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| Boilerpipe Text | This article is about Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 2017. For other storms of the same name, see
List of storms named Irma
.
Hurricane Irma
Hurricane Irma over the
Lesser Antilles
at peak intensity early on September 6
Meteorological history
Formed
August 30, 2017
Remnant low
September 12, 2017
Dissipated
September 13, 2017
Category 5 major hurricane
1-minute sustained
(
SSHWS
/
NWS
)
Highest winds
180 mph (285 km/h)
Lowest pressure
914
mbar
(
hPa
); 26.99
inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities
134 total
Damage
$77.2 billion (2017
USD
)
(
Sixth-costliest tropical cyclone
on record; costliest in Cuban history)
Areas affected
Leeward Islands
Greater Antilles
Lucayan Archipelago
Southeastern United States
IBTrACS
Part of the
2017 Atlantic hurricane season
History
Meteorological history
Effects
Lesser Antilles
Florida
Other wikis
Commons: Irma images
Hurricane Irma
was an extremely powerful and devastating
tropical cyclone
that caused extensive damage and multiple deaths across the
Antilles
and
Eastern United States
in September 2017. Irma was the first
Category 5 hurricane
to strike the
Leeward Islands
on record, though it was followed by
Hurricane Maria
, which struck the region at Category 5 intensity as well two weeks later. At the time, Irma was considered the most powerful hurricane on record in the open Atlantic region, outside of the
Caribbean Sea
and
Gulf of Mexico
, until it was surpassed by
Hurricane Dorian
two years later. It was also the third-strongest Atlantic hurricane at landfall ever recorded, just behind the
1935 Labor Day hurricane
,
Hurricane Melissa
, and Dorian.
[
1
]
The ninth
named storm
, fourth
hurricane
, second
major hurricane
,
[
nb 1
]
and first
Category 5 hurricane
of the extremely active
2017 Atlantic hurricane season
, Irma developed from a
tropical wave
near the
Cape Verde Islands
on August 30. Favorable conditions allowed Irma to
rapidly intensify
into a
Category 3 hurricane
on the
Saffir–Simpson wind scale
by late on August 31. The storm's intensity fluctuated between Categories 2 and 3 for the next several days, due to a series of
eyewall replacement cycles
. On September 4, Irma resumed intensifying, becoming a Category 5 hurricane by early on the next day. Early on September 6, Irma peaked with 1-minute sustained winds of 180 mph (290 km/h) and a minimum
pressure
of 914 hPa (27.0 inHg). Irma was the second-most intense tropical cyclone worldwide in 2017 in terms of barometric pressure, and the strongest worldwide in 2017 in terms of wind speed. Another eyewall replacement cycle caused Irma to weaken back to a Category 4 hurricane, but the storm re-attained Category 5 status before making landfall in
Cuba
. Although Irma briefly weakened to a Category 2 storm while making landfall on Cuba, the system re-intensified to Category 4 status as it crossed the warm waters of the
Straits of Florida
, before making landfall on
Cudjoe Key
on September 10. Irma then weakened to Category 3 status, prior to another landfall in Florida on
Marco Island
later that day. The system degraded into a remnant low over
Alabama
and ultimately dissipated on September 13 over
Missouri
.
Irma caused widespread and catastrophic damage throughout its long lifetime, particularly in the northeastern
Caribbean
and the
Florida Keys
. It was also the most intense hurricane to strike the
continental United States
since
Katrina
in
2005
, the first major hurricane to make
landfall
in
Florida
since
Wilma
in the same year, and the first Category 4 hurricane to strike the state since
Charley
in
2004
. The storm caused catastrophic damage in
Barbuda
,
Saint Barthélemy
,
Saint Martin
,
Anguilla
, and the
Virgin Islands
as a Category 5 hurricane. The hurricane caused at least 134 deaths: one in
Anguilla
; one in
Barbados
; three in
Barbuda
; four in the
British Virgin Islands
; 10 in
Cuba
; 11 in the
French West Indies
; one in
Haiti
; three in
Puerto Rico
; four on the Dutch side of
Sint Maarten
; 92 in the
contiguous United States
, and four in the
U.S. Virgin Islands
. The word
Irmageddon
was coined soon after the hurricane to describe the damage caused by the hurricane.
[
3
]
Hurricane Irma was the top
Google searched
term in the U.S. and globally in 2017.
[
4
]
Meteorological history
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
A
tropical wave
left the west coast of Africa on August 27, producing a large area of
deep convection
. Over the following days, convection became more concentrated over the northern part of the disturbance, and a surface circulation developed by August 30. The
National Hurricane Center
(NHC) estimates that the disturbance developed into a tropical depression around 00:00 UTC August 30, about 120
nautical miles
(138.1 miles; 222.2 kilometers) southwest of the
Cape Verde Islands
. Six hours later, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Irma, the ninth
named
storm of the
2017 Atlantic hurricane season
.
[
5
]
Located over warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs), and within an environment of low
wind shear
, Irma underwent
rapid intensification
. The formation of an
eye
around 06:00 UTC on August 31 signified Irma's strengthening into a hurricane, just 30 hours after formation. Turning to the northwest as the
ridge
steering the cyclone weakened, Irma rapidly intensified into a
major hurricane
by 00:00 UTC September 1. Within a 48-hour period, the hurricane's intensity had increased by 80 mph (130 km/h).
[
5
]
Fluctuations in intensity occurred over the next few days due to internal processes, as the first
aircraft reconnaissance mission
into Irma discovered an eye 29 mi (47 km) in diameter and surface winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) on September 3.
[
6
]
[
7
]
Strongest
landfalling
Atlantic hurricanes
†
Rank
Hurricane
Season
Wind speed
mph
km/h
1
"Labor Day"
1935
185
295
Dorian
2019
Melissa
2025
4
Irma
2017
180
285
5
Janet
1955
175
280
Camille
1969
Anita
1977
David
1979
Dean
2007
10
"Cuba"
1924
165
270
Andrew
1992
Maria
2017
Source:
HURDAT
,
[
8
]
AOML
/
HRD
[
9
]
†Strength refers to
maximum sustained wind
speed
upon striking land.
As Irma continued approaching the Leeward Islands, the hurricane underwent a second and more robust period of rapid intensification on September 4, becoming a Category 5 hurricane early the following day. The extremely powerful hurricane continued to strengthen, with maximum sustained winds peaking at 180 mph (290 km/h) shortly afterwards. Irma acquired
annular
characteristics around this time, with the storm exhibiting a large, symmetric
central dense overcast
(CDO).
[
10
]
At 05:45 UTC on September 6, Irma made landfall along the northern coast of
Barbuda
at peak intensity, with the storm's central minimum pressure having bottomed out at 914 mbar (27.0 inHg) – this was the lowest minimum pressure in the Atlantic since
Dean
in 2007; the storm also made
landfall
with maximum sustained winds of 180 mph (290 km/h). Irma continued to maintain its peak intensity until 12:00 UTC on September 6 and made additional successive landfalls on that same day, at 11:15 UTC on
Sint Maarten
, and at 16:30 UTC on
Virgin Gorda
, in the
British Virgin Islands
.
[
5
]
Irma maintained Category 5 strength for several days as it passed north of the
Greater Antilles
. After beginning an
eyewall replacement cycle
, Irma weakened to a Category 4 hurricane as it passed south of the
Turks and Caicos Islands
early on September 8, subsequently ending the 60-hour continuous period of Irma maintaining Category 5 intensity, the second-longest any Atlantic storm had maintained winds above 156 mph (251 km/h) – behind only the
1932 Cuba hurricane
. The hurricane then began tracking more to the west due to the intensification of a
subtropical ridge
to its north. Once the eyewall replacement cycle was complete, Irma began to re-intensify, and it attained Category 5 intensity for the second time at 18:00 UTC that day east of
Cuba
. The very powerful hurricane then made landfall in
Cayo Romano, Cuba
, at 03:00 UTC on September 9, with winds of 165 mph (266 km/h). This made Irma only the second Category 5 hurricane to strike Cuba in recorded history, after the
1924 Cuba hurricane
. As the eye of Irma moved along the northern coast of Cuba, quick weakening ensued due to extended land interaction, with the eye becoming cloud-filled. Irma bottomed out as a high-end Category 2 storm later on September 9.
[
5
]
Three simultaneously active hurricanes on September 8. From left to right:
Katia
, Irma, and
Jose
, the first occurrence since
2010
.
After slowing down late that day, the hurricane turned northwestward towards
Florida
. This motion resulted from Irma rounding the southwestern edge of the subtropical high to its northeast and a low-pressure system that was located over the continental
United States
, to its northwest. Moving over the warm waters of the Straits of Florida, Irma quickly re-intensified to a Category 4 hurricane at 06:00 UTC on September 10, as deep convection improved and the eye became better defined.
[
5
]
The cyclone made landfall in
Cudjoe Key, Florida
, at 13:00 UTC on September 10, at Category 4 intensity, with winds of 130 mph (210 km/h). Increasing wind shear and land interaction caused the satellite appearance of the storm to become ragged later that day, and Irma weakened to Category 3 intensity before making its seventh and final landfall at 19:30 UTC, in
Marco Island, Florida
, with sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Once Irma had moved inland, it began to accelerate to the north-northwest, while rapid weakening began to occur due to the increasing wind shear, land interaction, and dry air, with the storm falling below Category 3 intensity hours after landfall. Irma finally weakened to a tropical storm on September 11 as it entered southern
Georgia
.
[
5
]
The greatly weakened storm turned more northwestward and degenerated to a remnant low as it crossed into
Alabama
by 06:00 UTC September 12. The remnant low continued to diminish in strength as it progressed northwestward, dissipating over
Missouri
the following day.
[
5
]
Preparations
Caribbean
Infrared satellite loop of Irma approaching the northern Leeward Islands on September 5, around the time of its upgrade to a Category 5 hurricane
Given that Irma's forecast track was along much of the Caribbean island chain, hurricane warnings were issued for the northern Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, and parts of Hispaniola on September 5.
[
5
]
In
Antigua and Barbuda
, residents safeguarded their homes and cleaned up their properties in anticipation of strong winds. Emergency crews were put on standby at public shelters and hospitals by September 5 to assist with any evacuations.
[
11
]
Expecting a direct hit, more than half of the residents on Barbuda took shelter,
[
12
]
and relief supplies were preemptively mobilized.
[
13
]
The National Emergency Management Organization on
Saint Lucia
urged small craft operators and swimmers to be mindful of forecasts for high surf.
[
14
]
Small Craft Warnings and High Surf Advisories were hoisted for
Dominica
, where residents were urged to remain vigilant of the potential for high waves, landslides, and flooding.
[
15
]
In Guadeloupe, low-lying and cliff-edge homes were evacuated at the threat of flooding and erosion. Schools and public businesses closed on September 5 and 6. Hospitals stocked up on three days' worth of supplies and checked the functionality of their generators.
[
16
]
[
17
]
Of the island's 32
communes
, 22 activated their emergency plans; 1,500 people were urged to take shelter.
[
18
]
The island sustained relatively minor damage and became the base for relief efforts on
Saint Martin
and
Saint Barthélemy
.
[
19
]
Though the core of the hurricane was expected to remain north of the island, a yellow alert was issued for
Martinique
due to the likelihood of rough seas.
[
20
]
The island dispatched relief supplies and military reinforcements to its neighboring islands of Guadeloupe, Saint Martin. and Saint Barthélemy, which faced a greater risk of a direct impact.
[
21
]
On September 4,
Puerto Rico
declared a state of emergency.
[
22
]
By September 6, the U.S.
Federal Emergency Management Agency
had deployed response teams in Puerto Rico and the
United States Virgin Islands
. Supplies, including food rations, medical supplies, and blankets, were pre-staged in strategic locations on the islands for distribution.
[
23
]
On September 5, the
Dominican Republic
activated the
International Charter on Space and Major Disasters
, thus providing for humanitarian satellite coverage;
[
24
]
the United States and Haiti followed suit two days later.
[
25
]
[
26
]
According to officials, 11,200 people were evacuated from vulnerable areas prior to the storm's arrival.
[
27
]
Approximately 7,400 tourists were moved to
Santo Domingo
, away from beach resorts.
[
28
]
In
Haiti
, government officials and aid organizations struggled with early preparation and evacuation efforts. While some officials blamed reluctance and indifference on the part of the population, others "admitted they were not prepared for the onslaught and no mandatory evacuation orders were in place ahead of Irma's approach."
[
28
]
[
29
]
Local officials contended that they had not received promised funds, supplies, or equipment from the national government. The
United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
prepared its 1,000
peacekeepers
and engineers to assist.
[
30
]
In the
Turks and Caicos
, evacuation orders were issued for low-lying areas starting September 5. Schools were closed, government buildings were boarded up, and shelters were opened.
[
31
]
Officials spread warnings to residents in English, Creole, and Spanish via social media, radio, SMS text, and
WhatsApp
.
[
32
]
In
The Bahamas
, the government began preparations the week prior to the hurricane's arrival, including securing national sports facilities to use as shelters.
[
33
]
By September 7, the government had evacuated 1,609 people by air from the southern islands, including 365 from
Bimini
.
[
34
]
Controlled cutting of the power supply to southern and central Bahamian islands was conducted in advance of the storm.
[
35
]
Shelters were made available, though usage was low due to most evacuees staying with family on other islands.
[
36
]
Of the 2,679 foreign tourists still in The Bahamas on September 7, about 1,200 were being housed at
Atlantis Paradise Island
, one of the most hurricane-ready structures in the country.
[
37
]
In
Cuba
, meteorologists did not initially predict a direct hit.
[
38
]
Fuel conservation was enacted in
Camagüey Province
to ensure that enough would be available during post-storm power outages.
[
39
]
The Civil Defense evacuated nearly one million people from low-lying areas, including thousands of Canadian and European tourists in the
Jardines del Rey
.
[
40
]
[
38
]
Dolphins at a
Cayo Guillermo
resort were evacuated by helicopter.
[
38
]
Mainland United States
The NHC issued several
watches and warnings
for the
Southeastern United States
. The first watches and warnings were issued at 15:00 UTC on September 7, which was a hurricane watch from the
Jupiter Inlet
to
Bonita Beach
, including the
Florida Keys
and
Lake Okeechobee
. The watches and warnings were extended into
Georgia
and
South Carolina
on September 9. At 21:00 UTC on that day, the advisories reached their maximum extent, with a hurricane warning covering the entire east coast of the state, the west coast from
Indian Pass
southward, and the Florida Keys; a hurricane watch was in place from the Florida–Georgia state line to
Edisto Beach, South Carolina
; and there were two tropical storm warnings, one in Florida from Indian Pass to the
Okaloosa
–
Walton
county line and the other from the Florida–Georgia state line to the
South Santee River
in South Carolina. Watches and warnings were gradually discontinued as Irma moved inland and weakened, with all of them canceled by early on September 12.
[
5
]
Florida
'Florida governor
Rick Scott
on Evacuations' video from
Voice of America
On September 4, Florida governor
Rick Scott
declared a state of emergency. Governor Scott placed 100 members of the
Florida National Guard
on duty to assist in preparations. All 7,000 troops were ordered to be on duty by September 8.
[
41
]
Officials advised residents to stock their hurricane kits.
[
42
]
The state coordinated with electrical companies in order for power outages to be restored as quickly as possible, extending resources such as equipment, fuel, and lodging for the approximately 24,000 restoration personnel who had been activated. Governor Scott suspended tolls on all toll roads in Florida, including
the turnpike
. All state offices in Florida were closed from September 8 to September 11, while public schools, state colleges, and state universities in all 67
counties
were closed during the same period. The
Florida Department of Education
coordinated with school districts as the need for transportation by school buses and opening shelters arose. By September 9, more than 150 state parks were closed.
[
43
]
Throughout the state, almost 700 emergency shelters were opened. The shelters collectively housed about 191,764 people,
[
41
]
with more than 40% of them staying in a shelter in South Florida.
[
44
]
Additionally, more than 60 special needs shelters were opened, which housed more than 5,000 people by September 9.
[
43
]
Residents in
Doral
installing
hurricane shutters
in advance of the storm
Many airports across the state, particularly in
Central
and
South Florida
, were closed.
[
43
]
Nearly 9,000 flights intending to arrive in or depart from Florida were canceled.
[
45
]
Along Florida's coasts, most seaports were closed or opened with restricted access.
[
43
]
For the fifth time in its 45-year history, the
Walt Disney World Resort
was completely closed due to the storm. Its theme parks, water parks, and
Disney Springs
were all closed by 9:00 p.m. on September 9 and remained closed until September 12. Other
Orlando
-area theme parks, including
Universal Orlando Resort
and
SeaWorld Orlando
, were also closed.
[
46
]
The
Kennedy Space Center
was closed from September 8 to September 15.
[
47
]
An estimated 6.5 million Floridians were ordered to evacuate, mostly those living on barrier islands or in coastal areas; in mobile or sub-standard homes; and in low-lying or flood prone areas. Mandatory evacuations were ordered for portions of
Brevard
,
Broward
,
Citrus
,
Collier
,
Dixie
,
Duval
,
Flagler
,
Glades
,
Hendry
,
Hernando
,
Indian River
,
Lee
,
Martin
,
Miami-Dade
,
Orange
,
Palm Beach
,
Pasco
,
Pinellas
,
Sarasota
,
Seminole
,
St. Lucie
,
Sumter
, and
Volusia
counties. All of
Monroe County
, where the
Florida Keys
are located, was placed under a mandatory evacuation.
[
43
]
Residents in communities near the southern half of Lake Okeechobee were also ordered to leave. Additionally, voluntary evacuation notices were issued for all or parts of
Alachua
,
Baker
,
Bay
,
Bradford
,
Charlotte
,
Columbia
,
Desoto
,
Hardee
,
Highlands
,
Hillsborough
,
Lake
,
Manatee
,
Okeechobee
,
Osceola
, and
Polk
counties.
[
43
]
Eastbound Interstate 4 lanes on the afternoon of September 9 are filled with evacuating traffic from the Gulf Coast (note the
emergency shoulder use
by moving traffic), while westbound lanes are almost empty at 5 p.m. on a Saturday afternoon
A record 6.5 million Floridians evacuated, making it the largest evacuation in US history. Evacuees caused significant traffic congestion on northbound
Interstate 95
,
Interstate 75
, and Florida's Turnpike, exacerbated by the fact that the entire Florida peninsula was within the cone of uncertainty in the NHC's forecast path in the days before the storm, so evacuees from both coasts headed north, as evacuees would not be safer by fleeing to the opposite coast.
[
41
]
Fuel was in short supply throughout peninsular Florida during the week before Irma's arrival, especially along evacuation routes, leading to hours-long lines at fuel stations and even escorts of fuel trucks by the
Florida Highway Patrol
.
[
48
]
Use of the left
shoulder
as a lane for moving traffic was allowed on northbound Interstate 75 from
Wildwood
to the Georgia state line beginning September 8 and on eastbound
Interstate 4
from Tampa to
State Road 429
near
Celebration
for a few hours on September 9. It was the first time that the shoulder-use plan, which was introduced at the start of the 2017 hurricane season, was implemented by the state for hurricane evacuations.
[
41
]
The shoulder-use plan was implemented in place of labor- and resource-intensive
contraflow lane reversal
, in which both sides of an interstate highway are used for one direction of traffic.
[
49
]
[
50
]
Officials from the
Environmental Protection Agency
, which had been criticized for its response to
Hurricane Harvey
, took special measures to inspect and secure hazardous materials, especially at
Superfund
sites.
[
51
]
Direct Relief
, a disaster relief organization, coordinated with local health centers and provided resources to help facilities on the front lines of Floridian and Puerto Rican communities.
[
52
]
Elsewhere
Georgia governor
Nathan Deal
declared a state of emergency initially for all six coastal counties on September 6, but eventually expanded the declaration to 94 counties south of
Atlanta metropolitan area
, and then the entire state on September 10.
Atlanta
was placed under its first-ever tropical storm warning.
[
53
]
[
54
]
Governor Deal ordered mandatory evacuations for all areas east of
Interstate 95
on September 7, before extending the order to the entirety of
Chatham County
and low-lying areas west of I-95 on the following day.
[
55
]
In total, 540,000 people on the Georgia coast were ordered to leave.
[
56
]
Contraflow lane reversal
for
Interstate 16
took effect on the morning of September 9 from
Savannah
to
Dublin, Georgia
.
[
57
]
All
Georgia state parks
were open for free to evacuees, as was the 800-acre camping area at
Atlanta Motor Speedway
.
[
58
]
Reversible
HOT lanes
on
Interstate 75 in Georgia
through south metro Atlanta were open 24 hours northbound with no tolls.
[
59
]
Video by mayor of
Fayetteville, North Carolina
Nat Robertson
North Carolina governor
Roy Cooper
declared a state of emergency on September 6,
[
60
]
with
South Carolina governor
Henry McMaster
following suit the same day.
[
61
]
Governor of Virginia
Terry McAuliffe
declared a state of emergency on September 8 in order to protect Virginia residents and to mobilize resources in support of neighboring states.
[
62
]
Officials in
New Orleans
stated that there would not be much time for preparations if Irma failed to make the projected northward turn, but that South Texas or Florida would not be a good evacuation destination.
[
63
]
On September 10, Tennessee governor
Bill Haslam
issued an executive order allowing medical professionals in other states to practice in Tennessee to aid Hurricane Irma evacuees. This order also allowed pharmacies to give out 14-day supplies of medicine, and gave women and children from outside the state the ability to participate in the Tennessee Department of Health programs.
[
64
]
Bristol Motor Speedway
,
[
65
]
Talladega Superspeedway
,
[
58
]
and
Charlotte Motor Speedway
all opened their campgrounds to evacuees free of charge.
[
65
]
Sports
In professional sports, the
Miami Dolphins
–
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
game scheduled for September 10 at
Hard Rock Stadium
in Miami was postponed to November 19 due to the storm's threat. The Dolphins left early for their road game against the
Los Angeles Chargers
.
[
66
]
The
Tampa Bay Rays
and
New York Yankees
moved their September 11–13 series from
Tropicana Field
in St. Petersburg to
Citi Field
in
Queens
.
[
66
]
Minor League Baseball
's
Florida State League
,
Carolina League
, and
Southern League
called off their championship finals and as a result, named their division series winners league co-champions.
[
67
]
[
68
]
[
69
]
The
Miami FC
versus
San Francisco Deltas
match on September 10 was canceled so the players and staff could prepare for the storm with their families.
[
70
]
The
Orlando Pride
of the
National Women's Soccer League
rescheduled their September 9 match to September 7.
[
71
]
Orlando City SC
of
Major League Soccer
did not have any scheduled home games in September, but was unable to return to training facilities in Orlando due to Hurricane Irma.
[
72
]
In college football, the
UCF Knights
-
Memphis Tigers
game scheduled for September 9 was moved to September 30, replacing UCF's game against
Maine
and Memphis game against
Georgia State
. UCF also canceled their game against
Georgia Tech
on September 16, as
UCF's stadium
hosted the National Guard.
[
73
]
The
USF Bulls
-
Connecticut Huskies
football game was also canceled. The
Miami Hurricanes
–
Arkansas State Redwolves
game scheduled for September 9 at
Centennial Bank Stadium
in Arkansas was canceled due to travel concerns for the University of Miami. The
Florida Gators
-
Northern Colorado Bears
match in Gainesville scheduled for September 9 was canceled. The
Florida State Seminoles
contest against the
Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks
was canceled on September 8.
[
74
]
The Seminoles'
rivalry
game with the Hurricanes in Tallahassee, originally scheduled for September 16, was postponed to October 7. The
FIU Panthers
game against the
Alcorn State Braves
was moved up a day and relocated to
Legion Field
in
Birmingham, Alabama
.
[
75
]
The
Georgia Southern Eagles
game against the
New Hampshire Wildcats
on September 9 was also moved to Legion Field for that day.
[
76
]
FEMA funding
As of September 5,
Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA) funding was running dangerously low, due to its response to
Hurricane Harvey
in Texas the previous week, prompting the
Trump administration
to request an immediate $8 billion in additional funding as Irma approached Florida.
[
77
]
Given the rate that current funds are being consumed and the catastrophic damage, the
United States Senate
almost doubled the requested amount to $15.3 billion, with the understanding that this would only be about 10% of what will be required for responding to Harvey.
[
78
]
Impact
Deaths and damage by territory
[
5
]
[
79
]
Territory
Fatalities
Damage
(2017 USD)
Ref
Anguilla
(UK)
1
$290 million
[
5
]
[
79
]
Bahamas
0
$135 million
[
80
]
Barbados
1
N/a
[
5
]
Barbuda
(
AG
)
3
$150 million
[
5
]
British Virgin Islands
(UK)
4
$3.6 billion
[
5
]
[
81
]
Cuba
10
$13.2 billion
[
82
]
Haiti
1
N/a
[
5
]
Puerto Rico
(U.S.)
3
[
nb 2
]
$1 billion
[
5
]
[
83
]
Saint Kitts and Nevis
0
$45 million
[
79
]
Saint Martin
and
Saint Barthélemy
(
FR
)
11
$4.17 billion
[
84
]
Sint Maarten
(
NL
)
4
$2.98 billion
[
85
]
Turks and Caicos Islands
(UK)
0
$500 million
[
5
]
United States
92
[
nb 2
]
$50 billion
[
5
]
[
86
]
U.S. Virgin Islands
4
[
nb 2
]
$1.1 billion
[
87
]
Totals:
134
$77.2 billion
Caribbean
Hurricane Irma's path was such that its impact was both far-reaching and devastating, with landfalls in
Antigua and Barbuda
,
Saint Martin
,
the Bahamas
,
Cuba
, and the United States, all at major hurricane intensity. Furthermore, the size of the storm system meant that destruction was prevalent even in territories well removed from landfall occurrences. Irma is the second-costliest Caribbean hurricane on record, after Maria.
[
88
]
Antigua and Barbuda
A house in Barbuda that was badly damaged by the hurricane
The eyewall of the hurricane moved over
Barbuda
at its record peak intensity early on September 6; a weather station observed a wind gust of 160 mph (260 km/h). The same station also recorded a minimum barometric pressure of 916.1 mbar (27.05 inHg).
[
5
]
The exact state of the island remained unclear for hours after Irma's passage, as downed phone lines ceased all communication with nearby islands.
[
12
]
Later that afternoon, Prime Minister
Gaston Browne
surveyed the territory by helicopter, revealing an effectively uninhabitable island. Irma damaged or destroyed 95% of the structures on Barbuda, including its hospital, schools, and both of its hotels;
[
89
]
it completely flattened some residential blocks while submerging others.
[
90
]
[
91
]
The destruction rendered the island's sole airport and much of its infrastructure inoperative—including water and telecommunication services—which further hampered relief efforts. Property damage on Barbuda ranged from $150 million to $300 million. A total of three storm-related deaths were reported on the island.
[
5
]
In addition to the catastrophic impact on Barbuda's human residents, concern turned to the storm's effects on the island's wildlife. The island's only
endemic
bird, the
near-threatened
Barbuda warbler
, numbered less than 2,000 individuals prior to the hurricane. For some time it was unknown if the warbler survived the hurricane or its aftermath; however within a few months it was confirmed that not only did the species survive, but most of the birds survived the storm.
[
92
]
Barbuda's
Codrington Lagoon
, home to the largest colony of
magnificent frigatebirds
in the Caribbean, with an estimated 2,500 nesting pairs, was also inundated by the storm surge.
[
93
]
Remaining just outside of Irma's strongest windfield,
Antigua
sustained less severe damage, in the form of leveled roofs and fences, downed power poles and lines, and uprooted trees. Some street flooding also took place in low-lying areas.
[
94
]
Three people were treated for minor storm-related injuries.
[
95
]
Forensic disaster analysts
from the Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology (CEDIM), a Germany-based
risk management
agency, estimate that economic losses for Antigua and Barbuda will exceed $120 million.
[
79
]
Saint Martin
Aerial video of the damage on Saint Martin, September 7, 2017
On the morning of September 6, Irma's center crossed the island of
Saint Martin
while the storm was at peak intensity, sweeping away entire structures, submerging roads and cars, and triggering an island-wide blackout.
[
96
]
Irma's extreme winds ripped trees out of the ground and sent vehicles and debris from damaged structures scattered across the territory. On the French side of
Saint-Martin
, entire marinas around
Marigot
were left in ruins, littered with the stranded remnants of boats that had smashed into each other.
[
97
]
A hotel caught on fire, but dangerous conditions and impassable roads prevented firefighters from putting out the blaze. Another hotel lost nearly all of its ground floor.
[
98
]
Media images depicted devastated room interiors with furniture hurled around after the winds had shattered their windows.
[
97
]
Irma killed four people on the French side of the island and injured 50 others, one of whom was in critical condition. As many as 95% of the buildings there were damaged to some degree; 60% of those were totally uninhabitable.
[
99
]
Estimates from CEDIM indicate a minimum of $950 million worth of economic losses.
[
79
]
Total losses exceeded €3.5 billion (US$4.17 billion).
[
84
]
A similar situation unfolded in
Sint Maarten
, Saint Martin's Dutch half, as intense winds ripped through buildings and lifted vehicles aloft "as if they were matches".
[
100
]
The hurricane wreaked havoc on
Princess Juliana International Airport
, with "huge chunks of the building [strewn] across the runway and a jet bridge snapped in half."
[
101
]
It demolished or severely damaged about 70% of Sint Maarten's houses, forcing thousands of residents into public shelters.
[
102
]
There were 4 deaths and 23 injuries,
[
5
]
11 of which were serious, in the Dutch territory.
[
103
]
Irma is considered the worst
natural disaster
to hit Sint Maarten; the extent of its damage far exceeded that of any previous hurricane.
[
100
]
Total damages were estimated at €2.5 billion (US$2.98 billion).
[
85
]
Saint Barthélemy
Most intense landfalling Atlantic hurricanes
Intensity is measured solely by central pressure
Rank
Hurricane
[
nb 3
]
Season
Landfall pressure
1
"Labor Day"
1935
892
mbar
(
hPa
)
2
Melissa
2025
897 mbar (hPa)
3
Camille
1969
900 mbar (hPa)
Gilbert
1988
5
Dean
2007
905 mbar (hPa)
6
"Cuba"
1924
910 mbar (hPa)
Dorian
2019
8
Janet
1955
914 mbar (hPa)
Irma
2017
10
"Cuba"
1932
918 mbar (hPa)
Sources:
HURDAT
,
[
8
]
AOML
/
HRD
,
[
9
]
NHC
[
105
]
Irma left widespread destruction and disastrous flooding along its path over the French island of
Saint Barthélemy
, southeast of Saint Martin. Describing the extent of the destruction, one local compared it to "a bomb that burned all vegetation," while another said that it were as if the hurricane had effectively "erased the island from the map".
[
106
]
Violent seas swept away entire coastal establishments, with one hotel being stripped of all but its foundation.
[
107
]
Streets in the capital of
Gustavia
were turned into rushing rivers, which carried away vehicles and pieces of furniture. The island's fire station was inundated with up to 6.4 ft (2.0 m) of flood waters.
[
107
]
[
108
]
With scores of homes and much of the infrastructure destroyed, the majority of the island's population was left stranded and without water, electricity or phone service.
[
106
]
The associated economic losses could exceed $480 million according to CEDIM's analysts.
[
79
]
Preliminary assessments from the French government indicate that Hurricane Irma caused a combined €1.2 billion (US$1.43 billion) in insured losses across the French territories of Saint-Martin and Saint Barts. This total covered private property such as homes, vehicles and businesses (including lost revenue); the extent of the damage to infrastructural and public facilities remains undetermined. Nonetheless, this made Irma one of the costliest natural disasters to hit the French Republic in 50 years.
[
109
]
On January 30, 2018, roughly five months after Irma, an analysis was published indicating that an anemometer on the island recorded an unofficial gust to 199 mph (320 km/h) before failing.
[
110
]
Anguilla
The British Overseas Territory of
Anguilla
saw the eyewall of the storm pass over it on September 6. Many homes and schools were destroyed, and the island's only hospital was badly damaged.
[
5
]
The devastation was particularly severe in
East End
, where the winds uprooted scores of trees and power poles and demolished a number of houses. In
The Valley
, the island's capital, the hurricane blew out the windows of government buildings. Rough seas inflicted heavy damage upon several bays and harbors, and a seaside restaurant was completely eradicated.
[
111
]
About 90% of roads were left impassable.
[
5
]
The island's air traffic control tower was damaged, exacerbating the already poor communication with the island.
[
112
]
One death was reported on the island. Estimates of losses on the island total at least $190 million.
[
5
]
Rest of the Lesser Antilles
Large swells ahead of Irma washed ashore debris and sea life in
Castries
, Saint Lucia, blocking some roads. Seaside roads were inundated with water.
[
113
]
One surfer was killed amid rough surf in
Barbados
after hitting a reef and breaking his neck. Trees were also destroyed.
[
114
]
The hurricane's effects, such as violent seas and rattling trees, were intense enough to be detected by seismographs in
Guadeloupe
. Several houses were damaged.
[
115
]
Around 8,000 households and a water supply network on that island lost power during the storm, leaving several communes in the dark without running water. Overall damage was limited to external parts of houses and trees that were blown onto roads and three unmanned ships wrecked by rough seas.
[
18
]
Saint Kitts and Nevis
endured similar conditions to other islands. Blustery rainstorms triggered scattered power outages and disabled the island's water system, but per the
International Red Cross
, the islands were spared the level of destruction seen elsewhere.
[
116
]
Still, Prime Minister
Timothy Harris
stated that property and infrastructure had sustained "significant damage."
[
29
]
The Dutch territories of
Saba
and
Sint Eustatius
were also struck by the hurricane's winds, resulting in infrastructural damage, water shortages and telecommunication outages.
