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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa101)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_(Krakauer_book)\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_(Krakauer_book)\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_(Krakauer_book)","crawl_time":1755388772,"first_indexed_time":0,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_(Krakauer_book) s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Into the Wild (Krakauer book) - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"1996 nonfiction book by Jon Krakauer Into the Wild  is a 1996 non-fiction book written by  Jon Krakauer . It is an expansion of a 9,000-word article by Krakauer on  Chris McCandless  titled \"Death of an Innocent\", which appeared in the January 1993 issue of  Outside . [ 2 ]  The book was adapted to  a film of the same name  in 2007, directed by  Sean Penn  with  Emile Hirsch  starring as McCandless.  Into the Wild  is an international bestseller that has been printed in 30 languages and 173 editions and formats. [ 3 ]   The book is widely used as high school and college reading curriculum. [ 3 ] Into the Wild  has been lauded by many reviewers, and in 2019 was listed by  Slate  as one of the 50 best nonfiction works of the past quarter-century. [ 4 ] Christopher Johnson McCandless grew up in suburban  Annandale, Virginia . After graduating in May 1990 with high grades from  Emory University , McCandless ceased communicating with his family, gave away his college fund of $24,500 to  Oxfam , and began traveling across the  Western United States , later abandoning his 1982  Datsun B210  after a  flash flood .\n On April 28, 1992, McCandless hitchhiked to the  Stampede Trail  in  Alaska . There he headed down the snow-covered trail to begin an odyssey with only 10 pounds (4500 g) of rice, a  .22 caliber rifle , several boxes of rifle rounds, a camera, and a small selection of reading material—including a field guide to the region's edible plants,  Tana'ina Plantlore . He declined an acquaintance's offer to buy him sturdier clothing and better supplies. McCandless died sometime around the week of August 18, 1992, after surviving for 113 days.\n On September 6, 1992, Christopher McCandless's body was found in  an abandoned bus  at  63°52′06.23″N 149°46′09.49″W  \/  63.8683972°N 149.7693028°W  \/  63.8683972; -149.7693028  on the  Stampede Trail  in Alaska. [ 5 ]  One year later, author Jon Krakauer retraced McCandless's steps during the two years between college graduation and his demise in Alaska. McCandless shed his legal name early in his journey, adopting the moniker \"Alexander Supertramp\", after  W.H. Davies . He spent time in  Carthage, South Dakota , laboring for months in a  grain elevator  owned by Wayne Westerberg before hitchhiking to Alaska in April 1992. Krakauer interprets McCandless's intensely  ascetic  personality as possibly influenced by the writings of  Henry David Thoreau  and McCandless's favorite writer,  Jack London . He explores the similarities between McCandless's experiences and motivations, and his own as a young man, recounting in detail Krakauer's own attempt to climb  Devils Thumb  in Alaska. Krakauer also relates the stories of some other young men who vanished into the wilderness, such as  Everett Ruess  and  Carl McCunn . In addition, he describes at some length the grief and puzzlement of McCandless's parents, sister Carine, and friends.\n McCandless survived for approximately 113 days in the  Alaskan  wilderness,  foraging  for edible roots and berries, shooting an assortment of  game —including a  moose —and keeping a journal. Although he planned to hike to the coast, the boggy terrain of summer proved too difficult, and he decided instead to live in a derelict camping bus left behind by a road construction company. In July he tried to leave, only to find the route blocked by the  Teklanika River  raging with snow-melt. On July 30, McCandless wrote a journal entry which read, \"Extremely Weak. Fault Of Pot[ato] Seed\". [ 6 ] [ 7 ]  Based on this entry, Krakauer hypothesized that McCandless had been eating what he thought was  the roots of an edible plant,  Hedysarum alpinum , commonly known as wild  Eskimo potato , which are sweet and nourishing in the spring but become too tough to eat in the summer, perhaps forcing McCandless to eat the H. alpinum's seeds instead. Krakauer first speculated that the seeds were actually from  Hedysarum mackenzii , or wild sweet pea, instead of the Eskimo potato, which contained a poisonous  alkaloid , possibly  swainsonine  (the toxic chemical in  locoweed ) or something similar. In addition to neurological symptoms, such as weakness and loss of coordination, the poison causes  starvation  by blocking nutrient metabolism in the body. However, Krakauer later suggested that McCandless had not confused the two plants and had in fact actually eaten  H. alpinum . Krakauer had the  H. alpinum  seeds tested and it was found to contain an unidentifiable form of toxin. [ 8 ] According to Krakauer, a well-nourished person might consume the seeds and survive because the body can use its stores of glucose and amino acids to rid itself of the poison. Since McCandless lived on a diet of rice, lean meat, and wild plants and had less than 10% body fat when he died, Krakauer hypothesized that McCandless was likely unable to fend off the toxins. However, when the Eskimo potatoes from the area around the bus were later tested in a laboratory of the  University of Alaska Fairbanks  by Dr. Thomas Clausen, toxins were not found. Krakauer later modified his hypothesis, suggesting that mold of the variety  Rhizoctonia leguminicola  may have caused McCandless's death.  Rhizoctonia leguminicola  is known to cause digestion problems in livestock, and may have contributed to McCandless's impending starvation. Krakauer hypothesised that the bag in which Chris kept the potato seeds was damp and the seeds thus became moldy. If McCandless had eaten seeds that contained this mold, he could have become sick, and Krakauer suggests that he thus became unable to get out of bed and thus, starved. His basis for the mold hypothesis is a photograph that shows seeds in a bag. Following chemical analysis of the seeds, Krakauer now believes that the seeds themselves are poisonous. [ 9 ] In March 2015, Krakauer co-authored a scientific analysis of the  Hedysarum alpinum  seeds McCandless ate. The report found relatively high levels of L- canavanine  (an  antimetabolite  toxic to mammals) in the  H. alpinum  seeds and concluded \"it is highly likely that the consumption of H. alpinum seeds contributed to the death of Chris McCandless.\" [ 10 ] Into the Wild  addresses the issues of  how to be accepted into society, and how finding oneself sometimes conflicts with being an active member in  society . [ 11 ]  Most critics agree that Chris McCandless left to find some sort of enlightenment. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ]  He also tries to find his way in the wild with minimal material possessions, because \"it made the journey more enjoyable.\" [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ]  His extreme risk-taking was the calling that eventually led to his downfall. [ 15 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] McCandless was influenced by  transcendentalism  and the need to \"revolutionize your life and move into an entirely new realm of experience.\" [ 18 ] Despite its critical acclaim, the book's accuracy has been disputed by some of those involved in McCandless' story, and by some commentators such as Alaskan reporter Craig Medred.  Medred covers a large number of items in the book that are questionable, most of which stem from the extremely limited detail in McCandless' journal.  He concludes that Krakauer had to infer or invent much of McCandless' experiences. Krakauer was criticized for presenting his speculation as fact. Additionally, weather records refute some of the dramatic weather events presented in the story. [ 19 ] A film adaptation was released in September 2007, directed by  Sean Penn  and starring  Emile Hirsch  as McCandless.\n McCandless's story is also the subject of the documentary by  Ron Lamothe  named  The Call of the Wild  (2007). In his study of McCandless's death, Lamothe concludes that McCandless ran out of supplies and game, and starved to death, instead of being poisoned by eating the seeds of the wild potato. [ 20 ] The Christopher Johnson McCandless Memorial Foundation, headed by McCandless's parents Billie and Walt, with the editorial and writing input of family and friends, released the book and DVD  Back to the Wild:  The Photographs & Writings of Christopher McCandless  (2010). The material includes hundreds of McCandless's previously unseen pictures and journal entries. Jon Krakauer has written a piece in the book's introduction, while  Hal Holbrook —who appeared in the Penn film—narrates the DVD. [ 21 ] The bus that McCandless died in became a tourist attraction after the book became popular. The bus was removed on June 18, 2020 due to tourists endangering themselves in the Alaskan wilderness. Members of the  Alaska National Guard   airlifted the bus to an undisclosed location, [ 22 ] [ 23 ]  and then on September 24, 2020, the  University of Alaska Museum of the North  in  Fairbanks  announced the permanent display of the bus. [ 24 ] [ 25 ]","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages)\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/wikipedia.png) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Into+the+Wild+%28Krakauer+book%29 \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Into+the+Wild+%28Krakauer+book%29 \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPersonal tools\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Into+the+Wild+%28Krakauer+book%29 \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Into+the+Wild+%28Krakauer+book%29 \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPages for logged out editors [learn more](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction)\n\n- [Contributions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyContributions \"A list of edits made from this IP address [y]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyTalk \"Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$)\n- [1 Background](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#Background)\n- [2 Summary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#Summary)\n  Toggle Summary subsection\n  - [2\\.1 Cause of death](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#Cause_of_death)\n- [3 Major themes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#Major_themes)\n- [4 Criticism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#Criticism)\n- [5 Adaptations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#Adaptations)\n- [6 Bus exhibit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#Bus_exhibit)\n- [7 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#References)\n- [8 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# *Into the Wild* (Krakauer book)\n23 languages\n\n- [Български](https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%88 \"Сред дивата пустош – Bulgarian\")\n- [Čeština](https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%9At%C4%9Bk_do_divo%C4%8Diny_\$kniha\$ \"Útěk do divočiny (kniha) – Czech\")\n- [Dansk](https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ind_i_Vildmarken \"Ind i Vildmarken – Danish\")\n- [Español](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hacia_rutas_salvajes_\$libro\$ \"Hacia rutas salvajes (libro) – Spanish\")\n- [Esperanto](https:\/\/eo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$libro\$ \"Into the Wild (libro) – Esperanto\")\n- [فارسی](https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B4%DB%8C_\$%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8\$ \"به‌سوی طبیعت وحشی (کتاب) – Persian\")\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voyage_au_bout_de_la_solitude \"Voyage au bout de la solitude – French\")\n- [Հայերեն](https:\/\/hy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_\$%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84\$ \"Վայրի պայմաններում (գիրք) – Armenian\")\n- [Italiano](https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nelle_terre_estreme \"Nelle terre estreme – Italian\")\n- [ქართული](https:\/\/ka.