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URLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655
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Iran Air Flight 655 Pieces of aircraft wreckage recovered from the Strait of Hormuz Shootdown Date 3 July 1988 Summary Shot down by a missile fired from USS  Vincennes ; reason for shootdown disputed Site Strait of Hormuz , near Qeshm Island , Iran 26°40â€Č06″N 56°02â€Č41″E ï»ż / ï»ż 26.66833°N 56.04472°E Aircraft EP-IBU, the aircraft involved, pictured in 1987 Aircraft type Airbus A300B2-203 Operator Iran Air IATA flight No. IR655 ICAO flight No. IRA655 Call sign IRANAIR 655 Registration EP-IBU Flight origin Mehrabad International Airport Tehran , Iran Stopover Bandar Abbas International Airport Bandar Abbas , Iran Destination Dubai International Airport Dubai , United Arab Emirates Occupants 290 Passengers 274 Crew 16 Fatalities 290 Survivors 0 Iran Air Flight 655 [ a ] was an international scheduled passenger flight from Tehran to Dubai via Bandar Abbas that was shot down on 3   July 1988 by two surface-to-air missiles fired by USS  Vincennes , a United States Navy warship . The missiles hit the Iran Air aircraft, an Airbus A300 , while it was flying its usual route over Iran 's territorial waters in the Persian Gulf , shortly after the flight departed its stopover location, Bandar Abbas International Airport . All 290 people on board were killed, making it one of the deadliest airliner shootdowns of all time, the deadliest aviation incident involving an Airbus aircraft of any type, and the deadliest aviation incident in Iranian history . The shootdown occurred during the Iran–Iraq War , which had been ongoing for nearly eight years. Vincennes had entered Iranian territorial waters after one of its helicopters drew warning fire from Iranian speedboats operating within Iranian territorial limits. The reason for the downing has been disputed between the governments of the two countries. According to the United States, Vincennes 's crew misidentified the aircraft as an F-14 Tomcat , a US-made fighter jet part of the Iranian inventory, despite it transmitting civilian identification codes . They assert that Vincennes and other warships repeatedly contacted the aircraft on both civilian and military air distress frequencies , but received no response. Bandar Abbas acted as a joint civil/military airport, and Flight 655 had departed behind schedule. The Iranian government maintains that the US recklessly shot down the aircraft, violating international law , after repeatedly provoking the Iranian forces. Some analysts blamed the overly aggressive attitude of Vincennes 's captain, William C. Rogers III , while others focused on more widespread issues and miscommunications on board. The United States was criticized for the downing, especially in its initial response. Although not issuing a formal apology, American president Ronald Reagan issued a written diplomatic note to Iran, expressing deep regret. In 1996, both governments reached a settlement in the International Court of Justice in which the US agreed to pay US$ 61.8  million (equivalent to $127 million in 2025) on an ex gratia basis to the families of the victims. As part of the settlement, the US did not admit liability for the shootdown. USS  Vincennes had been deployed to the Persian Gulf to assist in oil tanker escorts. By 1984, the war between Iraq and Iran had expanded to include air attacks against oil tankers and merchant shipping of neighboring countries, some of whom were providing aid to Iraq by shipping its oil. [ 1 ] In 1987, a year preceding the shootdown, the Iraqi Air Force had attacked the US Navy frigate USS  Stark , killing 37 American sailors , after misidentifying it as an Iranian warship. The Stark incident culminated in the widening of the US Navy rules of engagement in the Persian Gulf, allowing warships to attack aircraft before being attacked. [ 2 ] After a US oil tanker struck a mine in the Persian Gulf, additional warships were dispatched to the area; by late 1987, US forces had challenged and launched missiles at two Iranian fighter jets. [ 3 ] In April 1988, the US engaged in Operation Praying Mantis in retaliation for mines, [ 4 ] bringing significant damage to Iranian oil infrastructure and its military. [ 5 ] In response to the pattern of attacks on shipping, the US Joint Chiefs of Staff issued a ' Notice to Airmen ' (NOTAM) on 8   September 1987, warning all Persian Gulf countries that civilian aircraft must monitor the International Air Distress frequencies and be prepared to identify themselves to US Navy ships and state their intentions; [ 6 ] Iran disputed the validity and accuracy of these notices. [ 7 ] On the day of the incident, USS Vincennes , alongside USS  Sides and USS  Elmer Montgomery , had been assigned to take part in an escort traveling through the Strait of Hormuz . [ 8 ] Vincennes was a Ticonderoga -class guided-missile cruiser, commissioned four years earlier, fitted with the then-new Aegis Combat System . With a crew of 400, it was under the command of Captain William C. Rogers III at the time of the shootdown. The Aegis system was capable of tracking multiple mobile targets simultaneously, both naval and airborne, and more importantly allowed rapid dissemination of information between different levels of the crew. Its crew was inexperienced in actual conflict, but had performed well in training scenarios. [ 9 ] At its narrowest point, the Strait of Hormuz is 21 nautical miles (39 km; 24 mi) wide. As a result, to traverse the strait, ships must stay within sea lanes that pass through the territorial waters of Iran and Oman . [ 10 ] It is normal for ships, including warships, entering or leaving the Persian Gulf to transit Iranian territorial waters. During the Iran–Iraq War the Iranian forces frequently boarded and inspected neutral cargo ships in the Strait of Hormuz in search of contraband destined for Iraq. While legal under international law, these inspections added to the tensions in the area. [ 11 ] Flight and shootdown [ edit ] Flight 655's scheduled flight path through the A59 air corridor, which it was within (purple), and the route tracked by USS Vincennes (red) [ 12 ] The plane, an Airbus A300 ( registered as EP-IBU), was under the control of 38-year-old Captain Mohsen Rezaian [ b ] , a US-educated veteran pilot with 7,000 hours of flight time, including over 2,000 in an Airbus A300. [ 13 ] The first officer was 31 years old and the flight engineer was 33 years old. All had at least 2,000 flight hours. [ 14 ] Flight 655 left Bandar Abbas at 10:17  Iran Standard Time ( UTC +03:30), 27 minutes after its scheduled departure time due to an immigration issue. It should have been a 28-minute flight. [ 15 ] Before takeoff from runway 21, it was directed by the Bandar Abbas tower to turn on its transponder and proceed over the Persian Gulf . [ 16 ] The flight was assigned routinely to commercial air corridor Amber 59, a 20-mile-wide (32 km) lane on a direct line to Dubai airport. [ 17 ] The short distance made for a simple flight pattern: climb to 14,000 feet (4,300 m), cruise, and descend into Dubai . The airliner was transmitting the correct transponder identification, friend or foe (IFF) code typical of a civilian aircraft (mode 3) and maintained radio contact in English with appropriate air traffic control facilities throughout the flight (see § Radio communication ). [ 18 ] The Combat Information Center on board Vincennes On the morning of 3 July 1988, Vincennes was passing through the Strait of Hormuz, returning from an oil tanker escort duty. A helicopter deployed from the cruiser reportedly received small arms fire from Iranian patrol vessels as it observed from high altitude. Vincennes moved to engage the vessels, in the course of which both sides violated Omani waters and left after being challenged by a Royal Navy of Oman patrol boat. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Vincennes continued to pursue the Iranian gunboats , entering Iranian territorial waters. [ 21 ] Two other US Navy ships, Sides and Elmer Montgomery , were nearby. [ 22 ] In the meantime, Flight 655, proceeding along its scheduled route, was on an ascending flight path towards Vincennes . [ 23 ] In the time that followed (the details of which are debated, see below), Vincennes incorrectly assumed the aircraft to be hostile and issued 10 challenges to the airliner, seven on the Military Air Distress (MAD) frequency, and three on the International Air Distress (IAD) frequency. Sides additionally made one challenge on the civilian frequency after those of Vincennes . The aircraft was not equipped to receive military transmissions, and the civilian challenges received no responses. Subsequently, the crew of Vincennes commenced the process to engage the aircraft. [ 24 ] Flight 655 made its final transmission at 10:24:11 to acknowledge a hand-off from Bandar Abbas approach controllers: [ 25 ] 10:24:07 – Bandar Abbas Approach: "Iran Air 655 roger, contact Tehran Control 133.4, have a nice flight." 10:24:11 – IR655: "Thank you, good day." [ 26 ] Part of the collected remains of Flight 655; much of the wreckage was never recovered Eleven seconds later, at 10:24:22, with the aircraft at a range of 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi), Vincennes fired two SM-2MR surface-to-air missiles . The first missile intercepted the airliner at 10:24:43 at a range of 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi), and the second missile intercepted the airliner shortly after. [ 27 ] The plane exploded, and immediately disintegrated into three pieces (cockpit, wing section, and the tail section) and soon crashed into the water. [ 28 ] None of the 290 passengers and crew on board survived. [ 29 ] Much of the wreckage, including the cockpit voice recorder and flight data recorder, was never recovered. [ 30 ] At the time the missiles were launched, Vincennes was located at 26°30â€Č47″N 56°00â€Č57″E ï»ż / ï»ż 26.51306°N 56.01583°E , placing it within the twelve-nautical-mile (22 km; 14 mi) limit of Iranian territorial seas. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] The location of Vincennes in Iranian territorial waters at the time of the incident was admitted by the US government in legal briefs and publicly by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Admiral William J. Crowe , on Nightline in 1992. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Radio communication [ edit ] The official International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) report stated that 11 attempts were made to contact Iran Air Flight 655 from Vincennes and Sides , seven on military frequencies and four on commercial frequencies, addressed to an "unidentified Iranian aircraft" and giving its speed as 350 knots (650 km/h; 400 mph), which was the ground speed of the aircraft their radar reported. [ 35 ] Flight 655's crew, however, would have seen a speed of 300 knots (560 km/h; 350 mph) on their cockpit instruments, which was their indicated airspeed , possibly leading them to conclude that Vincennes was talking to another aircraft. [ 36 ] Both Sides and Vincennes tried contacting Flight 655 on several civilian and military frequencies. The ICAO concluded that Flight 655's crew assumed the three calls they received before the missiles struck must have been directed at an Iranian P-3 Orion , which was also taking off from Bandar Abbas. The crew likely were monitoring the civilian international air-distress (IAD) frequency at the time of the shootdown. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] In its report, the ICAO found, according to The New York Times , that "American warships in the Gulf had no equipment that allowed them to monitor civilian air traffic control radio frequencies", and had they had such capabilities air traffic control transmissions would have identified the flight. [ 39 ] In its ICJ statement, Iran disputed this by claiming that the Department of Defense's report explicitly mentioned the Vincennes 's VHF radio equipment that would have allowed it to monitor civilian air traffic control frequencies, as well as other US surveillance activities in the Persian Gulf region that would have alerted them of the aircraft's nature. [ 40 ] The US objected to this claim, saying that most of its military vessels were only equipped with VHR radios capable of listening to the IAD frequency. [ 38 ] The aircraft was carrying 290 people: 274 passengers and a crew of 16. Of these 290, 254 were Iranian , 13 were Emirati , 10 were Indian , six were Pakistani , six were Yugoslavian , and one was Italian . [ 41 ] 65 of the passengers were children. [ 29 ] US government accounts [ edit ] CJCS Admiral William Crowe (front) and US Secretary of Defense Frank Carlucci (back) brief media at the Pentagon. According to the US government, Flight 655 was first detected immediately after take-off by Vincennes , transmitting IFF mode 3 (civilian). [ 42 ] As the flight had originated at Bandar Abbas, which served both as a base for Iranian F-14 Tomcat operations and as a hub for commercial flights, all departing aircraft were by default "assumed hostile". [ 43 ] [ 44 ] When the identification supervisor responsible, Petty Officer Andrew Anderson, interrogated the aircraft again soon after with his IFF radio, he neglected to reset the range and received a short IFF mode 2 transmission (indicative of a military aircraft), likely from unrelated ground aircraft taking-off at Bandar Abbas. [ 45 ] As a result, Flight 655 was erroneously tagged by Anderson with this military classification and squawk code . The mistagged squawk code corresponded to an F-14 that had flown out of Bandar Abbas a week before, leading the crew of Vincennes to believe the airliner was an Iranian fighter jet. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] For the entirety of its journey Flight 655 solely squawked civilian IFF codes. [ 48 ] Due to the flight's slight delay, the dark environment of the Combat Information Center (CIC), and confusion over time zones, Anderson missed Flight 655 in commercial flight listings. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Escalations began when Vincennes 's helicopter received warning fire after approaching close to Iranian gunboats, in contravention of the US rules of engagement at the time. [ 19 ] According to the US, the gunboats had been following merchant ships in an aggressive manner and the helicopter had been deployed after they had been sighted by Montgomery . [ 51 ] While Vincennes engaged with the gunboats, it entered Iranian territorial waters, with sharp turns causing disruption inside. [ 52 ] In what the US government later termed "scenario fulfilment" – a form of confirmation bias in which personnel carry out a training scenario, believing it to be reality – information was erroneously communicated that not only was the aircraft squawking military codes, but that it was also descending on an attack profile. [ 20 ] [ 53 ] The Aegis system continued to correctly record the aircraft as climbing past 12,000 feet (3,700 m), instead, and this was reflected on the CIC's numerical displays. [ 54 ] Captain Rogers had earlier acknowledged a remark that the aircraft was "possible COMAIR [commercial aviation]". [ 52 ] Following the misidentification and unreciprocated radio challenges, the aircraft was shot down (see § Flight and shootdown ). [ 55 ] Department of Defense (DoD) officials initially said that Vincennes had shot down an Iranian F-14, but issued a retraction within hours and confirmed Iranian reports that the target was instead a civilian Airbus. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] According to the DoD, Vincennes mistakenly identified the airliner as an attacking military fighter and misidentified its flight profile as being similar to that of an F-14A Tomcat during an attack run; however, the cruiser's Aegis Combat System recorded the plane's flight plan as climbing (not descending as in an attack run) at the time of the incident. [ 58 ] Alongside the vague nature of the challenges issued by Vincennes , confusion may have arisen as the hailed speed stated in the transmissions was the ground speed , while the pilot's instruments displayed airspeed , a 50-knot (93 km/h; 58 mph) difference. [ 59 ] In 1992, journalists from Newsweek obtained a full copy of the DoD's internal report which included a map and coordinates of Vincennes . They concluded that Vincennes was about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi; 2.2 nmi) inside Iranian territorial waters at the time of the shootdown. [ 33 ] This was admitted in a report by Admiral William Fogarty, entitled Formal Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding the Downing of Iran Air Flight 655 on 3   July 1988 (the "Fogarty report"). [ 60 ] The Fogarty report stated, "The data from USS Vincennes' tapes, information from USS Sides and reliable intelligence information, corroborate the fact that [Iran Air Flight 655] was on a normal commercial air flight plan profile, in the assigned airway, squawking Mode III 6760, on a continuous ascent in altitude from takeoff at Bandar Abbas to shoot-down.". [ 61 ] [ 62 ] The Fogarty report also claimed, "Iran must share the responsibility for the tragedy by hazarding one of their civilian airliners by allowing it to fly a relatively low-altitude air route in close proximity to hostilities that had been ongoing." [ 63 ] The crew of USS Sides – which issued one final challenge after the 10 of Vincennes – indicated that they had from take-off identified Flight 655 as a commercial flight, according to the ICAO. Unlike Vincennes , its operators recalled that they had never observed the IFF Mode 2 squawk that initially identified the flight as a military aircraft. [ 64 ] Of the 11 challenges, only the one made by Sides identified the aircraft's squawk code. [ 65 ] Iranian government account [ edit ] Iranians in Larestan County , Fars province , mourn those who died on board Flight 655. "Iran Airbus Incident" UN Security Council discussion George H. W. Bush, Ali Akbar Velayati, and the rest of the United Nations Security Council discuss the shootdown, 14 July 1988 According to the Iranian government, the shootdown was both intentional and unlawful. Even if a mistaken identification was made – which Iran never accepted – it argued that this constituted negligence and recklessness amounting to an international crime, not an accident. [ 66 ] In particular, Iran expressed skepticism about claims of misidentification, noting that the cruiser's advanced Aegis radar correctly tracked the flight and its IFF mode 3 beacon; two other US warships in the area, Sides and Montgomery , also identified the aircraft as civilian; and the flight was well within a recognized international air corridor. It also noted that the crew of Vincennes were trained to handle simultaneous attacks by hundreds of enemy aircraft. [ 67 ] Iran found it more plausible that Vincennes was looking for an opportunity to use its force, and that it had been predisposed to treat Iran as hostile, citing a statement by David Carlson, commander of the USS Sides , published in the September 1989 issue of Proceedings in which he stated that Vincennes "hankered for an opportunity to show its stuff". [ 68 ] The US had previously issued a NOTAM, warning aircraft that they were at risk of "defensive measures" if they had not been cleared from a regional airport and if they came within 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) of a warship at an altitude less than 2,000 feet (610 m). Iran stated that Flight 655 had been cleared from a regional airport and was well outside those limits when it was shot down. [ 69 ] The crew of the Vincennes had been incorrectly briefed that F-14s had been supplied to Iran with air-to-ground ordnance, [ 70 ] when in reality they were only capable of air-to-air. [ 71 ] Even if the plane had truly been an Iranian F-14, Iran argued that the US would not have had the right to shoot it down, as it was flying within Iranian airspace and did not follow a path that could be considered an attack profile, nor did it illuminate Vincennes with radar. [ 72 ] Prior to the incident, Vincennes had entered Iranian territorial waters and was inside these waters when it launched its missiles. [ 73 ] Even had the crew of Flight 655 made mistakes, they stated, the US government should remain responsible for the actions of Vincennes 's crew, under international law. [ 74 ] Iran pointed out that in the past, "the United States has steadfastly condemned the shooting down of aircraft, whether civil or military, by the armed forces of another State" and cited El Al Flight 402 , Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 , and Korean Air Lines Flight 007 , among other incidents. [ 75 ] Iran also noted that when Iraq attacked the USS Stark , the US found Iraq fully responsible on the grounds that the Iraqi pilot "knew or should have known" he was attacking a US warship. [ 76 ] Speaking to the United Nations Security Council , Ali Akbar Velayati , Iran's minister of foreign affairs , called the shootdown the "most inhuman military attack in the history of civil aviation", caused by a "reckless and incompetent naval force". [ 77 ] : 5–7  Independent sources [ edit ] In 1989, prior to the public exposure of Vincennes ' position inside Iranian waters on Nightline by Admiral William Crowe, Professor Andreas Lowenfeld of the editing board of the American Journal of International Law criticized the official US position that the US was not legally liable for the incident: [ 78 ] [ 79 ] I do not understand Maier's argument at all   ... But the correct legal principle, I am clear, is not as Sofaer and Maier would have it—no legal liability to victims of airplane disasters without proof of fault beyond a reasonable doubt, and no fault in combat zones—but rather liability regardless of fault, so long as the cause is established, as it clearly was in the case of Iran Air 655, as in the case of Korean Air Lines 007. I would have hoped that those who spoke for the United States about the tragedy of 3 July 1988, from the President on down, would have recognized this principle, so essential for the safety of civil aviation, as other spokesmen for the United States and its allies have done when other states' military (whether or not on orders from on high) brought down civilian aircraft that may have strayed off course.   ... That principle, it is clear, was breached by the United States in the case of Iran Air 655, and it follows that the United States is responsible. To say that is not to condemn the United States or even to find fault. It is simply to state that responsibility flows from the action itself. Lowenfeld also pointed out that the amount of compensation paid for Iranian victims was one-tenth the amount demanded from Iraq for American dead aboard the USS Stark . [ 80 ] Captain of the USS Vincennes William C. Rogers III One legal scholar noted in the Yale Journal of International Law : "The downing of Flight 655 should not be deemed lawful merely because the Vincennes ' commanding officer reasonably mistook the situation as presenting an integrated surface and air attack. Reconceptualizing the incident as a mistake problem does not excuse the Vincennes from liability." [ 81 ] In an article published in Newsweek on 13 July 1992, John Barry and Roger Charles argued that Rogers behaved recklessly and without due care. The Newsweek article also accused the US government of a cover-up; [ 82 ] [ 83 ] Admiral Crowe denied any knowledge: [ 84 ] An analysis of the events by the International Strategic Studies Association described the deployment of an Aegis cruiser in the zone as irresponsible and felt that the value placed on Aegis cruisers by the US Navy had played a major part in the setting of a low threshold for opening fire. [ 85 ] Vincennes had been nicknamed " RoboCruiser " by crew members and other US Navy ships, in reference to both its Aegis system and the supposed aggressive tendencies of its captain. [ 35 ] [ 86 ] The International Court of Justice case relating to "the Aerial Incident of July 3, 1988" ( Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America ), was dropped on 22 February 1996 following settlement and compensation by the United States. [ 87 ] Three years after the incident, Admiral Crowe admitted on American television show Nightline that Vincennes was inside Iranian territorial waters when it launched the missiles, [ 34 ] contradicting earlier Navy statements. The ICAO report of December 1988 placed Vincennes well inside Iran's territorial waters. [ 35 ] Commander David Carlson, commanding officer of USS Sides , the warship stationed nearest to Vincennes at the time of the incident, is reported to have said that the destruction of the aircraft "marked the horrifying climax to Captain Rogers's aggressiveness, first seen four weeks ago". [ 88 ] His comment referred to incidents on 2   June, when Rogers had sailed Vincennes too close to an Iranian frigate undertaking a lawful search of a bulk carrier, launched a helicopter within two to three miles (3.2 to 4.8 km) of a small Iranian craft despite rules of engagement requiring a four-mile (6.4 km) separation, and opened fire on small Iranian military boats. Of those incidents, Carlson commented: "Why do you want an Aegis cruiser out there shooting up boats? It wasn't a smart thing to do." He said that Iranian forces he had encountered in the area a month prior to the incident were "pointedly non-threatening" and professional. [ 89 ] At the time of Rogers's announcement to higher command that he was going to shoot down the plane, Carlson is reported to have been thunderstruck: "I said to folks around me, 'Why, what the hell is he doing?' I went through the drill again. F-14. He's climbing. By now this damn thing is at 7,000 feet [2,133 meters]." Carlson thought the Vincennes might have more information and was unaware that Rogers had been wrongly informed that the plane was diving. [ 88 ] Carlson is reported to have written in the US Naval Proceedings that he had "wondered aloud in disbelief" on hearing of Vincennes ' intentions. In speculating on the "climate" that led up to the incident, Carlson stated that the crew of Vincennes "felt a need to prove the viability of Aegis in the Persian Gulf, and that they hankered for the opportunity to show their stuff." [ 90 ] The Aegis System software at that time reused tracking numbers in its display, constituting a user interface design flaw. The Aegis software initially assigned the on-screen identifier TN4474 to Flight 655. Before Vincennes fired, the Aegis software switched the Flight 655 tracking number to TN4131 and recycled Flight 655's old tracking number of TN4474 to label a fighter jet 110 miles away. When the captain asked for a status on TN4474, he was told it was a fighter and descending. [ 91 ] [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Scientific American rated it as one of the worst user interface disasters. [ 94 ] A psychological evaluation of the crew, requested by Admiral Fogarty, concluded that stress and inexperience of the crew in warfare resulted in misjudgment and unconscious distortion of data, which played a significant role in the misinterpretation of the data of the Aegis system. [ 93 ] The ship's crew did not efficiently consult commercial airliner schedules, due to the darkness of their working space and confusion over to which time zone the schedules referred—the scheduled flight times used Bandar Abbas airport time, while Vincennes was on Bahrain time. The airliner's departure was 27 minutes later than scheduled. The Combat Information Center was dark, and its lights flickered every time Vincennes fired at the speedboats . Petty Officer Andrew Anderson, who first picked up Flight 655 on radar and thought it might be a commercial aircraft, is said to have missed the flight as he was searching in the navy's listing of commercial flights. [ 95 ] An Iranian P-3 Orion was in the area some time before the attack, and some reports explained why no radar signals were detected from Iran Air Flight 655. [ 96 ] Other reports state that the Airbus was immediately detected after takeoff by the cruiser's AN/SPY-1 radar at a range of 47 miles (76 km). [ 11 ] According to Capt. Richard McKenna (surface commander of Capt. Will Rogers), Vincennes was initially authorized to send a helicopter to investigate the situation with the gun boats. Later on, when he realized that Vincennes had turned north and swapped positions with Montgomery , he commanded Vincennes to leave the helicopter in place and return immediately. According to an interview after his retirement, Capt. McKenna believed that he felt the situation was not initially out of control and maybe Vincennes was looking for trouble. He said "my own personal opinion is it really did feel that they were looking for action when they went to see the Elmer Montgomery , um my own feeling is that the situation was not out of control, it was really my call and yet even though they were assigned another station, they took it upon themselves to be there and to that extent I feel that you know, I mean that's that's where the general feeling and not not just my own, comes that maybe they were looking for trouble." [ 97 ] The psychology and mindset after engaging in a battle with Iranian gunboats. Claims were made that Vincennes was engaged in an operation using a decoy cargo ship to lure Iranian gunboats to a fight. [ 98 ] These claims were denied by Fogarty in Hearing Before The Investigation Subcommittee and the Defense Policy Panel of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, Second Session, 21 July 1992. Also, the initial claims of Vincennes being called for help by a cargo ship attacked by Iranian gunboats have been ruled out. [ 98 ] That leads to claims that the Iranian gunboats were provoked by helicopters inside Iranian waters, not the other way around. [ 99 ] Dispatch from Rogers to his commander This is a burden I will carry for the rest of my life, but under the circumstances and considering all the information available to me at the moment, I took this action to defend my ship and my crew. I and I alone am fully responsible for any actions taken by the Vincennes . — William C. Rogers III, 4 July 1988 [ 100 ] The event sparked an intense international controversy, with the US criticized for its account. [ 101 ] In mid-July 1988, Iranian Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Velayati asked the United Nations Security Council to condemn the United States, saying the attack "could not have been a mistake" and was a "criminal act", a "massacre", and an "atrocity". [ 77 ] : 5–7  George H. W. Bush , then-vice-president of the United States in the Reagan administration , defended his country at the UN by arguing that the US attack had been a wartime incident and the crew of Vincennes had acted appropriately to the situation. [ 102 ] The Soviet Union asked the US to withdraw from the area and supported efforts by the Security Council to end the Iran–Iraq War . Most of the remainder of the 13 delegates who spoke supported the U.S. position, saying one of the problems was that a 1987 resolution to end the Iran–Iraq war had been ignored. [ 103 ] Following the debate, Security Council Resolution 616 was passed expressing "deep distress" over the US attack and "profound regret" for the loss of human lives, and stressing the need to end the Iran–Iraq War as resolved in 1987. [ 104 ] Iranian postage stamp issued 11 August 1988 Inside Iran, the shootdown was perceived as a purposeful attack by the United States, signaling that the US was about to enter into a direct war against Iran on the side of Iraq. [ 105 ] [ further explanation needed ] A day of mourning was declared by the authorities, coinciding with the American Independence Day . [ 15 ] In February 1996, the US agreed to pay Iran US$131.8 million in settlement to discontinue a case brought by Iran in 1989 against the US in the International Court of Justice relating to this incident, together with other earlier claims before the Iran–United States Claims Tribunal . [ 87 ] US$61.8 million of the claim was in compensation for the 248 Iranians killed in the shootdown: $300,000 per wage-earning victim and $150,000 per non-wage-earner. [ 106 ] As part of the settlement, the US agreed to send Iran two Airbus A300-600s , the first Western planes to be supplied to the country since 1980 (after the 1979 Iranian revolution ). They remained Iran's newest Western aircraft until some sanctions were lifted in 2017. [ 107 ] The US government issued notes of regret for the loss of human lives, but never formally apologized or acknowledged wrongdoing. [ 108 ] On 5   July 1988, President Ronald Reagan expressed regret; when directly asked if he considered the statement an apology, Reagan replied, "Yes." [ 109 ] George H. W. Bush, then vice-president of the United States, commented on another occasion, in a televised recording, while addressing a group of Republican ethnic leaders during the 1988 presidential campaign : "I will never apologize for the United States—I don't care what the facts are   ... I'm not an apologize-for-America kind of guy." [ 110 ] The quote, although unrelated to the downing of the Iranian airliner and not in any official capacity, has been attributed as such. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] The incident overshadowed Iran–United States relations for many years. Former CIA analyst Kenneth M. Pollack wrote: "The shoot-down of Iran Air Flight 655 was an accident, but that is not how it was seen in Tehran." [ 113 ] Following the explosion of Pan Am Flight 103 five months later, the United States government initially blamed the PFLP-GC , a Palestinian militant group backed by Syria , with assumptions of assistance from Iran in retaliation for Flight 655. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] The distrust generated between the US and Iran as a result of the downing of Iran Air Flight 655 was a challenge in the development of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), also known as the Iran Nuclear Deal, which was agreed to on 14 July 2015. [ 116 ] Criticism of US media coverage [ edit ] Newsweek covers for 12 September 1983 (left) and 18 July 1988, illustrating the KAL007 and Iran Air incidents, respectively. The caption "Murder in the Air" framed the KAL incident as a deliberate act of war, whereas "Why It Happened" framed the Iran Air incident as a tragic mistake. [ 117 ] In 1991, political scientist Robert Entman of George Washington University compared US media coverage of the incident with the similar shootdown of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 by the Soviet Union five years earlier by studying material from Time , Newsweek , The New York Times , The Washington Post , and CBS Evening News . According to Entman, framing techniques were used to frame the Korean Airlines incident as sabotage, while framing the Iran Air incident as a tragic mistake, [ 117 ] stating "the angle taken by the US media emphasized the moral bankruptcy and guilt of the perpetrating nation. With Iran Air 655, the frame de-emphasised guilt and focused on the complex problems of operating military high technology." [ 118 ] [ c ] By "de-emphasizing the agency and the victims and by the choice of graphics and adjectives, the news stories about the US downing of an Iranian plane called it a technical problem while the Soviet downing of a Korean jet was portrayed as a moral outrage." Entman included polling that appeared to show that the unbalanced coverage swayed public opinion against the Soviet Union and Iran. [ 119 ] In July 2014, when Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot down over eastern Ukraine by Russian-backed insurgents, some commentators noted the discrepancy between the US official position and media coverage of the two similar incidents. [ 90 ] [ 120 ] [ 121 ] Post-tour of duty medals [ edit ] Despite the downing of the plane, the crew of USS Vincennes were awarded Combat Action Ribbons for completion of their tours in a combat zone. The air warfare coordinator on duty received the Navy Commendation Medal , but The Washington Post reported in 1990 that the awards were for his entire tour from 1984 to 1988 and not for his actions relating to the surface engagement with Iranian gunboats. [ 122 ] Rogers was awarded the Legion of Merit "for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding service as commanding officer [...] from April 1987 to May 1989". The award was given for his service as the commanding officer of Vincennes from April 1987 to May 1989. The citation made no mention of the downing of Flight 655. [ 123 ] The events of Flight 655 were featured in "Mistaken Identity", a season 3 (2005) episode of the Canadian TV series Mayday (called Air Emergency and Air Disasters in the US, and Air Crash Investigation in the UK). [ 97 ] The incident was also mentioned in episode 14, season 6 of The West Wing . [ citation needed ] In the 2024 novel Martyr! by Kaveh Akbar , the main character's mother dies on Flight 655. [ 124 ] List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft List of airliner shootdown incidents Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 - similar incident but shot down by Russia Notes and references [ edit ] Notes ^ Persian : ÙŸŰ±ÙˆŰ§ŰČ ŰŽÙ…Ű§Ű±Ù‡ Û¶Û”Û” Ű§ÛŒŰ±Ű§Ù† Ű§ÛŒŰ± ^ Persian : Ù…Ű­ŰłÙ† Ű±Ű¶Ű§ŰŠÛŒŰ§Ù† ^ The term frame here and in this [ 118 ] cited supporting source refers to Entman, Robert M. (December 1991). "Framing US coverage of international news: Contrasts in narratives of the KAL and Iran Air incidents". Journal of Communication . 41 (44): 6– 27. doi : 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1991.tb02328.x . S2CID   53817259 . . That article examines what it describes "as contrasting news frames employed by several important US media outlets" in covering the downings of the KAL-007 and Iran Air 655 airline flights. References ^ Farrokh 2011 , p. 382. ^ Wilson, George C. (4 July 1988). "Navy Missile Downs Iranian Jetliner" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 12 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . ^ Farrokh 2011 , p. 399. ^ Razoux 2015 , p. 448. ^ Razoux 2015 , pp. 443. ^ Fogarty 1988 , pp. 15–16. ^ Islamic Republic of Iran 1990 , § 1.47. ^ Farrokh 2011 , p. 455. ^ Farrokh 2011 , p. 456. ^ Mojtahed-Zadeh, Dr Pirouz; Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (2013). Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography . Routledge. p. 27. ISBN   978-1-136-81724-3 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2023 . Retrieved 27 August 2024 . ^ a b Kelley 2007 , p. 24. ^ ICAO 1988 , p. 22. ^ Zatarain 2010 , p. 301. ^ ICAO 1988 , § 1.5; 3.1.1. ^ a b Strauss, Valerie (4 July 1988). "Iran Says U.S. Action Deliberate, Threatens Unspecified Retaliation" . The Washington Post . p. 1. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 5 May 2025 . ^ ICAO 1988 , § 1.1.3. ^ Fogarty 1988 , § 1.1.3. ^ ICAO 1988 , § 1.1.4. ^ a b Zatarain 2010 , p. 299. ^ a b Hodlin, Tim; Fenton, Norman (4 March 2000). "The Other Lockerbie" . Correspondent . BBC Two . {{ cite episode }} : CS1 maint: url-status ( link ) [ dead link ] ^ Farrokh 2011 , p. 411. ^ Fogarty 1988 , § I(2). ^ Zatarain 2010 , p. 305. ^ ICAO 1988 , p. 15, § 2.10.1. ^ ICAO 1988 , p. A-11. ^ ICAO 1988 , p. B-4. ^ Fogarty 1988 , § II(6)(c)-II(6)(f). ^ ICAO 1988 , p. 2, § 1.3.1. ^ a b ICAO 1988 , p. 2, § 1.2. ^ ICAO 1988 , p. 6, § 1.12.1. ^ ICAO 1988 , p. 19, § 2.11.7. ^ Fogarty 1988 , p. 39, § III(B)(1)(ff). ^ a b Barry & Charles 1992 , p. 39. ^ a b Transcript of Nightline episode Archived 24 August 2004 at the Wayback Machine . 