Stanley Woodward (editor)") (1895–1965).
> A proportion of our eastern ivy colleges are meeting little fellows another Saturday before plunging into the strife and the turmoil.
— Stanley Woodward, *[New-York Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-York_Tribune "New-York Tribune")*, October 14, 1933, describing the football season[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-quotations-58)
The first known instance of the term *Ivy League* appeared in *[The Christian Science Monitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor "The Christian Science Monitor")* on February 7, 1935.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-officialhistory-7)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-quotations-58)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-59) Several sportswriters and other journalists used the term shortly later to refer to the older colleges, those along the northeastern seaboard of the United States, chiefly the nine institutions with origins dating from the [colonial era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_colleges "Colonial colleges"), together with the [United States Military Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy "United States Military Academy") (West Point), the [United States Naval Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy "United States Naval Academy"), and a few others. These schools were known for their long-standing traditions in intercollegiate athletics, often being the first schools to participate in such activities. At this time, however, none of these institutions made efforts to form an athletic league.
A common [folk etymology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_etymology "Folk etymology") attributes the name to the [Roman numeral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numeral "Roman numeral") for four (IV), asserting that there was such a sports league originally with four members. The *Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins* helped to perpetuate this belief. The supposed "IV League" was formed over a century ago and consisted of Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and a fourth school that varies depending on who is telling the story.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-60)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-61) However, it is clear that Harvard, Princeton, Columbia, and Yale met on November 23, 1876, at the so-called Massasoit Convention to decide on uniform rules for the emerging game of American football, which rapidly spread.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-62)
Seven out of the eight Ivy League schools are [Colonial Colleges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_colleges "Colonial colleges"): institutions of higher education founded prior to the [American Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution "American Revolution"). Cornell, the exception to this commonality, was founded immediately after the [American Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"). These seven colleges served as the primary institutions of higher learning in [British America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_America "British America")'s [Northern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England "New England") and [Middle Colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Colonies "Middle Colonies"). During the colonial era, the schools' faculties and founding boards were largely drawn from other Ivy League institutions. Also represented were British graduates from the [University of Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge"), the [University of Oxford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford"), the [University of St. Andrews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St._Andrews "University of St. Andrews"), and the [University of Edinburgh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh "University of Edinburgh").
The influence of these institutions on the founding of other colleges and universities is notable. This included the Southern public college movement which blossomed in the decades surrounding the turn of the 19th century when Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia established what became the flagship universities of their respective states. In 1801, a majority of the first board of trustees for what became the [University of South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina "University of South Carolina") were Princeton alumni. They appointed [Jonathan Maxcy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Maxcy "Jonathan Maxcy"), a Brown graduate, as the university's first president. [Thomas Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cooper_\(American_politician,_born_1759\) "Thomas Cooper (American politician, born 1759)"), an Oxford alumnus and University of Pennsylvania faculty member, became the second president of the South Carolina college. The founders of the [University of California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California "University of California") came from Yale, hence [Berkeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley")'s colors are [Yale Blue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Blue "Yale Blue") and California Gold.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-63) [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") has, since its earliest days, been nicknamed the "Cornell of the West": more than half of Stanford's initial faculty, as well as its first two presidents, had connections to Cornell as alumni or faculty.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-64) Samuel Jones, the Baptist minister from Philadelphia who rewrote Brown's original charter (itself written by future Yale College president [Ezra Stiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Stiles "Ezra Stiles")) was a graduate of the [College of Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania").[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-65)
The majority of the Ivy League schools have identifiable [Protestant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant "Protestant") roots. Harvard, Yale, and Dartmouth all held early associations with the [Congregationalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_church "Congregational church"). Princeton was financed by [New Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Side-New_Side_Controversy "The Old Side-New Side Controversy") Presbyterians, though originally led by a Congregationalist. Brown was founded by Baptists, though the university's charter stipulated that students should enjoy "full liberty of conscience." Columbia was founded by Anglicans, who composed 10 of the college's first 15 presidents. Penn and Cornell were officially nonsectarian, though Protestants were well represented in their respective founding. In the early nineteenth century, the specific purpose of training Calvinist ministers was handed off to [theological seminaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary "Seminary"), but a denominational tone and religious traditions including compulsory chapel often lasted well into the twentieth century.
"Ivy League" is sometimes used as a way of referring to an elite class, even though institutions such as Cornell University were among the first in the United States to reject racial and gender discrimination in their admissions policies. This dates back to at least 1935.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-66) Novels and memoirs attest this sense, as a social elite; to some degree independent of the actual schools.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-autogenerated1-67)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-68)
### History of the athletic league
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: History of the athletic league")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yale%27s_four-oared_crew_team_with_1876_Centennial_Regatta_trophy.jpg)
Yale University's four-oared [crew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing "Rowing") team, posing with the 1876 Centennial [Regatta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatta "Regatta") trophy
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_vs_yale_program_1875.jpg)
The 1875 program for the [Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson "Harvard Crimson") vs. [Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs "Yale Bulldogs") game played using [rugby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football "Rugby football") rules
In 1870, the nation's first formal athletic league was created in 1870 with the formation of the [Rowing Association of American Colleges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_Association_of_American_Colleges "Rowing Association of American Colleges") (RAAC), composed exclusively of Ivy League universities. RAAC hosted a national championship in rowing from 1870 to 1894.
The first [Harvard vs Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_football_rivalry "Harvard–Yale football rivalry") rugby football contest was held in 1875, two years after the inaugural [Princeton–Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton%E2%80%93Yale_football_rivalry "Princeton–Yale football rivalry") rugby football contest. Harvard athlete Nathaniel Curtis challenged [Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875_Yale_Bulldogs_football_team "1875 Yale Bulldogs football team")'s captain, William Arnold to a rugby-style game.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-69)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-70) Program for the "Foot Ball Match", Harvard v Yale, the first intercollegiate game. It is considered the first rugby game between Ivy League teams. The game was played at [Hamilton Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Park_\(New_Haven\) "Hamilton Park (New Haven)"), a venue in [New Haven, Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut "New Haven, Connecticut") (located at the intersection of Whalley Avenue and West Park Avenue[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Stannard-71)). The two teams played with 15 players (rugby) on a side instead of 11 (soccer) as Yale would have preferred.
In 1881, [Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania"), [Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College"), [Haverford College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverford_College "Haverford College"), Princeton University (then known as College of New Jersey), and Columbia University (then known as Columbia College) formed The [Intercollegiate Cricket Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercollegiate_sports_team_champions#Cricket "Intercollegiate sports team champions"),[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-72) which [Cornell University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") later joined.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-web.archive.org-73) Penn won The Intercollegiate Cricket Association championship 23 times, including 18 solo victories and three shared with Haverford and Harvard, one shared with Haverford and Cornell, and one shared with just Haverford, during the 44 years that the Intercollegiate Cricket Association existed from 1881 through 1924.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-74)
In 1895, Cornell, Columbia, and Penn founded the [Intercollegiate Rowing Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercollegiate_Rowing_Association "Intercollegiate Rowing Association"), which remains the oldest collegiate athletic organizing body in the US. To this day, the IRA Championship Regatta determines the national champion in rowing and all of the Ivies are regularly invited to compete.
A basketball league was later created in 1902, when Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Yale, and Princeton formed the [Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Intercollegiate_Basketball_League "Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League"); they were later joined by Penn and Dartmouth.
In 1906, the organization that eventually became the [National Collegiate Athletic Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA "NCAA") was formed, primarily to formalize rules for the emerging sport of football. But of the 39 original member colleges in the NCAA, only two of them (Dartmouth and Penn) later became Ivies. In February 1903, intercollegiate wrestling began when Yale accepted a challenge from Columbia, published in the Yale News. The dual meet took place prior to a basketball game hosted by Columbia and resulted in a tie.
Two years later, Penn and Princeton also added wrestling teams, leading to the formation of the student-run Intercollegiate Wrestling Association, now the [Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Intercollegiate_Wrestling_Association "Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association") (EIWA), the first and oldest collegiate wrestling league in the US.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-75)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yale-Princeton_May_30_1882.jpg)
A sketch of the Yale versus Princeton baseball game on May 30, 1882
Though schools now in Ivy League (such as Yale and Columbia) played against each other in the 1880s, it was not until 1930 that Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Penn, Princeton and Yale formed the [Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Intercollegiate_Baseball_League "Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League"); they were later joined by Harvard, Brown, Army and Navy. Before the formal establishment of the Ivy League, there was an "unwritten and unspoken agreement among certain Eastern colleges on athletic relations". The earliest reference to the "Ivy colleges" came in 1933, when [Stanley Woodward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Woodward_\(editor\) "Stanley Woodward (editor)") of the *[New York Herald Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune "New York Herald Tribune")* used it to refer to the eight current members plus Army.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-officialhistory-7) In 1935, the [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") reported on an example of collaboration between the schools:
> The athletic authorities of the so-called "Ivy League" are considering drastic measures to curb the increasing tendency toward riotous attacks on goal posts and other encroachments by spectators on playing fields.
— The Associated Press, *The New York Times*[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-76)
Despite such collaboration, the universities did not seem to consider the formation of the league as imminent. [Romeyn Berry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeyn_Berry "Romeyn Berry"), Cornell's manager of athletics, reported the situation in January 1936 as follows:
> I can say with certainty that in the last five years—and markedly in the last three months—there has been a strong drift among the eight or ten universities of the East which see a good deal of one another in sport toward a closer bond of confidence and cooperation and toward the formation of a common front against the threat of a breakdown in the ideals of amateur sport in the interests of supposed expediency. Please do not regard that statement as implying the organization of an Eastern conference or even a poetic "Ivy League". That sort of thing does not seem to be in the cards at the moment.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-77)
Within a year of this statement and having held month-long discussions about the proposal, on December 3, 1936, the idea of "the formation of an Ivy League" gained enough traction among the undergraduate bodies of the universities that the *[Columbia Daily Spectator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Daily_Spectator "Columbia Daily Spectator")*, *[The Cornell Daily Sun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cornell_Daily_Sun "The Cornell Daily Sun")*, *[The Dartmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dartmouth "The Dartmouth")*, *[The Harvard Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson "The Harvard Crimson")*, *[The Daily Pennsylvanian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Pennsylvanian "The Daily Pennsylvanian")*, *[The Daily Princetonian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Princetonian "The Daily Princetonian")* and the *[Yale Daily News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Daily_News "Yale Daily News")* would simultaneously run an editorial entitled "Now Is the Time", encouraging the seven universities to form the league in an effort to preserve the ideals of athletics.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-78) Part of the editorial read as follows:
> The Ivy League exists already in the minds of a good many of those connected with football, and we fail to see why the seven schools concerned should be satisfied to let it exist as a purely nebulous entity where there are so many practical benefits which would be possible under definite organized association. The seven colleges involved fall naturally together by reason of their common interests and similar general standards and by dint of their established national reputation they are in a particularly advantageous position to assume leadership for the preservation of the ideals of intercollegiate athletics.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-79)
The Ivies have been competing in sports as long as intercollegiate sports have existed in the United States. Rowing teams from Harvard and Yale met in the first sporting event held between students of two U.S. colleges on [Lake Winnipesaukee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Winnipesaukee "Lake Winnipesaukee"), [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire "New Hampshire"), on August 3, 1852. Harvard's team, "The Oneida", won the race and was presented with trophy black walnut oars from then-presidential nominee General [Franklin Pierce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce "Franklin Pierce"). The proposal to create an athletic league did not succeed. On January 11, 1937, the athletic authorities at the schools rejected the "possibility of a [heptagonal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptagon "Heptagon") league in football such as these institutions maintain in basketball, baseball and track." However, they noted that the league "has such promising possibilities that it may not be dismissed and must be the subject of further consideration."[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-80)
#### Integration of athletic competition in the Ivy League
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: Integration of athletic competition in the Ivy League")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_1879_Brown_University_Baseball_Team.jpg)
The 1879 Brown varsity baseball team. [W.E. White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edward_White "William Edward White") (seated second from right) may have been the [first African-American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_color_line "Baseball color line") to play major league baseball.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-81)
The integration of athletics followed a similar pattern to the overall integration of the Ivy League's in the 19th and early 20th century. There was no active policy that would discriminate against incorporating Black student athletes into the athletic coalition. Harvard has the earliest record of breaking the color barrier in athletics after recruiting [William Henry Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Lewis "William H. Lewis") to their [football team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_football "Harvard Crimson football") in 1892.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-82) Dartmouth followed suit, with Black athletes integrating onto their football teams in 1904.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-83) Brown integrated their football team shortly after, in 1916.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-84) Cornell added the first Black athlete to their football team in 1937.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-85)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Track_\(men%27s\),_1907_ICAA_point_winners_UPenn.jpg)
The University of Pennsylvania men's track team was the 1907 [IC4A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC4A "IC4A") point winner. Left to right: Guy Haskins, R.C. Folwell, T.R. Moffitt, [John Baxter Taylor, Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taylor_\(relay_runner\) "John Taylor (relay runner)"), the first Black athlete in the U.S. to win a gold medal in the Olympics,[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-86) [Nathaniel Cartmell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Cartmell "Nathaniel Cartmell"), and J.D. Whitham (seated)
Penn had Black students on their track and field team as early as 1903 ([John Baxter Taylor, Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taylor_\(relay_runner\) "John Taylor (relay runner)"), the first Black athlete in the U.S. to win a gold medal in the Olympics) and a Black student was named captain of the track team in 1918.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-87) Columbia's track and field team would be integrated in 1934.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-88) Basketball would become integrated at Yale in 1926,[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-89) at Princeton in 1947.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-90)
In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first *Ivy Group Agreement*, which set academic, financial, and athletic standards for the [football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football "American football") teams.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-91) The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton presidents' Agreement of 1916. The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant's ability to play on a team would not influence admissions decisions:
> The members of the Group reaffirm their prohibition of athletic scholarships. Athletes shall be admitted as students and awarded financial aid only on the basis of the same academic standards and economic need as are applied to all other students.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-92)