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98 \"ველურ გარემოში – Georgian\")\n- [Latina](https:\/\/la.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild \"Into the Wild – Latin\")\n- [Lietuvių](https:\/\/lt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C4%AE_laukin%C4%AF_pasaul%C4%AF_\$knyga\$ \"Į laukinį pasaulį (knyga) – Lithuanian\")\n- [日本語](https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%8D%92%E9%87%8E%E3%81%B8 \"荒野へ – Japanese\")\n- [Norsk bokmål](https:\/\/no.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild \"Into the Wild – Norwegian Bokmål\")\n- [Polski](https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wszystko_za_%C5%BCycie_\$ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka\$ \"Wszystko za życie (książka) – Polish\")\n- [Português](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild \"Into the Wild – Portuguese\")\n- [Русский](https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%92_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85_\$%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0\$ \"В диких условиях (книга) – Russian\")\n- [Shqip](https:\/\/sq.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Lib%C3%ABr\$ \"Into the Wild (Libër) – Albanian\")\n- [Slovenčina](https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Do_divo%C4%8Diny \"Do divočiny – Slovak\")\n- [Svenska](https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/In_i_vildmarken \"In i vildmarken – Swedish\")\n- [Українська](https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A3_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96_\$%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0\$ \"У дикій глушині (книга) – Ukrainian\")\n- [Vèneto](https:\/\/vec.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild \"Into the Wild – Venetian\")\n- [中文](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%8D%92%E9%87%8E%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%98 \"荒野生存 – Chinese\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q1235125#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$ \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$ \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$ \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related 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code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInto_the_Wild_%28Krakauer_book%29)\n\nPrint\/export\n\n- [Download as PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Into_the_Wild_%28Krakauer_book%29&action=show-download-screen \"Download this page as a PDF file\")\n- [Printable version](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$&printable=yes \"Printable version of this page [p]\")\n\nIn other projects\n\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q1235125 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n[Coordinates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geographic_coordinate_system \"Geographic coordinate system\"): [63°52′06.23″N 149°46′09.49″W \/ 63\\.8683972°N 149.7693028°W \/ 63\\.8683972; -149.7693028](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$&params=63_52_06.23_N_149_46_09.49_W_region:US-AK_type:landmark)\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\n1996 nonfiction book by Jon Krakauer\n\nFor the fantasy novel by Erin Hunter, see [Into the Wild (novel)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$novel\$ \"Into the Wild (novel)\").\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/6\/63\/Into_the_Wild_%28book%29_cover.png\/250px-Into_the_Wild_%28book%29_cover.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Into_the_Wild_\$book\$_cover.png)Cover of paperback, depicting the bus in which McCandless stayed. |   |\n| Author | [Jon Krakauer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jon_Krakauer \"Jon Krakauer\") |\n| Language | English |\n| Genre | Biography\/True travel essay |\n| Publisher | [Villard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Villard_\$imprint\$ \"Villard (imprint)\") |\n| Publication date | January 13, 1996[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-1) |\n| Publication place | United States |\n| Pages | 224 |\n| [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\") | [0-679-42850-X](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-679-42850-X \"Special:BookSources\/0-679-42850-X\") |\n| [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\$identifier\$ \"OCLC (identifier)\") | [35559213](https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/35559213) |\n| [Dewey Decimal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dewey_Decimal_Classification \"Dewey Decimal Classification\") | 917\\.9804\/5 20 |\n| [LC Class](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LCC_\$identifier\$ \"LCC (identifier)\") | CT9971.M38 K73 1997 |\n| Preceded by | *[Eiger Dreams](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eiger_Dreams:_Ventures_Among_Men_and_Mountains \"Eiger Dreams: Ventures Among Men and Mountains\")* |\n| Followed by | *[Into Thin Air](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_Thin_Air \"Into Thin Air\")* |\n\n***Into the Wild*** is a 1996 non-fiction book written by [Jon Krakauer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jon_Krakauer \"Jon Krakauer\"). It is an expansion of a 9,000-word article by Krakauer on [Chris McCandless](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chris_McCandless \"Chris McCandless\") titled \"Death of an Innocent\", which appeared in the January 1993 issue of *[Outside](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outside_\$magazine\$ \"Outside (magazine)\")*.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-2) The book was adapted to [a film of the same name](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$film\$ \"Into the Wild (film)\") in 2007, directed by [Sean Penn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sean_Penn \"Sean Penn\") with [Emile Hirsch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emile_Hirsch \"Emile Hirsch\") starring as McCandless. *Into the Wild* is an international bestseller that has been printed in 30 languages and 173 editions and formats.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-worldcat.org-3) The book is widely used as high school and college reading curriculum.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-worldcat.org-3) *Into the Wild* has been lauded by many reviewers, and in 2019 was listed by *[Slate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slate_\$magazine\$ \"Slate (magazine)\")* as one of the 50 best nonfiction works of the past quarter-century.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-4)\n\n## Background\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Background\")\\]\n\nFurther information: [Christopher McCandless](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christopher_McCandless \"Christopher McCandless\")\n\nChristopher Johnson McCandless grew up in suburban [Annandale, Virginia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Annandale,_Virginia \"Annandale, Virginia\"). After graduating in May 1990 with high grades from [Emory University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emory_University \"Emory University\"), McCandless ceased communicating with his family, gave away his college fund of \\$24,500 to [Oxfam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxfam \"Oxfam\"), and began traveling across the [Western United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_United_States \"Western United States\"), later abandoning his 1982 [Datsun B210](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Datsun_B210 \"Datsun B210\") after a [flash flood](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flash_flood \"Flash flood\").\n\nOn April 28, 1992, McCandless hitchhiked to the [Stampede Trail](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stampede_Trail \"Stampede Trail\") in [Alaska](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alaska \"Alaska\"). There he headed down the snow-covered trail to begin an odyssey with only 10 pounds (4500 g) of rice, a [.22 caliber rifle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Remington_Nylon_66 \"Remington Nylon 66\"), several boxes of rifle rounds, a camera, and a small selection of reading material—including a field guide to the region's edible plants, *Tana'ina Plantlore*. He declined an acquaintance's offer to buy him sturdier clothing and better supplies. McCandless died sometime around the week of August 18, 1992, after surviving for 113 days.\n\n## Summary\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Summary\")\\]\n\nOn September 6, 1992, Christopher McCandless's body was found in [an abandoned bus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stampede_Trail#Bus_142 \"Stampede Trail\") at [63°52′06.23″N 149°46′09.49″W \/ 63\\.8683972°N 149.7693028°W \/ 63\\.8683972; -149.7693028](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$&params=63_52_06.23_N_149_46_09.49_W_region:US-AK_type:landmark) on the [Stampede Trail](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stampede_Trail \"Stampede Trail\") in Alaska.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-5) One year later, author Jon Krakauer retraced McCandless's steps during the two years between college graduation and his demise in Alaska. McCandless shed his legal name early in his journey, adopting the moniker \"Alexander Supertramp\", after [W.H. Davies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/W.H._Davies \"W.H. Davies\"). He spent time in [Carthage, South Dakota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carthage,_South_Dakota \"Carthage, South Dakota\"), laboring for months in a [grain elevator](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grain_elevator \"Grain elevator\") owned by Wayne Westerberg before hitchhiking to Alaska in April 1992. Krakauer interprets McCandless's intensely [ascetic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asceticism \"Asceticism\") personality as possibly influenced by the writings of [Henry David Thoreau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henry_David_Thoreau \"Henry David Thoreau\") and McCandless's favorite writer, [Jack London](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jack_London \"Jack London\"). He explores the similarities between McCandless's experiences and motivations, and his own as a young man, recounting in detail Krakauer's own attempt to climb [Devils Thumb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Devils_Thumb \"Devils Thumb\") in Alaska. Krakauer also relates the stories of some other young men who vanished into the wilderness, such as [Everett Ruess](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Everett_Ruess \"Everett Ruess\") and [Carl McCunn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl_McCunn \"Carl McCunn\"). In addition, he describes at some length the grief and puzzlement of McCandless's parents, sister Carine, and friends.