1 July 1992. (Annotated with analysis, commentary, and opinion. From the personal blog of Charles Judson Harwood Jr. Archived 1 August 2004 at the Wayback Machine ) ^ a b c Evans, David (August 1993). "Vincennes: a Case Study" . Proceedings . Vol. 199, no. 1086 . Retrieved 4 July 2025 . {{ cite magazine }} : CS1 maint: url-status ( link ) ^ ICAO 1988 . ^ Islamic Republic of Iran 1990 , p. 39. ^ a b United States of America 1991 , p. 35. ^ "World Aviation Panel Faults US Navy on Downing of Iran Air" . The New York Times . 4 December 1988. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020 . Retrieved 5 January 2020 . ^ Islamic Republic of Iran 1990 , p. 24. ^ Berni, Ivan (5 July 1998). "AMERICANI, MALEDETTI!" [AMERICANS, CURSED!]. la Repubblica (in Italian). Archived from the original on 4 November 2020 . Retrieved 8 September 2020 . ^ Fogarty 1988 , § IV(E)(5). ^ ICAO 1988 , p. 24, § 3.1.23(a). ^ Barry & Charles 1992 , p. 33. ^ Barry & Charles 1992 , p. 33;37. ^ Zatarain 2010 , pp. 302–303. ^ Fogarty 1988 , § IV(E)(6). ^ Fogarty 1988 , § III(A)(5)(b)(8). ^ Zatarain 2010 , pp. 303, 306. ^ Barry & Charles 1992 , p. 36. ^ Zatarain 2010 , p. 298. ^ a b Zatarain 2010 , p. 306. ^ Fogarty 1988 , § 2(b)(3)(d)(1); IV(A)(12). ^ Zatarain 2010 , p. 308. ^ Zatarain 2010 , p. 309. ^ Wilson, George C. (4 July 1988). "Navy Missile Downs Iranian Jetliner" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 12 January 2020 . Retrieved 12 January 2020 . The Pentagon declaring   ... the Vicennes had shot down an attacking Iranian F14 ^ "When airliners get shot down facts get skewed quickly" . The Washington Post . 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020 . Retrieved 12 January 2020 . Within hours   ... the United States had confirmed the incident. ^ "Witness to Iran Flight 655" . The New York Times . 18 November 1988. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . ^ ICAO 1988 , p. 17, § 2.10.13. ^ Zatarain 2010 , p. 315. ^ Fogarty 1988 , § II(E)(2). ^ "Officer gave warning to skipper of Vincennes" . The Times News (Idaho Newspaper) . Lee Enterprises. Associated Press. 9 September 1988. p. A6 – via Internet Archive. ^ Fogarty 1988 , § IV(A)(3). ^ ICAO 1988 , § 2.12.1-2.12.2. ^ ICAO 1988 , § 2.10.18. ^ Islamic Republic of Iran 1990 , § 4.52–4.54. ^ Islamic Republic of Iran 1990 , § 4.50. ^ Islamic Republic of Iran 1990 , § 4.52. ^ Islamic Republic of Iran 1990 , § 4.62. ^ Fogarty 1988 , §IV(A)(9)(o). ^ Halloran, Richard (7 July 1988). "Limits to an F-14 Threat Cited by Military Aides" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 8 August 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ Islamic Republic of Iran 1990 , § 4.60–4.61. ^ Islamic Republic of Iran 1990 , § 4.65; 1.27. ^ Islamic Republic of Iran 1990 , § 4.56. ^ Islamic Republic of Iran 1990 , § 4.66–4.70. ^ Islamic Republic of Iran 1990 , § 4.49. ^ a b Akbar Velayati, Ali (15 July 1988). Provision verbatim record of 2818th meeting (PDF) (Speech). UN Security Council . New York. ^ Lowenfeld, Andreas F. (24 April 1989). "Looking Back and Looking Ahead" . American Journal of International Law . 83 (2): 336– 341. doi : 10.2307/2202745 . JSTOR   2202745 . S2CID   147273118 – via Cambridge Core. ^ Andreas Lowenfeld, The Downing of Iran Air Flight 655: Looking Back and Looking Ahead, 83 A.J.I.L. 336, 336 (1989) ^ Lowenfeld, Andreas F. (24 July 1989). "Notes and Comments" . American Journal of International Law . 83 (3): 551. doi : 10.1017/S0002930000006382 . ^ Linnan, David K. (1991). "Iran Air Flight 655 and Beyond: Free Passage, Mistaken Self-Defense, and State Responsibility" . Yale Journal of International Law . 16 (2). Archived from the original on 14 January 2020 . Retrieved 11 February 2020 . ^ Barry & Charles 1992 , p. 29. ^ Gordon, Michael R. (22 July 1992). "Cover-Up Denied in Downing of Iranian Passenger Jet in '88" . The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2020 . Retrieved 11 January 2020 . ^ Crowe, William (21 July 1992). "Crowe Refutes ABC/Newsweek Charges on Vincennes" . Federation of American Scientists . Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. ... contrary to Koppel's very serious charge of some type of conspiracy, the appropriate committees of Congress were kept informed throughout ^ "A Look at the Naval Lessons Available to the US from the Iraq War" . 5 May 2003. Archived from the original on 18 August 2004 . Retrieved 31 March 2006 . ^ "Officer Tells of Vincennes' 'Robo Cruiser' Reputation" . Los Angeles Times . United Press International . 1 September 1989. Archived from the original on 22 October 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . ^ a b "Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) – Settlement Agreement" (PDF) . International Court of Justice . 9 February 1996. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . ^ a b Fisk, 2005 ^ Carlson, David R. (September 1989). "The Vincennes Incident (letter)" (PDF) . US Naval Institute Proceedings . 115/9/1039: 87– 92. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2008 . Retrieved 29 February 2008 . ^ a b Chomsky, Noam (24 August 2014). "Outrage" . ZNetwork . Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. There was little reaction at the time: no outrage, no desperate search for victims, no passionate denunciations of those responsible, no eloquent laments by the US Ambassador to the UN about the 'immense and heart-wrenching loss' when the airliner was downed. Iranian condemnations were occasionally noted, but dismissed as 'boilerplate attacks on the United States' (Philip Shenon, New York Times). ^ Cooke, Nancy J.; Durso, Frank (19 September 2007). Stories of Modern Technology Failures and Cognitive Engineering Successes . CRC Press. p. 77. ISBN   978-1-4106-1848-1 . ^ Roberts, Dotterway; Nancy C., Kristen Ann (1995). "The Vincennes incident: Another player on the stage?". Defense Analysis . 11 (1): 31– 45. doi : 10.1080/07430179508405642 . ^ a b Fisher, Craig; Kingma, Bruce (2001). "Criticality of data quality as exemplified in two disasters". Information and Management . 39 (2): 109– 116. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.15.1047 . doi : 10.1016/S0378-7206(01)00083-0 . S2CID   13015473 . ^ Pogue, David (1 April 2016). "5 of the Worst User-Interface Disasters" . Scientific American . Archived from the original on 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 3 July 2019 . ^ "USS Vincennes Incident, Aeronautics and Astronautics , Spring 2004, MIT, Massachusetts" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . ^ Klein, Gary (1999). Sources of Power: How People Make Decisions, Chapter 6 . The MIT Press. ISBN   0-262-61146-5 . ^ a b "Mistaken Identity". Mayday . Season 3. Episode 6. 2005. Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic Channel . ^ a b Dettmer, Jamie (2 July 1992). "Admiral contradicts Navy testimony on downing of Iran jet". The Times . London. p. 13. ^ "Iran Air 655, House Armed Services Hearing, 21 July 1992" . Homepage.ntlworld.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. (Annotated with analysis, commentary, and opinion. From the personal blog of Charles Judson Harwood Jr. Archived 1 August 2004 at the Wayback Machine ) ^ Moore, Molly; Wilson, George C. (5 July 1988). "Captain Saw 'Definite Threat': Firing at Plane Called Defensive, 'a Burden I Will Carry' " . The Washington Post . p. 1. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 5 May 2025 . ^ Gordon, Michael R. (2 July 1992). "U.S. Account of Downing of Iran Jet Criticized" . The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2020 . Retrieved 11 January 2020 . ^ Butterfield, Fox (15 July 1988). "Iran Falls Short in Drive at U.N. To Condemn U.S. in Airbus Case" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 10 December 2019 . Retrieved 28 July 2021 . ^ Butterfield, Fox (16 May 1988). "Soviets in U.N. Council Ask For U.S. Pullout From Persian Gulf" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 10 December 2019 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . ^ "Security Council Resolutions – 1988" . United Nations. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . ^ "Shot Down Malaysian Airlines Flight Joins Few Others" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 20 July 2014 . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . ^ "U.S. and Iran settle financial claims" . The Washington Post . Reuters. 22 February 1996. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023 . Retrieved 6 April 2024 . ^ Spaeth, Andreas (12 January 2017). "On Location: Interview with Iran Air CEO on New Airbus and Boeing Orders" . Airways . Archived from the original on 18 August 2018 . Retrieved 25 December 2024 . ^ Rajaee, Farhang (1993). The Iran-Iraq War: The Politics of Aggression . University Press of Florida. ISBN   978-0-8130-1177-6 . ^ Moore, Molly; McAllister, Bill (6 July 1988). "Reagan Apologized to Iran for Downing of Jetliner" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 17 April 2019 . Retrieved 18 January 2019 . ^ "User Clip: Bush Ethnic Coalition Speech" . C-SPAN . Archived from the original on 4 April 2020 . Retrieved 21 November 2019 . ^ "The quote of the Perspectives/Overheard section of Newsweek (15 August 1988) p. 15" . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ "Essay: Rally Round the Flag, Boys" . Time . Archived from the original on 29 July 2014 . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . ^ "The forgotten story of Iran Air Flight 655" . The Washington Post . 16 October 2013. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . ^ "Pan Am Flight 103" (PDF) . Defense Intelligence Agency , DOI 910200, page 49/50 (Pages 7 and 8 in PDF document, see also pp. 111ff). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2015 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . ^ Engelberg, Stephen (25 February 1989). "U.S. Suspects Iran Unit in the Pan Am Bombing" . The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2024 . Retrieved 15 June 2024 . ^ Fisher, Max (16 October 2013). "The forgotten story of Iran Air Flight 655" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 16 November 2016 . Retrieved 27 October 2020 . ^ a b Giles, David (2003). Media Psychology . Routledge . pp.  214– 215. ISBN   978-0-8058-4049-0 . OCLC   872957625 . Who was responsible for the incident? Coverage of the KAL disaster left little doubt in readers' minds of who the culprits were. Newsweek's cover page screamed: "MURDER IN THE AIR   ..." The IA disaster was accompanied by soul searching and questioning. "WHY IT HAPPENED" was Newsweek's cover line   ... In short, the KAL incident was framed as deliberate sabotage by a nation—an act of war—whereas the IA incident was framed as a tragic mistake. ^ a b Halimi, Serge; Rimbert, Pierre (1 August 2019). "US and Iran, short memories" . Le Monde diplomatique . Archived from the original on 12 November 2019 . Retrieved 20 November 2019 . ^ Cruikshank, Sally Ann (November 2009). U.S. Presidential Politics on the Global Stage: A Content Analysis of 2008 Election Coverage on Al Jazeera, the BBC, and Russia Today (Master of Science thesis). E. W. Scripps School of Journalism . Archived from the original on 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . ^ Gupta, Samarth (28 July 2014). "Hidden Hypocrisy" . Harvard Political Review . Archived from the original on 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . ^ Pillar, Paul R. (24 July 2014). "Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 and Iran Air Flight 655" . The National Interest . Archived from the original on 13 October 2015 . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . ^ Moore, Molly (23 April 1990). "2 Vincennes Officers get Medals" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 28 June 2019 . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . ^ "Medals Go To Top Officers in Charge of Vincennes" . The Orlando Sentinel . 24 April 1990. Archived from the original on 31 August 2014 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . ^ June, Sophia (1 February 2024). "In Martyr! Kaveh Akbar Is Thinking About Eternity" . Nylon . Retrieved 3 March 2025 . Cyrus, for example, is a life-long orphan after his mother's flight is shot down by the U.S. army, based on the real-life Iran Air 655 flight. Barry, John; Charles, Roger (13 July 1992). "Sea of Lies" . Newsweek . Vol. 120, no. 2. pp.  29– 39 . Retrieved 5 May 2021 . Also available at newsweek.com , without page numbers. Farrokh, Kaveh (2011). Iran at War, 1500-1988 . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN   9781780962214 . OCLC   773578413 . Fogarty, William M. (1988). Investigation report: Formal investigation into the circumstances surrounding the downing of Iran Air Flight 655 on July 3, 1988 (PDF) (Report). United States Department of Defense . {{ cite report }} : CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( link ) Report of ICAO fact-finding investigation (Report). Montreal: International Civil Aviation Organization. 1988. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Alternatively, in order to access the report, visit the ICAO website , press Query in the header followed by Execute . Enter "01/01/1988" as value one and "01/01/1989" as value two and press OK. Press the view icon to see the report. Islamic Republic of Iran (24 July 1990). "Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) – Iranian submission" (PDF) . International Court of Justice . Retrieved 6 April 2024 . Kelley, Stephen Andrew (2007). "Better Lucky Than Good: Operation Earnest Will as Gunboat Diplomacy" (PDF) . Naval Postgraduate School . OCLC   156993037 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2007. Razoux, Pierre (2015). The Iran–Iraq War . Translated by Elliott, Nicholas. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press . ISBN   9780674088634 . OCLC   907204345 . United States of America (4 March 1991). Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) – Preliminary Objections submitted by the United States of America . International Court of Justice. (uses non-bracketed page numbers) Zatarain, Lee Allen (2010) [First published 2008 as 'Tanker War: America's First Conflict with Iran, 1987–88']. America's First Clash with Iran: The Tanker War, 1987–88 . Havertown, Pennsylvania: Casemate Publishers . ISBN   978-1-935149-36-1 . OCLC   635489155 . International Court of Justice, (2001), Case Concerning the Aerial Incident of July 3, 1988: v. 1: Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America , United Nations, ISBN   92-1-070845-8 Rochlin, Gene I. (1997). Trapped in the Net: The Unanticipated Consequences of Computerization . US: Princeton University Press. ISBN   0-691-01080-3 . Rogers, Sharon, (1992) Storm Center: The USS Vincennes and Iran Air Flight 655: A Personal Account of Tragedy and Terrorism , U.S. Naval Institute Press, ISBN   1-55750-727-9 Wise, Harold Lee (2007). Inside the Danger Zone: The U.S. Military in the Persian Gulf 1987–88 . Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN   978-1-59114-970-5 . Fisk, Robert . The Great War for Civilization – The Conquest of the Middle East . London: Fourth Estate, 2005. 318–328. ISBN   1-84115-007-X Marian Nash Leich, "Denial of Liability: Ex Gratia Compensation on a Humanitarian Basis" American Journal of International Law Vol. 83 p. 319 (1989) USS Vincennes Incident; Dan Craig, Dan Morales, Mike Oliver; M.I.T. Aeronautics & Astronautics, Spring 2004 "Assumed Hostile" An academic case study by Pho H. Huynh, Summer 2003 External images Pre-accident picture of aircraft at Planepictures.net Pre-accident picture of aircraft at the Aviation Safety Network
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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655) - [1 Background](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#Background) - [2 Flight and shootdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#Flight_and_shootdown) Toggle Flight and shootdown subsection - [2\.1 Radio communication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#Radio_communication) - [2\.2 Victims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#Victims) - [2\.3 US government accounts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#US_government_accounts) - [2\.4 Iranian government account](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#Iranian_government_account) - [2\.5 Independent sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#Independent_sources) - [3 Potential factors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#Potential_factors) - [4 Aftermath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#Aftermath) Toggle Aftermath subsection - [4\.1 Criticism of US media coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#Criticism_of_US_media_coverage) - [4\.2 Post-tour of duty medals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#Post-tour_of_duty_medals) - [5 In popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#In_popular_culture) - [6 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#See_also) - [7 Notes and references](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#Notes_and_references) - [8 Bibliography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#Bibliography) - [9 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#Further_reading) - [10 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # Iran Air Flight 655 40 languages - [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air-vlug_655 "Iran Air-vlug 655 – Afrikaans") - [Ű§Ù„ŰčŰ±ŰšÙŠŰ©](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9_655 "Ű„ÙŠŰ±Ű§Ù† Ù„Ù„Ű·ÙŠŰ±Ű§Ù† Ű§Ù„Ű±Ű­Ù„Ű© 655 – Arabic") - [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22%C4%B0ranAir%22%C9%99_aid_m%C3%BClki_t%C9%99yyar%C9%99nin_vurulmas%C4%B1 "\"Ä°ranAir\"ə aid mĂŒlki təyyarənin vurulması – Azerbaijani") - [Đ‘Đ”Đ»Đ°Ń€ŃƒŃĐșая (тарашĐșĐ”ĐČіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%81_Iran_Air_655 "РэĐčс Iran Air 655 – Belarusian (TaraĆĄkievica orthography)") - [БългарсĐșĐž](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_655_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%E2%80%9E%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%95%D1%8A%D1%80%E2%80%9C "ĐŸĐŸĐ»Đ”Ń‚ 655 ĐœĐ° â€žĐ˜Ń€Đ°Đœ Еър“ – Bulgarian") - [àŠŹàŠŸàŠ‚àŠČàŠŸ](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AB "àŠ‡àŠ°àŠŸàŠš àŠàŠŻàŠŒàŠŸàŠ° àŠ«à§àŠČàŠŸàŠ‡àŠŸ à§Źà§«à§« – Bangla") - [CatalĂ ](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol_655_d%27Iran_Air "Vol 655 d'Iran Air – Catalan") - [ČeĆĄtina](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Iran_Air_655 "Let Iran Air 655 – Czech") - [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran-Air-Flug_655 "Iran-Air-Flug 655 – German") - [ΕλληΜÎčÎșÎŹ](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B7_655_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_Iran_Air "Î Ï„ÎźÏƒÎ· 655 της Iran Air – Greek") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelo_655_de_Iran_Air "Vuelo 655 de Iran Air – Spanish") - [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Airi_lend_655 "Iran Airi lend 655 – Estonian") - [ÙŰ§Ű±ŰłÛŒ](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%DB%B6%DB%B5%DB%B5_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1 "ÙŸŰ±ÙˆŰ§ŰČ ŰŽÙ…Ű§Ű±Ù‡ Û¶Û”Û” Ű§ÛŒŰ±Ű§Ù† Ű§ÛŒŰ± – Persian") - [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Airin_lento_655 "Iran Airin lento 655 – Finnish") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol_Iran_Air_655 "Vol Iran Air 655 – French") - [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voo_655_de_Iran_Air "Voo 655 de Iran Air – Galician") - [ŚąŚ‘ŚšŚ™ŚȘ](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94_655_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8 "Ś˜Ś™ŚĄŚ” 655 Ś©Śœ ŚŚ™ŚšŚŚŸ ŚŚ™Ś™Śš – Hebrew") - [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Iran_Air_655-%C3%B6s_j%C3%A1rat%C3%A1nak_lel%C3%B6v%C3%A9se "Az Iran Air 655-ös jĂĄratĂĄnak lelövĂ©se – Hungarian") - [Ő€ŐĄŐ”Ő„Ö€Ő„Ő¶](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-300-%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AB%D6%81_%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4 "A-300-Ő« ŐĄŐŸŐ«ŐĄŐŸŐ©ŐĄÖ€ ŐŠŐĄÖ€ŐœŐ«Ö ռվցվւծ – Armenian") - [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Penerbangan_655 "Iran Air Penerbangan 655 – Indonesian") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volo_Iran_Air_655 "Volo Iran Air 655 – Italian") - [æ—„æœŹèȘž](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA655%E4%BE%BF%E6%92%83%E5%A2%9C%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6 "ă‚€ăƒ©ăƒłèˆȘç©ș655äŸżæ’ƒćąœäș‹ä»¶ – Japanese") - [한ꔭ얎](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%80_%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5_655%ED%8E%B8_%EA%B2%A9%EC%B6%94_%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4 "읎란 í•­êł” 655펾 êČ©ì¶” ì‚Źê±Ž – Korean") - [Ú©ÙČŰŽÙŰ±](https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2_655 "Ű§ÛŒÙ–Ű±Ű§Ù† Ű§ÛŒŰ± ÙŸŰ±ÙˆŰ§ŰČ 655 – Kashmiri") - [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Penerbangan_655 "Iran Air Penerbangan 655 – Malay") - [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air-vlucht_655 "Iran Air-vlucht 655 – Dutch") - [Norsk bokmĂ„l](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655 "Iran Air Flight 655 – Norwegian BokmĂ„l") - [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katastrofa_lotu_Iran_Air_655 "Katastrofa lotu Iran Air 655 – Polish") - [PortuguĂȘs](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voo_Iran_Air_655 "Voo Iran Air 655 – Portuguese") - [RomĂąnă](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zborul_655_al_Iran_Air "Zborul 655 al Iran Air – Romanian") - [РуссĐșĐžĐč](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0_A300_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC "ĐšĐ°Ń‚Đ°ŃŃ‚Ń€ĐŸŃ„Đ° A300 ĐœĐ°ĐŽ ĐŸĐ”Ń€ŃĐžĐŽŃĐșĐžĐŒ залОĐČĐŸĐŒ – Russian") - [Srpskohrvatski / српсĐșĐŸŃ…Ń€ĐČатсĐșĐž](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_655_kompanije_Iran_Air "Let 655 kompanije Iran Air – Serbo-Croatian") - [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655 "Iran Air Flight 655 – Simple English") - [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655 "Iran Air Flight 655 – Swedish") - [àč„àž—àžą](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_655 "àž­àžŽàž«àžŁàčˆàžČàž™àčàž­àžŁàčŒ àč€àž—àž”àčˆàžąàž§àžšàžŽàž™àž—àž”àčˆ 655 – Thai") - [TĂŒrkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air%27%C4%B1n_655_sefer_say%C4%B1l%C4%B1_u%C3%A7u%C5%9Fu "Iran Air'ın 655 sefer sayılı uçuƟu – Turkish") - [ĐŁĐșŃ€Đ°Ń—ĐœŃŃŒĐșĐ°](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F_A300_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8E "Đ—Đ±ĐžŃ‚Ń‚Ń A300 ĐœĐ°ĐŽ ĐŸĐ”Ń€ŃŃŒĐșĐŸŃŽ Đ·Đ°Ń‚ĐŸĐșĐŸŃŽ – Ukrainian") - [Ű§Ű±ŰŻÙˆ](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2_655 "Ű§ÛŒŰ±Ű§Ù† Ű§ÛŒŰŠŰ± ÙŸŰ±ÙˆŰ§ŰČ 655 – Urdu") - [Tiáșżng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuy%E1%BA%BFn_bay_655_c%E1%BB%A7a_Iran_Air "Chuyáșżn bay 655 của Iran Air – Vietnamese") - [äž­æ–‡](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA655%E8%99%9F%E7%8F%AD%E6%A9%9F%E7%A9%BA%E9%9B%A3 "䌊朗èˆȘç©ș655號班機ç©ș難 – Chinese") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q743060#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655 "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Iran_Air_Flight_655 "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=history "Past revisions of this page [h]") Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=history) General - [What links here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Iran_Air_Flight_655 "List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]") - [Related changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Iran_Air_Flight_655 "Recent 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version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]") In other projects - [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iran_Air_Flight_655) - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q743060 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide [Coordinates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system "Geographic coordinate system"): [26°40â€Č06″N 56°02â€Č41″Eï»ż / ï»ż26\.66833°N 56.04472°Eï»ż / 26\.66833; 56.04472](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iran_Air_Flight_655&params=26_40_06_N_56_02_41_E_region:IR-23_type:event_scale:1000000) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1988 aircraft shootdown over the Strait of Hormuz | | | |---|---| | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Wreckage_of_Iran_Air_Flight_655_05_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Wreckage_of_Iran_Air_Flight_655_05_%28cropped%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wreckage_of_Iran_Air_Flight_655_05_\(cropped\).jpg)Pieces of aircraft wreckage recovered from the [Strait of Hormuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz "Strait of Hormuz") | | | Shootdown | | | Date | 3 July 1988 (1988-07-03) | | Summary | [Shot down](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airliner_shootdown_incidents "List of airliner shootdown incidents") by a [missile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile "Surface-to-air missile") fired from [USS *Vincennes*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Vincennes_\(CG-49\) "USS Vincennes (CG-49)"); reason for shootdown disputed | | Site | [Strait of Hormuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz "Strait of Hormuz"), near [Qeshm Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeshm_Island "Qeshm Island"), Iran [26°40â€Č06″N 56°02â€Č41″Eï»ż / ï»ż26\.66833°N 56.04472°Eï»ż / 26\.66833; 56.04472](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iran_Air_Flight_655&params=26_40_06_N_56_02_41_E_region:IR-23_type:event_scale:1000000) | | [![Map](https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,26.668333333333,56.044722222222,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&revid=1347780960&groups=_e0bf637a5fc49a260ce7ed339555b2970538555d&parser=legacy)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/7/26.668333333333/56.044722222222/en) | | | Aircraft | | | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Iran_Air_Airbus_A300B2-203_EP-IBU%2C_Lemwerder_Airfield_1987.jpg/250px-Iran_Air_Airbus_A300B2-203_EP-IBU%2C_Lemwerder_Airfield_1987.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iran_Air_Airbus_A300B2-203_EP-IBU,_Lemwerder_Airfield_1987.jpg) EP-IBU, the aircraft involved, pictured in 1987 | | | Aircraft type | [Airbus A300B2-203](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A300B2-203 "Airbus A300B2-203") | | Operator | [Iran Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air "Iran Air") | | IATA flight No. | IR655 | | ICAO flight No. | IRA655 | | Call sign | IRANAIR 655 | | [Registration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_registration "Aircraft registration") | EP-IBU | | Flight origin | [Mehrabad International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrabad_International_Airport "Mehrabad International Airport") [Tehran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran "Tehran"), Iran | | Stopover | [Bandar Abbas International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Abbas_International_Airport "Bandar Abbas International Airport") [Bandar Abbas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Abbas "Bandar Abbas"), Iran | | Destination | [Dubai International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_International_Airport "Dubai International Airport") [Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai "Dubai"), United Arab Emirates | | Occupants | 290 | | Passengers | 274 | | Crew | 16 | | Fatalities | 290 | | Survivors | 0 | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War "Template:Campaignbox Iran–Iraq War") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War "Template talk:Campaignbox Iran–Iraq War") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War "Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Iran–Iraq War")[Iran–Iraq War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War "Iran–Iraq War") | |---| | **Pre-war incidents** [1975 Algiers Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Algiers_Agreement "1975 Algiers Agreement") [Iranian Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution "Iranian Revolution") [1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Kurdish_rebellion_in_Iran "1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran") [1979 Khuzestan insurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency "1979 Khuzestan insurgency") [Iranian Embassy siege](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege "Iranian Embassy siege") **[Iraqi invasion of Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Iran "Iraqi invasion of Iran") (1980)** [Iraqi airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_September_1980_Iraqi_airstrike_on_Iran "22 September 1980 Iraqi airstrike on Iran") [*Revenge*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Revenge "Operation Revenge") [*Kaman 99*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kaman_99 "Operation Kaman 99") [1st Khorramshahr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khorramshahr_\(1980\) "Battle of Khorramshahr (1980)") [*Scorch Sword*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Scorch_Sword "Operation Scorch Sword") [*Dezful*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dezful "Operation Dezful") [*Sultan 10*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sultan_10 "Operation Sultan 10") [Abadan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Abadan "Siege of Abadan") [*Morvarid*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Morvarid "Operation Morvarid") **Stalemate (1981)** [*Nasr*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Nasr "Operation Nasr") [H-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-3_airstrike "H-3 airstrike") [*Opera*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Opera "Operation Opera") **Iranian offensives to free Iranian territory (1981–82)** [*Commander-in-Chief*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Commander-in-Chief "Operation Commander-in-Chief") [*Samen-ol-A'emeh*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Samen-ol-A%27emeh "Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh") [*Tariq-ol-Qods*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tariq_al-Qods "Operation Tariq al-Qods") [*Fath-ol-Mobin*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Fath_ol-Mobin "Operation Fath ol-Mobin") [*Beit-ol-Moqaddas*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Beit_ol-Moqaddas "Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas") ([2nd Khorramshahr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khorramshahr_\(1982\) "Battle of Khorramshahr (1982)")) **Iranian offensives in Iraq (1982–84)** [*Ramadan* (1st Basra)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ramadan "Operation Ramadan") [*Moslem Ibn Aqil*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Muslim_ibn_Aqil "Operation Muslim ibn Aqil") [*Muharram ol-Harram*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Muharram "Operation Muharram") [*Before the Dawn*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Before_the_Dawn "Operation Before the Dawn") [*Dawn 1*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dawn_\(1983\) "Operation Dawn (1983)") [*Dawn 2*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dawn_2 "Operation Dawn 2") [*Dawn 3*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dawn_3 "Operation Dawn 3") [*Dawn 4*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dawn-4 "Operation Dawn-4") [*Dawn 5* (2nd Basra)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dawn_5 "Operation Dawn 5") [*Kheibar* (3rd Basra)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kheibar "Operation Kheibar") [Kurdish rebellion (1983)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%931986_Kurdish_rebellions_in_Iraq "1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions in Iraq") [*Dawn 6*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dawn_6 "Operation Dawn 6") [*Dawn 7*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dawn_7 "Operation Dawn 7") [Marshes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Marshes "Battle of the Marshes") **Iranian offensives in Iraq (1985–87)** [*Badr* (4th Basra)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Badr_\(1985\) "Operation Badr (1985)") [*Ghader*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ghader "Operation Ghader") [*Dawn 8*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dawn_8 "Operation Dawn 8") ([1st al-Faw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_al-Faw "First Battle of al-Faw")) [*Dawn 9*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dawn_9 "Operation Dawn 9") [*Karbala 1* (Mehran)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mehran "Battle of Mehran") [*Karbala 2*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Karbala-2 "Operation Karbala-2") [*Karbala 3*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Karbala-3 "Operation Karbala-3") [*Fath 1*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Fath_1 "Operation Fath 1") [*Karbala 4* (5th Basra)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Karbala-4 "Operation Karbala-4") [*Karbala 5* (6th Basra)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Basra "Siege of Basra") [*Karbala 6*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Karbala-6 "Operation Karbala-6") [*Karbala 7*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Karbala-7 "Operation Karbala-7") [*Karbala 8 (7th Basra)*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Karbala-8 "Operation Karbala-8") [*Karbala 9*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Karbala-9 "Operation Karbala-9") [*Karbala 10*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Karbala_10 "Operation Karbala 10") *Nasr 4* **Final stages (1988)** [*Beit-ol-Moqaddas 2*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Beit_ol-Moqaddas_2 "Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas 2") [Anfal campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfal_campaign "Anfal campaign") [*Beit-ol-Moqaddas 3*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Beit_ol-Moqaddas_3 "Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas 3") [*Dawn 10*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dawn_10 "Operation Dawn 10") [Halabja massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halabja_massacre "Halabja massacre") [*Zafar 7*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Zafar_7 "Operation Zafar 7") [*Beit-ol-Moqaddas 4*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Beit_ol-Moqaddas_4 "Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas 4") [*Tawakalna ala Allah*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawakalna_ala_Allah_Operations "Tawakalna ala Allah Operations") ([2nd al-Faw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_al-Faw "Second Battle of al-Faw")) [*Shining Sun*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shining_Sun "Operation Shining Sun") [*Forty Stars*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Forty_Stars "Operation Forty Stars") [*Eternal Light*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eternal_Light "Operation Eternal Light") [*Mersad*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mersad "Operation Mersad") **[Tanker War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanker_War "Tanker War")** [*June 5 1984 Skirmish*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_June_5,_1984 "Action of June 5, 1984") [*Earnest Will*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Will "Operation Earnest Will") [*Bridgeton* incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeton_incident "Bridgeton incident") [*Prime Chance*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Prime_Chance "Operation Prime Chance") [*Eager Glacier*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eager_Glacier "Operation Eager Glacier") [*Nimble Archer*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Nimble_Archer "Operation Nimble Archer") [*Praying Mantis*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Praying_Mantis "Operation Praying Mantis") **International incidents** [1981 Iraqi embassy bombing in Beirut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Iraqi_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut "1981 Iraqi embassy bombing in Beirut") [USS *Stark* incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stark_incident "USS Stark incident") [Iran Air Flight 655]() | **Iran Air Flight 655**[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-1) was an international scheduled passenger flight from [Tehran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran "Tehran") to [Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai "Dubai") via [Bandar Abbas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Abbas "Bandar Abbas") that was shot down on 3 July 1988 by two [surface-to-air missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile "Surface-to-air missile") fired by [USS *Vincennes*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Vincennes_\(CG-49\) "USS Vincennes (CG-49)"), a [United States Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") [warship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser#US_cruiser_development "Cruiser"). The missiles hit the [Iran Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air "Iran Air") aircraft, an [Airbus A300](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A300 "Airbus A300"), while it was flying its usual route over [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran "Iran")'s [territorial waters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_waters "Territorial waters") in the [Persian Gulf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf"), shortly after the flight departed its stopover location, [Bandar Abbas International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Abbas_International_Airport "Bandar Abbas International Airport"). All 290 people on board were killed, making it one of the [deadliest airliner shootdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airliner_shootdown_incidents "List of airliner shootdown incidents") of all time, the deadliest aviation incident involving an Airbus aircraft of any type, and the [deadliest aviation incident in Iranian history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iranian_aviation_accidents_and_incidents "List of Iranian aviation accidents and incidents"). The shootdown occurred during the [Iran–Iraq War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War "Iran–Iraq War"), which had been ongoing for nearly eight years. *Vincennes* had entered Iranian territorial waters after one of its helicopters drew warning fire from Iranian speedboats operating within Iranian territorial limits. The reason for the downing has been disputed between the governments of the two countries. According to the United States, *Vincennes*'s crew misidentified the aircraft as an [F-14 Tomcat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-14_Tomcat "F-14 Tomcat"), a US-made fighter jet part of the Iranian inventory, despite it transmitting civilian [identification codes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe "Identification friend or foe"). They assert that *Vincennes* and other warships repeatedly contacted the aircraft on both civilian and military [air distress frequencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Air_Distress "International Air Distress"), but received no response. Bandar Abbas acted as a joint civil/military airport, and Flight 655 had departed behind schedule. The Iranian government maintains that the US recklessly shot down the aircraft, violating [international law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law "International law"), after repeatedly provoking the Iranian forces. Some analysts blamed the overly aggressive attitude of *Vincennes*'s captain, [William C. Rogers III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Rogers_III "William C. Rogers III"), while others focused on more widespread issues and miscommunications on board. The United States was criticized for the downing, especially in its initial response. Although not issuing a formal apology, American president [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") issued a written [diplomatic note](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_note "Diplomatic note") to Iran, expressing deep regret. In 1996, both governments reached a [settlement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_\(litigation\) "Settlement (litigation)") in the [International Court of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice "International Court of Justice") in which the US agreed to pay [US\$](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar")61\.8 million (equivalent to \$127 million in 2025) on an *[ex gratia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_gratia "Ex gratia")* basis to the families of the victims. As part of the settlement, the US did not admit liability for the shootdown. ## Background \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Background")\] [![The warship USS Vincennes, taken from the front](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/USS_Vincennes_returns_to_San_Diego_Oct_1988.jpg/330px-USS_Vincennes_returns_to_San_Diego_Oct_1988.