In 1954, the presidents extended the Ivy Group Agreement to all intercollegiate sports, effective with the 1955–56 basketball season. This is generally reckoned as the formal formation of the Ivy League. As part of the transition, Brown, the only Ivy that had not joined the EIBL, did so for the 1954–55 season. A year later, the Ivy League absorbed the EIBL. The Ivy League claims the EIBL's history as its own. Through the EIBL, it is the oldest basketball conference in Division I.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-93)[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-94)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snow_and_Pforzheimer_House,_Harvard_Campus,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts.JPG)
[Pforzheimer House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheimer_House "Pforzheimer House") (1901) at Harvard, originally part of Radcliffe College, which was fully integrated with Harvard in 1999
As late as the 1960s many of the Ivy League universities' undergraduate programs remained [open](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_\(sport\) "Open (sport)") only to men, with Cornell the only one to have been coeducational from its founding (1865) and Columbia being the last (1983) to become coeducational. Before they became coeducational, many of the Ivy schools maintained extensive social ties with nearby [Seven Sisters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Sisters_\(colleges\) "Seven Sisters (colleges)") [women's colleges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_college "Women's college"), including weekend visits, dances and parties inviting Ivy and Seven Sisters students to mingle. This was the case not only at [Barnard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard_College "Barnard College") and [Radcliffe College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_College "Radcliffe College"), which are adjacent to Columbia and Harvard, but at more distant institutions as well. The movie *[Animal House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_House "Animal House")* includes a satiric version of the formerly common visits by Dartmouth men to Massachusetts to meet [Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_College "Smith College") and [Mount Holyoke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College "Mount Holyoke College") women, a drive of more than two hours. As noted by Irene Harwarth, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra, "The '[Seven Sisters'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Sisters_\(colleges\) "Seven Sisters (colleges)") was the name given to Barnard, Smith, Mount Holyoke, [Vassar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassar_College "Vassar College"), [Bryn Mawr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College "Bryn Mawr College"), [Wellesley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College "Wellesley College"), and Radcliffe, because of their parallel to the Ivy League men's colleges."[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-95)
In 1982 the Ivy League considered adding two members, with Army, Navy, and [Northwestern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University "Northwestern University") as the most likely candidates; if it had done so, the league could probably have avoided being moved into the recently created Division I-AA (now Division I FCS) for football.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-white19820110-96) In 1983, following the admission of women to Columbia College, Columbia University and Barnard College entered into an athletic consortium agreement by which students from both schools compete together on Columbia University women's athletic teams, which replaced the women's teams previously sponsored by Barnard.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yale_Varsity.jpg)
Yale [rowing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_\(sport\) "Rowing (sport)") team in the annual [Harvard–Yale Regatta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_Regatta "Harvard–Yale Regatta"), 2007
When Army and Navy departed the Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League in 1992, nearly all intercollegiate competition involving the eight schools became united under the Ivy League banner. The major exception is hockey, with the Ivies that sponsor hockey—all except Penn and Columbia—members of ECAC Hockey. Wrestling was a second exception through the 2023-24 academic calendar; up until that point the Ivies that sponsor wrestling—all except Dartmouth and Yale— were members of the [Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Intercollegiate_Wrestling_Association "Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association").[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-97)
The Ivy League was the first athletic conference to respond to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") by shutting down all athletic competition in March 2020, leaving many Spring schedules unfinished.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Higgins-98) The Fall 2020 schedule was canceled in July, and winter sports were canceled before Thanksgiving.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Higgins-98) Of the 357 men's basketball teams in [Division I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament "NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament"), only ten did not play; the Ivy League made up eight of those ten.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Higgins-98) By giving up its automatic qualifying bid to [March Madness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_madness "March madness"), the Ivy League forfeited at least \$280,000 in NCAA basketball funds.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Higgins-98) As a consequence of the pandemic, an unprecedented number of student athletes in the Ivy League either transferred to other schools, or temporarily unenrolled in hopes of maintaining their eligibility to play post-pandemic.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Higgins-98) Some Ivy alumni expressed displeasure with the League's position.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Higgins-98) In February 2021 it was reported that Yale declined a multi-million dollar offer from alum [Joseph Tsai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Tsai "Joseph Tsai") to create a sequestered "bubble" for the lacrosse team.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Higgins-98) The league announced in a May 2021 joint statement that "regular athletic competition" would resume "across all sports" in fall 2021.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-GoLocalProv20210504-99)
Following the [Black Lives Matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter") protests in 2020, the Ivy League Conference committed itself to uphold "diversity, equity, and inclusion," to combat racism and homophobia. At Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, and Princeton there are Black Student Athlete groups and other [affinity groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_group "Affinity group") that are dedicated to ensuring their organizations are committed to anti-racism and anti-homophobia.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-100) In 2023, two former Brown University basketball players sued the Ivy League alleging that by denying athletic scholarships, the 1954 "Ivy League Agreement" is anticompetititive and violates antitrust laws.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-BDH20230309-101)[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-AP20230308-102) The lawsuit claims that the agreement constitutes price-fixing in violation of the [Sherman Antitrust Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act "Sherman Antitrust Act") of 1890, and in effect raises the cost of Ivy League education for student athletes.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-BDH20230309-101)[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-AP20230308-102)[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-103)
### Undergraduate admissions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: Undergraduate admissions")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cannon_Green_and_Nassau_Hall,_Princeton_University.jpg)
[Nassau Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_Hall "Nassau Hall") (1756) at Princeton
| | Applicants | Admission rates |
|---|---|---|
| **Brown** | 48,898 | 5\.2%[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bergman-2021-104) |
| **Columbia** | 60,248 | 3\.9%[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bergman-2021-104) |
| **Cornell** | 61,178 | 8\.4%[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bergman-2021-104) |
| **Dartmouth** | 31,656 | 5\.3%[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bergman-2021-104) |
| **Harvard** | 54,008 | 3\.7%[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bergman-2021-104) |
| **Penn** | 65,236 | 5\.4%[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bergman-2021-104) |
| **Princeton** | 39,644 | 4\.6%[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bergman-2021-104) |
| **Yale** | 57,517 | 3\.9%[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bergman-2021-104) |
The Ivy League schools are highly selective, with seven out of the eight universities reporting undergraduate acceptance rates below 6%. Admitted students come from around the world, although those from the [Northeastern United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States "Northeastern United States") make up a significant proportion of students.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-105)[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-106)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-107)
In 2021, all eight Ivy League schools recorded record high numbers of applications and record low acceptance rates.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Kubzansky-2021-108)[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-109)[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-The_Harvard_Crimson-110)[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Tilitei-111)[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Davidson-2021-112)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-113) Year-over-year increases in the number of applicants ranged from 14.5% at Princeton to 51% at Columbia.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-The_Princetonian-114)[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Columbia_Daily_Spectator-115)
There have been arguments that Ivy League schools discriminate against Asian-American candidates. For example, in August 2020, the U.S. [Justice Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") argued that Yale University discriminated against Asian-American candidates on the basis of their race, a charge the university denied.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-CNN-116) Harvard faced a similar challenge from [Students for Fair Admissions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions "Students for Fair Admissions"), which ultimately won its [case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._Harvard "Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard") in the U.S. Supreme Court in 2023, leading to the end of affirmative action in college admissions.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-117)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brown%27s_University_Hall_in_2007.jpg)
[University Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Hall_\(Brown_University\) "University Hall (Brown University)") (1770) at Brown University
Members of the League have been highly ranked by various [university rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_rankings "University rankings"). All of the Ivy League schools are consistently ranked within the top 20 national universities by the [*U.S. News & World Report* Best Colleges Ranking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking "U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-U.S._News_&_World_Report-11)
| University (in alphabetical order) | [Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes") (2025)[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-118) | [USNWR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report "U.S. News & World Report") (2025)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-U.S._News_&_World_Report-11) | [WSJ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")/College Pulse (2025)[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-119) |
|---|---|---|---|
| **Brown** | 18 | 13 (tie) | 36 |
| **Columbia** | 6 | 13 (tie) | 14 |
| **Cornell** | 10 | 11 (tie) | 27 |
| **Dartmouth** | 16 | 15 (tie) | 57 |
| **Harvard** | 8 | 3 | 7 |
| **Penn** | 7 | 10 | 13 |
| **Princeton** | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| **Yale** | 4 | 5 | 4 |
| University | Per [FTE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-time_equivalent "Full-time equivalent") Student (Fall 2022)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-NACUBO-24) |
|---|---|
| Princeton University | \$3,832,426.46 |
| Yale University | \$2,781,928.04 |
| Harvard University | \$2,032,820.27 |
| Dartmouth College | \$1,175,878.56 |
| University of Pennsylvania | \$834,978.31 |
| Brown University | \$582,294.27 |
| Columbia University | \$447,066.03 |
| Cornell University | \$368,615.52 |
Collaboration between the member schools is illustrated by the student-led [Ivy Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Council "Ivy Council") that meets in the fall and spring of each year, with representatives from every Ivy League school. The governing body of the Ivy League is the Council of Ivy Group presidents, composed of each university president. During meetings, the presidents discuss common procedures and initiatives for their universities.
The universities collaborate academically through the IvyPlus Exchange Scholar Program, which allows students to cross-register at one of the Ivies or another eligible school such as [Berkeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley"), [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago "University of Chicago"), [MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology"), and [Stanford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University").[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Princeton-120)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Yale-121)
## History of diversity
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: History of diversity")\]
### Racial segregation and integration
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: Racial segregation and integration")\]
Ivy League institutions have a complex history of racial segregation, and, eventually, integration. All of the universities in the Ivy League besides Cornell University were chartered during the [American era of slavery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States "Slavery in the United States").[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122) In 2003, Brown University was the first of the Ivies to take accountability for their historic ties to slavery and the [transatlantic slave trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#:~:text=The_Atlantic_slave_trade,_transatlantic,16th_to_the_19th_centuries. "Atlantic slave trade").[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Brown's_Slavery_&_Justice_Report,_Digital_2nd_Edition_|_Brown_University-123)[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-124) Following Brown, other Ivy League universities formed committees to examine their ties to slavery, and found various institutional relationships to slavery. Yale University, for example, used profits from slave traders and owners to fund its first scholarships, libraries, and faculty positions.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-125)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-126) To date, some of Yale's residential colleges are named after slave traders and supporters.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-127) The investigations at Harvard, Princeton, Columbia, and the University of Pennsylvania all found that, in the century following their charters, enslaved Black people lived on campus to care for students, professors, or the universities' presidents.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-128)[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-slavery.princeton.edu-129)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Time-130)[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-131) Notably, Princeton's first nine presidents were slave owners, and in 1766, a slave auction reportedly took place on Princeton's campus.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-slavery.princeton.edu-129)
A small number of Black people did attend Ivy League institutions as students during their early years. These early students, however, were not always granted degrees. For example, some Black students were recorded studying privately with the Princeton University president as early as 1774, but no Black students received Princeton degrees until the middle of the twentieth century.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Radcliffe_Institute_for_Advanced_Study_at_Harvard_University-132) Jonathan and Philip Gayienquitioga, two brothers of the [Mohawk People](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Nation "Mohawk Nation"),[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-133) were the first people of color to enroll at Penn in 1755 after being recruited by Benjamin Franklin to attend the Academy of Philadelphia (then part of [Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania")).[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-sas.upenn-134) But there is no evidence that either earned a degree, as the first Native American to graduate Penn did not occur until 1847 when Robert Daniel Ross, a member of the [Cherokee Nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_Nation "Cherokee Nation"), graduated with a degree from [Penn's medical school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Medicine "University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine").[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-sas.upenn-134)
#### 19th and early 20th centuries
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: 19th and early 20th centuries")\]
In 1900, [W. E. B. Du Bois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois "W. E. B. Du Bois") oversaw and edited *The College-bred Negro*[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-135) a study on Black integration in colleges and universities that found a combined total of 52 Black students had graduated from Ivy League schools in their collective histories. Since no official policies prohibited schools in the Ivy League from admitting students of color each university in the League had different policies regarding the admission of Black students.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122) Dartmouth's first Black student graduated in 1828, while Princeton would only admit their first Black student under the [V-12 Navy College Training Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-12_Navy_College_Training_Program "V-12 Navy College Training Program") in the 1940s.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-www.dartmouth.edu-136)
Early Black student admits to Ivy League universities were controversial and often faced backlash. Dartmouth initially denied its first Black graduate, Edward Mitchell, supposedly to avoid "offend\[ing\] students". Dartmouth students protested this decision, leading to Mitchell's admission in 1824.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-www.dartmouth.edu-136) [Richard Henry Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Henry_Green "Richard Henry Green") was awarded an [MD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine "Doctor of Medicine") degree by Dartmouth College in 1864.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-:2-137)
Harvard admitted its first Black student, Beverly Garnett Williams, in 1847. News of his admission incited protests by Harvard students and faculty.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-138) Williams died before the academic year began, however, and never matriculated.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-:1-139) [Richard Theodore Greener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Theodore_Greener "Richard Theodore Greener") was the first African American to receive a Harvard degree in 1870.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Chicago_Sun_docs-140) Between 1890 and 1940, an average of three Black men enrolled at Harvard per year.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Radcliffe_Institute_for_Advanced_Study_at_Harvard_University-132) In 1923, Harvard's Board of Overseers overruled University President Abbot Lawrence's ban on Black students living in dorms, announcing that all freshmen would be permitted to live in dorms regardless of race, but upheld that "men of the white and colored races shall not be compelled to live and eat together."[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-The_Harvard_Crimson-3-141) Brown seems to have refused admission to Black students outright prior to the Civil War. Abolitionist Elizabeth Buffum Chase wrote in her book *Anti Slavery Reminiscences* about "a lad of rare excellence and attainments \[who\] was refused an examination for admission by the authorities of Brown University on account of the color of his skin." [Inman E. Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inman_E._Page "Inman E. Page") was the first Black student to graduate from Brown in 1877, and was class speaker.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-142)
William Adger, James Brister, and [Nathan Francis Mossell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Francis_Mossell "Nathan Francis Mossell") were the first Black students enrolled at [Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") in 1879.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-PT-Adger-143) Brister graduated from the [School of Dental Medicine (Penn Dental)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Dental_Medicine "University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine") in 1881 as the first African American to earn a degree from Penn, while Adger was the first African American to graduate from the college in 1883.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-144)
Columbia University has claimed that four Black students earned University degrees between 1875 and 1900,[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-:1-139) though their names are apparently unknown.