[
111
]
[
117
]
Several houses were left uninhabitable. On Saba, the hurricane also defoliated trees and injured a few people.
[
111
]
[
117
]
CEDIM's analysts expect economic losses of $20–65 million for the two islands.
[
79
]
British Virgin Islands
Operational Land Imager
imagery by
Landsat 8
of the Virgin Islands from before and after Hurricane Irma's impact, depicting a "browning" of the landscape and vegetation.
[
118
]
Damage in the
British Virgin Islands
was extensive. Numerous buildings and roads were destroyed on the island of
Tortola
, which bore the brunt of the hurricane's core. Four people were confirmed dead.
[
5
]
Along Cane Garden Bay, the storm surge submerged several seaside bars and a gas station. Satellite images revealed many of the island's residential zones had been left in ruins.
[
111
]
The hurricane passed over
Necker Island
, also causing severe damage and destroying the mansion of
Richard Branson
.
[
119
]
Most homes and businesses were destroyed on the island of
Jost Van Dyke
, the smallest of the B.V.I.'s four main islands.
[
120
]
The
governor
,
Gus Jaspert
, who had only been sworn into office 13 days previously, declared a state of emergency - the first time this has ever happened in the Territory.
[
121
]
After the storm, restoration of electricity took approximately 5 months.
[
122
]
U.S. Virgin Islands
U.S. Navy video of damage in the U.S. Virgin Islands
Irma's effects in the
U.S. Virgin Islands
were most profound on
Saint Thomas
, where at least 12 inches (300 mm) of rain fell, and on
Saint John
. Saint Thomas island suffered widespread structural damage, including to its police station and airport. Patients from the fourth and third floors of
Charlotte Amalie
's hospital had to be relocated to lower floors due to flooding from roof leaks. Three deaths were attributed to Irma on the island. On nearby
Saint Croix
, there were communication issues and some damage to the infrastructure.
[
111
]
Saint John lost access to ferry and cargo services, along with access to the local airport. Due to its normal reliance on electricity from Saint Thomas, the island was left without power.
[
123
]
[
124
]
[
125
]
[
126
]
Total damage from the three islands was at least $1.1 billion.
Puerto Rico
The hurricane passed north of
Puerto Rico
, but still caused significant damage to the United States territory. Along the coast, a tide gauge observed waves up to 1.5 ft (0.46 m)
mean higher high water
. Much of the main island experienced sustained tropical storm force winds, with a peak sustained wind speed of 55 mph (89 km/h) at a weather station along
San Juan Bay
, while the same site observed a peak wind gust of 74 mph (119 km/h).
[
5
]
However, on the island of
Culebra
, a wind gust of 111 mph (179 km/h) was reported.
[
127
]
Mainly due to strong winds, approximately 1.1 million out of 1.5 million of
Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority
's customers lost electricity.
[
128
]
Portions of Puerto Rico received heavy rainfall, with a peak total of 13.04 in (331 mm) in
Bayamón
,
[
5
]
causing seven rivers to reach flood stage, widespread flash flooding, and at least six landslides.
[
128
]
The most severely affected areas included the offshore islands of Culebra and
Vieques
, as well as the northeastern, northern, and mountainous portions of the main island. On Culebra, the island suffered an almost complete loss of electrical and water services. At least 30 homes on the island were destroyed, while about 30 other experienced substantial damage. High winds also toppled a number of trees. The only telecommunications tower on Culebra sustained damage, cutting off outside communications for several hours.
[
128
]
In rural
Loíza
, 79 homes were destroyed.
[
129
]
Throughout Puerto Rico, 781 out of 1,600 telecommunications towers went out of commission, primarily due to power outages. At least 362,000 customers lost water services. Debris, mostly fallen trees, blocked at least 72 roads. Approximately 25% to 30% of banana, coffee, papaya, and plantain crops were damaged by strong winds, with losses to farmers estimated at $30.6 million.
[
128
]
Approximately 1,530 homes experienced at least moderate damage, with 1,448 homes moderately damaged, 32 extensively damaged, and 50 completely destroyed.
[
130
]
Hurricane Irma was attributed to around $1 billion in damage,
[
83
]
and the NHC attributed three fatalities to Irma in Puerto Rico, though four deaths were related to the storm.
[
5
]
[
131
]
Two people died due to rainstorms ahead of the hurricane: one man died in
Orocovis
after falling off his ladder while repairing his roof; another man on the coast in
Capitanejo
died after being struck by lightning. Three nearby fishermen were burned by the same lightning strike, but survived. Two other people died during the hurricane: a woman died while being evacuated from her house in a wheelchair and fell, hitting her head; another person died in a car accident in
Canóvanas
.
[
132
]
Governor
Ricardo Rosselló
declared the islands of Culebra and Vieques to be disaster areas.
[
29
]
Hispaniola
People standing in a flooded street in
Ouanaminthe
,
Nord-Est
, Haiti.
Although spared a direct hit, both the
Dominican Republic
and
Haiti
were affected by high winds and heavy rains. A bridge over the
Dajabón River
connecting the two countries was broken.
[
133
]
In the Dominican Republic, the fishing community of
Nagua
sustained damage from waves that destroyed homes. 55,000 soldiers were deployed to affected areas to help with the cleanup efforts.
[
27
]
By the evening of September 7, the government had counted 2,721 damaged homes.
[
28
]
In Haiti, flooding one meter deep sat in residential neighborhoods in places like
Cap-Haïtien
,
Ouanaminthe
, and
Gonaives
.
[
133
]
Mudslides, destroyed homes, flooded crops, and infrastructure damage were reported in the northern part of the country.
[
28
]
The total expanse of the flooding stretched from
Môle-Saint-Nicolas
in the west to the eastern border with the Dominican Republic.
[
134
]
Turks and Caicos Islands
On the evening of September 7, at 7:30 p.m. AST (
23:30 UTC
), Hurricane Irma reached the
Turks and Caicos Islands
. While the eye passed just south of the main islands, crossing over
South Caicos
and the
Ambergris Cays
, the most powerful winds on the northern side of the eye swept all of the islands for more than two hours. Communications infrastructure was destroyed.
[
5
]
On September 8, Minister of Infrastructure Goldray Ewing confirmed that damage to
Providenciales
was extensive, with the northwestern neighborhood of Blue Hill being "gone".
[
135
]
The hospital in the capital,
Cockburn Town
, was heavily damaged.
[
5
]
On South Caicos, 75% of roofs were lost.
[
136
]
Total damage was estimated at over $500 million.
[
5
]
The Bahamas
In
the Bahamas
, the eye of the storm passed over Duncan Town, the major settlement of the
Ragged Islands chain
, on September 8. It also passed "almost directly over"
Inagua
and
South Acklins
, according to the Bahamas Department of Meteorology.
[
137
]
Damages were largely confined to the southern islands starting the morning of September 8. On
Mayaguana
and
Great Inagua
, downed power lines knocked out communications.
[
138
]
On Great Inagua, 70% of homes sustained roof damage, and the island's school lost its roof entirely. The
Morton Salt Company
's signature production facility, one of the major employers in the country, experienced millions of dollars in damages.
[
139
]
The Acklins settlement of Salina Point was cut off from the rest of the island by flooding, while
Crooked Island
had widespread roof damage.
[
38
]
In the northern Bahamas, the worst property damage came on September 10 as the outer bands of the system produced
tornadic activity
on
Grand Bahama
and
Bimini
.
[
140
]
[
141
]
Damage and losses across The Bahamas amounted to $135 million.
[
80
]
While Irma was making landfall in Florida, the ocean was drawn away from some western shorelines of the Bahamas due to strong easterly winds.
[
142
]
Cuba
Costliest Cuban hurricanes
Rank
Hurricane
Season
Damage
Refs
1
Irma
2017
$13.2 billion
[
143
]
2
Ike
2008
$7.3 billion
[
144
]
3
Matthew
2016
$2.58 billion
[
145
]
4
Gustav
2008
$2.1 billion
[
144
]
5
Michelle
2001
$2 billion
[
146
]
Sandy
2012
[
147
]
7
Dennis
2005
$1.5 billion
[
148
]
8
Ivan
2004
$1.2 billion
[
149
]
9
Rafael
2024
$1.08 billion
[
150
]
10
Charley
2004
$923 million
[
149
]
Patrol boat
Admiral Didiez Burgos
of the
Dominican Navy
delivering disaster supplies in
Havana
Harbor after Hurricane Irma.
[
151
]
Early on September 9, Irma made landfall on the
Camagüey Archipelago
off the northern coast of
Cuba
, with sustained winds of 165 mph (266 km/h). The strongest official sustained wind speed was 124 mph (200 km/h), while the highest wind gust reached 159 mph (256 km/h); both were observed near Camila in
Ciego de Ávila Province
.
[
5
]
The weather station at
Esmeralda, Camagüey
, was damaged, with the wind gauge destroyed.
[
56
]
The north coast of Cuba experienced significant
coastal flooding
due to storm surge and abnormally high tides generated by the storm. Wave heights at
Cayo Romano
exceeded 26 ft (7.9 m). Storm surge penetrated as far as 1.2 mi (1.9 km) inland in some areas of
Villa Clara Province
. Multiple locations on the island observed at least 10 in (250 mm) of rainfall, with a peak total of 23.9 in (610 mm) of precipitation at
Topes de Collantes
.
[
5
]
A total of 158,554 homes experienced some degree of damage, of which 14,657 were destroyed; approximately 1.9 million people experienced the direct effects of Irma.
[
152
]
The storm partially deroofed 103,691 homes, while 23,560 were completely deroofed. Irma damaged or destroyed 980 health facilities and 2,264 schools. Approximately 3.1 million people experienced disruptions to the water supply, while 246,707 people lost telephone service. About 334 mi (538 km) of roads were damaged. Crops also suffered extensively, with nearly 235,000 acres (95,000 ha) affected by the storm.
[
152
]
Throughout the country, the hurricane inflicted $13.185 billion in damage and killed 10 people, making Irma the costliest tropical cyclone in Cuban history.
[
82
]
[
153
]
The tourist areas of
Cayo Coco
,
Cayo Guillermo
and
Cayo Santa María
and the nearby town of
Caibarién
received the brunt of the storm, with waves rolling through town and the characteristic one-story homes completely flooded. The storm most severely Ciego de Ávila and Villa Clara provinces. Flooding worsened as the hurricane moved west, pushing the storm surge along to the regions around
Havana
.
[
5
]
By the afternoon, limited flooding was occurring in Havana, including around the
Malecón
.
[
38
]
Portions of province coastal flooding surpassing that which was experienced during the
Storm of the Century
in 1993 and Hurricane Wilma in 2005.
[
5
]
In the city of
Santa Clara
, 39 buildings collapsed.
[
154
]
Rainfall resulted in several rivers reaching major flood stage. The town of
Cabaiguán
in Sancti Spíritus Province in particular suffered extensive inland flooding after the Zaza River swelled.
[
5
]
Hurricane Irma directly affected a major colony of
American flamingos
on Cuba's northern
Cayo Coco
.
[
93
]
Early reports from
Diario de Cuba
indicated that several hundred flamingos had been killed by the storm, though other estimates ranged as high as several thousand birds.
[
93
]
[
155
]
Mainland United States
Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricanes
[
156
]
[
157
]
[
nb 4
]
Rank
Hurricane
Season
Damage
1
3
Katrina
2005
$125 billion
4
Harvey
2017
$125 billion
3
4
Ian
2022
$112 billion
4
4
Maria
2017
$90 billion
5
4
Helene
2024
$78.7 billion
6
4
Ida
2021
$75 billion
7
ET
Sandy
2012
$65 billion
8
4
Irma
2017
$52.1 billion
9
3
Milton
2024
$34.3 billion
10
2
Ike
2008
$30 billion
True-color images before and after the passage of Irma, in which light blue indicates sediment suspended in the water, kicked up by the intensity of the storm
[
158
]
Hurricane Irma affected multiple states in the South, especially Florida. Except for the Florida Keys, the total damage Irma caused was not as great as government officials and forecasters had warned. Irma weakened after making landfall in Cuba, but strengthened back into a Category 4 prior to hitting the Keys. The Florida Keys suffered the worst of the damage in the United States. After surveying the aftermath of Irma, Florida governor
Rick Scott
said "I thought we would see more damage" [on the mainland] but said "he witnessed devastation in the Keys".
[
159
]
President
Donald Trump
commented on
Twitter
that the devastation in some places was "far greater than anyone thought".
[
160
]
Damage in the United States was estimated at a minimum of $50 billion. At the time, Irma was the fourth costliest tropical cyclone in the United States, behind hurricanes
Sandy
in 2012,
Harvey
earlier that year, and
Katrina
in 2005. However, later in September 2017,
Hurricane Maria
became the third costliest United States tropical cyclone, causing Irma to fall to the fifth costliest. At least 92 people, 10 directly and 82 indirectly, died throughout the United States in relation to Irma: 84 in Florida, 3 in Georgia, 3 in South Carolina, and 2 in North Carolina.
[
5
]
Florida
Hurricane Irma was one of the largest-diameter US Gulf Coast hurricanes.
[
161
]
Though large size does not imply
strength
—which is based on sustained wind measurements—it can mean that more people are exposed to its hazards.
[
161
]
Remains of a Florida neighborhood destroyed by Hurricane Irma in Big Pine Key
Irma struck the state less than two weeks after
Potential Tropical Cyclone Ten
had caused the worst flooding seen in western Florida in 20 years, which further worsened the impacts in the region.
[
162
]
[
163
]
[
164
]
[
165
]
The storm's large wind field resulted in strong winds across much of Florida, except for the western Panhandle. The highest reported sustained wind speed was 112 mph (180 km/h) on
Marco Island
, while the strongest observed wind gust was 142 mph (229 km/h), recorded near
Naples
,
[
166
]
though wind gusts of 150 to 160 mph (240 to 260 km/h) likely occurred in the Middle
Florida Keys
.
[
167
]
More than 7.7 million homes and businesses in Florida were left without electricity at some point – approximately 73% of state.
[
168
]
[
169
]
Generally heavy amounts of rainfall were recorded to the east of the Irma's path, including a peak total of 21.66 in (550 mm) in
Fort Pierce
.
[
170
]
Heavy precipitation – and storm surge, in some instances – overflowed at least 32 rivers and creeks, causing significant flooding, particularly along the
St. Johns River
and its tributaries.
[
41
]
Many homes and businesses suffered damage or destruction, with more than 65,000 structures damaged to some degree in West Central and Southwest Florida alone.
[
44
]
Agriculture experienced about $2.5 billion in damage.
[
41
]
It was estimated that the cyclone caused at least $50 billion in damage, making Irma the costliest hurricane in Florida history, surpassing
Hurricane Andrew
, until it was itself surpassed by
Hurricane Ian
, 5 years later.
[
171
]
Throughout Florida, at least 84 people died in storm-related incidents.
[
5
]
About half of the deaths occurred from drowning, trauma, and carbon monoxide poisoning.
[
172
]
Broward County
had 21 fatalities, the most of any county in Florida. Among those deaths were 12 people at
The Rehabilitation Center at Hollywood Hills
, a
Hollywood
nursing home. The patients died from sweltering heat worsened by the lack of air conditioning.
[
172
]
The hurricane also left at least 14 deaths in
Monroe County
;
[
173
]
6 deaths in
Orange County
; 5 deaths each in
Duval
,
Miami-Dade
, and
Palm Beach
counties; 4 deaths in both
Highlands
and
Hillsborough
counties; 3 deaths in both
Marion
and
Polk
counties;
[
172
]
2 deaths each in
Collier
,
Hardee
,
Leon
,
Pinellas
,
St. Lucie
, and
Taylor
counties;
[
172
]
[
174
]
[
175
]
and 1 death in
Hendry
,
Lake
,
Lee
,
Liberty
,
Manatee
,
Nassau
,
Okeechobee
,
Pasco
,
Seminole
,
St. Johns
, and
Volusia
counties.
[
172
]
Boats washed up on
U.S. Route 1
in the Florida Keys
With Irma making landfall in Monroe County as a Category 4 hurricane, the Florida Keys were hardest hit area in the state.
[
167
]
Strong winds and storm surge flooding caused major damage to buildings,
trailer parks
, boats, roads, the electricity supply, mobile phone coverage, internet access, sanitation, the water supply and the fuel supply throughout the island chain.
[
176
]
[
167
]
An estimated 10 ft (3 m) storm surge occurred at
Cudjoe Key
, where Irma made landfall.
[
177
]
Throughout the island, 625 homes sustained minor damage, 52 sustained major damage, and 81 were demolished. On
Big Pine Key
, one of the most devastated islands, 633 homes received minor impact, 299 homes received major impact, and 473 homes were completely destroyed. Overall in Monroe County, 27,649 homes experienced some degree of damage, including 1,179 homes being destroyed, 2,977 homes receiving major damage, and 5,361 suffering minor damage.
[
178
]
Hurricane Irma on September 10 making its final landfall on Florida.
After devastating the Keys, the storm then struck Collier County as a Category 3 hurricane. Several communities in the county suffered extensive damage, especially along the coast.
[
166
]
Throughout the unincorporated areas of the county, 65 homes, including 44 mobile homes, were demolished, while 1,008 homes received major damage. Property damages in unincorporated areas alone reach about $320 million.
[
179
]
Lee County was lashed by strong winds and heavy rainfall, which caused prolonged flooding in some areas.
[
180
]
[
181
]
More than 24,000 homes suffered some degree of damage, with almost 3,000 homes receiving major damage and 89 homes being destroyed.
[
182
]
Damage in the county totaled about $857 million.
[
183
]
[
44
]
Impact in much of the
Miami metropolitan area
was generally limited to extensive tree and fence damage, as well as widespread power outages. However, in
Miami-Dade County
, about 1,000 homes received major damage and about 50% of crops were lost. Storm surge caused coastal flooding from
Homestead
to
Downtown Miami
, as well as in portions of
Miami Beach
.
[
166
]
Parts of the
Florida Heartland
were devastated by high winds and flooding, particularly Hendry and Highlands counties.
[
166
]
[
44
]
In the former, which has most citrus trees of any county in Florida, about 60% of orange crops were lost.
[
184
]
Throughout Hendry County, a total of 451 homes had minor damage, 131 homes suffered major damage, and 42 others were destroyed.
[
166
]
In Highlands County, 13,138 businesses and homes were damaged to some degree, with 144 being destroyed, 963 sustaining major damage, and 2,408 receiving minor damage. In Orange County, wind gusts reached 79 mph at
Orlando International Airport
. A wind gust of 91 mph was also recorded in
Orlando
at the top of the Disney Contemporary Resort.
[
185
]
Strong winds and heavy rainfall in
Central Florida
left some wind damage and flooding, necessitating evacuations and rescues, including more than 200 people in
Orlo Vista
after hundreds of homes were flooded.
[
44
]
A total of 2,999 business or homes were damaged in Lake County,
[
186
]
7,430 in Seminole County, and 3,457 in Volusia County. Additionally, eight tornadoes touched down in
Brevard County
, all of which caused damage.
[
187
]
Overflight of Jacksonville after Hurricane Irma
Along much of the Gulf Coast of Florida, to the north of where Irma made landfall, negative storm surges were observed, with water retracting rather than pushing inland, causing little coastal flooding.
[
44
]
However, on the opposite coast, extensive erosion and storm surge flooding occurred in the
First Coast
, especially in Duval and St. Johns counties. In Duval County, the St. Johns River crested at heights that exceeded records set during
Hurricane Dora
in 1964. Portions of
Jacksonville
experienced flooding, particularly the
downtown area
and the
Riverside
and
San Marco
neighborhoods, with about 350 people rescued in those sections of the city. Water reached about 5 ft (1.5 m) high in some homes.
[
188
]
The city of Jacksonville suffered about $85 million in damage.
[
189
]
In St. Johns County, storm surge left extensive damage to oceanfront properties in
Ponte Vedra Beach
and
Vilano Beach
, with several becoming uninhabitable.
[
190
]
[
191
]
Additionally, some riverfront businesses in
St. Augustine
's
historic district
were flooded due to storm surge from the
Matanzas River
.
[
192
]
In nearby
Clay County
, rainfall and storm surge combined to cause extensive flooding along portions of the
Black Creek
and the St. Johns River, with record high crests at several locations along the former.
[
188
]
About 350 people and 75 animals were rescued from floodwaters throughout the county. A total of 275 homes were destroyed, 175 were inflicted major damage, and 124 received minor damage.
[
193
]
Other states
Three deaths were reported in
Georgia
due to falling trees and debris, along with widespread wind damage and power outages throughout the state primarily due to fallen trees.
[
194
]
On
Tybee Island
, as well as
St. Simons Island
the storm surge caused extensive flooding.
[
195
]
[
196
]
The tropical storm also did $54 million in damage in the state.
[
197
]
In
Charleston, South Carolina
, the third highest storm surge on record was recorded, reaching a height of approximately 10 ft (3 m).
[
198
]
By of September 12, almost 100,000 had lost power in
Upstate
South Carolina.
[
199
]
Five people died in storm-related incidents across South Carolina, all from indirect incidents.
[
200
]
The tropical storm caused damages totaling $500,000 in the state.
[
201
]
Light damage occurred in other areas, including
Tennessee
.
[
202
]
About 75,000 customers in
North Carolina
lost power due to Irma, where two fatalities occurred.
[
5
]
[
203
]
The storm also caused $600,000 in damages in
Alabama
.
[
204
]
Aftermath
In the immediate aftermath of Hurricane Irma's path through the West Indies and Caribbean, the devastation to roads, harbors and airports significantly impeded the transportation and distribution of relief supplies. Foreign countries moved to provide much of the initial aid. The British, Dutch, French, and United States governments sent warships and planes with supplies and manpower to the region.
[
27
]
[
205
]
International leaders, including Dutch King
Willem-Alexander
and French president
Emmanuel Macron
, quickly moved to visit affected territories.
[
206
]
[
207
]
Some of the affected countries and territories also offered assistance to each other. Cuba, which sustained extensive damage from the storm, sent 750 health workers to Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, The Bahamas, Dominica, and Haiti.
[
208
]
Government officials and members of the public in Puerto Rico delivered assistance and evacuated people stranded on other islands. The
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
granted special 30-day humanitarian visas for British Virgin Islanders to stay in Puerto Rico.
[
209
]
Hundreds of people stranded on Saint Martin were flown to the Dominican Republic on humanitarian grounds.
[
210
]
Antigua and Barbuda
In response to Hurricane Jose's approach, the Government of Antigua and Barbuda issued a mandatory evacuation on September 9 for any remaining residents on Barbuda. A Miami cargo plane landed on Antigua later that day, carrying over 60 tons (120,000 lbs) of relief supplies for the displaced storm victims—including bottled water, canned food and power generators.
[
211
]
British Overseas Territories
A UK Royal Logistics Corp landing raft delivers emergency relief to Anguilla
RFA
Mounts Bay
stationed itself near Anguilla and provided support and relief work to the island with its helicopters and 40 marines and army engineers.
[
212
]
The ship delivered 6 tonnes of emergency aid to Anguilla and army engineers repaired a fuel leak at Anguilla's main petrol dump, restored power to the island's hospital and provided shelters for those left homeless by the hurricane.
[
213
]
[
214
]
The ship arrived in the British Virgin Islands on September 8, 2017, to provide emergency relief to the islands, including providing shelters, food and water.
[
213
]
HMS
Ocean
was diverted from the
Mediterranean
to provide relief from
Gibraltar
to the affected British Overseas Territories of Anguilla, British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos on September 7,
[
215
]
and aid was also supplied by the
Department for International Development
from their disaster response center at
Kemble Airfield
. As part of a £32 million operation named Operation Ruman, nearly 500 UK military personnel with emergency relief were dispatched from
RAF Brize Norton
.
[
216
]
This included the first deployment of
No. 38 Expeditionary Air Wing
with three RAF aircraft: two Airbus A400M Atlas and one C-130J Hercules to support relief efforts.
The British government also drafted two members of the UK police cadre into the region on September 10, and 53 police officers were drafted from RAF Brize Norton to the affected British Overseas Territories on September 15 to help maintain order.
[
217
]
[
218
]
UK politicians, including the chairs of the foreign affairs and development select committees, criticized both the government's preparations for the storm and its response as inadequate.
[
219
]
[
220
]
Royal Marines delivering aid and providing support to the islanders of
Jost Van Dyke
, British Virgin Islands
By September 12, the Department for International Development had delivered more than 40 tonnes of aid into the region, including into Turks and Caicos, and 1,000 UK military troops were deployed in the region as part of relief efforts.
[
214
]
The
prime minister of the United Kingdom
,
Theresa May
, pledged an additional £25 million worth of funding as part of relief efforts in the region on September 13, 2017, and the
Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
,
Boris Johnson
, said that a further 250 UK military personnel would be deployed into the area within the next few days.
[
221
]
Anguilla's Chief Minister,
Victor Banks
, praised the British government's response to the storm and said that Boris Johnson's visit to the island "sends a very positive signal to Anguillans that the British are serious about their response to this very severe hurricane", but went on to say that the current financial commitment from the UK was not substantial enough.
[
221
]
[
222
]
By September 15, the United Kingdom had over 70 military personnel and 4 police officers in Anguilla and had delivered 15 tonnes of aid to the island.
[
223
]
In the British Virgin Islands, Royal Marines had cleared the airfield so that it was operational for the delivery of aid into the islands, with more than 200 British military personnel and 54 UK police officers on the ground and 8 tonnes of aid delivered to the islands.
[
223
]
120 British military personnel were on the ground in Turks and Caicos, and over 150 shelter kits and 720 liters of water were delivered to the islands on September 15.
[
223
]
Amendments to international aid rules by the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(or OECD) allowed for the UK government to provide access to £13 billion worth of aid to the affected British Overseas Territories, through the UK's
Official Development Assistance
(ODA) by November 2017.
[
224
]
The Bahamas
By the afternoon of September 9, Bahamas Power and Light Company had dispatched crews across the archipelago to repair infrastructure damage. The southernmost islands, which were most severely affected by Irma's eye, remained largely inaccessible for days.
[
225
]
Assessments showed that 15% of the national telecommunications network had been affected, with at least one tower destroyed.
[
226
]
Bahamasair
resumed a limited domestic schedule on September 10, with international flights still canceled due to existing and anticipated destruction at other destinations.
[
227
]
The worst devastation occurred on
Ragged Island
, over which Irma's eye had directly passed. After days of the National Emergency Management Agency not being able to physically reach the island, officials were finally able to inspect it; they promptly declared it uninhabitable.
[
228
]
[
229
]
Prime Minister
Hubert Minnis
said that it was the worst disaster area he or his officials had ever seen, and that all remaining residents would need to leave, potentially permanently.
[
228
]
[
230
]
Business leaders and other officials called for a new long-term development model to shift the population away from such sparsely settled islands.
[
231
]
On
Grand Bahama
and
Bimini
, where tornadoes associated with Irma touched down on September 10, more than 100 people were left displaced. Infrastructure damage included docks, parks, and the power system.
[
141
]
Aside from tangible asset losses, Irma brought significant economic damages. International freight shipping was projected to be offline for a week, and costs for rebuilding supplies were inflated due to demand in the U.S.
[
232
]
Cuba
Swollen rivers contributed to worsening flooding in the days after the storm system left, resulting in additional evacuations. Officials resorted to using inflatable rafts to access affected areas. The national electrical infrastructure was said to be extensively damaged.
[
154
]
Hispaniola
In the Dominican Republic, flooding worsened following Irma's departure, leading the number of displaced persons to increase to more than 24,000 by September 8. President
Danilo Medina
ordered further evacuations due to at-risk dams, while the government banned swimming in rivers and ordered boats kept in port.
[
233
]
More than 422,000 people were left without water due to 28 aqueducts being damaged.
[
234
]
In Haiti, officials stated that losses were greater than they could have been since people largely did not heed early preparation and evacuation warnings.
[
28
]
At least 5,000 homes were flooded. One man died trying to cross a flooded river; another went missing and 17 were injured.
[
235
]
The trash- and waste-contaminated floodwaters in places like
Cap-Haïtien
,
Ouanaminthe
, and
Gonaives
led to fears of
cholera
outbreaks.
[
133
]
Flooding continued to worsen days after the storm, as runoff from the mountains swelled rivers in low-lying farming communities. United Nations peacekeepers from
Brazil
were able to gain access to the flooded northwest region to provide urgent aid, but non-governmental organizations and Haitian economists warned that the estimated 30,000 victims would need longer-term assistance as well. Prime Minister
Jack Guy Lafontant
appointed a government commission to address Irma's effects, with
Action Against Hunger
in charge of humanitarian coordination.
[
134
]
United States territories
In the USVI, residents and tourists alike were described as being in a state of traumatic shock.
[
154
]
By September 7, the
USS
Wasp
amphibious assault ship had arrived in the USVI to provide supplies, damage assessment, and evacuation assistance. Four additional warships, some of which had already been on their way to Texas to assist with
Hurricane Harvey
relief, were redirected to the region.
[
205
]
At a September 10 news conference, Governor
Kenneth Mapp
described Irma as a "horrific disaster" for which "[t]here will be no restorations or solutions in days or weeks." The
Federal Emergency Management Agency
airlifted in goods for residents, who were subjected to a curfew.
Norwegian Cruise Lines
and
Royal Caribbean Cruise Line
agreed to transport tourists to Florida, contingent upon port availability following the state's own experience with Irma.
[
236
]
On Saint John, described as "perhaps the site of Irma's worst devastation on American soil," it took six days for an active-theater disaster zone to be established, leading to criticism of the U.S. government response.
[
237
]
The National Guard was delayed in reaching Saint John due to the number of overturned boats left in the harbor.
[
238
]
The National Guard was brought in to maintain order, while the Coast Guard brought evacuees to cruise ships bound for
San Juan
and Miami.
[
237
]
There was still no electricity on St. John in the middle of October 2017.
[
239
]
By September 9, more than one million Puerto Ricans were still without power, tens of thousands were without water, and several thousand were still in shelters. Hospitals were operating on generator power. The government was struggling to establish contact with the islands of
Culebra
and
Vieques
.
[
29
]
By September 10, the main island had recovered enough to serve as a refuge for people stranded on other islands, including 1,200 tourists from Saint Martin and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Airlifts had brought more than 50 patients to Puerto Rico.
[
209
]
Five months after Irma, two-thirds of the hospital beds on Saint Thomas were still unavailable, due to extensive physical damage and staffing shortages.
[
240
]
Saint Martin and French Overseas Department
Damage to Sint Maarten's harbor and to
Princess Juliana International Airport
left the Dutch part of Saint Martin unreachable, although the smaller
Grand Case-Espérance Airport
on the French side could be reopened by September 7 for supply aid by helicopter and airplane.
[
241
]
The French armed forces based in
Guadeloupe
and
French Guiana
flew equipment and troops on board a
CASA/IPTN CN-235
aircraft.
The following day, the Dutch military was able to airlift
dialysis
patients off the island while also dropping leaflets to warn islanders about the rapidly approaching
Hurricane Jose
.
[
56
]
Although the airport was closed, 435 students and faculty of the American University of the Caribbean were evacuated by the U.S. military.
[
242
]
On September 10, Dutch King Willem-Alexander departed for the region, with intentions to visit Sint Maarten and other affected Dutch territories and commonwealth members.
[
206
]
French president Emmanuel Macron followed this announcement by stating his intentions to visit the French part of the island on September 12 in order to bring aid supplies. In response to criticism of the French handling of the disaster, 1,000 troops, police, and other emergency workers were sent to Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy.
[
207
]
On both sides of Saint Martin, desperate conditions combined with food and water shortages in Irma's aftermath led to reports of violence, scavenging, and theft. In response, the French government increased its troop deployment to 2,200 and the Dutch government sent more than 600 military and police personnel.
[
219
]
[
243
]
The day after the hurricane hit
Saint Barthelemy
the French armed forces based in
Guadeloupe
and
French Guiana
flew equipment and troops into the reopened
Grand Case-Espérance Airport
. On September 7 and 9, equipment and personnel were flown from France to Guadeloupe and
Martinique
.
[
244
]
Florida
President
Donald Trump
visits
Naples, Florida
, to talk with people impacted by Hurricane Irma
Sporadic reports of
looting
and burglaries at several
Miami Metro area
businesses occurred with the theft of non-essential items such as
sports apparel
and
athletic shoes
during the height of the storm.
[
245
]
[
246
]
On September 11, Florida governor
Rick Scott
conducted an aerial tour to survey the damage to the Keys. The
Overseas Highway
remained closed while authorities assessed the integrity of the 42 bridges along the route.
[
247
]
Residents returning to the Keys were faced with a police roadblock, to the south of
Florida City
.
[
248
]
USS
Iwo Jima
,
USS
New York
and aircraft carrier
USS
Abraham Lincoln
were sent to the Keys area to aid with the recovery.
[
249
]
On September 12, some residents were allowed to return into the Keys as far as
Islamorada
. Although road damage blocked entry any farther than Islamorada, bridges had been inspected and found safe to
Sugarloaf Key
.
[
250
]
By late on September 12, the Overseas Highway had been repaired and the bridges inspected as safe for
first responders
to travel to Key West.
[
251
]
On September 16, residents were free to return to Marathon.
[
252
]
Residents were allowed to return to Key West the following day, although the Keys remained closed to tourists and a checkpoint remained in place in Florida City.
[
253
]
Nighttime satellite images of Florida before (
left
) and the night after (
right
) Hurricane Irma, highlighting the extensive loss of grid (mains) electricity
Due mainly to the widespread loss of power, cell phone service was also reduced after battery backup power for cell phone towers ran out and backup generators ran out of fuel.