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Vincennes_returns_to_San_Diego_Oct_1988.jpg) [USS *Vincennes*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Vincennes_\(CG-49\) "USS Vincennes (CG-49)") had been deployed to the Persian Gulf to assist in oil tanker escorts. By 1984, the [war between Iraq and Iran had expanded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War#1984:_'Tanker_War'_in_Persian_Gulf "Iran–Iraq War") to include air [attacks against oil tankers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanker_war "Tanker war") and merchant shipping of neighboring countries, some of whom were providing aid to Iraq by shipping its oil.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011382-2) In 1987, a year preceding the shootdown, the [Iraqi Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force "Iraqi Air Force") had attacked the US Navy [frigate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate "Frigate") [USS *Stark*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stark "USS Stark"), [killing 37 American sailors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stark_incident "USS Stark incident"), after misidentifying it as an Iranian warship. The Stark incident culminated in the widening of the US Navy [rules of engagement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_engagement "Rules of engagement") in the Persian Gulf, allowing warships to attack aircraft before being attacked.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-WPost-98-3) After a US oil tanker struck a mine in the Persian Gulf, additional warships were dispatched to the area; by late 1987, US forces had challenged and launched missiles at two Iranian fighter jets.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011399-4) In April 1988, the US engaged in [Operation Praying Mantis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Praying_Mantis "Operation Praying Mantis") in retaliation for mines,[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTERazoux2015448-5) bringing significant damage to Iranian oil infrastructure and its military.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTERazoux2015443-6) In response to the pattern of attacks on shipping, the US [Joint Chiefs of Staff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff "Joint Chiefs of Staff") issued a '[Notice to Airmen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOTAM "NOTAM")' (NOTAM) on 8 September 1987, warning all Persian Gulf countries that civilian aircraft must monitor the [International Air Distress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_emergency_frequency "Aircraft emergency frequency") frequencies and be prepared to identify themselves to US Navy ships and state their intentions;[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty198815%E2%80%9316-7) Iran disputed the validity and accuracy of these notices.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_1.47-8) On the day of the incident, USS *Vincennes*, alongside [USS *Sides*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sides "USS Sides") and [USS *Elmer Montgomery*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Elmer_Montgomery "USS Elmer Montgomery"), had been assigned to take part in an escort traveling through the [Strait of Hormuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz "Strait of Hormuz").[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011455-9) *Vincennes* was a [*Ticonderoga*\-class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticonderoga-class_cruiser "Ticonderoga-class cruiser") guided-missile cruiser, commissioned four years earlier, fitted with the then-new [Aegis Combat System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis_Combat_System "Aegis Combat System"). With a crew of 400, it was under the command of Captain [William C. Rogers III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Rogers_III "William C. Rogers III") at the time of the shootdown. The Aegis system was capable of tracking multiple mobile targets simultaneously, both naval and airborne, and more importantly allowed rapid dissemination of information between different levels of the crew. Its crew was inexperienced in actual conflict, but had performed well in training scenarios.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011456-10) At its narrowest point, the Strait of Hormuz is 21 nautical miles (39 km; 24 mi) wide. As a result, to traverse the strait, ships must stay within sea lanes that pass through the [territorial waters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_waters "Territorial waters") of Iran and [Oman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman "Oman").[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-11) It is normal for ships, including warships, entering or leaving the Persian Gulf to transit Iranian territorial waters. During the [Iran–Iraq War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War "Iran–Iraq War") the Iranian forces frequently boarded and inspected neutral cargo ships in the Strait of Hormuz in search of [contraband](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraband "Contraband") destined for Iraq. While legal under international law, these inspections added to the tensions in the area.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelley200724-12) ## Flight and shootdown \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Flight and shootdown")\] [![A map of the Persian Gulf showing the scheduled flight route of Flight 655 to Dubai, and where it was shot down near Qeshm Island](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Iran_Air_Flight_655_map.svg/250px-Iran_Air_Flight_655_map.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iran_Air_Flight_655_map.svg) Flight 655's scheduled flight path through the A59 air corridor, which it was within (purple), and the route tracked by USS *Vincennes* (red)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO198822-13) The plane, an [Airbus A300](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A300 "Airbus A300") ([registered as](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_registration "Aircraft registration") EP-IBU), was under the control of 38-year-old Captain Mohsen Rezaian[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-14), a US-educated veteran pilot with 7,000 hours of flight time, including over 2,000 in an Airbus A300.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010301-15) The [first officer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_officer_\(aviation\) "First officer (aviation)") was 31 years old and the [flight engineer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_engineer "Flight engineer") was 33 years old. All had at least 2,000 flight hours.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO1988%C2%A7_1.5;_3.1.1-16) Flight 655 left [Bandar Abbas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Abbas_International_Airport "Bandar Abbas International Airport") at 10:17 [Iran Standard Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Standard_Time "Iran Standard Time") ([UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC "UTC")\+03:30), 27 minutes after its scheduled departure time due to an immigration issue. It should have been a 28-minute flight.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-WP4July-Strauss-17) Before takeoff from runway 21, it was directed by the Bandar Abbas tower to turn on its [transponder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder_\(aeronautics\) "Transponder (aeronautics)") and proceed over the [Persian Gulf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO1988%C2%A7_1.1.3-18) The flight was assigned routinely to commercial [air corridor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_corridor "Air corridor") Amber 59, a 20-mile-wide (32 km) lane on a direct line to Dubai airport.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_1.1.3-19) The short distance made for a simple flight pattern: climb to 14,000 feet (4,300 m), cruise, and descend into [Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai "Dubai"). The airliner was transmitting the correct transponder [identification, friend or foe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe "Identification friend or foe") (IFF) code typical of a civilian aircraft (mode 3) and maintained radio contact in English with appropriate air traffic control facilities throughout the flight (see [§ Radio communication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#Radio_communication)).[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO1988%C2%A7_1.1.4-20) [![A row of monitors with maps, charts and data with operators sitting in front](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/USS_Vincennes_%28CG-49%29_Aegis_large_screen_displays.jpg/250px-USS_Vincennes_%28CG-49%29_Aegis_large_screen_displays.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Vincennes_\(CG-49\)_Aegis_large_screen_displays.jpg) The [Combat Information Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Information_Center "Combat Information Center") on board [*Vincennes*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Vincennes_\(CG-49\) "USS Vincennes (CG-49)") On the morning of 3 July 1988, *Vincennes* was passing through the Strait of Hormuz, returning from an oil tanker escort duty. A helicopter deployed from the cruiser reportedly received small arms fire from Iranian patrol vessels as it observed from high altitude. *Vincennes* moved to engage the vessels, in the course of which both sides violated Omani waters and left after being challenged by a [Royal Navy of Oman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy_of_Oman "Royal Navy of Oman") patrol boat.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010299-21)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-otherlockerbie-22) *Vincennes* continued to pursue the Iranian [gunboats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunboat "Gunboat"), entering Iranian territorial waters.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011411-23) Two other US Navy ships, *Sides* and *Elmer Montgomery*, were nearby.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_I\(2\)-24) In the meantime, Flight 655, proceeding along its scheduled route, was on an ascending flight path towards *Vincennes*.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010305-25) In the time that followed (the details of which are debated, see below), *Vincennes* incorrectly assumed the aircraft to be hostile and issued 10 challenges to the airliner, seven on the Military Air Distress (MAD) frequency, and three on the [International Air Distress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_distress_frequency "International distress frequency") (IAD) frequency. *Sides* additionally made one challenge on the civilian frequency after those of *Vincennes*. The aircraft was not equipped to receive military transmissions, and the civilian challenges received no responses. Subsequently, the crew of *Vincennes* commenced the process to engage the aircraft.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO198815%C2%A7_2.10.1-26) Flight 655 made its final transmission at 10:24:11 to acknowledge a [hand-off](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handoff_\(aviation\) "Handoff (aviation)") from Bandar Abbas approach controllers:[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO1988A-11-27) > 10:24:07 – Bandar Abbas Approach: "Iran Air 655 roger, contact Tehran Control 133.4, have a nice flight." > 10:24:11 – IR655: "Thank you, good day."[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO1988B-4-28) [![Wreckage of the aircraft. A window frame and other parts are visible.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wreckage_of_Iran_Air_Flight_655_02.jpg/250px-Wreckage_of_Iran_Air_Flight_655_02.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wreckage_of_Iran_Air_Flight_655_02.jpg) Part of the collected remains of Flight 655; much of the wreckage was never recovered Eleven seconds later, at 10:24:22, with the aircraft at a range of 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi), *Vincennes* fired two [SM-2MR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-66_Standard "RIM-66 Standard") [surface-to-air missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile "Surface-to-air missile"). The first missile intercepted the airliner at 10:24:43 at a range of 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi), and the second missile intercepted the airliner shortly after.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_II\(6\)\(c\)-II\(6\)\(f\)-29) The plane exploded, and immediately disintegrated into three pieces (cockpit, wing section, and the tail section) and soon crashed into the water.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO19882%C2%A7_1.3.1-30) None of the 290 passengers and crew on board survived.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO19882%C2%A7_1.2-31) Much of the wreckage, including the cockpit voice recorder and flight data recorder, was never recovered.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO19886%C2%A7_1.12.1-32) At the time the missiles were launched, *Vincennes* was located at [26°30â€Č47″N 56°00â€Č57″Eï»ż / ï»ż26\.51306°N 56.01583°Eï»ż / 26\.51306; 56.01583](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iran_Air_Flight_655&params=26_30_47_N_56_00_57_E_), placing it within the twelve-nautical-mile (22 km; 14 mi) limit of Iranian territorial seas.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO198819%C2%A7_2.11.7-33)[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty198839%C2%A7_III\(B\)\(1\)\(ff\)-34) The location of *Vincennes* in Iranian territorial waters at the time of the incident was admitted by the US government in legal briefs and publicly by [Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff "Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff"), Admiral [William J. Crowe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Crowe "William J. Crowe"), on *[Nightline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightline "Nightline")* in 1992.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarryCharles199239-35)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-nightline19920701-36) ### Radio communication \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Radio communication")\] The official [International Civil Aviation Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization "International Civil Aviation Organization") (ICAO) report stated that 11 attempts were made to contact Iran Air Flight 655 from *Vincennes* and *Sides*, seven on military frequencies and four on commercial frequencies, addressed to an "unidentified Iranian aircraft" and giving its speed as 350 knots (650 km/h; 400 mph), which was the ground speed of the aircraft their radar reported.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-evans-37) Flight 655's crew, however, would have seen a speed of 300 knots (560 km/h; 350 mph) on their cockpit instruments, which was their [indicated airspeed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicated_airspeed "Indicated airspeed"), possibly leading them to conclude that *Vincennes* was talking to another aircraft.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO1988-38) Both *Sides* and *Vincennes* tried contacting Flight 655 on several civilian and military frequencies. The ICAO concluded that Flight 655's crew assumed the three calls they received before the missiles struck must have been directed at an Iranian [P-3 Orion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-3_Orion "P-3 Orion"), which was also taking off from Bandar Abbas. The crew likely were monitoring the civilian international air-distress (IAD) frequency at the time of the shootdown.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran199039-39)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_of_America199135-40) In its report, the ICAO found, according to The *New York Times*, that "American warships in the Gulf had no equipment that allowed them to monitor civilian air traffic control radio frequencies", and had they had such capabilities air traffic control transmissions would have identified the flight.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-41) In its ICJ statement, Iran disputed this by claiming that the Department of Defense's report explicitly mentioned the *Vincennes*'s [VHF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_high_frequency "Very high frequency") radio equipment that would have allowed it to monitor civilian air traffic control frequencies, as well as other US surveillance activities in the Persian Gulf region that would have alerted them of the aircraft's nature.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran199024-42) The US objected to this claim, saying that most of its military vessels were only equipped with VHR radios capable of listening to the IAD frequency.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_of_America199135-40) ### Victims \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Victims")\] The aircraft was carrying 290 people: 274 passengers and a crew of 16. Of these 290, 254 were [Iranian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peoples "Iranian peoples"), 13 were [Emirati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratis "Emiratis"), 10 were [Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_people "Indian people"), six were [Pakistani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani "Pakistani"), six were [Yugoslavian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"), and one was [Italian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians "Italians").[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-Italian_passenger-43) 65 of the passengers were children.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO19882%C2%A7_1.2-31) ### US government accounts \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: US government accounts")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Admiral_Crowe_and_Secretary_of_Defense_Frank_C._Carlucci_brief_reporters_on_Iran_Air_Flight_655_at_the_Pentagon%2C_July_1988.jpg/330px-Admiral_Crowe_and_Secretary_of_Defense_Frank_C._Carlucci_brief_reporters_on_Iran_Air_Flight_655_at_the_Pentagon%2C_July_1988.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Admiral_Crowe_and_Secretary_of_Defense_Frank_C._Carlucci_brief_reporters_on_Iran_Air_Flight_655_at_the_Pentagon,_July_1988.jpg) [CJCS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff "Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff") Admiral [William Crowe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Crowe "William J. Crowe") (front) and US Secretary of Defense [Frank Carlucci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Carlucci "Frank Carlucci") (back) brief media at the Pentagon. According to the US government, Flight 655 was first detected immediately after take-off by *Vincennes*, transmitting IFF mode 3 (civilian).[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_IV\(E\)\(5\)-44) As the flight had originated at Bandar Abbas, which served both as a base for Iranian [F-14 Tomcat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-14_Tomcat "F-14 Tomcat") operations and as a hub for commercial flights, all departing aircraft were by default "assumed hostile".[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO198824%C2%A7_3.1.23\(a\)-45)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarryCharles199233-46) When the identification supervisor responsible, [Petty Officer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petty_Officer "Petty Officer") Andrew Anderson, interrogated the aircraft again soon after with his IFF radio, he neglected to reset the range and received a short IFF mode 2 transmission (indicative of a military aircraft), likely from unrelated ground aircraft taking-off at Bandar Abbas.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarryCharles199233;37-47) As a result, Flight 655 was erroneously tagged by Anderson with this military classification and [squawk code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squawk_code "Squawk code"). The mistagged squawk code corresponded to an F-14 that had flown out of Bandar Abbas a week before, leading the crew of *Vincennes* to believe the airliner was an Iranian fighter jet.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010302%E2%80%93303-48)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_IV\(E\)\(6\)-49) For the entirety of its journey Flight 655 solely squawked civilian IFF codes.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_III\(A\)\(5\)\(b\)\(8\)-50) Due to the flight's slight delay, the dark environment of the Combat Information Center (CIC), and confusion over time zones, Anderson missed Flight 655 in commercial flight listings.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010303,_306-51)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarryCharles199236-52) Escalations began when *Vincennes*'s helicopter received warning fire after approaching close to Iranian gunboats, in contravention of the US rules of engagement at the time.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010299-21) According to the US, the gunboats had been following merchant ships in an aggressive manner and the helicopter had been deployed after they had been sighted by *Montgomery*.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010298-53) While *Vincennes* engaged with the gunboats, it entered Iranian territorial waters, with sharp turns causing disruption inside.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010306-54) In what the US government later termed "scenario fulfilment" – a form of [confirmation bias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias "Confirmation bias") in which personnel carry out a training scenario, believing it to be reality – information was erroneously communicated that not only was the aircraft squawking military codes, but that it was also descending on an attack profile.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-otherlockerbie-22)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_2\(b\)\(3\)\(d\)\(1\);_IV\(A\)\(12\)-55) The Aegis system continued to correctly record the aircraft as climbing past 12,000 feet (3,700 m), instead, and this was reflected on the CIC's numerical displays.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010308-56) Captain Rogers had earlier acknowledged a remark that the aircraft was "possible COMAIR \[commercial aviation\]".[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010306-54) Following the misidentification and unreciprocated radio challenges, the aircraft was shot down (see [§ Flight and shootdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#Flight_and_shootdown)).[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010309-57) [Department of Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense "United States Department of Defense") (DoD) officials initially said that *Vincennes* had shot down an Iranian F-14, but issued a retraction within hours and confirmed Iranian reports that the target was instead a civilian Airbus.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-58)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-59) According to the DoD, *Vincennes* mistakenly identified the airliner as an attacking military fighter and misidentified its flight profile as being similar to that of an F-14A Tomcat during an attack run; however, the cruiser's Aegis Combat System recorded the plane's flight plan as climbing (not descending as in an attack run) at the time of the incident.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-nytimes.com-60) Alongside the vague nature of the challenges issued by *Vincennes*, confusion may have arisen as the hailed speed stated in the transmissions was the [ground speed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_speed "Ground speed"), while the pilot's instruments displayed [airspeed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed "Airspeed"), a 50-knot (93 km/h; 58 mph) difference.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO198817%C2%A7_2.10.13-61) In 1992, journalists from *[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek "Newsweek")* obtained a full copy of the DoD's internal report which included a map and coordinates of *Vincennes*. They concluded that *Vincennes* was about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi; 2.2 nmi) inside Iranian territorial waters at the time of the shootdown.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarryCharles199239-35) This was admitted in a report by Admiral William Fogarty, entitled *Formal Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding the Downing of Iran Air Flight 655 on 3 July 1988* (the "Fogarty report").[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010315-62) The Fogarty report stated, "The data from USS *Vincennes'* tapes, information from USS *Sides* and reliable intelligence information, corroborate the fact that \[Iran Air Flight 655\] was on a normal commercial air flight plan profile, in the assigned airway, squawking Mode III 6760, on a continuous ascent in altitude from takeoff at Bandar Abbas to shoot-down.".[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_II\(E\)\(2\)-63)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-64) The Fogarty report also claimed, "Iran must share the responsibility for the tragedy by hazarding one of their civilian airliners by allowing it to fly a relatively low-altitude air route in close proximity to hostilities that had been ongoing."[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_IV\(A\)\(3\)-65) The crew of USS *Sides* – which issued one final challenge after the 10 of *Vincennes* – indicated that they had from take-off identified Flight 655 as a commercial flight, according to the ICAO. Unlike *Vincennes*, its operators recalled that they had never observed the IFF Mode 2 squawk that initially identified the flight as a military aircraft.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO1988%C2%A7_2.12.1-2.12.2-66) Of the 11 challenges, only the one made by *Sides* identified the aircraft's squawk code.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO1988%C2%A7_2.10.18-67) ### Iranian government account \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Iranian government account")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Iranians_mourn_those_who_died_on_Iran_Air_Flight_655%2C_Larestan%2C_Iran_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Iranians_mourn_those_who_died_on_Iran_Air_Flight_655%2C_Larestan%2C_Iran_%28cropped%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iranians_mourn_those_who_died_on_Iran_Air_Flight_655,_Larestan,_Iran_\(cropped\).jpg) Iranians in [Larestan County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larestan_County "Larestan County"), [Fars province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_province "Fars province"), mourn those who died on board Flight 655. | "Iran Airbus Incident" | |---| | UN Security Council discussion | | [![video icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [George H. W. Bush, Ali Akbar Velayati, and the rest of the United Nations Security Council discuss the shootdown, 14 July 1988](https://www.c-span.org/program/public-affairs-event/downing-of-iranian-airliner/167060) | According to the Iranian government, the shootdown was both intentional and unlawful. Even if a mistaken identification was made – which Iran never accepted – it argued that this constituted negligence and recklessness amounting to an international crime, not an accident.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_4.52%E2%80%934.54-68) In particular, Iran expressed skepticism about claims of misidentification, noting that the cruiser's advanced Aegis radar correctly tracked the flight and its IFF mode 3 beacon; two other US warships in the area, *Sides* and *Montgomery*, also identified the aircraft as civilian; and the flight was well within a recognized international air corridor. It also noted that the crew of *Vincennes* were trained to handle simultaneous attacks by hundreds of enemy aircraft.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_4.50-69) Iran found it more plausible that *Vincennes* was looking for an opportunity to use its force, and that it had been predisposed to treat Iran as hostile, citing a statement by David Carlson, [commander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_\(United_States\)#Naval "Commander (United States)") of the USS *Sides*, published in the September 1989 issue of *[Proceedings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_\(magazine\) "Proceedings (magazine)")* in which he stated that *Vincennes* "hankered for an opportunity to show its stuff".[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_4.52-70) The US had previously issued a NOTAM, warning aircraft that they were at risk of "defensive measures" if they had not been cleared from a regional airport and if they came within 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) of a warship at an altitude less than 2,000 feet (610 m). Iran stated that Flight 655 had been cleared from a regional airport and was well outside those limits when it was shot down.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_4.62-71) The crew of the Vincennes had been incorrectly briefed that F-14s had been supplied to Iran with [air-to-ground](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-ground "Air-to-ground") ordnance,[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7IV\(A\)\(9\)\(o\)-72) when in reality they were only capable of air-to-air.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-73) Even if the plane had truly been an Iranian F-14, Iran argued that the US would not have had the right to shoot it down, as it was flying within Iranian airspace and did not follow a path that could be considered an attack profile, nor did it illuminate *Vincennes* with radar.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_4.60%E2%80%934.61-74) Prior to the incident, *Vincennes* had entered Iranian territorial waters and was inside these waters when it launched its missiles.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_4.65;_1.27-75) Even had the crew of Flight 655 made mistakes, they stated, the US government should remain responsible for the actions of *Vincennes*'s crew, under international law.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_4.56-76) Iran pointed out that in the past, "the United States has steadfastly condemned the shooting down of aircraft, whether civil or military, by the armed forces of another State" and cited [El Al Flight 402](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Al_Flight_402 "El Al Flight 402"), [Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Airlines_Flight_114 "Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114"), and [Korean Air Lines Flight 007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007 "Korean Air Lines Flight 007"), among other incidents.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_4.66%E2%80%934.70-77) Iran also noted that when Iraq attacked the USS *Stark*, the US found Iraq fully responsible on the grounds that the Iraqi pilot "knew or should have known" he was attacking a US warship.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_4.49-78) Speaking to the [United Nations Security Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council "United Nations Security Council"), [Ali Akbar Velayati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Velayati "Ali Akbar Velayati"), Iran's [minister of foreign affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_\(Iran\) "Minister of Foreign Affairs (Iran)"), called the shootdown the "most inhuman military attack in the history of civil aviation", caused by a "reckless and incompetent naval force".[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-unsc-statements-79): 5–7 ### Independent sources \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Independent sources")\] In 1989, prior to the public exposure of *Vincennes*' position inside Iranian waters on *Nightline* by Admiral William Crowe, Professor Andreas Lowenfeld of the editing board of the *[American Journal of International Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_International_Law "American Journal of International Law")* criticized the official US position that the US was not legally liable for the incident:[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-80)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-81) > I do not understand Maier's argument at all ... But the correct legal principle, I am clear, is not as Sofaer and Maier would have it—no legal liability to victims of airplane disasters without proof of fault beyond a reasonable doubt, and no fault in combat zones—but rather liability regardless of fault, so long as the cause is established, as it clearly was in the case of Iran Air 655, as in the case of Korean Air Lines 007. I would have hoped that those who spoke for the United States about the tragedy of 3 July 1988, from the President on down, would have recognized this principle, so essential for the safety of civil aviation, as other spokesmen for the United States and its allies have done when other states' military (whether or not on orders from on high) brought down civilian aircraft that may have strayed off course. ... That principle, it is clear, was breached by the United States in the case of Iran Air 655, and it follows that the United States is responsible. To say that is not to condemn the United States or even to find fault. It is simply to state that responsibility flows from the action itself. Lowenfeld also pointed out that the amount of compensation paid for Iranian victims was one-tenth the amount demanded from Iraq for American dead aboard the USS *Stark*.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-82) [![Captain William C. Rogers III speaking to a crowd](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CAPT_Will_C._Rogers_III_1988.jpg/250px-CAPT_Will_C._Rogers_III_1988.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CAPT_Will_C._Rogers_III_1988.jpg) Captain of the USS *Vincennes* [William C. Rogers III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Rogers_III "William C. Rogers III") One legal scholar noted in the *[Yale Journal of International Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Journal_of_International_Law "Yale Journal of International Law")*: "The downing of Flight 655 should not be deemed lawful merely because the *Vincennes*' commanding officer reasonably mistook the situation as presenting an integrated surface and air attack. Reconceptualizing the incident as a mistake problem does not excuse the *Vincennes* from liability."[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-83) In an article published in *[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek "Newsweek")* on 13 July 1992, John Barry and Roger Charles argued that Rogers behaved recklessly and without due care. The *Newsweek* article also accused the US government of a cover-up;[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarryCharles199229-84)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-85) Admiral Crowe denied any knowledge:[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-Crowe-86) An analysis of the events by the [International Strategic Studies Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Strategic_Studies_Association "International Strategic Studies Association") described the deployment of an Aegis cruiser in the zone as irresponsible and felt that the value placed on Aegis cruisers by the US Navy had played a major part in the setting of a low threshold for opening fire.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-87) *Vincennes* had been nicknamed "*[RoboCruiser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboCop "RoboCop")*" by crew members and other US Navy ships, in reference to both its Aegis system and the supposed aggressive tendencies of its captain.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-evans-37)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-88) The International Court of Justice case relating to "the Aerial Incident of July 3, 1988" (*Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America*), was dropped on 22 February 1996 following settlement and compensation by the United States.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-ICJ-settlement-agreement-89) Three years after the incident, Admiral Crowe admitted on American television show *[Nightline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightline_\(US_news_program\) "Nightline (US news program)")* that *Vincennes* was inside Iranian territorial waters when it launched the missiles,[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-nightline19920701-36) contradicting earlier Navy statements. The ICAO report of December 1988 placed *Vincennes* well inside Iran's territorial waters.