\n\n### Cause of death\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Cause of death\")\\]\n\nMcCandless survived for approximately 113 days in the [Alaskan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alaska \"Alaska\") wilderness, [foraging](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foraging \"Foraging\") for edible roots and berries, shooting an assortment of [game](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Game_\$food\$ \"Game (food)\")—including a [moose](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moose \"Moose\")—and keeping a journal. Although he planned to hike to the coast, the boggy terrain of summer proved too difficult, and he decided instead to live in a derelict camping bus left behind by a road construction company. In July he tried to leave, only to find the route blocked by the [Teklanika River](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teklanika_River \"Teklanika River\") raging with snow-melt. On July 30, McCandless wrote a journal entry which read, \"Extremely Weak. Fault Of Pot\\[ato\\] Seed\".[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-6)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-ADN-7) Based on this entry, Krakauer hypothesized that McCandless had been eating what he thought was the roots of an edible plant, *[Hedysarum alpinum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hedysarum_alpinum \"Hedysarum alpinum\")*, commonly known as wild [Eskimo potato](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hedysarum_alpinum \"Hedysarum alpinum\"), which are sweet and nourishing in the spring but become too tough to eat in the summer, perhaps forcing McCandless to eat the H. alpinum's seeds instead. Krakauer first speculated that the seeds were actually from *[Hedysarum mackenzii](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hedysarum_mackenzii \"Hedysarum mackenzii\")*, or wild sweet pea, instead of the Eskimo potato, which contained a poisonous [alkaloid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alkaloid \"Alkaloid\"), possibly [swainsonine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swainsonine \"Swainsonine\") (the toxic chemical in [locoweed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Locoweed \"Locoweed\")) or something similar. In addition to neurological symptoms, such as weakness and loss of coordination, the poison causes [starvation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Starvation \"Starvation\") by blocking nutrient metabolism in the body. However, Krakauer later suggested that McCandless had not confused the two plants and had in fact actually eaten *H. alpinum*. Krakauer had the *H. alpinum* seeds tested and it was found to contain an unidentifiable form of toxin.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-8)\n\nAccording to Krakauer, a well-nourished person might consume the seeds and survive because the body can use its stores of glucose and amino acids to rid itself of the poison. Since McCandless lived on a diet of rice, lean meat, and wild plants and had less than 10% body fat when he died, Krakauer hypothesized that McCandless was likely unable to fend off the toxins. However, when the Eskimo potatoes from the area around the bus were later tested in a laboratory of the [University of Alaska Fairbanks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Alaska_Fairbanks \"University of Alaska Fairbanks\") by Dr. Thomas Clausen, toxins were not found. Krakauer later modified his hypothesis, suggesting that mold of the variety *[Rhizoctonia leguminicola](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rhizoctonia_leguminicola \"Rhizoctonia leguminicola\")* may have caused McCandless's death. *Rhizoctonia leguminicola* is known to cause digestion problems in livestock, and may have contributed to McCandless's impending starvation. Krakauer hypothesised that the bag in which Chris kept the potato seeds was damp and the seeds thus became moldy. If McCandless had eaten seeds that contained this mold, he could have become sick, and Krakauer suggests that he thus became unable to get out of bed and thus, starved. His basis for the mold hypothesis is a photograph that shows seeds in a bag. Following chemical analysis of the seeds, Krakauer now believes that the seeds themselves are poisonous.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-npr.org-9)\n\nIn March 2015, Krakauer co-authored a scientific analysis of the *Hedysarum alpinum* seeds McCandless ate. The report found relatively high levels of L-[canavanine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canavanine \"Canavanine\") (an [antimetabolite](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antimetabolite \"Antimetabolite\") toxic to mammals) in the *H. alpinum* seeds and concluded \"it is highly likely that the consumption of H. alpinum seeds contributed to the death of Chris McCandless.\"[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-:2-10)\n\n## Major themes\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Major themes\")\\]\n\n*Into the Wild* addresses the issues of how to be accepted into society, and how finding oneself sometimes conflicts with being an active member in [society](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Society \"Society\").[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-First-11) Most critics agree that Chris McCandless left to find some sort of enlightenment.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-First-11)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-12)[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-13)[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-14) He also tries to find his way in the wild with minimal material possessions, because \"it made the journey more enjoyable.\"[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-Kyle-15)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-16)[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-AMY-17) His extreme risk-taking was the calling that eventually led to his downfall.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-Kyle-15)[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-AMY-17)[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-LHaupt-18)\n\nMcCandless was influenced by [transcendentalism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transcendentalism \"Transcendentalism\") and the need to \"revolutionize your life and move into an entirely new realm of experience.\"[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-LHaupt-18)\n\n## Criticism\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Criticism\")\\]\n\nDespite its critical acclaim, the book's accuracy has been disputed by some of those involved in McCandless' story, and by some commentators such as Alaskan reporter Craig Medred. Medred covers a large number of items in the book that are questionable, most of which stem from the extremely limited detail in McCandless' journal. He concludes that Krakauer had to infer or invent much of McCandless' experiences. Krakauer was criticized for presenting his speculation as fact. Additionally, weather records refute some of the dramatic weather events presented in the story.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-19)\n\n## Adaptations\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Adaptations\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Into the Wild (film)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$film\$ \"Into the Wild (film)\")\n\nA film adaptation was released in September 2007, directed by [Sean Penn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sean_Penn \"Sean Penn\") and starring [Emile Hirsch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emile_Hirsch \"Emile Hirsch\") as McCandless.\n\nMcCandless's story is also the subject of the documentary by [Ron Lamothe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ron_Lamothe \"Ron Lamothe\") named *[The Call of the Wild](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Call_of_the_Wild_\$2007_film\$ \"The Call of the Wild (2007 film)\")* (2007). In his study of McCandless's death, Lamothe concludes that McCandless ran out of supplies and game, and starved to death, instead of being poisoned by eating the seeds of the wild potato.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-20)\n\nThe Christopher Johnson McCandless Memorial Foundation, headed by McCandless's parents Billie and Walt, with the editorial and writing input of family and friends, released the book and DVD *Back to the Wild: The Photographs & Writings of Christopher McCandless* (2010). The material includes hundreds of McCandless's previously unseen pictures and journal entries. Jon Krakauer has written a piece in the book's introduction, while [Hal Holbrook](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hal_Holbrook \"Hal Holbrook\")—who appeared in the Penn film—narrates the DVD.[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-21)\n\n## Bus exhibit\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Bus exhibit\")\\]\n\nSee also: [Stampede Trail § Bus 142](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stampede_Trail#Bus_142 \"Stampede Trail\")\n\nThe bus that McCandless died in became a tourist attraction after the book became popular. The bus was removed on June 18, 2020 due to tourists endangering themselves in the Alaskan wilderness. Members of the [Alaska National Guard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alaska_National_Guard \"Alaska National Guard\") airlifted the bus to an undisclosed location,[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-22)[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-23) and then on September 24, 2020, the [University of Alaska Museum of the North](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Alaska_Museum_of_the_North \"University of Alaska Museum of the North\") in [Fairbanks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fairbanks \"Fairbanks\") announced the permanent display of the bus.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-24)[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_note-uaf-25)\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-1)**\n   [*Into the Wild*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=gpQrAQAAIAAJ). Villard Books. 1996. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [9780679428503](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780679428503 \"Special:BookSources\/9780679428503\")\n   \n   . [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230112122601\/https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Into_the_Wild\/gpQrAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=isbn:067942850X) from the original on 2023-01-12. Retrieved 2021-10-07.\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-2)**\n   [\"Death of an Innocent: How Christopher McCandless lost his way in the wilds\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100829060121\/http:\/\/outsideonline.com:80\/outside\/features\/1993\/travel-pf-1993_into_the_wild_1-sidWCMDEV_049864.html). *[Outside](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outside_\$magazine\$ \"Outside (magazine)\")*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/outsideonline.com\/outside\/features\/1993\/travel-pf-1993_into_the_wild_1-sidWCMDEV_049864.html) on 29 August 2010.\n3. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-worldcat.org_3-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-worldcat.org_3-1)\n   *Formats and Editions of Into the wild*. [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\$identifier\$ \"OCLC (identifier)\") [35559213](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/35559213) – via WorldCat.org.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-4)**\n   Miller, Dan Kois, Laura (2019-11-18). [\"The 50 Best Nonfiction Books of the Past 25 Years\"](https:\/\/slate.com\/human-interest\/2019\/11\/50-best-nonfiction-books.html). *Slate Magazine*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20211210142713\/https:\/\/slate.com\/human-interest\/2019\/11\/50-best-nonfiction-books.html) from the original on 2021-12-10. Retrieved 2020-12-03.\n   \n   `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list \"Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list\"))\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-5)**\n   [\"Hiking to the Into The Wild Bus; Arriving At The Bus!\"](https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=l-t0eQ6BPC8). shanesworld. [Archived](https:\/\/ghostarchive.org\/varchive\/youtube\/20211222\/l-t0eQ6BPC8) from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved December 2, 2007 – via YouTube.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-6)** [*Into the Wild*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Xk_YAAAAMAAJ&q=fault), p. 189\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-ADN_7-0)**\n   [\"McCandless' fatal trek: Schizophrenia or pilgrimage?\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080619053951\/http:\/\/dwb.adn.com\/news\/alaska\/mccandless\/story\/9317828p-9232601c.html). *Anchorage Daily News*. April 17, 1996. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/dwb.adn.com\/news\/alaska\/mccandless\/story\/9317828p-9232601c.html) on June 19, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-8)**\n   Krakauer, Jon (1996). *Into The Wild*. New York: Anchor Books. p. 195.\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-npr.org_9-0)**\n   [\"'Into The Wild' Author Tries Science To Solve Toxic Seed Mystery\"](https:\/\/www.npr.org\/blogs\/thesalt\/2015\/05\/01\/403535274\/into-the-wild-author-tries-science-to-solve-toxic-seed-mystery). *NPR.org*. National Public Radio. May 1, 2015. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150512141303\/http:\/\/www.npr.org\/blogs\/thesalt\/2015\/05\/01\/403535274\/into-the-wild-author-tries-science-to-solve-toxic-seed-mystery) from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-:2_10-0)**\n    Krakauer, J., et al. (2015). \"Presence of l-canavanine in Hedysarum alpinum seeds and its potential role in the death of Chris McCandless.\" Wilderness & Environmental Medicine.\n    \n    [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/j.wem.2014.08.014](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.wem.2014.08.014)\n11. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-First_11-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-First_11-1)\n    Anderson, Michael A. (Fall–Winter 2007). [\"Into the Wild Book Review\"](http:\/\/connection.ebscohost.com\/c\/articles\/66419211). *Taproot Journal*. **17** (2): 26–27. Retrieved March 29, 2012.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-12)**\n    Machosky, Michael (October 19, 2007). [\"*Into the Wild* Book Review\"](http:\/\/web.ebscohost.com\/ehost\/detail?sid=9a6654b5-e67d-440f-8da2-08d883ac46b9%40sessionmgr10&vid=1&hid=8&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwLGN1c3R1aWQmY3VzdGlkPXM4NDU1ODYxJnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3D%3D#db=n5h&AN=2W62W63821845915). *Pittsburgh Tribune-Review*. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Retrieved March 29, 2012.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-13)**\n    Kollin, Susan. [\"Into the Wild Book Review\"](http:\/\/connection.ebscohost.com\/c\/articles\/16139007). *American Literary History*. **12** (1\/2). UK: Oxford University Press: 41–78, 38p. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1093\/alh\/12.1-2.41](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Falh%2F12.1-2.41). Retrieved March 29, 2012.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-14)**\n    Raskin, Jonah. [\"Calls of the Wild: On the Page & on the Screen\"](http:\/\/connection.ebscohost.com\/c\/articles\/32007415). *American Book Review*. **29** (4): 3–3, 1p. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1353\/abr.2008.0007](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353%2Fabr.2008.0007). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [144831415](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:144831415). Retrieved March 29, 2012.\n15. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-Kyle_15-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-Kyle_15-1)\n    Dalsted, Kyle (March 2007). [\"*Into the Wild* Book Review\"](http:\/\/connection.ebscohost.com\/c\/articles\/24586432). *Teen Ink*. **18** (7): 27–27, 1\/5p. Retrieved March 29, 2012.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-16)**\n    Williams, Wilda (November 15, 1995). [\"Book reviews: Science & technology\"](http:\/\/connection.ebscohost.com\/c\/articles\/9511297735). *Library Journal*. **120** (19). Media Source, Inc.: 96, 1\/6p. Retrieved March 29, 2012.\n17. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-AMY_17-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-AMY_17-1)\n    Virshup, Amy (May 31, 2009). [\"Where Civilization Exists on the Fringes of the Backcountry\"](https:\/\/archive.nytimes.com\/query.nytimes.com\/gst\/fullpage-9905E0D71F3AF932A05756C0A96F9C8B63.html). *The New York Times*. New York. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180612141733\/https:\/\/archive.nytimes.com\/query.nytimes.com\/gst\/fullpage-9905E0D71F3AF932A05756C0A96F9C8B63.html) from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2018.\n18. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-LHaupt_18-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-LHaupt_18-1)\n    Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (January 4, 1996). [\"Taking Risk to Its 'Logical' Extreme\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/books\/97\/05\/18\/reviews\/krakauer-wild.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171124181728\/http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/books\/97\/05\/18\/reviews\/krakauer-wild.html) from the original on November 24, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2018.\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-19)**\n    Medred, Craig (2016-09-28) \\[2015-01-10\\]. [\"The fiction that is Jon Krakauer's 'Into The Wild'\"](https:\/\/www.adn.com\/books\/article\/fiction-jon-krakauers-wild\/2015\/01\/10\/). *[Alaska Dispatch News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alaska_Dispatch \"Alaska Dispatch\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210411192541\/https:\/\/www.adn.com\/books\/article\/fiction-jon-krakauers-wild\/2015\/01\/10\/) from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2022-02-28 – via adn.com.\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-20)**\n    [\"*The Call of the Wild* film\"](http:\/\/www.tifilms.com\/wild\/call_intro.htm). *tifilms.com*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081205075548\/http:\/\/www.tifilms.com\/wild\/call_intro.htm) from the original on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2008-11-25.\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-21)**\n    [\"Back to the Wild. The Photographs & Writings of Christopher McCandless\"](http:\/\/www.backtothewildbook.org\/). Christopher Johnson McCandless Memorial Foundation. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191028183406\/http:\/\/backtothewildbook.org\/) from the original on October 28, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2012 – via backtothewildbook.org.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-22)**\n    Bohrer, Becky (June 18, 2020). [\"'Into the Wild' bus removed from Alaska backcountry\"](https:\/\/www.startribune.com\/into-the-wild-bus-removed-from-alaska-backcountry\/571358682\/). *[Star Tribune](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Star_Tribune \"Star Tribune\")*. [AP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200706085700\/https:\/\/www.startribune.com\/into-the-wild-bus-removed-from-alaska-backcountry\/571358682\/) from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved August 12, 2020.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-23)**\n    Horton, Alex. [\"*Into the Wild* author torn over removal of iconic bus: 'I wrote the book that ruined it'\"](https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/national-security\/2020\/06\/19\/into-the-wild-bus\/). *[The Washington Post](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200620074946\/https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/national-security\/2020\/06\/19\/into-the-wild-bus\/) from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-24)**\n    [\"Bus 142 \\| Museum of The North\"](https:\/\/www.uaf.edu\/museum\/collections\/ethno\/projects\/bus_142\/index.php). *University of Alaska*. September 24, 2020. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201130170335\/https:\/\/www.uaf.edu\/museum\/collections\/ethno\/projects\/bus_142\/index.php) from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2020.\n25. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$#cite_ref-uaf_25-0)**\n    Osborne, Ryan (24 September 2020). [\"Famous McCandless 'Bus 142' moved to UAF's Museum of the North\"](https:\/\/www.alaskasnewssource.com\/2020\/09\/24\/famous-mccandless-bus-142-moved-to-uafs-museum-of-the-north\/). *Alaska's News Source*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200925201903\/https:\/\/www.alaskasnewssource.com\/2020\/09\/24\/famous-mccandless-bus-142-moved-to-uafs-museum-of-the-north\/) from the original on 2020-09-25. Retrieved 2020-09-25.