Yale's [Edward Bouchet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bouchet "Edward Bouchet"), was the first Black person (a) elected to [Phi Beta Kappa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa "Phi Beta Kappa") in the US in 1874 and (b) to earn a [Ph.D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D. "Ph.D.") from any American university, completing his [dissertation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissertation "Dissertation") in [physics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics "Physics") in 1876.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-145)[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-146) Bouchet was thought to have been the first African-American graduate of Yale, but research publicized in 2014 reported that Yale awarded a Black man, [Richard Henry Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Henry_Green "Richard Henry Green"), a bachelor of arts degree in 1857.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-:2-137)[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-NYT-147)
Cornell seemed the most inclusive of the Ivy Leagues at its inception, with admission open to any race and gender.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-148) University co-founder Andrew Dickson White wrote in 1874 that the school had *"*no colored students...at present but shall be very glad to receive any who are prepared to enter...if even one offered himself and passed the examinations, we should receive him even if all our five hundred white students were to ask for dismissal on that account."[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-149) In 1890, Charles Chauveau Cook and Jane Eleanor Datcher were the first Black students awarded four-year undergraduate Cornell degrees.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-150) Despite this, Black students faced legal and social segregation in the town of Ithaca, New York. In 1905, Black students reported being denied housing while attending Cornell.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122)
Princeton University, sometimes referred to as the "Southern-most Ivy", was the last to integrate. In Du Bois' *The College-bred Negro* (1900), a Princeton representative is quoted: "We have never had any colored students here, though there is nothing in the University statutes to prevent their admission. It is possible, however, in view of our proximity to the South and the large number of southern students here, that Negro students would find Princeton less comfortable than some other institutions."[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-151) Notably, in 1939, Princeton revoked admittance to Black student Bruce Wright upon his arrival on campus, when Director of Admission Radcliffe Heermance noticed Wright's race.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-152) When a disappointed Wright wrote Heermance requesting an explanation, Heermance responded:
> I cannot conscientiously advise a colored student to apply for admission to Princeton simply because I do not think that he would be happy in this environment. There are no colored students in the University and a member of your race might feel very much alone... My personal experience would enforce my advice to any colored student that he would be happier in an environment of others of his race, and that he would adjust himself far more easily to the life of a New England college or university, or one of the large state universities than he would to a residential college of this particular type.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-153)
The few early Black students admitted to Ivy League universities were often from wealthy Caribbean families.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122) Barriers preventing African American students from attending Ivy League universities included the universities' policies, poor recruitment, tuition costs, and the lack of secondary education opportunities in a [racially segregated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation "Racial segregation") country.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122)[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-154) More Black students attended Ivy League graduate and professional schools than their undergraduate programs.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122) By the middle of the 20th century, only 54 Black men and women had graduated with a bachelor degree from Ivy League universities.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122)
By the middle of the 20th century, some Ivy League students and alumni were advocating for increased racial integration efforts.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-155)[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-:0-156)[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-157)[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-158) These efforts were met with mixed reactions from the schools themselves.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-159) Without a goal for integration shared by the institutions as a collective, each school increased racial diversity at different rates, with Dartmouth having 120 Black undergraduates in the class of 1945 and Princeton having a cumulative total of fewer than 100 Black undergraduates by 1967.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122)
The [V-12 Navy College Training Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-12_Navy_College_Training_Program "V-12 Navy College Training Program") in 1942 effectively forced all eight Ivy institutions to increase Black student enrollment.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122) At Princeton University, the Black students in this program were the first ever granted bachelor's degrees by the University.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-160)
The 1954 Supreme Court decision in *[Brown v. Board of Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education "Brown v. Board of Education")* did not require private universities like those in the Ivy League to abide by the ruling.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-161) It wasn't until the Court's 1976 decision in *[Runyon v. McCrary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runyon_v._McCrary "Runyon v. McCrary")* that private institutions became legally prohibited from discriminating on the basis of race.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-162) By the early 1960s, however, some admissions offices in the Ivy League began to make concerted efforts to increase their number of Black applicants, rolling out initiatives that actively sought Black talent from high schools.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-The_Current-163) Efforts for racial integration at Ivy League institutions relied on the support of student organizations, faculty-led initiatives, and third-party organizations like the National Scholarship Service and Fund for Negro Students[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-:0-156) to seek prospective Black applicants.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-The_Current-163) These efforts also prompted internal University action, such as the creation of [Cornell's Committee on Special Educational Projects (COSEP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cornell_University "History of Cornell University"), an organization aimed to recruit and support Black students.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-164) By 1965, however, Black students still were only 2% of admitted students across all the Ivies.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122)
Prior to the 1960s, the majority of Ivy League universities explicitly prohibited the admission of women, instead forming partnerships with nearby women's colleges.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-BestColleges-165) As such, Black women were not able to attend Ivy League universities until they changed their policies. [Lillian Lincoln Lambert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Lincoln "Lillian Lincoln") was the first Black woman to receive a degree from Harvard University after graduating with a master's degree from [Harvard Business School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School "Harvard Business School") in 1969.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-BestColleges-165) Lincoln Lambert was also a founding member of Harvard's African American Student Union, which according to her, actively recruited Black students and created "a space where Black students could find not only support but resources for everything from barber shops that cut Black hair to churches."[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-166)
As Black student populations grew at Ivy League schools, on-campus activism saw an increase during the civil rights movement. In 1969, students in Cornell's Afro-American Society led an armed occupation of [Willard Straight Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Straight_Hall "Willard Straight Hall") to protest the university's racist policies and "its slow progress in establishing a Black studies program."[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-167)[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122) In the same year, students associated with Yale's New Left organization, [Students for a Democratic Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society "Students for a Democratic Society"), worked closely with the New Haven [Black Panthers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_Party "Black Panther Party") to lead sit-ins and protests that advocated for the admission of more students of color and the establishment of an African American studies department.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-168)[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122) At Brown University, identity-based student organizations such as the United African People and the African American Society called for an increase to the number of Black faculty and increased attention to the needs of Black students.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Brown's_Slavery_&_Justice_Report,_Digital_2nd_Edition_|_Brown_University-123) Demonstrations at Harvard and Columbia took the form of occupations and non-violent sit-ins that were often subject to forceful removal by local police called by University administrators.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-169)[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Bradley-2021-122) Activism at Dartmouth took a different shape during this time period, as students would use demonstrations that were happening at other Ivies and colleges around the country, to effectively position their demands for progress within the prospect of taking actions similar to those happening elsewhere.
Continuing the trajectory of the late 20th century, the number of Black students on Ivy League campuses has continued to increase in the 21st century. From 2006 to 2018, there was an approximated 50% increase in the admission of Black students into entering classes, growing from 1,110 to 1,663.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-The_Journal_of_Blacks_in_Higher_Education-2018-170) As of 2018, the Ivy League universities unanimously supported Harvard University's "race-conscious admissions" model.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Franklin-2018-171) Harvard University representatives credited this form of [affirmative action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States "Affirmative action in the United States") as one of the factors increasing campus diversity.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Franklin-2018-171)
In 2014 case *[Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuette_v._Coalition_to_Defend_Affirmative_Action "Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action")*, [572](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_572 "List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 572") [U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports "United States Reports") [291](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/572/291/) (2014)—the Supreme Court upheld [Michigan's ban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Civil_Rights_Initiative "Michigan Civil Rights Initiative") on affirmative action for public institutions and in 2016 in*[Fisher v. University of Texas II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_v._University_of_Texas_\(2016\) "Fisher v. University of Texas (2016)")*, No. [14-981](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/579/14-981/), [579](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_579 "List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 579") [U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports "United States Reports") \_\_\_ (2016) the court upheld the university's limited use of race in admissions decisions because the university showed it had a clear goal of limited scope without other workable race-neutral means to achieve it. However, in 2023—*[Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College "Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College")*, No. [20-1199](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/600/20-1199/), [600](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_600 "List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 600") [U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports "United States Reports") \_\_\_ (2023) the [United States Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court "United States Supreme Court") overruled the decades old decisions*Regents of University of California v. Bakke* and *Grutter v. Bollinger* and other cases mentioned above in this paragraph but disallowing non-individualized racial preferences in admissions for civilian universities. In essence, the court interpreted the [Fourteenth Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") as not permitting Harvard's "race-conscious admissions" as the court decision now forbids the consideration of race in higher education admissions.
Institutions in favor of Harvard's model argue that in addition to academic excellence they also aim to form a diverse student body, while individuals that argue against the model state that it is discriminatory against certain applicants.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-172)
The growing Black student population in Ivy League universities in the early 2000s was accompanied by an increase in the number of Black faculty at these institutions, though rates of change among faculty have been slower and inconsistent. In 2005, 588– or about 3.9%– of the Ivies' 14,831 full-time faculty members were Black.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-173) This proportion decreased to 3.4% in 2015.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-174) Notably, in 2001, [Ruth J. Simmons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Simmons "Ruth Simmons") became the president of Brown University, making her the first and only Black president of an Ivy League institution.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-175)
The 21st century saw the continuation of demonstrations by Ivy League students revolving around race. Many of these demonstrations have sought to continue the work of their 20th century predecessors by advocating for increased admission and support of Black students. In light of the *[Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College "Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College")* Supreme Court case, students from Yale and Harvard joined other universities in protesting in defense of race-conscious admissions policies.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-176)[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-177)
Likewise, Black students from Ivy League institutions continue to protest for the betterment of Black students' lives on campus and beyond. Following [Michael Brown's death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Michael_Brown "Shooting of Michael Brown") in 2014, students across the Ivies formed the Black Ivy Coalition, which included members from all eight institutions and aimed to combat anti-Black racism.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-178) Individual Ivy League universities also formed their own advocacy organizations and movements as a direct response to instances of anti-Black violence. After the murder of Michael Brown, Princeton University students formed the Black Justice League, which in 2015, occupied [Nassau Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_Hall "Nassau Hall") and presented a list of demands to university administrators.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-179) Similarly, in 2017, Cornell students made demands to their administration protesting the assault of a Black student. Led by Black Students United, the demands included banning the [Psi Upsilon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psi_Upsilon "Psi Upsilon") fraternity for hate crimes, implementing [implicit bias training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_bias_training "Implicit bias training"), and introducing policies to increase the number of Black students at the university.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-180)
Student demonstrations have also focused on sparking change beyond Ivy League campuses. Following the [Black Lives Matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter") protests in 2020, Harvard's Black Law Students Association, beyond calling for more Black faculty, [critical race theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_race_theory "Critical race theory") curriculum, and protection for student protestors, also called on the university to divest from prisons and denounce state-sanctioned violence.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-181)
In response to racially charged incidents across the country and prompting from student activists, Ivy League universities have removed and renamed campus landmarks. In response to the [2016 Black Lives Matter protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter"), Cornell renamed [their botanical gardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Botanic_Gardens "Cornell Botanic Gardens"), previously called the "Cornell Plantations," to the "Cornell Botanical Gardens."[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-182) In 2018, Brown renamed one of its largest academic and administrative buildings after its first Black graduates, [Inman E. Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inman_E._Page "Inman E. Page") and Ethel Tremaine Robinson.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-183) In response to the [murder of George Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd "Murder of George Floyd") in 2020, Princeton University removed [Woodrow Wilson's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson") name from a residential college and the [School of Public and International Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_School_of_Public_and_International_Affairs "Princeton School of Public and International Affairs") because of his "racist thinking and policies."[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-184)
### Fashion and lifestyle
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: Fashion and lifestyle")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornell_Rowing_-_Penfield_1907.jpg)
An illustration of Cornell's [rowing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_\(sport\) "Rowing (sport)") team. Rowing is often associated with traditional upper class [New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England "New England") culture.
Different fashion trends and styles have emerged from Ivy League campuses over time, and fashion trends such as [Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_\(clothes\) "Ivy League (clothes)") and [preppy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preppy "Preppy") are styles often associated with the Ivy League and its culture.
[Ivy League style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_\(clothes\) "Ivy League (clothes)") is a style of men's dress, popular during the late 1950s, believed to have originated on Ivy League campuses. The clothing stores [J. Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Press "J. Press") and [Brooks Brothers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Brothers "Brooks Brothers") represent perhaps the quintessential Ivy League dress manner. The Ivy League style is said to be the predecessor to the [preppy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preppy "Preppy") style of dress.
Preppy fashion started around 1912 to the late 1940s and 1950s as the Ivy League style of dress.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-185) [J. Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Press "J. Press") represents the quintessential preppy clothing brand, stemming from the collegiate traditions that shaped the preppy subculture. In the mid-twentieth century J. Press and [Brooks Brothers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Brothers "Brooks Brothers"), both being pioneers in preppy fashion, had stores on Ivy League school campuses, including Harvard, Yale, and Princeton.
Some typical preppy styles also reflect traditional upper class [New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England "New England") leisure activities, such as [equestrian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_riding "Horse riding"), [sailing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing "Sailing") or [yachting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht "Yacht"), [hunting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting "Hunting"), [fencing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing "Fencing"), [rowing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_\(sport\) "Rowing (sport)"), [lacrosse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse "Lacrosse"), [tennis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis "Tennis"), [golf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf "Golf"), and [rugby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football "Rugby football"). Longtime New England outdoor outfitters, such as [L.L. Bean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.L._Bean "L.L. Bean"), became part of conventional preppy style.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Zlotnick-186) This can be seen in sport stripes and colors, equestrian clothing, plaid shirts, field jackets and nautical-themed accessories. Vacationing in [Palm Beach, Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida "Palm Beach, Florida"), long popular with the East Coast upper class, led to the emergence of bright colors combinations in leisure wear seen in some brands such as [Lilly Pulitzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilly_Pulitzer "Lilly Pulitzer").[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Zlotnick-186) By the 1980s, other brands such as [Lacoste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacoste "Lacoste"), [Izod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izod "Izod") and [Dooney & Bourke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dooney_%26_Bourke "Dooney & Bourke") became associated with preppy style.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Peterson_Kellogg_285-187)
Though the Ivy League style is most commonly associated with the white, male elites that historically made up Ivy League campuses, the style was quickly popularized among Black communities during the [civil rights era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_era "Civil rights era"). Reinterpretations of this style by African-American men in the 1950s and 1960s combined the preppy Ivy League style with other popular Black styles of dress. This led to the emergence of a new style of dress, the Black Ivy style.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-188)
Today, Ivy League styles continue to be popular on Ivy League campuses, throughout the U.S., and abroad, and are oftentimes labeled as "Classic American style" or "Traditional American style".[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-189)[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-190)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columbiaman.jpg)
A cartoon portrait of the stereotypical Columbia man, 1902
The Ivy League is often associated with the [upper class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_upper_class "American upper class") [White Anglo-Saxon Protestant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant "White Anglo-Saxon Protestant") community of the [Northeast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States "Northeastern United States"), [Old money](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_money "Old money"), or more generally, the [American upper middle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States "Upper middle class in the United States") and upper classes.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-191)[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-192)[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-193)[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-194) Although most Ivy League students come from upper-middle and upper-class families, the student body has become increasingly more economically and ethnically diverse. The universities provide significant financial aid to help increase the enrollment of lower income and middle class students.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-theatlantic.com-195) Several reports suggest, however, that the proportion of students from less-affluent families remains low.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-196)[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-197)
Phrases such as "Ivy League snobbery"[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-198) are ubiquitous in nonfiction and fiction writing of the early and mid-twentieth century. A [Louis Auchincloss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Auchincloss "Louis Auchincloss") character dreads "the aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League colleges".[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-autogenerated1-67) A business writer, warning in 2001 against discriminatory hiring, presented a cautionary example of an attitude to avoid (the bracketed phrase is his):
> We Ivy Leaguers \[read: mostly white and Anglo\] know that an Ivy League degree is a mark of the kind of person who is likely to succeed in this organization.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-199)
The phrase *Ivy League* historically has been perceived as connected not only with academic excellence but also with social elitism. In 1936, sportswriter [John Kieran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kieran "John Kieran") noted that student editors at [Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University"), [Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale "Yale"), [Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University"), [Princeton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University"), [Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University"), [Dartmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College"), and [Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") were advocating the formation of an athletic association. In urging them to consider "[Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy "United States Military Academy") and [Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy "United States Naval Academy") and [Georgetown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University "Georgetown University") and [Fordham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University "Fordham University") and [Syracuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University "Syracuse University") and [Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University") and [Pitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh "University of Pittsburgh")" as candidates for membership, he exhorted:
> It would be well for the proponents of the Ivy League to make it clear (to themselves especially) that the proposed group would be inclusive but not "exclusive" as this term is used with a slight up-tilting of the tip of the nose.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-200)
Aspects of Ivy stereotyping were illustrated during the [1988 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election "1988 United States presidential election"), when [George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush") (Yale '48) derided [Michael Dukakis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis "Michael Dukakis") (graduate of Harvard Law School) for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique."[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-201) *New York Times* columnist [Maureen Dowd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Dowd "Maureen Dowd") asked "Wasn't this a case of the pot calling the kettle elite?" Bush explained, however, that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it. ... Harvard boutique to me has the connotation of liberalism and elitism" and said *Harvard* in his remark was intended to represent "a philosophical enclave" and not a statement about class.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-202) Columnist [Russell Baker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Baker "Russell Baker") opined that "Voters inclined to loathe and fear elite Ivy League schools rarely make fine distinctions between Yale and Harvard. All they know is that both are full of rich, fancy, stuck-up and possibly dangerous intellectuals who never sit down to supper in their [undershirt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undershirt "Undershirt") no matter how hot the weather gets."[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-203) Still, the next five consecutive presidents all attended Ivy League schools for at least part of their education—George H. W. Bush (Yale undergrad), [Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") (Yale Law School), [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") (Yale undergrad, Harvard Business School), [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") (Columbia undergrad, Harvard Law School), and [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") (Penn undergrad). Indeed, since 1989, [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") has been the only president to *not* be Ivy League-educated.