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-evans-37) Commander David Carlson, commanding officer of USS *Sides*, the warship stationed nearest to *Vincennes* at the time of the incident, is reported to have said that the destruction of the aircraft "marked the horrifying climax to Captain Rogers's aggressiveness, first seen four weeks ago".[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-Fisk-90) His comment referred to incidents on 2 June, when Rogers had sailed *Vincennes* too close to an Iranian [frigate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate "Frigate") undertaking a lawful search of a bulk carrier, launched a helicopter within two to three miles (3.2 to 4.8 km) of a small Iranian craft despite rules of engagement requiring a four-mile (6.4 km) separation, and opened fire on small Iranian military boats. Of those incidents, Carlson commented: "Why do you want an Aegis cruiser out there shooting up boats? It wasn't a smart thing to do." He said that Iranian forces he had encountered in the area a month prior to the incident were "pointedly non-threatening" and professional.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-procpdf-91) At the time of Rogers's announcement to higher command that he was going to shoot down the plane, Carlson is reported to have been thunderstruck: "I said to folks around me, 'Why, what the hell is he doing?' I went through the drill again. F-14. He's climbing. By now this damn thing is at 7,000 feet \[2,133 meters\]." Carlson thought the *Vincennes* might have more information and was unaware that Rogers had been wrongly informed that the plane was diving.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-Fisk-90) Carlson is reported to have written in the *US Naval Proceedings* that he had "wondered aloud in disbelief" on hearing of *Vincennes*' intentions. In speculating on the "climate" that led up to the incident, Carlson stated that the crew of *Vincennes* "felt a need to prove the viability of Aegis in the Persian Gulf, and that they hankered for the opportunity to show their stuff."[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-Chomsky-92) ## Potential factors \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Potential factors")\] - The [Aegis System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis_Combat_System "Aegis Combat System") software at that time reused tracking numbers in its display, constituting a [user interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface "User interface") design flaw. The Aegis software initially assigned the on-screen identifier TN4474 to Flight 655. Before *Vincennes* fired, the Aegis software switched the Flight 655 tracking number to TN4131 and recycled Flight 655's old tracking number of TN4474 to label a fighter jet 110 miles away. When the captain asked for a status on TN4474, he was told it was a fighter and descending.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-93)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-94)[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-Fisher2001-95) *[Scientific American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American "Scientific American")* rated it as one of the worst user interface disasters.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-96) - A [psychological evaluation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_evaluation "Psychological evaluation") of the crew, requested by Admiral Fogarty, concluded that [stress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_\(biology\) "Stress (biology)") and inexperience of the crew in warfare resulted in misjudgment and unconscious distortion of data, which played a significant role in the misinterpretation of the data of the Aegis system.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-Fisher2001-95) - The ship's crew did not efficiently consult [commercial airliner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_airliner "Commercial airliner") schedules, due to the darkness of their working space and confusion over to which [time zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone "Time zone") the schedules referred—the scheduled flight times used Bandar Abbas airport time, while *Vincennes* was on Bahrain time. The airliner's departure was 27 minutes later than scheduled. The [Combat Information Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Information_Center "Combat Information Center") was dark, and its lights flickered every time *Vincennes* fired at the [speedboats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedboat "Speedboat"). Petty Officer Andrew Anderson, who first picked up Flight 655 on radar and thought it might be a commercial aircraft, is said to have missed the flight as he was searching in the navy's listing of commercial flights.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-MIT-97) - An Iranian P-3 Orion was in the area some time before the attack, and some reports explained why no radar signals were detected from Iran Air Flight 655.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-GaryKlein-98) Other reports state that the Airbus was immediately detected after takeoff by the cruiser's [AN/SPY-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/SPY-1 "AN/SPY-1") radar at a range of 47 miles (76 km).[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelley200724-12) - According to Capt. Richard McKenna (surface commander of Capt. Will Rogers), *Vincennes* was initially authorized to send a helicopter to investigate the situation with the gun boats. Later on, when he realized that *Vincennes* had turned north and swapped positions with *Montgomery*, he commanded *Vincennes* to leave the helicopter in place and return immediately. According to an interview after his retirement, Capt. McKenna believed that he felt the situation was not initially out of control and maybe *Vincennes* was looking for trouble. He said "my own personal opinion is it really did feel that they were looking for action when they went to see the *Elmer Montgomery*, um my own feeling is that the situation was not out of control, it was really my call and yet even though they were assigned another station, they took it upon themselves to be there and to that extent I feel that you know, I mean that's that's where the general feeling and not not just my own, comes that maybe they were looking for trouble."[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-mistakenidentity-99) - The psychology and mindset after engaging in a battle with Iranian gunboats. Claims were made that *Vincennes* was engaged in an operation using a decoy [cargo ship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship "Cargo ship") to lure Iranian gunboats to a fight.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-dettmer-100) These claims were denied by Fogarty in *Hearing Before The Investigation Subcommittee and the Defense Policy Panel of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, Second Session, 21 July 1992.* Also, the initial claims of *Vincennes* being called for help by a cargo ship attacked by Iranian gunboats have been ruled out.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-dettmer-100) That leads to claims that the Iranian gunboats were provoked by helicopters inside Iranian waters, not the other way around.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-House-101) ## Aftermath \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Aftermath")\] Dispatch from Rogers to his commander > This is a burden I will carry for the rest of my life, but under the circumstances and considering all the information available to me at the moment, I took this action to defend my ship and my crew. > > I and I alone am fully responsible for any actions taken by the *Vincennes*. — William C. Rogers III, 4 July 1988[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-102) The event sparked an intense international controversy, with the US criticized for its account.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-103) In mid-July 1988, Iranian Foreign Minister [Ali Akbar Velayati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Velayati "Ali Akbar Velayati") asked the [United Nations Security Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council "United Nations Security Council") to condemn the United States, saying the attack "could not have been a mistake" and was a "criminal act", a "massacre", and an "atrocity".[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-unsc-statements-79): 5–7 [George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush"), then-vice-president of the United States in the [Reagan administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_administration "Reagan administration"), defended his country at the UN by arguing that the US attack had been a wartime incident and the crew of *Vincennes* had acted appropriately to the situation.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-104) The Soviet Union asked the US to withdraw from the area and supported efforts by the Security Council to end the [Iran–Iraq War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War "Iran–Iraq War"). Most of the remainder of the 13 delegates who spoke supported the U.S. position, saying one of the problems was that a 1987 resolution to end the Iran–Iraq war had been ignored.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-105) Following the debate, [Security Council Resolution 616](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_616 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 616") was passed expressing "deep distress" over the US attack and "profound regret" for the loss of human lives, and stressing the need to end the Iran–Iraq War as resolved in 1987.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-106) [![Postage stamp with Persian text depicting an Iran Air aircraft being shot down by a warship with the American flag superimposed](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Iran-stamp-Scott2335.jpg/250px-Iran-stamp-Scott2335.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iran-stamp-Scott2335.jpg) Iranian postage stamp issued 11 August 1988 Inside Iran, the shootdown was perceived as a purposeful attack by the United States, signaling that the US was about to enter into a direct war against Iran on the side of Iraq.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-businessinsider.com-107)\[*[further explanation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\] A day of mourning was declared by the authorities, coinciding with the American [Independence Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_\(United_States\) "Independence Day (United States)").[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-WP4July-Strauss-17) In February 1996, the US agreed to pay Iran US\$131.8 million in settlement to discontinue a case brought by Iran in 1989 against the US in the International Court of Justice relating to this incident, together with other earlier claims before the [Iran–United States Claims Tribunal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_Claims_Tribunal "Iran–United States Claims Tribunal").[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-ICJ-settlement-agreement-89) US\$61.8 million of the claim was in compensation for the 248 Iranians killed in the shootdown: \$300,000 per wage-earning victim and \$150,000 per non-wage-earner.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-108) As part of the settlement, the US agreed to send Iran two [Airbus A300-600s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A300-600 "Airbus A300-600"), the first Western planes to be supplied to the country since 1980 (after the 1979 [Iranian revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_revolution "Iranian revolution")). They remained Iran's newest Western aircraft until some sanctions were lifted in 2017.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-109) The US government issued notes of regret for the loss of human lives, but never formally apologized or acknowledged wrongdoing.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-books.google.com-110) On 5 July 1988, President Ronald Reagan expressed regret; when directly asked if he considered the statement an apology, Reagan replied, "Yes."[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-:1-111) George H. W. Bush, then vice-president of the United States, commented on another occasion, in a televised recording, while addressing a group of Republican ethnic leaders during the [1988 presidential campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election "1988 United States presidential election"): "I will never apologize for the United States—I don't care what the facts are ... I'm not an apologize-for-America kind of guy."[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-112) The quote, although unrelated to the downing of the Iranian airliner and not in any official capacity, has been attributed as such.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-113)[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-114) The incident overshadowed [Iran–United States relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Iran–United States relations") for many years. Former [CIA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency") analyst [Kenneth M. Pollack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_M._Pollack "Kenneth M. Pollack") wrote: "The shoot-down of Iran Air Flight 655 was an accident, but that is not how it was seen in Tehran."[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-115) Following the explosion of [Pan Am Flight 103](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103 "Pan Am Flight 103") five months later, the United States government initially blamed the [PFLP-GC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFLP-GC "PFLP-GC"), a [Palestinian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people "Palestinian people") militant group backed by [Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria "Syria"), with assumptions of assistance from Iran in retaliation for Flight 655.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-116)[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-117) The distrust generated between the US and Iran as a result of the downing of Iran Air Flight 655 was a challenge in the development of the [Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action "Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action") (JCPOA), also known as the Iran Nuclear Deal, which was agreed to on 14 July 2015.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-118) ### Criticism of US media coverage \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Criticism of US media coverage")\] [![Juxtaposition of two Newsweek covers. On the left, KAL007 is framed within a bullseye with the caption "Murder in the air", while on the right a photograph of a missile launcher is captioned simply with "Why it happened", framing it as a tragic mistake](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/NewsweekIR655.jpg/330px-NewsweekIR655.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NewsweekIR655.jpg) *[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek "Newsweek")* covers for 12 September 1983 (left) and 18 July 1988, illustrating the [KAL007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007 "Korean Air Lines Flight 007") and Iran Air incidents, respectively. The caption "Murder in the Air" framed the KAL incident as a deliberate act of war, whereas "Why It Happened" framed the Iran Air incident as a tragic mistake.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-DavidGiles-119) In 1991, political scientist [Robert Entman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Entman "Robert Entman") of [George Washington University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University "George Washington University") compared [US media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_the_United_States "Media of the United States") coverage of the incident with the similar shootdown of [Korean Air Lines Flight 007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007 "Korean Air Lines Flight 007") by the Soviet Union five years earlier by studying material from *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")*, *Newsweek*, *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*, and *[CBS Evening News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Evening_News "CBS Evening News")*. According to Entman, [framing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_\(social_sciences\) "Framing (social sciences)") techniques were used to frame the Korean Airlines incident as sabotage, while framing the Iran Air incident as a tragic mistake,[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-DavidGiles-119) stating "the angle taken by the US media emphasized the moral bankruptcy and guilt of the perpetrating nation. With Iran Air 655, the frame de-emphasised guilt and focused on the complex problems of operating military high technology."[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-mondipl920190802-120)[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-121) By "de-emphasizing the agency and the victims and by the choice of graphics and adjectives, the news stories about the US downing of an Iranian plane called it a technical problem while the Soviet downing of a Korean jet was portrayed as a moral outrage." Entman included polling that appeared to show that the [unbalanced coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_bias "Media bias") swayed [public opinion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_opinion "Public opinion") against the Soviet Union and Iran.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-122) In July 2014, when [Malaysia Airlines Flight 17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17 "Malaysia Airlines Flight 17") was shot down over eastern [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine") by Russian-backed insurgents, some commentators noted the discrepancy between the US official position and media coverage of the two similar incidents.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-Chomsky-92)[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-123)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-124) ### Post-tour of duty medals \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Post-tour of duty medals")\] Despite the downing of the plane, the crew of USS *Vincennes* were awarded [Combat Action Ribbons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Action_Ribbon "Combat Action Ribbon") for completion of their tours in a combat zone. The air warfare coordinator on duty received the [Navy Commendation Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Commendation_Medal "Navy Commendation Medal"), but *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* reported in 1990 that the awards were for his entire tour from 1984 to 1988 and not for his actions relating to the surface engagement with Iranian gunboats.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-125) Rogers was awarded the [Legion of Merit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Merit "Legion of Merit") "for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding service as commanding officer \[...\] from April 1987 to May 1989". The award was given for his service as the commanding officer of *Vincennes* from April 1987 to May 1989. The citation made no mention of the downing of Flight 655.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-medals-126) ## In popular culture \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: In popular culture")\] The events of Flight 655 were featured in "Mistaken Identity", a [season 3 (2005)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mayday_episodes#Season_3_\(2005\) "List of Mayday episodes") episode of the Canadian TV series [*Mayday*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayday_\(Canadian_TV_series\) "Mayday (Canadian TV series)") (called *Air Emergency* and *Air Disasters* in the US, and *Air Crash Investigation* in the UK).[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-mistakenidentity-99) The incident was also mentioned in episode 14, season 6 of *[The West Wing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Wing "The West Wing")*.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] In the 2024 novel *[Martyr\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr! "Martyr!")* by [Kaveh Akbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaveh_Akbar "Kaveh Akbar"), the main character's mother dies on Flight 655.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-127) ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: See also")\] - [List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_commercial_aircraft "List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft") - [List of airliner shootdown incidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airliner_shootdown_incidents "List of airliner shootdown incidents") - [Malaysia Airlines Flight 17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17 "Malaysia Airlines Flight 17") - similar incident but shot down by Russia ## Notes and references \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Notes and references")\] Notes 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-1)** [Persian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language "Persian language"): ÙŸŰ±ÙˆŰ§ŰČ ŰŽÙ…Ű§Ű±Ù‡ Û¶Û”Û” Ű§ÛŒŰ±Ű§Ù† Ű§ÛŒŰ± 2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-14)** [Persian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language "Persian language"): Ù…Ű­ŰłÙ† Ű±Ű¶Ű§ŰŠÛŒŰ§Ù† 3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-121)** The term *frame* here and in this[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-mondipl920190802-120) cited supporting source refers to Entman, Robert M. (December 1991). "Framing US coverage of international news: Contrasts in narratives of the KAL and Iran Air incidents". *Journal of Communication*. **41** (44): 6–27\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1111/j.1460-2466.1991.tb02328.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-2466.1991.tb02328.x). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [53817259](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53817259). . That article examines what it describes "as contrasting news frames employed by several important US media outlets" in covering the downings of the KAL-007 and Iran Air 655 airline flights. References 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011382_2-0)** [Farrokh 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFarrokh2011), p. 382. 2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-WPost-98_3-0)** Wilson, George C. (4 July 1988). ["Navy Missile Downs Iranian Jetliner"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/flight801/stories/july88crash.htm). *The Washington Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171012144423/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/flight801/stories/july88crash.htm) from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017. 3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011399_4-0)** [Farrokh 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFarrokh2011), p. 399. 4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERazoux2015448_5-0)** [Razoux 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFRazoux2015), p. 448. 5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERazoux2015443_6-0)** [Razoux 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFRazoux2015), pp. 443. 6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty198815%E2%80%9316_7-0)** [Fogarty 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFogarty1988), pp. 15–16. 7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_1.47_8-0)** [Islamic Republic of Iran 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990), § 1.47. 8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011455_9-0)** [Farrokh 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFarrokh2011), p. 455. 9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011456_10-0)** [Farrokh 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFarrokh2011), p. 456. 10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-11)** Mojtahed-Zadeh, Dr Pirouz; Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (2013). [*Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography*](https://books.google.com/books?id=oUP8AQAAQBAJ). Routledge. p. 27. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-136-81724-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81724-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81724-3") . [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084523/https://books.google.com/books?id=oUP8AQAAQBAJ) from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2024. 11. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelley200724_12-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelley200724_12-1) [Kelley 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFKelley2007), p. 24. 12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO198822_13-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), p. 22. 13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010301_15-0)** [Zatarain 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFZatarain2010), p. 301. 14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO1988%C2%A7_1.5;_3.1.1_16-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), § 1.5; 3.1.1. 15. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-WP4July-Strauss_17-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-WP4July-Strauss_17-1) Strauss, Valerie (4 July 1988). ["Iran Says U.S. Action Deliberate, Threatens Unspecified Retaliation"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1988/07/04/iran-says-us-action-deliberate-threatens-unspecified-retaliation/90aa6983-3be6-40f2-ab02-d11178dd36e4/). *The Washington Post*. p. 1. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0190-8286](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286). Retrieved 5 May 2025. 16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO1988%C2%A7_1.1.3_18-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), § 1.1.3. 17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_1.1.3_19-0)** [Fogarty 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFogarty1988), § 1.1.3. 18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO1988%C2%A7_1.1.4_20-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), § 1.1.4. 19. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010299_21-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010299_21-1) [Zatarain 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFZatarain2010), p. 299. 20. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-otherlockerbie_22-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-otherlockerbie_22-1) Hodlin, Tim; Fenton, Norman (4 March 2000). ["The Other Lockerbie"](https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3249748588a04d348458b75d2b09c8b2). *Correspondent*. [BBC Two](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two "BBC Two"). `{{cite episode}}`: CS1 maint: url-status ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status "Category:CS1 maint: url-status"))\[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")*\] 21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011411_23-0)** [Farrokh 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFarrokh2011), p. 411. 22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_I\(2\)_24-0)** [Fogarty 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFogarty1988), § I(2). 23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010305_25-0)** [Zatarain 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFZatarain2010), p. 305. 24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO198815%C2%A7_2.10.1_26-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), p. 15, § 2.10.1. 25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO1988A-11_27-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), p. A-11. 26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO1988B-4_28-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), p. B-4. 27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_II\(6\)\(c\)-II\(6\)\(f\)_29-0)** [Fogarty 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFogarty1988), § II(6)(c)-II(6)(f). 28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO19882%C2%A7_1.3.1_30-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), p. 2, § 1.3.1. 29. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO19882%C2%A7_1.2_31-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO19882%C2%A7_1.2_31-1) [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), p. 2, § 1.2. 30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO19886%C2%A7_1.12.1_32-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), p. 6, § 1.12.1. 31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO198819%C2%A7_2.11.7_33-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), p. 19, § 2.11.7. 32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty198839%C2%A7_III\(B\)\(1\)\(ff\)_34-0)** [Fogarty 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFogarty1988), p. 39, § III(B)(1)(ff). 33. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarryCharles199239_35-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarryCharles199239_35-1) [Barry & Charles 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFBarryCharles1992), p. 39. 34. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-nightline19920701_36-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-nightline19920701_36-1) [Transcript of *Nightline* episode](http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jksonc/docs/ir655-nightline-19920701.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20040824084457/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jksonc/docs/ir655-nightline-19920701.html) 24 August 2004 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). 1 July 1992. (Annotated with analysis, commentary, and opinion. From the [personal blog of Charles Judson Harwood Jr.](http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jksonc/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20040801231122/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jksonc/) 1 August 2004 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")) 35. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-evans_37-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-evans_37-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-evans_37-2) Evans, David (August 1993). ["Vincennes: a Case Study"](https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1993/august/vincennes-case-study). *Proceedings*. Vol. 199, no. 1086. Retrieved 4 July 2025. `{{cite magazine}}`: CS1 maint: url-status ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status "Category:CS1 maint: url-status")) 36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO1988_38-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988). 37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran199039_39-0)** [Islamic Republic of Iran 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990), p. 39. 38. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_of_America199135_40-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_of_America199135_40-1) [United States of America 1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFUnited_States_of_America1991), p. 35. 39. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-41)** ["World Aviation Panel Faults US Navy on Downing of Iran Air"](https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/04/world/world-aviation-panel-faults-us-navy-on-downing-of-iran-air.html). *The New York Times*. 4 December 1988. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200107001606/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/04/world/world-aviation-panel-faults-us-navy-on-downing-of-iran-air.html) from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2020. 40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran199024_42-0)** [Islamic Republic of Iran 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990), p. 24. 41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-Italian_passenger_43-0)** Berni, Ivan (5 July 1998). ["AMERICANI, MALEDETTI!"](https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1988/07/05/americani-maledetti.html) \[AMERICANS, CURSED!\]. *la Repubblica* (in Italian). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201104193140/https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1988/07/05/americani-maledetti.html) from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020. 42. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_IV\(E\)\(5\)_44-0)** [Fogarty 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFogarty1988), § IV(E)(5). 43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO198824%C2%A7_3.1.23\(a\)_45-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), p. 24, § 3.1.23(a). 44. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarryCharles199233_46-0)** [Barry & Charles 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFBarryCharles1992), p. 33. 45. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarryCharles199233;37_47-0)** [Barry & Charles 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFBarryCharles1992), p. 33;37. 46. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010302%E2%80%93303_48-0)** [Zatarain 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFZatarain2010), pp. 302–303. 47. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_IV\(E\)\(6\)_49-0)** [Fogarty 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFogarty1988), § IV(E)(6). 48. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_III\(A\)\(5\)\(b\)\(8\)_50-0)** [Fogarty 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFogarty1988), § III(A)(5)(b)(8). 49. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010303,_306_51-0)** [Zatarain 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFZatarain2010), pp. 303, 306. 50. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarryCharles199236_52-0)** [Barry & Charles 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFBarryCharles1992), p. 36. 51. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010298_53-0)** [Zatarain 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFZatarain2010), p. 298. 52. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010306_54-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010306_54-1) [Zatarain 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFZatarain2010), p. 306. 53. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_2\(b\)\(3\)\(d\)\(1\);_IV\(A\)\(12\)_55-0)** [Fogarty 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFogarty1988), § 2(b)(3)(d)(1); IV(A)(12). 54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010308_56-0)** [Zatarain 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFZatarain2010), p. 308. 55. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010309_57-0)** [Zatarain 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFZatarain2010), p. 309. 56. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-58)** Wilson, George C. (4 July 1988). ["Navy Missile Downs Iranian Jetliner"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/flight801/stories/july88crash.htm?tid=lk_inline_manual_8). *The Washington Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200112082815/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/flight801/stories/july88crash.htm?tid=lk_inline_manual_8) from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020. "The Pentagon declaring ... the Vicennes had shot down an attacking Iranian F14" 57. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-59)** ["When airliners get shot down facts get skewed quickly"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2014/07/17/when-airliners-get-shot-down-facts-get-skewed-quickly/). *The Washington Post*. 17 July 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200111210119/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2014/07/17/when-airliners-get-shot-down-facts-get-skewed-quickly/) from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020. "Within hours ... the United States had confirmed the incident." 58. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-nytimes.com_60-0)** ["Witness to Iran Flight 655"](https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/18/opinion/witness-to-iran-flight-655.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm). *The New York Times*. 18 November 1988. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130521184215/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/18/opinion/witness-to-iran-flight-655.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm) from the original on 21 May 2013. 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Retrieved 18 January 2019. 110. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-112)** ["User Clip: Bush Ethnic Coalition Speech"](https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4555921/user-clip-bush-ethnic-coalition-speech). *C-SPAN*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200404025031/https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4555921/user-clip-bush-ethnic-coalition-speech) from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2019. 111. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-113)** ["The quote of the Perspectives/Overheard section of Newsweek (15 August 1988) p. 15"](http://imgur.com/ieLrziL). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151208073448/http://imgur.com/ieLrziL) from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015. 112. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-114)** ["Essay: Rally Round the Flag, Boys"](http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,968407,00.html). *Time*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140729223615/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,968407,00.html) from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014. 113. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-115)** ["The forgotten story of Iran Air Flight 655"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/10/16/the-forgotten-story-of-iran-air-flight-655/). *The Washington Post*. 16 October 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150704041113/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/10/16/the-forgotten-story-of-iran-air-flight-655/) from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2017. 114. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-116)** ["Pan Am Flight 103"](http://www.dia.mil/Portals/27/Documents/FOIA/5%20USC%20%C2%A7%20552\(A\)\(2\)\(D\)%20Records/Other%20Available%20Records/panam103.pdf) (PDF). [Defense Intelligence Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency "Defense Intelligence Agency"), DOI 910200, page 49/50 (Pages 7 and 8 in PDF document, see also pp. 111ff). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150415103320/http://www.dia.mil/Portals/27/Documents/FOIA/5%20USC%20%C2%A7%20552\(A\)\(2\)\(D\)%20Records/Other%20Available%20Records/panam103.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2010. 115. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-117)** Engelberg, Stephen (25 February 1989). ["U.S. Suspects Iran Unit in the Pan Am Bombing"](https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/25/world/us-suspects-iran-unit-in-the-pan-am-bombing.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240527212315/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/25/world/us-suspects-iran-unit-in-the-pan-am-bombing.html) from the original on 27 May 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024. 116. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-118)** Fisher, Max (16 October 2013). ["The forgotten story of Iran Air Flight 655"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/10/16/the-forgotten-story-of-iran-air-flight-655/). *The Washington Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161116080039/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/10/16/the-forgotten-story-of-iran-air-flight-655/) from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2020. 117. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-DavidGiles_119-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-DavidGiles_119-1) Giles, David (2003). *Media Psychology*. [Routledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge "Routledge"). pp. 214–215\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-8058-4049-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-4049-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-4049-0") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [872957625](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/872957625). "Who was responsible for the incident? Coverage of the KAL disaster left little doubt in readers' minds of who the culprits were. *Newsweek's* cover page screamed: "MURDER IN THE AIR ..." The IA disaster was accompanied by soul searching and questioning. "WHY IT HAPPENED" was *Newsweek's* cover line ... In short, the KAL incident was framed as deliberate sabotage by a nation—an act of war—whereas the IA incident was framed as a tragic mistake." 118. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-mondipl920190802_120-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-mondipl920190802_120-1) Halimi, Serge; Rimbert, Pierre (1 August 2019). ["US and Iran, short memories"](https://mondediplo.com/2019/08/02us-iran). *Le Monde diplomatique*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191112014845/https://mondediplo.com/2019/08/02us-iran) from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2019. 119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-122)** Cruikshank, Sally Ann (November 2009). [*U.S. Presidential Politics on the Global Stage: A Content Analysis of 2008 Election Coverage on Al Jazeera, the BBC, and Russia Today*](https://web.archive.org/web/20160927140013/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/rws_etd/document/get/ohiou1257343199/inline) (Master of Science thesis). [E. W. Scripps School of Journalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Scripps_School_of_Journalism "E. W. Scripps School of Journalism"). Archived from [the original](https://etd.ohiolink.edu/rws_etd/document/get/ohiou1257343199/inline) on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016. 120. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-123)** Gupta, Samarth (28 July 2014). ["Hidden Hypocrisy"](http://harvardpolitics.com/world/hidden-hypocrisy/). [Harvard Political Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Political_Review "Harvard Political Review"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160927063213/http://harvardpolitics.com/world/hidden-hypocrisy/) from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016. 121. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-124)** [Pillar, Paul R.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_R._Pillar "Paul R. Pillar") (24 July 2014). ["Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 and Iran Air Flight 655"](http://nationalinterest.org/blog/paul-pillar/malaysia-airlines-flight-17-iran-air-flight-655-10954). *[The National Interest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Interest "The National Interest")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151013072644/http://nationalinterest.org/blog/paul-pillar/malaysia-airlines-flight-17-iran-air-flight-655-10954) from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2016. 122. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-125)** Moore, Molly (23 April 1990). ["2 Vincennes Officers get Medals"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/04/23/2-vincennes-officers-get-medals/cf383f02-05ce-435b-9086-5d61de569ed8/?noredirect=on). *The Washington Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190628224908/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/04/23/2-vincennes-officers-get-medals/cf383f02-05ce-435b-9086-5d61de569ed8/?noredirect=on) from the original on 28 June 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2018. 123. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-medals_126-0)** ["Medals Go To Top Officers in Charge of Vincennes"](https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1990/04/24/medals-go-to-top-officers-in-charge-of-vincennes/). *The Orlando Sentinel*. 24 April 1990. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140831204018/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1990-04-24/news/9004246222_1_uss-vincennes-human-error-medals) from the original on 31 August 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2011. 124. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-127)** June, Sophia (1 February 2024). ["In *Martyr\!* Kaveh Akbar Is Thinking About Eternity"](https://www.nylon.com/life/kaveh-akbar-martyr-interview). *[Nylon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon_\(magazine\) "Nylon (magazine)")*. Retrieved 3 March 2025. "Cyrus, for example, is a life-long orphan after his mother's flight is shot down by the U.S. army, based on the real-life Iran Air 655 flight." ## Bibliography \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Bibliography")\] - Barry, John; Charles, Roger (13 July 1992). ["Sea of Lies"](https://archive.org/details/newsweek120julnewy/page/n80/mode/2up). *[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek "Newsweek")*. Vol. 120, no. 2. pp. 29–39. Retrieved 5 May 2021. Also available at [newsweek.com](https://www.newsweek.com/sea-lies-200118), without page numbers. - [Farrokh, Kaveh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaveh_Farrokh "Kaveh Farrokh") (2011). *Iran at War, 1500-1988*. Oxford: [Osprey Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing "Osprey Publishing"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9781780962214](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780962214 "Special:BookSources/9781780962214") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [773578413](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/773578413). - Fogarty, William M. (1988). [Investigation report: Formal investigation into the circumstances surrounding the downing of Iran Air Flight 655 on July 3, 1988](https://time.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/dodvincennes.pdf) (PDF) (Report). [United States Department of Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense "United States Department of Defense"). `{{cite report}}`: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default "Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default")) - [Report of ICAO fact-finding investigation](https://web.archive.org/web/20240716040010/https://applications.icao.int/e5web/execute.aspx?VID=8c38b355-4f71-43de-a872-1abf8ad0ca87&ID=TopicPaneRequest&topicKey=1000001A4793B03D971475A8B97732DCA8EC2CB&control=OCCURRENCE_REPORTING_HISTORY_CONTROL_001&requestType=value&param=150C4A6101814F438141BC0987FC7A71;802;CFB056DE649F400A243542758CC586ADF5A2B4DD) (Report). Montreal: International Civil Aviation Organization. 1988. Archived from [the original](https://applications.icao.int/e5web/execute.aspx?VID=8c38b355-4f71-43de-a872-1abf8ad0ca87&ID=TopicPaneRequest&topicKey=1000001A4793B03D971475A8B97732DCA8EC2CB&control=OCCURRENCE_REPORTING_HISTORY_CONTROL_001&requestType=value&param=150C4A6101814F438141BC0987FC7A71;802;CFB056DE649F400A243542758CC586ADF5A2B4DD) on 16 July 2024. - Alternatively, in order to access the report, visit [the ICAO website](http://applications.icao.int/e5web/default.asp), press `Query` in the header followed by `Execute`. Enter "01/01/1988" as value one and "01/01/1989" as value two and press OK. Press the view icon to see the report. - Islamic Republic of Iran (24 July 1990). ["Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) – Iranian submission"](https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/79/6629.pdf) (PDF). International Court of Justice. Retrieved 6 April 2024. - Kelley, Stephen Andrew (2007). ["Better Lucky Than Good: Operation Earnest Will as Gunboat Diplomacy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070823062402/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/theses/kelley07.pdf) (PDF). [Naval Postgraduate School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School "Naval Postgraduate School"). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [156993037](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/156993037). Archived from [the original](http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/theses/kelley07.pdf) (PDF) on 23 August 2007. - Razoux, Pierre (2015). *The Iran–Iraq War*. Translated by Elliott, Nicholas. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [Harvard University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press "Harvard University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9780674088634](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674088634 "Special:BookSources/9780674088634") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [907204345](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907204345). - United States of America (4 March 1991). *Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) – Preliminary Objections submitted by the United States of America*. International Court of Justice. (uses non-bracketed page numbers) - Zatarain, Lee Allen (2010) \[First published 2008 as 'Tanker War: America's First Conflict with Iran, 1987–88'\]. [*America's First Clash with Iran: The Tanker War, 1987–88*](https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781932033847). Havertown, Pennsylvania: [Casemate Publishers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate_Publishers "Casemate Publishers"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-935149-36-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935149-36-1 "Special:BookSources/978-1-935149-36-1") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [635489155](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/635489155). ## Further reading \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: Further reading")\] - International Court of Justice, (2001), [*Case Concerning the Aerial Incident of July 3, 1988: v. 1: Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America*](https://www.icj-cij.org/case/79), United Nations, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [92-1-070845-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-1-070845-8 "Special:BookSources/92-1-070845-8") - Rochlin, Gene I. (1997). *Trapped in the Net: The Unanticipated Consequences of Computerization*. US: Princeton University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-691-01080-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01080-3 "Special:BookSources/0-691-01080-3") . - Rogers, Sharon, (1992) *Storm Center: The USS* Vincennes *and Iran Air Flight 655: A Personal Account of Tragedy and Terrorism*, U.S. Naval Institute Press, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [1-55750-727-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-727-9 "Special:BookSources/1-55750-727-9") - Wise, Harold Lee (2007). [*Inside the Danger Zone: The U.S. Military in the Persian Gulf 1987–88*](http://www.insidethedangerzone.com/). Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-59114-970-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-970-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-970-5") . - [Fisk, Robert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fisk "Robert Fisk"). *The Great War for Civilization – The Conquest of the Middle East*. London: Fourth Estate, 2005. 318–328. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [1-84115-007-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84115-007-X "Special:BookSources/1-84115-007-X") - Marian Nash Leich, "Denial of Liability: Ex Gratia Compensation on a Humanitarian Basis" *American Journal of International Law* Vol. 83 p. 319 (1989) - [USS *Vincennes* Incident; Dan Craig, Dan Morales, Mike Oliver; M.I.T. Aeronautics & Astronautics, Spring 2004](http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-422-human-supervisory-control-of-automated-systems-spring-2004/projects/vincennes.pdf) - ["Assumed Hostile"](https://web.archive.org/web/20041120200344/http://www-scf.usc.edu/~phoh/published/USS_Viccenes.pdf) An academic case study by Pho H. Huynh, Summer 2003 ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: External links")\] | External images | |---| | [![image icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/20px-Searchtool.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Searchtool.svg) [Pre-accident picture of aircraft at Planepictures.net](https://www.planepictures.net/v3/show_en.php?id=809074) | | [![image icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/20px-Searchtool.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Searchtool.svg) [Pre-accident picture of aircraft at the Aviation Safety Network](https://aviation-safety.net/photo/4282/Airbus-A300B2-203-EP-IBU) | - [![Wikimedia Commons logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Media related to [Iran Air Flight 655](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iran_Air_Flight_655 "commons:Category:Iran Air Flight 655") at Wikimedia Commons - [![Wikisource logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg) Works related to [Investigation Report—Iran Air Flight 655](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Formal_Investigation_into_the_Circumstances_Surrounding_the_Downing_of_Iran_Air_Flight_655_on_3_July_1988 "wikisource:Formal Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding the Downing of Iran Air Flight 655 on 3 July 1988") at Wikisource | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_Iran "Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in Iran") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_Iran "Template talk:Aviation accidents and incidents in Iran") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_Iran "Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in Iran")Aviation accidents and incidents in Iran | | |---|---| | Before 1970 | [Jask Imperial Airways de Havilland Hercules crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_Jask_Imperial_Airways_de_Havilland_Hercules_crash "1929 Jask Imperial Airways de Havilland Hercules crash") (September 1929) [Bushehr KLM crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Bushehr_KLM_Douglas_DC-2_crash "1935 Bushehr KLM Douglas DC-2 crash") (July 1935) [Misrair SNCASE Languedoc crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_Misrair_SNCASE_Languedoc_crash "1951 Misrair SNCASE Languedoc crash") (December 1951) [Martin PBM Mariner Crash in Abadan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Martin_PBM_Mariner_Crash_in_Abadan "1958 Martin PBM Mariner Crash in Abadan") (September 1958) | | 1970s | [Sterling Airways Flight 901](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Airways_Flight_901 "Sterling Airways Flight 901") (March 1974) [Tehran UFO incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Tehran_UFO_incident "1976 Tehran UFO incident") (September 1976) | | 1980s | [Iran Air Flight 291](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_291 "Iran Air Flight 291") (January 1980) [Iranian Air Force C-130 crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Iranian_Air_Force_C-130_crash "1981 Iranian Air Force C-130 crash") (September 1981) [Kuwait Airways Flight 422](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_Airways_Flight_422 "Kuwait Airways Flight 422") (April 1988) [Iran Air Flight 655]() (July 1988) | | 1990s | [Tehran mid-air collision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Tehran_mid-air_collision "1993 Tehran mid-air collision") (February 1993) [Aviastar Airlines Flight 051](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviastar_Airlines_Flight_051 "Aviastar Airlines Flight 051") (November 1993) [Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 746](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Aseman_Airlines_Flight_746 "Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 746") (October 1994) | | 2000s | [Faraz Qeshm Airlines Yak-40 crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Faraz_Qeshm_Airlines_Yak-40_crash "2001 Faraz Qeshm Airlines Yak-40 crash") (May 2001) [Iran Airtour Flight 956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Airtour_Flight_956 "Iran Airtour Flight 956") (February 2002) [Aeromist-Kharkiv Flight 2137](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromist-Kharkiv_Flight_2137 "Aeromist-Kharkiv Flight 2137") (December 2002) [Iran Ilyushin Il-76 crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Iran_Ilyushin_Il-76_crash "2003 Iran Ilyushin Il-76 crash") (February 2003) [Iranian Air Force C-130 crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Iranian_Air_Force_C-130_crash "2005 Iranian Air Force C-130 crash") (December 2005) [Iran Airtour Flight 945](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Airtour_Flight_945 "Iran Airtour Flight 945") (September 2006) [Caspian Airlines Flight 7908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Airlines_Flight_7908 "Caspian Airlines Flight 7908") (July 2009) [Aria Air Flight 1525](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria_Air_Flight_1525 "Aria Air Flight 1525") (July 2009) [Iranian Air Force Ilyushin Il-76 accident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Iranian_Air_Force_Ilyushin_Il-76_accident "2009 Iranian Air Force Ilyushin Il-76 accident") (September 2009) | | 2010s | [Taban Air Flight 6437](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taban_Air_Flight_6437 "Taban Air Flight 6437") (January 2010) [Iran Air Flight 277](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_277 "Iran Air Flight 277") (January 2011) [Iran Air Flight 742](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_742 "Iran Air Flight 742") (October 2011) [Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93U.S._RQ-170_incident "Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident") (December 2011) [Sepahan Airlines Flight 5915](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepahan_Airlines_Flight_5915 "Sepahan Airlines Flight 5915") (August 2014) [Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 3704](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Aseman_Airlines_Flight_3704 "Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 3704") (February 2018) [Iran Bombardier Challenger crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Iran_Bombardier_Challenger_crash "2018 Iran Bombardier Challenger crash") (March 2018) [Saha Airlines Boeing 707 crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Saha_Airlines_Boeing_707_crash "2019 Saha Airlines Boeing 707 crash") (January 2019) | | 2020s | [Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752 "Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752") (January 2020) [Caspian Airlines Flight 6936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Airlines_Flight_6936 "Caspian Airlines Flight 6936") (January 2020) [Varzaqan helicopter crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Varzaqan_helicopter_crash "2024 Varzaqan helicopter crash") (May 2024) | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1988 "Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1988") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1988 "Template talk:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1988") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1988 "Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1988")[Aviation accidents and incidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_accidents_and_incidents "Aviation accidents and incidents") in 1988 (1988) | |---| | Jan 2 [Condor Flugdienst Flight 3782](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condor_Flugdienst_Flight_3782 "Condor Flugdienst Flight 3782") Jan 18 [Aeroflot Flight 699](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_699 "Aeroflot Flight 699") Jan 18 [China Southwest Airlines Flight 4146](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Southwest_Airlines_Flight_4146 "China Southwest Airlines Flight 4146") Jan 19 [Trans-Colorado Airlines Flight 2286](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Colorado_Airlines_Flight_2286 "Trans-Colorado Airlines Flight 2286") Jan 24 [Nizhnevartovsk Aeroflot Yak-40 crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Nizhnevartovsk_Aeroflot_Yak-40_crash "1988 Nizhnevartovsk Aeroflot Yak-40 crash") Feb 3 [American Airlines Flight 132](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_132 "American Airlines Flight 132") Feb 8 [NĂŒrnberger Flugdienst Flight 108](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberger_Flugdienst_Flight_108 "NĂŒrnberger Flugdienst Flight 108") Feb 19 [AVAir Flight 3378](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVAir_Flight_3378 "AVAir Flight 3378") Feb 27 [Talia Airways Boeing 727 crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Talia_Airways_Boeing_727_crash "1988 Talia Airways Boeing 727 crash") Mar 1 [Comair Flight 206](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comair_Flight_206 "Comair Flight 206") Mar 4 [TAT Flight 230](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAT_Flight_230 "TAT Flight 230") Mar 8 [Aeroflot Flight 3739](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_3739_\(1988\) "Aeroflot Flight 3739 (1988)") Mar 17 [Avianca Flight 410](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avianca_Flight_410 "Avianca Flight 410") Apr 5 [Kuwait Airways Flight 422](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_Airways_Flight_422 "Kuwait Airways Flight 422") Apr 15 [Horizon Air Flight 2658](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_Air_Flight_2658 "Horizon Air Flight 2658") Apr 28 [Aloha Airlines Flight 243](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloha_Airlines_Flight_243 "Aloha Airlines Flight 243") May 6 [WiderĂže Flight 710](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wider%C3%B8e_Flight_710 "WiderĂže Flight 710") May 23 [LACSA Flight 628](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LACSA_Flight_628 "LACSA Flight 628") May 24 [TACA Flight 110](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TACA_Flight_110 "TACA Flight 110") Jun 12 [Austral LĂ­neas AĂ©reas Flight 046](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austral_L%C3%ADneas_A%C3%A9reas_Flight_046 "Austral LĂ­neas AĂ©reas Flight 046") Jun 23 [British Army Lynx shootdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown "1988 British Army Lynx shootdown") Jun 26 [Air France Flight 296Q](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France_Flight_296Q "Air France Flight 296Q") Jul 3 [Iran Air Flight 655]() Jul 13 [BIH Sikorsky S-61N crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_British_International_Helicopters_Sikorsky_S-61N_crash "1988 British International Helicopters Sikorsky S-61N crash") Aug 17 [Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Zia-ul-Haq "Death and state funeral of Zia-ul-Haq") Aug 28 [Ramstein air show disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramstein_air_show_disaster "Ramstein air show disaster") Aug 31 [CAAC Flight 301](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAAC_Flight_301 "CAAC Flight 301") Aug 31 [Delta Air Lines Flight 1141](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_1141 "Delta Air Lines Flight 1141") Sep 9 [Vietnam Airlines Flight 831](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Airlines_Flight_831 "Vietnam Airlines Flight 831") Sep 15 [Ethiopian Airlines Flight 604](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Airlines_Flight_604 "Ethiopian Airlines Flight 604") Sep 26 [Shindand SuperCobra incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shindand_SuperCobra_incident "Shindand SuperCobra incident") Sep 29 [VASP Flight 375](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VASP_Flight_375 "VASP Flight 375") Oct 7 [Shanxi Airlines Flight 4218](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi_Airlines_Flight_4218 "Shanxi Airlines Flight 4218") Oct 17 [Uganda Airlines Flight 775](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_Airlines_Flight_775 "Uganda Airlines Flight 775") Oct 19 [Indian Airlines Flight 113](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_113 "Indian Airlines Flight 113") Nov 2 [LOT Polish Airlines Flight 703](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOT_Polish_Airlines_Flight_703 "LOT Polish Airlines Flight 703") Dec 1 [Ordzhonikidze Ilyushin Il-76 hijacking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Ordzhonikidze_bus_hijacking "1988 Ordzhonikidze bus hijacking") Dec 8 [Remscheid A-10 crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Remscheid_A-10_crash "1988 Remscheid A-10 crash") Dec 8 [T\&G Aviation DC-7 incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_T%26G_Aviation_DC-7_incident "1988 T&G Aviation DC-7 incident") Dec 11 [Soviet Air Force Il-76 crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Soviet_Air_Force_Il-76_crash "1988 Soviet Air Force Il-76 crash") Dec 21 [Pan Am Flight 103](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103 "Pan Am Flight 103") | | [1987 ◄](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1987 "Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1987") [â–ș 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1989 "Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1989") | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Template:Iran–United States relations") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Template talk:Iran–United States relations") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–United States relations")[![Iran](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran "Iran") [Iran–United States relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Iran–United States relations") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | | |---|---| | Diplomatic posts | [Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Iran,_Washington,_D.C. "Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.") [Ambassadors of Iran to the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Iran_to_the_United_States "List of ambassadors of Iran to the United States") [Embassy of the United States, Tehran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Tehran "Embassy of the United States, Tehran") [Ambassadors of the United States to Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Iran "List of ambassadors of the United States to Iran") [Interests Section of Iran in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interests_Section_of_Iran_in_the_United_States "Interests Section of Iran in the United States") [Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate-General_of_the_United_States,_Tabriz "Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz") [Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Near_Eastern_Affairs "Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs") [Iran–United States Claims Tribunal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_Claims_Tribunal "Iran–United States Claims Tribunal") [Iranian Directorate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Directorate "Iranian Directorate") [Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Syria_Policy_and_Operations_Group "Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group") | | Diplomacy | [Persian Corridor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Corridor "Persian Corridor") [Persian Gulf Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Command "Persian Gulf Command") [Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization_of_the_Iranian_oil_industry "Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry") [1953 Iranian coup d'Ă©tat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "1953 Iranian coup d'Ă©tat") [Abadan Crisis Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Abadan_Crisis "Timeline of the Abadan Crisis") [Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity,_Economic_Relations_and_Consular_Rights "Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights") [Exercise Delawar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_Delawar "Exercise Delawar") [Project Dark Gene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Dark_Gene "Project Dark Gene") [Safari Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_Club "Safari Club") [Island of Stability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_of_Stability_\(speech\) "Island of Stability (speech)") [Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad%27s_letter_to_George_W._Bush "Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush") [Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence_between_Barack_Obama_and_Ali_Khamenei "Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei") [Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phone_conversation_between_Barack_Obama_and_Hassan_Rouhani "Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani") [Iran nuclear deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal "Iran nuclear deal") [Negotiations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiations_leading_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action "Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action") [Joint Plan of Action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Plan_of_Action "Joint Plan of Action") [Framework](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal_framework "Iran nuclear deal framework") [Reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action "Reactions to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action") [Criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action "Criticism of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action") [Aftermath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action "Aftermath of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action") [U.S. withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action "United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action") [2025–2026 Iran–United States negotiations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025%E2%80%932026_Iran%E2%80%93United_States_negotiations "2025–2026 Iran–United States negotiations") | | Conflicts | [Iran–Iraq War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War "Iran–Iraq War") [United States support for Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War "United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War") [Bridgeton incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeton_incident "Bridgeton incident") [Iran Air Flight 655]() [Iran Ajr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Ajr "Iran Ajr") [Iran–Contra affair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair "Iran–Contra affair") [Operation Staunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Staunch "Operation Staunch") [Operation Eager Glacier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eager_Glacier "Operation Eager Glacier") [Operation Earnest Will](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Will "Operation Earnest Will") [Operation Prime Chance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Prime_Chance "Operation Prime Chance") [Operation Nimble Archer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Nimble_Archer "Operation Nimble Archer") [Operation Praying Mantis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Praying_Mantis "Operation Praying Mantis") [Syrian civil war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war "Syrian civil war") [Yemeni Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_\(2014%E2%80%93present\) "Yemeni civil war (2014–present)") [Arab–Israeli alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance "Arab–Israeli alliance") [Abraham Accords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Accords "Abraham Accords") [February 2019 Warsaw Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference "February 2019 Warsaw Conference") [Iran–Israel proxy conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict "Iran–Israel proxy conflict") [Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_war "Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war") [Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition "Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition") [International Maritime Security Construct](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct "International Maritime Security Construct") [Assassination of Qasem Soleimani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani "Assassination of Qasem Soleimani") [reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani "Reactions to the assassination of Qasem Soleimani") [Thirteen revenge scenarios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_revenge_scenarios "Thirteen revenge scenarios") [Operation Martyr Soleimani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Soleimani "Operation Martyr Soleimani") [2020 Camp Taji attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Camp_Taji_attacks "2020 Camp Taji attacks") | | [Incidents after 1979](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_after_1979 "Iran–United States relations after 1979") | [Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Paul_R._Shaffer_and_John_H._Turner "Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner") [Iranian Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution "Iranian Revolution") [Iran hostage crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis "Iran hostage crisis") [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Iranian_hostage_crisis "Timeline of the Iranian hostage crisis") [Guadeloupe Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe_Conference "Guadeloupe Conference") [Operation Credible Sport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Credible_Sport "Operation Credible Sport") [Operation Eagle Claw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw "Operation Eagle Claw") [Canadian Caper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Caper "Canadian Caper") [Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini "Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini") [1980 October Surprise theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_October_Surprise_theory "1980 October Surprise theory") [Negotiations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis_negotiations "Iran hostage crisis negotiations") [Algiers Accords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers_Accords_\(1981\) "Algiers Accords (1981)") *[America can't do a damn thing against us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_can%27t_do_a_damn_thing_against_us "America can't do a damn thing against us")* [Beirut barracks bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings "1983 Beirut barracks bombings") [Khobar Towers bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing "Khobar Towers bombing") [Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Franklin_espionage_scandal "Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal") [Disappearance of Robert Levinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappearance_of_Robert_Levinson "Disappearance of Robert Levinson") [United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_kill_or_capture_strategy_in_Iraq "United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq") [United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_raid_on_the_Iranian_Liaison_Office_in_Erbil "United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil") [Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Jalal_Sharafi "Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi") [2008 Naval dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Iran%E2%80%93United_States_naval_dispute "2008 Iran–United States naval dispute") [Filipino Monkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_Monkey "Filipino Monkey") [Project Cassandra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Cassandra "Project Cassandra") [Detention of American hikers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%932011_detention_of_American_hikers_by_Iran "2009–2011 detention of American hikers by Iran") [United States diplomatic cables leak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contents_of_the_United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak_\(Iran\) "Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Iran)") [2011 alleged Iran assassination plot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot "2011 alleged Iran assassination plot") [Strait of Hormuz dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Strait_of_Hormuz_dispute "2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute") [RQ-170 incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93U.S._RQ-170_incident "Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident") [MV *Maersk Tigris*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Maersk_Tigris "MV Maersk Tigris") [2016 Naval incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States%E2%80%93Iran_naval_incident "2016 United States–Iran naval incident") [Nuclear program of Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran "Nuclear program of Iran") [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_nuclear_program_of_Iran "Timeline of the nuclear program of Iran") [P5+1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P5%2B1 "P5+1") [Operation Merlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Merlin "Operation Merlin") [Charming Kitten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charming_Kitten "Charming Kitten") [Stuxnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuxnet "Stuxnet") [Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Hossein_Alikhani "Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani") [Arrest of Meng Wanzhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou "Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou") [Deportation of Iranian students at US airports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation_of_Iranian_students_at_US_airports "Deportation of Iranian students at US airports") [May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident "May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident") [June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident "June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident") [2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Iranian_shoot-down_of_American_drone "2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone") [2019 K-1 Air Base attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_K-1_Air_Base_attack "2019 K-1 Air Base attack") [December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria "December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria") [Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_the_United_States_embassy_in_Baghdad "Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad") [2020 Iran explosions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Iran_explosions "2020 Iran explosions") [2021 Erbil rocket attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Erbil_rocket_attacks "2021 Erbil rocket attacks") [2021 Natanz incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Natanz_incident "2021 Natanz incident") [February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria "February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria") [Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaked_Mohammad_Javad_Zarif_audiotape "Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape") [June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria "June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria") [July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2021_Gulf_of_Oman_incident "July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident") [August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2021_Gulf_of_Oman_incident "August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident") [2021 Naval incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_States%E2%80%93Iran_naval_incident "2021 United States–Iran naval incident") [2022 Erbil missile attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Erbil_missile_attacks "2022 Erbil missile attacks") [2023 Northeastern Syria clashes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes "March 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes") [Seizure of *Suez Rajan* and *St Nikolas*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Rajan "Suez Rajan") [Attacks on US bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Gaza war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacks_on_US_bases_in_Iraq,_Jordan,_and_Syria_during_the_Gaza_war "Attacks on US bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Gaza war") [2024 Erbil attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Erbil_attack "2024 Erbil attack") [Tower 22 drone attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_22_drone_attack "Tower 22 drone attack") [2024 leak of U.S. intelligence on Israeli strike plans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_leak_of_U.S._intelligence_on_Israeli_strike_plans "2024 leak of U.S. intelligence on Israeli strike plans") [Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_interference_in_the_2024_United_States_elections "Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections") [2025 United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_strikes_on_Iranian_nuclear_sites "2025 United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites") [Twelve-Day War ceasefire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-Day_War_ceasefire "Twelve-Day War ceasefire") [2025 Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Iranian_strikes_on_Al_Udeid_Air_Base "2025 Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base") [2026 Iran war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Iran_war "2026 Iran war") [List of attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_attacks_during_the_2026_Iran_war "List of attacks during the 2026 Iran war") [Assassination of Iranian officials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iranian_officials_killed_during_the_2026_Iran_war "List of Iranian officials killed during the 2026 Iran war") [Ali Khamenei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Ali_Khamenei "Assassination of Ali Khamenei") [Ali Larijani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Ali_Larijani "Assassination of Ali Larijani") | | [Legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran "Sanctions against Iran") | [United States sanctions against Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran "United States sanctions against Iran") [Maximum pressure campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_pressure_campaign "Maximum pressure campaign") [Executive Order 12170](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_12170 "Executive Order 12170") [Executive Order 12172](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_12172 "Executive Order 12172") [Executive Order 13769](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13769 "Executive Order 13769") [reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_Executive_Order_13769 "Reactions to Executive Order 13769") [Trump travel ban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_travel_ban "Trump travel ban") [Executive Order 13780](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13780 "Executive Order 13780") [Executive Order 13876](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13876 "Executive Order 13876") [Iran and Libya Sanctions Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_and_Libya_Sanctions_Act "Iran and Libya Sanctions Act") [Iran Nonproliferation Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Nonproliferation_Act_of_2000 "Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000") [Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran,_North_Korea,_Syria_Nonproliferation_Act "Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act") [Iran Freedom and Support Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Support_Act "Iran Freedom and Support Act") [Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Sanctions_Enhancement_Act_of_2007 "Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act of 2007") [Kyl–Lieberman Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyl%E2%80%93Lieberman_Amendment "Kyl–Lieberman Amendment") [Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Iran_Sanctions,_Accountability,_and_Divestment_Act_of_2010 "Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010") [Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Counter-Proliferation_Act "Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act") [Public Law 113-100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Law_113-100 "Public Law 113-100") [Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Nuclear_Agreement_Review_Act_of_2015 "Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015") [Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act "Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act") [Dames & Moore v. Regan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dames_%26_Moore_v._Regan "Dames & Moore v. Regan") [United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Diplomatic_and_Consular_Staff_in_Tehran "United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran") [Oil Platforms case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_Platforms_case "Oil Platforms case") [United States v. Banki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Banki "United States v. Banki") [Bank Markazi v. Peterson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Markazi_v._Peterson "Bank Markazi v. Peterson") [Certain Iranian Assets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certain_Iranian_Assets "Certain Iranian Assets") *[Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin_v._Islamic_Republic_of_Iran "Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran")* [Alleged violations of Treaty of Amity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleged_Violations_of_the_1955_Treaty_of_Amity_\(Iran_v._United_States\) "Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity (Iran v. United States)") | | Groups and individuals | [Iran Action Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Action_Group "Iran Action Group") [Iran–America Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93America_Society "Iran–America Society") [Iranian Students Association in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Students_Association_in_the_United_States "Iranian Students Association in the United States") [National Iranian American Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Iranian_American_Council "National Iranian American Council") [Organization of Iranian American Communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_American_Communities "Organization of Iranian American Communities") [United Against Nuclear Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Against_Nuclear_Iran "United Against Nuclear Iran") [Farashgard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farashgard "Farashgard") [Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps") [Jundallah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jundallah_\(Iran\) "Jundallah (Iran)") [Kingdom Assembly of Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_Assembly_of_Iran "Kingdom Assembly of Iran") [National Council of Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Iran "National Council of Iran") [National Council of Resistance of Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Resistance_of_Iran "National Council of Resistance of Iran") [People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran "People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran") [Elliott Abrams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Abrams "Elliott Abrams") [Kaveh L. Afrasiabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaveh_L._Afrasiabi "Kaveh L. Afrasiabi") [Howard Baskerville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Baskerville "Howard Baskerville") [William J. Fallon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Fallon "William J. Fallon") [Brian Hook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Hook "Brian Hook") [Joseph Macmanus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Macmanus "Joseph Macmanus") [Robert Malley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Malley "Robert Malley") [Stephen D. Mull](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_D._Mull "Stephen D. Mull") [Erwin David Rabhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_David_Rabhan "Erwin David Rabhan") [Jason Rezaian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Rezaian "Jason Rezaian") [Scott Ritter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Ritter "Scott Ritter") [Craig Wadsworth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Wadsworth "Craig Wadsworth") [Michael R. White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_R._White_\(U.S._veteran\) "Michael R. White (U.S. veteran)") [Roxana Saberi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxana_Saberi "Roxana Saberi") [Saeed Abedini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeed_Abedini "Saeed Abedini") [Saeid Aboutaleb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeid_Aboutaleb "Saeid Aboutaleb") [Shahram Amiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahram_Amiri "Shahram Amiri") [Sirous Asgari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirous_Asgari "Sirous Asgari") [Mahmoud Reza Banki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Reza_Banki "Mahmoud Reza Banki") [Haleh Esfandiari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haleh_Esfandiari "Haleh Esfandiari") [Amir Mirza Hekmati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Mirza_Hekmati "Amir Mirza Hekmati") [Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezedin_Abdel_Aziz_Khalil "Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil") [Shahrzad Mirgholikhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahrzad_Mirgholikhan "Shahrzad Mirgholikhan") [Mohammad Hosseini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hosseini_\(showman\) "Mohammad Hosseini (showman)") [Esha Momeni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esha_Momeni "Esha Momeni") [Mohammad Mosaddegh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh "Mohammad Mosaddegh") [Baquer Namazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baquer_Namazi "Baquer Namazi") [Siamak Namazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamak_Namazi "Siamak Namazi") [Sahar Nowrouzzadeh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahar_Nowrouzzadeh "Sahar Nowrouzzadeh") [Reza Pahlavi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Pahlavi "Reza Pahlavi") [Noor Pahlavi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noor_Pahlavi "Noor Pahlavi") [Trita Parsi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trita_Parsi "Trita Parsi") [Maryam Rajavi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryam_Rajavi "Maryam Rajavi") [Abdolreza Shahlaei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdolreza_Shahlaei "Abdolreza Shahlaei") [Ali Shakeri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Shakeri "Ali Shakeri") [Masoud Soleimani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoud_Soleimani "Masoud Soleimani") [Morad Tahbaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morad_Tahbaz "Morad Tahbaz") [Kian Tajbakhsh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kian_Tajbakhsh "Kian Tajbakhsh") [Karan Vafadari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karan_Vafadari "Karan Vafadari") [Xiyue Wang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiyue_Wang "Xiyue Wang") [Nizar Zakka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizar_Zakka "Nizar Zakka") [Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iranian_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay "List of Iranian detainees at Guantanamo Bay") [Abdul Majid Muhammed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Majid_Muhammed "Abdul Majid Muhammed") | | Related | [United States–Gulf Cooperation Council relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Gulf_Cooperation_Council_relations "United States–Gulf Cooperation Council relations") [1998 FIFA World Cup match](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v_Iran_\(1998_FIFA_World_Cup\) "United States v Iran (1998 FIFA World Cup)") [Academic relations between Iran and the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_relations_between_Iran_and_the_United_States "Academic relations between Iran and the United States") [American Islam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Islam_\(term\) "American Islam (term)") [Anti-American sentiment in Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Iran "Anti-American sentiment in Iran") [Axis of evil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_evil "Axis of evil") [CIA activities in Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Iran "CIA activities in Iran") [Copyright relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_copyright_relations "Iran–United States copyright relations") [Death to America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_to_America "Death to America") [Dual containment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_containment "Dual containment") [Great Satan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Satan "Great Satan") [International Conference on Hollywoodism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_on_Hollywoodism "International Conference on Hollywoodism") [Iran and state-sponsored terrorism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism "Iran and state-sponsored terrorism") [Iranian frozen assets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_frozen_assets "Iranian frozen assets") [Opposition to military action against Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran "Opposition to military action against Iran") [State Sponsor of Terrorism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-designated_state_sponsors_of_terrorism "US-designated state sponsors of terrorism") [United States involvement in regime change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change "United States involvement in regime change") [United States and state-sponsored terrorism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism "United States and state-sponsored terrorism") [650 Fifth Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/650_Fifth_Avenue "650 Fifth Avenue") [Alavi Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alavi_Foundation "Alavi Foundation") [Alborz High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alborz_High_School "Alborz High School") [American Institute of Iranian Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Iranian_Studies "American Institute of Iranian Studies") [American School of Isfahan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_School_of_Isfahan "American School of Isfahan") [Community School, Tehran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_School,_Tehran "Community School, Tehran") [Damavand College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damavand_College "Damavand College") [Iran Bethel School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Bethel_School "Iran Bethel School") [Iranzamin School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranzamin_School "Iranzamin School") [Saint Peter Church, Tehran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter_Church,_Tehran "Saint Peter Church, Tehran") [Tehran American School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_American_School "Tehran American School") "[Bomb Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_Iran "Bomb Iran")" *[Overthrow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_\(book\) "Overthrow (book)")* *[Not for the Faint of Heart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_for_the_Faint_of_Heart "Not for the Faint of Heart")* | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Category:Iran–United States relations") | | [Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals "Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"): - [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/20px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg) [1980s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:1980s "Portal:1980s") - ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png) [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran "Portal:Iran") - ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png) [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States "Portal:United States") - ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/20px-Aviacionavion.png) [Aviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation "Portal:Aviation") - [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg) [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics "Portal:Politics") | [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q743060#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | | |---|---| | National | [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh00002025) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007285393605171) | | Other | [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/0de479ad-77af-4337-a8af-0870ce96183a) | ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&oldid=1347780960>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - [July 1988 in Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:July_1988_in_Asia "Category:July 1988 in Asia") - [1988 in Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1988_in_Iran "Category:1988 in Iran") - [20th-century aircraft 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the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Massacres_committed_by_the_United_States "Category:Massacres committed by the United States") - [United States military scandals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_military_scandals "Category:United States military scandals") Hidden categories: - [Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas "Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas") - [Articles containing Persian-language text](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text "Category:Articles containing Persian-language text") - [CS1 maint: url-status](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status "Category:CS1 maint: url-status") - [All articles with dead external links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links "Category:All articles with dead external links") - [Articles with dead external links from February 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| | | |---|---| | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Wreckage_of_Iran_Air_Flight_655_05_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Wreckage_of_Iran_Air_Flight_655_05_%28cropped%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wreckage_of_Iran_Air_Flight_655_05_\(cropped\).jpg)Pieces of aircraft wreckage recovered from the [Strait of Hormuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz "Strait of Hormuz") | | | Shootdown | | | Date | 3 July 1988 | | Summary | [Shot down](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airliner_shootdown_incidents "List of airliner shootdown incidents") by a [missile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile "Surface-to-air missile") fired from [USS *Vincennes*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Vincennes_\(CG-49\) "USS Vincennes (CG-49)"); reason for shootdown disputed | | Site | [Strait of Hormuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz "Strait of Hormuz"), near [Qeshm Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeshm_Island "Qeshm Island"), Iran [26°40â€Č06″N 56°02â€Č41″Eï»ż / ï»ż26\.66833°N 56.04472°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iran_Air_Flight_655&params=26_40_06_N_56_02_41_E_region:IR-23_type:event_scale:1000000) | | [![Map](https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,26.668333333333,56.044722222222,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&revid=1347780960&groups=_e0bf637a5fc49a260ce7ed339555b2970538555d&parser=legacy)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/7/26.668333333333/56.044722222222/en) | | | Aircraft | | | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Iran_Air_Airbus_A300B2-203_EP-IBU%2C_Lemwerder_Airfield_1987.jpg/250px-Iran_Air_Airbus_A300B2-203_EP-IBU%2C_Lemwerder_Airfield_1987.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iran_Air_Airbus_A300B2-203_EP-IBU,_Lemwerder_Airfield_1987.jpg) EP-IBU, the aircraft involved, pictured in 1987 | | | Aircraft type | [Airbus A300B2-203](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A300B2-203 "Airbus A300B2-203") | | Operator | [Iran Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air "Iran Air") | | IATA flight No. | IR655 | | ICAO flight No. | IRA655 | | Call sign | IRANAIR 655 | | [Registration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_registration "Aircraft registration") | EP-IBU | | Flight origin | [Mehrabad International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrabad_International_Airport "Mehrabad International Airport") [Tehran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran "Tehran"), Iran | | Stopover | [Bandar Abbas International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Abbas_International_Airport "Bandar Abbas International Airport") [Bandar Abbas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Abbas "Bandar Abbas"), Iran | | Destination | [Dubai International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_International_Airport "Dubai International Airport") [Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai "Dubai"), United Arab Emirates | | Occupants | 290 | | Passengers | 274 | | Crew | 16 | | Fatalities | 290 | | Survivors | 0 | **Iran Air Flight 655**[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-1) was an international scheduled passenger flight from [Tehran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran "Tehran") to [Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai "Dubai") via [Bandar Abbas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Abbas "Bandar Abbas") that was shot down on 3 July 1988 by two [surface-to-air missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile "Surface-to-air missile") fired by [USS *Vincennes*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Vincennes_\(CG-49\) "USS Vincennes (CG-49)"), a [United States Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") [warship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser#US_cruiser_development "Cruiser"). The missiles hit the [Iran Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air "Iran Air") aircraft, an [Airbus A300](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A300 "Airbus A300"), while it was flying its usual route over [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran "Iran")'s [territorial waters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_waters "Territorial waters") in the [Persian Gulf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf"), shortly after the flight departed its stopover location, [Bandar Abbas International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Abbas_International_Airport "Bandar Abbas International Airport"). All 290 people on board were killed, making it one of the [deadliest airliner shootdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airliner_shootdown_incidents "List of airliner shootdown incidents") of all time, the deadliest aviation incident involving an Airbus aircraft of any type, and the [deadliest aviation incident in Iranian history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iranian_aviation_accidents_and_incidents "List of Iranian aviation accidents and incidents"). The shootdown occurred during the [Iran–Iraq War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War "Iran–Iraq War"), which had been ongoing for nearly eight years. *Vincennes* had entered Iranian territorial waters after one of its helicopters drew warning fire from Iranian speedboats operating within Iranian territorial limits. The reason for the downing has been disputed between the governments of the two countries. According to the United States, *Vincennes*'s crew misidentified the aircraft as an [F-14 Tomcat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-14_Tomcat "F-14 Tomcat"), a US-made fighter jet part of the Iranian inventory, despite it transmitting civilian [identification codes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe "Identification friend or foe"). They assert that *Vincennes* and other warships repeatedly contacted the aircraft on both civilian and military [air distress frequencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Air_Distress "International Air Distress"), but received no response. Bandar Abbas acted as a joint civil/military airport, and Flight 655 had departed behind schedule. The Iranian government maintains that the US recklessly shot down the aircraft, violating [international law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law "International law"), after repeatedly provoking the Iranian forces. Some analysts blamed the overly aggressive attitude of *Vincennes*'s captain, [William C. Rogers III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Rogers_III "William C. Rogers III"), while others focused on more widespread issues and miscommunications on board. The United States was criticized for the downing, especially in its initial response. Although not issuing a formal apology, American president [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") issued a written [diplomatic note](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_note "Diplomatic note") to Iran, expressing deep regret. In 1996, both governments reached a [settlement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_\(litigation\) "Settlement (litigation)") in the [International Court of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice "International Court of Justice") in which the US agreed to pay [US\$](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar")61\.8 million (equivalent to \$127 million in 2025) on an *[ex gratia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_gratia "Ex gratia")* basis to the families of the victims. As part of the settlement, the US did not admit liability for the shootdown. [![The warship USS Vincennes, taken from the front](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/USS_Vincennes_returns_to_San_Diego_Oct_1988.jpg/330px-USS_Vincennes_returns_to_San_Diego_Oct_1988.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Vincennes_returns_to_San_Diego_Oct_1988.jpg) [USS *Vincennes*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Vincennes_\(CG-49\) "USS Vincennes (CG-49)") had been deployed to the Persian Gulf to assist in oil tanker escorts. By 1984, the [war between Iraq and Iran had expanded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War#1984:_'Tanker_War'_in_Persian_Gulf "Iran–Iraq War") to include air [attacks against oil tankers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanker_war "Tanker war") and merchant shipping of neighboring countries, some of whom were providing aid to Iraq by shipping its oil.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011382-2) In 1987, a year preceding the shootdown, the [Iraqi Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force "Iraqi Air Force") had attacked the US Navy [frigate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate "Frigate") [USS *Stark*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stark "USS Stark"), [killing 37 American sailors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stark_incident "USS Stark incident"), after misidentifying it as an Iranian warship. The Stark incident culminated in the widening of the US Navy [rules of engagement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_engagement "Rules of engagement") in the Persian Gulf, allowing warships to attack aircraft before being attacked.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-WPost-98-3) After a US oil tanker struck a mine in the Persian Gulf, additional warships were dispatched to the area; by late 1987, US forces had challenged and launched missiles at two Iranian fighter jets.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011399-4) In April 1988, the US engaged in [Operation Praying Mantis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Praying_Mantis "Operation Praying Mantis") in retaliation for mines,[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTERazoux2015448-5) bringing significant damage to Iranian oil infrastructure and its military.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTERazoux2015443-6) In response to the pattern of attacks on shipping, the US [Joint Chiefs of Staff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff "Joint Chiefs of Staff") issued a '[Notice to Airmen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOTAM "NOTAM")' (NOTAM) on 8 September 1987, warning all Persian Gulf countries that civilian aircraft must monitor the [International Air Distress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_emergency_frequency "Aircraft emergency frequency") frequencies and be prepared to identify themselves to US Navy ships and state their intentions;[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty198815%E2%80%9316-7) Iran disputed the validity and accuracy of these notices.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_1.47-8) On the day of the incident, USS *Vincennes*, alongside [USS *Sides*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sides "USS Sides") and [USS *Elmer Montgomery*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Elmer_Montgomery "USS Elmer Montgomery"), had been assigned to take part in an escort traveling through the [Strait of Hormuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz "Strait of Hormuz").[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011455-9) *Vincennes* was a [*Ticonderoga*\-class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticonderoga-class_cruiser "Ticonderoga-class cruiser") guided-missile cruiser, commissioned four years earlier, fitted with the then-new [Aegis Combat System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis_Combat_System "Aegis Combat System"). With a crew of 400, it was under the command of Captain [William C. Rogers III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Rogers_III "William C. Rogers III") at the time of the shootdown. The Aegis system was capable of tracking multiple mobile targets simultaneously, both naval and airborne, and more importantly allowed rapid dissemination of information between different levels of the crew. Its crew was inexperienced in actual conflict, but had performed well in training scenarios.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011456-10) At its narrowest point, the Strait of Hormuz is 21 nautical miles (39 km; 24 mi) wide. As a result, to traverse the strait, ships must stay within sea lanes that pass through the [territorial waters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_waters "Territorial waters") of Iran and [Oman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman "Oman").[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-11) It is normal for ships, including warships, entering or leaving the Persian Gulf to transit Iranian territorial waters. During the [Iran–Iraq War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War "Iran–Iraq War") the Iranian forces frequently boarded and inspected neutral cargo ships in the Strait of Hormuz in search of [contraband](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraband "Contraband") destined for Iraq. While legal under international law, these inspections added to the tensions in the area.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelley200724-12) ## Flight and shootdown \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Flight and shootdown")\] [![A map of the Persian Gulf showing the scheduled flight route of Flight 655 to Dubai, and where it was shot down near Qeshm Island](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Iran_Air_Flight_655_map.svg/250px-Iran_Air_Flight_655_map.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iran_Air_Flight_655_map.svg) Flight 655's scheduled flight path through the A59 air corridor, which it was within (purple), and the route tracked by USS *Vincennes* (red)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO198822-13) The plane, an [Airbus A300](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A300 "Airbus A300") ([registered as](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_registration "Aircraft registration") EP-IBU), was under the control of 38-year-old Captain Mohsen Rezaian[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-14), a US-educated veteran pilot with 7,000 hours of flight time, including over 2,000 in an Airbus A300.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010301-15) The [first officer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_officer_\(aviation\) "First officer (aviation)") was 31 years old and the [flight engineer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_engineer "Flight engineer") was 33 years old. All had at least 2,000 flight hours.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO1988%C2%A7_1.5;_3.1.1-16) Flight 655 left [Bandar Abbas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Abbas_International_Airport "Bandar Abbas International Airport") at 10:17 [Iran Standard Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Standard_Time "Iran Standard Time") ([UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC "UTC")\+03:30), 27 minutes after its scheduled departure time due to an immigration issue. It should have been a 28-minute flight.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-WP4July-Strauss-17) Before takeoff from runway 21, it was directed by the Bandar Abbas tower to turn on its [transponder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder_\(aeronautics\) "Transponder (aeronautics)") and proceed over the [Persian Gulf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO1988%C2%A7_1.1.3-18) The flight was assigned routinely to commercial [air corridor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_corridor "Air corridor") Amber 59, a 20-mile-wide (32 km) lane on a direct line to Dubai airport.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_1.1.3-19) The short distance made for a simple flight pattern: climb to 14,000 feet (4,300 m), cruise, and descend into [Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai "Dubai"). The airliner was transmitting the correct transponder [identification, friend or foe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe "Identification friend or foe") (IFF) code typical of a civilian aircraft (mode 3) and maintained radio contact in English with appropriate air traffic control facilities throughout the flight (see [§ Radio communication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#Radio_communication)).[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO1988%C2%A7_1.1.4-20) [![A row of monitors with maps, charts and data with operators sitting in front](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/USS_Vincennes_%28CG-49%29_Aegis_large_screen_displays.jpg/250px-USS_Vincennes_%28CG-49%29_Aegis_large_screen_displays.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Vincennes_\(CG-49\)_Aegis_large_screen_displays.jpg) The [Combat Information Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Information_Center "Combat Information Center") on board [*Vincennes*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Vincennes_\(CG-49\) "USS Vincennes (CG-49)") On the morning of 3 July 1988, *Vincennes* was passing through the Strait of Hormuz, returning from an oil tanker escort duty. A helicopter deployed from the cruiser reportedly received small arms fire from Iranian patrol vessels as it observed from high altitude. *Vincennes* moved to engage the vessels, in the course of which both sides violated Omani waters and left after being challenged by a [Royal Navy of Oman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy_of_Oman "Royal Navy of Oman") patrol boat.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010299-21)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-otherlockerbie-22) *Vincennes* continued to pursue the Iranian [gunboats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunboat "Gunboat"), entering Iranian territorial waters.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011411-23) Two other US Navy ships, *Sides* and *Elmer Montgomery*, were nearby.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_I\(2\)-24) In the meantime, Flight 655, proceeding along its scheduled route, was on an ascending flight path towards *Vincennes*.