[
254
]
[
255
]
[
256
]
In an impact report by the
FCC
, as of 11 AM EDT on September 12, 89 of 108 (82%) cell phone towers were non-functioning in Monroe County (Florida Keys), 154 of 212 (73%) were non-functioning in Collier County (Naples), 36 of 46 (78%) were non-functioning in
Hendry County
, and an additional six counties had 41-60% of cell phone towers not functioning, including Lee County (Fort Myers) and Miami-Dade County.
[
257
]
NOAA
released map-format aerial reconnaissance image data of damage from the storm. The imagery featured several areas of Florida: including the Florida Keys, the southwest coast of Florida from Marco Island to Punta Gorda, much of the northeast coast of Florida, and portions of the Jacksonville area. Portions of the Georgia and South Carolina coasts were also photographed.
[
258
]
Additionally, the
Sun-Sentinel
published before and after photos of several landmarks in the Florida Keys.
[
259
]
In the days after the hurricane, due to the heavy rainfall, numerous rivers had flooded, including residential areas.
[
260
]
Public health risks, such as diarrheal infections and mosquito-borne illnesses, remain from the flooding that resulted in the aftermath of the hurricane. A large concern from flooding is contamination because people become exposed to dirty floodwaters and the potential for contaminated water to enter the local water supply is significant. One example of an illness that can enter the water supply is
leptospirosis
, which is rat urine carries into the floodwaters. Untreated exposure to leptospirosis can cause kidney damage,
meningitis
, and liver failure.
Noroviruses
and other infections are also a risk.
[
261
]
Following Irma's passage, a 15 ft (4.6 m) hand-carved wooden canoe was discovered on the banks of the
Indian River
and could be several hundred years old. The state has removed the canoe for examination and safe keeping.
[
262
]
Due to Irma's and
Hurricane Harvey
's impact in Florida and Texas, U.S. employment declined in September 2017 for the first time since September 2010. The leisure and hospitality industries were especially hard hit, losing 111,000 jobs in September.
[
263
]
Records
Irma set multiple records for intensity, especially at easterly longitudes, time spent at such an intensity, and its intensity at landfall. When Irma reached Category 5 intensity with winds of 175 mph (282 km/h) at 11:45 UTC on September 5 at
57.7°W
,
[
5
]
it became the easternmost Atlantic hurricane of this strength on record, surpassing
Hurricane David
of
1979
, later beaten by
Hurricane Lorenzo
2 years later
.
[
264
]
By 00:15 UTC on September 6, Irma reached peak intensity with 180 mph (285 km/h) winds and a minimum
pressure
of 914 mbar (914 hPa; 27.0 inHg). This ties it with
Hurricane Mitch
of
1998
,
Hurricane Rita
of
2005
, and
Hurricane Milton
of
2024
as the sixth-strongest Atlantic hurricane by wind speed. Only five other Atlantic hurricanes have been recorded with wind speeds higher than Irma:
Hurricane Allen
of
1980
and
Hurricane Melissa
of
2025
which had maximum sustained winds of 190 mph (310 km/h), and the
1935 Labor Day hurricane
,
Hurricane Gilbert
of
1988
,
Hurricane Wilma
of
2005
,
Hurricane Dorian
of
2019
, all of which had peak winds of 185 mph (298 km/h).
[
265
]
At the time, Irma was also the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the
Atlantic Ocean
outside the
Caribbean Sea
and
Gulf of Mexico
; later surpassed by
Hurricane Dorian
,
[
266
]
and was the
strongest Atlantic hurricane
since Wilma in terms of
maximum sustained winds
, and the most intense in terms of pressure since
Dean
in
2007
.
[
267
]
In addition, Irma achieved one of the
longest durations of Category 5 strength winds
,
[
5
]
and the third-highest
accumulated cyclone energy
(ACE) index for a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin, with a value of 64.9 units. Only the
1899 San Ciriaco hurricane
and
Hurricane Ivan
in 2004 achieved higher values.
[
268
]
[
269
]
On September 6, Irma made landfall on the islands of
Barbuda
,
Saint Martin
, and
Virgin Gorda
at peak strength. This ties Irma with cyclones
Monica
of
2006
and
Winston
of
2016
, and typhoons
Zeb
of
1998
and
Megi
of
2010
as the seventh-strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall globally – in terms of sustained winds – trailing only
Typhoon Goni
of
2020
which bore winds of 195 mph (314 km/h) at landfall,
Typhoon Haiyan
of
2013
and
Typhoon Meranti
of
2016
, which bore winds of 190 mph (310 km/h) at landfall, and the 1935 Labor Day hurricane,
Typhoon Joan
of
1959
, and Hurricane Dorian of 2019, which bore winds of 185 mph (298 km/h) at landfall.
[
270
]
[
271
]
Irma is second to the
1935 Labor Day hurricane
and Hurricane Dorian of 2019 as the strongest landfalling cyclone on record in the Atlantic basin, and is the first hurricane to make landfall anywhere in the Atlantic at Category 5 status since
Felix
in 2007.
[
272
]
Irma is the first recorded Category 5 hurricane to affect the northern
Leeward Islands
, and was one of the worst storms to hit the region on record, along with
Hurricane Donna
in
1960
and
Hurricane Luis
in
1995
. In addition, Irma is only the second hurricane on record to make landfall in Cuba at Category 5 intensity, with the other being
a hurricane in 1924
.
[
267
]
Furthermore, when Irma made landfall on Barbuda, Saint Martin, Virgin Gorda, and Cuba as a Category 5 hurricane, it became one of only two recorded Atlantic storms to make landfall in multiple nations at this strength; the other was
Hurricane Andrew
in
1992
, which struck both
Eleuthera
and the United States as a Category 5 hurricane.
[
273
]
Irma made landfall in the
Florida Keys
with winds of 130 mph (210 km/h) and a pressure of 931 mbar (931 hPa; 27.5 inHg), making it the strongest hurricane to strike Florida in terms of wind speed since
Charley
in
2004
, and the most intense to strike the state in terms of barometric pressure since
Andrew
in
1992
. In the span of two weeks, two Category 4 hurricanes—
Harvey
and Irma—struck the continental United States, the first time on record two Atlantic tropical cyclones of such strength made landfall on the country in the same hurricane season.
[
274
]
[
275
]
This also marked only the third occurrence of two consecutive Atlantic storms making landfall in the United States as major hurricanes. The other two instances were the
Great Charleston
and
Cheniere Caminada
hurricanes in
1893
, and hurricanes
Ivan
and
Jeanne
in 2004.
[
268
]
Retirement
Because of the extensive damage and loss of life the hurricane caused in the northeastern Caribbean, Cuba and the United States, particularly in Florida, the
World Meteorological Organization
retired the name
Irma
from its rotating naming lists in April 2018; it will never again be used for another Atlantic hurricane. It was replaced with
Idalia
for the
2023 season
.
[
276
]
See also
Weather of 2017
Tropical cyclones in 2017
List of Cuba hurricanes
List of Florida hurricanes (2000-present)
Notes
^
A major hurricane is a storm that ranks as Category 3 or higher on the
Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale
.
[
2
]
^
a
b
c
Irma caused 82 indirect and 10 direct deaths in the U.S., 3 direct deaths in the U.S. Virgin Islands, and 3 indirect deaths in Puerto Rico.
^
Storms with designations in quotation marks are officially unnamed. Tropical storms and hurricanes were not named before the year 1950.
[
104
]
^
The storm category color indicates the
intensity of the hurricane
when landfalling in the U.S.
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(
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^
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. Retrieved
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.
External links
KML is not from Wikidata
The National Hurricane Center's
advisory archive on Hurricane Irma
Hurricane Irma Viewed from the International Space Station
on
YouTube
Ready.gov
's advice on
Hurricanes
"The $100 Billion Hurricane?"
by Todd B. Bates
Copernicus Emergency Management Service - damage grading and delineation maps:
EMSR232: Hurricane Irma in Antilles Islands
EMSR233: Hurricane Irma in Haiti and Dominican Republic
EMSR234: Hurricane Irma in Sint Maarten
EMSR236: Hurricane Irma in British Virgin Islands |
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma)
- [1 Meteorological history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Meteorological_history)
- [2 Preparations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Preparations)
Toggle Preparations subsection
- [2\.1 Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Caribbean)
- [2\.2 Mainland United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Mainland_United_States)
- [2\.2.1 Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Florida)
- [2\.2.2 Elsewhere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Elsewhere)
- [2\.2.3 Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Sports)
- [2\.2.4 FEMA funding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#FEMA_funding)
- [3 Impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Impact)
Toggle Impact subsection
- [3\.1 Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Caribbean_2)
- [3\.1.1 Antigua and Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Antigua_and_Barbuda)
- [3\.1.2 Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Saint_Martin)
- [3\.1.3 Saint Barthélemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy)
- [3\.1.4 Anguilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Anguilla)
- [3\.1.5 Rest of the Lesser Antilles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Rest_of_the_Lesser_Antilles)
- [3\.1.6 British Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#British_Virgin_Islands)
- [3\.1.7 U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#U.S._Virgin_Islands)
- [3\.1.8 Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Puerto_Rico)
- [3\.1.9 Hispaniola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Hispaniola)
- [3\.1.10 Turks and Caicos Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Turks_and_Caicos_Islands)
- [3\.1.11 The Bahamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#The_Bahamas)
- [3\.1.12 Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Cuba)
- [3\.2 Mainland United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Mainland_United_States_2)
- [3\.2.1 Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Florida_2)
- [3\.2.2 Other states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Other_states)
- [4 Aftermath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Aftermath)
Toggle Aftermath subsection
- [4\.1 Antigua and Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Antigua_and_Barbuda_2)
- [4\.2 British Overseas Territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#British_Overseas_Territories)
- [4\.3 The Bahamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#The_Bahamas_2)
- [4\.4 Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Cuba_2)
- [4\.5 Hispaniola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Hispaniola_2)
- [4\.6 United States territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#United_States_territories)
- [4\.7 Saint Martin and French Overseas Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Saint_Martin_and_French_Overseas_Department)
- [4\.8 Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Florida_3)
- [5 Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Records)
- [6 Retirement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Retirement)
- [7 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#See_also)
- [8 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#Notes)
- [9 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#References)
- [10 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#External_links)
Toggle the table of contents
# Hurricane Irma
44 languages
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7 "إعصار إيرما – Arabic")
- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_\(%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD\) "Ірма (ураган) – Belarusian")
- [भोजपुरी](https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE "हरीकेन इरमा – Bhojpuri")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE "হারিকেন ইরমা – Bangla")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurac%C3%A0_Irma "Huracà Irma – Catalan")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurik%C3%A1n_Irma "Hurikán Irma – Czech")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkanen_Irma "Orkanen Irma – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrikan_Irma "Hurrikan Irma – German")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%85%CF%86%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%8A%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1 "Τυφώνας Ίρμα – Greek")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurac%C3%A1n_Irma "Huracán Irma – Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irma_\(orkaan\) "Irma (orkaan) – Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irma_urakana "Irma urakana – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7 "توفند ایرما – Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrikaani_Irma "Hurrikaani Irma – Finnish")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouragan_Irma "Ouragan Irma – French")
- [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irma_\(orkaan\) "Irma (orkaan) – Western Frisian")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A9irling_Irma "Spéirling Irma – Irish")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%94 "הוריקן אירמה – Hebrew")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irma_hurrik%C3%A1n_\(2017\) "Irma hurrikán (2017) – Hungarian")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1_\(%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF\) "Իրմա (փոթորիկ) – Armenian")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurikan_Irma "Hurikan Irma – Indonesian")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uragano_Irma "Uragano Irma – Italian")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E "ハリケーン・イルマ – Japanese")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B8_%EC%96%B4%EB%A7%88 "허리케인 어마 – Korean")
- [Kurdî](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroveya_%C3%8Ermay%C3%AA "Baroveya Îrmayê – Kurdish")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taufan_Irma "Taufan Irma – Malay")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irma_\(orkaan\) "Irma (orkaan) – Dutch")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkanen_Irma "Orkanen Irma – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huragan_Irma "Huragan Irma – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furac%C3%A3o_Irma "Furacão Irma – Portuguese")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraganul_Irma "Uraganul Irma – Romanian")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_\(%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD,_2017\) "Ирма (ураган, 2017) – Russian")
- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma "Hurricane Irma – Scots")
- [سنڌي](https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7 "هريڪن ارما – Sindhi")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma "Hurricane Irma – Simple English")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0 "Ураган Ирма – Serbian")
- [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbunga_Irma "Kimbunga Irma – Swahili")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D "இர்மா புயல் – Tamil")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2 "พายุเฮอริเคนเออร์มา – Thai")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irma_Kas%C4%B1rgas%C4%B1 "Irma Kasırgası – Turkish")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_\(%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD\) "Ірма (ураган) – Ukrainian")
- [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irma_dovuli "Irma dovuli – Uzbek")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A3o_Irma_\(2017\) "Bão Irma (2017) – Vietnamese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A2%B6%E9%A2%A8%E8%89%BE%E7%91%AA "颶風艾瑪 – Chinese")
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 2017
This article is about Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 2017. For other storms of the same name, see [List of storms named Irma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_storms_named_Irma "List of storms named Irma").
| | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irma_2017-09-06_1230Z.jpg)Hurricane Irma over the [Lesser Antilles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Antilles "Lesser Antilles") at peak intensity early on September 6 | |
| Meteorological history | |
| Formed | August 30, 2017 (2017-08-30) |
| [Remnant low](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-tropical_cyclone "Post-tropical cyclone") | September 12, 2017 |
| Dissipated | September 13, 2017 (2017-09-13) |
| Category 5 major hurricane | |
| *1-minute sustained* ([SSHWS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale "Saffir–Simpson scale")/[NWS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Weather_Service "National Weather Service")) | |
| Highest winds | 180 mph (285 km/h) |
| Lowest pressure | 914 [mbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_\(unit\) "Bar (unit)") ([hPa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_\(unit\) "Pascal (unit)")); 26.99 [inHg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch_of_mercury "Inch of mercury") |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 134 total |
| Damage | \$77.2 billion (2017 [USD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar")) ([Sixth-costliest tropical cyclone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_costliest_Atlantic_hurricanes "List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes") on record; costliest in Cuban history) |
| Areas affected | [Leeward Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_Islands "Leeward Islands") [Greater Antilles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Antilles "Greater Antilles") [Lucayan Archipelago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucayan_Archipelago "Lucayan Archipelago") [Southeastern United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_United_States "Southeastern United States") |
| [IBTrACS](https://ncics.org/ibtracs/index.php?name=v04r01-2017242N16333)[](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38685186#P4540 "Edit this at Wikidata") | |
| Part of the **[2017 Atlantic hurricane season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2017 Atlantic hurricane season")** | |
| **History** [Meteorological history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorological_history_of_Hurricane_Irma "Meteorological history of Hurricane Irma") **Effects** [Lesser Antilles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Irma_in_the_Lesser_Antilles "Effects of Hurricane Irma in the Lesser Antilles") [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Irma_in_Florida "Effects of Hurricane Irma in Florida") **Other wikis** [Commons: Irma images](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hurricane_Irma "commons:Category:Hurricane Irma") | |
**Hurricane Irma** was an extremely powerful and devastating [tropical cyclone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone "Tropical cyclone") that caused extensive damage and multiple deaths across the [Antilles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antilles "Antilles") and [Eastern United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_United_States "Eastern United States") in September 2017. Irma was the first [Category 5 hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_5_hurricane "Category 5 hurricane") to strike the [Leeward Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_Islands "Leeward Islands") on record, though it was followed by [Hurricane Maria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Maria "Hurricane Maria"), which struck the region at Category 5 intensity as well two weeks later. At the time, Irma was considered the most powerful hurricane on record in the open Atlantic region, outside of the [Caribbean Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea "Caribbean Sea") and [Gulf of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico "Gulf of Mexico"), until it was surpassed by [Hurricane Dorian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian "Hurricane Dorian") two years later. It was also the third-strongest Atlantic hurricane at landfall ever recorded, just behind the [1935 Labor Day hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Labor_Day_hurricane "1935 Labor Day hurricane"), [Hurricane Melissa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Melissa "Hurricane Melissa"), and Dorian.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-1)
The ninth [named storm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_naming "Tropical cyclone naming"), fourth [hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane "Hurricane"), second [major hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale#Categories "Saffir–Simpson scale"),[\[nb 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-3) and first [Category 5 hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Category_5_Atlantic_hurricanes "List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes") of the extremely active [2017 Atlantic hurricane season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2017 Atlantic hurricane season"), Irma developed from a [tropical wave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_wave "Tropical wave") near the [Cape Verde Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde "Cape Verde") on August 30. Favorable conditions allowed Irma to [rapidly intensify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_intensification "Rapid intensification") into a [Category 3 hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_3_hurricane "Category 3 hurricane") on the [Saffir–Simpson wind scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_wind_scale "Saffir–Simpson wind scale") by late on August 31. The storm's intensity fluctuated between Categories 2 and 3 for the next several days, due to a series of [eyewall replacement cycles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyewall_replacement_cycle "Eyewall replacement cycle"). On September 4, Irma resumed intensifying, becoming a Category 5 hurricane by early on the next day. Early on September 6, Irma peaked with 1-minute sustained winds of 180 mph (290 km/h) and a minimum [pressure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure "Atmospheric pressure") of 914 hPa (27.0 inHg). Irma was the second-most intense tropical cyclone worldwide in 2017 in terms of barometric pressure, and the strongest worldwide in 2017 in terms of wind speed. Another eyewall replacement cycle caused Irma to weaken back to a Category 4 hurricane, but the storm re-attained Category 5 status before making landfall in [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba "Cuba"). Although Irma briefly weakened to a Category 2 storm while making landfall on Cuba, the system re-intensified to Category 4 status as it crossed the warm waters of the [Straits of Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Florida "Straits of Florida"), before making landfall on [Cudjoe Key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cudjoe_Key,_Florida "Cudjoe Key, Florida") on September 10. Irma then weakened to Category 3 status, prior to another landfall in Florida on [Marco Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Island,_Florida "Marco Island, Florida") later that day. The system degraded into a remnant low over [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama "Alabama") and ultimately dissipated on September 13 over [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri "Missouri").
Irma caused widespread and catastrophic damage throughout its long lifetime, particularly in the northeastern [Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean "Caribbean") and the [Florida Keys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Keys "Florida Keys"). It was also the most intense hurricane to strike the [continental United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States "Contiguous United States") since [Katrina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina "Hurricane Katrina") in [2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2005 Atlantic hurricane season"), the first major hurricane to make [landfall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfall "Landfall") in [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida "Florida") since [Wilma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Wilma "Hurricane Wilma") in the same year, and the first Category 4 hurricane to strike the state since [Charley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Charley "Hurricane Charley") in [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2004 Atlantic hurricane season"). The storm caused catastrophic damage in [Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbuda "Barbuda"), [Saint Barthélemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy "Saint Barthélemy"), [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Martin_\(island\) "Saint Martin (island)"), [Anguilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla "Anguilla"), and the [Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Islands "Virgin Islands") as a Category 5 hurricane. The hurricane caused at least 134 deaths: one in [Anguilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla "Anguilla"); one in [Barbados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados "Barbados"); three in [Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbuda "Barbuda"); four in the [British Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands "British Virgin Islands"); 10 in [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba "Cuba"); 11 in the [French West Indies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Indies "French West Indies"); one in [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti "Haiti"); three in [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico"); four on the Dutch side of [Sint Maarten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Maarten "Sint Maarten"); 92 in the [contiguous United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States "Contiguous United States"), and four in the [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands "United States Virgin Islands"). The word *Irmageddon* was coined soon after the hurricane to describe the damage caused by the hurricane.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-irmageddon-4) Hurricane Irma was the top [Google searched](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search "Google Search") term in the U.S. and globally in 2017.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-top_trending_Google_search-5)
## Meteorological history
Main article: [Meteorological history of Hurricane Irma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorological_history_of_Hurricane_Irma "Meteorological history of Hurricane Irma")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irma_2017_path.png)
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
**[Saffir–Simpson scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale "Saffir–Simpson scale")**
Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
Unknown
**Storm type**
 [Tropical cyclone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone "Tropical cyclone")
 [Subtropical cyclone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone "Subtropical cyclone")
 [Extratropical cyclone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone "Extratropical cyclone"), remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression
A [tropical wave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_wave "Tropical wave") left the west coast of Africa on August 27, producing a large area of [deep convection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection_\(meteorology\) "Convection (meteorology)"). Over the following days, convection became more concentrated over the northern part of the disturbance, and a surface circulation developed by August 30. The [National Hurricane Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center "National Hurricane Center") (NHC) estimates that the disturbance developed into a tropical depression around 00:00 UTC August 30, about 120 [nautical miles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_miles "Nautical miles") (138.1 miles; 222.2 kilometers) southwest of the [Cape Verde Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde_Islands "Cape Verde Islands"). Six hours later, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Irma, the ninth [named](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_naming "Tropical cyclone naming") storm of the [2017 Atlantic hurricane season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2017 Atlantic hurricane season").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) Located over warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs), and within an environment of low [wind shear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_shear#Vertical_component "Wind shear"), Irma underwent [rapid intensification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_intensification "Rapid intensification"). The formation of an [eye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_\(cyclone\) "Eye (cyclone)") around 06:00 UTC on August 31 signified Irma's strengthening into a hurricane, just 30 hours after formation. Turning to the northwest as the [ridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_\(meteorology\) "Ridge (meteorology)") steering the cyclone weakened, Irma rapidly intensified into a [major hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_hurricane "Major hurricane") by 00:00 UTC September 1. Within a 48-hour period, the hurricane's intensity had increased by 80 mph (130 km/h).[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) Fluctuations in intensity occurred over the next few days due to internal processes, as the first [aircraft reconnaissance mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_hunters "Hurricane hunters") into Irma discovered an eye 29 mi (47 km) in diameter and surface winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) on September 3.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NHC_discussion_17-7)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-8)
| Strongest [landfalling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfall "Landfall") Atlantic hurricanes† | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Hurricane | Season | Wind speed | |
| mph | km/h | | | |
| 1 | ["Labor Day"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Labor_Day_hurricane "1935 Labor Day hurricane") | [1935](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1935 Atlantic hurricane season") | 185 | 295 |
| [Dorian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian "Hurricane Dorian") | [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2019 Atlantic hurricane season") | | | |
| [Melissa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Melissa "Hurricane Melissa") | [2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2025 Atlantic hurricane season") | | | |
| 4 | [Irma]() | [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2017 Atlantic hurricane season") | 180 | 285 |
| 5 | [Janet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Janet "Hurricane Janet") | [1955](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1955 Atlantic hurricane season") | 175 | 280 |
| [Camille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Camille "Hurricane Camille") | [1969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1969 Atlantic hurricane season") | | | |
| [Anita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Anita "Hurricane Anita") | [1977](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1977 Atlantic hurricane season") | | | |
| [David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_David "Hurricane David") | [1979](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1979 Atlantic hurricane season") | | | |
| [Dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dean "Hurricane Dean") | [2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2007 Atlantic hurricane season") | | | |
| 10 | ["Cuba"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Cuba_hurricane "1924 Cuba hurricane") | [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1924 Atlantic hurricane season") | 165 | 270 |
| [Andrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew "Hurricane Andrew") | [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1992 Atlantic hurricane season") | | | |
| [Maria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Maria "Hurricane Maria") | [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2017 Atlantic hurricane season") | | | |
| Source: [HURDAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HURDAT "HURDAT"),[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-HURDAT-9) [AOML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanographic_and_Meteorological_Laboratory "Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory")/[HRD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Research_Division "Hurricane Research Division")[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Metadata-10) | | | | |
| †Strength refers to [maximum sustained wind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_sustained_wind "Maximum sustained wind") speed upon striking land. | | | | |
As Irma continued approaching the Leeward Islands, the hurricane underwent a second and more robust period of rapid intensification on September 4, becoming a Category 5 hurricane early the following day. The extremely powerful hurricane continued to strengthen, with maximum sustained winds peaking at 180 mph (290 km/h) shortly afterwards. Irma acquired [annular](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annular_tropical_cyclone "Annular tropical cyclone") characteristics around this time, with the storm exhibiting a large, symmetric [central dense overcast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dense_overcast "Central dense overcast") (CDO).[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-symmetric-11) At 05:45 UTC on September 6, Irma made landfall along the northern coast of [Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbuda "Barbuda") at peak intensity, with the storm's central minimum pressure having bottomed out at 914 mbar (27.0 inHg) – this was the lowest minimum pressure in the Atlantic since [Dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dean "Hurricane Dean") in 2007; the storm also made [landfall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfall "Landfall") with maximum sustained winds of 180 mph (290 km/h). Irma continued to maintain its peak intensity until 12:00 UTC on September 6 and made additional successive landfalls on that same day, at 11:15 UTC on [Sint Maarten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Maarten "Sint Maarten"), and at 16:30 UTC on [Virgin Gorda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Gorda "Virgin Gorda"), in the [British Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands "British Virgin Islands").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
Irma maintained Category 5 strength for several days as it passed north of the [Greater Antilles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Antilles "Greater Antilles"). After beginning an [eyewall replacement cycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyewall_replacement_cycle "Eyewall replacement cycle"), Irma weakened to a Category 4 hurricane as it passed south of the [Turks and Caicos Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands "Turks and Caicos Islands") early on September 8, subsequently ending the 60-hour continuous period of Irma maintaining Category 5 intensity, the second-longest any Atlantic storm had maintained winds above 156 mph (251 km/h) – behind only the [1932 Cuba hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Cuba_hurricane "1932 Cuba hurricane"). The hurricane then began tracking more to the west due to the intensification of a [subtropical ridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_\(meteorology\) "Ridge (meteorology)") to its north. Once the eyewall replacement cycle was complete, Irma began to re-intensify, and it attained Category 5 intensity for the second time at 18:00 UTC that day east of [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba "Cuba"). The very powerful hurricane then made landfall in [Cayo Romano, Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayo_Romano "Cayo Romano"), at 03:00 UTC on September 9, with winds of 165 mph (266 km/h). This made Irma only the second Category 5 hurricane to strike Cuba in recorded history, after the [1924 Cuba hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Cuba_hurricane "1924 Cuba hurricane"). As the eye of Irma moved along the northern coast of Cuba, quick weakening ensued due to extended land interaction, with the eye becoming cloud-filled. Irma bottomed out as a high-end Category 2 storm later on September 9.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katia,_Irma,_Jose_2017-09-08_1745Z%E2%80%931935Z.jpg)
Three simultaneously active hurricanes on September 8. From left to right: [Katia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katia_\(2017\) "Hurricane Katia (2017)"), Irma, and [Jose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Jose_\(2017\) "Hurricane Jose (2017)"), the first occurrence since [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2010 Atlantic hurricane season").