### U.S. presidents in the Ivy League
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: U.S. presidents in the Ivy League")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franklin_D._Roosevelt_with_Harvard_class_of_1904,_group_shot_in_Nantasket_Beach,_Massachusetts_-_NARA_-_195358.jpg)
[Franklin Delano Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt "Franklin Delano Roosevelt"), third from left, top row, with his Harvard class in 1904
Of the 45[\[f\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-204) persons who have served as [President of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States"), 16 have graduated from an Ivy League university with either a Bachelor's or advanced degree. Of them, eight have degrees from Harvard, five from Yale, three from Columbia, two from Princeton and one from Penn. Twelve presidents have earned Ivy undergraduate degrees. Four of these were transfer students: Woodrow Wilson transferred from [Davidson College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidson_College "Davidson College"), Barack Obama transferred from [Occidental College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_College "Occidental College"), Donald Trump transferred from [Fordham University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University "Fordham University"), and John F. Kennedy transferred from Princeton to Harvard. [John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams") was the first president to graduate from college, graduating from Harvard in 1755.
| President | School(s) | Graduation year |
|---|---|---|
| [John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams") | Harvard University | 1755 |
| [James Madison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison "James Madison") | Princeton University | 1771 |
| [John Quincy Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams "John Quincy Adams") | Harvard University | 1787 |
| [William Henry Harrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison "William Henry Harrison") | University of Pennsylvania | (withdrew, class of 1793) |
| [Rutherford B. Hayes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes "Rutherford B. Hayes") | [Harvard Law School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School") | 1845 |
| [Theodore Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt "Theodore Roosevelt") | Harvard University [Columbia Law School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_School "Columbia Law School") | 1880 (withdrew, class of 1882)[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-205) |
| [William Howard Taft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft "William Howard Taft") | Yale University | 1878 |
| [Woodrow Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson") | Princeton University | 1879 |
| [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") | Harvard University Columbia Law School | 1903 (withdrew, class of 1907)[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-206) |
| [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") | Princeton University Harvard University | (withdrew) 1940 |
| [Gerald Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford "Gerald Ford") | [Yale Law School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Law_School "Yale Law School") | 1941 |
| [George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush") | Yale University | 1948 |
| [Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") | Yale Law School | 1973 |
| [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") | Yale University [Harvard Business School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School "Harvard Business School") | 1968 1975 |
| [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") | Columbia University Harvard Law School | 1983 1991 |
| [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") | University of Pennsylvania | 1968 |
## Student demographics
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: Student demographics")\]
| College | [Asian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans") | [Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans "African Americans") | [Hispanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") (of any race) | [Non-Hispanic White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites "Non-Hispanic whites") | Other/ International | [Two or more races](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans") | Unknown |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **Brown** | 16% | 7% | 10% | 39% | 18% | 5% | 4% |
| **Columbia** | 13% | 5% | 8% | 31% | 35% | 3% | 4% |
| **Cornell** | 17% | 6% | 11% | 34% | 22% | 4% | 6% |
| **Dartmouth** | 14% | 5% | 9% | 48% | 17% | 5% | 3% |
| **Harvard** | 14% | 7% | 9% | 40% | 23% | 4% | 3% |
| **Penn** | 18% | 7% | 8% | 40% | 20% | 4% | 3% |
| **Princeton** | 19% | 6% | 9% | 35% | 23% | 5% | 3% |
| **Yale** | 16% | 7% | 11% | 39% | 21% | 5% | 1% |
| **United States**[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-208) | 6% | 14% | 19% | 59% | 2% | 3% | — |
### Geographic distribution
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: Geographic distribution")\]
Students of the Ivy League largely hail from [the Northeast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States "Northeastern United States"), largely from the New York City, [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston "Boston"), and [Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia") areas. As all eight Ivy League universities are within the Northeast, most graduates end up working and residing in the Northeast after graduation. An unscientific survey of Harvard seniors from the Class of 2013 found that 42% hailed from the Northeast and 55% overall were planning on working and residing in the Northeast.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-209) Boston and New York City are traditionally where many Ivy League graduates end up living.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-210)[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-211)
### Socioeconomics and social class
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: Socioeconomics and social class")\]
| College | Median | Top 1% | Top 10% | Top 20% | Bottom 20% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **Brown** | \$204,200 | 19% | 60% | 70% | 4\.1% |
| **Columbia** | \$150,900 | 13% | 48% | 62% | 5\.1% |
| **Cornell** | \$151,600 | 10% | 48% | 64% | 3\.8% |
| **Dartmouth** | \$200,400 | 21% | 58% | 69% | 2\.6% |
| **Harvard** | \$168,800 | 15% | 53% | 67% | 4\.5% |
| **Penn** | \$195,500 | 19% | 45% | 58% | 3\.3% |
| **Princeton** | \$186,100 | 17% | 58% | 72% | 2\.2% |
| **Yale** | \$192,600 | 19% | 57% | 69% | 2\.1% |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Learned_Hand_at_Harvarda.jpg)
[Harvard Law School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School") students
c.
1895
Students of the Ivy League, both graduate and undergraduate, come primarily from [upper middle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States "Upper middle class in the United States") and [upper class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_upper_class "American upper class") families. In recent years, however, the universities have looked towards increasing socioeconomic and class diversity, by providing greater financial aid packages to applicants from [lower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_lower_class "American lower class"), [working](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_working_class "American working class"), and [lower middle class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_middle_class#United_States "Lower middle class") American families.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-theatlantic.com-195)[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-McGrath-213)
In 2013, a [Harvard Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson "Harvard Crimson") writer estimated that 46% of Harvard undergraduate students came from families in the top 3.8% of all American households (i.e., over \$200,000 annual income).[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-McGrath-213) In 2012, the bottom 25% of the American income distribution accounted for only 3–4% of students at Brown, a figure that had remained unchanged since 1992.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-214) In 2014, 69% of incoming freshmen students at Yale College came from families with annual incomes of over \$120,000, putting most Yale College students in the upper-middle and upper classes. (The median household income in the U.S. in 2013 was \$52,700.)[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-215)
In the 2011–2012 academic year, students qualifying for [Pell Grants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell_Grant "Pell Grant") (federally funded scholarships on the basis of need) constituted 20% at Harvard, 18% at Cornell, 17% at Penn, 16% at Columbia, 15% at Dartmouth and Brown, 14% at Yale, and 12% at Princeton. Nationally, 35% of American university students qualify for a Pell Grant.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-216)
| College | American Indian or Alaska Native | Asian | Black | Hispanic (of any race ) | Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | Non-Hispanic White | Two or more races | Unknown |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **Brown** | 57% | 96% | 95% | 95% | — | 97% | 98% | 96% |
| **Columbia** | 83% | 98% | 95% | 98% | 50% | 98% | 95% | 100% |
| **Cornell** | 73% | 96% | 90% | 90% | 75% | 95% | 95% | 94% |
| **Dartmouth** | 96% | 96% | 82% | 93% | 100% | 95% | 93% | 83% |
| **Harvard** | 75% | 98% | 96% | 97% | — | 97% | 98% | 100% |
| **Penn** | 100% | 97% | 96% | 95% | — | 96% | 99% | 98% |
| **Princeton** | 100% | 99% | 95% | 99% | 100% | 99% | 96% | 94% |
| **Yale** | 100% | 99% | 95% | 95% | — | 97% | 97% | 100% |
## Faculty demographics
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=31 "Edit section: Faculty demographics")\]
| College | Asian | Black | Hispanic (of any race) | Non-Hispanic White | Native American, Native Alaskan or Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | Two or more races | Unknown | "Under Represented Minorities" & "Historically Underrepresented Groups" |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **Brown**[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-218) | — | — | — | 86% | — | | — | 13% |
| **Columbia**[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-219) | 19% | — | — | 63% | — | — | 3% | 12% |
| **Cornell**[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-220) | 12% | *8%* | *(Combined* *with Black)* | 72% | — | — | 7% | — |
| **Dartmouth**[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-221) | 9% | 4% | 6% | 80% | 1% | 2% | — | — |
| **Harvard**[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-222) | 12% | 4% | 3% | 79% | .1% | 1% | — | — |
| **Penn**[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-223) | *17%* | 4% | 5% | 71% | *(Combined with Asian)* | 1% | .7% | — |
| **Princeton**[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-224) | 11% | 4% | 3% | 78% | 0% | 0% | 4% | — |
| **Yale**[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-225) | 21% | 5% | 5% | 62% | — | 1% | 6% | — |
## Competition and athletics
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: Competition and athletics")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yale_Bowl_from_south_end.jpg)
The [Yale Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bowl "Yale Bowl") during a football game against Cornell
Ivy champions are recognized in sixteen men's and sixteen women's sports. In some sports, Ivy teams actually compete as members of another league, the Ivy championship being decided by isolating the members' records in play against each other; for example, the six league members who participate in [ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey "Ice hockey") do so as members of [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey"), but an Ivy champion is extrapolated each year. In one sport, [rowing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_rowing_\(United_States\) "College rowing (United States)"), the Ivies recognize team champions for each sex in both heavyweight and lightweight divisions. While the [Intercollegiate Rowing Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercollegiate_Rowing_Association "Intercollegiate Rowing Association") governs all four sex- and bodyweight-based divisions of rowing, the only one that is sanctioned by the NCAA is women's heavyweight. The Ivy League was the last Division I [basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball "Basketball") conference to institute a conference postseason tournament; the first tournaments for men and women were held at the end of the 2016–17 season. The tournaments only award the Ivy League automatic bids for the NCAA Division I [Men's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament "NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament") and [Women's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_basketball_tournament "NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament") Basketball Tournaments; the official conference championships continue to be awarded based solely on regular-season results.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-226) Before the 2016–17 season, the automatic bids were based solely on regular-season record, with a [one-game playoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-game_playoff "One-game playoff") (or series of one-game playoffs if more than two teams were tied) held to determine the automatic bid.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-227) The Ivy League is one of only two Division I conferences which award their official basketball championships solely on regular-season results; the other is the [Southeastern Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference "Southeastern Conference").[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-228)[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-229) Since its inception, an Ivy League school has yet to win either the men's or women's Division I NCAA basketball tournament.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brown_v_Columbia_basketball_game.jpg)
Brown plays Columbia in basketball, 2020.
On average, each Ivy school has more than 35 varsity teams. All eight are in the top 20 for number of sports offered for both men and women among Division I schools. Unlike most Division I athletic conferences, the Ivy League prohibits the granting of athletic scholarships; all scholarships awarded are need-based ([financial aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_financial_aid_\(United_States\) "Student financial aid (United States)")).[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-whatisivy-230) In addition, the Ivies have a rigid policy against [redshirting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshirt_\(college_sports\) "Redshirt (college sports)"), even for medical reasons; an athlete loses a year of eligibility for every year enrolled at an Ivy institution.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-231) Additionally, the Ivies prohibit graduate students from participating in intercollegiate athletics, even if they have remaining athletic eligibility.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Borsello_2020-02-12-232) The only exception to the ban on graduate students was that seniors graduating in 2021 were allowed to play at their current institutions as graduate students in 2021–22. This was a one-time-only response to the Ivies shutting down most intercollegiate athletics in 2020–21 due to COVID-19.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Borzello_2021-02-11-233) Ivy League teams' non-league games are often against the members of the [Patriot League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_League "Patriot League"), which have similar academic standards and athletic scholarship policies (although unlike the Ivies, the Patriot League allows both redshirting and play by eligible graduate students). To promote diversity and inclusion, student-athletes are required to have their [gender pronouns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_pronoun "Personal pronoun") listed on their roster pages on the athletic websites for most Ivy League schools.
In the time before [recruiting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_recruiting "College recruiting") for college sports became dominated by those offering athletic scholarships and lowered academic standards for athletes, the Ivy League was successful in many sports relative to other universities in the country. In particular, Princeton won 26 recognized national championships in [college football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football "College football") (last in 1935), and Yale won 18 (last in 1927).[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-234) Both of these totals are considerably higher than those of other historically strong programs such as [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football "Alabama Crimson Tide football"), which has won 15, [Notre Dame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football"), which claims 11 but is credited by many sources with 13, and [USC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USC_Trojans_football "USC Trojans football"), which has won 11. Yale, whose coach [Walter Camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Camp "Walter Camp") was the "Father of American Football," held on to its place as the all-time wins leader in college football throughout the entire 20th century, but was finally passed by [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_football "Michigan Wolverines football") on November 10, 2001. Harvard, Yale, Princeton and Penn each have over a dozen former scholar-athletes enshrined in the [College Football Hall of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame "College Football Hall of Fame"). Currently Dartmouth holds the record for most Ivy League football titles, with 18, followed closely by Harvard and Penn, each with 17 titles. In addition, the Ivy League has produced [Super Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl "Super Bowl") winners [Kevin Boothe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Boothe "Kevin Boothe") ([Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_football "Cornell Big Red football")), two-time [Pro Bowler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Bowl "Pro Bowl") [Zak DeOssie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zak_DeOssie "Zak DeOssie") ([Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears_football "Brown Bears football")), [Sean Morey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Morey_\(American_football\) "Sean Morey (American football)") (Brown), [All-Pro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Pro "All-Pro") selection [Matt Birk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Birk "Matt Birk") ([Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_football "Harvard Crimson football")), [Calvin Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Hill "Calvin Hill") ([Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_football "Yale Bulldogs football")), [Derrick Harmon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_Harmon_\(running_back\) "Derrick Harmon (running back)") (Cornell) and [Justin Watson (wide receiver)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Watson_\(wide_receiver\) "Justin Watson (wide receiver)"), (three-time [Super Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl "Super Bowl") champion, winning [Super Bowl LV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_LV "Super Bowl LV") with the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers "Tampa Bay Buccaneers") and [Super Bowl LVII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_LVII "Super Bowl LVII") and [LVIII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_LVIII "Super Bowl LVIII") with the [Kansas City Chiefs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs "Kansas City Chiefs")), ([Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Quakers_football "Penn Quakers football")).
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornell_vs_UPenn_football_game_2019.jpg)
Penn (left) plays Cornell (right), 2019.