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010305-25) In the time that followed (the details of which are debated, see below), *Vincennes* incorrectly assumed the aircraft to be hostile and issued 10 challenges to the airliner, seven on the Military Air Distress (MAD) frequency, and three on the [International Air Distress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_distress_frequency "International distress frequency") (IAD) frequency. *Sides* additionally made one challenge on the civilian frequency after those of *Vincennes*. The aircraft was not equipped to receive military transmissions, and the civilian challenges received no responses. Subsequently, the crew of *Vincennes* commenced the process to engage the aircraft.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO198815%C2%A7_2.10.1-26) Flight 655 made its final transmission at 10:24:11 to acknowledge a [hand-off](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handoff_\(aviation\) "Handoff (aviation)") from Bandar Abbas approach controllers:[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO1988A-11-27) > 10:24:07 – Bandar Abbas Approach: "Iran Air 655 roger, contact Tehran Control 133.4, have a nice flight." > 10:24:11 – IR655: "Thank you, good day."[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO1988B-4-28) [![Wreckage of the aircraft. A window frame and other parts are visible.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wreckage_of_Iran_Air_Flight_655_02.jpg/250px-Wreckage_of_Iran_Air_Flight_655_02.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wreckage_of_Iran_Air_Flight_655_02.jpg) Part of the collected remains of Flight 655; much of the wreckage was never recovered Eleven seconds later, at 10:24:22, with the aircraft at a range of 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi), *Vincennes* fired two [SM-2MR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-66_Standard "RIM-66 Standard") [surface-to-air missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile "Surface-to-air missile"). The first missile intercepted the airliner at 10:24:43 at a range of 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi), and the second missile intercepted the airliner shortly after.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_II\(6\)\(c\)-II\(6\)\(f\)-29) The plane exploded, and immediately disintegrated into three pieces (cockpit, wing section, and the tail section) and soon crashed into the water.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO19882%C2%A7_1.3.1-30) None of the 290 passengers and crew on board survived.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO19882%C2%A7_1.2-31) Much of the wreckage, including the cockpit voice recorder and flight data recorder, was never recovered.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO19886%C2%A7_1.12.1-32) At the time the missiles were launched, *Vincennes* was located at [26°30â€Č47″N 56°00â€Č57″Eï»ż / ï»ż26\.51306°N 56.01583°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iran_Air_Flight_655&params=26_30_47_N_56_00_57_E_), placing it within the twelve-nautical-mile (22 km; 14 mi) limit of Iranian territorial seas.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO198819%C2%A7_2.11.7-33)[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty198839%C2%A7_III\(B\)\(1\)\(ff\)-34) The location of *Vincennes* in Iranian territorial waters at the time of the incident was admitted by the US government in legal briefs and publicly by [Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff "Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff"), Admiral [William J. Crowe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Crowe "William J. Crowe"), on *[Nightline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightline "Nightline")* in 1992.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarryCharles199239-35)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-nightline19920701-36) ### Radio communication \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Radio communication")\] The official [International Civil Aviation Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization "International Civil Aviation Organization") (ICAO) report stated that 11 attempts were made to contact Iran Air Flight 655 from *Vincennes* and *Sides*, seven on military frequencies and four on commercial frequencies, addressed to an "unidentified Iranian aircraft" and giving its speed as 350 knots (650 km/h; 400 mph), which was the ground speed of the aircraft their radar reported.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-evans-37) Flight 655's crew, however, would have seen a speed of 300 knots (560 km/h; 350 mph) on their cockpit instruments, which was their [indicated airspeed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicated_airspeed "Indicated airspeed"), possibly leading them to conclude that *Vincennes* was talking to another aircraft.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO1988-38) Both *Sides* and *Vincennes* tried contacting Flight 655 on several civilian and military frequencies. The ICAO concluded that Flight 655's crew assumed the three calls they received before the missiles struck must have been directed at an Iranian [P-3 Orion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-3_Orion "P-3 Orion"), which was also taking off from Bandar Abbas. The crew likely were monitoring the civilian international air-distress (IAD) frequency at the time of the shootdown.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran199039-39)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_of_America199135-40) In its report, the ICAO found, according to The *New York Times*, that "American warships in the Gulf had no equipment that allowed them to monitor civilian air traffic control radio frequencies", and had they had such capabilities air traffic control transmissions would have identified the flight.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-41) In its ICJ statement, Iran disputed this by claiming that the Department of Defense's report explicitly mentioned the *Vincennes*'s [VHF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_high_frequency "Very high frequency") radio equipment that would have allowed it to monitor civilian air traffic control frequencies, as well as other US surveillance activities in the Persian Gulf region that would have alerted them of the aircraft's nature.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran199024-42) The US objected to this claim, saying that most of its military vessels were only equipped with VHR radios capable of listening to the IAD frequency.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_of_America199135-40) The aircraft was carrying 290 people: 274 passengers and a crew of 16. Of these 290, 254 were [Iranian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peoples "Iranian peoples"), 13 were [Emirati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratis "Emiratis"), 10 were [Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_people "Indian people"), six were [Pakistani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani "Pakistani"), six were [Yugoslavian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"), and one was [Italian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians "Italians").[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-Italian_passenger-43) 65 of the passengers were children.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO19882%C2%A7_1.2-31) ### US government accounts \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: US government accounts")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Admiral_Crowe_and_Secretary_of_Defense_Frank_C._Carlucci_brief_reporters_on_Iran_Air_Flight_655_at_the_Pentagon%2C_July_1988.jpg/330px-Admiral_Crowe_and_Secretary_of_Defense_Frank_C._Carlucci_brief_reporters_on_Iran_Air_Flight_655_at_the_Pentagon%2C_July_1988.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Admiral_Crowe_and_Secretary_of_Defense_Frank_C._Carlucci_brief_reporters_on_Iran_Air_Flight_655_at_the_Pentagon,_July_1988.jpg) [CJCS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff "Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff") Admiral [William Crowe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Crowe "William J. Crowe") (front) and US Secretary of Defense [Frank Carlucci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Carlucci "Frank Carlucci") (back) brief media at the Pentagon. According to the US government, Flight 655 was first detected immediately after take-off by *Vincennes*, transmitting IFF mode 3 (civilian).[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_IV\(E\)\(5\)-44) As the flight had originated at Bandar Abbas, which served both as a base for Iranian [F-14 Tomcat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-14_Tomcat "F-14 Tomcat") operations and as a hub for commercial flights, all departing aircraft were by default "assumed hostile".[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO198824%C2%A7_3.1.23\(a\)-45)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarryCharles199233-46) When the identification supervisor responsible, [Petty Officer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petty_Officer "Petty Officer") Andrew Anderson, interrogated the aircraft again soon after with his IFF radio, he neglected to reset the range and received a short IFF mode 2 transmission (indicative of a military aircraft), likely from unrelated ground aircraft taking-off at Bandar Abbas.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarryCharles199233;37-47) As a result, Flight 655 was erroneously tagged by Anderson with this military classification and [squawk code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squawk_code "Squawk code"). The mistagged squawk code corresponded to an F-14 that had flown out of Bandar Abbas a week before, leading the crew of *Vincennes* to believe the airliner was an Iranian fighter jet.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010302%E2%80%93303-48)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_IV\(E\)\(6\)-49) For the entirety of its journey Flight 655 solely squawked civilian IFF codes.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_III\(A\)\(5\)\(b\)\(8\)-50) Due to the flight's slight delay, the dark environment of the Combat Information Center (CIC), and confusion over time zones, Anderson missed Flight 655 in commercial flight listings.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010303,_306-51)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarryCharles199236-52) Escalations began when *Vincennes*'s helicopter received warning fire after approaching close to Iranian gunboats, in contravention of the US rules of engagement at the time.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010299-21) According to the US, the gunboats had been following merchant ships in an aggressive manner and the helicopter had been deployed after they had been sighted by *Montgomery*.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010298-53) While *Vincennes* engaged with the gunboats, it entered Iranian territorial waters, with sharp turns causing disruption inside.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010306-54) In what the US government later termed "scenario fulfilment" – a form of [confirmation bias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias "Confirmation bias") in which personnel carry out a training scenario, believing it to be reality – information was erroneously communicated that not only was the aircraft squawking military codes, but that it was also descending on an attack profile.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-otherlockerbie-22)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_2\(b\)\(3\)\(d\)\(1\);_IV\(A\)\(12\)-55) The Aegis system continued to correctly record the aircraft as climbing past 12,000 feet (3,700 m), instead, and this was reflected on the CIC's numerical displays.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010308-56) Captain Rogers had earlier acknowledged a remark that the aircraft was "possible COMAIR \[commercial aviation\]".[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010306-54) Following the misidentification and unreciprocated radio challenges, the aircraft was shot down (see [§ Flight and shootdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#Flight_and_shootdown)).[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010309-57) [Department of Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense "United States Department of Defense") (DoD) officials initially said that *Vincennes* had shot down an Iranian F-14, but issued a retraction within hours and confirmed Iranian reports that the target was instead a civilian Airbus.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-58)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-59) According to the DoD, *Vincennes* mistakenly identified the airliner as an attacking military fighter and misidentified its flight profile as being similar to that of an F-14A Tomcat during an attack run; however, the cruiser's Aegis Combat System recorded the plane's flight plan as climbing (not descending as in an attack run) at the time of the incident.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-nytimes.com-60) Alongside the vague nature of the challenges issued by *Vincennes*, confusion may have arisen as the hailed speed stated in the transmissions was the [ground speed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_speed "Ground speed"), while the pilot's instruments displayed [airspeed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed "Airspeed"), a 50-knot (93 km/h; 58 mph) difference.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO198817%C2%A7_2.10.13-61) In 1992, journalists from *[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek "Newsweek")* obtained a full copy of the DoD's internal report which included a map and coordinates of *Vincennes*. They concluded that *Vincennes* was about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi; 2.2 nmi) inside Iranian territorial waters at the time of the shootdown.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarryCharles199239-35) This was admitted in a report by Admiral William Fogarty, entitled *Formal Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding the Downing of Iran Air Flight 655 on 3 July 1988* (the "Fogarty report").[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010315-62) The Fogarty report stated, "The data from USS *Vincennes'* tapes, information from USS *Sides* and reliable intelligence information, corroborate the fact that \[Iran Air Flight 655\] was on a normal commercial air flight plan profile, in the assigned airway, squawking Mode III 6760, on a continuous ascent in altitude from takeoff at Bandar Abbas to shoot-down.".[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_II\(E\)\(2\)-63)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-64) The Fogarty report also claimed, "Iran must share the responsibility for the tragedy by hazarding one of their civilian airliners by allowing it to fly a relatively low-altitude air route in close proximity to hostilities that had been ongoing."[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_IV\(A\)\(3\)-65) The crew of USS *Sides* – which issued one final challenge after the 10 of *Vincennes* – indicated that they had from take-off identified Flight 655 as a commercial flight, according to the ICAO. Unlike *Vincennes*, its operators recalled that they had never observed the IFF Mode 2 squawk that initially identified the flight as a military aircraft.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO1988%C2%A7_2.12.1-2.12.2-66) Of the 11 challenges, only the one made by *Sides* identified the aircraft's squawk code.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICAO1988%C2%A7_2.10.18-67) ### Iranian government account \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Iranian government account")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Iranians_mourn_those_who_died_on_Iran_Air_Flight_655%2C_Larestan%2C_Iran_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Iranians_mourn_those_who_died_on_Iran_Air_Flight_655%2C_Larestan%2C_Iran_%28cropped%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iranians_mourn_those_who_died_on_Iran_Air_Flight_655,_Larestan,_Iran_\(cropped\).jpg) Iranians in [Larestan County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larestan_County "Larestan County"), [Fars province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_province "Fars province"), mourn those who died on board Flight 655. | "Iran Airbus Incident" | |---| | UN Security Council discussion | | [![video icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [George H. W. Bush, Ali Akbar Velayati, and the rest of the United Nations Security Council discuss the shootdown, 14 July 1988](https://www.c-span.org/program/public-affairs-event/downing-of-iranian-airliner/167060) | According to the Iranian government, the shootdown was both intentional and unlawful. Even if a mistaken identification was made – which Iran never accepted – it argued that this constituted negligence and recklessness amounting to an international crime, not an accident.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_4.52%E2%80%934.54-68) In particular, Iran expressed skepticism about claims of misidentification, noting that the cruiser's advanced Aegis radar correctly tracked the flight and its IFF mode 3 beacon; two other US warships in the area, *Sides* and *Montgomery*, also identified the aircraft as civilian; and the flight was well within a recognized international air corridor. It also noted that the crew of *Vincennes* were trained to handle simultaneous attacks by hundreds of enemy aircraft.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_4.50-69) Iran found it more plausible that *Vincennes* was looking for an opportunity to use its force, and that it had been predisposed to treat Iran as hostile, citing a statement by David Carlson, [commander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_\(United_States\)#Naval "Commander (United States)") of the USS *Sides*, published in the September 1989 issue of *[Proceedings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_\(magazine\) "Proceedings (magazine)")* in which he stated that *Vincennes* "hankered for an opportunity to show its stuff".[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_4.52-70) The US had previously issued a NOTAM, warning aircraft that they were at risk of "defensive measures" if they had not been cleared from a regional airport and if they came within 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) of a warship at an altitude less than 2,000 feet (610 m). Iran stated that Flight 655 had been cleared from a regional airport and was well outside those limits when it was shot down.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_4.62-71) The crew of the Vincennes had been incorrectly briefed that F-14s had been supplied to Iran with [air-to-ground](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-ground "Air-to-ground") ordnance,[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7IV\(A\)\(9\)\(o\)-72) when in reality they were only capable of air-to-air.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-73) Even if the plane had truly been an Iranian F-14, Iran argued that the US would not have had the right to shoot it down, as it was flying within Iranian airspace and did not follow a path that could be considered an attack profile, nor did it illuminate *Vincennes* with radar.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_4.60%E2%80%934.61-74) Prior to the incident, *Vincennes* had entered Iranian territorial waters and was inside these waters when it launched its missiles.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_4.65;_1.27-75) Even had the crew of Flight 655 made mistakes, they stated, the US government should remain responsible for the actions of *Vincennes*'s crew, under international law.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_4.56-76) Iran pointed out that in the past, "the United States has steadfastly condemned the shooting down of aircraft, whether civil or military, by the armed forces of another State" and cited [El Al Flight 402](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Al_Flight_402 "El Al Flight 402"), [Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Airlines_Flight_114 "Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114"), and [Korean Air Lines Flight 007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007 "Korean Air Lines Flight 007"), among other incidents.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_4.66%E2%80%934.70-77) Iran also noted that when Iraq attacked the USS *Stark*, the US found Iraq fully responsible on the grounds that the Iraqi pilot "knew or should have known" he was attacking a US warship.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_4.49-78) Speaking to the [United Nations Security Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council "United Nations Security Council"), [Ali Akbar Velayati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Velayati "Ali Akbar Velayati"), Iran's [minister of foreign affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_\(Iran\) "Minister of Foreign Affairs (Iran)"), called the shootdown the "most inhuman military attack in the history of civil aviation", caused by a "reckless and incompetent naval force".[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-unsc-statements-79): 5–7 ### Independent sources \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Independent sources")\] In 1989, prior to the public exposure of *Vincennes*' position inside Iranian waters on *Nightline* by Admiral William Crowe, Professor Andreas Lowenfeld of the editing board of the *[American Journal of International Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_International_Law "American Journal of International Law")* criticized the official US position that the US was not legally liable for the incident:[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-80)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-81) > I do not understand Maier's argument at all ... But the correct legal principle, I am clear, is not as Sofaer and Maier would have it—no legal liability to victims of airplane disasters without proof of fault beyond a reasonable doubt, and no fault in combat zones—but rather liability regardless of fault, so long as the cause is established, as it clearly was in the case of Iran Air 655, as in the case of Korean Air Lines 007. I would have hoped that those who spoke for the United States about the tragedy of 3 July 1988, from the President on down, would have recognized this principle, so essential for the safety of civil aviation, as other spokesmen for the United States and its allies have done when other states' military (whether or not on orders from on high) brought down civilian aircraft that may have strayed off course. ... That principle, it is clear, was breached by the United States in the case of Iran Air 655, and it follows that the United States is responsible. To say that is not to condemn the United States or even to find fault. It is simply to state that responsibility flows from the action itself. Lowenfeld also pointed out that the amount of compensation paid for Iranian victims was one-tenth the amount demanded from Iraq for American dead aboard the USS *Stark*.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-82) [![Captain William C. Rogers III speaking to a crowd](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CAPT_Will_C._Rogers_III_1988.jpg/250px-CAPT_Will_C._Rogers_III_1988.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CAPT_Will_C._Rogers_III_1988.jpg) Captain of the USS *Vincennes* [William C. Rogers III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Rogers_III "William C. Rogers III") One legal scholar noted in the *[Yale Journal of International Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Journal_of_International_Law "Yale Journal of International Law")*: "The downing of Flight 655 should not be deemed lawful merely because the *Vincennes*' commanding officer reasonably mistook the situation as presenting an integrated surface and air attack. Reconceptualizing the incident as a mistake problem does not excuse the *Vincennes* from liability."[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-83) In an article published in *[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek "Newsweek")* on 13 July 1992, John Barry and Roger Charles argued that Rogers behaved recklessly and without due care. The *Newsweek* article also accused the US government of a cover-up;[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarryCharles199229-84)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-85) Admiral Crowe denied any knowledge:[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-Crowe-86) An analysis of the events by the [International Strategic Studies Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Strategic_Studies_Association "International Strategic Studies Association") described the deployment of an Aegis cruiser in the zone as irresponsible and felt that the value placed on Aegis cruisers by the US Navy had played a major part in the setting of a low threshold for opening fire.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-87) *Vincennes* had been nicknamed "*[RoboCruiser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboCop "RoboCop")*" by crew members and other US Navy ships, in reference to both its Aegis system and the supposed aggressive tendencies of its captain.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-evans-37)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-88) The International Court of Justice case relating to "the Aerial Incident of July 3, 1988" (*Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America*), was dropped on 22 February 1996 following settlement and compensation by the United States.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-ICJ-settlement-agreement-89) Three years after the incident, Admiral Crowe admitted on American television show *[Nightline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightline_\(US_news_program\) "Nightline (US news program)")* that *Vincennes* was inside Iranian territorial waters when it launched the missiles,[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-nightline19920701-36) contradicting earlier Navy statements. The ICAO report of December 1988 placed *Vincennes* well inside Iran's territorial waters.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-evans-37) Commander David Carlson, commanding officer of USS *Sides*, the warship stationed nearest to *Vincennes* at the time of the incident, is reported to have said that the destruction of the aircraft "marked the horrifying climax to Captain Rogers's aggressiveness, first seen four weeks ago".[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-Fisk-90) His comment referred to incidents on 2 June, when Rogers had sailed *Vincennes* too close to an Iranian [frigate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate "Frigate") undertaking a lawful search of a bulk carrier, launched a helicopter within two to three miles (3.2 to 4.8 km) of a small Iranian craft despite rules of engagement requiring a four-mile (6.4 km) separation, and opened fire on small Iranian military boats. Of those incidents, Carlson commented: "Why do you want an Aegis cruiser out there shooting up boats? It wasn't a smart thing to do." He said that Iranian forces he had encountered in the area a month prior to the incident were "pointedly non-threatening" and professional.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-procpdf-91) At the time of Rogers's announcement to higher command that he was going to shoot down the plane, Carlson is reported to have been thunderstruck: "I said to folks around me, 'Why, what the hell is he doing?' I went through the drill again. F-14. He's climbing. By now this damn thing is at 7,000 feet \[2,133 meters\]." Carlson thought the *Vincennes* might have more information and was unaware that Rogers had been wrongly informed that the plane was diving.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-Fisk-90) Carlson is reported to have written in the *US Naval Proceedings* that he had "wondered aloud in disbelief" on hearing of *Vincennes*' intentions. In speculating on the "climate" that led up to the incident, Carlson stated that the crew of *Vincennes* "felt a need to prove the viability of Aegis in the Persian Gulf, and that they hankered for the opportunity to show their stuff."[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-Chomsky-92) - The [Aegis System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis_Combat_System "Aegis Combat System") software at that time reused tracking numbers in its display, constituting a [user interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface "User interface") design flaw. The Aegis software initially assigned the on-screen identifier TN4474 to Flight 655. Before *Vincennes* fired, the Aegis software switched the Flight 655 tracking number to TN4131 and recycled Flight 655's old tracking number of TN4474 to label a fighter jet 110 miles away. When the captain asked for a status on TN4474, he was told it was a fighter and descending.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-93)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-94)[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-Fisher2001-95) *[Scientific American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American "Scientific American")* rated it as one of the worst user interface disasters.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-96) - A [psychological evaluation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_evaluation "Psychological evaluation") of the crew, requested by Admiral Fogarty, concluded that [stress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_\(biology\) "Stress (biology)") and inexperience of the crew in warfare resulted in misjudgment and unconscious distortion of data, which played a significant role in the misinterpretation of the data of the Aegis system.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-Fisher2001-95) - The ship's crew did not efficiently consult [commercial airliner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_airliner "Commercial airliner") schedules, due to the darkness of their working space and confusion over to which [time zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone "Time zone") the schedules referred—the scheduled flight times used Bandar Abbas airport time, while *Vincennes* was on Bahrain time. The airliner's departure was 27 minutes later than scheduled. The [Combat Information Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Information_Center "Combat Information Center") was dark, and its lights flickered every time *Vincennes* fired at the [speedboats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedboat "Speedboat"). Petty Officer Andrew Anderson, who first picked up Flight 655 on radar and thought it might be a commercial aircraft, is said to have missed the flight as he was searching in the navy's listing of commercial flights.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-MIT-97) - An Iranian P-3 Orion was in the area some time before the attack, and some reports explained why no radar signals were detected from Iran Air Flight 655.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-GaryKlein-98) Other reports state that the Airbus was immediately detected after takeoff by the cruiser's [AN/SPY-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/SPY-1 "AN/SPY-1") radar at a range of 47 miles (76 km).[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelley200724-12) - According to Capt. Richard McKenna (surface commander of Capt. Will Rogers), *Vincennes* was initially authorized to send a helicopter to investigate the situation with the gun boats. Later on, when he realized that *Vincennes* had turned north and swapped positions with *Montgomery*, he commanded *Vincennes* to leave the helicopter in place and return immediately. According to an interview after his retirement, Capt. McKenna believed that he felt the situation was not initially out of control and maybe *Vincennes* was looking for trouble. He said "my own personal opinion is it really did feel that they were looking for action when they went to see the *Elmer Montgomery*, um my own feeling is that the situation was not out of control, it was really my call and yet even though they were assigned another station, they took it upon themselves to be there and to that extent I feel that you know, I mean that's that's where the general feeling and not not just my own, comes that maybe they were looking for trouble."[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-mistakenidentity-99) - The psychology and mindset after engaging in a battle with Iranian gunboats. Claims were made that *Vincennes* was engaged in an operation using a decoy [cargo ship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship "Cargo ship") to lure Iranian gunboats to a fight.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-dettmer-100) These claims were denied by Fogarty in *Hearing Before The Investigation Subcommittee and the Defense Policy Panel of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, Second Session, 21 July 1992.* Also, the initial claims of *Vincennes* being called for help by a cargo ship attacked by Iranian gunboats have been ruled out.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-dettmer-100) That leads to claims that the Iranian gunboats were provoked by helicopters inside Iranian waters, not the other way around.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-House-101) Dispatch from Rogers to his commander > This is a burden I will carry for the rest of my life, but under the circumstances and considering all the information available to me at the moment, I took this action to defend my ship and my crew. > > I and I alone am fully responsible for any actions taken by the *Vincennes*. — William C. Rogers III, 4 July 1988[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-102) The event sparked an intense international controversy, with the US criticized for its account.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-103) In mid-July 1988, Iranian Foreign Minister [Ali Akbar Velayati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Velayati "Ali Akbar Velayati") asked the [United Nations Security Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council "United Nations Security Council") to condemn the United States, saying the attack "could not have been a mistake" and was a "criminal act", a "massacre", and an "atrocity".[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-unsc-statements-79): 5–7 [George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush"), then-vice-president of the United States in the [Reagan administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_administration "Reagan administration"), defended his country at the UN by arguing that the US attack had been a wartime incident and the crew of *Vincennes* had acted appropriately to the situation.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-104) The Soviet Union asked the US to withdraw from the area and supported efforts by the Security Council to end the [Iran–Iraq War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War "Iran–Iraq War"). Most of the remainder of the 13 delegates who spoke supported the U.S. position, saying one of the problems was that a 1987 resolution to end the Iran–Iraq war had been ignored.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-105) Following the debate, [Security Council Resolution 616](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_616 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 616") was passed expressing "deep distress" over the US attack and "profound regret" for the loss of human lives, and stressing the need to end the Iran–Iraq War as resolved in 1987.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-106) [![Postage stamp with Persian text depicting an Iran Air aircraft being shot down by a warship with the American flag superimposed](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Iran-stamp-Scott2335.jpg/250px-Iran-stamp-Scott2335.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iran-stamp-Scott2335.jpg) Iranian postage stamp issued 11 August 1988 Inside Iran, the shootdown was perceived as a purposeful attack by the United States, signaling that the US was about to enter into a direct war against Iran on the side of Iraq.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-businessinsider.com-107)\[*[further explanation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\] A day of mourning was declared by the authorities, coinciding with the American [Independence Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_\(United_States\) "Independence Day (United States)").[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-WP4July-Strauss-17) In February 1996, the US agreed to pay Iran US\$131.8 million in settlement to discontinue a case brought by Iran in 1989 against the US in the International Court of Justice relating to this incident, together with other earlier claims before the [Iran–United States Claims Tribunal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_Claims_Tribunal "Iran–United States Claims Tribunal").[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-ICJ-settlement-agreement-89) US\$61.8 million of the claim was in compensation for the 248 Iranians killed in the shootdown: \$300,000 per wage-earning victim and \$150,000 per non-wage-earner.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-108) As part of the settlement, the US agreed to send Iran two [Airbus A300-600s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A300-600 "Airbus A300-600"), the first Western planes to be supplied to the country since 1980 (after the 1979 [Iranian revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_revolution "Iranian revolution")). They remained Iran's newest Western aircraft until some sanctions were lifted in 2017.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-109) The US government issued notes of regret for the loss of human lives, but never formally apologized or acknowledged wrongdoing.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-books.google.com-110) On 5 July 1988, President Ronald Reagan expressed regret; when directly asked if he considered the statement an apology, Reagan replied, "Yes."[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-:1-111) George H. W. Bush, then vice-president of the United States, commented on another occasion, in a televised recording, while addressing a group of Republican ethnic leaders during the [1988 presidential campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election "1988 United States presidential election"): "I will never apologize for the United States—I don't care what the facts are ... I'm not an apologize-for-America kind of guy."[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-112) The quote, although unrelated to the downing of the Iranian airliner and not in any official capacity, has been attributed as such.