After slowing down late that day, the hurricane turned northwestward towards [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida "Florida"). This motion resulted from Irma rounding the southwestern edge of the subtropical high to its northeast and a low-pressure system that was located over the continental [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States"), to its northwest. Moving over the warm waters of the Straits of Florida, Irma quickly re-intensified to a Category 4 hurricane at 06:00 UTC on September 10, as deep convection improved and the eye became better defined.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) The cyclone made landfall in [Cudjoe Key, Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cudjoe_Key,_Florida "Cudjoe Key, Florida"), at 13:00 UTC on September 10, at Category 4 intensity, with winds of 130 mph (210 km/h). Increasing wind shear and land interaction caused the satellite appearance of the storm to become ragged later that day, and Irma weakened to Category 3 intensity before making its seventh and final landfall at 19:30 UTC, in [Marco Island, Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Island,_Florida "Marco Island, Florida"), with sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Once Irma had moved inland, it began to accelerate to the north-northwest, while rapid weakening began to occur due to the increasing wind shear, land interaction, and dry air, with the storm falling below Category 3 intensity hours after landfall. Irma finally weakened to a tropical storm on September 11 as it entered southern [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "Georgia (U.S. state)").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) The greatly weakened storm turned more northwestward and degenerated to a remnant low as it crossed into [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama "Alabama") by 06:00 UTC September 12. The remnant low continued to diminish in strength as it progressed northwestward, dissipating over [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri "Missouri") the following day.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
## Preparations
### Caribbean
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irma_RBTOP_20170905_0715_UTC.gif)
Infrared satellite loop of Irma approaching the northern Leeward Islands on September 5, around the time of its upgrade to a Category 5 hurricane
Given that Irma's forecast track was along much of the Caribbean island chain, hurricane warnings were issued for the northern Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, and parts of Hispaniola on September 5.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
In [Antigua and Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda "Antigua and Barbuda"), residents safeguarded their homes and cleaned up their properties in anticipation of strong winds. Emergency crews were put on standby at public shelters and hospitals by September 5 to assist with any evacuations.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-12) Expecting a direct hit, more than half of the residents on Barbuda took shelter,[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nytimes-13) and relief supplies were preemptively mobilized.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-14) The National Emergency Management Organization on [Saint Lucia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia "Saint Lucia") urged small craft operators and swimmers to be mindful of forecasts for high surf.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-15) Small Craft Warnings and High Surf Advisories were hoisted for [Dominica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica "Dominica"), where residents were urged to remain vigilant of the potential for high waves, landslides, and flooding.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-16)
In Guadeloupe, low-lying and cliff-edge homes were evacuated at the threat of flooding and erosion. Schools and public businesses closed on September 5 and 6. Hospitals stocked up on three days' worth of supplies and checked the functionality of their generators.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-17)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-18) Of the island's 32 [communes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Guadeloupe_department "Communes of the Guadeloupe department"), 22 activated their emergency plans; 1,500 people were urged to take shelter.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-guadeloupe-19) The island sustained relatively minor damage and became the base for relief efforts on [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin "Collectivity of Saint Martin") and [Saint Barthélemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy "Saint Barthélemy").[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-20) Though the core of the hurricane was expected to remain north of the island, a yellow alert was issued for [Martinique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique "Martinique") due to the likelihood of rough seas.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-21) The island dispatched relief supplies and military reinforcements to its neighboring islands of Guadeloupe, Saint Martin. and Saint Barthélemy, which faced a greater risk of a direct impact.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-22)
On September 4, [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico") declared a state of emergency.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-23) By September 6, the U.S. [Federal Emergency Management Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency "Federal Emergency Management Agency") had deployed response teams in Puerto Rico and the [United States Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands "United States Virgin Islands"). Supplies, including food rations, medical supplies, and blankets, were pre-staged in strategic locations on the islands for distribution.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-24)
On September 5, the [Dominican Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic "Dominican Republic") activated the [International Charter on Space and Major Disasters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Charter_on_Space_and_Major_Disasters "International Charter on Space and Major Disasters"), thus providing for humanitarian satellite coverage;[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Hurricane_Irma-25) the United States and Haiti followed suit two days later.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-U.S._Activates_International_Charter_on_Space_and_Major_Disasters-26)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-27) According to officials, 11,200 people were evacuated from vulnerable areas prior to the storm's arrival.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-JamObsHelp-28) Approximately 7,400 tourists were moved to [Santo Domingo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingo "Santo Domingo"), away from beach resorts.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NOLA-29) In [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti "Haiti"), government officials and aid organizations struggled with early preparation and evacuation efforts. While some officials blamed reluctance and indifference on the part of the population, others "admitted they were not prepared for the onslaught and no mandatory evacuation orders were in place ahead of Irma's approach."[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NOLA-29)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-islands-30) Local officials contended that they had not received promised funds, supplies, or equipment from the national government. The [United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Stabilization_Mission_in_Haiti "United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti") prepared its 1,000 [peacekeepers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacekeeping "Peacekeeping") and engineers to assist.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-31)
In the [Turks and Caicos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos "Turks and Caicos"), evacuation orders were issued for low-lying areas starting September 5. Schools were closed, government buildings were boarded up, and shelters were opened.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-32) Officials spread warnings to residents in English, Creole, and Spanish via social media, radio, SMS text, and [WhatsApp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp "WhatsApp").[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-33) In [The Bahamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas "The Bahamas"), the government began preparations the week prior to the hurricane's arrival, including securing national sports facilities to use as shelters.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-34) By September 7, the government had evacuated 1,609 people by air from the southern islands, including 365 from [Bimini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimini "Bimini").[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-35) Controlled cutting of the power supply to southern and central Bahamian islands was conducted in advance of the storm.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-36) Shelters were made available, though usage was low due to most evacuees staying with family on other islands.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-37) Of the 2,679 foreign tourists still in The Bahamas on September 7, about 1,200 were being housed at [Atlantis Paradise Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_Paradise_Island "Atlantis Paradise Island"), one of the most hurricane-ready structures in the country.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-38)
In [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba "Cuba"), meteorologists did not initially predict a direct hit.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NYT9-39) Fuel conservation was enacted in [Camagüey Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camag%C3%BCey_Province "Camagüey Province") to ensure that enough would be available during post-storm power outages.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-40) The Civil Defense evacuated nearly one million people from low-lying areas, including thousands of Canadian and European tourists in the [Jardines del Rey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardines_del_Rey "Jardines del Rey").[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-41)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NYT9-39) Dolphins at a [Cayo Guillermo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayo_Guillermo "Cayo Guillermo") resort were evacuated by helicopter.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NYT9-39)
### Mainland United States
The NHC issued several [watches and warnings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_warnings_and_watches#Western_hemisphere "Tropical cyclone warnings and watches") for the [Southeastern United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_United_States "Southeastern United States"). The first watches and warnings were issued at 15:00 UTC on September 7, which was a hurricane watch from the [Jupiter Inlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter,_Florida "Jupiter, Florida") to [Bonita Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonita_Beach,_Florida "Bonita Beach, Florida"), including the [Florida Keys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Keys "Florida Keys") and [Lake Okeechobee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Okeechobee "Lake Okeechobee"). The watches and warnings were extended into [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "Georgia (U.S. state)") and [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina") on September 9. At 21:00 UTC on that day, the advisories reached their maximum extent, with a hurricane warning covering the entire east coast of the state, the west coast from [Indian Pass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Pass,_Florida "Indian Pass, Florida") southward, and the Florida Keys; a hurricane watch was in place from the Florida–Georgia state line to [Edisto Beach, South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edisto_Beach,_South_Carolina "Edisto Beach, South Carolina"); and there were two tropical storm warnings, one in Florida from Indian Pass to the [Okaloosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okaloosa_County,_Florida "Okaloosa County, Florida")–[Walton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_County,_Florida "Walton County, Florida") county line and the other from the Florida–Georgia state line to the [South Santee River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Santee_River "South Santee River") in South Carolina. Watches and warnings were gradually discontinued as Irma moved inland and weakened, with all of them canceled by early on September 12.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
#### Florida
Main article: [Effects of Hurricane Irma in Florida § Preparations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Irma_in_Florida#Preparations "Effects of Hurricane Irma in Florida")
'Florida governor [Rick Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Scott "Rick Scott") on Evacuations' video from [Voice of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America "Voice of America")
On September 4, Florida governor [Rick Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Scott "Rick Scott") declared a state of emergency. Governor Scott placed 100 members of the [Florida National Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_National_Guard "Florida National Guard") on duty to assist in preparations. All 7,000 troops were ordered to be on duty by September 8.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-SCHRP-42) Officials advised residents to stock their hurricane kits.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-43) The state coordinated with electrical companies in order for power outages to be restored as quickly as possible, extending resources such as equipment, fuel, and lodging for the approximately 24,000 restoration personnel who had been activated. Governor Scott suspended tolls on all toll roads in Florida, including [the turnpike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida%27s_Turnpike "Florida's Turnpike"). All state offices in Florida were closed from September 8 to September 11, while public schools, state colleges, and state universities in all 67 [counties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Florida "List of counties in Florida") were closed during the same period. The [Florida Department of Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Department_of_Education "Florida Department of Education") coordinated with school districts as the need for transportation by school buses and opening shelters arose. By September 9, more than 150 state parks were closed.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Statement_10-44) Throughout the state, almost 700 emergency shelters were opened. The shelters collectively housed about 191,764 people,[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-SCHRP-42) with more than 40% of them staying in a shelter in South Florida.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-sd-45) Additionally, more than 60 special needs shelters were opened, which housed more than 5,000 people by September 9.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Statement_10-44)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hurricane_Irma_2017_Doral_preparations.jpg)
Residents in [Doral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doral,_Florida "Doral, Florida") installing [hurricane shutters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_shutters "Hurricane shutters") in advance of the storm
Many airports across the state, particularly in [Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Florida "Central Florida") and [South Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Florida "South Florida"), were closed.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Statement_10-44) Nearly 9,000 flights intending to arrive in or depart from Florida were canceled.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-46) Along Florida's coasts, most seaports were closed or opened with restricted access.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Statement_10-44) For the fifth time in its 45-year history, the [Walt Disney World Resort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Resort "Walt Disney World Resort") was completely closed due to the storm. Its theme parks, water parks, and [Disney Springs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Springs "Disney Springs") were all closed by 9:00 p.m. on September 9 and remained closed until September 12. Other [Orlando](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida "Orlando, Florida")\-area theme parks, including [Universal Orlando Resort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Orlando_Resort "Universal Orlando Resort") and [SeaWorld Orlando](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaWorld_Orlando "SeaWorld Orlando"), were also closed.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-47) The [Kennedy Space Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center") was closed from September 8 to September 15.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-48)
An estimated 6.5 million Floridians were ordered to evacuate, mostly those living on barrier islands or in coastal areas; in mobile or sub-standard homes; and in low-lying or flood prone areas. Mandatory evacuations were ordered for portions of [Brevard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevard_County,_Florida "Brevard County, Florida"), [Broward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broward_County,_Florida "Broward County, Florida"), [Citrus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_County,_Florida "Citrus County, Florida"), [Collier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier_County,_Florida "Collier County, Florida"), [Dixie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_County,_Florida "Dixie County, Florida"), [Duval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duval_County,_Florida "Duval County, Florida"), [Flagler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagler_County,_Florida "Flagler County, Florida"), [Glades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glades_County,_Florida "Glades County, Florida"), [Hendry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendry_County,_Florida "Hendry County, Florida"), [Hernando](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando_County,_Florida "Hernando County, Florida"), [Indian River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_River_County,_Florida "Indian River County, Florida"), [Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_County,_Florida "Lee County, Florida"), [Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_County,_Florida "Martin County, Florida"), [Miami-Dade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida "Miami-Dade County, Florida"), [Orange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_Florida "Orange County, Florida"), [Palm Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Beach_County,_Florida "Palm Beach County, Florida"), [Pasco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasco_County,_Florida "Pasco County, Florida"), [Pinellas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinellas_County,_Florida "Pinellas County, Florida"), [Sarasota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasota_County,_Florida "Sarasota County, Florida"), [Seminole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_County,_Florida "Seminole County, Florida"), [St. Lucie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lucie_County,_Florida "St. Lucie County, Florida"), [Sumter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumter_County,_Florida "Sumter County, Florida"), and [Volusia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volusia_County,_Florida "Volusia County, Florida") counties. All of [Monroe County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_County,_Florida "Monroe County, Florida"), where the [Florida Keys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Keys "Florida Keys") are located, was placed under a mandatory evacuation.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Statement_10-44) Residents in communities near the southern half of Lake Okeechobee were also ordered to leave. Additionally, voluntary evacuation notices were issued for all or parts of [Alachua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alachua_County,_Florida "Alachua County, Florida"), [Baker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_County,_Florida "Baker County, Florida"), [Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_County,_Florida "Bay County, Florida"), [Bradford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_County,_Florida "Bradford County, Florida"), [Charlotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_County,_Florida "Charlotte County, Florida"), [Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_County,_Florida "Columbia County, Florida"), [Desoto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoto_County,_Florida "Desoto County, Florida"), [Hardee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardee_County,_Florida "Hardee County, Florida"), [Highlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands_County,_Florida "Highlands County, Florida"), [Hillsborough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough_County,_Florida "Hillsborough County, Florida"), [Lake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_County,_Florida "Lake County, Florida"), [Manatee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manatee_County,_Florida "Manatee County, Florida"), [Okeechobee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okeechobee_County,_Florida "Okeechobee County, Florida"), [Osceola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osceola_County,_Florida "Osceola County, Florida"), and [Polk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polk_County,_Florida "Polk County, Florida") counties.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Statement_10-44)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emergency_shoulder_use_Interstate_4_before_Hurricane_Irma_3.jpg)
Eastbound Interstate 4 lanes on the afternoon of September 9 are filled with evacuating traffic from the Gulf Coast (note the [emergency shoulder use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_\(road\)#Emergency_use_by_all_traffic "Shoulder (road)") by moving traffic), while westbound lanes are almost empty at 5 p.m. on a Saturday afternoon
A record 6.5 million Floridians evacuated, making it the largest evacuation in US history. Evacuees caused significant traffic congestion on northbound [Interstate 95](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Florida "Interstate 95 in Florida"), [Interstate 75](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Florida "Interstate 75 in Florida"), and Florida's Turnpike, exacerbated by the fact that the entire Florida peninsula was within the cone of uncertainty in the NHC's forecast path in the days before the storm, so evacuees from both coasts headed north, as evacuees would not be safer by fleeing to the opposite coast.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-SCHRP-42) Fuel was in short supply throughout peninsular Florida during the week before Irma's arrival, especially along evacuation routes, leading to hours-long lines at fuel stations and even escorts of fuel trucks by the [Florida Highway Patrol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Highway_Patrol "Florida Highway Patrol").[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Statement_5-49)
Use of the left [shoulder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_\(road\) "Shoulder (road)") as a lane for moving traffic was allowed on northbound Interstate 75 from [Wildwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildwood,_Florida "Wildwood, Florida") to the Georgia state line beginning September 8 and on eastbound [Interstate 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_4 "Interstate 4") from Tampa to [State Road 429](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_429 "Florida State Road 429") near [Celebration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebration,_Florida "Celebration, Florida") for a few hours on September 9. It was the first time that the shoulder-use plan, which was introduced at the start of the 2017 hurricane season, was implemented by the state for hurricane evacuations.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-SCHRP-42) The shoulder-use plan was implemented in place of labor- and resource-intensive [contraflow lane reversal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraflow_lane_reversal "Contraflow lane reversal"), in which both sides of an interstate highway are used for one direction of traffic.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-OS_May_2017_shoulder-use_plan-50)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-OS_I-4_shoulder_use-51)
Officials from the [Environmental Protection Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency "United States Environmental Protection Agency"), which had been criticized for its response to [Hurricane Harvey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey "Hurricane Harvey"), took special measures to inspect and secure hazardous materials, especially at [Superfund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund "Superfund") sites.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-52) [Direct Relief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Relief "Direct Relief"), a disaster relief organization, coordinated with local health centers and provided resources to help facilities on the front lines of Floridian and Puerto Rican communities.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-53)
#### Elsewhere
[Georgia governor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Georgia "Governor of Georgia") [Nathan Deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Deal "Nathan Deal") declared a state of emergency initially for all six coastal counties on September 6, but eventually expanded the declaration to 94 counties south of [Atlanta metropolitan area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_metropolitan_area "Atlanta metropolitan area"), and then the entire state on September 10. [Atlanta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta") was placed under its first-ever tropical storm warning.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-GA_SOE_3-54)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-doublepunch-55) Governor Deal ordered mandatory evacuations for all areas east of [Interstate 95](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Georgia "Interstate 95 in Georgia") on September 7, before extending the order to the entirety of [Chatham County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_County,_Georgia "Chatham County, Georgia") and low-lying areas west of I-95 on the following day.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-GA_SOE_2-56) In total, 540,000 people on the Georgia coast were ordered to leave.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-guardian8-57) [Contraflow lane reversal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraflow_lane_reversal "Contraflow lane reversal") for [Interstate 16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_16 "Interstate 16") took effect on the morning of September 9 from [Savannah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia "Savannah, Georgia") to [Dublin, Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin,_Georgia "Dublin, Georgia").[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-GA_SOE-58) All [Georgia state parks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_state_parks "Georgia state parks") were open for free to evacuees, as was the 800-acre camping area at [Atlanta Motor Speedway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Motor_Speedway "Atlanta Motor Speedway").[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-whnt9617-59) Reversible [HOT lanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOT_lane "HOT lane") on [Interstate 75 in Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Georgia "Interstate 75 in Georgia") through south metro Atlanta were open 24 hours northbound with no tolls.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-60)
Video by mayor of [Fayetteville, North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina "Fayetteville, North Carolina") [Nat Robertson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Robertson "Nat Robertson")
[North Carolina governor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_North_Carolina "Governor of North Carolina") [Roy Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Cooper "Roy Cooper") declared a state of emergency on September 6,[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-61) with [South Carolina governor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina "Governor of South Carolina") [Henry McMaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_McMaster "Henry McMaster") following suit the same day.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-62) [Governor of Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia "Governor of Virginia") [Terry McAuliffe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe "Terry McAuliffe") declared a state of emergency on September 8 in order to protect Virginia residents and to mobilize resources in support of neighboring states.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-63) Officials in [New Orleans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans "New Orleans") stated that there would not be much time for preparations if Irma failed to make the projected northward turn, but that South Texas or Florida would not be a good evacuation destination.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-64) On September 10, Tennessee governor [Bill Haslam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Haslam "Bill Haslam") issued an executive order allowing medical professionals in other states to practice in Tennessee to aid Hurricane Irma evacuees. This order also allowed pharmacies to give out 14-day supplies of medicine, and gave women and children from outside the state the ability to participate in the Tennessee Department of Health programs.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-65) [Bristol Motor Speedway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Motor_Speedway "Bristol Motor Speedway"),[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-wcyb-66) [Talladega Superspeedway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talladega_Superspeedway "Talladega Superspeedway"),[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-whnt9617-59) and [Charlotte Motor Speedway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Motor_Speedway "Charlotte Motor Speedway") all opened their campgrounds to evacuees free of charge.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-wcyb-66)
#### Sports
In professional sports, the [Miami Dolphins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphins "Miami Dolphins")–[Tampa Bay Buccaneers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers "Tampa Bay Buccaneers") game scheduled for September 10 at [Hard Rock Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Rock_Stadium "Hard Rock Stadium") in Miami was postponed to November 19 due to the storm's threat. The Dolphins left early for their road game against the [Los Angeles Chargers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Chargers "Los Angeles Chargers").[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-usatodaysports-67) The [Tampa Bay Rays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays "Tampa Bay Rays") and [New York Yankees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees "New York Yankees") moved their September 11–13 series from [Tropicana Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicana_Field "Tropicana Field") in St. Petersburg to [Citi Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citi_Field "Citi Field") in [Queens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens "Queens").[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-usatodaysports-67) [Minor League Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball "Minor League Baseball")'s [Florida State League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_League "Florida State League"), [Carolina League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_League "Carolina League"), and [Southern League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_League_\(1964%E2%80%932020\) "Southern League (1964–2020)") called off their championship finals and as a result, named their division series winners league co-champions.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-68)[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-69)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-70) The [Miami FC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_FC "Miami FC") versus [San Francisco Deltas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Deltas "San Francisco Deltas") match on September 10 was canceled so the players and staff could prepare for the storm with their families.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-71) The [Orlando Pride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Pride "Orlando Pride") of the [National Women's Soccer League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League "National Women's Soccer League") rescheduled their September 9 match to September 7.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-72) [Orlando City SC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_City_SC "Orlando City SC") of [Major League Soccer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer "Major League Soccer") did not have any scheduled home games in September, but was unable to return to training facilities in Orlando due to Hurricane Irma.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-73)
In college football, the [UCF Knights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCF_Knights "UCF Knights")\-[Memphis Tigers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Tigers "Memphis Tigers") game scheduled for September 9 was moved to September 30, replacing UCF's game against [Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Maine_Black_Bears_football_team "2017 Maine Black Bears football team") and Memphis game against [Georgia State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Georgia_State_Panthers_football_team "2017 Georgia State Panthers football team"). UCF also canceled their game against [Georgia Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets_football_team "2017 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team") on September 16, as [UCF's stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_Stadium "Spectrum Stadium") hosted the National Guard.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-74) The [USF Bulls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USF_Bulls "USF Bulls")\-[Connecticut Huskies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Huskies "Connecticut Huskies") football game was also canceled. The [Miami Hurricanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Hurricanes_football "Miami Hurricanes football")–[Arkansas State Redwolves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_State_University "Arkansas State University") game scheduled for September 9 at [Centennial Bank Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_Bank_Stadium "Centennial Bank Stadium") in Arkansas was canceled due to travel concerns for the University of Miami. The [Florida Gators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Gators "Florida Gators")\-[Northern Colorado Bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Colorado_Bears "Northern Colorado Bears") match in Gainesville scheduled for September 9 was canceled. The [Florida State Seminoles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles "Florida State Seminoles") contest against the [Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana%E2%80%93Monroe_Warhawks "Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks") was canceled on September 8.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-75) The Seminoles' [rivalry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State%E2%80%93Miami_football_rivalry "Florida State–Miami football rivalry") game with the Hurricanes in Tallahassee, originally scheduled for September 16, was postponed to October 7. The [FIU Panthers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIU_Panthers "FIU Panthers") game against the [Alcorn State Braves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcorn_State_Braves "Alcorn State Braves") was moved up a day and relocated to [Legion Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_Field "Legion Field") in [Birmingham, Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama "Birmingham, Alabama").[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-76) The [Georgia Southern Eagles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Southern_Eagles "Georgia Southern Eagles") game against the [New Hampshire Wildcats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Wildcats "New Hampshire Wildcats") on September 9 was also moved to Legion Field for that day.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-77)
#### FEMA funding
As of September 5, [Federal Emergency Management Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency "Federal Emergency Management Agency") (FEMA) funding was running dangerously low, due to its response to [Hurricane Harvey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey "Hurricane Harvey") in Texas the previous week, prompting the [Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "First presidency of Donald Trump") to request an immediate \$8 billion in additional funding as Irma approached Florida.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-78) Given the rate that current funds are being consumed and the catastrophic damage, the [United States Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") almost doubled the requested amount to \$15.3 billion, with the understanding that this would only be about 10% of what will be required for responding to Harvey.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-79)
## Impact
| Territory | Fatalities | Damage (2017 USD) | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Anguilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla "Anguilla") (UK) | 1 | \$290 million | [\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-CEDIM-80) |
| [Bahamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas "Bahamas") | 0 | \$135 million | [\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-BahamasDamage-81) |
| [Barbados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados "Barbados") | 1 | —N/a | [\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) |
| [Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbuda "Barbuda") ([AG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda "Antigua and Barbuda")) | 3 | \$150 million | [\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) |
| [British Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands "British Virgin Islands") (UK) | 4 | \$3.6 billion | [\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-82) |
| [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba "Cuba") | 10 | \$13.2 billion | [\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Cubadeath-83) |
| [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti "Haiti") | 1 | —N/a | [\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) |
| [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico") (U.S.) | 3[\[nb 2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-direct-indirect-deaths-84) | \$1 billion | [\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-faces_Hurricane_Maria-85) |
| [Saint Kitts and Nevis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis "Saint Kitts and Nevis") | 0 | \$45 million | [\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-CEDIM-80) |
| [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin "Collectivity of Saint Martin") and [Saint Barthélemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy "Saint Barthélemy") ([FR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France")) | 11 | \$4.17 billion | [\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Irma_damage_in_Saint_Martin-86) |
| [Sint Maarten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Maarten "Sint Maarten") ([NL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands "Kingdom of the Netherlands")) | 4 | \$2.98 billion | [\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Irma_damage_in_Sint-Maarten-87) |
| [Turks and Caicos Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands "Turks and Caicos Islands") (UK) | 0 | \$500 million | [\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) |
| United States | 92[\[nb 2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-direct-indirect-deaths-84) | \$50 billion | [\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-costly_recovery-88) |
| [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands "United States Virgin Islands") | 4[\[nb 2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-direct-indirect-deaths-84) | \$1.1 billion | [\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-USVI_death_toll-89) |
| Totals: | 134 | \$77.2 billion | |
### Caribbean
Further information: [Effects of Hurricane Irma in the Lesser Antilles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Irma_in_the_Lesser_Antilles "Effects of Hurricane Irma in the Lesser Antilles")
Hurricane Irma's path was such that its impact was both far-reaching and devastating, with landfalls in [Antigua and Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda "Antigua and Barbuda"), [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Martin_\(island\) "Saint Martin (island)"), [the Bahamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas "The Bahamas"), [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba "Cuba"), and the United States, all at major hurricane intensity. Furthermore, the size of the storm system meant that destruction was prevalent even in territories well removed from landfall occurrences. Irma is the second-costliest Caribbean hurricane on record, after Maria.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-irmacosts-90)
#### Antigua and Barbuda
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hurricane_Irma_Barbuda_20171006_Bennylin_01.jpg)
A house in Barbuda that was badly damaged by the hurricane
The eyewall of the hurricane moved over [Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbuda "Barbuda") at its record peak intensity early on September 6; a weather station observed a wind gust of 160 mph (260 km/h). The same station also recorded a minimum barometric pressure of 916.1 mbar (27.05 inHg).[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) The exact state of the island remained unclear for hours after Irma's passage, as downed phone lines ceased all communication with nearby islands.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nytimes-13) Later that afternoon, Prime Minister [Gaston Browne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Browne "Gaston Browne") surveyed the territory by helicopter, revealing an effectively uninhabitable island. Irma damaged or destroyed 95% of the structures on Barbuda, including its hospital, schools, and both of its hotels;[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-barbudad-91) it completely flattened some residential blocks while submerging others.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-92)[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-93) The destruction rendered the island's sole airport and much of its infrastructure inoperative—including water and telecommunication services—which further hampered relief efforts. Property damage on Barbuda ranged from \$150 million to \$300 million. A total of three storm-related deaths were reported on the island.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
In addition to the catastrophic impact on Barbuda's human residents, concern turned to the storm's effects on the island's wildlife. The island's only [endemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic "Endemic") bird, the [near-threatened](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-threatened_species "Near-threatened species") [Barbuda warbler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbuda_warbler "Barbuda warbler"), numbered less than 2,000 individuals prior to the hurricane. For some time it was unknown if the warbler survived the hurricane or its aftermath; however within a few months it was confirmed that not only did the species survive, but most of the birds survived the storm.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-94) Barbuda's [Codrington Lagoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codrington_Lagoon "Codrington Lagoon"), home to the largest colony of [magnificent frigatebirds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnificent_frigatebird "Magnificent frigatebird") in the Caribbean, with an estimated 2,500 nesting pairs, was also inundated by the storm surge.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-birdscarib-95)
Remaining just outside of Irma's strongest windfield, [Antigua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua "Antigua") sustained less severe damage, in the form of leveled roofs and fences, downed power poles and lines, and uprooted trees. Some street flooding also took place in low-lying areas.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-96) Three people were treated for minor storm-related injuries.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-97) [Forensic disaster analysts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction "Disaster risk reduction") from the Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology (CEDIM), a Germany-based [risk management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_management "Risk management") agency, estimate that economic losses for Antigua and Barbuda will exceed \$120 million.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-CEDIM-80)
#### Saint Martin
Aerial video of the damage on Saint Martin, September 7, 2017
On the morning of September 6, Irma's center crossed the island of [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Martin_\(island\) "Saint Martin (island)") while the storm was at peak intensity, sweeping away entire structures, submerging roads and cars, and triggering an island-wide blackout.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-98) Irma's extreme winds ripped trees out of the ground and sent vehicles and debris from damaged structures scattered across the territory. On the French side of [Saint-Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin "Collectivity of Saint Martin"), entire marinas around [Marigot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marigot,_Saint_Martin "Marigot, Saint Martin") were left in ruins, littered with the stranded remnants of boats that had smashed into each other.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-express-99) A hotel caught on fire, but dangerous conditions and impassable roads prevented firefighters from putting out the blaze. Another hotel lost nearly all of its ground floor.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-100) Media images depicted devastated room interiors with furniture hurled around after the winds had shattered their windows.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-express-99) Irma killed four people on the French side of the island and injured 50 others, one of whom was in critical condition. As many as 95% of the buildings there were damaged to some degree; 60% of those were totally uninhabitable.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-lacroix-101) Estimates from CEDIM indicate a minimum of \$950 million worth of economic losses.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-CEDIM-80) Total losses exceeded €3.5 billion (US\$4.17 billion).[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Irma_damage_in_Saint_Martin-86)
A similar situation unfolded in [Sint Maarten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Maarten "Sint Maarten"), Saint Martin's Dutch half, as intense winds ripped through buildings and lifted vehicles aloft "as if they were matches".[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-sintmaartendutch-102) The hurricane wreaked havoc on [Princess Juliana International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Juliana_International_Airport "Princess Juliana International Airport"), with "huge chunks of the building \[strewn\] across the runway and a jet bridge snapped in half."[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-sintmaarten-103) It demolished or severely damaged about 70% of Sint Maarten's houses, forcing thousands of residents into public shelters.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-abclatest-104) There were 4 deaths and 23 injuries,[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) 11 of which were serious, in the Dutch territory.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-105) Irma is considered the worst [natural disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disaster "Natural disaster") to hit Sint Maarten; the extent of its damage far exceeded that of any previous hurricane.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-sintmaartendutch-102) Total damages were estimated at €2.5 billion (US\$2.98 billion).[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Irma_damage_in_Sint-Maarten-87)
#### Saint Barthélemy
| Most intense landfalling Atlantic hurricanes Intensity is measured solely by central pressure | | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Hurricane[\[nb 3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-107) | Season | Landfall pressure |
| 1 | ["Labor Day"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Labor_Day_hurricane "1935 Labor Day hurricane") | [1935](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1935 Atlantic hurricane season") | 892 [mbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millibar "Millibar") ([hPa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPa "HPa")) |
| 2 | [Melissa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Melissa "Hurricane Melissa") | [2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2025 Atlantic hurricane season") | 897 mbar (hPa) |
| 3 | [Camille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Camille "Hurricane Camille") | [1969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1969 Atlantic hurricane season") | 900 mbar (hPa) |
| [Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Gilbert "Hurricane Gilbert") | [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1988 Atlantic hurricane season") | | |
| 5 | [Dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dean "Hurricane Dean") | [2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2007 Atlantic hurricane season") | 905 mbar (hPa) |
| 6 | ["Cuba"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Cuba_hurricane "1924 Cuba hurricane") | [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1924 Atlantic hurricane season") | 910 mbar (hPa) |
| [Dorian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian "Hurricane Dorian") | [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2019 Atlantic hurricane season") | | |
| 8 | [Janet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Janet "Hurricane Janet") | [1955](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1955 Atlantic hurricane season") | 914 mbar (hPa) |
| [Irma]() | [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2017 Atlantic hurricane season") | | |
| 10 | ["Cuba"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Cuba_hurricane "1932 Cuba hurricane") | [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1932 Atlantic hurricane season") | 918 mbar (hPa) |
| Sources: [HURDAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HURDAT "HURDAT"),[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-HURDAT-9) [AOML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanographic_and_Meteorological_Laboratory "Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory")/[HRD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Research_Division "Hurricane Research Division"),[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Metadata-10) NHC[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Dean07TCR-108) | | | |
Irma left widespread destruction and disastrous flooding along its path over the French island of [Saint Barthélemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy "Saint Barthélemy"), southeast of Saint Martin. Describing the extent of the destruction, one local compared it to "a bomb that burned all vegetation," while another said that it were as if the hurricane had effectively "erased the island from the map".[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-barts-109) Violent seas swept away entire coastal establishments, with one hotel being stripped of all but its foundation.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-bartsfr-110) Streets in the capital of [Gustavia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavia,_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy "Gustavia, Saint Barthélemy") were turned into rushing rivers, which carried away vehicles and pieces of furniture. The island's fire station was inundated with up to 6.4 ft (2.0 m) of flood waters.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-bartsfr-110)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-cnncarib-111) With scores of homes and much of the infrastructure destroyed, the majority of the island's population was left stranded and without water, electricity or phone service.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-barts-109) The associated economic losses could exceed \$480 million according to CEDIM's analysts.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-CEDIM-80)
Preliminary assessments from the French government indicate that Hurricane Irma caused a combined €1.2 billion (US\$1.43 billion) in insured losses across the French territories of Saint-Martin and Saint Barts. This total covered private property such as homes, vehicles and businesses (including lost revenue); the extent of the damage to infrastructural and public facilities remains undetermined. Nonetheless, this made Irma one of the costliest natural disasters to hit the French Republic in 50 years.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-frenchtotal-112)
On January 30, 2018, roughly five months after Irma, an analysis was published indicating that an anemometer on the island recorded an unofficial gust to 199 mph (320 km/h) before failing.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-113)
#### Anguilla
The British Overseas Territory of [Anguilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla "Anguilla") saw the eyewall of the storm pass over it on September 6. Many homes and schools were destroyed, and the island's only hospital was badly damaged.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) The devastation was particularly severe in [East End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_End,_Anguilla "East End, Anguilla"), where the winds uprooted scores of trees and power poles and demolished a number of houses. In [The Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Valley,_Anguilla "The Valley, Anguilla"), the island's capital, the hurricane blew out the windows of government buildings. Rough seas inflicted heavy damage upon several bays and harbors, and a seaside restaurant was completely eradicated.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-reportcarib-114) About 90% of roads were left impassable.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) The island's air traffic control tower was damaged, exacerbating the already poor communication with the island.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-115) One death was reported on the island. Estimates of losses on the island total at least \$190 million.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
#### Rest of the Lesser Antilles
Large swells ahead of Irma washed ashore debris and sea life in [Castries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castries "Castries"), Saint Lucia, blocking some roads. Seaside roads were inundated with water.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-116) One surfer was killed amid rough surf in [Barbados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados "Barbados") after hitting a reef and breaking his neck. Trees were also destroyed.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-bt-117) The hurricane's effects, such as violent seas and rattling trees, were intense enough to be detected by seismographs in [Guadeloupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe "Guadeloupe"). Several houses were damaged.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-118) Around 8,000 households and a water supply network on that island lost power during the storm, leaving several communes in the dark without running water. Overall damage was limited to external parts of houses and trees that were blown onto roads and three unmanned ships wrecked by rough seas.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-guadeloupe-19)
[Saint Kitts and Nevis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis "Saint Kitts and Nevis") endured similar conditions to other islands. Blustery rainstorms triggered scattered power outages and disabled the island's water system, but per the [International Red Cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross "International Red Cross"), the islands were spared the level of destruction seen elsewhere.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-RedCross1-119) Still, Prime Minister [Timothy Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Harris "Timothy Harris") stated that property and infrastructure had sustained "significant damage."[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-islands-30) The Dutch territories of [Saba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba_\(island\) "Saba (island)") and [Sint Eustatius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius "Sint Eustatius") were also struck by the hurricane's winds, resulting in infrastructural damage, water shortages and telecommunication outages.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-reportcarib-114)[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Saba-120) Several houses were left uninhabitable. On Saba, the hurricane also defoliated trees and injured a few people.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-reportcarib-114)[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Saba-120) CEDIM's analysts expect economic losses of \$20–65 million for the two islands.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-CEDIM-80)
#### British Virgin Islands
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hurricane_Irma_turns_Virgin_Islands_brown.jpg)
[Operational Land Imager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Land_Imager "Operational Land Imager") imagery by *[Landsat 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_8 "Landsat 8")* of the Virgin Islands from before and after Hurricane Irma's impact, depicting a "browning" of the landscape and vegetation.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NASA_before_and_after-121)
Damage in the [British Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands "British Virgin Islands") was extensive. Numerous buildings and roads were destroyed on the island of [Tortola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortola "Tortola"), which bore the brunt of the hurricane's core. Four people were confirmed dead.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) Along Cane Garden Bay, the storm surge submerged several seaside bars and a gas station. Satellite images revealed many of the island's residential zones had been left in ruins.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-reportcarib-114) The hurricane passed over [Necker Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necker_Island_\(British_Virgin_Islands\) "Necker Island (British Virgin Islands)"), also causing severe damage and destroying the mansion of [Richard Branson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson "Richard Branson").[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-bransontrump-122)
Most homes and businesses were destroyed on the island of [Jost Van Dyke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jost_Van_Dyke "Jost Van Dyke"), the smallest of the B.V.I.'s four main islands.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nytimes16-123) The [governor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_the_Virgin_Islands "Governor of the Virgin Islands"), [Gus Jaspert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Jaspert "Gus Jaspert"), who had only been sworn into office 13 days previously, declared a state of emergency - the first time this has ever happened in the Territory.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-124) After the storm, restoration of electricity took approximately 5 months.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-125)
#### U.S. Virgin Islands
U.S. Navy video of damage in the U.S. Virgin Islands
Irma's effects in the [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands "U.S. Virgin Islands") were most profound on [Saint Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands "Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands"), where at least 12 inches (300 mm) of rain fell, and on [Saint John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John,_U.S._Virgin_Islands "Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands"). Saint Thomas island suffered widespread structural damage, including to its police station and airport. Patients from the fourth and third floors of [Charlotte Amalie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Amalie,_U.S._Virgin_Islands "Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands")'s hospital had to be relocated to lower floors due to flooding from roof leaks. Three deaths were attributed to Irma on the island. On nearby [Saint Croix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Croix "Saint Croix"), there were communication issues and some damage to the infrastructure.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-reportcarib-114) Saint John lost access to ferry and cargo services, along with access to the local airport. Due to its normal reliance on electricity from Saint Thomas, the island was left without power.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-126)[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-127)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-128)[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-129) Total damage from the three islands was at least \$1.1 billion.
#### Puerto Rico
The hurricane passed north of [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico"), but still caused significant damage to the United States territory. Along the coast, a tide gauge observed waves up to 1.5 ft (0.46 m) [mean higher high water](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart_datum#Mean_higher_high_water "Chart datum"). Much of the main island experienced sustained tropical storm force winds, with a peak sustained wind speed of 55 mph (89 km/h) at a weather station along [San Juan Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_Bay "San Juan Bay"), while the same site observed a peak wind gust of 74 mph (119 km/h).[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) However, on the island of [Culebra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culebra,_Puerto_Rico "Culebra, Puerto Rico"), a wind gust of 111 mph (179 km/h) was reported.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-130) Mainly due to strong winds, approximately 1.1 million out of 1.5 million of [Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Electric_Power_Authority "Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority")'s customers lost electricity.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-wrap-up-131) Portions of Puerto Rico received heavy rainfall, with a peak total of 13.04 in (331 mm) in [Bayamón](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayam%C3%B3n,_Puerto_Rico "Bayamón, Puerto Rico"),[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) causing seven rivers to reach flood stage, widespread flash flooding, and at least six landslides.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-wrap-up-131)
The most severely affected areas included the offshore islands of Culebra and [Vieques](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico "Vieques, Puerto Rico"), as well as the northeastern, northern, and mountainous portions of the main island. On Culebra, the island suffered an almost complete loss of electrical and water services. At least 30 homes on the island were destroyed, while about 30 other experienced substantial damage. High winds also toppled a number of trees. The only telecommunications tower on Culebra sustained damage, cutting off outside communications for several hours.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-wrap-up-131) In rural [Loíza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%ADza,_Puerto_Rico "Loíza, Puerto Rico"), 79 homes were destroyed.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-PRgrid-132) Throughout Puerto Rico, 781 out of 1,600 telecommunications towers went out of commission, primarily due to power outages. At least 362,000 customers lost water services. Debris, mostly fallen trees, blocked at least 72 roads. Approximately 25% to 30% of banana, coffee, papaya, and plantain crops were damaged by strong winds, with losses to farmers estimated at \$30.6 million.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-wrap-up-131) Approximately 1,530 homes experienced at least moderate damage, with 1,448 homes moderately damaged, 32 extensively damaged, and 50 completely destroyed.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-133)
Hurricane Irma was attributed to around \$1 billion in damage,[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-faces_Hurricane_Maria-85) and the NHC attributed three fatalities to Irma in Puerto Rico, though four deaths were related to the storm.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-stormeventsdatabase-134) Two people died due to rainstorms ahead of the hurricane: one man died in [Orocovis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orocovis "Orocovis") after falling off his ladder while repairing his roof; another man on the coast in [Capitanejo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitanejo_\(Ponce\) "Capitanejo (Ponce)") died after being struck by lightning. Three nearby fishermen were burned by the same lightning strike, but survived. Two other people died during the hurricane: a woman died while being evacuated from her house in a wheelchair and fell, hitting her head; another person died in a car accident in [Canóvanas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%B3vanas "Canóvanas").[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Puerto_Rico_deaths-135) Governor [Ricardo Rosselló](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Rossell%C3%B3 "Ricardo Rosselló") declared the islands of Culebra and Vieques to be disaster areas.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-islands-30)
#### Hispaniola
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:People_stand_in_a_flooded_street_that_usually_serves_as_a_farmers_market,_in_Ouanaminthe,_northeast_Haiti,_Sept._8,_2017._\(Photo_-_Josiah_Cherenfant,_courtesy_VOA_Creole_Service\).jpg)
People standing in a flooded street in [Ouanaminthe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouanaminthe "Ouanaminthe"), [Nord-Est](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Est_\(department\) "Nord-Est (department)"), Haiti.