Beginning with the [1982 football season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season "1982 NCAA Division I-AA football season"), the Ivy League has competed in [Division I-AA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season "1982 NCAA Division I-AA football season") (renamed [FCS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship_Subdivision "NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision") in 2006).[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-wergbt-235)[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-236) The Ivy League teams are eligible for the FCS tournament held to determine the national champion, and the league champion is eligible for an automatic bid (and any other team may qualify for an at-large selection) from the NCAA. However, from its inception in 1956 until 2024, the Ivy League had not played any postseason games due to concerns about the extended December schedule's effects on academics. (The last postseason game for a member before 2025 was the [1934 Rose Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Rose_Bowl "1934 Rose Bowl"), won by [Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Columbia_Lions_football_team "1933 Columbia Lions football team").)[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-vnqmud-237)[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-colamz-238) For this reason, any Ivy League team invited to the FCS playoffs turned down the bid. The Ivy League plays a strict 10-game schedule, compared to other FCS members' schedules of 11 (or, in some seasons, 12) regular season games, plus post-season, which expanded in [2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season "2013 NCAA Division I FCS football season") to five rounds with 24 teams, with a bye week for the top eight teams. Football had been the only sport in which the Ivy League declined to compete for a national title. However, beginning in 2025, the Ivy League will participate in the FCS playoffs, with its conference champion automatically qualifying for the tournament.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-2025playoffs-239)
In addition to varsity football, Penn and Cornell also field teams in the 9-team [Collegiate Sprint Football League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_football "Sprint football"), in which all players must weigh 178 pounds or less. With Princeton canceling its program in 2016,[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-240) Penn is the last remaining founding members of the league from its 1934 debut, and Cornell is the next-oldest, joining in 1937. Yale and Columbia previously fielded teams in the league but no longer do so.
| Sport | Men's | Women's |
|---|---|---|
| [Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball "College baseball") | 8 | – |
| [Basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball "College basketball") | 8 | 8 |
| [Cross-country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_running "Cross country running") | 8 | 8 |
| [Fencing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing "Fencing") | 6 | 7 |
| [Field hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey "Field hockey") | – | 8 |
| [Football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football "College football") | 8 | – |
| [Golf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf "Golf") | 8 | 7 |
| [Ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_ice_hockey "College ice hockey") | 6 | 6 |
| [Lacrosse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_lacrosse "College lacrosse") | 7 | 8 |
| [Rowing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_rowing_\(United_States\) "College rowing (United States)") | 8 | 7 |
| Soccer | 8 | 8 |
| [Softball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_softball "College softball") | – | 8 |
| [Squash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_\(sport\) "Squash (sport)") | 8 | 8 |
| Swimming and [diving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_\(sport\) "Diving (sport)") | 8 | 8 |
| [Tennis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis "Tennis") | 8 | 8 |
| [Track and field (indoor)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field#Indoor "Track and field") | 8 | 8 |
| [Track and field (outdoor)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field#Outdoor "Track and field") | 8 | 8 |
| [Volleyball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball "Volleyball") | – | 8 |
| [Wrestling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_wrestling "Collegiate wrestling") | 6 | – |
| School | Baseball | Basketball | Cross Country | Fencing | Football | Golf | Lacrosse | Rowing | Soccer | Squash | Swimming & Diving | Tennis | Track & Field (Indoor) | Track & Field (Outdoor) | Wrestling | Total Ivy League Sports |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brown | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 12 |
| Columbia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 14 |
| Cornell | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 14 |
| Dartmouth | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | 13 |
| Harvard | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 15 |
| Penn | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 15 |
| Princeton | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 15 |
| Yale | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | 14 |
| Totals | 8 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 110 |
| School | Crew | Ice Hockey1 | Polo | Sailing | Skiing | Volleyball | Water Polo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brown | Independent | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | No | Independent | No | No | [CWPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Water_Polo_Association "Collegiate Water Polo Association") |
| Columbia | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Cornell | No | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | Independent | No | No | No | No |
| Dartmouth | No | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | No | Independent | Independent | No | No |
| Harvard | No | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | No | Independent | Independent | [EIVA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Intercollegiate_Volleyball_Association "Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association") | [CWPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Water_Polo_Association "Collegiate Water Polo Association") |
| Penn | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Princeton | No | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | No | No | No | [EIVA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Intercollegiate_Volleyball_Association "Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association") | [CWPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Water_Polo_Association "Collegiate Water Polo Association") |
| Yale | Independent | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | No | Independent | No | No | No |
Notes:
1. Though the Ivy League lists ice hockey as a sponsored sport, all six ice hockey–playing Ivy League schools participate as members of [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey").
| School | Basketball | Cross Country | Fencing | Field Hockey | Golf | Lacrosse | Rowing | Soccer | Softball | Squash | Swimming & Diving | Tennis | Track & Field (Indoor) | Track & Field (Outdoor) | Volleyball | Total Ivy League Sports |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brown | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 13 |
| Columbia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 15 |
| Cornell | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 14 |
| Dartmouth | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 14 |
| Harvard | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 15 |
| Penn | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 15 |
| Princeton | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 15 |
| Yale | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 15 |
| Totals | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 116 |
| School | Archery | Crew | Equestrian | Gymnastics | Ice Hockey1 | Polo | Rugby2 | Sailing | Skiing | Water Polo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brown | No | Independent | Independent | [GEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gymnastics_East_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gymnastics East Conference (page does not exist)") | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | No | Independent | Independent | No | [CWPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Water_Polo_Association "Collegiate Water Polo Association") |
| Columbia | Independent | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Cornell | No | No | Independent | [GEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gymnastics_East_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gymnastics East Conference (page does not exist)") | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | Independent | No | Independent | No | No |
| Dartmouth | No | No | Independent | No | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | No | Independent | Independent | Independent | No |
| Harvard | No | No | No | No | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | No | Independent | Independent | Independent | [CWPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Water_Polo_Association "Collegiate Water Polo Association") |
| Penn | No | No | No | [GEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gymnastics_East_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gymnastics East Conference (page does not exist)") | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Princeton | No | No | No | No | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | No | Independent[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-242) | No | No | [CWPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Water_Polo_Association "Collegiate Water Polo Association") |
| Yale | No | No | No | [GEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gymnastics_East_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gymnastics East Conference (page does not exist)") | [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | No | No | Independent | No | No |
Notes:
1. Though the Ivy League lists ice hockey as a sponsored sport, all six ice hockey–playing Ivy League schools participate as members of [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey").
2. The Ivy League is home to some of the oldest [college rugby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_rugby "College rugby") teams in the United States. Although none of the men's teams and half of the women's teams are not "varsity" sports, they all compete against each other as part of the [Ivy Rugby Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Rugby_Conference "Ivy Rugby Conference")[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-243) in addition to their own local conferences. Four of the women's teams (Brown, Dartmouth, Harvard, and Princeton) play as part of the NCAA emerging sport category.[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-244)
| Institution | Ivy League championships | NCAA team championships |
|---|---|---|
| Princeton Tigers | 476 | 12 |
| Harvard Crimson | 415 | 4 |
| Cornell Big Red | 231 | 5 |
| Pennsylvania Quakers | 210 | 3 |
| Yale Bulldogs | 202 | 3 |
| Dartmouth Big Green | 140 | 3 |
| Brown Bears | 123 | 7 |
| Columbia Lions | 105 | 11 |
The table above includes the number of team championships won from the beginning of official Ivy League competition (1956–57 academic year) through 2016–17. Princeton and Harvard have on occasion won ten or more Ivy League titles in a year, an achievement accomplished 10 times by Harvard and 24 times by Princeton, including a conference-record 15 championships in 2010–11. Only once has one of the other six schools earned more than eight titles in a single academic year (Cornell with nine in 2005–06). In the 38 academic years beginning 1979–80, Princeton has averaged 10 championships per year, one-third of the conference total of 33 sponsored sports.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-245)
In the 12 academic years beginning 2005–06 Princeton has won championships in 31 different sports, all except wrestling and men's tennis.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-246)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornell_University_vs_Princeton_Lacrosse_1987.jpg)
Cornell and Princeton are longtime [lacrosse rivals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell%E2%80%93Princeton_lacrosse_rivalry "Cornell–Princeton lacrosse rivalry").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_Stadium_-_1903_Greek_Play.jpg)
Performance of a Greek play at [Harvard Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Stadium "Harvard Stadium") in 1903
Rivalries run deep in the Ivy League. For instance, Princeton and [Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Quakers_men%27s_basketball "Penn Quakers men's basketball") are longstanding [men's basketball rivals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_%E2%80%93_Princeton_basketball_rivalry "Penn – Princeton basketball rivalry");[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-247) "Puck Frinceton" T-shirts are worn by Quaker fans at games.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-248) In only 11 instances in the history of Ivy League basketball, and in only seven seasons since Yale's 1962 title, has neither Penn nor Princeton won at least a share of the Ivy League title in basketball,[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-249) with Princeton champion or co-champion 26 times and Penn 25 times. Penn has won 21 outright, Princeton 19 outright. Princeton has been a co-champion 7 times, sharing 4 of those titles with Penn (these 4 seasons represent the only times Penn has been co-champion).
Harvard won its first title of either variety in 2011, losing a dramatic play-off game to Princeton for the NCAA tournament bid, then rebounded to win outright championships in [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_basketball_team "2011–12 Harvard Crimson men's basketball team"), [2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_basketball_team "2012–13 Harvard Crimson men's basketball team"), and [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_basketball_team "2013–14 Harvard Crimson men's basketball team"). Harvard also won the 2013 Great Alaska Shootout, defeating TCU to become the only Ivy League school to win the now-defunct tournament.
Rivalries exist between other Ivy league teams in other sports, including [Cornell and Harvard in hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell-Harvard_hockey_rivalry "Cornell-Harvard hockey rivalry"), Harvard and Princeton in swimming, and Harvard and Penn in football (Penn and Harvard have won 28 Ivy League Football Championships since 1982, Penn-16; Harvard-12). During that time Penn has had 8 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships and Harvard has had 6 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships.[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-250) In [men's lacrosse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_lacrosse "Field lacrosse"), [Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_men%27s_lacrosse "Cornell Big Red men's lacrosse") and [Princeton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_men%27s_lacrosse "Princeton Tigers men's lacrosse") are [perennial rivals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell%E2%80%93Princeton_lacrosse_rivalry "Cornell–Princeton lacrosse rivalry"), and they are two of three Ivy League teams to have won the NCAA tournament.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-251) In 2009, the Big Red and Tigers met for their 70th game in the [NCAA tournament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Lacrosse_Championship "2009 NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship").[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-252) No team other than Harvard or Princeton has won the men's swimming conference title outright since 1972, although Yale, Columbia, and Cornell have shared the title with Harvard and Princeton during this time. Similarly, no program other than Princeton and Harvard has won the women's swimming championship since Brown's 1999 title. Princeton or Cornell has won every indoor and outdoor track and field championship, both men's and women's, every year since 2002–03, with one exception (Columbia women won the indoor championship in 2012). Harvard and Yale are [football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Game_\(Harvard-Yale\) "The Game (Harvard-Yale)") and [crew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_Regatta "Harvard–Yale Regatta") rivals although the competition has become unbalanced; Harvard has won all but one of the last 15 football games and all but one of the last 13 crew races.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ingalls_Rink_Highsmith.jpg)
The [Ingalls Rink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalls_Rink "Ingalls Rink"), Yale's primary hockey facility
#### Intra-conference football rivalries
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=43 "Edit section: Intra-conference football rivalries")\]
| Teams | Name | Trophy | First met | Games played | Series record |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [Columbia–Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia%E2%80%93Cornell_football_rivalry "Columbia–Cornell football rivalry") | Empire State Bowl | Empire Cup | 1889 | 103 games | 36–64–3 |
| [Cornell–Dartmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell%E2%80%93Dartmouth_football_rivalry "Cornell–Dartmouth football rivalry") | None | None | 1900 | 103 games | 41–61–1 |
| [Cornell–Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell%E2%80%93Penn_football_rivalry "Cornell–Penn football rivalry") | None | Trustee's Cup | 1893 | 122 games | 46–71–5 |
| [Dartmouth–Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth%E2%80%93Harvard_football_rivalry "Dartmouth–Harvard football rivalry") | None | None | 1882 | 123 games | 47–71–5 |
| Dartmouth–Princeton | None | Sawhorse Dollar | 1897 | 100 games | 50–46–4 |
| [Harvard–Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Penn_football_rivalry "Harvard–Penn football rivalry") | None | None | 1881 | 90 games | 49–39–2 |
| [Harvard–Princeton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Princeton_football_rivalry "Harvard–Princeton football rivalry") | None | None | 1877 | 112 games | 57–48–7 |
| [Harvard–Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_football_rivalry "Harvard–Yale football rivalry") | The Game | None | 1875 | 132 games | 59–65–8 |
| [Penn–Princeton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn%E2%80%93Princeton_football_rivalry "Penn–Princeton football rivalry") | None | None | 1876 | 111 games | 67–43–1 |
| [Princeton–Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton%E2%80%93Yale_football_rivalry "Princeton–Yale football rivalry") | None | None | 1873 | 138 games | 52–76–10 |
The Yale–Princeton series is the nation's second-longest by games played, surpassed only by ["The Rivalry"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rivalry_\(Lafayette%E2%80%93Lehigh\) "The Rivalry (Lafayette–Lehigh)") between [Lehigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Mountain_Hawks_football "Lehigh Mountain Hawks football") and [Lafayette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_Leopards_football "Lafayette Leopards football"), which began later in 1884 but included two or three games in each of 17 early seasons.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-253) For the first three decades of the Yale-Princeton rivalry, the two played their season-ending game at a neutral site, usually New York City, and with one exception (1890: Harvard), the winner of the game also won at least a share of the [national championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS "College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS") that year, covering the period 1869 through 1903.[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-254)[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-255) This phenomenon of a finale contest at a neutral site for the national title created a social occasion for the society elite of the metropolitan area akin to a [Super Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl "Super Bowl") in the era prior to the establishment of the [NFL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League") in 1920.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-256)[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-257) These football games were also financially profitable for the two universities, so much that they began to play baseball games in New York City as well, drawing record crowds for that sport also, largely from the same social demographic.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-258) In a period when the only professional team sports were fledgling baseball leagues, these high-profile early contests between Princeton and Yale played a role in popularizing spectator sports, demonstrating their financial potential and raising public awareness of Ivy universities at a time when few people attended college.