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-113)[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-114) The incident overshadowed [Iran–United States relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Iran–United States relations") for many years. Former [CIA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency") analyst [Kenneth M. Pollack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_M._Pollack "Kenneth M. Pollack") wrote: "The shoot-down of Iran Air Flight 655 was an accident, but that is not how it was seen in Tehran."[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-115) Following the explosion of [Pan Am Flight 103](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103 "Pan Am Flight 103") five months later, the United States government initially blamed the [PFLP-GC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFLP-GC "PFLP-GC"), a [Palestinian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people "Palestinian people") militant group backed by [Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria "Syria"), with assumptions of assistance from Iran in retaliation for Flight 655.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-116)[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-117) The distrust generated between the US and Iran as a result of the downing of Iran Air Flight 655 was a challenge in the development of the [Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action "Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action") (JCPOA), also known as the Iran Nuclear Deal, which was agreed to on 14 July 2015.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-118) ### Criticism of US media coverage \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Criticism of US media coverage")\] [![Juxtaposition of two Newsweek covers. On the left, KAL007 is framed within a bullseye with the caption "Murder in the air", while on the right a photograph of a missile launcher is captioned simply with "Why it happened", framing it as a tragic mistake](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/NewsweekIR655.jpg/330px-NewsweekIR655.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NewsweekIR655.jpg) *[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek "Newsweek")* covers for 12 September 1983 (left) and 18 July 1988, illustrating the [KAL007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007 "Korean Air Lines Flight 007") and Iran Air incidents, respectively. The caption "Murder in the Air" framed the KAL incident as a deliberate act of war, whereas "Why It Happened" framed the Iran Air incident as a tragic mistake.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-DavidGiles-119) In 1991, political scientist [Robert Entman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Entman "Robert Entman") of [George Washington University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University "George Washington University") compared [US media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_the_United_States "Media of the United States") coverage of the incident with the similar shootdown of [Korean Air Lines Flight 007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007 "Korean Air Lines Flight 007") by the Soviet Union five years earlier by studying material from *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")*, *Newsweek*, *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*, and *[CBS Evening News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Evening_News "CBS Evening News")*. According to Entman, [framing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_\(social_sciences\) "Framing (social sciences)") techniques were used to frame the Korean Airlines incident as sabotage, while framing the Iran Air incident as a tragic mistake,[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-DavidGiles-119) stating "the angle taken by the US media emphasized the moral bankruptcy and guilt of the perpetrating nation. With Iran Air 655, the frame de-emphasised guilt and focused on the complex problems of operating military high technology."[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-mondipl920190802-120)[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-121) By "de-emphasizing the agency and the victims and by the choice of graphics and adjectives, the news stories about the US downing of an Iranian plane called it a technical problem while the Soviet downing of a Korean jet was portrayed as a moral outrage." Entman included polling that appeared to show that the [unbalanced coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_bias "Media bias") swayed [public opinion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_opinion "Public opinion") against the Soviet Union and Iran.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-122) In July 2014, when [Malaysia Airlines Flight 17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17 "Malaysia Airlines Flight 17") was shot down over eastern [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine") by Russian-backed insurgents, some commentators noted the discrepancy between the US official position and media coverage of the two similar incidents.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-Chomsky-92)[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-123)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-124) ### Post-tour of duty medals \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Post-tour of duty medals")\] Despite the downing of the plane, the crew of USS *Vincennes* were awarded [Combat Action Ribbons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Action_Ribbon "Combat Action Ribbon") for completion of their tours in a combat zone. The air warfare coordinator on duty received the [Navy Commendation Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Commendation_Medal "Navy Commendation Medal"), but *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* reported in 1990 that the awards were for his entire tour from 1984 to 1988 and not for his actions relating to the surface engagement with Iranian gunboats.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-125) Rogers was awarded the [Legion of Merit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Merit "Legion of Merit") "for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding service as commanding officer \[...\] from April 1987 to May 1989". The award was given for his service as the commanding officer of *Vincennes* from April 1987 to May 1989. The citation made no mention of the downing of Flight 655.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-medals-126) The events of Flight 655 were featured in "Mistaken Identity", a [season 3 (2005)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mayday_episodes#Season_3_\(2005\) "List of Mayday episodes") episode of the Canadian TV series [*Mayday*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayday_\(Canadian_TV_series\) "Mayday (Canadian TV series)") (called *Air Emergency* and *Air Disasters* in the US, and *Air Crash Investigation* in the UK).[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-mistakenidentity-99) The incident was also mentioned in episode 14, season 6 of *[The West Wing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Wing "The West Wing")*.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] In the 2024 novel *[Martyr\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr! "Martyr!")* by [Kaveh Akbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaveh_Akbar "Kaveh Akbar"), the main character's mother dies on Flight 655.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-127) - [List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_commercial_aircraft "List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft") - [List of airliner shootdown incidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airliner_shootdown_incidents "List of airliner shootdown incidents") - [Malaysia Airlines Flight 17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17 "Malaysia Airlines Flight 17") - similar incident but shot down by Russia ## Notes and references \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Air_Flight_655&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Notes and references")\] Notes 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-1)** [Persian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language "Persian language"): ÙŸŰ±ÙˆŰ§ŰČ ŰŽÙ…Ű§Ű±Ù‡ Û¶Û”Û” Ű§ÛŒŰ±Ű§Ù† Ű§ÛŒŰ± 2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-14)** [Persian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language "Persian language"): Ù…Ű­ŰłÙ† Ű±Ű¶Ű§ŰŠÛŒŰ§Ù† 3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-121)** The term *frame* here and in this[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_note-mondipl920190802-120) cited supporting source refers to Entman, Robert M. (December 1991). "Framing US coverage of international news: Contrasts in narratives of the KAL and Iran Air incidents". *Journal of Communication*. **41** (44): 6–27\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1111/j.1460-2466.1991.tb02328.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-2466.1991.tb02328.x). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [53817259](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53817259). . That article examines what it describes "as contrasting news frames employed by several important US media outlets" in covering the downings of the KAL-007 and Iran Air 655 airline flights. References 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011382_2-0)** [Farrokh 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFarrokh2011), p. 382. 2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-WPost-98_3-0)** Wilson, George C. (4 July 1988). ["Navy Missile Downs Iranian Jetliner"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/flight801/stories/july88crash.htm). *The Washington Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171012144423/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/flight801/stories/july88crash.htm) from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017. 3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011399_4-0)** [Farrokh 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFarrokh2011), p. 399. 4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERazoux2015448_5-0)** [Razoux 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFRazoux2015), p. 448. 5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERazoux2015443_6-0)** [Razoux 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFRazoux2015), pp. 443. 6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty198815%E2%80%9316_7-0)** [Fogarty 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFogarty1988), pp. 15–16. 7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_1.47_8-0)** [Islamic Republic of Iran 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990), § 1.47. 8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011455_9-0)** [Farrokh 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFarrokh2011), p. 455. 9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011456_10-0)** [Farrokh 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFarrokh2011), p. 456. 10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-11)** Mojtahed-Zadeh, Dr Pirouz; Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (2013). [*Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography*](https://books.google.com/books?id=oUP8AQAAQBAJ). Routledge. p. 27. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-136-81724-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81724-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81724-3") . [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084523/https://books.google.com/books?id=oUP8AQAAQBAJ) from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2024. 11. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelley200724_12-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelley200724_12-1) [Kelley 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFKelley2007), p. 24. 12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO198822_13-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), p. 22. 13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010301_15-0)** [Zatarain 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFZatarain2010), p. 301. 14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO1988%C2%A7_1.5;_3.1.1_16-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), § 1.5; 3.1.1. 15. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-WP4July-Strauss_17-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-WP4July-Strauss_17-1) Strauss, Valerie (4 July 1988). ["Iran Says U.S. Action Deliberate, Threatens Unspecified Retaliation"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1988/07/04/iran-says-us-action-deliberate-threatens-unspecified-retaliation/90aa6983-3be6-40f2-ab02-d11178dd36e4/). *The Washington Post*. p. 1. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0190-8286](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286). Retrieved 5 May 2025. 16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO1988%C2%A7_1.1.3_18-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), § 1.1.3. 17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_1.1.3_19-0)** [Fogarty 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFogarty1988), § 1.1.3. 18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO1988%C2%A7_1.1.4_20-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), § 1.1.4. 19. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010299_21-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010299_21-1) [Zatarain 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFZatarain2010), p. 299. 20. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-otherlockerbie_22-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-otherlockerbie_22-1) Hodlin, Tim; Fenton, Norman (4 March 2000). ["The Other Lockerbie"](https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3249748588a04d348458b75d2b09c8b2). *Correspondent*. [BBC Two](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two "BBC Two"). `{{cite episode}}`: CS1 maint: url-status ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status "Category:CS1 maint: url-status"))\[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")*\] 21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrokh2011411_23-0)** [Farrokh 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFarrokh2011), p. 411. 22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_I\(2\)_24-0)** [Fogarty 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFogarty1988), § I(2). 23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010305_25-0)** [Zatarain 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFZatarain2010), p. 305. 24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO198815%C2%A7_2.10.1_26-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), p. 15, § 2.10.1. 25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO1988A-11_27-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), p. A-11. 26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO1988B-4_28-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), p. B-4. 27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_II\(6\)\(c\)-II\(6\)\(f\)_29-0)** [Fogarty 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFogarty1988), § II(6)(c)-II(6)(f). 28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO19882%C2%A7_1.3.1_30-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), p. 2, § 1.3.1. 29. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO19882%C2%A7_1.2_31-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO19882%C2%A7_1.2_31-1) [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), p. 2, § 1.2. 30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO19886%C2%A7_1.12.1_32-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), p. 6, § 1.12.1. 31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO198819%C2%A7_2.11.7_33-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), p. 19, § 2.11.7. 32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty198839%C2%A7_III\(B\)\(1\)\(ff\)_34-0)** [Fogarty 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFogarty1988), p. 39, § III(B)(1)(ff). 33. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarryCharles199239_35-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarryCharles199239_35-1) [Barry & Charles 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFBarryCharles1992), p. 39. 34. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-nightline19920701_36-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-nightline19920701_36-1) [Transcript of *Nightline* episode](http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jksonc/docs/ir655-nightline-19920701.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20040824084457/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jksonc/docs/ir655-nightline-19920701.html) 24 August 2004 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). 1 July 1992. (Annotated with analysis, commentary, and opinion. From the [personal blog of Charles Judson Harwood Jr.](http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jksonc/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20040801231122/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jksonc/) 1 August 2004 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")) 35. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-evans_37-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-evans_37-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-evans_37-2) Evans, David (August 1993). ["Vincennes: a Case Study"](https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1993/august/vincennes-case-study). *Proceedings*. Vol. 199, no. 1086. Retrieved 4 July 2025. `{{cite magazine}}`: CS1 maint: url-status ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status "Category:CS1 maint: url-status")) 36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO1988_38-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988). 37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran199039_39-0)** [Islamic Republic of Iran 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990), p. 39. 38. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_of_America199135_40-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_of_America199135_40-1) [United States of America 1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFUnited_States_of_America1991), p. 35. 39. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-41)** ["World Aviation Panel Faults US Navy on Downing of Iran Air"](https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/04/world/world-aviation-panel-faults-us-navy-on-downing-of-iran-air.html). *The New York Times*. 4 December 1988. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200107001606/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/04/world/world-aviation-panel-faults-us-navy-on-downing-of-iran-air.html) from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2020. 40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran199024_42-0)** [Islamic Republic of Iran 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990), p. 24. 41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-Italian_passenger_43-0)** Berni, Ivan (5 July 1998). ["AMERICANI, MALEDETTI!"](https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1988/07/05/americani-maledetti.html) \[AMERICANS, CURSED!\]. *la Repubblica* (in Italian). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201104193140/https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1988/07/05/americani-maledetti.html) from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020. 42. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_IV\(E\)\(5\)_44-0)** [Fogarty 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFogarty1988), § IV(E)(5). 43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO198824%C2%A7_3.1.23\(a\)_45-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), p. 24, § 3.1.23(a). 44. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarryCharles199233_46-0)** [Barry & Charles 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFBarryCharles1992), p. 33. 45. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarryCharles199233;37_47-0)** [Barry & Charles 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFBarryCharles1992), p. 33;37. 46. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010302%E2%80%93303_48-0)** [Zatarain 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFZatarain2010), pp. 302–303. 47. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_IV\(E\)\(6\)_49-0)** [Fogarty 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFogarty1988), § IV(E)(6). 48. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_III\(A\)\(5\)\(b\)\(8\)_50-0)** [Fogarty 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFogarty1988), § III(A)(5)(b)(8). 49. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010303,_306_51-0)** [Zatarain 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFZatarain2010), pp. 303, 306. 50. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarryCharles199236_52-0)** [Barry & Charles 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFBarryCharles1992), p. 36. 51. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010298_53-0)** [Zatarain 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFZatarain2010), p. 298. 52. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010306_54-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010306_54-1) [Zatarain 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFZatarain2010), p. 306. 53. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_2\(b\)\(3\)\(d\)\(1\);_IV\(A\)\(12\)_55-0)** [Fogarty 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFogarty1988), § 2(b)(3)(d)(1); IV(A)(12). 54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010308_56-0)** [Zatarain 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFZatarain2010), p. 308. 55. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010309_57-0)** [Zatarain 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFZatarain2010), p. 309. 56. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-58)** Wilson, George C. (4 July 1988). ["Navy Missile Downs Iranian Jetliner"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/flight801/stories/july88crash.htm?tid=lk_inline_manual_8). *The Washington Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200112082815/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/flight801/stories/july88crash.htm?tid=lk_inline_manual_8) from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020. "The Pentagon declaring ... the Vicennes had shot down an attacking Iranian F14" 57. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-59)** ["When airliners get shot down facts get skewed quickly"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2014/07/17/when-airliners-get-shot-down-facts-get-skewed-quickly/). *The Washington Post*. 17 July 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200111210119/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2014/07/17/when-airliners-get-shot-down-facts-get-skewed-quickly/) from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020. "Within hours ... the United States had confirmed the incident." 58. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-nytimes.com_60-0)** ["Witness to Iran Flight 655"](https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/18/opinion/witness-to-iran-flight-655.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm). *The New York Times*. 18 November 1988. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130521184215/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/18/opinion/witness-to-iran-flight-655.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm) from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2013. 59. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO198817%C2%A7_2.10.13_61-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), p. 17, § 2.10.13. 60. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZatarain2010315_62-0)** [Zatarain 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFZatarain2010), p. 315. 61. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_II\(E\)\(2\)_63-0)** [Fogarty 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFogarty1988), § II(E)(2). 62. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-64)** ["Officer gave warning to skipper of Vincennes"](http://archive.org/details/The_Times_News_Idaho_Newspaper_1988_09_09). *The Times News (Idaho Newspaper)*. Lee Enterprises. Associated Press. 9 September 1988. p. A6 – via Internet Archive. 63. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7_IV\(A\)\(3\)_65-0)** [Fogarty 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFogarty1988), § IV(A)(3). 64. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO1988%C2%A7_2.12.1-2.12.2_66-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), § 2.12.1-2.12.2. 65. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICAO1988%C2%A7_2.10.18_67-0)** [ICAO 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFICAO1988), § 2.10.18. 66. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_4.52%E2%80%934.54_68-0)** [Islamic Republic of Iran 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990), § 4.52–4.54. 67. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_4.50_69-0)** [Islamic Republic of Iran 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990), § 4.50. 68. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_4.52_70-0)** [Islamic Republic of Iran 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990), § 4.52. 69. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990%C2%A7_4.62_71-0)** [Islamic Republic of Iran 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFIslamic_Republic_of_Iran1990), § 4.62. 70. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty1988%C2%A7IV\(A\)\(9\)\(o\)_72-0)** [Fogarty 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#CITEREFFogarty1988), §IV(A)(9)(o). 71. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-73)** Halloran, Richard (7 July 1988). 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[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240527212315/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/25/world/us-suspects-iran-unit-in-the-pan-am-bombing.html) from the original on 27 May 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024. 116. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-118)** Fisher, Max (16 October 2013). ["The forgotten story of Iran Air Flight 655"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/10/16/the-forgotten-story-of-iran-air-flight-655/). *The Washington Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161116080039/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/10/16/the-forgotten-story-of-iran-air-flight-655/) from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2020. 117. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-DavidGiles_119-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-DavidGiles_119-1) Giles, David (2003). *Media Psychology*. [Routledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge "Routledge"). pp. 214–215\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-8058-4049-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-4049-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-4049-0") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [872957625](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/872957625). "Who was responsible for the incident? Coverage of the KAL disaster left little doubt in readers' minds of who the culprits were. *Newsweek's* cover page screamed: "MURDER IN THE AIR ..." The IA disaster was accompanied by soul searching and questioning. "WHY IT HAPPENED" was *Newsweek's* cover line ... In short, the KAL incident was framed as deliberate sabotage by a nation—an act of war—whereas the IA incident was framed as a tragic mistake." 118. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-mondipl920190802_120-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-mondipl920190802_120-1) Halimi, Serge; Rimbert, Pierre (1 August 2019). ["US and Iran, short memories"](https://mondediplo.com/2019/08/02us-iran). *Le Monde diplomatique*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191112014845/https://mondediplo.com/2019/08/02us-iran) from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2019. 119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-122)** Cruikshank, Sally Ann (November 2009). [*U.S. Presidential Politics on the Global Stage: A Content Analysis of 2008 Election Coverage on Al Jazeera, the BBC, and Russia Today*](https://web.archive.org/web/20160927140013/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/rws_etd/document/get/ohiou1257343199/inline) (Master of Science thesis). [E. W. Scripps School of Journalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Scripps_School_of_Journalism "E. W. Scripps School of Journalism"). Archived from [the original](https://etd.ohiolink.edu/rws_etd/document/get/ohiou1257343199/inline) on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016. 120. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-123)** Gupta, Samarth (28 July 2014). ["Hidden Hypocrisy"](http://harvardpolitics.com/world/hidden-hypocrisy/). [Harvard Political Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Political_Review "Harvard Political Review"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160927063213/http://harvardpolitics.com/world/hidden-hypocrisy/) from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016. 121. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-124)** [Pillar, Paul R.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_R._Pillar "Paul R. Pillar") (24 July 2014). ["Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 and Iran Air Flight 655"](http://nationalinterest.org/blog/paul-pillar/malaysia-airlines-flight-17-iran-air-flight-655-10954). *[The National Interest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Interest "The National Interest")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151013072644/http://nationalinterest.org/blog/paul-pillar/malaysia-airlines-flight-17-iran-air-flight-655-10954) from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2016. 122. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-125)** Moore, Molly (23 April 1990). ["2 Vincennes Officers get Medals"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/04/23/2-vincennes-officers-get-medals/cf383f02-05ce-435b-9086-5d61de569ed8/?noredirect=on). *The Washington Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190628224908/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/04/23/2-vincennes-officers-get-medals/cf383f02-05ce-435b-9086-5d61de569ed8/?noredirect=on) from the original on 28 June 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2018. 123. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-medals_126-0)** ["Medals Go To Top Officers in Charge of Vincennes"](https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1990/04/24/medals-go-to-top-officers-in-charge-of-vincennes/). *The Orlando Sentinel*. 24 April 1990. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140831204018/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1990-04-24/news/9004246222_1_uss-vincennes-human-error-medals) from the original on 31 August 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2011. 124. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655#cite_ref-127)** June, Sophia (1 February 2024). ["In *Martyr\!* Kaveh Akbar Is Thinking About Eternity"](https://www.nylon.com/life/kaveh-akbar-martyr-interview). *[Nylon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon_\(magazine\) "Nylon (magazine)")*. Retrieved 3 March 2025. "Cyrus, for example, is a life-long orphan after his mother's flight is shot down by the U.S. army, based on the real-life Iran Air 655 flight." - Barry, John; Charles, Roger (13 July 1992). ["Sea of Lies"](https://archive.org/details/newsweek120julnewy/page/n80/mode/2up). *[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek "Newsweek")*. Vol. 120, no. 2. pp. 29–39. Retrieved 5 May 2021. Also available at [newsweek.com](https://www.newsweek.com/sea-lies-200118), without page numbers. - [Farrokh, Kaveh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaveh_Farrokh "Kaveh Farrokh") (2011). *Iran at War, 1500-1988*. Oxford: [Osprey Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing "Osprey Publishing"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9781780962214](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780962214 "Special:BookSources/9781780962214") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [773578413](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/773578413). - Fogarty, William M. (1988). [Investigation report: Formal investigation into the circumstances surrounding the downing of Iran Air Flight 655 on July 3, 1988](https://time.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/dodvincennes.pdf) (PDF) (Report). [United States Department of Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense "United States Department of Defense"). `{{cite report}}`: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default "Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default")) - [Report of ICAO fact-finding investigation](https://web.archive.org/web/20240716040010/https://applications.icao.int/e5web/execute.aspx?VID=8c38b355-4f71-43de-a872-1abf8ad0ca87&ID=TopicPaneRequest&topicKey=1000001A4793B03D971475A8B97732DCA8EC2CB&control=OCCURRENCE_REPORTING_HISTORY_CONTROL_001&requestType=value&param=150C4A6101814F438141BC0987FC7A71;802;CFB056DE649F400A243542758CC586ADF5A2B4DD) (Report). Montreal: International Civil Aviation Organization. 1988. Archived from [the original](https://applications.icao.int/e5web/execute.aspx?VID=8c38b355-4f71-43de-a872-1abf8ad0ca87&ID=TopicPaneRequest&topicKey=1000001A4793B03D971475A8B97732DCA8EC2CB&control=OCCURRENCE_REPORTING_HISTORY_CONTROL_001&requestType=value&param=150C4A6101814F438141BC0987FC7A71;802;CFB056DE649F400A243542758CC586ADF5A2B4DD) on 16 July 2024. - Alternatively, in order to access the report, visit [the ICAO website](http://applications.icao.int/e5web/default.asp), press `Query` in the header followed by `Execute`. Enter "01/01/1988" as value one and "01/01/1989" as value two and press OK. Press the view icon to see the report. - Islamic Republic of Iran (24 July 1990). ["Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) – Iranian submission"](https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/79/6629.pdf) (PDF). International Court of Justice. Retrieved 6 April 2024. - Kelley, Stephen Andrew (2007). ["Better Lucky Than Good: Operation Earnest Will as Gunboat Diplomacy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070823062402/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/theses/kelley07.pdf) (PDF). [Naval Postgraduate School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School "Naval Postgraduate School"). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [156993037](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/156993037). Archived from [the original](http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/theses/kelley07.pdf) (PDF) on 23 August 2007. - Razoux, Pierre (2015). *The Iran–Iraq War*. Translated by Elliott, Nicholas. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [Harvard University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press "Harvard University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9780674088634](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674088634 "Special:BookSources/9780674088634") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [907204345](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907204345). - United States of America (4 March 1991). *Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) – Preliminary Objections submitted by the United States of America*. International Court of Justice. (uses non-bracketed page numbers) - Zatarain, Lee Allen (2010) \[First published 2008 as 'Tanker War: America's First Conflict with Iran, 1987–88'\]. [*America's First Clash with Iran: The Tanker War, 1987–88*](https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781932033847). Havertown, Pennsylvania: [Casemate Publishers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate_Publishers "Casemate Publishers"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-935149-36-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935149-36-1 "Special:BookSources/978-1-935149-36-1") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [635489155](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/635489155). - International Court of Justice, (2001), [*Case Concerning the Aerial Incident of July 3, 1988: v. 1: Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America*](https://www.icj-cij.org/case/79), United Nations, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [92-1-070845-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-1-070845-8 "Special:BookSources/92-1-070845-8") - Rochlin, Gene I. (1997). *Trapped in the Net: The Unanticipated Consequences of Computerization*. US: Princeton University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-691-01080-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01080-3 "Special:BookSources/0-691-01080-3") . - Rogers, Sharon, (1992) *Storm Center: The USS* Vincennes *and Iran Air Flight 655: A Personal Account of Tragedy and Terrorism*, U.S. Naval Institute Press, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [1-55750-727-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-727-9 "Special:BookSources/1-55750-727-9") - Wise, Harold Lee (2007). [*Inside the Danger Zone: The U.S. Military in the Persian Gulf 1987–88*](http://www.insidethedangerzone.com/). Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-59114-970-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-970-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-970-5") . - [Fisk, Robert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fisk "Robert Fisk"). *The Great War for Civilization – The Conquest of the Middle East*. London: Fourth Estate, 2005. 318–328. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [1-84115-007-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84115-007-X "Special:BookSources/1-84115-007-X") - Marian Nash Leich, "Denial of Liability: Ex Gratia Compensation on a Humanitarian Basis" *American Journal of International Law* Vol. 83 p. 319 (1989) - [USS *Vincennes* Incident; Dan Craig, Dan Morales, Mike Oliver; M.I.T. Aeronautics & Astronautics, Spring 2004](http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-422-human-supervisory-control-of-automated-systems-spring-2004/projects/vincennes.pdf) - ["Assumed Hostile"](https://web.archive.org/web/20041120200344/http://www-scf.usc.edu/~phoh/published/USS_Viccenes.pdf) An academic case study by Pho H. Huynh, Summer 2003 | External images | |---| | [![image icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/20px-Searchtool.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Searchtool.svg) [Pre-accident picture of aircraft at Planepictures.net](https://www.planepictures.net/v3/show_en.php?id=809074) | | [![image icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/20px-Searchtool.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Searchtool.svg) [Pre-accident picture of aircraft at the Aviation Safety Network](https://aviation-safety.net/photo/4282/Airbus-A300B2-203-EP-IBU) |
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