\n\n## External links\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_\$Krakauer_book\$&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: External links\")\\]\n\n- [*Back To The Wild*](http:\/\/www.backtothewildbook.org\/), following up from the original book\n- [*Finding Into the Wild's Magic Bus*](http:\/\/www.freewheelings.com\/visiting-into-the-wild-magic-bus\/) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201003171022\/https:\/\/www.freewheelings.com\/visiting-into-the-wild-magic-bus\/) 2020-10-03 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"), book inspired trip to the magic bus and a complete guide to finding it\n- [Hiking The Stampede Trail](http:\/\/pathfinderalaska.com\/stampedetrail\/index.php), a guide to hiking to Bus 142 on the Stampede Trail.\n- *The Wild Truth* by [Carine McCandless](http:\/\/www.carinemccandless.com\/),\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [978-0-06-232515-0](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-06-232515-0 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-06-232515-0\")\n  , detailing what it was like growing-up in the McCandless household.\n- [*The Call of the Wild*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Call_of_the_Wild_\$2007_film\$ \"The Call of the Wild (2007 film)\"), a 2007 documentary about McCandless made by [Ron Lamothe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ron_Lamothe \"Ron Lamothe\").\n- [*Vagabond*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vagabond_\$1985_film\$ \"Vagabond (1985 film)\"), a 1985 French film that deals with a similar theme\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Jon_Krakauer \"Template:Jon Krakauer\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Jon_Krakauer \"Template talk:Jon Krakauer\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Jon_Krakauer \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Jon Krakauer\")[Jon Krakauer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jon_Krakauer \"Jon Krakauer\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| Books | *[Eiger Dreams: Ventures Among Men and Mountains](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eiger_Dreams \"Eiger Dreams\")* (1990) *[Into the Wild]()* (1996) *[Into Thin Air](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_Thin_Air \"Into Thin Air\")* (1997) *[Under the Banner of Heaven](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Under_the_Banner_of_Heaven \"Under the Banner of Heaven\")* (2003) *[Where Men Win Glory: The Odyssey of Pat Tillman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Where_Men_Win_Glory \"Where Men Win Glory\")* (2009) *[Three Cups of Deceit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Three_Cups_of_Deceit \"Three Cups of Deceit\")* (2011) *[Missoula: Rape and the Justice System in a College Town](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Missoula:_Rape_and_the_Justice_System_in_a_College_Town \"Missoula: Rape and the Justice System in a College Town\")* (2015) |\n| Film and television adaptations | *[Into Thin Air: Death on Everest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_Thin_Air:_Death_on_Everest \"Into Thin Air: Death on Everest\")* (1997) *[Into the Wild](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Into_the_Wild_\$film\$ \"Into the Wild (film)\")* (2007) *[Everest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Everest_\$2015_film\$ \"Everest (2015 film)\")* (2015) *[Under the Banner of Heaven](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Under_the_Banner_of_Heaven_\$miniseries\$ \"Under the Banner of Heaven (miniseries)\")* (2022) |\n\n![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1&usesul3=1)\n\nRetrieved from \"<https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_(Krakauer_book)&oldid=1295614074>\"\n\n[Categories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Category \"Help:Category\"):\n\n- [Chris McCandless](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Chris_McCandless \"Category:Chris McCandless\")\n- [1996 non-fiction 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Boilerpipe Text	1996 nonfiction book by Jon Krakauer Into the Wild is a 1996 non-fiction book written by Jon Krakauer . It is an expansion of a 9,000-word article by Krakauer on Chris McCandless titled "Death of an Innocent", which appeared in the January 1993 issue of Outside . [ 2 ] The book was adapted to a film of the same name in 2007, directed by Sean Penn with Emile Hirsch starring as McCandless. Into the Wild is an international bestseller that has been printed in 30 languages and 173 editions and formats. [ 3 ] The book is widely used as high school and college reading curriculum. [ 3 ] Into the Wild has been lauded by many reviewers, and in 2019 was listed by Slate as one of the 50 best nonfiction works of the past quarter-century. [ 4 ] Christopher Johnson McCandless grew up in suburban Annandale, Virginia . After graduating in May 1990 with high grades from Emory University , McCandless ceased communicating with his family, gave away his college fund of $24,500 to Oxfam , and began traveling across the Western United States , later abandoning his 1982 Datsun B210 after a flash flood . On April 28, 1992, McCandless hitchhiked to the Stampede Trail in Alaska . There he headed down the snow-covered trail to begin an odyssey with only 10 pounds (4500 g) of rice, a .22 caliber rifle , several boxes of rifle rounds, a camera, and a small selection of reading material—including a field guide to the region's edible plants, Tana'ina Plantlore . He declined an acquaintance's offer to buy him sturdier clothing and better supplies. McCandless died sometime around the week of August 18, 1992, after surviving for 113 days. On September 6, 1992, Christopher McCandless's body was found in an abandoned bus at 63°52′06.23″N 149°46′09.49″W / 63.8683972°N 149.7693028°W / 63.8683972; -149.7693028 on the Stampede Trail in Alaska. [ 5 ] One year later, author Jon Krakauer retraced McCandless's steps during the two years between college graduation and his demise in Alaska. McCandless shed his legal name early in his journey, adopting the moniker "Alexander Supertramp", after W.H. Davies . He spent time in Carthage, South Dakota , laboring for months in a grain elevator owned by Wayne Westerberg before hitchhiking to Alaska in April 1992. Krakauer interprets McCandless's intensely ascetic personality as possibly influenced by the writings of Henry David Thoreau and McCandless's favorite writer, Jack London . He explores the similarities between McCandless's experiences and motivations, and his own as a young man, recounting in detail Krakauer's own attempt to climb Devils Thumb in Alaska. Krakauer also relates the stories of some other young men who vanished into the wilderness, such as Everett Ruess and Carl McCunn . In addition, he describes at some length the grief and puzzlement of McCandless's parents, sister Carine, and friends. McCandless survived for approximately 113 days in the Alaskan wilderness, foraging for edible roots and berries, shooting an assortment of game —including a moose —and keeping a journal. Although he planned to hike to the coast, the boggy terrain of summer proved too difficult, and he decided instead to live in a derelict camping bus left behind by a road construction company. In July he tried to leave, only to find the route blocked by the Teklanika River raging with snow-melt. On July 30, McCandless wrote a journal entry which read, "Extremely Weak. Fault Of Pot[ato] Seed". [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Based on this entry, Krakauer hypothesized that McCandless had been eating what he thought was the roots of an edible plant, Hedysarum alpinum , commonly known as wild Eskimo potato , which are sweet and nourishing in the spring but become too tough to eat in the summer, perhaps forcing McCandless to eat the H. alpinum's seeds instead. Krakauer first speculated that the seeds were actually from Hedysarum mackenzii , or wild sweet pea, instead of the Eskimo potato, which contained a poisonous alkaloid , possibly swainsonine (the toxic chemical in locoweed ) or something similar. In addition to neurological symptoms, such as weakness and loss of coordination, the poison causes starvation by blocking nutrient metabolism in the body. However, Krakauer later suggested that McCandless had not confused the two plants and had in fact actually eaten H. alpinum . Krakauer had the H. alpinum seeds tested and it was found to contain an unidentifiable form of toxin. [ 8 ] According to Krakauer, a well-nourished person might consume the seeds and survive because the body can use its stores of glucose and amino acids to rid itself of the poison. Since McCandless lived on a diet of rice, lean meat, and wild plants and had less than 10% body fat when he died, Krakauer hypothesized that McCandless was likely unable to fend off the toxins. However, when the Eskimo potatoes from the area around the bus were later tested in a laboratory of the University of Alaska Fairbanks by Dr. Thomas Clausen, toxins were not found. Krakauer later modified his hypothesis, suggesting that mold of the variety Rhizoctonia leguminicola may have caused McCandless's death. Rhizoctonia leguminicola is known to cause digestion problems in livestock, and may have contributed to McCandless's impending starvation. Krakauer hypothesised that the bag in which Chris kept the potato seeds was damp and the seeds thus became moldy. If McCandless had eaten seeds that contained this mold, he could have become sick, and Krakauer suggests that he thus became unable to get out of bed and thus, starved. His basis for the mold hypothesis is a photograph that shows seeds in a bag. Following chemical analysis of the seeds, Krakauer now believes that the seeds themselves are poisonous. [ 9 ] In March 2015, Krakauer co-authored a scientific analysis of the Hedysarum alpinum seeds McCandless ate. The report found relatively high levels of L- canavanine (an antimetabolite toxic to mammals) in the H. alpinum seeds and concluded "it is highly likely that the consumption of H. alpinum seeds contributed to the death of Chris McCandless." [ 10 ] Into the Wild addresses the issues of how to be accepted into society, and how finding oneself sometimes conflicts with being an active member in society . [ 11 ] Most critics agree that Chris McCandless left to find some sort of enlightenment. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] He also tries to find his way in the wild with minimal material possessions, because "it made the journey more enjoyable." [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] His extreme risk-taking was the calling that eventually led to his downfall. [ 15 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] McCandless was influenced by transcendentalism and the need to "revolutionize your life and move into an entirely new realm of experience." [ 18 ] Despite its critical acclaim, the book's accuracy has been disputed by some of those involved in McCandless' story, and by some commentators such as Alaskan reporter Craig Medred. Medred covers a large number of items in the book that are questionable, most of which stem from the extremely limited detail in McCandless' journal. He concludes that Krakauer had to infer or invent much of McCandless' experiences. Krakauer was criticized for presenting his speculation as fact. Additionally, weather records refute some of the dramatic weather events presented in the story. [ 19 ] A film adaptation was released in September 2007, directed by Sean Penn and starring Emile Hirsch as McCandless. McCandless's story is also the subject of the documentary by Ron Lamothe named The Call of the Wild (2007). In his study of McCandless's death, Lamothe concludes that McCandless ran out of supplies and game, and starved to death, instead of being poisoned by eating the seeds of the wild potato. [ 20 ] The Christopher Johnson McCandless Memorial Foundation, headed by McCandless's parents Billie and Walt, with the editorial and writing input of family and friends, released the book and DVD Back to the Wild: The Photographs & Writings of Christopher McCandless (2010). The material includes hundreds of McCandless's previously unseen pictures and journal entries. Jon Krakauer has written a piece in the book's introduction, while Hal Holbrook —who appeared in the Penn film—narrates the DVD. [ 21 ] The bus that McCandless died in became a tourist attraction after the book became popular. The bus was removed on June 18, 2020 due to tourists endangering themselves in the Alaskan wilderness. Members of the Alaska National Guard airlifted the bus to an undisclosed location, [ 22 ] [ 23 ] and then on September 24, 2020, the University of Alaska Museum of the North in Fairbanks announced the permanent display of the bus. [ 24 ] [ 25 ]