Although spared a direct hit, both the [Dominican Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic "Dominican Republic") and [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti "Haiti") were affected by high winds and heavy rains. A bridge over the [Dajabón River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajab%C3%B3n_River "Dajabón River") connecting the two countries was broken.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-oxfam-136)
In the Dominican Republic, the fishing community of [Nagua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagua "Nagua") sustained damage from waves that destroyed homes. 55,000 soldiers were deployed to affected areas to help with the cleanup efforts.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-JamObsHelp-28) By the evening of September 7, the government had counted 2,721 damaged homes.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NOLA-29)
In Haiti, flooding one meter deep sat in residential neighborhoods in places like [Cap-Haïtien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien "Cap-Haïtien"), [Ouanaminthe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouanaminthe "Ouanaminthe"), and [Gonaives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonaives "Gonaives").[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-oxfam-136) Mudslides, destroyed homes, flooded crops, and infrastructure damage were reported in the northern part of the country.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NOLA-29) The total expanse of the flooding stretched from [Môle-Saint-Nicolas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4le-Saint-Nicolas "Môle-Saint-Nicolas") in the west to the eastern border with the Dominican Republic.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-HaitiFarms-137)
#### Turks and Caicos Islands
On the evening of September 7, at 7:30 p.m. AST (23:30 UTC), Hurricane Irma reached the [Turks and Caicos Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands "Turks and Caicos Islands"). While the eye passed just south of the main islands, crossing over [South Caicos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Caicos "South Caicos") and the [Ambergris Cays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambergris_Cay "Ambergris Cay"), the most powerful winds on the northern side of the eye swept all of the islands for more than two hours. Communications infrastructure was destroyed.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
On September 8, Minister of Infrastructure Goldray Ewing confirmed that damage to [Providenciales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providenciales "Providenciales") was extensive, with the northwestern neighborhood of Blue Hill being "gone".[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-138) The hospital in the capital, [Cockburn Town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockburn_Town "Cockburn Town"), was heavily damaged.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) On South Caicos, 75% of roofs were lost.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-SouthCaicos-139) Total damage was estimated at over \$500 million.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
#### The Bahamas
In [the Bahamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas "The Bahamas"), the eye of the storm passed over Duncan Town, the major settlement of the [Ragged Islands chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragged_Island,_Bahamas "Ragged Island, Bahamas"), on September 8. It also passed "almost directly over" [Inagua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inagua "Inagua") and [South Acklins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acklins "Acklins"), according to the Bahamas Department of Meteorology.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-140)
Damages were largely confined to the southern islands starting the morning of September 8. On [Mayaguana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayaguana "Mayaguana") and [Great Inagua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inagua "Inagua"), downed power lines knocked out communications.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-141) On Great Inagua, 70% of homes sustained roof damage, and the island's school lost its roof entirely. The [Morton Salt Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Salt_Company "Morton Salt Company")'s signature production facility, one of the major employers in the country, experienced millions of dollars in damages.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-142) The Acklins settlement of Salina Point was cut off from the rest of the island by flooding, while [Crooked Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooked_Island,_Bahamas "Crooked Island, Bahamas") had widespread roof damage.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NYT9-39) In the northern Bahamas, the worst property damage came on September 10 as the outer bands of the system produced [tornadic activity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado "Tornado") on [Grand Bahama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Bahama "Grand Bahama") and [Bimini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimini "Bimini").[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-143)[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-BStornadoes-144) Damage and losses across The Bahamas amounted to \$135 million.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-BahamasDamage-81)
While Irma was making landfall in Florida, the ocean was drawn away from some western shorelines of the Bahamas due to strong easterly winds.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-145)
#### Cuba
| Rank | Hurricane | Season | Damage | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | [Irma]() | [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2017 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$13.2 billion | [\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Efe-146) |
| 2 | [Ike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ike "Hurricane Ike") | [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2008 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$7.3 billion | [\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-2008_AHS-147) |
| 3 | [Matthew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Matthew "Hurricane Matthew") | [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2016 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$2.58 billion | [\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-CubaSi-148) |
| 4 | [Gustav](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Gustav "Hurricane Gustav") | 2008 | \$2.1 billion | [\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-2008_AHS-147) |
| 5 | [Michelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Michelle "Hurricane Michelle") | [2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2001 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$2 billion | [\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-cubdam-149) |
| [Sandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy "Hurricane Sandy") | [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2012 Atlantic hurricane season") | [\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-150) | | |
| 7 | [Dennis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dennis "Hurricane Dennis") | [2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2005 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$1.5 billion | [\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-CUBARAIN-151) |
| 8 | [Ivan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan "Hurricane Ivan") | [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2004 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$1.2 billion | [\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-WMO_2005-152) |
| 9 | [Rafael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Rafael "Hurricane Rafael") | [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2024 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$1.08 billion | [\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-153) |
| 10 | [Charley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Charley "Hurricane Charley") | 2004 | \$923 million | [\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-WMO_2005-152) |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Patrol_301,_Admiral_Didiez_Burgos_of_the_Dominican_Navy_delivering_disaster_supplies_in_Havana_Harbor_after_Hurricane_Irma.jpg)
Patrol boat *Admiral Didiez Burgos* of the [Dominican Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Navy "Dominican Navy") delivering disaster supplies in [Havana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana "Havana") Harbor after Hurricane Irma.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-154)
Early on September 9, Irma made landfall on the [Camagüey Archipelago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabana-Camag%C3%BCey_Archipelago "Sabana-Camagüey Archipelago") off the northern coast of [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba "Cuba"), with sustained winds of 165 mph (266 km/h). The strongest official sustained wind speed was 124 mph (200 km/h), while the highest wind gust reached 159 mph (256 km/h); both were observed near Camila in [Ciego de Ávila Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciego_de_%C3%81vila_Province "Ciego de Ávila Province").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) The weather station at [Esmeralda, Camagüey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmeralda,_Cuba "Esmeralda, Cuba"), was damaged, with the wind gauge destroyed.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-guardian8-57) The north coast of Cuba experienced significant [coastal flooding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_flooding "Coastal flooding") due to storm surge and abnormally high tides generated by the storm. Wave heights at [Cayo Romano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayo_Romano "Cayo Romano") exceeded 26 ft (7.9 m). Storm surge penetrated as far as 1.2 mi (1.9 km) inland in some areas of [Villa Clara Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Clara_Province "Villa Clara Province"). Multiple locations on the island observed at least 10 in (250 mm) of rainfall, with a peak total of 23.9 in (610 mm) of precipitation at [Topes de Collantes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topes_de_Collantes "Topes de Collantes").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
A total of 158,554 homes experienced some degree of damage, of which 14,657 were destroyed; approximately 1.9 million people experienced the direct effects of Irma.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Cuba3monthreport-155) The storm partially deroofed 103,691 homes, while 23,560 were completely deroofed. Irma damaged or destroyed 980 health facilities and 2,264 schools. Approximately 3.1 million people experienced disruptions to the water supply, while 246,707 people lost telephone service. About 334 mi (538 km) of roads were damaged. Crops also suffered extensively, with nearly 235,000 acres (95,000 ha) affected by the storm.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Cuba3monthreport-155) Throughout the country, the hurricane inflicted \$13.185 billion in damage and killed 10 people, making Irma the costliest tropical cyclone in Cuban history.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Cubadeath-83)[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-156)
The tourist areas of [Cayo Coco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayo_Coco "Cayo Coco"), [Cayo Guillermo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayo_Guillermo "Cayo Guillermo") and [Cayo Santa María](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayo_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa "Cayo Santa María") and the nearby town of [Caibarién](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caibari%C3%A9n "Caibarién") received the brunt of the storm, with waves rolling through town and the characteristic one-story homes completely flooded. The storm most severely Ciego de Ávila and Villa Clara provinces. Flooding worsened as the hurricane moved west, pushing the storm surge along to the regions around [Havana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana "Havana").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) By the afternoon, limited flooding was occurring in Havana, including around the [Malecón](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malec%C3%B3n,_Havana "Malecón, Havana").[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NYT9-39) Portions of province coastal flooding surpassing that which was experienced during the [Storm of the Century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Storm_of_the_Century "1993 Storm of the Century") in 1993 and Hurricane Wilma in 2005.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) In the city of [Santa Clara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara,_Cuba "Santa Clara, Cuba"), 39 buildings collapsed.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-zombies-157) Rainfall resulted in several rivers reaching major flood stage. The town of [Cabaiguán](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaigu%C3%A1n "Cabaiguán") in Sancti Spíritus Province in particular suffered extensive inland flooding after the Zaza River swelled.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
Hurricane Irma directly affected a major colony of [American flamingos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_flamingo "American flamingo") on Cuba's northern [Cayo Coco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayo_Coco "Cayo Coco").[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-birdscarib-95) Early reports from *Diario de Cuba* indicated that several hundred flamingos had been killed by the storm, though other estimates ranged as high as several thousand birds.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-birdscarib-95)[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-latimes-158)
### Mainland United States
| Rank | Hurricane | Season | Damage |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | **3** [Katrina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina "Hurricane Katrina") | [2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2005 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$125 billion |
| **4** [Harvey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey "Hurricane Harvey") | [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2017 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$125 billion | |
| 3 | **4** [Ian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ian "Hurricane Ian") | [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2022 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$112 billion |
| 4 | **4** [Maria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Maria "Hurricane Maria") | [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2017 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$90 billion |
| 5 | **4** [Helene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Helene "Hurricane Helene") | [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2024 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$78.7 billion |
| 6 | **4** [Ida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ida "Hurricane Ida") | [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2021 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$75 billion |
| 7 | **ET** [Sandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy "Hurricane Sandy") | [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2012 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$65 billion |
| 8 | **4** [Irma]() | [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2017 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$52.1 billion |
| 9 | **3** [Milton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Milton "Hurricane Milton") | [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2024 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$34.3 billion |
| 10 | **2** [Ike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ike "Hurricane Ike") | [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2008 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$30 billion |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sedimentation_around_South_Florida_and_Bahamas_after_Hurricane_Irma.jpg)
True-color images before and after the passage of Irma, in which light blue indicates sediment suspended in the water, kicked up by the intensity of the storm[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-162)
See also: [List of United States tornadoes from August to October 2017 § September 9 event](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_tornadoes_from_August_to_October_2017#September_9_event "List of United States tornadoes from August to October 2017")
Hurricane Irma affected multiple states in the South, especially Florida. Except for the Florida Keys, the total damage Irma caused was not as great as government officials and forecasters had warned. Irma weakened after making landfall in Cuba, but strengthened back into a Category 4 prior to hitting the Keys. The Florida Keys suffered the worst of the damage in the United States. After surveying the aftermath of Irma, Florida governor [Rick Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Scott "Rick Scott") said "I thought we would see more damage" \[on the mainland\] but said "he witnessed devastation in the Keys".[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-163) [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") commented on [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") that the devastation in some places was "far greater than anyone thought".[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-164)
Damage in the United States was estimated at a minimum of \$50 billion. At the time, Irma was the fourth costliest tropical cyclone in the United States, behind hurricanes [Sandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy "Hurricane Sandy") in 2012, [Harvey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey "Hurricane Harvey") earlier that year, and [Katrina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina "Hurricane Katrina") in 2005. However, later in September 2017, [Hurricane Maria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Maria "Hurricane Maria") became the third costliest United States tropical cyclone, causing Irma to fall to the fifth costliest. At least 92 people, 10 directly and 82 indirectly, died throughout the United States in relation to Irma: 84 in Florida, 3 in Georgia, 3 in South Carolina, and 2 in North Carolina.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
#### Florida
Main article: [Effects of Hurricane Irma in Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Irma_in_Florida "Effects of Hurricane Irma in Florida")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1988-_US_Gulf_Coast_hurricane_diameters.svg)
Hurricane Irma was one of the largest-diameter US Gulf Coast hurricanes.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-WashPost_20240926-165) Though large size does not imply *strength*—which is based on sustained wind measurements—it can mean that more people are exposed to its hazards.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-WashPost_20240926-165)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FEMA_-_DSC7043_-Big_Pine_Key_neighborhood_devastated_by_Irma.jpg)
Remains of a Florida neighborhood destroyed by Hurricane Irma in Big Pine Key
Irma struck the state less than two weeks after [Potential Tropical Cyclone Ten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_Tropical_Cyclone_Ten "Potential Tropical Cyclone Ten") had caused the worst flooding seen in western Florida in 20 years, which further worsened the impacts in the region.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-plagues-166)[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-flooding_subsides-167)[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-growing_impatient-168)[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Hurricane_Irma_facts-169) The storm's large wind field resulted in strong winds across much of Florida, except for the western Panhandle. The highest reported sustained wind speed was 112 mph (180 km/h) on [Marco Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Island,_Florida "Marco Island, Florida"), while the strongest observed wind gust was 142 mph (229 km/h), recorded near [Naples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples,_Florida "Naples, Florida"),[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nwsmiami-170) though wind gusts of 150 to 160 mph (240 to 260 km/h) likely occurred in the Middle [Florida Keys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Keys "Florida Keys").[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nwskeywest-171) More than 7.7 million homes and businesses in Florida were left without electricity at some point – approximately 73% of state.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-172)[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-173) Generally heavy amounts of rainfall were recorded to the east of the Irma's path, including a peak total of 21.66 in (550 mm) in [Fort Pierce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Pierce,_Florida "Fort Pierce, Florida").[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-WPCMAX-174) Heavy precipitation – and storm surge, in some instances – overflowed at least 32 rivers and creeks, causing significant flooding, particularly along the [St. Johns River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Johns_River "St. Johns River") and its tributaries.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-SCHRP-42) Many homes and businesses suffered damage or destruction, with more than 65,000 structures damaged to some degree in West Central and Southwest Florida alone.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-sd-45) Agriculture experienced about \$2.5 billion in damage.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-SCHRP-42) It was estimated that the cyclone caused at least \$50 billion in damage, making Irma the costliest hurricane in Florida history, surpassing [Hurricane Andrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew "Hurricane Andrew"), until it was itself surpassed by [Hurricane Ian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ian "Hurricane Ian"), 5 years later.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NOAACostliest-175)
Throughout Florida, at least 84 people died in storm-related incidents.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) About half of the deaths occurred from drowning, trauma, and carbon monoxide poisoning.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-69deaths-176) [Broward County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broward_County,_Florida "Broward County, Florida") had 21 fatalities, the most of any county in Florida. Among those deaths were 12 people at [The Rehabilitation Center at Hollywood Hills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rehabilitation_Center_at_Hollywood_Hills "The Rehabilitation Center at Hollywood Hills"), a [Hollywood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Florida "Hollywood, Florida") nursing home. The patients died from sweltering heat worsened by the lack of air conditioning.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-69deaths-176) The hurricane also left at least 14 deaths in [Monroe County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_County,_Florida "Monroe County, Florida");[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-14deathskeys-177) 6 deaths in [Orange County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_Florida "Orange County, Florida"); 5 deaths each in [Duval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duval_County,_Florida "Duval County, Florida"), [Miami-Dade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida "Miami-Dade County, Florida"), and [Palm Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Beach_County,_Florida "Palm Beach County, Florida") counties; 4 deaths in both [Highlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands_County,_Florida "Highlands County, Florida") and [Hillsborough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough_County,_Florida "Hillsborough County, Florida") counties; 3 deaths in both [Marion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_County,_Florida "Marion County, Florida") and [Polk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polk_County,_Florida "Polk County, Florida") counties;[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-69deaths-176) 2 deaths each in [Collier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier_County,_Florida "Collier County, Florida"), [Hardee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardee_County,_Florida "Hardee County, Florida"), [Leon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_County,_Florida "Leon County, Florida"), [Pinellas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinellas_County,_Florida "Pinellas County, Florida"), [St. Lucie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lucie_County,_Florida "St. Lucie County, Florida"), and [Taylor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_County,_Florida "Taylor County, Florida") counties;[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-69deaths-176)[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-murphy-178)[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-event719433-179) and 1 death in [Hendry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendry_County,_Florida "Hendry County, Florida"), [Lake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_County,_Florida "Lake County, Florida"), [Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_County,_Florida "Lee County, Florida"), [Liberty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_County,_Florida "Liberty County, Florida"), [Manatee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manatee_County,_Florida "Manatee County, Florida"), [Nassau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,_Florida "Nassau County, Florida"), [Okeechobee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okeechobee_County,_Florida "Okeechobee County, Florida"), [Pasco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasco_County,_Florida "Pasco County, Florida"), [Seminole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_County,_Florida "Seminole County, Florida"), [St. Johns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Johns_County,_Florida "St. Johns County, Florida"), and [Volusia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volusia_County,_Florida "Volusia County, Florida") counties.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-69deaths-176)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boat_on_US_1_\(37266756945\).jpg)
Boats washed up on [U.S. Route 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_1 "U.S. Route 1") in the Florida Keys
With Irma making landfall in Monroe County as a Category 4 hurricane, the Florida Keys were hardest hit area in the state.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nwskeywest-171) Strong winds and storm surge flooding caused major damage to buildings, [trailer parks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_park "Trailer park"), boats, roads, the electricity supply, mobile phone coverage, internet access, sanitation, the water supply and the fuel supply throughout the island chain.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-180)[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nwskeywest-171) An estimated 10 ft (3 m) storm surge occurred at [Cudjoe Key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cudjoe_Key,_Florida "Cudjoe Key, Florida"), where Irma made landfall.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-181) Throughout the island, 625 homes sustained minor damage, 52 sustained major damage, and 81 were demolished. On [Big Pine Key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Pine_Key "Big Pine Key"), one of the most devastated islands, 633 homes received minor impact, 299 homes received major impact, and 473 homes were completely destroyed. Overall in Monroe County, 27,649 homes experienced some degree of damage, including 1,179 homes being destroyed, 2,977 homes receiving major damage, and 5,361 suffering minor damage.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-assessment1126-182)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irma_2017-09-10_1932Z.jpg)
Hurricane Irma on September 10 making its final landfall on Florida.
After devastating the Keys, the storm then struck Collier County as a Category 3 hurricane. Several communities in the county suffered extensive damage, especially along the coast.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nwsmiami-170) Throughout the unincorporated areas of the county, 65 homes, including 44 mobile homes, were demolished, while 1,008 homes received major damage. Property damages in unincorporated areas alone reach about \$320 million.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-stanley-183) Lee County was lashed by strong winds and heavy rainfall, which caused prolonged flooding in some areas.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-184)[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-185) More than 24,000 homes suffered some degree of damage, with almost 3,000 homes receiving major damage and 89 homes being destroyed.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-742m-186) Damage in the county totaled about \$857 million.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-187)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-sd-45)
Impact in much of the [Miami metropolitan area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area "Miami metropolitan area") was generally limited to extensive tree and fence damage, as well as widespread power outages. However, in [Miami-Dade County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida "Miami-Dade County, Florida"), about 1,000 homes received major damage and about 50% of crops were lost. Storm surge caused coastal flooding from [Homestead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead,_Florida "Homestead, Florida") to [Downtown Miami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Miami "Downtown Miami"), as well as in portions of [Miami Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida "Miami Beach, Florida").[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nwsmiami-170) Parts of the [Florida Heartland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Heartland "Florida Heartland") were devastated by high winds and flooding, particularly Hendry and Highlands counties.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nwsmiami-170)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-sd-45) In the former, which has most citrus trees of any county in Florida, about 60% of orange crops were lost.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-188) Throughout Hendry County, a total of 451 homes had minor damage, 131 homes suffered major damage, and 42 others were destroyed.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nwsmiami-170) In Highlands County, 13,138 businesses and homes were damaged to some degree, with 144 being destroyed, 963 sustaining major damage, and 2,408 receiving minor damage. In Orange County, wind gusts reached 79 mph at [Orlando International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_International_Airport "Orlando International Airport"). A wind gust of 91 mph was also recorded in [Orlando](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida "Orlando, Florida") at the top of the Disney Contemporary Resort.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-189) Strong winds and heavy rainfall in [Central Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Florida "Central Florida") left some wind damage and flooding, necessitating evacuations and rescues, including more than 200 people in [Orlo Vista](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlo_Vista,_Florida "Orlo Vista, Florida") after hundreds of homes were flooded.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-sd-45) A total of 2,999 business or homes were damaged in Lake County,[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-tops438k-190) 7,430 in Seminole County, and 3,457 in Volusia County. Additionally, eight tornadoes touched down in [Brevard County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevard_County,_Florida "Brevard County, Florida"), all of which caused damage.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nwsmelbourne-191)
Overflight of Jacksonville after Hurricane Irma
Along much of the Gulf Coast of Florida, to the north of where Irma made landfall, negative storm surges were observed, with water retracting rather than pushing inland, causing little coastal flooding.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-sd-45) However, on the opposite coast, extensive erosion and storm surge flooding occurred in the [First Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Coast "First Coast"), especially in Duval and St. Johns counties. In Duval County, the St. Johns River crested at heights that exceeded records set during [Hurricane Dora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dora_\(1964\) "Hurricane Dora (1964)") in 1964. Portions of [Jacksonville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida "Jacksonville, Florida") experienced flooding, particularly the [downtown area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Jacksonville "Downtown Jacksonville") and the [Riverside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_and_Avondale "Riverside and Avondale") and [San Marco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marco_\(Jacksonville\) "San Marco (Jacksonville)") neighborhoods, with about 350 people rescued in those sections of the city. Water reached about 5 ft (1.5 m) high in some homes.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nwsjax-192) The city of Jacksonville suffered about \$85 million in damage.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-193)
In St. Johns County, storm surge left extensive damage to oceanfront properties in [Ponte Vedra Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_Vedra_Beach,_Florida "Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida") and [Vilano Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilano_Beach,_Florida "Vilano Beach, Florida"), with several becoming uninhabitable.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-194)[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-195) Additionally, some riverfront businesses in [St. Augustine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida "St. Augustine, Florida")'s [historic district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine_Town_Plan_Historic_District "St. Augustine Town Plan Historic District") were flooded due to storm surge from the [Matanzas River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanzas_River "Matanzas River").[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-196) In nearby [Clay County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_County,_Florida "Clay County, Florida"), rainfall and storm surge combined to cause extensive flooding along portions of the [Black Creek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Creek_\(Florida\) "Black Creek (Florida)") and the St. Johns River, with record high crests at several locations along the former.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nwsjax-192) About 350 people and 75 animals were rescued from floodwaters throughout the county. A total of 275 homes were destroyed, 175 were inflicted major damage, and 124 received minor damage.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-197)
#### Other states
Three deaths were reported in [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "Georgia (U.S. state)") due to falling trees and debris, along with widespread wind damage and power outages throughout the state primarily due to fallen trees.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-ABC49763467-198) On [Tybee Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tybee_Island,_Georgia "Tybee Island, Georgia"), as well as [St. Simons Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Simons,_Georgia "St. Simons, Georgia") the storm surge caused extensive flooding.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-199)[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-200) The tropical storm also did \$54 million in damage in the state.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-201)
In [Charleston, South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina "Charleston, South Carolina"), the third highest storm surge on record was recorded, reaching a height of approximately 10 ft (3 m).[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-202) By of September 12, almost 100,000 had lost power in [Upstate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstate_South_Carolina "Upstate South Carolina") South Carolina.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-203) Five people died in storm-related incidents across South Carolina, all from indirect incidents.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-5scdeaths-204) The tropical storm caused damages totaling \$500,000 in the state.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-205)
Light damage occurred in other areas, including [Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee").[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-206) About 75,000 customers in [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina") lost power due to Irma, where two fatalities occurred.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-207) The storm also caused \$600,000 in damages in [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama "Alabama").[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-208)
## Aftermath
In the immediate aftermath of Hurricane Irma's path through the West Indies and Caribbean, the devastation to roads, harbors and airports significantly impeded the transportation and distribution of relief supplies. Foreign countries moved to provide much of the initial aid. The British, Dutch, French, and United States governments sent warships and planes with supplies and manpower to the region.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-JamObsHelp-28)[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-USSmil-209) International leaders, including Dutch King [Willem-Alexander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem-Alexander "Willem-Alexander") and French president [Emmanuel Macron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron "Emmanuel Macron"), quickly moved to visit affected territories.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-willem-210)[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-macron-211)
Some of the affected countries and territories also offered assistance to each other. Cuba, which sustained extensive damage from the storm, sent 750 health workers to Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, The Bahamas, Dominica, and Haiti.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-cubadocs-212) Government officials and members of the public in Puerto Rico delivered assistance and evacuated people stranded on other islands. The [U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services "U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services") granted special 30-day humanitarian visas for British Virgin Islanders to stay in Puerto Rico.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-PRhelps-213) Hundreds of people stranded on Saint Martin were flown to the Dominican Republic on humanitarian grounds.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-214)
### Antigua and Barbuda
In response to Hurricane Jose's approach, the Government of Antigua and Barbuda issued a mandatory evacuation on September 9 for any remaining residents on Barbuda. A Miami cargo plane landed on Antigua later that day, carrying over 60 tons (120,000 lbs) of relief supplies for the displaced storm victims—including bottled water, canned food and power generators.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-215)
### British Overseas Territories
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_Royal_Logistics_Corps_Mexflote_arrives_in_Anguilla.jpg)
A UK Royal Logistics Corp landing raft delivers emergency relief to Anguilla
[RFA *Mounts Bay*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFA_Mounts_Bay_\(L3008\) "RFA Mounts Bay (L3008)") stationed itself near Anguilla and provided support and relief work to the island with its helicopters and 40 marines and army engineers.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Anguilla-216) The ship delivered 6 tonnes of emergency aid to Anguilla and army engineers repaired a fuel leak at Anguilla's main petrol dump, restored power to the island's hospital and provided shelters for those left homeless by the hurricane.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-RFA_Mounts_Bay_in_BVI-217)[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-UK_continues_to_deliver_vital_aid-218) The ship arrived in the British Virgin Islands on September 8, 2017, to provide emergency relief to the islands, including providing shelters, food and water.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-RFA_Mounts_Bay_in_BVI-217) [HMS *Ocean*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ocean_\(L12\) "HMS Ocean (L12)") was diverted from the [Mediterranean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea "Mediterranean Sea") to provide relief from [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar") to the affected British Overseas Territories of Anguilla, British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos on September 7,[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-219) and aid was also supplied by the [Department for International Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_International_Development "Department for International Development") from their disaster response center at [Kemble Airfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemble_Airfield "Kemble Airfield"). As part of a £32 million operation named Operation Ruman, nearly 500 UK military personnel with emergency relief were dispatched from [RAF Brize Norton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Brize_Norton "RAF Brize Norton").[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-220) This included the first deployment of [No. 38 Expeditionary Air Wing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._38_Expeditionary_Air_Wing "No. 38 Expeditionary Air Wing") with three RAF aircraft: two Airbus A400M Atlas and one C-130J Hercules to support relief efforts.
The British government also drafted two members of the UK police cadre into the region on September 10, and 53 police officers were drafted from RAF Brize Norton to the affected British Overseas Territories on September 15 to help maintain order.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-221)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-222) UK politicians, including the chairs of the foreign affairs and development select committees, criticized both the government's preparations for the storm and its response as inadequate.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-SMviolence-223)[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-224)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Marines_deliver_aid_to_British_Virgin_Islands_following_Irma.jpg)
Royal Marines delivering aid and providing support to the islanders of [Jost Van Dyke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jost_Van_Dyke "Jost Van Dyke"), British Virgin Islands
By September 12, the Department for International Development had delivered more than 40 tonnes of aid into the region, including into Turks and Caicos, and 1,000 UK military troops were deployed in the region as part of relief efforts.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-UK_continues_to_deliver_vital_aid-218) The [prime minister of the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime minister of the United Kingdom"), [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May"), pledged an additional £25 million worth of funding as part of relief efforts in the region on September 13, 2017, and the [Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs "Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs"), [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson"), said that a further 250 UK military personnel would be deployed into the area within the next few days.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Johnson_sees_impact-225) Anguilla's Chief Minister, [Victor Banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Banks "Victor Banks"), praised the British government's response to the storm and said that Boris Johnson's visit to the island "sends a very positive signal to Anguillans that the British are serious about their response to this very severe hurricane", but went on to say that the current financial commitment from the UK was not substantial enough.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Johnson_sees_impact-225)[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-226)
By September 15, the United Kingdom had over 70 military personnel and 4 police officers in Anguilla and had delivered 15 tonnes of aid to the island.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-UK_response_in_numbers-227) In the British Virgin Islands, Royal Marines had cleared the airfield so that it was operational for the delivery of aid into the islands, with more than 200 British military personnel and 54 UK police officers on the ground and 8 tonnes of aid delivered to the islands.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-UK_response_in_numbers-227) 120 British military personnel were on the ground in Turks and Caicos, and over 150 shelter kits and 720 liters of water were delivered to the islands on September 15.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-UK_response_in_numbers-227)
Amendments to international aid rules by the [Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development "Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development") (or OECD) allowed for the UK government to provide access to £13 billion worth of aid to the affected British Overseas Territories, through the UK's [Official Development Assistance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Development_Assistance "Official Development Assistance") (ODA) by November 2017.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-228)
### The Bahamas
By the afternoon of September 9, Bahamas Power and Light Company had dispatched crews across the archipelago to repair infrastructure damage. The southernmost islands, which were most severely affected by Irma's eye, remained largely inaccessible for days.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-229) Assessments showed that 15% of the national telecommunications network had been affected, with at least one tower destroyed.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-230) [Bahamasair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamasair "Bahamasair") resumed a limited domestic schedule on September 10, with international flights still canceled due to existing and anticipated destruction at other destinations.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-231)
The worst devastation occurred on [Ragged Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragged_Island,_Bahamas "Ragged Island, Bahamas"), over which Irma's eye had directly passed. After days of the National Emergency Management Agency not being able to physically reach the island, officials were finally able to inspect it; they promptly declared it uninhabitable.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-RaggedUnlivable-232)[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-233) Prime Minister [Hubert Minnis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Minnis "Hubert Minnis") said that it was the worst disaster area he or his officials had ever seen, and that all remaining residents would need to leave, potentially permanently.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-RaggedUnlivable-232)[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-234) Business leaders and other officials called for a new long-term development model to shift the population away from such sparsely settled islands.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-235)
On [Grand Bahama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Bahama "Grand Bahama") and [Bimini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimini "Bimini"), where tornadoes associated with Irma touched down on September 10, more than 100 people were left displaced. Infrastructure damage included docks, parks, and the power system.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-BStornadoes-144)
Aside from tangible asset losses, Irma brought significant economic damages. International freight shipping was projected to be offline for a week, and costs for rebuilding supplies were inflated due to demand in the U.S.[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-236)
### Cuba
Swollen rivers contributed to worsening flooding in the days after the storm system left, resulting in additional evacuations. Officials resorted to using inflatable rafts to access affected areas. The national electrical infrastructure was said to be extensively damaged.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-zombies-157)
### Hispaniola
In the Dominican Republic, flooding worsened following Irma's departure, leading the number of displaced persons to increase to more than 24,000 by September 8. President [Danilo Medina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilo_Medina "Danilo Medina") ordered further evacuations due to at-risk dams, while the government banned swimming in rivers and ordered boats kept in port.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-237) More than 422,000 people were left without water due to 28 aqueducts being damaged.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-238)
In Haiti, officials stated that losses were greater than they could have been since people largely did not heed early preparation and evacuation warnings.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NOLA-29) At least 5,000 homes were flooded. One man died trying to cross a flooded river; another went missing and 17 were injured.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-239) The trash- and waste-contaminated floodwaters in places like [Cap-Haïtien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien "Cap-Haïtien"), [Ouanaminthe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouanaminthe "Ouanaminthe"), and [Gonaives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonaives "Gonaives") led to fears of [cholera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera "Cholera") outbreaks.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-oxfam-136) Flooding continued to worsen days after the storm, as runoff from the mountains swelled rivers in low-lying farming communities. United Nations peacekeepers from [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") were able to gain access to the flooded northwest region to provide urgent aid, but non-governmental organizations and Haitian economists warned that the estimated 30,000 victims would need longer-term assistance as well. Prime Minister [Jack Guy Lafontant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Guy_Lafontant "Jack Guy Lafontant") appointed a government commission to address Irma's effects, with [Action Against Hunger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Against_Hunger "Action Against Hunger") in charge of humanitarian coordination.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-HaitiFarms-137)
### United States territories
In the USVI, residents and tourists alike were described as being in a state of traumatic shock.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-zombies-157) By September 7, the [USS *Wasp*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wasp_\(LHD-1\) "USS Wasp (LHD-1)") amphibious assault ship had arrived in the USVI to provide supplies, damage assessment, and evacuation assistance. Four additional warships, some of which had already been on their way to Texas to assist with [Hurricane Harvey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey "Hurricane Harvey") relief, were redirected to the region.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-USSmil-209) At a September 10 news conference, Governor [Kenneth Mapp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Mapp "Kenneth Mapp") described Irma as a "horrific disaster" for which "\[t\]here will be no restorations or solutions in days or weeks." The [Federal Emergency Management Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency "Federal Emergency Management Agency") airlifted in goods for residents, who were subjected to a curfew. [Norwegian Cruise Lines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Cruise_Lines "Norwegian Cruise Lines") and [Royal Caribbean Cruise Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Caribbean_Cruise_Line "Royal Caribbean Cruise Line") agreed to transport tourists to Florida, contingent upon port availability following the state's own experience with Irma.[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-240)
On Saint John, described as "perhaps the site of Irma's worst devastation on American soil," it took six days for an active-theater disaster zone to be established, leading to criticism of the U.S. government response.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-wasteland-241) The National Guard was delayed in reaching Saint John due to the number of overturned boats left in the harbor.[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-242) The National Guard was brought in to maintain order, while the Coast Guard brought evacuees to cruise ships bound for [San Juan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico "San Juan, Puerto Rico") and Miami.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-wasteland-241) There was still no electricity on St. John in the middle of October 2017.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-243)
By September 9, more than one million Puerto Ricans were still without power, tens of thousands were without water, and several thousand were still in shelters. Hospitals were operating on generator power. The government was struggling to establish contact with the islands of [Culebra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culebra,_Puerto_Rico "Culebra, Puerto Rico") and [Vieques](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieques "Vieques").[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-islands-30) By September 10, the main island had recovered enough to serve as a refuge for people stranded on other islands, including 1,200 tourists from Saint Martin and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Airlifts had brought more than 50 patients to Puerto Rico.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-PRhelps-213)
Five months after Irma, two-thirds of the hospital beds on Saint Thomas were still unavailable, due to extensive physical damage and staffing shortages.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-244)
### Saint Martin and French Overseas Department
Damage to Sint Maarten's harbor and to [Princess Juliana International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Juliana_International_Airport "Princess Juliana International Airport") left the Dutch part of Saint Martin unreachable, although the smaller [Grand Case-Espérance Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Case-Esp%C3%A9rance_Airport "Grand Case-Espérance Airport") on the French side could be reopened by September 7 for supply aid by helicopter and airplane.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-245) The French armed forces based in [Guadeloupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe "Guadeloupe") and [French Guiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana "French Guiana") flew equipment and troops on board a [CASA/IPTN CN-235](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASA/IPTN_CN-235 "CASA/IPTN CN-235") aircraft.