| Teams | Name | Trophy | First met | Games played | Series record |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brown–[Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_Rams_football "Rhode Island Rams football") | None | [Governor's Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Rhode_Island_football_rivalry "Brown–Rhode Island football rivalry") | 1909 | 107 games | 73–32–2 |
| Columbia–[Fordham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_Rams_football "Fordham Rams football") | None | [Liberty Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Cup "Liberty Cup") | 1890 | 24 games | 12–12–0 |
| Cornell–[Colgate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate_Raiders_football "Colgate Raiders football") | [None](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate%E2%80%93Cornell_football_rivalry "Colgate–Cornell football rivalry") | None | 1896 | 95 games | 48–44–3 |
| Dartmouth–[New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Wildcats_football "New Hampshire Wildcats football") | [Granite Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth%E2%80%93New_Hampshire_football_rivalry "Dartmouth–New Hampshire football rivalry") | Granite Bowl Trophy | 1901 | 42 games | 21–19–2 |
| Harvard–[Holy Cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Cross_Crusaders_football "Holy Cross Crusaders football") | None | None | 1904 | 67 games | 41–24–2 |
| Penn–[Lafayette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_Leopards_football "Lafayette Leopards football") | None | None | 1882 | 90 games | 63–23–4 |
| Penn–[Lehigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Mountain_Hawks_football "Lehigh Mountain Hawks football") | None | None | 1885 | 56 games | 43–13 |
| Princeton–[Rutgers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_football "Rutgers Scarlet Knights football") | [None](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton%E2%80%93Rutgers_rivalry "Princeton–Rutgers rivalry") | None | 1869 | 71 games | 53–17–1 |
| Yale–[Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Black_Knights_football "Army Black Knights football") | None | None | 1893 | 45 games | 22–16–8 |
| Yale–[Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UConn_Huskies_football "UConn Huskies football") | None | None | 1948 | 49 games | 32–17 |
### NCAA team championships
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=46 "Edit section: NCAA team championships")\]
This list, which is current through January 8, 2018,[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-259) includes NCAA championships and women's [AIAW championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Intercollegiate_Athletics_for_Women_championships "Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women championships") (one each for Yale and Dartmouth and five for Cornell). Excluded from this list are all other national championships earned [outside the scope of NCAA competition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_college_athletics_championship_game_outcomes "List of college athletics championship game outcomes"), including football titles and retroactive [Helms Foundation titles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helms_Athletic_Foundation "Helms Athletic Foundation").
| School | Total | Men | Women | Co-ed | Nickname |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [Yale University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University") | [29](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs#NCAA_team_championships "Yale Bulldogs")[\[g\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-fn1-260) | 26 | 3 | 0 | [Bulldogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs "Yale Bulldogs") |
| [Princeton University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University") | [24](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers#NCAA_team_championships "Princeton Tigers")[\[g\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-fn1-260) | 19 | 4 | 1 | [Tigers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers "Princeton Tigers") |
| [Columbia University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") | [14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Lions#NCAA_team_championships "Columbia Lions") | 11 | 0 | 3 | [Lions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Lions "Columbia Lions") |
| [Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") | [10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson#NCAA_team_championships "Harvard Crimson")[\[g\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-fn1-260) | 7 | 2 | 1 | [Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson "Harvard Crimson") |
| [Brown University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University") | [7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears#NCAA_team_championships "Brown Bears") | 0 | 7 | 0 | [Bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears "Brown Bears") |
| [Cornell University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") | [10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red#NCAA_team_championships "Cornell Big Red") | 5 | 5 | 0 | [Big Red](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red "Cornell Big Red") |
| [Dartmouth College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College") | [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green#NCAA_team_championships "Dartmouth Big Green")[\[g\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-fn1-260) | 1 | 1 | 3 | [Big Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green "Dartmouth Big Green") |
| [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") | [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Quakers#NCAA_team_championships "Penn Quakers") | 3 | 1 | 0 | [Quakers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Quakers "Penn Quakers") |
## Athletic facilities
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_League&action=edit§ion=47 "Edit section: Athletic facilities")\]
| | Football stadium | Basketball arena | Baseball field | Hockey rink | Soccer stadium | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| School[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-261) | Name | Capacity | Year | Name | Capacity | Year | Name | Capacity | Year | Name | Capacity | Year | Name | Capacity | Year |
| [**Brown**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears "Brown Bears") | [Richard Gouse Field at Brown Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gouse_Field_at_Brown_Stadium "Richard Gouse Field at Brown Stadium") | 20,000 | 1925 | [Pizzitola Sports Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizzitola_Sports_Center "Pizzitola Sports Center") | 2,800 | 1989 | [Murray Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Stadium "Murray Stadium") | 1,000 | 1959 | [Meehan Auditorium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meehan_Auditorium "Meehan Auditorium") | 3,100 | 1961 | [Stevenson Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenson_Field "Stevenson Field") | 3,500 | 1979 |
| [**Columbia**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Lions "Columbia Lions") | [Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_K._Kraft_Field_at_Lawrence_A._Wien_Stadium "Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium") | 17,000 | 1984 | [Levien Gymnasium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levien_Gymnasium "Levien Gymnasium") | 3,408 | 1974 | [Robertson Field at Satow Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson_Field_at_Satow_Stadium "Robertson Field at Satow Stadium") | 1,500 | 1923 | *Non-hockey school* | [Commisso Soccer Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commisso_Soccer_Stadium "Commisso Soccer Stadium") | 3,500 | 1985 | | |
| [**Cornell**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red "Cornell Big Red") | [Schoellkopf Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoellkopf_Field "Schoellkopf Field") | 25,597 | 1915 | [Newman Arena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newman_Arena "Newman Arena") | 4,472 | 1990 | Booth Field | 500 | 2023 | [Lynah Rink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynah_Rink "Lynah Rink") | 4,267 | 1957 | [Charles F. Berman Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Berman_Field "Charles F. Berman Field") | 1,000 | 2000 |
| [**Dartmouth**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green "Dartmouth Big Green") | [Buddy Teevens Stadium at Memorial Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Field_\(Dartmouth\) "Memorial Field (Dartmouth)") | 15,600 | 1923 | [Leede Arena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leede_Arena "Leede Arena") | 2,100 | 1986 | [Red Rolfe Field at Biondi Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Rolfe_Field_at_Biondi_Park "Red Rolfe Field at Biondi Park") | 2,000 | 2008 | [Thompson Arena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_Arena "Thompson Arena") | 4,500 | 1975 | [Burnham Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnham_Field "Burnham Field") | 1,600 | 2007 |
| [**Harvard**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson "Harvard Crimson") | [Harvard Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Stadium "Harvard Stadium") | 30,898 | 1903 | [Lavietes Pavilion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavietes_Pavilion "Lavietes Pavilion") | 2,195 | 1926 | [Joseph J. O'Donnell Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_J._O%27Donnell_Field "Joseph J. O'Donnell Field") | 1,600 | 1898 | [Bright Hockey Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_Hockey_Center "Bright Hockey Center") | 2,850 | 1956 | [Jordan Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Field "Jordan Field") | 2,500 | 2010 |
| [**Penn**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Quakers "Penn Quakers") | [Franklin Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Field "Franklin Field") | 52,593 | 1895 | [The Palestra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Palestra "The Palestra") | 8,722 | 1927 | [Meiklejohn Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiklejohn_Stadium "Meiklejohn Stadium") | 850 | 2000 | [Class of 1923 Arena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_of_1923_Arena "Class of 1923 Arena") | 2,500 | 1972 | Rhodes Field | 1,700 | 2002[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-262) |
| [**Princeton**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers "Princeton Tigers") | [Powers Field at Princeton Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powers_Field_at_Princeton_Stadium "Powers Field at Princeton Stadium") | 27,800 | 1998 | [Jadwin Gymnasium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwin_Gymnasium "Jadwin Gymnasium") | 6,854 | 1969 | [Bill Clarke Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clarke_Field "Bill Clarke Field") | 850 | 1961 | [Hobey Baker Memorial Rink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobey_Baker_Memorial_Rink "Hobey Baker Memorial Rink") | 2,094 | 1923 | [Roberts Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Stadium_\(Soccer_stadium\) "Roberts Stadium (Soccer stadium)") | 3,000 | 2008 |
| [**Yale**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs "Yale Bulldogs") | [Yale Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bowl "Yale Bowl") | 61,446 | 1914 | [John J. Lee Amphitheater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payne_Whitney_Gymnasium "Payne Whitney Gymnasium") | 3,100 | 1932 | [Yale Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Field "Yale Field") | 6,200 | 1927 | [Ingalls Rink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalls_Rink "Ingalls Rink") | 3,486 | 1958 | [Reese Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reese_Stadium "Reese Stadium") | 3,000 | 1981 |
The term *Ivy* is sometimes used to connote a positive comparison to or an association with the Ivy League, often along academic lines. The term has been used to describe the [Little Ivies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ivies "Little Ivies"), a grouping of small liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-263) Other common uses include the [Public Ivies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Ivy "Public Ivy"), the [Hidden Ivies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Ivies "Hidden Ivies"), the [Southern Ivies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ivy "Southern Ivy"), and the [Black Ivies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Ivy_League "Black Ivy League").[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-264)
The informal term *IvyPlus* refers to the original eight Ivy league institutions along with a select group of other elite institutions including the [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology"), [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University"), [Duke University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University "Duke University"), and [University of Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago "University of Chicago").[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-265)[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Untangling-266)[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-267) [Johns Hopkins University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University "Johns Hopkins University") is often included as well. Beyond rankings and prestige,[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-268) these schools are included in the grouping given their formal participation in exchange programs,[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-269) university consortia,[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-sustain-270) shared academic resources,[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-271) collaborative alumni associations,[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-BluePrint-272)[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-273) or endowment comparisons.[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-274)[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-275)[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-DangerousWealth-276)[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-Lerner-277)
- [Big Three](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Three_\(colleges\) "Big Three (colleges)")—An athletic rivalry between Harvard, Yale, and Princeton
- [Black Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Ivy_League "Black Ivy League")—Informal list of private [historically black colleges and universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities "Historically black colleges and universities") that have historically been seen as the African American equivalent to the Ivy League
- [List of Ivy League medical schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_medical_schools "List of Ivy League medical schools")—Schools of the Ivy League universities that offer medical education
- [List of Ivy League law schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_law_schools "List of Ivy League law schools")—Schools of the Ivy League universities that offer various law degrees
- [List of Ivy League business schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_business_schools "List of Ivy League business schools")—Schools of the Ivy League universities that offer various business degrees, especially the MBA
- [List of Ivy League public policy schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_public_policy_schools "List of Ivy League public policy schools")—Schools of the Ivy League universities that offer [public policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Public_Policy "Master of Public Policy") or [public administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Public_Administration "Master of Public Administration") degrees
- [Little Ivies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ivies "Little Ivies")—Private liberal arts colleges that historically have had the same social prestige and similar large financial endowments as the Ivy league
- [Public Ivy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Ivy "Public Ivy")—Public colleges & universities that are perceived to provide an education equal to the Ivy League
- [Seven Sisters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Sisters_\(colleges\) "Seven Sisters (colleges)")—Seven liberal arts colleges, previously open to only women, with historical affiliations to the Ivy League
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-12)** Liberal arts colleges and regional institutions are ranked separately.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-28)** This figure does not include the [Columbia University School of General Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_School_of_General_Studies "Columbia University School of General Studies"), which, though it is an undergraduate school of the university, is generally not counted as such when calculating student body size and admission rates.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-26)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-27) Including General Studies students, the university overall would have an undergraduate enrollment of 9704 students for 2024.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-30)** Harvard's medical, business, and engineering schools, and most of its athletic facilities, are across the [Charles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River "Charles River") in [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston "Boston").
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-36)** Princeton University has historical ties to an older college. Five of the twelve members of Princeton's first board of trustees were very closely associated with a "[Log College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_College "Log College")" operated by Presbyterian minister [William Tennent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tennent "William Tennent") and his son [Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Tennent "Gilbert Tennent") in [Bucks County, Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania "Bucks County, Pennsylvania") from 1726 until 1746.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-princeton1-35) Because the College of New Jersey and the Log College shared the same religious affiliation (a moderate element within the "[New Side](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Side-New_Side_Controversy "The Old Side-New Side Controversy")" or "[New Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_and_New_Light "Old and New Light")" wing of the [Presbyterian Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism "Presbyterianism")) and there was a considerable overlap in their boards of trustees, some historians suggest that there is sufficient connection between this school and the College of New Jersey which would enable Princeton to claim a founding date of 1726. However, Princeton does not officially do so and a university historian says that the "facts do not warrant" such a claim.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-princeton1-35)
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-44)** There is some disagreement about Penn's date of founding as the university has never used its legal charter date for this purpose and, in addition, took the unusual step of changing its official founding date approximately 150 years after the fact. The first meeting of the founding trustees of the secondary school which eventually became the [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") took place in November 1749. Secondary instruction for boys at the *[Academy of Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Philadelphia "Academy of Philadelphia")* began in August 1751. Undergraduate education for men began after a collegiate charter for the *[College of Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Philadelphia "College of Philadelphia")* was granted in 1755. Penn initially designated 1750 as its founding date. Sometime later in its early history, Penn began to refer to 1749 instead. The school considered 1749 to be its founding date for more than a century until, in 1895, elite universities in the United States agreed that formal [academic processions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_procession "Academic procession") would place visiting dignitaries and other officials in the order of their institution's founding dates. Four years later in 1899, Penn's board of trustees voted to retroactively revise the university's founding date from 1749 to 1740 in order to become older than Princeton, which had been chartered in 1746. The premise for this revised founding date was that the Academy of Philadelphia purchased the building and assumed the educational mandate of an inactive trust which had originally hoped to open a charity school for indigent children. This was part of a 1740 project that had been planned to comprise both a church and school though because of insufficient funding, only the church was built and even it was never put into use. The dormant church building was conveyed to the Academy of Philadelphia in 1750.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-41)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-42)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_note-43)
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-204)** As of 2025. While there have been 47 presidencies, only 45 individuals have served as president. Two presidents have served non-consecutive terms: and thus, [Grover Cleveland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland "Grover Cleveland") is numbered as both the 22nd and 24th U.S. president, and [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") is numbered as both the 45th and 47th U.S. president.
7. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-fn1_260-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-fn1_260-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-fn1_260-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-fn1_260-3) The NCAA started sponsoring the intercollegiate golf championship in 1939, but it retained the titles from the 41 championships previously conferred by the National Intercollegiate Golf Association in its records. Of these pre-NCAA titles, Yale, Princeton, Harvard and Dartmouth won 20, 11, 6 and 1, respectively.