Markdown	[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Into+the+Wild+%28Krakauer+book%29 "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Into+the+Wild+%28Krakauer+book%29 "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[Download as PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Into_the_Wild_%28Krakauer_book%29&action=show-download-screen "Download this page as a PDF file") - [Printable version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]") In other projects - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1235125 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide [Coordinates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system "Geographic coordinate system"): [63°52′06.23″N 149°46′09.49″W / 63\.8683972°N 149.7693028°W / 63\.8683972; -149.7693028](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$&params=63_52_06.23_N_149_46_09.49_W_region:US-AK_type:landmark) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1996 nonfiction book by Jon Krakauer For the fantasy novel by Erin Hunter, see [Into the Wild (novel)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$novel$ "Into the Wild (novel)"). \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/63/Into_the_Wild_%28book%29_cover.png/250px-Into_the_Wild_%28book%29_cover.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Into_the_Wild_$book$_cover.png)Cover of paperback, depicting the bus in which McCandless stayed. \| \| \| Author \| [Jon Krakauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Krakauer "Jon Krakauer") \| \| Language \| English \| \| Genre \| Biography/True travel essay \| \| Publisher \| [Villard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villard_$imprint$ "Villard (imprint)") \| \| Publication date \| January 13, 1996[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-1) \| \| Publication place \| United States \| \| Pages \| 224 \| \| [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") \| [0-679-42850-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-42850-X "Special:BookSources/0-679-42850-X") \| \| [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_$identifier$ "OCLC (identifier)") \| [35559213](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35559213) \| \| [Dewey Decimal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification "Dewey Decimal Classification") \| 917\.9804/5 20 \| \| [LC Class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCC_$identifier$ "LCC (identifier)") \| CT9971.M38 K73 1997 \| \| Preceded by \| [Eiger Dreams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiger_Dreams:_Ventures_Among_Men_and_Mountains "Eiger Dreams: Ventures Among Men and Mountains") \| \| Followed by \| [Into Thin Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_Thin_Air "Into Thin Air") \| *Into the Wild* is a 1996 non-fiction book written by [Jon Krakauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Krakauer "Jon Krakauer"). It is an expansion of a 9,000-word article by Krakauer on [Chris McCandless](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_McCandless "Chris McCandless") titled "Death of an Innocent", which appeared in the January 1993 issue of [Outside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_$magazine$ "Outside (magazine)").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-2) The book was adapted to [a film of the same name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$film$ "Into the Wild (film)") in 2007, directed by [Sean Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Penn "Sean Penn") with [Emile Hirsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Hirsch "Emile Hirsch") starring as McCandless. Into the Wild is an international bestseller that has been printed in 30 languages and 173 editions and formats.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-worldcat.org-3) The book is widely used as high school and college reading curriculum.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-worldcat.org-3) Into the Wild has been lauded by many reviewers, and in 2019 was listed by [Slate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_$magazine$ "Slate (magazine)") as one of the 50 best nonfiction works of the past quarter-century.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-4) ## Background \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Background")\] Further information: [Christopher McCandless](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_McCandless "Christopher McCandless") Christopher Johnson McCandless grew up in suburban [Annandale, Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annandale,_Virginia "Annandale, Virginia"). After graduating in May 1990 with high grades from [Emory University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_University "Emory University"), McCandless ceased communicating with his family, gave away his college fund of \$24,500 to [Oxfam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfam "Oxfam"), and began traveling across the [Western United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States "Western United States"), later abandoning his 1982 [Datsun B210](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datsun_B210 "Datsun B210") after a [flash flood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_flood "Flash flood"). On April 28, 1992, McCandless hitchhiked to the [Stampede Trail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampede_Trail "Stampede Trail") in [Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska "Alaska"). There he headed down the snow-covered trail to begin an odyssey with only 10 pounds (4500 g) of rice, a [.22 caliber rifle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Nylon_66 "Remington Nylon 66"), several boxes of rifle rounds, a camera, and a small selection of reading material—including a field guide to the region's edible plants, Tana'ina Plantlore. He declined an acquaintance's offer to buy him sturdier clothing and better supplies. McCandless died sometime around the week of August 18, 1992, after surviving for 113 days. ## Summary \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Summary")\] On September 6, 1992, Christopher McCandless's body was found in [an abandoned bus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampede_Trail#Bus_142 "Stampede Trail") at [63°52′06.23″N 149°46′09.49″W / 63\.8683972°N 149.7693028°W / 63\.8683972; -149.7693028](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$&params=63_52_06.23_N_149_46_09.49_W_region:US-AK_type:landmark) on the [Stampede Trail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampede_Trail "Stampede Trail") in Alaska.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-5) One year later, author Jon Krakauer retraced McCandless's steps during the two years between college graduation and his demise in Alaska. McCandless shed his legal name early in his journey, adopting the moniker "Alexander Supertramp", after [W.H. Davies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.H._Davies "W.H. Davies"). He spent time in [Carthage, South Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage,_South_Dakota "Carthage, South Dakota"), laboring for months in a [grain elevator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_elevator "Grain elevator") owned by Wayne Westerberg before hitchhiking to Alaska in April 1992. Krakauer interprets McCandless's intensely [ascetic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asceticism "Asceticism") personality as possibly influenced by the writings of [Henry David Thoreau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau "Henry David Thoreau") and McCandless's favorite writer, [Jack London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_London "Jack London"). He explores the similarities between McCandless's experiences and motivations, and his own as a young man, recounting in detail Krakauer's own attempt to climb [Devils Thumb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devils_Thumb "Devils Thumb") in Alaska. Krakauer also relates the stories of some other young men who vanished into the wilderness, such as [Everett Ruess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_Ruess "Everett Ruess") and [Carl McCunn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_McCunn "Carl McCunn"). In addition, he describes at some length the grief and puzzlement of McCandless's parents, sister Carine, and friends. ### Cause of death \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Cause of death")\] McCandless survived for approximately 113 days in the [Alaskan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska "Alaska") wilderness, [foraging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraging "Foraging") for edible roots and berries, shooting an assortment of [game](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_$food$ "Game (food)")—including a [moose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose "Moose")—and keeping a journal. Although he planned to hike to the coast, the boggy terrain of summer proved too difficult, and he decided instead to live in a derelict camping bus left behind by a road construction company. In July he tried to leave, only to find the route blocked by the [Teklanika River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teklanika_River "Teklanika River") raging with snow-melt. On July 30, McCandless wrote a journal entry which read, "Extremely Weak. Fault Of Pot\[ato\] Seed".