The following day, the Dutch military was able to airlift [dialysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_dialysis "Kidney dialysis") patients off the island while also dropping leaflets to warn islanders about the rapidly approaching [Hurricane Jose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Jose_\(2017\) "Hurricane Jose (2017)").[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-guardian8-57) Although the airport was closed, 435 students and faculty of the American University of the Caribbean were evacuated by the U.S. military.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-246) On September 10, Dutch King Willem-Alexander departed for the region, with intentions to visit Sint Maarten and other affected Dutch territories and commonwealth members.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-willem-210)
French president Emmanuel Macron followed this announcement by stating his intentions to visit the French part of the island on September 12 in order to bring aid supplies. In response to criticism of the French handling of the disaster, 1,000 troops, police, and other emergency workers were sent to Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-macron-211)
On both sides of Saint Martin, desperate conditions combined with food and water shortages in Irma's aftermath led to reports of violence, scavenging, and theft. In response, the French government increased its troop deployment to 2,200 and the Dutch government sent more than 600 military and police personnel.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-SMviolence-223)[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-247)
The day after the hurricane hit [Saint Barthelemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barthelemy "Saint Barthelemy") the French armed forces based in [Guadeloupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe "Guadeloupe") and [French Guiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana "French Guiana") flew equipment and troops into the reopened [Grand Case-Espérance Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Case-Esp%C3%A9rance_Airport "Grand Case-Espérance Airport"). On September 7 and 9, equipment and personnel were flown from France to Guadeloupe and [Martinique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique "Martinique").[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-248)
### Florida
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:170914-H-OD937-209_\(37474487341\).jpg)
President [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") visits [Naples, Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples,_Florida "Naples, Florida"), to talk with people impacted by Hurricane Irma
Sporadic reports of [looting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looting "Looting") and burglaries at several [Miami Metro area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area "Miami metropolitan area") businesses occurred with the theft of non-essential items such as [sports apparel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportswear_\(activewear\) "Sportswear (activewear)") and [athletic shoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_shoes "Athletic shoes") during the height of the storm.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-249)[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-250)
On September 11, Florida governor [Rick Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Scott "Rick Scott") conducted an aerial tour to survey the damage to the Keys. The [Overseas Highway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Highway "Overseas Highway") remained closed while authorities assessed the integrity of the 42 bridges along the route.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-251) Residents returning to the Keys were faced with a police roadblock, to the south of [Florida City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_City,_Florida "Florida City, Florida").[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-252) [USS *Iwo Jima*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iwo_Jima_\(LHD-7\) "USS Iwo Jima (LHD-7)"), [USS *New York*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_New_York_\(LPD-21\) "USS New York (LPD-21)") and aircraft carrier [USS *Abraham Lincoln*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Abraham_Lincoln_\(CVN-72\) "USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)") were sent to the Keys area to aid with the recovery.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-253)
On September 12, some residents were allowed to return into the Keys as far as [Islamorada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamorada,_Florida "Islamorada, Florida"). Although road damage blocked entry any farther than Islamorada, bridges had been inspected and found safe to [Sugarloaf Key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarloaf_Key "Sugarloaf Key").[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-254) By late on September 12, the Overseas Highway had been repaired and the bridges inspected as safe for [first responders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_responder "First responder") to travel to Key West.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-255) On September 16, residents were free to return to Marathon.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-256) Residents were allowed to return to Key West the following day, although the Keys remained closed to tourists and a checkpoint remained in place in Florida City.[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-257)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Florida_night-time_satellite_image_before-and-after_Hurricane_Irma.jpg)
Nighttime satellite images of Florida before (*left*) and the night after (*right*) Hurricane Irma, highlighting the extensive loss of grid (mains) electricity
Due mainly to the widespread loss of power, cell phone service was also reduced after battery backup power for cell phone towers ran out and backup generators ran out of fuel.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-258)[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-259)[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-260) In an impact report by the [FCC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission "Federal Communications Commission"), as of 11 AM EDT on September 12, 89 of 108 (82%) cell phone towers were non-functioning in Monroe County (Florida Keys), 154 of 212 (73%) were non-functioning in Collier County (Naples), 36 of 46 (78%) were non-functioning in [Hendry County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendry_County,_Florida "Hendry County, Florida"), and an additional six counties had 41-60% of cell phone towers not functioning, including Lee County (Fort Myers) and Miami-Dade County.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-261)
[NOAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration") released map-format aerial reconnaissance image data of damage from the storm. The imagery featured several areas of Florida: including the Florida Keys, the southwest coast of Florida from Marco Island to Punta Gorda, much of the northeast coast of Florida, and portions of the Jacksonville area. Portions of the Georgia and South Carolina coasts were also photographed.[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-262) Additionally, the *[Sun-Sentinel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun-Sentinel "Sun-Sentinel")* published before and after photos of several landmarks in the Florida Keys.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-263)
In the days after the hurricane, due to the heavy rainfall, numerous rivers had flooded, including residential areas.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-264) Public health risks, such as diarrheal infections and mosquito-borne illnesses, remain from the flooding that resulted in the aftermath of the hurricane. A large concern from flooding is contamination because people become exposed to dirty floodwaters and the potential for contaminated water to enter the local water supply is significant. One example of an illness that can enter the water supply is [leptospirosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospirosis "Leptospirosis"), which is rat urine carries into the floodwaters. Untreated exposure to leptospirosis can cause kidney damage, [meningitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis "Meningitis"), and liver failure. [Noroviruses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus "Norovirus") and other infections are also a risk.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-265)
Following Irma's passage, a 15 ft (4.6 m) hand-carved wooden canoe was discovered on the banks of the [Indian River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_River_\(Florida\) "Indian River (Florida)") and could be several hundred years old. The state has removed the canoe for examination and safe keeping.[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-266)
Due to Irma's and [Hurricane Harvey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey "Hurricane Harvey")'s impact in Florida and Texas, U.S. employment declined in September 2017 for the first time since September 2010. The leisure and hospitality industries were especially hard hit, losing 111,000 jobs in September.[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-267)
## Records
Irma set multiple records for intensity, especially at easterly longitudes, time spent at such an intensity, and its intensity at landfall. When Irma reached Category 5 intensity with winds of 175 mph (282 km/h) at 11:45 UTC on September 5 at [57\.7°W](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_meridian_west "57th meridian west"),[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) it became the easternmost Atlantic hurricane of this strength on record, surpassing [Hurricane David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_David "Hurricane David") of [1979](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1979 Atlantic hurricane season"), later beaten by [Hurricane Lorenzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Lorenzo_\(2019\) "Hurricane Lorenzo (2019)") [2 years later](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2019 Atlantic hurricane season").[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-MDRstrength-268) By 00:15 UTC on September 6, Irma reached peak intensity with 180 mph (285 km/h) winds and a minimum [pressure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure "Atmospheric pressure") of 914 mbar (914 hPa; 27.0 inHg). This ties it with [Hurricane Mitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Mitch "Hurricane Mitch") of [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1998 Atlantic hurricane season"), [Hurricane Rita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Rita "Hurricane Rita") of [2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2005 Atlantic hurricane season"), and [Hurricane Milton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Milton "Hurricane Milton") of [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2024 Atlantic hurricane season") as the sixth-strongest Atlantic hurricane by wind speed. Only five other Atlantic hurricanes have been recorded with wind speeds higher than Irma: [Hurricane Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Allen "Hurricane Allen") of [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1980 Atlantic hurricane season") and [Hurricane Melissa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Melissa "Hurricane Melissa") of [2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2025 Atlantic hurricane season") which had maximum sustained winds of 190 mph (310 km/h), and the [1935 Labor Day hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Labor_Day_hurricane "1935 Labor Day hurricane"), [Hurricane Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Gilbert "Hurricane Gilbert") of [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1988 Atlantic hurricane season"), [Hurricane Wilma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Wilma "Hurricane Wilma") of [2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2005 Atlantic hurricane season"), [Hurricane Dorian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian "Hurricane Dorian") of [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2019 Atlantic hurricane season"), all of which had peak winds of 185 mph (298 km/h).[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-269) At the time, Irma was also the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the [Atlantic Ocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean "Atlantic Ocean") outside the [Caribbean Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea "Caribbean Sea") and [Gulf of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico "Gulf of Mexico"); later surpassed by [Hurricane Dorian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian "Hurricane Dorian"),[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-270) and was the [strongest Atlantic hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Category_5_Atlantic_hurricanes "List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes") since Wilma in terms of [maximum sustained winds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_sustained_wind "Maximum sustained wind"), and the most intense in terms of pressure since [Dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dean "Hurricane Dean") in [2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2007 Atlantic hurricane season").[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-CSU-271) In addition, Irma achieved one of the [longest durations of Category 5 strength winds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Atlantic_hurricane_records#Longest_duration_as_a_Category_5_hurricane "List of Atlantic hurricane records"),[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) and the third-highest [accumulated cyclone energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulated_cyclone_energy#Individual_storms_in_the_Atlantic "Accumulated cyclone energy") (ACE) index for a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin, with a value of 64.9 units. Only the [1899 San Ciriaco hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1899_San_Ciriaco_hurricane "1899 San Ciriaco hurricane") and [Hurricane Ivan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan "Hurricane Ivan") in 2004 achieved higher values.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-SCNOW-272)[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Irma_ACE-273)
On September 6, Irma made landfall on the islands of [Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbuda "Barbuda"), [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Martin_\(island\) "Saint Martin (island)"), and [Virgin Gorda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Gorda "Virgin Gorda") at peak strength. This ties Irma with cyclones [Monica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Monica "Cyclone Monica") of [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Australian_region_cyclone_season "2005–06 Australian region cyclone season") and [Winston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Winston "Cyclone Winston") of [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Australian_region_cyclone_season "2015–16 Australian region cyclone season"), and typhoons [Zeb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Zeb "Typhoon Zeb") of [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Pacific_typhoon_season "1998 Pacific typhoon season") and [Megi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Megi_\(2010\) "Typhoon Megi (2010)") of [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Pacific_typhoon_season "2010 Pacific typhoon season") as the seventh-strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall globally – in terms of sustained winds – trailing only [Typhoon Goni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Goni "Typhoon Goni") of [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Pacific_typhoon_season "2020 Pacific typhoon season") which bore winds of 195 mph (314 km/h) at landfall, [Typhoon Haiyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Haiyan "Typhoon Haiyan") of [2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Pacific_typhoon_season "2013 Pacific typhoon season") and [Typhoon Meranti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Meranti "Typhoon Meranti") of [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Pacific_typhoon_season "2016 Pacific typhoon season"), which bore winds of 190 mph (310 km/h) at landfall, and the 1935 Labor Day hurricane, [Typhoon Joan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Joan_\(1959\) "Typhoon Joan (1959)") of [1959](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Pacific_typhoon_season "1959 Pacific typhoon season"), and Hurricane Dorian of 2019, which bore winds of 185 mph (298 km/h) at landfall.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-274)[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-275) Irma is second to the [1935 Labor Day hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Labor_Day_hurricane "1935 Labor Day hurricane") and Hurricane Dorian of 2019 as the strongest landfalling cyclone on record in the Atlantic basin, and is the first hurricane to make landfall anywhere in the Atlantic at Category 5 status since [Felix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Felix "Hurricane Felix") in 2007.[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Landfallrecord-276) Irma is the first recorded Category 5 hurricane to affect the northern [Leeward Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_Islands "Leeward Islands"), and was one of the worst storms to hit the region on record, along with [Hurricane Donna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Donna "Hurricane Donna") in [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1960 Atlantic hurricane season") and [Hurricane Luis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Luis "Hurricane Luis") in [1995](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1995 Atlantic hurricane season"). In addition, Irma is only the second hurricane on record to make landfall in Cuba at Category 5 intensity, with the other being [a hurricane in 1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Cuba_hurricane "1924 Cuba hurricane").[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-CSU-271) Furthermore, when Irma made landfall on Barbuda, Saint Martin, Virgin Gorda, and Cuba as a Category 5 hurricane, it became one of only two recorded Atlantic storms to make landfall in multiple nations at this strength; the other was [Hurricane Andrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew "Hurricane Andrew") in [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1992 Atlantic hurricane season"), which struck both [Eleuthera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleuthera "Eleuthera") and the United States as a Category 5 hurricane.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-277)
Irma made landfall in the [Florida Keys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Keys "Florida Keys") with winds of 130 mph (210 km/h) and a pressure of 931 mbar (931 hPa; 27.5 inHg), making it the strongest hurricane to strike Florida in terms of wind speed since [Charley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Charley "Hurricane Charley") in [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2004 Atlantic hurricane season"), and the most intense to strike the state in terms of barometric pressure since [Andrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew "Hurricane Andrew") in [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1992 Atlantic hurricane season"). In the span of two weeks, two Category 4 hurricanes—[Harvey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey "Hurricane Harvey") and Irma—struck the continental United States, the first time on record two Atlantic tropical cyclones of such strength made landfall on the country in the same hurricane season.[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-278)[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-279) This also marked only the third occurrence of two consecutive Atlantic storms making landfall in the United States as major hurricanes. The other two instances were the [Great Charleston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Nine "1893 Atlantic hurricane season") and [Cheniere Caminada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893_Cheniere_Caminada_hurricane "1893 Cheniere Caminada hurricane") hurricanes in [1893](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1893 Atlantic hurricane season"), and hurricanes [Ivan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan "Hurricane Ivan") and [Jeanne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Jeanne "Hurricane Jeanne") in 2004.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-SCNOW-272)
## Retirement
See also: [List of retired Atlantic hurricane names](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_retired_Atlantic_hurricane_names "List of retired Atlantic hurricane names")
Because of the extensive damage and loss of life the hurricane caused in the northeastern Caribbean, Cuba and the United States, particularly in Florida, the [World Meteorological Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization "World Meteorological Organization") retired the name *Irma* from its rotating naming lists in April 2018; it will never again be used for another Atlantic hurricane. It was replaced with *[Idalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Idalia "Hurricane Idalia")* for the [2023 season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2023 Atlantic hurricane season").[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-280)
## See also
- [Tropical cyclones portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tropical_cyclones "Portal:Tropical cyclones")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png)[Caribbean portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Caribbean "Portal:Caribbean")
- [Cuba portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cuba "Portal:Cuba")
- [United States portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States "Portal:United States")
- [Florida portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Florida "Portal:Florida")
- [Weather of 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_of_2017 "Weather of 2017")
- [Tropical cyclones in 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_in_2017 "Tropical cyclones in 2017")
- [List of Cuba hurricanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cuba_hurricanes "List of Cuba hurricanes")
- [List of Florida hurricanes (2000-present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Florida_hurricanes_\(2000-present\) "List of Florida hurricanes (2000-present)")
## Notes
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-3)** A major hurricane is a storm that ranks as Category 3 or higher on the [Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffir-Simpson_hurricane_wind_scale "Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-2)
2. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-direct-indirect-deaths_84-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-direct-indirect-deaths_84-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-direct-indirect-deaths_84-2) Irma caused 82 indirect and 10 direct deaths in the U.S., 3 direct deaths in the U.S. Virgin Islands, and 3 indirect deaths in Puerto Rico.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-107)** Storms with designations in quotation marks are officially unnamed. Tropical storms and hurricanes were not named before the year 1950.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-106)
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-Color_161-0)** The storm category color indicates the [intensity of the hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale "Saffir–Simpson scale") when landfalling in the U.S.
## References
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-1)**
["Atlantic hurricane best track (HUDRAT version 2)"](https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/hurdat/hurdat2-1851-2019-052520.txt). *United States National Hurricane Center*. May 25, 2020.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-2)**
Christopher W. Landsea (June 2, 2011). ["A: Basic Definitions"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060615212545/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcfaqHED.html). In Neal M. Dorst (ed.). [*Hurricane Research Division: Frequently Asked Questions*](http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcfaqHED.html). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. [A3) What is a super-typhoon? What is a major hurricane ? What is an intense hurricane ?](http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A3.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcfaqA.html) on June 15, 2006. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-irmageddon_4-0)**
["Irmageddon: Thousands of Miamians Just Had Their First Taste of Hurricane Misery"](https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/irma-miamians-just-had-their-first-taste-of-hurricane-misery-9668516). *Miami New Times*. September 13, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190126000953/https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/irma-miamians-just-had-their-first-taste-of-hurricane-misery-9668516) from the original on January 26, 2019. Retrieved January 25, 2019.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-top_trending_Google_search_5-0)**
Amy Gesenhues (December 13, 2017). ["Hurricane Irma was the No. 1 top trending Google search in the US & globally for 2017"](https://searchengineland.com/hurricane-irma-no-1-top-trending-google-search-u-s-globally-2017-288256). Search Engine Land. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180326141448/https://searchengineland.com/hurricane-irma-no-1-top-trending-google-search-u-s-globally-2017-288256) from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-8) [***j***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-9) [***k***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-10) [***l***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-11) [***m***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-12) [***n***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-13) [***o***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-14) [***p***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-15) [***q***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-16) [***r***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-17) [***s***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-18) [***t***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-19) [***u***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-20) [***v***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-21) [***w***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-22) [***x***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-23) [***y***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-24) [***z***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-25) [***aa***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-26) [***ab***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-27) [***ac***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-28) [***ad***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-29) [***ae***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-30) [***af***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-31) [***ag***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-32) [***ah***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-33) [***ai***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-34) [***aj***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-35) [***ak***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-36) [***al***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-37) [***am***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-38) [***an***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-39) [***ao***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-40)
John P. Cangialosi; Andrew S. Latto; Robbie J. Berg (March 9, 2018). [Hurricane Irma (AL112017)](https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL112017_Irma.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. National Hurricane Center. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180831040906/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL112017_Irma.pdf) (PDF) from the original on August 31, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-NHC_discussion_17_7-0)**
Daniel P. Brown (September 3, 2017). ["Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 17"](http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al11/al112017.discus.017.shtml). National Hurricane Center. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170904002242/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al11/al112017.discus.017.shtml) from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-8)**
Richard J. Pasch (September 3, 2017). ["Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 19"](http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al11/al112017.discus.019.shtml). National Hurricane Center. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170904074235/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al11/al112017.discus.019.shtml) from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
8. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-HURDAT_9-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-HURDAT_9-1)
["Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)"](https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/hurdat/hurdat2-1851-2024-040425.txt) (Database). United States [National Hurricane Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center "National Hurricane Center"). April 4, 2025.
 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [public domain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain "Public domain").
- [Landsea, Chris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Landsea "Christopher Landsea") (April 2022). ["The revised Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2) - Chris Landsea – April 2022"](https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/hurdat2-format.pdf) (PDF). *Hurricane Research Division – [NOAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanographic_and_Atmospheric_Administration "National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration")/AOML*. Miami, Florida: [Hurricane Research Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Research_Division "Hurricane Research Division") – via [Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanographic_and_Meteorological_Laboratory "Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory").
9. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-Metadata_10-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-Metadata_10-1)
[Landsea, Chris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Landsea "Christopher Landsea"); Anderson, Craig; Bredemeyer, William; Carrasco, Cristina; Charles, Noel; Chenoweth, Michael; Clark, Gil; Delgado, Sandy; Dunion, Jason; Ellis, Ryan; Fernandez-Partagas, Jose; Feuer, Steve; Gamanche, John; Glenn, David; Hagen, Andrew; Hufstetler, Lyle; Mock, Cary; Neumann, Charlie; Perez Suarez, Ramon; Prieto, Ricardo; Sanchez-Sesma, Jorge; Santiago, Adrian; Sims, Jamese; Thomas, Donna; Lenworth, Woolcock; Zimmer, Mark (May 2015). ["Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT"](http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html). *Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory* (Metadata). [Miami, Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida "Miami, Florida"): National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 17, 2026.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-symmetric_11-0)**
Richard Pasch (September 6, 2017). ["Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 28"](https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al11/al112017.discus.028.shtml). *www.nhc.noaa.gov*. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-12)**
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12. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-nytimes_13-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-nytimes_13-1)
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13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-14)**
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15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-16)**
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16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-17)**
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18. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-guadeloupe_19-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-guadeloupe_19-1)
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20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-21)**
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24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-Hurricane_Irma_25-0)**
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26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-27)**
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27. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-JamObsHelp_28-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-JamObsHelp_28-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-JamObsHelp_28-2)
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28. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-NOLA_29-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-NOLA_29-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-NOLA_29-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-NOLA_29-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-NOLA_29-4)
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29. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-islands_30-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-islands_30-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-islands_30-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-islands_30-3)
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30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-31)**
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31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-32)**
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32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-33)**
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33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-34)**
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34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-35)**
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35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-36)**
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`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"))
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244. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-248)**
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Philip Klotzbach \[@philklotzbach\] (September 5, 2017). ["\#Irma is the furthest east in Atlantic that we've had a 175 mph hurricane on record (57.7°W). Previous record: David-1979 (66.2°W)"](https://twitter.com/philklotzbach/status/905037369627222016) ([Tweet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_\(social_media\) "Tweet (social media)")). Retrieved September 5, 2017 – via [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter").
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Philip Klotzbach \[@philklotzbach\] (September 5, 2017). ["\#Irma now has winds of 185 mph – tied w/ FL Keys (1935), Gilbert & Wilma for 2nd strongest Atlantic winds on record. Allen is \#1 at 190 mph"](https://twitter.com/philklotzbach/status/905136534143213568) ([Tweet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_\(social_media\) "Tweet (social media)")). Retrieved September 5, 2017 – via [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter").
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["Hurricane Irma Meteorological Records/Notable Facts Recap"](https://webcms.colostate.edu/tropical/media/sites/111/2017/09/Hurricane-Irma-Records.pdf) (PDF). Colorado State University. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170909213248/https://webcms.colostate.edu/tropical/media/sites/111/2017/09/Hurricane-Irma-Records.pdf) (PDF) from the original on September 9, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
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## External links
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Hurricane Irma](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hurricane_Irma "commons:Category:Hurricane Irma").