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-1)**
["Executive Director Robin Harris"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160405152035/http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/information/directory/bios/robin_harris). Archived from [the original](http://ivyleaguesports.com/information/directory/bios/robin_harris) on April 5, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Princeton_Campus_Guide_2-0)**
["Princeton Campus Guide – Ivy League"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100322232720/http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/ivy_league.html). Archived from [the original](http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/ivy_league.html) on March 22, 2010. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-www.crimsoneducation.org_3-0)**
["The Benefits of the Ivy League – Crimson Education US"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220212121543/https://www.crimsoneducation.org/us/blog/campus-life-more/benefits-of-Ivy-League/). *www.crimsoneducation.org*. Archived from [the original](https://www.crimsoneducation.org/us/blog/campus-life-more/benefits-of-Ivy-League) on February 12, 2022. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Vedder_4-0)**
Vedder, Richard. ["Does Attending Elite Colleges Make You Happy? Lessons From The Admissions Scandal"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardvedder/2019/04/22/college-quality-and-lifetime-happiness-lessons-from-the-varsity-blue-admissions-scandal/). *Forbes*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220212121532/https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardvedder/2019/04/22/college-quality-and-lifetime-happiness-lessons-from-the-varsity-blue-admissions-scandal/) from the original on February 12, 2022. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Gladwell_5-0)**
Gladwell, Malcolm. ["Getting In"](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/10/10/getting-in). *The New Yorker*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200216021140/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/10/10/getting-in) from the original on February 16, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Princeton_University_Admission-2016_6-0)**
["Joint Ivy Statement on Admission Policies"](https://admission.princeton.edu/how-apply/joint-ivy-statement-admission-policies). *Princeton University Admission*. September 2, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220324053757/https://admission.princeton.edu/how-apply/joint-ivy-statement-admission-policies) from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
7. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-officialhistory_7-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-officialhistory_7-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-officialhistory_7-2)
["Ivy League History and Timeline"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160420101456/http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/history/timeline/index). Archived from [the original](http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/history/timeline/index) on April 20, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-8)**
["The Beginning of the Ancient Eight"](https://cornellsun.com/2009/07/19/beginning-ancient-eight/). The Cornell Daily Sun. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201026133515/https://cornellsun.com/2009/07/19/beginning-ancient-eight/) from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-9)**
["Modernizing the Ancient Eight"](https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2016/01/20/bronsdon-modernizing-the-ancient-eight/). Yale Daily News. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201110040359/https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2016/01/20/bronsdon-modernizing-the-ancient-eight/) from the original on November 10, 2020. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-World's_Best_Colleges_10-0)**
["World's Best Colleges"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120530232922/http://www.usnews.com/education/worlds-best-universities-rankings/top-400-universities-in-the-world). Archived from [the original](https://www.usnews.com/articles/education/worlds-best-colleges/2009/06/18/worlds-best-colleges-top-400.html) on May 30, 2012. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
11. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-U.S._News_&_World_Report_11-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-U.S._News_&_World_Report_11-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-U.S._News_&_World_Report_11-2)
["National University Rankings"](https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities). *U.S. News & World Report*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090417054249/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/college/national-search) from the original on April 17, 2009.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-US_News_history_13-0)**
["U.S. News & World Report Historical Liberal Arts College and University Rankings"](http://andyreiter.com/datasets/). *Datasets*. Andrew G. Reiter. July 13, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170916095502/http://andyreiter.com/datasets/) from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-U.S._News-2022-2023_14-0)**
["2022 Best Global Universities Rankings"](https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings). *U.S. News*. 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141028092904/http://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings) from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Association_of_American_Universities_15-0)**
["Our Members"](https://www.aau.edu/who-we-are/our-members). Association of American Universities. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210605095215/https://www.aau.edu/who-we-are/our-members) from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Dartmouth_and_Cornell_respectively_16-0)** [Dartmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College") and [Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") respectively
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-The_Boston_Globe_17-0)**
["Brown University's endowment reaches \$6.9b after generating a more than 50 percent return"](https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/10/14/metro/brown-universitys-endowment-reaches-69b-after-generating-more-than-50-percent-return/). *The Boston Globe*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211014192838/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/10/14/metro/brown-universitys-endowment-reaches-69b-after-generating-more-than-50-percent-return/) from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
17. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-The_Harvard_Crimson-2_18-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-The_Harvard_Crimson-2_18-1)
["Harvard's Endowment Soars to \$53.2 Billion, Reports 33.6% Returns"](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/10/15/endowment-returns-soar-2021/). *The Harvard Crimson*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211014171054/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/10/15/endowment-returns-soar-2021/) from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-10_Private_Universities_With_Largest_Financial_Endowments_19-0)**
["10 Private Universities With Largest Financial Endowments"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120801124053/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-colleges/articles/2011/06/28/10-universities-with-largest-financial-endowments). Archived from [the original](https://www.usnews.com/education/best-colleges/articles/2011/06/28/10-universities-with-largest-financial-endowments) on August 1, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-20)**
["What's Better for Me: Ivy League or Oxbridge?"](http://www.ueseducation.com/blog/ivy-league-oxbridge). *UES Education*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231229173035/https://www.ueseducation.com/blog/ivy-league-oxbridge) from the original on December 29, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-en.people.cn_21-0)**
["China's Ivy League：C9 League"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190103063135/http://en.people.cn/203691/7822275.html). *en.people.cn*. Archived from [the original](http://en.people.cn/203691/7822275.html) on January 3, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-22)**
["France's educational elite"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4190728/Frances-educational-elite.html). *The Daily Telegraph*. London. November 17, 2003. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Prestigious-2017_23-0)**
["Prestigious 'Imperial Universities' the best in Japan – THE rankings – Study International"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190715045309/https://www.studyinternational.com/news/prestigious-imperial-universities-best-japan-rankings/). March 31, 2017. Archived from [the original](https://www.studyinternational.com/news/prestigious-imperial-universities-best-japan-rankings/) on July 15, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
23. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-NACUBO_24-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-NACUBO_24-1)
As of June 30, 2023.
["U.S. and Canadian 2023 NCSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2023 Endowment Market Value, Change in Market Value from FY22 to FY23, and FY23 Endowment Market Values Per Full-time Equivalent Student"](https://web.archive.org/web/20240215102011/https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2023-NCSE-Endowment-Market-Values-FINAL.ashx). National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO). February 15, 2024. Archived from [the original](https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2023-NCSE-Endowment-Market-Values-FINAL.ashx) (XLS) on February 15, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Brown_University_25-0)**
["Faculty & Employees"](https://www.brown.edu/about/facts/faculty-and-employees). Brown University. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190123151951/https://www.brown.edu/about/facts/faculty-and-employees) from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-26)**
["Columbia University"](https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/columbia-university-2707#:~:text=Columbia%20University%20is%20a%20private,campus%20size%20is%2036%20acres.). *usnews.com*. 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112624/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/columbia-university-2707#:~:text=Columbia%20University%20is%20a%20private,campus%20size%20is%2036%20acres.) from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-27)**
["How many students attend Columbia?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184742/https://undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu/ask/faq/question/2512). *undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu*. Columbia Undergraduate Admissions. Archived from [the original](https://undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu/ask/faq/question/2512) on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Office_of_the_Provost_29-0)**
["Full-time Faculty Distribution by School/Division, Fall 2009–2019"](https://provost.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/Institutional%20Research/Statistical%20Abstract/opir_faculty_history.pdf) (PDF). *Office of the Provost*. Columbia University. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190621215433/https://provost.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/Institutional%20Research/Statistical%20Abstract/opir_faculty_history.pdf) (PDF) from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Instructional_Faculty_Appointments_31-0)**
["Instructional Faculty Appointments"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120425050912/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_09_18-19facuni.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_09_18-19facuni.pdf) (PDF) on April 25, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-penn_facts_32-0)**
["Penn: Penn Facts"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100226023403/http://www.upenn.edu/about/facts.php). The University of Pennsylvania. Archived from [the original](http://www.upenn.edu/about/facts.php) on February 26, 2010. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-33)**
["The Harvard Guide: Cambridge"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070205041058/http://www.news.harvard.edu/guide/commu/index.html). February 5, 2007. Archived from [the original](http://www.news.harvard.edu/guide/commu/index.html) on February 5, 2007. Retrieved July 18, 2024. "Cambridge was founded in 1630 as Newtowne. In 1637, the tiny village was designated as the location of the then-unnamed college, which would be named Harvard the following year."
31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-The_Yale_Corporation-1976_34-0)**
["The Yale Corporation: Charter and Legislation"](http://www.yale.edu/about/University-Charter.pdf) (PDF). 1976. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140603002044/http://www.yale.edu/about/University-Charter.pdf) (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2021. "By the Govrn, in Council & Representatives of his Majties Colony of Connecticut in Genrll Court Assembled, New-Haven, Octr 9: 1701"
32. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-princeton1_35-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-princeton1_35-1)
["Log College"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022928/http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/log_college.html). Etcweb1.princeton.edu. Archived from [the original](http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/log_college.html) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-The_Princeton_University_Press-1906_37-0)**
[*The Charters and By-Laws of the Trustees of Princeton University*](https://archive.org/details/chartersbylawsof00prin). Princeton, NJ: The Princeton University Press. 1906. pp. [11](https://archive.org/details/chartersbylawsof00prin/page/11)–20. "A Charter to Incorporate Sundry Persons to found a College pass'd the Great Seal of this Province of New Jersey ... the 22d October, 1746 ... The Charter thus mentioned has been lost ..."
34. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-princetonchapeltour_38-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-princetonchapeltour_38-1)
["University Chapel: Orange Key Virtual Tour of Princeton University"](https://www.princeton.edu/~oktour/virtualtour/english/Stop05.htm). Princeton University.
35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-New_York,_Printed_for_the_College-1895_39-0)**
[*Charters, acts and official documents together with the lease and re-lease by Trinity church of a portion of the King's farm*](https://archive.org/details/chartersactsoffi00colurich). New York, Printed for the College. June 1895. pp. [10](https://archive.org/details/chartersactsoffi00colurich/page/10)–24. "Witness our Trusty and well beloved'James De Lancey, Esq., our Lieutenant Governor, and Commander in chief in and over our Province of New York ... this thirty first day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and fifty four, and of our Reign the twenty eighth."
36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-PennFoundingYear_40-0)** See [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") for details of the circumstances of Penn's origin. Penn considered its founding date to be 1749 for over a century.[Penn Trustees 1749-1800](http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/trustees.html); [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121125023024/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/trustees.html) November 25, 2012, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") In 1895, elite universities in the United States agreed that henceforth formal [academic processions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_procession "Academic procession") would place visiting dignitaries and other officials in the order of their institution's founding dates. Penn's periodical *The Alumni Register*, published by the General Alumni Society, then began a grassroots campaign to retroactively revise the university's founding date to 1740. In 1899, the Board of Trustees acceded to the alumni initiative and voted to change the founding date to 1740, the date of foundation for the trust that was used to establish the school, following the usage used by Harvard University. The rationale offered in 1899 was that, in 1750 founder Benjamin Franklin and his original board of trustees purchased a completed but unused building and assumed a trust from a group that had hoped to begin a church and charity school in Philadelphia. This edifice was commonly called the "New Building" by local citizens and was referred to by such name in Franklin's memoirs as well as the legal bill of sale in Penn's archives. No name is stated or known for the associated educational trust, hence "Unnamed Charity School" serves as a placeholder to refer to the trust which is the premise for Penn's association with a founding date of 1740. The first named entity in Penn's early history was the 1751 secondary school for boys and charity school for indigent children called "Academy and Charitable School in the Province of Pennsylvania."[Penn's Heritage](http://www.upenn.edu/about/heritage.php); [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121020235939/http://www.upenn.edu/about/heritage.php) October 20, 2012, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") Undergraduate education began in 1755 and the organization then changed its name to "College, Academy and Charity School of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania".[Penn in the 18th Century](http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/penn1700s.html); [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060428155156/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/penn1700s.html) April 28, 2006, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") Operation of the charity school was discontinued a few years later.
37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-41)**
["Table of Contents, Penn History, University of Pennsylvania University Archives"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120225124708/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/entry.html). Archives.upenn.edu. Archived from [the original](http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/entry.html) on February 25, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-42)**
["Gazette: Building Penn's Brand (Sept/Oct 2002)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20051120020503/http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0902/thomas.html). Upenn.edu. Archived from [the original](http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0902/thomas.html) on November 20, 2005. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
39. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-43)**
["Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library: FAQ Princeton University vs. University of Pennsylvania: Which is the older institution?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20030319132644/http://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/older.shtml). Princeton.edu. November 6, 2007. Archived from [the original](https://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/older.shtml) on March 19, 2003. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Penn_45-0)**
Penn's website, like other sources, makes an important point of Penn's heritage being nonsectarian, associated with [Benjamin Franklin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin "Benjamin Franklin") and the Academy of Philadelphia's nonsectarian board of trustees: "The goal of Franklin's nonsectarian, practical plan would be the education of a business and governing class rather than of clergymen."[Penn in the 18th Century](http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/penn1700s.html); [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060428155156/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/penn1700s.html) April 28, 2006, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). Jencks and Riesman (2001) write "The Anglicans who founded the University of Pennsylvania, however, were evidently anxious not to alienate Philadelphia's Quakers, and they made their new college officially nonsectarian." In Franklin's 1749 founding [Proposals relating to the education of youth in Pensilvania](http://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/1749proposals.html) ([Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060504075701/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/1749proposals.html) May 4, 2006, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") [(page images)](http://dewey.library.upenn.edu/sceti/printedbooksNew/index.cfm?TextID=franklin_youth&PagePosition=20) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071018223123/http://dewey.library.upenn.edu/sceti/printedbooksNew/index.cfm?TextID=franklin_youth&PagePosition=20) October 18, 2007, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")), religion is not mentioned directly as a subject of study, but he states in a footnote that the study of "*History* will also afford frequent Opportunities of showing the Necessity of a *Publick Religion*, from its Usefulness to the Publicks; the Advantage of a Religious Character among private Persons; the Mischiefs of Superstition, \&c. and the Excellency of the CHRISTIAN RELIGION above all others antient or modern." Starting in 1751, the same trustees also operated a Charity School for Boys, whose curriculum combined "general principles of Christianity" with practical instruction leading toward careers in business and the "mechanical arts." [Penn in the 18th Century: Charity School of Philadelphia](http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/charitysch.html); [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060620024258/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/charitysch.html) June 20, 2006, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), and thus might be described as "non-denominational Christian." The charity school was originally planned and a trust was organized on paper in 1740 by followers of travelling evangelist [George Whitefield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield "George Whitefield"). The school was to have operated inside a church supported by the same group of adherents. But the organizers ran short of financing and, although the frame of the building was raised, the interior was left unfinished. The founders of the Academy of Philadelphia purchased the unused building in 1750 for their new venture and, in the process, assumed the original trust. Since 1899, Penn has claimed a founding date of 1740, based on the organizational date of the charity school and the premise that it had institutional identity with the Academy of Philadelphia. Whitefield was a firebrand Methodist associated with [The Great Awakening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Awakening "Great Awakening"); since the Methodists did not formally break from the Church of England until 1784, Whitefield in 1740 would be labeled [Episcopalian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England "Church of England"), and in fact *Brown* University, emphasizing its own pioneering nonsectarianism, refers to Penn's origin as "Episcopalian".[Brown’s climate of openness and cooperation can be traced back to its founding over two centuries ago.](https://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/ourhistory.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120118080913/http://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/ourhistory.html) January 18, 2012, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). Penn is sometimes assumed to have Quaker ties (its athletic teams are called "Quakers," and the cross-registration alliance between Penn, Haverford, Swarthmore and Bryn Mawr is known as the "Quaker Consortium.") But Penn's website does not assert any formal affiliation with Quakerism, historic or otherwise, and [Haverford College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverford_College "Haverford College") implicitly asserts a non-Quaker origin for Penn when it states that "Founded in 1833, Haverford is the oldest institution of higher learning with Quaker roots in North America."
["About Haverford College"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120204054925/https://www.haverford.edu/publicrelations/news/QandA.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.haverford.edu/publicrelations/news/QandA.html) on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Dulany_Addison-1911_46-0)**
Dulany Addison, Daniel (1911). ["Protestant Episcopal Church"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Protestant_Episcopal_Church) . In [Chisholm, Hugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm "Hugh Chisholm") (ed.). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition "Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition")*. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 473–475\.
42. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Brown.edu_47-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Brown.edu_47-1)
["Brown Admission: Our History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110208022301/http://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/ourhistory.html). Brown.edu. Archived from [the original](https://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/ourhistory.html) on February 8, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Hoeveler_48-0)** Hoeveler, David J., *Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges*, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, p. 192
44. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press-1911_49-0)**
Brown's charter stated that "into this liberal and catholic institution shall never be admitted any religious tests, but on the contrary, all the members hereof shall forever enjoy full, free, absolute, and uninterrupted liberty of conscience." The charter called for twenty-two of the thirty-six trustees to be Baptists, but required that the remainder be "five Friends, four Congregationalists, and five Episcopalians."