[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-6)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-ADN-7) Based on this entry, Krakauer hypothesized that McCandless had been eating what he thought was the roots of an edible plant, [Hedysarum alpinum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedysarum_alpinum "Hedysarum alpinum"), commonly known as wild [Eskimo potato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedysarum_alpinum "Hedysarum alpinum"), which are sweet and nourishing in the spring but become too tough to eat in the summer, perhaps forcing McCandless to eat the H. alpinum's seeds instead. Krakauer first speculated that the seeds were actually from [Hedysarum mackenzii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedysarum_mackenzii "Hedysarum mackenzii"), or wild sweet pea, instead of the Eskimo potato, which contained a poisonous [alkaloid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid "Alkaloid"), possibly [swainsonine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swainsonine "Swainsonine") (the toxic chemical in [locoweed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locoweed "Locoweed")) or something similar. In addition to neurological symptoms, such as weakness and loss of coordination, the poison causes [starvation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation "Starvation") by blocking nutrient metabolism in the body. However, Krakauer later suggested that McCandless had not confused the two plants and had in fact actually eaten H. alpinum. Krakauer had the H. alpinum seeds tested and it was found to contain an unidentifiable form of toxin.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-8) According to Krakauer, a well-nourished person might consume the seeds and survive because the body can use its stores of glucose and amino acids to rid itself of the poison. Since McCandless lived on a diet of rice, lean meat, and wild plants and had less than 10% body fat when he died, Krakauer hypothesized that McCandless was likely unable to fend off the toxins. However, when the Eskimo potatoes from the area around the bus were later tested in a laboratory of the [University of Alaska Fairbanks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alaska_Fairbanks "University of Alaska Fairbanks") by Dr. Thomas Clausen, toxins were not found. Krakauer later modified his hypothesis, suggesting that mold of the variety [Rhizoctonia leguminicola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizoctonia_leguminicola "Rhizoctonia leguminicola") may have caused McCandless's death. Rhizoctonia leguminicola is known to cause digestion problems in livestock, and may have contributed to McCandless's impending starvation. Krakauer hypothesised that the bag in which Chris kept the potato seeds was damp and the seeds thus became moldy. If McCandless had eaten seeds that contained this mold, he could have become sick, and Krakauer suggests that he thus became unable to get out of bed and thus, starved. His basis for the mold hypothesis is a photograph that shows seeds in a bag. Following chemical analysis of the seeds, Krakauer now believes that the seeds themselves are poisonous.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-npr.org-9) In March 2015, Krakauer co-authored a scientific analysis of the Hedysarum alpinum seeds McCandless ate. The report found relatively high levels of L-[canavanine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canavanine "Canavanine") (an [antimetabolite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimetabolite "Antimetabolite") toxic to mammals) in the H. alpinum seeds and concluded "it is highly likely that the consumption of H. alpinum seeds contributed to the death of Chris McCandless."[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-:2-10) ## Major themes \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Major themes")\] Into the Wild addresses the issues of how to be accepted into society, and how finding oneself sometimes conflicts with being an active member in [society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society "Society").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-First-11) Most critics agree that Chris McCandless left to find some sort of enlightenment.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-First-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-12)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-13)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-14) He also tries to find his way in the wild with minimal material possessions, because "it made the journey more enjoyable."[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-Kyle-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-16)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-AMY-17) His extreme risk-taking was the calling that eventually led to his downfall.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-Kyle-15)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-AMY-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-LHaupt-18) McCandless was influenced by [transcendentalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalism "Transcendentalism") and the need to "revolutionize your life and move into an entirely new realm of experience."[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-LHaupt-18) ## Criticism \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Criticism")\] Despite its critical acclaim, the book's accuracy has been disputed by some of those involved in McCandless' story, and by some commentators such as Alaskan reporter Craig Medred. Medred covers a large number of items in the book that are questionable, most of which stem from the extremely limited detail in McCandless' journal. He concludes that Krakauer had to infer or invent much of McCandless' experiences. Krakauer was criticized for presenting his speculation as fact. Additionally, weather records refute some of the dramatic weather events presented in the story.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-19) ## Adaptations \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Adaptations")\] Main article: [Into the Wild (film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$film$ "Into the Wild (film)") A film adaptation was released in September 2007, directed by [Sean Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Penn "Sean Penn") and starring [Emile Hirsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Hirsch "Emile Hirsch") as McCandless. McCandless's story is also the subject of the documentary by [Ron Lamothe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Lamothe "Ron Lamothe") named [The Call of the Wild](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_the_Wild_$2007_film$ "The Call of the Wild (2007 film)") (2007). In his study of McCandless's death, Lamothe concludes that McCandless ran out of supplies and game, and starved to death, instead of being poisoned by eating the seeds of the wild potato.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-20) The Christopher Johnson McCandless Memorial Foundation, headed by McCandless's parents Billie and Walt, with the editorial and writing input of family and friends, released the book and DVD Back to the Wild: The Photographs & Writings of Christopher McCandless (2010). The material includes hundreds of McCandless's previously unseen pictures and journal entries. Jon Krakauer has written a piece in the book's introduction, while [Hal Holbrook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Holbrook "Hal Holbrook")—who appeared in the Penn film—narrates the DVD.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-21) ## Bus exhibit \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Bus exhibit")\] See also: [Stampede Trail § Bus 142](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampede_Trail#Bus_142 "Stampede Trail") The bus that McCandless died in became a tourist attraction after the book became popular. The bus was removed on June 18, 2020 due to tourists endangering themselves in the Alaskan wilderness. Members of the [Alaska National Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_National_Guard "Alaska National Guard") airlifted the bus to an undisclosed location,[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-22)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-23) and then on September 24, 2020, the [University of Alaska Museum of the North](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alaska_Museum_of_the_North "University of Alaska Museum of the North") in [Fairbanks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairbanks "Fairbanks") announced the permanent display of the bus.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_note-uaf-25) ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: References")\] 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-1) [Into the Wild](https://books.google.com/books?id=gpQrAQAAIAAJ). Villard Books. 1996. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9780679428503](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679428503 "Special:BookSources/9780679428503") . [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230112122601/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Into_the_Wild/gpQrAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=isbn:067942850X) from the original on 2023-01-12. Retrieved 2021-10-07. 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-2) ["Death of an Innocent: How Christopher McCandless lost his way in the wilds"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100829060121/http://outsideonline.com:80/outside/features/1993/travel-pf-1993_into_the_wild_1-sidWCMDEV_049864.html). [Outside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_$magazine$ "Outside (magazine)"). Archived from [the original](http://outsideonline.com/outside/features/1993/travel-pf-1993_into_the_wild_1-sidWCMDEV_049864.html) on 29 August 2010. 3. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-worldcat.org_3-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-worldcat.org_3-1) Formats and Editions of Into the wild. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_$identifier$ "OCLC (identifier)") [35559213](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35559213) – via WorldCat.org. 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-4)* Miller, Dan Kois, Laura (2019-11-18). ["The 50 Best Nonfiction Books of the Past 25 Years"](https://slate.com/human-interest/2019/11/50-best-nonfiction-books.html). Slate Magazine. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211210142713/https://slate.com/human-interest/2019/11/50-best-nonfiction-books.html) from the original on 2021-12-10. Retrieved 2020-12-03. `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list")) 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-5) ["Hiking to the Into The Wild Bus; Arriving At The Bus!"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-t0eQ6BPC8). shanesworld. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/l-t0eQ6BPC8) from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved December 2, 2007 – via YouTube. 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-6) [Into the Wild](https://books.google.com/books?id=Xk_YAAAAMAAJ&q=fault), p. 189 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-ADN_7-0) ["McCandless' fatal trek: Schizophrenia or pilgrimage?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080619053951/http://dwb.adn.com/news/alaska/mccandless/story/9317828p-9232601c.html). Anchorage Daily News. April 17, 1996. Archived from [the original](http://dwb.adn.com/news/alaska/mccandless/story/9317828p-9232601c.html) on June 19, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. 8. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-8) Krakauer, Jon (1996). Into The Wild. New York: Anchor Books. p. 195. 9. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-npr.org_9-0) ["'Into The Wild' Author Tries Science To Solve Toxic Seed Mystery"](https://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/05/01/403535274/into-the-wild-author-tries-science-to-solve-toxic-seed-mystery). NPR.org. National Public Radio. May 1, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150512141303/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/05/01/403535274/into-the-wild-author-tries-science-to-solve-toxic-seed-mystery) from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015. 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-:2_10-0) Krakauer, J., et al. (2015). "Presence of l-canavanine in Hedysarum alpinum seeds and its potential role in the death of Chris McCandless." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.wem.2014.08.014](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wem.2014.08.014) 11. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-First_11-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-First_11-1) Anderson, Michael A. (Fall–Winter 2007). ["Into the Wild Book Review"](http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/66419211). Taproot Journal. 17* (2): 26–27. Retrieved March 29, 2012. 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-12) Machosky, Michael (October 19, 2007). ["Into the Wild Book Review"](http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=9a6654b5-e67d-440f-8da2-08d883ac46b9%40sessionmgr10&vid=1&hid=8&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwLGN1c3R1aWQmY3VzdGlkPXM4NDU1ODYxJnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3D%3D#db=n5h&AN=2W62W63821845915). Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Retrieved March 29, 2012. 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-13) Kollin, Susan. ["Into the Wild Book Review"](http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/16139007). American Literary History. 12 (1/2). UK: Oxford University Press: 41–78, 38p. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1093/alh/12.1-2.41](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Falh%2F12.1-2.41). Retrieved March 29, 2012. 14. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-14) Raskin, Jonah. ["Calls of the Wild: On the Page & on the Screen"](http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/32007415). American Book Review. 29 (4): 3–3, 1p. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1353/abr.2008.0007](https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fabr.2008.0007). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [144831415](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144831415). Retrieved March 29, 2012. 15. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-Kyle_15-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-Kyle_15-1) Dalsted, Kyle (March 2007). ["Into the Wild* Book Review"](http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/24586432). Teen Ink. 18 (7): 27–27, 1/5p. Retrieved March 29, 2012. 16. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-16) Williams, Wilda (November 15, 1995). ["Book reviews: Science & technology"](http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/9511297735). Library Journal. 120 (19). Media Source, Inc.: 96, 1/6p. Retrieved March 29, 2012. 17. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-AMY_17-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-AMY_17-1) Virshup, Amy (May 31, 2009). ["Where Civilization Exists on the Fringes of the Backcountry"](https://archive.nytimes.com/query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage-9905E0D71F3AF932A05756C0A96F9C8B63.html). The New York Times. New York. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141733/https://archive.nytimes.com/query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage-9905E0D71F3AF932A05756C0A96F9C8B63.html) from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2018. 18. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-LHaupt_18-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-LHaupt_18-1) Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (January 4, 1996). ["Taking Risk to Its 'Logical' Extreme"](https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/18/reviews/krakauer-wild.html). The New York Times. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171124181728/http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/18/reviews/krakauer-wild.html) from the original on November 24, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2018. 19. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-19)* Medred, Craig (2016-09-28) \[2015-01-10\]. ["The fiction that is Jon Krakauer's 'Into The Wild'"](https://www.adn.com/books/article/fiction-jon-krakauers-wild/2015/01/10/). [Alaska Dispatch News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Dispatch "Alaska Dispatch"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210411192541/https://www.adn.com/books/article/fiction-jon-krakauers-wild/2015/01/10/) from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2022-02-28 – via adn.com. 20. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-20) ["The Call of the Wild film"](http://www.tifilms.com/wild/call_intro.htm). tifilms.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081205075548/http://www.tifilms.com/wild/call_intro.htm) from the original on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2008-11-25. 21. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-21) ["Back to the Wild. The Photographs & Writings of Christopher McCandless"](http://www.backtothewildbook.org/). Christopher Johnson McCandless Memorial Foundation. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191028183406/http://backtothewildbook.org/) from the original on October 28, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2012 – via backtothewildbook.org. 22. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-22) Bohrer, Becky (June 18, 2020). ["'Into the Wild' bus removed from Alaska backcountry"](https://www.startribune.com/into-the-wild-bus-removed-from-alaska-backcountry/571358682/). [Star Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Tribune "Star Tribune"). [AP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200706085700/https://www.startribune.com/into-the-wild-bus-removed-from-alaska-backcountry/571358682/) from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved August 12, 2020. 23. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-23) Horton, Alex. ["Into the Wild author torn over removal of iconic bus: 'I wrote the book that ruined it'"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2020/06/19/into-the-wild-bus/). [The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200620074946/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2020/06/19/into-the-wild-bus/) from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020. 24. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-24) ["Bus 142 \\| Museum of The North"](https://www.uaf.edu/museum/collections/ethno/projects/bus_142/index.php). University of Alaska. September 24, 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201130170335/https://www.uaf.edu/museum/collections/ethno/projects/bus_142/index.php) from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2020. 25. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$#cite_ref-uaf_25-0) Osborne, Ryan (24 September 2020). ["Famous McCandless 'Bus 142' moved to UAF's Museum of the North"](https://www.alaskasnewssource.com/2020/09/24/famous-mccandless-bus-142-moved-to-uafs-museum-of-the-north/). Alaska's News Source. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200925201903/https://www.alaskasnewssource.com/2020/09/24/famous-mccandless-bus-142-moved-to-uafs-museum-of-the-north/) from the original on 2020-09-25. Retrieved 2020-09-25. ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_$Krakauer_book$&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: External links")\] - [Back To The Wild](http://www.backtothewildbook.org/), following up from the original book - [Finding Into the Wild's Magic Bus](http://www.freewheelings.com/visiting-into-the-wild-magic-bus/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201003171022/https://www.freewheelings.com/visiting-into-the-wild-magic-bus/) 2020-10-03 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), book inspired trip to the magic bus and a complete guide to finding it - [Hiking The Stampede Trail](http://pathfinderalaska.com/stampedetrail/index.php), a guide to hiking to Bus 142 on the Stampede Trail. - The Wild Truth by [Carine McCandless](http://www.carinemccandless.com/), [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-06-232515-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-232515-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-06-232515-0") , detailing what it was like growing-up in the McCandless household. - [The Call of the Wild](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_the_Wild_$2007_film$ "The Call of the Wild (2007 film)"), a 2007 documentary about McCandless made by [Ron Lamothe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Lamothe "Ron Lamothe"). - [Vagabond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagabond_$1985_film$ "Vagabond (1985 film)"), a 1985 French film that deals with a similar theme \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Jon_Krakauer "Template:Jon Krakauer") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Jon_Krakauer "Template talk:Jon Krakauer") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jon_Krakauer "Special:EditPage/Template:Jon Krakauer")[Jon Krakauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Krakauer "Jon Krakauer") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Books \| [Eiger Dreams: Ventures Among Men and Mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiger_Dreams "Eiger Dreams") (1990) [Into the Wild]() (1996) [Into Thin Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_Thin_Air "Into Thin Air") (1997) [Under the Banner of Heaven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Banner_of_Heaven "Under the Banner of Heaven") (2003) [Where Men Win Glory: The Odyssey of Pat Tillman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Men_Win_Glory "Where Men Win Glory") (2009) [Three Cups of Deceit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Cups_of_Deceit "Three Cups of Deceit") (2011) [Missoula: Rape and the Justice System in a College Town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missoula:_Rape_and_the_Justice_System_in_a_College_Town "Missoula: Rape and the Justice System in a College Town") (2015) \| \| Film and television adaptations \| [Into Thin Air: Death on Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_Thin_Air:_Death_on_Everest "Into Thin Air: Death on Everest") (1997) [Into the Wild](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_$film$ "Into the Wild (film)") (2007) [Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_$2015_film$ "Everest (2015 film)") (2015) [Under the Banner of Heaven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Banner_of_Heaven_$miniseries$ "Under the Banner of Heaven (miniseries)") (2022) \| ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Into_the_Wild_(Krakauer_book)&oldid=1295614074>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - 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