[Chisholm, Hugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm "Hugh Chisholm"), ed. (1911). ["Providence"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Providence) . *[Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition "Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition")*. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 511.
45. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Dartmouth_College_Charter_50-0)**
["Dartmouth College Charter"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150927001030/https://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/rauner/dartmouth/dc-charter.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/rauner/dartmouth/dc-charter.html) on September 27, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2021. "In testimony whereof, we have caused these our letters to be made patent, and the public seal of our said province of New Hampshire to be hereunto affixed. Witness our trusty and well beloved John Wentworth, Esquire, Governor and commander-in-chief in and over our said province, \[etc.\], this thirteenth day of December, in the tenth year of our reign, and in the year of our Lord 1769."
46. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Geiger-2000_51-0)**
Geiger, Roger L. (2000). [*The American College in the Nineteenth Century*](https://books.google.com/books?id=T7nFTW57MgcC). Vanderbilt University Press. p. 163. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8265-1364-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1364-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1364-9")
.
47. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-52)**
["Class Day, New and Old"](http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1893/6/3/class-day-old-and-new-it-is/). *The Harvard Crimson*. June 3, 1893. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230405235748/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1893/6/3/class-day-old-and-new-it-is/?print=1) from the original on April 5, 2023.
48. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-53)**
["Penn: Ivy day and Ivy Stones, a Penn Tradition"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120715230153/http://www.upenn.edu/spotlights/ivy-day-and-ivy-stones-penn-tradition). Archived from [the original](http://www.upenn.edu/spotlights/ivy-day-and-ivy-stones-penn-tradition) on July 15, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
49. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-54)**
"CLASS DAY.: Yale Seniors Plant the Ivy, Sing 'Blage,' and Entertain the Beauty of New Haven". *Boston Daily Globe*. June 27, 1882. p. 4.
50. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-55)**
"Simmons Seniors Hosts Class Day Exercises Late in Afternoon, Planting of the Ivy will be One of the Features". *Boston Evening Transcript*. June 11, 1912. p. 12.
51. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-56)**
["Play a Romance and Plant Ivy, Pretty Class Day Exercises of the Women's College"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1126&dat=19070609&id=uXpRAAAAIBAJ&pg=4741,1858451). *The Gazette Times*. June 9, 1907. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
52. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-57)**
["The Ivy Club: History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111014234433/http://theivyclub.net/history/). Archived from [the original](http://theivyclub.net/history/) on October 14, 2011.
53. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-quotations_58-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-quotations_58-1)
Shapiro, Fred R., ed. (2006). *Yale Book of Quotations*. [Yale University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press "Yale University Press").
54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-59)**
["Ivy League"](https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Ivy+League). *[Oxford English Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary "Oxford English Dictionary")* (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.
(Subscription or [participating institution membership](https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary) required.)
55. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-60)**
Various *Dear Uncle Ezra* student columns report the "IV League" explanation, apparently relying on the *Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins* as the sole source.
- ["Question 13"](https://web.archive.org/web/20030722214918/http://ezra.cornell.edu/posting.php?timestamp=895550400#question13). *Dear Uncle Ezra..*. Cornell University. May 19, 1998. Archived from [the original](https://ezra.cornell.edu/posting.php?timestamp=895550400#question13) on July 22, 2003.
- ["Question 9"](https://web.archive.org/web/20030721134212/http://ezra.cornell.edu/posting.php?timestamp=798955200#question9). *Dear Uncle Ezra..*. Cornell University. April 27, 1995. Archived from [the original](https://ezra.cornell.edu/posting.php?timestamp=798955200#question9) on July 21, 2003.
- ["Question 5"](https://web.archive.org/web/20030524211531/http://ezra.cornell.edu/posting.php?timestamp=639892800#question5). *Dear Uncle Ezra..*. Cornell University. April 12, 1990. Archived from [the original](https://ezra.cornell.edu/posting.php?timestamp=639892800#question5) on May 24, 2003.
56. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-61)**
["How did the Ivy League get its name?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100606232308/http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/2002/101702/askbenny.html). Ask Benny. *The Penn Current*. University of Pennsylvania. October 17, 2002. Archived from [the original](http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/2002/101702/askbenny.html) on June 6, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
57. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-62)**
["Penn Football in the 1800s"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100718192438/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/sports/football/1800s/origins.html). University of Pennsylvania. Archived from [the original](http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/sports/football/1800s/origins.html) on July 18, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
58. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-63)**
["Resource: Student history"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100909165637/http://resource.berkeley.edu/r_html/r01_04.html). Resource.berkeley.edu. Archived from [the original](http://resource.berkeley.edu/r_html/r01_04.html) on September 9, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
59. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-64)**
Davis, Margo Baumgartner; Nilan, Roxanne (1989). [*The Stanford Album: A Photographic History, 1885–1945*](https://books.google.com/books?id=oe0qpzomMwkC&pg=PA14). Stanford University Press. p. 14. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8047-1639-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1639-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1639-0")
.
60. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-65)**
["Jones, Samuel, D.D."](https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/J/jones-samuel-dd.html)
61. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-66)**
Epstein, Joseph (2003). [*Snobbery: The American Version*](https://archive.org/details/snobbery00jose). Houghton Mifflin. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-618-34073-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-34073-4 "Special:BookSources/0-618-34073-4")
.
p. 55, "by WASP Baltzell meant something much more specific; he intended to cover a select group of people who passed through a congeries of elite American institutions: certain eastern [prep schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University-preparatory_school "University-preparatory school"), the Ivy League colleges, and the [Episcopal Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_\(United_States\) "Episcopal Church (United States)") among them."
62. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-autogenerated1_67-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-autogenerated1_67-1)
Auchincloss, Louis (2004). [*East Side Story*](https://archive.org/details/eastsidestorynov00auch_0). Houghton Mifflin. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-618-45244-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-45244-3 "Special:BookSources/0-618-45244-3")
.
p. 179, "he dreaded the aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League colleges"
63. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-68)**
McDonald, Janet (2000). *Project Girl*. University of California Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-520-22345-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22345-4 "Special:BookSources/0-520-22345-4")
.
p. 163 "*Newsweek* is a morass of incest, nepotism, elitism, racism and utter classic white male patriarchal corruption. ... It is completely Ivy League—a Vassar/Columbia J-School dumping ground ... I will always be excluded, regardless of how many Ivy League degrees I acquire, because of the next level of hurdles: family connections and money."
64. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-69)**
["First Harvard versus Yale Football Game Program, 1875 - lot - Sotheby's"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210111203156/http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.171.html/2005/important-sports-memorabilia-and-cards-n08155). *sothebys.com*. Archived from [the original](http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.171.html/2005/important-sports-memorabilia-and-cards-n08155) on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
65. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-70)**
["Year by Year 1875"](http://www.theunbalancedline.com/2010/03/year-by-year-1875.html). *theunbalancedline.com*.
66. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Stannard_71-0)** Ed Stannard, [Photography exhibit reveals 'lost New Haven'](http://www.newhavenregister.com/articles/2009/02/08/news/new_haven/ctoldnewhaven.txt); [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120306222022/http://www.newhavenregister.com/articles/2009/02/08/news/new_haven/ctoldnewhaven.txt) 2012-03-06 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), *The New Haven Register*, February 8, 2009
67. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-72)**
["Penn's oldest sport goes back 168 years, and it's not one you might think"](https://www.thedp.com/article/2020/10/penn-cricket-team-historical-feature). *www.thedp.com*. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
68. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-web.archive.org_73-0)**
["Cricket: Penn's First Organized Sport"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180723200322/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/sports/cricket/1864.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/sports/cricket/1864.html) on July 23, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
69. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-74)** Haverford won such championship 19 times (3 shared with Penn and Harvard, 1 shared with Penn and Cornell, and 1 shared with Penn), and, in third place, Harvard won it 6 times, none after 1899 (3 shared with Haverford and Penn) accessed April 18, 2021.
70. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-75)**
["Columbia Celebrates College Wrestling Centennial"](https://web.archive.org/web/20141010054526/http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/may03/features5.php). Columbia College Today. Archived from [the original](http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/may03/features5.php) on October 10, 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
71. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-76)**
["Colleges Searching for Check On Trend to Goal Post Riots"](https://www.nytimes.com/1935/12/06/archives/colleges-searching-for-check-on-trend-to-goal-post-riots-eastern.html). *The New York Times*. Associated Press. December 6, 1935. p. 33. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180724002313/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/12/06/archives/colleges-searching-for-check-on-trend-to-goal-post-riots-eastern.html) from the original on July 24, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
72. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-77)**
Kelley, Robert F. (January 17, 1936). "Cornell Club Here Welcomes Lynah". *The New York Times*. p. 22.
73. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-78)**
"Immediate Formation of Ivy League Advocated at Seven Eastern Colleges". *The New York Times*. December 3, 1936. p. 33.
74. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-79)**
["The Harvard Crimson :: News :: AN EDITORIAL"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071016204452/http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=456169). Thecrimson.com. December 3, 1936. Archived from [the original](http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=456169) on October 16, 2007. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
75. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-80)**
["Plea for an Ivy Football League Rejected by College Authorities"](https://www.nytimes.com/1937/01/12/archives/plea-for-an-ivy-football-league-rejected-by-college-authorities.html). *The New York Times*. January 12, 1937. p. 26.
76. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-81)** Robert Siegel, "Black Baseball Pioneer William White's 1879 Game," National Public Radio, broadcast January 30, 2004 (audio at npr.org); Stefan Fatsis, ["Mystery of Baseball: Was William White Game's First Black?"](https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB107541676333815810) ([Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140307215344/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB107541676333815810) March 7, 2014, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")), *The Wall Street Journal*, January 30, 2004; Peter Morris and Stefan Fatsis, "Baseball's Secret Pioneer: William Edward White, the first Black player in major-league history," *Slate*, February 4, 2014; Rick Harris, *Brown University Baseball: A Legacy of the game* (Charleston: The History Press, 2012), pp. 41–43
77. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-82)**
["Harvard Athletics and Black History"](https://gocrimson.com/news/2021/1/19/general-harvard-athletics-and-black-history.aspx). *Harvard University*. February 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183202/https://gocrimson.com/news/2021/1/19/general-harvard-athletics-and-black-history.aspx) from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
78. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-83)**
["Black History Month: Pioneer Profiles"](https://dartmouthsports.com/news/2021/2/18/black-history-month-pioneer-profiles-210217.aspx). *Dartmouth College Athletics*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183204/https://dartmouthsports.com/news/2021/2/18/black-history-month-pioneer-profiles-210217.aspx) from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
79. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-84)**
["Fritz Pollard, Class of 1919"](https://www.brown.edu/about/history/timeline/fritz-pollard-class-1919). *Brown University Timeline*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183206/https://www.brown.edu/about/history/timeline/fritz-pollard-class-1919) from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
80. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-85)**
Leonard, Matthew (February 2, 2026). ["Athlete, Educator, Diplomat: Jerome Holland '38 M.S. '41 and a Life of Service"](https://www.cornellsun.com/article/2026/02/athlete-educator-diplomat-jerome-holland-38-m-s-41-and-a-life-of-service). *The Cornell Daily Sun*. Retrieved February 8, 2026.
81. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-86)**
["John Taylor"](https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/79112). *Olympedia*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240816111659/https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/79112) from the original on August 16, 2024. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
82. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-87)**
March, Lochlahn. ["Breaking barriers: Documenting the illustrious history of Black athletes at Penn"](https://www.thedp.com/article/2020/09/penn-athletics-black-documenting-illustrious-history-ivy-league-discrimination-integration). *www.thedp.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183215/https://www.thedp.com/article/2020/09/penn-athletics-black-documenting-illustrious-history-ivy-league-discrimination-integration) from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
83. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-88)**
["Ben Johnson \| Columbia Celebrates Black History and Culture"](https://blackhistory.news.columbia.edu/people/ben-johnson). *blackhistory.news.columbia.edu*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183204/https://blackhistory.news.columbia.edu/people/ben-johnson) from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
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181. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Zlotnick_186-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-Zlotnick_186-1)
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p. 55, "by WASP Baltzell meant something much more specific; he intended to cover a select group of people who passed through a congeries of elite American institutions: certain eastern prep schools, the Ivy League colleges, and the Episcopal Church among them." and
Wolff, Robert Paul (1992). *The Ideal of the University*. Transaction Publishers. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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191. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-196)** Time magazine, Noliwe M. Rooks, February 27, 2013, [The Biggest Barrier to Elite Education Isn't Affordability. It's Accessibility](https://ideas.time.com/2013/02/27/the-biggest-barrier-to-elite-education-isnt-affordability-its-accessibility/), Retrieved August 27, 2014, "... accessibility of these schools to students who are poor, minority ... the weight that Ivy League and other highly selective schools ... unfortunate set of circumstances ... gifted minority, poor and working class students can benefit most from the educational opportunities ..."
192. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-197)** August 26, 2014, Boston Globe (via NY Times), [A Generation Later, Poor are Still Rare at Elite Colleges](http://www.boston.com/business/news/2014/08/26/generation-later-poor-are-still-rare-elite-colleges/pL5EU7PrPXvpEflvgXAuEJ/story.html) ([Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140903094207/http://www.boston.com/business/news/2014/08/26/generation-later-poor-are-still-rare-elite-colleges/pL5EU7PrPXvpEflvgXAuEJ/story.html) September 3, 2014, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")), Retrieved August 30, 2014, "more elite group of 28 private colleges and universities, including all eight Ivy League members ... from 2001 to 2009 ... enrollment of students from the bottom 40 percent of family incomes increased from just 10 percent to 11 percent...."
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p. viii: "My genial, aristocratic contempt for Clark Kerr's celebration of the University of California was as much an expression of Ivy League snobbery as it was of radical social critique."
194. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-199)**
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196. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-201)**
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207. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-McGrath_213-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-McGrath_213-1)
McGrath, Maggie (November 27, 2013). ["The Challenge Of Being Poor At America's Richest Colleges"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/maggiemcgrath/2013/11/27/the-challenge-of-being-poor-at-americas-richest-colleges/). *Forbes*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171016005556/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maggiemcgrath/2013/11/27/the-challenge-of-being-poor-at-americas-richest-colleges/) from the original on October 16, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
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\[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")*\]
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`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"))
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238. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League#cite_ref-244)**
Harvard: see
["Women's Rugby"](https://gocrimson.com/sports/womens-rugby). August 29, 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230829151811/https://gocrimson.com/sports/womens-rugby) from the original on August 29, 2023.
, Brown see
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, Dartmouth see
["Women's Rugby"](https://dartmouthsports.com/sports/womens-rugby/). September 2, 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230902090023/https://dartmouthsports.com/sports/womens-rugby/schedule/2022-23) from the original on September 2, 2023.
and Princeton see
["Women's Rugby"](https://goprincetontigers.com/sports/womens-rugby). August 30, 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230830232155/https://goprincetontigers.com/sports/womens-rugby) from the original on August 30, 2023.
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