**[KML file](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Hurricane_Irma&action=raw)** ([edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Hurricane_Irma&action=edit) • [help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML "Help:Attached KML"))
[Template:Attached KML/Hurricane Irma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Hurricane_Irma "Template:Attached KML/Hurricane Irma")
KML is not from Wikidata
- The National Hurricane Center's [advisory archive on Hurricane Irma](http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/IRMA.shtml)
- [*Hurricane Irma Viewed from the International Space Station*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZJIR-FJgRk) on [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_\(identifier\) "YouTube video (identifier)")
- [Ready.gov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready.gov "Ready.gov")'s advice on [Hurricanes](https://www.ready.gov/hurricanes)
- ["The \$100 Billion Hurricane?"](https://www.app.com/story/news/local/2014/09/18/superstorm-sandy-hurricane-disaster/15826111/) by Todd B. Bates
- Copernicus Emergency Management Service - damage grading and delineation maps:
- [EMSR232: Hurricane Irma in Antilles Islands](https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20181005221109/http://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSR232)
- [EMSR233: Hurricane Irma in Haiti and Dominican Republic](https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20181005221539/http://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSR233)
- [EMSR234: Hurricane Irma in Sint Maarten](https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20181005223205/http://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSR234)
- [EMSR236: Hurricane Irma in British Virgin Islands](https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20181005221127/http://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSR236)
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Retired_Atlantic_hurricanes "Template:Retired Atlantic hurricanes") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Retired_Atlantic_hurricanes "Template talk:Retired Atlantic hurricanes") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Retired_Atlantic_hurricanes "Special:EditPage/Template:Retired Atlantic hurricanes")[Retired Atlantic hurricane names](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_retired_Atlantic_hurricane_names "List of retired Atlantic hurricane names") | |
|---|---|
| 1950s | [Carol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Carol "Hurricane Carol") (1954) [Edna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Edna "Hurricane Edna") (1954) [Hazel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Hazel "Hurricane Hazel") (1954) [Connie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Connie "Hurricane Connie") (1955) [Diane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Diane "Hurricane Diane") (1955) [Ione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ione "Hurricane Ione") (1955) [Janet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Janet "Hurricane Janet") (1955) [Audrey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Audrey "Hurricane Audrey") (1957) |
| 1960s | [Donna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Donna "Hurricane Donna") (1960) [Carla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Carla "Hurricane Carla") (1961) [Hattie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Hattie "Hurricane Hattie") (1961) [Flora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Flora "Hurricane Flora") (1963) [Cleo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Cleo "Hurricane Cleo") (1964) [Dora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dora_\(1964\) "Hurricane Dora (1964)") (1964) [Hilda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Hilda "Hurricane Hilda") (1964) [Betsy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Betsy "Hurricane Betsy") (1965) [Inez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Inez "Hurricane Inez") (1966) [Beulah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Beulah "Hurricane Beulah") (1967) [Camille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Camille "Hurricane Camille") (1969) |
| 1970s | [Celia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Celia "Hurricane Celia") (1970) [Agnes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Agnes "Hurricane Agnes") (1972) [Carmen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Carmen "Hurricane Carmen") (1974) [Fifi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Fifi%E2%80%93Orlene "Hurricane Fifi–Orlene") (1974) [Eloise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Eloise "Hurricane Eloise") (1975) [Anita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Anita "Hurricane Anita") (1977) [Greta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Greta%E2%80%93Olivia "Hurricane Greta–Olivia") (1978) [David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_David "Hurricane David") (1979) [Frederic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Frederic "Hurricane Frederic") (1979) |
| 1980s | [Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Allen "Hurricane Allen") (1980) [Alicia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Alicia "Hurricane Alicia") (1983) [Elena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Elena "Hurricane Elena") (1985) [Gloria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Gloria "Hurricane Gloria") (1985) [Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Gilbert "Hurricane Gilbert") (1988) [Joan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Joan%E2%80%93Miriam "Hurricane Joan–Miriam") (1988) [Hugo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Hugo "Hurricane Hugo") (1989) |
| 1990s | [Diana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Diana "Hurricane Diana") (1990) [Klaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Klaus_\(1990\) "Hurricane Klaus (1990)") (1990) [Bob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Bob "Hurricane Bob") (1991) [Andrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew "Hurricane Andrew") (1992) [Luis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Luis "Hurricane Luis") (1995) [Marilyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Marilyn "Hurricane Marilyn") (1995) [Opal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Opal "Hurricane Opal") (1995) [Roxanne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Roxanne "Hurricane Roxanne") (1995) [Cesar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Cesar%E2%80%93Douglas "Hurricane Cesar–Douglas") (1996) [Fran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Fran "Hurricane Fran") (1996) [Hortense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Hortense "Hurricane Hortense") (1996) [Georges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Georges "Hurricane Georges") (1998) [Mitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Mitch "Hurricane Mitch") (1998) [Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Floyd "Hurricane Floyd") (1999) [Lenny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Lenny "Hurricane Lenny") (1999) |
| 2000s | [Keith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Keith "Hurricane Keith") (2000) [Allison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Allison "Tropical Storm Allison") (2001) [Iris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Iris "Hurricane Iris") (2001) [Michelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Michelle "Hurricane Michelle") (2001) [Isidore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Isidore "Hurricane Isidore") (2002) [Lili](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Lili "Hurricane Lili") (2002) [Fabian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Fabian "Hurricane Fabian") (2003) [Isabel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Isabel "Hurricane Isabel") (2003) [Juan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Juan "Hurricane Juan") (2003) [Charley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Charley "Hurricane Charley") (2004) [Frances](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Frances "Hurricane Frances") (2004) [Ivan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan "Hurricane Ivan") (2004) [Jeanne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Jeanne "Hurricane Jeanne") (2004) [Dennis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dennis "Hurricane Dennis") (2005) [Katrina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina "Hurricane Katrina") (2005) [Rita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Rita "Hurricane Rita") (2005) [Stan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Stan "Hurricane Stan") (2005) [Wilma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Wilma "Hurricane Wilma") (2005) [Dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dean "Hurricane Dean") (2007) [Felix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Felix "Hurricane Felix") (2007) [Noel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Noel "Hurricane Noel") (2007) [Gustav](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Gustav "Hurricane Gustav") (2008) [Ike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ike "Hurricane Ike") (2008) [Paloma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Paloma "Hurricane Paloma") (2008) |
| 2010s | [Igor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Igor "Hurricane Igor") (2010) [Tomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Tomas "Hurricane Tomas") (2010) [Irene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irene "Hurricane Irene") (2011) [Sandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy "Hurricane Sandy") (2012) [Ingrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ingrid "Hurricane Ingrid") (2013) [Erika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Erika "Tropical Storm Erika") (2015) [Joaquin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Joaquin "Hurricane Joaquin") (2015) [Matthew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Matthew "Hurricane Matthew") (2016) [Otto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Otto "Hurricane Otto") (2016) [Harvey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey "Hurricane Harvey") (2017) [Irma]() (2017) [Maria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Maria "Hurricane Maria") (2017) [Nate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Nate "Hurricane Nate") (2017) [Florence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Florence "Hurricane Florence") (2018) [Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Michael "Hurricane Michael") (2018) [Dorian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian "Hurricane Dorian") (2019) |
| 2020s | [Laura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Laura "Hurricane Laura") (2020) [Eta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Eta "Hurricane Eta") (2020) [Iota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Iota "Hurricane Iota") (2020) [Ida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ida "Hurricane Ida") (2021) [Fiona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Fiona "Hurricane Fiona") (2022) [Ian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ian "Hurricane Ian") (2022) [Beryl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Beryl "Hurricane Beryl") (2024) [Helene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Helene "Hurricane Helene") (2024) [Milton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Milton "Hurricane Milton") (2024) [Melissa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Melissa "Hurricane Melissa") (2025) |
|  **[Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Retired_Atlantic_hurricanes "Category:Retired Atlantic hurricanes")** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg "Portal") **[Portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tropical_cyclones "Portal:Tropical cyclones")** | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Category_5_Atlantic_hurricanes "Template:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Category_5_Atlantic_hurricanes "Template talk:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Category_5_Atlantic_hurricanes "Special:EditPage/Template:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes")[Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Category_5_Atlantic_hurricanes "List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes") | |
|---|---|
| 1920s | ["Cuba"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Cuba_hurricane "1924 Cuba hurricane") (1924) ["Okeechobee"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Okeechobee_hurricane "1928 Okeechobee hurricane") (1928) |
| 1930s | ["Abaco"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Abaco_hurricane "1932 Abaco hurricane") (1932) ["Cuba"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Cuba_hurricane "1932 Cuba hurricane") (1932) ["Cuba–Brownsville"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Cuba%E2%80%93Brownsville_hurricane "1933 Cuba–Brownsville hurricane") (1933) ["Tampico"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Tampico_hurricane "1933 Tampico hurricane") (1933) ["Labor Day"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Labor_Day_hurricane "1935 Labor Day hurricane") (1935) ["New England"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_New_England_hurricane "1938 New England hurricane") (1938) |
| 1940s | ["Great Atlantic"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Great_Atlantic_hurricane "1944 Great Atlantic hurricane") (1944) |
| 1950s | [Carol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Carol_\(1953\) "Hurricane Carol (1953)") (1953) [Janet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Janet "Hurricane Janet") (1955) |
| 1960s | [Esther](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Esther "Hurricane Esther") (1961) [Hattie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Hattie "Hurricane Hattie") (1961) [Inez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Inez "Hurricane Inez") (1966) [Beulah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Beulah "Hurricane Beulah") (1967) [Camille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Camille "Hurricane Camille") (1969) |
| 1970s | [Edith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Edith_\(1971\) "Hurricane Edith (1971)") (1971) [Anita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Anita "Hurricane Anita") (1977) [David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_David "Hurricane David") (1979) |
| 1980s | [Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Allen "Hurricane Allen") (1980) [Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Gilbert "Hurricane Gilbert") (1988) [Hugo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Hugo "Hurricane Hugo") (1989) |
| 1990s | [Andrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew "Hurricane Andrew") (1992) [Mitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Mitch "Hurricane Mitch") (1998) |
| 2000s | [Isabel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Isabel "Hurricane Isabel") (2003) [Ivan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan "Hurricane Ivan") (2004) [Emily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Emily_\(2005\) "Hurricane Emily (2005)") (2005) [Katrina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina "Hurricane Katrina") (2005) [Rita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Rita "Hurricane Rita") (2005) [Wilma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Wilma "Hurricane Wilma") (2005) [Dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dean "Hurricane Dean") (2007) [Felix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Felix "Hurricane Felix") (2007) |
| 2010s | [Matthew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Matthew "Hurricane Matthew") (2016) [Irma]() (2017) [Maria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Maria "Hurricane Maria") (2017) [Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Michael "Hurricane Michael") (2018) [Dorian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian "Hurricane Dorian") (2019) [Lorenzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Lorenzo_\(2019\) "Hurricane Lorenzo (2019)") (2019) |
| 2020s | [Ian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ian "Hurricane Ian") (2022) [Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Lee_\(2023\) "Hurricane Lee (2023)") (2023) [Beryl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Beryl "Hurricane Beryl") (2024) [Milton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Milton "Hurricane Milton") (2024) [Erin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Erin_\(2025\) "Hurricane Erin (2025)") (2025) [Humberto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Humberto_\(2025\) "Hurricane Humberto (2025)") (2025) [Melissa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Melissa "Hurricane Melissa") (2025) |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Category_5_Atlantic_hurricanes "Category:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg "Portal") [Tropical cyclones portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tropical_cyclones "Portal:Tropical cyclones") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season_buttons "Template:2017 Atlantic hurricane season buttons") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season_buttons "Template talk:2017 Atlantic hurricane season buttons") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season_buttons "Special:EditPage/Template:2017 Atlantic hurricane season buttons")Tropical cyclones of the [2017 Atlantic hurricane season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2017 Atlantic hurricane season") | |
|---|---|
| [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "Timeline of the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season") | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season_summary.png) | TS [Arlene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Tropical_Storm_Arlene "2017 Atlantic hurricane season") TS [Bret](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Bret_\(2017\) "Tropical Storm Bret (2017)") TS [Cindy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Cindy_\(2017\) "Tropical Storm Cindy (2017)") TD [Four](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Tropical_Depression_Four "2017 Atlantic hurricane season") TS [Don](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Tropical_Storm_Don "2017 Atlantic hurricane season") TS [Emily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Emily_\(2017\) "Tropical Storm Emily (2017)") 1 [Franklin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Franklin_\(2017\) "Hurricane Franklin (2017)") 2 [Gert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Gert_\(2017\) "Hurricane Gert (2017)") 4 [Harvey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey "Hurricane Harvey") ([history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorological_history_of_Hurricane_Harvey "Meteorological history of Hurricane Harvey")) PT [Ten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_Tropical_Cyclone_Ten "Potential Tropical Cyclone Ten") 5 [Irma]() ([history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorological_history_of_Hurricane_Irma "Meteorological history of Hurricane Irma")) 4 [Jose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Jose_\(2017\) "Hurricane Jose (2017)") 2 [Katia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katia_\(2017\) "Hurricane Katia (2017)") 3 [Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Lee "2017 Atlantic hurricane season") 5 [Maria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Maria "Hurricane Maria") ([history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorological_history_of_Hurricane_Maria "Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria")) 1 [Nate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Nate "Hurricane Nate") 3 [Ophelia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ophelia_\(2017\) "Hurricane Ophelia (2017)") TS [Philippe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Philippe_\(2017\) "Tropical Storm Philippe (2017)") TS [Rina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Tropical_Storm_Rina "2017 Atlantic hurricane season") |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "Category:2017 Atlantic hurricane season") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Florida "Template:Florida") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Florida "Template talk:Florida") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Florida "Special:EditPage/Template:Florida")[State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state "U.S. state") of [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida "Florida") | |
|---|---|
| **[Tallahassee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida "Tallahassee, Florida")** (capital) | |
| [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Florida "History of Florida") | [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Florida_history "Timeline of Florida history") [Indigenous peoples of Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida "Indigenous peoples of Florida") [Spanish Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Florida "Spanish Florida") [missions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missions_in_Spanish_Florida "Missions in Spanish Florida") British Rule [East Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Florida "East Florida") [West Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Florida "West Florida") [Florida Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Territory "Florida Territory") [Seminole Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_Wars "Seminole Wars") [Slavery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Florida "History of slavery in Florida") [Plantations of Leon County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_of_Leon_County,_Florida "Plantations of Leon County, Florida") [Mosquito County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito_County,_Florida "Mosquito County, Florida") [Armed Occupation Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Occupation_Act "Armed Occupation Act") [Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War "Florida in the American Civil War") [Great Migration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_\(African_American\) "Great Migration (African American)") [Fishing ranchos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_ranchos "Fishing ranchos") [Florida East Coast Railway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_East_Coast_Railway "Florida East Coast Railway") [Draining and development of the Everglades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draining_and_development_of_the_Everglades "Draining and development of the Everglades") [Florida land boom of the 1920s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_land_boom_of_the_1920s "Florida land boom of the 1920s") [Kennedy Space Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center") [Disney World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World "Walt Disney World") |
| [Geography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Florida "Geography of Florida") | [Beaches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Beaches_of_Florida "Category:Beaches of Florida") [Bays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bays_of_Florida "List of bays of Florida") [Caves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_caves_in_the_United_States#Florida "List of caves in the United States") [Counties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Florida "List of counties in Florida") [Everglades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everglades "Everglades") [Keys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Keys "Florida Keys") [Lakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Florida "Category:Lakes of Florida") [Lake Okeechobee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Okeechobee "Lake Okeechobee") [Metro areas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Florida "List of metropolitan areas of Florida") [Municipalities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Florida "List of municipalities in Florida") [Regions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Florida "List of regions of the United States") [Rivers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Florida "List of rivers of Florida") [Sinkholes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkhole "Sinkhole") [Springs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_major_springs_in_Florida "List of major springs in Florida") [State forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_state_forests "Florida state forests") [State parks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Florida_state_parks "List of Florida state parks") [Straits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Florida "Straits of Florida") [Swamps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_swamps "Florida swamps") |
| [Major hurricanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Florida_hurricanes "List of Florida hurricanes") | [Florida Keys (1919)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Florida_Keys_hurricane "1919 Florida Keys hurricane") [Tampa Bay (1921)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Tampa_Bay_hurricane "1921 Tampa Bay hurricane") [Miami (1926)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_Miami_hurricane "1926 Miami hurricane") [Okeechobee (1928)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Okeechobee_hurricane "1928 Okeechobee hurricane") [Florida Keys (1929)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_Bahamas_hurricane "1929 Bahamas hurricane") [Treasure Coast (1933)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Treasure_Coast_hurricane "1933 Treasure Coast hurricane") [Labor Day (1935)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Labor_Day_hurricane "1935 Labor Day hurricane") [Dry Tortugas (1944)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Cuba%E2%80%93Florida_hurricane "1944 Cuba–Florida hurricane") [Homestead (1945)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_Homestead_hurricane "1945 Homestead hurricane") [Fort Lauderdale (1947)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_Fort_Lauderdale_hurricane "1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane") [South Florida (1948)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1948_Florida_hurricane "September 1948 Florida hurricane") [1949 Florida hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_Florida_hurricane "1949 Florida hurricane") [Easy (1950)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Easy_\(1950\) "Hurricane Easy (1950)") [King (1950)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_King "Hurricane King") [Donna (1960)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Donna "Hurricane Donna") [Betsy (1965)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Betsy "Hurricane Betsy") [Eloise (1975)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Eloise "Hurricane Eloise") [Elena (1985)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Elena "Hurricane Elena") [Andrew (1992)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew "Hurricane Andrew") [Opal (1995)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Opal "Hurricane Opal") [Charley (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Charley "Hurricane Charley") [Frances (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Frances "Hurricane Frances") [Ivan (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan "Hurricane Ivan") [Jeanne (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Jeanne "Hurricane Jeanne") [Dennis (2005)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dennis "Hurricane Dennis") [Wilma (2005)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Wilma "Hurricane Wilma") [Matthew (2016)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Matthew "Hurricane Matthew") [Irma (2017)]() [Michael (2018)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Michael "Hurricane Michael") [Dorian (2019)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian "Hurricane Dorian") [Ian (2022)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ian "Hurricane Ian") [Idalia (2023)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Idalia "Hurricane Idalia") [Helene (2024)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Helene "Hurricane Helene") [Milton (2024)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Milton "Hurricane Milton") |
| Society | [African-American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:African-American_history_of_Florida "Category:African-American history of Florida") Brazilian-American culture [Miami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Americans#Brazilian_American_communities "Brazilian Americans") [Orlando](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida#Demographics "Orlando, Florida") [Crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Florida "Crime in Florida") Cuban-American culture [Miami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_migration_to_Miami "Cuban migration to Miami") [Tampa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cuban-American_culture_in_Tampa,_Florida "Category:Cuban-American culture in Tampa, Florida") [Culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Florida "Culture of Florida") [Demographics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Florida "Demographics of Florida") [Economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Florida "Economy of Florida") [agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Florida "Agriculture in Florida") [tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_tourism_industry "Florida tourism industry") [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Florida "Education in Florida") [Florida cracker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_cracker "Florida cracker") [Floridians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Florida "List of people from Florida") [Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Florida "Government of Florida") Haitian-American culture [Delray Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_diaspora#Delray_Beach "Haitian diaspora") [Miami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_diaspora#Miami "Haitian diaspora") [Homelessness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness_in_Florida "Homelessness in Florida") [Human trafficking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Florida "Human trafficking in Florida") [Indigenous peoples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida "Indigenous peoples of Florida") [Everglades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Everglades_region "Indigenous people of the Everglades region") [LGBT rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Florida "LGBT rights in Florida") [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Florida "Politics of Florida") [ballot measures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Florida_ballot_measures "List of Florida ballot measures") [congressional delegations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida%27s_congressional_delegations "Florida's congressional delegations") [congressional districts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida%27s_congressional_districts "Florida's congressional districts") Puerto Rican culture [Orlando](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateside_Puerto_Ricans#Orlando "Stateside Puerto Ricans") [Kissimmee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissimmee,_Florida#Demographics "Kissimmee, Florida") [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Florida "Politics of Florida") [Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Florida "Sports in Florida") [Seminole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole "Seminole") [Black Seminoles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seminoles "Black Seminoles") [Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Florida "Sports in Florida") |
| [Culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Florida "Culture of Florida") | [Casinos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_casinos_in_Florida "List of casinos in Florida") [Film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_industry_in_Florida "Film industry in Florida") [Florida Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Man "Florida Man") [Florida Heritage Trails](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Heritage_Trails "Florida Heritage Trails") [Floridiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floridiana "Floridiana") [Cuisine of Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Florida "Cuisine of Florida") [Literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_literature "Florida literature") [Miami accent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_accent "Miami accent") [Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Florida "Music of Florida") [Mass media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Florida "Category:Mass media in Florida") [newspapers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Florida "List of newspapers in Florida") [radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Florida "List of radio stations in Florida") [TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Florida "List of television stations in Florida") [Symbols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Florida_state_symbols "List of Florida state symbols") [flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Florida "Flag of Florida") [motto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust "In God We Trust") [seal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_of_Florida "Seal of Florida") [Visit Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visit_Florida "Visit Florida") |
| [Environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_Florida "Environment of Florida") | [Environmental issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Florida "Environmental issues in Florida") [Fauna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_Florida "Fauna of Florida") [Flora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Florida "Category:Flora of Florida") [Florida Reef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Reef "Florida Reef") [Geology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Florida "Geology of Florida") [Climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Florida "Climate of Florida") [climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Florida "Climate change in Florida") |
| Other | [Cuba–United States relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Cuba–United States relations") [Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Florida-related_articles "Index of Florida-related articles") [Tourist attractions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Florida "Category:Tourist attractions in Florida") [Transportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Florida "Transportation in Florida") |
| ** [Florida portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Florida "Portal:Florida")** | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Template:First presidency of Donald Trump") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Template talk:First presidency of Donald Trump") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Special:EditPage/Template:First presidency of Donald Trump")[First presidency of Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "First presidency of Donald Trump") | |
|---|---|
| General | [Appointments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_appointments_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Political appointments of the first Trump administration") [ambassadors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_appointed_in_the_first_Trump_presidency "List of ambassadors appointed in the first Trump presidency") [U.S. attorneys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_attorneys_appointed_by_Donald_Trump "List of United States attorneys appointed by Donald Trump") [judges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Donald_Trump "List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump") [Supreme Court candidates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_Supreme_Court_candidates "Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates") [Gorsuch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch_Supreme_Court_nomination "Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination") [Kavanaugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination "Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination") [Barrett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett_Supreme_Court_nomination "Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination") [Cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Donald_Trump "First cabinet of Donald Trump") [Pence vice presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Mike_Pence "Vice presidency of Mike Pence") [Economic advisors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_economic_advisors_to_Donald_Trump "List of economic advisors to Donald Trump") [Withdrawn appointees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_nominees_who_have_withdrawn "List of Donald Trump nominees who have withdrawn") [Short-tenure appointees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_short-tenure_Donald_Trump_political_appointments "List of short-tenure Donald Trump political appointments") [Dismissals and resignations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dismissals_and_resignations_in_the_first_Trump_administration "List of dismissals and resignations in the first Trump administration") [attorneys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys "2017 dismissal of U.S. attorneys") [Comey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismissal_of_James_Comey "Dismissal of James Comey") [inspectors general](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_dismissals_of_inspectors_general "2020 dismissals of inspectors general") [Executive orders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_executive_orders_in_the_first_Trump_presidency "List of executive orders in the first Trump presidency") [Legal affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_affairs_of_the_first_Trump_presidency "Legal affairs of the first Trump presidency") Impeachments [efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Donald_Trump "Efforts to impeach Donald Trump") [resolutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_impeachment_resolutions_introduced_against_Donald_Trump "List of impeachment resolutions introduced against Donald Trump") [impeachment inquiry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_into_Donald_Trump "Impeachment inquiry into Donald Trump") [first impeachment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump "First impeachment of Donald Trump") [first trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump "First impeachment trial of Donald Trump") [second impeachment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump "Second impeachment of Donald Trump") [second trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump "Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump") [proposed expungements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_expungements_of_the_impeachments_of_Donald_Trump "Proposed expungements of the impeachments of Donald Trump") [Opinion polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_first_Trump_presidency "Opinion polling on the first Trump presidency") [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_opinion_polling_on_the_Trump_administration "2017 opinion polling on the Trump administration") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_opinion_polling_on_the_Trump_administration "2018 opinion polling on the Trump administration") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_opinion_polling_on_the_Trump_administration "2019 opinion polling on the Trump administration") [Pardons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_in_the_first_Trump_presidency "List of people granted executive clemency in the first Trump presidency") [Joe Arpaio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon_of_Joe_Arpaio "Pardon of Joe Arpaio") [commutation of Jaime Davidson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Wallie_Howard_Jr. "Murder of Wallie Howard Jr.") [Proclamations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump "Lists of proclamations by Donald Trump") [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump_\(2017\) "List of proclamations by Donald Trump (2017)") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump_\(2018\) "List of proclamations by Donald Trump (2018)") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump_\(2019\) "List of proclamations by Donald Trump (2019)") [2020–21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump_\(2020%E2%80%9321\) "List of proclamations by Donald Trump (2020–21)") [Trips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump "Lists of presidential trips made by Donald Trump") [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_\(2017\) "List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2017)") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_\(2018\) "List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2018)") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_\(2019\) "List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2019)") [2020–21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_\(2020%E2%80%9321\) "List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2020–21)") [international](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump "List of international presidential trips made by Donald Trump") [Rex Tillerson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Rex_Tillerson_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State "List of international trips made by Rex Tillerson as United States Secretary of State") [Mike Pompeo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Mike_Pompeo_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State "List of international trips made by Mike Pompeo as United States Secretary of State") [North Korea summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Korean_peace_process "2018–19 Korean peace process") [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit "2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit") [Hanoi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Hanoi_Summit "2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit") [DMZ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Koreas%E2%80%93United_States_DMZ_Summit "2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit") [Riyadh summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Riyadh_summit "2017 Riyadh summit") [Helsinki summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_Summit "2018 Russia–United States Summit") [2019 state visit to the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_state_visit_by_Donald_Trump_to_the_United_Kingdom "2019 state visit by Donald Trump to the United Kingdom") [Namaste Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namaste_Trump "Namaste Trump") |
| Events | |
| | |
| [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies "Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies") | [First 100 days](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_first_Trump_presidency "First 100 days of the first Trump presidency") 2017 [Q1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2017_Q1\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2017 Q1)") [Q2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2017_Q2\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2017 Q2)") [Q3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2017_Q3\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2017 Q3)") [Q4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2017_Q4\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2017 Q4)") 2018 [Q1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2018_Q1\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2018 Q1)") [Q2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2018_Q2\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2018 Q2)") [Q3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2018_Q3\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2018 Q3)") [Q4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2018_Q4\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2018 Q4)") 2019 [Q1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2019_Q1\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2019 Q1)") [Q2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2019_Q2\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2019 Q2)") [Q3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2019_Q3\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2019 Q3)") [Q4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2019_Q4\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2019 Q4)") 2020 [Q1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2020_Q1\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2020 Q1)") [Q2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2020_Q2\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2020 Q2)") [Q3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2020_Q3\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2020 Q3)") [Q4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2020_Q4%E2%80%93January_2021\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2020 Q4–January 2021)") [January 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2020_Q4%E2%80%93January_2021\)#January_2021 "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2020 Q4–January 2021)") |
| Speeches | [Congressional joint session address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Donald_Trump_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress "2017 Donald Trump speech to a joint session of Congress") (2017) [Warsaw speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Donald_Trump_speech_in_Warsaw "2017 Donald Trump speech in Warsaw") (2017) [National Scout Jamboree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_National_Scout_Jamboree "2017 National Scout Jamboree") (2017) [State of the Union Address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union "State of the Union") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_State_of_the_Union_Address "2018 State of the Union Address") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_State_of_the_Union_Address "2019 State of the Union Address") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_State_of_the_Union_Address "2020 State of the Union Address") Oval Office Address [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Oval_Office_address "2019 Oval Office address") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Oval_Office_address "2020 Oval Office address") [Farewell address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_first_farewell_address "Donald Trump's first farewell address") (2021) |
| Other | [Transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump "First presidential transition of Donald Trump") [2017 Vote Count](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count "2017 United States Electoral College vote count") [Inauguration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump "First inauguration of Donald Trump") [Biden transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden "Presidential transition of Joe Biden") [2021 Vote Count](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count "2021 United States Electoral College vote count") |
| [Policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump "Political positions of Donald Trump") | |
| | |
| [Domestic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Domestic policy of the first Trump administration") | Government shutdowns [January 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2018_United_States_federal_government_shutdown "January 2018 United States federal government shutdown") [2018–2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_United_States_federal_government_shutdown "2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown") Salute to America [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Salute_to_America "2019 Salute to America") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Salute_to_America "2020 Salute to America") [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [Taskforce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force "White House Coronavirus Task Force") [Communication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [stimulus bills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_\(economics\) "Stimulus (economics)") [CARES Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARES_Act "CARES Act") [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2021 "Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021") [Operation Warp Speed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed "Operation Warp Speed") [White House outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak "White House COVID-19 outbreak") [Interference with science agencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_interference_with_science_agencies_by_the_first_Trump_administration "Political interference with science agencies by the first Trump administration") [Reactions to the George Floyd protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_George_Floyd_protests "Reactions to the George Floyd protests") [Photo op at St. John's Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church "Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church") [Deployment of federal forces in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_deployment_of_federal_forces_in_the_United_States "2020 deployment of federal forces in the United States") [Attacks on journalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_government_attacks_on_journalists_in_the_United_States#2016%E2%80%93present:_Trump_era "Timeline of government attacks on journalists in the United States") [2020 Mount Rushmore Fireworks Celebration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Fireworks_Celebration "Mount Rushmore Fireworks Celebration") [National Garden of American Heroes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Garden_of_American_Heroes "National Garden of American Heroes") [Infrastructure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_policy_of_Donald_Trump "Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump") [Racial views](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_views_of_Donald_Trump "Racial views of Donald Trump") [Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Social policy of the first Trump administration") [First Step Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Step_Act "First Step Act") [Cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Cannabis policy of the first Trump administration") [Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Space policy of the first Trump administration") |
| [Economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Economic policy of the first Trump administration") | [Tax cuts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act") [Tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_first_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the first Trump administration") [China trade war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war "China–United States trade war") [USMCA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement "United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement") [Farmer bailouts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration_farmer_bailouts "Trump administration farmer bailouts") |
| [Environmental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Environmental policy of the first Trump administration") | [Paris Agreement withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_and_the_Paris_Agreement "United States and the Paris Agreement") [America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Water_Infrastructure_Act_of_2018 "America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018") |
| [Foreign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Foreign policy of the first Trump administration") | [America First](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_First "America First") [Saudi Arabia arms deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_States%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_arms_deal "2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal") [Relations with Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_during_the_first_Trump_administration "Iran–United States relations during the first Trump administration") [Nuclear deal withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action "United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action") [Relations with Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations#First_Trump_administration_\(2017%E2%80%932021\) "Israel–United States relations") [Jerusalem recognition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_as_capital_of_Israel "United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel") [Golan Heights recognition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_the_Golan_Heights_as_part_of_Israel "United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel") [Palestine peace plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_peace_plan "2020 Israel–Palestine peace plan") [Abraham Accords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Accords "Abraham Accords") [UAE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement "Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement") [Bahrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Israel_normalization_agreement "Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement") [Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sudan_normalization_agreement "Israel–Sudan normalization agreement") [Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_normalization_agreement "Israel–Morocco normalization agreement") [Kosovo–Serbia agreements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_and_Serbia_economic_normalization_agreements "Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreements") [Syria strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war "US intervention in the Syrian civil war") [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike "2017 Shayrat missile strike") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria "April 2018 missile strikes against Syria") Killings [al-Baghdadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi "Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi") [Soleimani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani "Assassination of Qasem Soleimani") [Afghanistan withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan "2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan") [Taliban deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Taliban_deal "United States–Taliban deal") [Proposed invasion of Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_United_States_invasion_of_Venezuela "Proposed United States invasion of Venezuela") |
| [Immigration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Immigration policy of the first Trump administration") | [Travel bans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_bans_under_the_Trump_administrations "Travel bans under the Trump administrations") [reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_Executive_Order_13769 "Reactions to Executive Order 13769") [legal challenges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_challenges_to_the_Trump_travel_ban "Legal challenges to the Trump travel ban") [protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Executive_Order_13769 "Protests against Executive Order 13769") [replacement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13780 "Executive Order 13780") [Executive Order 13767](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13767 "Executive Order 13767") [Border wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall "Mexico–United States border wall") [Family separation policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy "Trump administration family separation policy") [protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_the_Trump_administration_family_separation_policy "Protests against the Trump administration family separation policy") [Migrant detentions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_detentions_under_the_first_Trump_administration "Migrant detentions under the first Trump administration") [Troop deployments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot "Operation Faithful Patriot") [National emergency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Emergency_Concerning_the_Southern_Border_of_the_United_States "National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States") |
| [Protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump "Protests against Donald Trump") | [2017 Women's March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Women%27s_March "2017 Women's March") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2017_Women%27s_March_locations "List of 2017 Women's March locations") [Lincoln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Lincoln_Nebraska_Women%27s_March "2017 Lincoln Nebraska Women's March") [Portland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Portland "Women's March on Portland") [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Seattle "Women's March on Seattle") [global](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2017_Women%27s_March_locations_outside_the_United_States "List of 2017 Women's March locations outside the United States") [LGBTQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_protests_against_Donald_Trump "LGBTQ protests against Donald Trump") [Travel ban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Executive_Order_13769 "Protests against Executive Order 13769") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protests_against_Executive_Order_13769 "List of protests against Executive Order 13769") [Day Without Immigrants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_Without_Immigrants_\(2017\) "Day Without Immigrants (2017)") [Not My Presidents Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_My_Presidents_Day "Not My Presidents Day") [Day Without a Woman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_Without_a_Woman "Day Without a Woman") [March for Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Science "March for Science") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2017_March_for_Science_locations "List of 2017 March for Science locations") [Portland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Science_Portland "March for Science Portland") [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Science_Seattle "March for Science Seattle") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Science_2018 "March for Science 2018") [People's Climate March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_People%27s_Climate_March "2017 People's Climate March") [May Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_May_Day_protests "2017 May Day protests") [March for Truth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Truth "March for Truth") [Impeachment March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_March "Impeachment March") [Boston Free Speech Rally (counter-protest)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Free_Speech_Rally "Boston Free Speech Rally") [U.S. national anthem kneeling protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._national_anthem_kneeling_protests "U.S. national anthem kneeling protests") [2018 Women's March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Women%27s_March "2018 Women's March") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2018_Women%27s_March_locations "List of 2018 Women's March locations") [Gun violence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_gun_violence_protests "2018 United States gun violence protests") [March for Our Lives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Our_Lives "March for Our Lives") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_March_for_Our_Lives_locations "List of March for Our Lives locations") [Portland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Our_Lives_Portland "March for Our Lives Portland") [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Our_Lives_Seattle "March for Our Lives Seattle") [Family separation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_the_Trump_administration_family_separation_policy "Protests against the Trump administration family separation policy") [Abolish ICE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolish_ICE "Abolish ICE") [Families Belong Together](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Families_Belong_Together "Families Belong Together") [Occupy ICE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_ICE "Occupy ICE") [Women Disobey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_Disobey "Women Disobey") [Donald Trump baby balloon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_baby_balloon "Donald Trump baby balloon") [Kremlin Annex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Annex "Kremlin Annex") [Nobody Is Above the Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobody_Is_Above_the_Law "Nobody Is Above the Law") [2019 Women's March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Women%27s_March "2019 Women's March") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2019_Women%27s_March_locations "List of 2019 Women's March locations") [2019 Presidents Day protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Presidents_Day_protest "2019 Presidents Day protest") [*Dump Trump* (statue)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dump_Trump_\(statue\) "Dump Trump (statue)") [December 2019 impeachment protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2019_impeachment_protests_in_the_United_States "December 2019 impeachment protests in the United States") [2020 Women's March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Women%27s_March "2020 Women's March") [January list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2020_Women%27s_March_locations "List of 2020 Women's March locations") [October list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2020_Women%27s_March_locations_\(October\) "List of 2020 Women's March locations (October)") [Racial unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_racial_unrest_\(2020%E2%80%932023\) "United States racial unrest (2020–2023)") [George Floyd protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests "George Floyd protests") [list-USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_George_Floyd_protests_in_the_United_States "List of George Floyd protests in the United States") [list-abroad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_George_Floyd_protests_outside_the_United_States "List of George Floyd protests outside the United States") [Trump Statue Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Statue_Initiative "Trump Statue Initiative") *[God Emperor Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Emperor_Trump "God Emperor Trump")* |
| Related | [2016 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election") [Trump campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign "Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign") [Democratic backsliding in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_in_the_United_States "Democratic backsliding in the United States") [Donald Trump and fascism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism "Donald Trump and fascism") [Trumpism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpism "Trumpism") [Unitary executive theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory "Unitary executive theory") [Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_conflict_with_the_media "Donald Trump's conflict with the media") [False or misleading statements by Trump during first term](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump_\(first_term\) "False or misleading statements by Donald Trump (first term)") [Social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump "Social media use by Donald Trump") [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_use_by_Donald_Trump "Twitter use by Donald Trump") [Crossfire Hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossfire_Hurricane_\(FBI_investigation\) "Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation)") [Classified information disclosures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_disclosures_of_classified_information "Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information") Special counsel investigations [Mueller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mueller_special_counsel_investigation "Mueller special counsel investigation") [Durham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_special_counsel_investigation "Durham special counsel investigation") [Links between Trump administration and Russian government officials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials "Links between Trump associates and Russian officials") [Russian bounty program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_bounty_program "Russian bounty program") [Anonymous senior official op-ed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_Part_of_the_Resistance_Inside_the_Trump_Administration "I Am Part of the Resistance Inside the Trump Administration") [Stormy Daniels scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_scandal "Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal") [Zelenskyy phone call](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Trump%E2%80%93Zelenskyy_phone_call "2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call") [Ukraine scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal "2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal") [Federal government data breach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_federal_government_data_breach "2020 United States federal government data breach") [Attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election "Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election") [Fake electors plot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_fake_electors_plot "Trump fake electors plot") [Chesebro memos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesebro_memos "Chesebro memos") [Eastman memos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman_memos "Eastman memos") [Lawsuits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election "Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election") *[Texas v. Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania "Texas v. Pennsylvania")* [Jeffrey Clark letter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Clark_letter "Jeffrey Clark letter") [January 6 United States Capitol attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack "January 6 United States Capitol attack") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack "Timeline of the January 6 United States Capitol attack") [aftermath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack "Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack") [continued protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_States_inauguration_week_protests "2021 United States inauguration week protests") [domestic reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack "Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack") [international reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack "International reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack") [Presidential Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Presidential_Library "Donald J. Trump Presidential Library") |
|  **[Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Category:First presidency of Donald Trump")** | |
Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Irma&oldid=1341429392>"
[Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):
- [Hurricane Irma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hurricane_Irma "Category:Hurricane Irma")
- [2010s in Miami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2010s_in_Miami "Category:2010s in Miami")
- [2017 Atlantic hurricane season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "Category:2017 Atlantic hurricane season")
- [2017 in Anguilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_in_Anguilla "Category:2017 in Anguilla")
- [2017 in Antigua and Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda "Category:2017 in Antigua and Barbuda")
- [2017 in Barbados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_in_Barbados "Category:2017 in Barbados")
- [2017 in Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_in_Cuba "Category:2017 in Cuba")
- [2017 in Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_in_Florida "Category:2017 in Florida")
- [2017 in Georgia (U.S. state)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_in_Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "Category:2017 in Georgia (U.S. state)")
- [2017 in Guadeloupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_in_Guadeloupe "Category:2017 in Guadeloupe")
- [2017 in Montserrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_in_Montserrat "Category:2017 in Montserrat")
- [2017 in Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_in_Puerto_Rico "Category:2017 in Puerto Rico")
- [2017 in Saint Barthélemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy "Category:2017 in Saint Barthélemy")
- [2017 in Sint Maarten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_in_Sint_Maarten "Category:2017 in Sint Maarten")
- [2017 in the Collectivity of Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin "Category:2017 in the Collectivity of Saint Martin")
- [2017 in Saba (island)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_in_Saba_\(island\) "Category:2017 in Saba (island)")
- [2017 in Sint Eustatius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_in_Sint_Eustatius "Category:2017 in Sint Eustatius")
- [2017 in South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_in_South_Carolina "Category:2017 in South Carolina")
- [2017 in the Bahamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_in_the_Bahamas "Category:2017 in the Bahamas")
- [2017 in the British Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands "Category:2017 in the British Virgin Islands")
- [2017 in the Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_in_the_Caribbean "Category:2017 in the Caribbean")
- [2017 in the Turks and Caicos Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands "Category:2017 in the Turks and Caicos Islands")
- [2017 in the United States Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands "Category:2017 in the United States Virgin Islands")
- [2017 natural disasters in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_natural_disasters_in_the_United_States "Category:2017 natural disasters in the United States")
- [2017 natural disasters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2017_natural_disasters "Category:2017 natural disasters")
- [Cape Verde hurricanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cape_Verde_hurricanes "Category:Cape Verde hurricanes")
- [Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Category_5_Atlantic_hurricanes "Category:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes")
- [History of the Collectivity of Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin "Category:History of the Collectivity of Saint Martin")
- [Hurricanes in Anguilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hurricanes_in_Anguilla "Category:Hurricanes in Anguilla")
- [Hurricanes in Antigua and Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hurricanes_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda "Category:Hurricanes in Antigua and Barbuda")
- [Hurricanes in Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hurricanes_in_Cuba "Category:Hurricanes in Cuba")
- [Hurricanes in Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hurricanes_in_Florida "Category:Hurricanes in Florida")
- [Hurricanes in Georgia (U.S. state)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hurricanes_in_Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "Category:Hurricanes in Georgia (U.S. state)")
- [Hurricanes in Montserrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hurricanes_in_Montserrat "Category:Hurricanes in Montserrat")
- [Hurricanes in Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hurricanes_in_Puerto_Rico "Category:Hurricanes in Puerto Rico")
- [Hurricanes in Saba (island)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hurricanes_in_Saba_\(island\) "Category:Hurricanes in Saba (island)")
- [Hurricanes in Saint Barthélemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hurricanes_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy "Category:Hurricanes in Saint Barthélemy")
- [Hurricanes in Saint Kitts and Nevis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hurricanes_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis "Category:Hurricanes in Saint Kitts and Nevis")
- [Hurricanes in Saint Martin (island)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hurricanes_in_Saint_Martin_\(island\) "Category:Hurricanes in Saint Martin (island)")
- [Hurricanes in Sint Eustatius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hurricanes_in_Sint_Eustatius "Category:Hurricanes in Sint Eustatius")
- [Hurricanes in South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hurricanes_in_South_Carolina "Category:Hurricanes in South Carolina")
- [Hurricanes in the Bahamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hurricanes_in_the_Bahamas "Category:Hurricanes in the Bahamas")
- [Hurricanes in the British Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hurricanes_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands "Category:Hurricanes in the British Virgin Islands")
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Hurricane Irma
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| Readable Markdown | This article is about Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 2017. For other storms of the same name, see [List of storms named Irma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_storms_named_Irma "List of storms named Irma").
| | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irma_2017-09-06_1230Z.jpg)Hurricane Irma over the [Lesser Antilles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Antilles "Lesser Antilles") at peak intensity early on September 6 | |
| Meteorological history | |
| Formed | August 30, 2017 |
| [Remnant low](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-tropical_cyclone "Post-tropical cyclone") | September 12, 2017 |
| Dissipated | September 13, 2017 |
| Category 5 major hurricane | |
| *1-minute sustained* ([SSHWS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale "Saffir–Simpson scale")/[NWS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Weather_Service "National Weather Service")) | |
| Highest winds | 180 mph (285 km/h) |
| Lowest pressure | 914 [mbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_\(unit\) "Bar (unit)") ([hPa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_\(unit\) "Pascal (unit)")); 26.99 [inHg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch_of_mercury "Inch of mercury") |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 134 total |
| Damage | \$77.2 billion (2017 [USD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar")) ([Sixth-costliest tropical cyclone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_costliest_Atlantic_hurricanes "List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes") on record; costliest in Cuban history) |
| Areas affected | [Leeward Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_Islands "Leeward Islands") [Greater Antilles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Antilles "Greater Antilles") [Lucayan Archipelago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucayan_Archipelago "Lucayan Archipelago") [Southeastern United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_United_States "Southeastern United States") |
| [IBTrACS](https://ncics.org/ibtracs/index.php?name=v04r01-2017242N16333)[](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38685186#P4540 "Edit this at Wikidata") | |
| Part of the **[2017 Atlantic hurricane season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2017 Atlantic hurricane season")** | |
| **History** [Meteorological history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorological_history_of_Hurricane_Irma "Meteorological history of Hurricane Irma") **Effects** [Lesser Antilles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Irma_in_the_Lesser_Antilles "Effects of Hurricane Irma in the Lesser Antilles") [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Irma_in_Florida "Effects of Hurricane Irma in Florida") **Other wikis** [Commons: Irma images](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hurricane_Irma "commons:Category:Hurricane Irma") | |
**Hurricane Irma** was an extremely powerful and devastating [tropical cyclone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone "Tropical cyclone") that caused extensive damage and multiple deaths across the [Antilles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antilles "Antilles") and [Eastern United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_United_States "Eastern United States") in September 2017. Irma was the first [Category 5 hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_5_hurricane "Category 5 hurricane") to strike the [Leeward Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_Islands "Leeward Islands") on record, though it was followed by [Hurricane Maria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Maria "Hurricane Maria"), which struck the region at Category 5 intensity as well two weeks later. At the time, Irma was considered the most powerful hurricane on record in the open Atlantic region, outside of the [Caribbean Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea "Caribbean Sea") and [Gulf of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico "Gulf of Mexico"), until it was surpassed by [Hurricane Dorian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian "Hurricane Dorian") two years later. It was also the third-strongest Atlantic hurricane at landfall ever recorded, just behind the [1935 Labor Day hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Labor_Day_hurricane "1935 Labor Day hurricane"), [Hurricane Melissa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Melissa "Hurricane Melissa"), and Dorian.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-1)
The ninth [named storm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_naming "Tropical cyclone naming"), fourth [hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane "Hurricane"), second [major hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale#Categories "Saffir–Simpson scale"),[\[nb 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-3) and first [Category 5 hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Category_5_Atlantic_hurricanes "List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes") of the extremely active [2017 Atlantic hurricane season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2017 Atlantic hurricane season"), Irma developed from a [tropical wave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_wave "Tropical wave") near the [Cape Verde Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde "Cape Verde") on August 30. Favorable conditions allowed Irma to [rapidly intensify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_intensification "Rapid intensification") into a [Category 3 hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_3_hurricane "Category 3 hurricane") on the [Saffir–Simpson wind scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_wind_scale "Saffir–Simpson wind scale") by late on August 31. The storm's intensity fluctuated between Categories 2 and 3 for the next several days, due to a series of [eyewall replacement cycles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyewall_replacement_cycle "Eyewall replacement cycle"). On September 4, Irma resumed intensifying, becoming a Category 5 hurricane by early on the next day. Early on September 6, Irma peaked with 1-minute sustained winds of 180 mph (290 km/h) and a minimum [pressure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure "Atmospheric pressure") of 914 hPa (27.0 inHg). Irma was the second-most intense tropical cyclone worldwide in 2017 in terms of barometric pressure, and the strongest worldwide in 2017 in terms of wind speed. Another eyewall replacement cycle caused Irma to weaken back to a Category 4 hurricane, but the storm re-attained Category 5 status before making landfall in [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba "Cuba"). Although Irma briefly weakened to a Category 2 storm while making landfall on Cuba, the system re-intensified to Category 4 status as it crossed the warm waters of the [Straits of Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Florida "Straits of Florida"), before making landfall on [Cudjoe Key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cudjoe_Key,_Florida "Cudjoe Key, Florida") on September 10. Irma then weakened to Category 3 status, prior to another landfall in Florida on [Marco Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Island,_Florida "Marco Island, Florida") later that day. The system degraded into a remnant low over [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama "Alabama") and ultimately dissipated on September 13 over [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri "Missouri").
Irma caused widespread and catastrophic damage throughout its long lifetime, particularly in the northeastern [Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean "Caribbean") and the [Florida Keys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Keys "Florida Keys"). It was also the most intense hurricane to strike the [continental United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States "Contiguous United States") since [Katrina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina "Hurricane Katrina") in [2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2005 Atlantic hurricane season"), the first major hurricane to make [landfall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfall "Landfall") in [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida "Florida") since [Wilma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Wilma "Hurricane Wilma") in the same year, and the first Category 4 hurricane to strike the state since [Charley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Charley "Hurricane Charley") in [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2004 Atlantic hurricane season"). The storm caused catastrophic damage in [Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbuda "Barbuda"), [Saint Barthélemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy "Saint Barthélemy"), [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Martin_\(island\) "Saint Martin (island)"), [Anguilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla "Anguilla"), and the [Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Islands "Virgin Islands") as a Category 5 hurricane. The hurricane caused at least 134 deaths: one in [Anguilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla "Anguilla"); one in [Barbados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados "Barbados"); three in [Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbuda "Barbuda"); four in the [British Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands "British Virgin Islands"); 10 in [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba "Cuba"); 11 in the [French West Indies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Indies "French West Indies"); one in [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti "Haiti"); three in [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico"); four on the Dutch side of [Sint Maarten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Maarten "Sint Maarten"); 92 in the [contiguous United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States "Contiguous United States"), and four in the [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands "United States Virgin Islands"). The word *Irmageddon* was coined soon after the hurricane to describe the damage caused by the hurricane.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-irmageddon-4) Hurricane Irma was the top [Google searched](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search "Google Search") term in the U.S. and globally in 2017.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-top_trending_Google_search-5)
Meteorological history
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irma_2017_path.png)
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
A [tropical wave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_wave "Tropical wave") left the west coast of Africa on August 27, producing a large area of [deep convection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection_\(meteorology\) "Convection (meteorology)"). Over the following days, convection became more concentrated over the northern part of the disturbance, and a surface circulation developed by August 30. The [National Hurricane Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center "National Hurricane Center") (NHC) estimates that the disturbance developed into a tropical depression around 00:00 UTC August 30, about 120 [nautical miles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_miles "Nautical miles") (138.1 miles; 222.2 kilometers) southwest of the [Cape Verde Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde_Islands "Cape Verde Islands"). Six hours later, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Irma, the ninth [named](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_naming "Tropical cyclone naming") storm of the [2017 Atlantic hurricane season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2017 Atlantic hurricane season").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) Located over warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs), and within an environment of low [wind shear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_shear#Vertical_component "Wind shear"), Irma underwent [rapid intensification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_intensification "Rapid intensification"). The formation of an [eye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_\(cyclone\) "Eye (cyclone)") around 06:00 UTC on August 31 signified Irma's strengthening into a hurricane, just 30 hours after formation. Turning to the northwest as the [ridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_\(meteorology\) "Ridge (meteorology)") steering the cyclone weakened, Irma rapidly intensified into a [major hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_hurricane "Major hurricane") by 00:00 UTC September 1. Within a 48-hour period, the hurricane's intensity had increased by 80 mph (130 km/h).[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) Fluctuations in intensity occurred over the next few days due to internal processes, as the first [aircraft reconnaissance mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_hunters "Hurricane hunters") into Irma discovered an eye 29 mi (47 km) in diameter and surface winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) on September 3.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NHC_discussion_17-7)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-8)
| Strongest [landfalling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfall "Landfall") Atlantic hurricanes† | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Hurricane | Season | Wind speed | |
| mph | km/h | | | |
| 1 | ["Labor Day"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Labor_Day_hurricane "1935 Labor Day hurricane") | [1935](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1935 Atlantic hurricane season") | 185 | 295 |
| [Dorian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian "Hurricane Dorian") | [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2019 Atlantic hurricane season") | | | |
| [Melissa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Melissa "Hurricane Melissa") | [2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2025 Atlantic hurricane season") | | | |
| 4 | [Irma]() | [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2017 Atlantic hurricane season") | 180 | 285 |
| 5 | [Janet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Janet "Hurricane Janet") | [1955](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1955 Atlantic hurricane season") | 175 | 280 |
| [Camille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Camille "Hurricane Camille") | [1969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1969 Atlantic hurricane season") | | | |
| [Anita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Anita "Hurricane Anita") | [1977](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1977 Atlantic hurricane season") | | | |
| [David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_David "Hurricane David") | [1979](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1979 Atlantic hurricane season") | | | |
| [Dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dean "Hurricane Dean") | [2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2007 Atlantic hurricane season") | | | |
| 10 | ["Cuba"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Cuba_hurricane "1924 Cuba hurricane") | [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1924 Atlantic hurricane season") | 165 | 270 |
| [Andrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew "Hurricane Andrew") | [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1992 Atlantic hurricane season") | | | |
| [Maria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Maria "Hurricane Maria") | [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2017 Atlantic hurricane season") | | | |
| Source: [HURDAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HURDAT "HURDAT"),[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-HURDAT-9) [AOML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanographic_and_Meteorological_Laboratory "Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory")/[HRD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Research_Division "Hurricane Research Division")[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Metadata-10) | | | | |
| †Strength refers to [maximum sustained wind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_sustained_wind "Maximum sustained wind") speed upon striking land. | | | | |
As Irma continued approaching the Leeward Islands, the hurricane underwent a second and more robust period of rapid intensification on September 4, becoming a Category 5 hurricane early the following day. The extremely powerful hurricane continued to strengthen, with maximum sustained winds peaking at 180 mph (290 km/h) shortly afterwards. Irma acquired [annular](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annular_tropical_cyclone "Annular tropical cyclone") characteristics around this time, with the storm exhibiting a large, symmetric [central dense overcast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dense_overcast "Central dense overcast") (CDO).[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-symmetric-11) At 05:45 UTC on September 6, Irma made landfall along the northern coast of [Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbuda "Barbuda") at peak intensity, with the storm's central minimum pressure having bottomed out at 914 mbar (27.0 inHg) – this was the lowest minimum pressure in the Atlantic since [Dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dean "Hurricane Dean") in 2007; the storm also made [landfall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfall "Landfall") with maximum sustained winds of 180 mph (290 km/h). Irma continued to maintain its peak intensity until 12:00 UTC on September 6 and made additional successive landfalls on that same day, at 11:15 UTC on [Sint Maarten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Maarten "Sint Maarten"), and at 16:30 UTC on [Virgin Gorda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Gorda "Virgin Gorda"), in the [British Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands "British Virgin Islands").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
Irma maintained Category 5 strength for several days as it passed north of the [Greater Antilles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Antilles "Greater Antilles"). After beginning an [eyewall replacement cycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyewall_replacement_cycle "Eyewall replacement cycle"), Irma weakened to a Category 4 hurricane as it passed south of the [Turks and Caicos Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands "Turks and Caicos Islands") early on September 8, subsequently ending the 60-hour continuous period of Irma maintaining Category 5 intensity, the second-longest any Atlantic storm had maintained winds above 156 mph (251 km/h) – behind only the [1932 Cuba hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Cuba_hurricane "1932 Cuba hurricane"). The hurricane then began tracking more to the west due to the intensification of a [subtropical ridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_\(meteorology\) "Ridge (meteorology)") to its north. Once the eyewall replacement cycle was complete, Irma began to re-intensify, and it attained Category 5 intensity for the second time at 18:00 UTC that day east of [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba "Cuba"). The very powerful hurricane then made landfall in [Cayo Romano, Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayo_Romano "Cayo Romano"), at 03:00 UTC on September 9, with winds of 165 mph (266 km/h). This made Irma only the second Category 5 hurricane to strike Cuba in recorded history, after the [1924 Cuba hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Cuba_hurricane "1924 Cuba hurricane"). As the eye of Irma moved along the northern coast of Cuba, quick weakening ensued due to extended land interaction, with the eye becoming cloud-filled. Irma bottomed out as a high-end Category 2 storm later on September 9.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katia,_Irma,_Jose_2017-09-08_1745Z%E2%80%931935Z.jpg)
Three simultaneously active hurricanes on September 8. From left to right: [Katia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katia_\(2017\) "Hurricane Katia (2017)"), Irma, and [Jose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Jose_\(2017\) "Hurricane Jose (2017)"), the first occurrence since [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2010 Atlantic hurricane season").
After slowing down late that day, the hurricane turned northwestward towards [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida "Florida"). This motion resulted from Irma rounding the southwestern edge of the subtropical high to its northeast and a low-pressure system that was located over the continental [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States"), to its northwest. Moving over the warm waters of the Straits of Florida, Irma quickly re-intensified to a Category 4 hurricane at 06:00 UTC on September 10, as deep convection improved and the eye became better defined.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) The cyclone made landfall in [Cudjoe Key, Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cudjoe_Key,_Florida "Cudjoe Key, Florida"), at 13:00 UTC on September 10, at Category 4 intensity, with winds of 130 mph (210 km/h). Increasing wind shear and land interaction caused the satellite appearance of the storm to become ragged later that day, and Irma weakened to Category 3 intensity before making its seventh and final landfall at 19:30 UTC, in [Marco Island, Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Island,_Florida "Marco Island, Florida"), with sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Once Irma had moved inland, it began to accelerate to the north-northwest, while rapid weakening began to occur due to the increasing wind shear, land interaction, and dry air, with the storm falling below Category 3 intensity hours after landfall. Irma finally weakened to a tropical storm on September 11 as it entered southern [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "Georgia (U.S. state)").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) The greatly weakened storm turned more northwestward and degenerated to a remnant low as it crossed into [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama "Alabama") by 06:00 UTC September 12. The remnant low continued to diminish in strength as it progressed northwestward, dissipating over [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri "Missouri") the following day.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
Preparations
Caribbean
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irma_RBTOP_20170905_0715_UTC.gif)
Infrared satellite loop of Irma approaching the northern Leeward Islands on September 5, around the time of its upgrade to a Category 5 hurricane
Given that Irma's forecast track was along much of the Caribbean island chain, hurricane warnings were issued for the northern Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, and parts of Hispaniola on September 5.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
In [Antigua and Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda "Antigua and Barbuda"), residents safeguarded their homes and cleaned up their properties in anticipation of strong winds. Emergency crews were put on standby at public shelters and hospitals by September 5 to assist with any evacuations.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-12) Expecting a direct hit, more than half of the residents on Barbuda took shelter,[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nytimes-13) and relief supplies were preemptively mobilized.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-14) The National Emergency Management Organization on [Saint Lucia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia "Saint Lucia") urged small craft operators and swimmers to be mindful of forecasts for high surf.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-15) Small Craft Warnings and High Surf Advisories were hoisted for [Dominica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica "Dominica"), where residents were urged to remain vigilant of the potential for high waves, landslides, and flooding.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-16)
In Guadeloupe, low-lying and cliff-edge homes were evacuated at the threat of flooding and erosion. Schools and public businesses closed on September 5 and 6. Hospitals stocked up on three days' worth of supplies and checked the functionality of their generators.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-17)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-18) Of the island's 32 [communes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Guadeloupe_department "Communes of the Guadeloupe department"), 22 activated their emergency plans; 1,500 people were urged to take shelter.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-guadeloupe-19) The island sustained relatively minor damage and became the base for relief efforts on [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin "Collectivity of Saint Martin") and [Saint Barthélemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy "Saint Barthélemy").[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-20) Though the core of the hurricane was expected to remain north of the island, a yellow alert was issued for [Martinique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique "Martinique") due to the likelihood of rough seas.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-21) The island dispatched relief supplies and military reinforcements to its neighboring islands of Guadeloupe, Saint Martin. and Saint Barthélemy, which faced a greater risk of a direct impact.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-22)
On September 4, [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico") declared a state of emergency.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-23) By September 6, the U.S. [Federal Emergency Management Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency "Federal Emergency Management Agency") had deployed response teams in Puerto Rico and the [United States Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands "United States Virgin Islands"). Supplies, including food rations, medical supplies, and blankets, were pre-staged in strategic locations on the islands for distribution.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-24)
On September 5, the [Dominican Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic "Dominican Republic") activated the [International Charter on Space and Major Disasters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Charter_on_Space_and_Major_Disasters "International Charter on Space and Major Disasters"), thus providing for humanitarian satellite coverage;[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Hurricane_Irma-25) the United States and Haiti followed suit two days later.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-U.S._Activates_International_Charter_on_Space_and_Major_Disasters-26)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-27) According to officials, 11,200 people were evacuated from vulnerable areas prior to the storm's arrival.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-JamObsHelp-28) Approximately 7,400 tourists were moved to [Santo Domingo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingo "Santo Domingo"), away from beach resorts.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NOLA-29) In [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti "Haiti"), government officials and aid organizations struggled with early preparation and evacuation efforts. While some officials blamed reluctance and indifference on the part of the population, others "admitted they were not prepared for the onslaught and no mandatory evacuation orders were in place ahead of Irma's approach."[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NOLA-29)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-islands-30) Local officials contended that they had not received promised funds, supplies, or equipment from the national government. The [United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Stabilization_Mission_in_Haiti "United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti") prepared its 1,000 [peacekeepers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacekeeping "Peacekeeping") and engineers to assist.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-31)
In the [Turks and Caicos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos "Turks and Caicos"), evacuation orders were issued for low-lying areas starting September 5. Schools were closed, government buildings were boarded up, and shelters were opened.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-32) Officials spread warnings to residents in English, Creole, and Spanish via social media, radio, SMS text, and [WhatsApp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp "WhatsApp").[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-33) In [The Bahamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas "The Bahamas"), the government began preparations the week prior to the hurricane's arrival, including securing national sports facilities to use as shelters.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-34) By September 7, the government had evacuated 1,609 people by air from the southern islands, including 365 from [Bimini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimini "Bimini").[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-35) Controlled cutting of the power supply to southern and central Bahamian islands was conducted in advance of the storm.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-36) Shelters were made available, though usage was low due to most evacuees staying with family on other islands.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-37) Of the 2,679 foreign tourists still in The Bahamas on September 7, about 1,200 were being housed at [Atlantis Paradise Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_Paradise_Island "Atlantis Paradise Island"), one of the most hurricane-ready structures in the country.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-38)
In [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba "Cuba"), meteorologists did not initially predict a direct hit.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NYT9-39) Fuel conservation was enacted in [Camagüey Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camag%C3%BCey_Province "Camagüey Province") to ensure that enough would be available during post-storm power outages.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-40) The Civil Defense evacuated nearly one million people from low-lying areas, including thousands of Canadian and European tourists in the [Jardines del Rey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardines_del_Rey "Jardines del Rey").[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-41)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NYT9-39) Dolphins at a [Cayo Guillermo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayo_Guillermo "Cayo Guillermo") resort were evacuated by helicopter.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NYT9-39)
Mainland United States
The NHC issued several [watches and warnings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_warnings_and_watches#Western_hemisphere "Tropical cyclone warnings and watches") for the [Southeastern United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_United_States "Southeastern United States"). The first watches and warnings were issued at 15:00 UTC on September 7, which was a hurricane watch from the [Jupiter Inlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter,_Florida "Jupiter, Florida") to [Bonita Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonita_Beach,_Florida "Bonita Beach, Florida"), including the [Florida Keys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Keys "Florida Keys") and [Lake Okeechobee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Okeechobee "Lake Okeechobee"). The watches and warnings were extended into [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "Georgia (U.S. state)") and [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina") on September 9. At 21:00 UTC on that day, the advisories reached their maximum extent, with a hurricane warning covering the entire east coast of the state, the west coast from [Indian Pass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Pass,_Florida "Indian Pass, Florida") southward, and the Florida Keys; a hurricane watch was in place from the Florida–Georgia state line to [Edisto Beach, South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edisto_Beach,_South_Carolina "Edisto Beach, South Carolina"); and there were two tropical storm warnings, one in Florida from Indian Pass to the [Okaloosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okaloosa_County,_Florida "Okaloosa County, Florida")–[Walton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_County,_Florida "Walton County, Florida") county line and the other from the Florida–Georgia state line to the [South Santee River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Santee_River "South Santee River") in South Carolina. Watches and warnings were gradually discontinued as Irma moved inland and weakened, with all of them canceled by early on September 12.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
Florida
'Florida governor [Rick Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Scott "Rick Scott") on Evacuations' video from [Voice of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America "Voice of America")
On September 4, Florida governor [Rick Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Scott "Rick Scott") declared a state of emergency. Governor Scott placed 100 members of the [Florida National Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_National_Guard "Florida National Guard") on duty to assist in preparations. All 7,000 troops were ordered to be on duty by September 8.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-SCHRP-42) Officials advised residents to stock their hurricane kits.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-43) The state coordinated with electrical companies in order for power outages to be restored as quickly as possible, extending resources such as equipment, fuel, and lodging for the approximately 24,000 restoration personnel who had been activated. Governor Scott suspended tolls on all toll roads in Florida, including [the turnpike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida%27s_Turnpike "Florida's Turnpike"). All state offices in Florida were closed from September 8 to September 11, while public schools, state colleges, and state universities in all 67 [counties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Florida "List of counties in Florida") were closed during the same period. The [Florida Department of Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Department_of_Education "Florida Department of Education") coordinated with school districts as the need for transportation by school buses and opening shelters arose. By September 9, more than 150 state parks were closed.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Statement_10-44) Throughout the state, almost 700 emergency shelters were opened. The shelters collectively housed about 191,764 people,[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-SCHRP-42) with more than 40% of them staying in a shelter in South Florida.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-sd-45) Additionally, more than 60 special needs shelters were opened, which housed more than 5,000 people by September 9.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Statement_10-44)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hurricane_Irma_2017_Doral_preparations.jpg)
Residents in [Doral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doral,_Florida "Doral, Florida") installing [hurricane shutters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_shutters "Hurricane shutters") in advance of the storm
Many airports across the state, particularly in [Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Florida "Central Florida") and [South Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Florida "South Florida"), were closed.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Statement_10-44) Nearly 9,000 flights intending to arrive in or depart from Florida were canceled.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-46) Along Florida's coasts, most seaports were closed or opened with restricted access.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Statement_10-44) For the fifth time in its 45-year history, the [Walt Disney World Resort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Resort "Walt Disney World Resort") was completely closed due to the storm. Its theme parks, water parks, and [Disney Springs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Springs "Disney Springs") were all closed by 9:00 p.m. on September 9 and remained closed until September 12. Other [Orlando](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida "Orlando, Florida")\-area theme parks, including [Universal Orlando Resort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Orlando_Resort "Universal Orlando Resort") and [SeaWorld Orlando](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaWorld_Orlando "SeaWorld Orlando"), were also closed.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-47) The [Kennedy Space Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center") was closed from September 8 to September 15.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-48)
An estimated 6.5 million Floridians were ordered to evacuate, mostly those living on barrier islands or in coastal areas; in mobile or sub-standard homes; and in low-lying or flood prone areas. Mandatory evacuations were ordered for portions of [Brevard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevard_County,_Florida "Brevard County, Florida"), [Broward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broward_County,_Florida "Broward County, Florida"), [Citrus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_County,_Florida "Citrus County, Florida"), [Collier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier_County,_Florida "Collier County, Florida"), [Dixie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_County,_Florida "Dixie County, Florida"), [Duval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duval_County,_Florida "Duval County, Florida"), [Flagler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagler_County,_Florida "Flagler County, Florida"), [Glades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glades_County,_Florida "Glades County, Florida"), [Hendry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendry_County,_Florida "Hendry County, Florida"), [Hernando](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando_County,_Florida "Hernando County, Florida"), [Indian River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_River_County,_Florida "Indian River County, Florida"), [Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_County,_Florida "Lee County, Florida"), [Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_County,_Florida "Martin County, Florida"), [Miami-Dade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida "Miami-Dade County, Florida"), [Orange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_Florida "Orange County, Florida"), [Palm Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Beach_County,_Florida "Palm Beach County, Florida"), [Pasco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasco_County,_Florida "Pasco County, Florida"), [Pinellas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinellas_County,_Florida "Pinellas County, Florida"), [Sarasota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasota_County,_Florida "Sarasota County, Florida"), [Seminole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_County,_Florida "Seminole County, Florida"), [St. Lucie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lucie_County,_Florida "St. Lucie County, Florida"), [Sumter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumter_County,_Florida "Sumter County, Florida"), and [Volusia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volusia_County,_Florida "Volusia County, Florida") counties. All of [Monroe County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_County,_Florida "Monroe County, Florida"), where the [Florida Keys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Keys "Florida Keys") are located, was placed under a mandatory evacuation.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Statement_10-44) Residents in communities near the southern half of Lake Okeechobee were also ordered to leave. Additionally, voluntary evacuation notices were issued for all or parts of [Alachua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alachua_County,_Florida "Alachua County, Florida"), [Baker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_County,_Florida "Baker County, Florida"), [Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_County,_Florida "Bay County, Florida"), [Bradford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_County,_Florida "Bradford County, Florida"), [Charlotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_County,_Florida "Charlotte County, Florida"), [Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_County,_Florida "Columbia County, Florida"), [Desoto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoto_County,_Florida "Desoto County, Florida"), [Hardee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardee_County,_Florida "Hardee County, Florida"), [Highlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands_County,_Florida "Highlands County, Florida"), [Hillsborough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough_County,_Florida "Hillsborough County, Florida"), [Lake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_County,_Florida "Lake County, Florida"), [Manatee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manatee_County,_Florida "Manatee County, Florida"), [Okeechobee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okeechobee_County,_Florida "Okeechobee County, Florida"), [Osceola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osceola_County,_Florida "Osceola County, Florida"), and [Polk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polk_County,_Florida "Polk County, Florida") counties.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Statement_10-44)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emergency_shoulder_use_Interstate_4_before_Hurricane_Irma_3.jpg)
Eastbound Interstate 4 lanes on the afternoon of September 9 are filled with evacuating traffic from the Gulf Coast (note the [emergency shoulder use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_\(road\)#Emergency_use_by_all_traffic "Shoulder (road)") by moving traffic), while westbound lanes are almost empty at 5 p.m. on a Saturday afternoon
A record 6.5 million Floridians evacuated, making it the largest evacuation in US history. Evacuees caused significant traffic congestion on northbound [Interstate 95](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Florida "Interstate 95 in Florida"), [Interstate 75](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Florida "Interstate 75 in Florida"), and Florida's Turnpike, exacerbated by the fact that the entire Florida peninsula was within the cone of uncertainty in the NHC's forecast path in the days before the storm, so evacuees from both coasts headed north, as evacuees would not be safer by fleeing to the opposite coast.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-SCHRP-42) Fuel was in short supply throughout peninsular Florida during the week before Irma's arrival, especially along evacuation routes, leading to hours-long lines at fuel stations and even escorts of fuel trucks by the [Florida Highway Patrol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Highway_Patrol "Florida Highway Patrol").[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Statement_5-49)
Use of the left [shoulder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_\(road\) "Shoulder (road)") as a lane for moving traffic was allowed on northbound Interstate 75 from [Wildwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildwood,_Florida "Wildwood, Florida") to the Georgia state line beginning September 8 and on eastbound [Interstate 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_4 "Interstate 4") from Tampa to [State Road 429](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_429 "Florida State Road 429") near [Celebration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebration,_Florida "Celebration, Florida") for a few hours on September 9. It was the first time that the shoulder-use plan, which was introduced at the start of the 2017 hurricane season, was implemented by the state for hurricane evacuations.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-SCHRP-42) The shoulder-use plan was implemented in place of labor- and resource-intensive [contraflow lane reversal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraflow_lane_reversal "Contraflow lane reversal"), in which both sides of an interstate highway are used for one direction of traffic.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-OS_May_2017_shoulder-use_plan-50)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-OS_I-4_shoulder_use-51)
Officials from the [Environmental Protection Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency "United States Environmental Protection Agency"), which had been criticized for its response to [Hurricane Harvey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey "Hurricane Harvey"), took special measures to inspect and secure hazardous materials, especially at [Superfund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund "Superfund") sites.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-52) [Direct Relief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Relief "Direct Relief"), a disaster relief organization, coordinated with local health centers and provided resources to help facilities on the front lines of Floridian and Puerto Rican communities.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-53)
Elsewhere
[Georgia governor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Georgia "Governor of Georgia") [Nathan Deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Deal "Nathan Deal") declared a state of emergency initially for all six coastal counties on September 6, but eventually expanded the declaration to 94 counties south of [Atlanta metropolitan area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_metropolitan_area "Atlanta metropolitan area"), and then the entire state on September 10. [Atlanta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta") was placed under its first-ever tropical storm warning.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-GA_SOE_3-54)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-doublepunch-55) Governor Deal ordered mandatory evacuations for all areas east of [Interstate 95](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Georgia "Interstate 95 in Georgia") on September 7, before extending the order to the entirety of [Chatham County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_County,_Georgia "Chatham County, Georgia") and low-lying areas west of I-95 on the following day.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-GA_SOE_2-56) In total, 540,000 people on the Georgia coast were ordered to leave.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-guardian8-57) [Contraflow lane reversal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraflow_lane_reversal "Contraflow lane reversal") for [Interstate 16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_16 "Interstate 16") took effect on the morning of September 9 from [Savannah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia "Savannah, Georgia") to [Dublin, Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin,_Georgia "Dublin, Georgia").[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-GA_SOE-58) All [Georgia state parks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_state_parks "Georgia state parks") were open for free to evacuees, as was the 800-acre camping area at [Atlanta Motor Speedway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Motor_Speedway "Atlanta Motor Speedway").[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-whnt9617-59) Reversible [HOT lanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOT_lane "HOT lane") on [Interstate 75 in Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Georgia "Interstate 75 in Georgia") through south metro Atlanta were open 24 hours northbound with no tolls.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-60)
Video by mayor of [Fayetteville, North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina "Fayetteville, North Carolina") [Nat Robertson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Robertson "Nat Robertson")
[North Carolina governor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_North_Carolina "Governor of North Carolina") [Roy Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Cooper "Roy Cooper") declared a state of emergency on September 6,[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-61) with [South Carolina governor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina "Governor of South Carolina") [Henry McMaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_McMaster "Henry McMaster") following suit the same day.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-62) [Governor of Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia "Governor of Virginia") [Terry McAuliffe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe "Terry McAuliffe") declared a state of emergency on September 8 in order to protect Virginia residents and to mobilize resources in support of neighboring states.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-63) Officials in [New Orleans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans "New Orleans") stated that there would not be much time for preparations if Irma failed to make the projected northward turn, but that South Texas or Florida would not be a good evacuation destination.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-64) On September 10, Tennessee governor [Bill Haslam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Haslam "Bill Haslam") issued an executive order allowing medical professionals in other states to practice in Tennessee to aid Hurricane Irma evacuees. This order also allowed pharmacies to give out 14-day supplies of medicine, and gave women and children from outside the state the ability to participate in the Tennessee Department of Health programs.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-65) [Bristol Motor Speedway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Motor_Speedway "Bristol Motor Speedway"),[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-wcyb-66) [Talladega Superspeedway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talladega_Superspeedway "Talladega Superspeedway"),[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-whnt9617-59) and [Charlotte Motor Speedway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Motor_Speedway "Charlotte Motor Speedway") all opened their campgrounds to evacuees free of charge.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-wcyb-66)
Sports
In professional sports, the [Miami Dolphins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphins "Miami Dolphins")–[Tampa Bay Buccaneers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers "Tampa Bay Buccaneers") game scheduled for September 10 at [Hard Rock Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Rock_Stadium "Hard Rock Stadium") in Miami was postponed to November 19 due to the storm's threat. The Dolphins left early for their road game against the [Los Angeles Chargers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Chargers "Los Angeles Chargers").[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-usatodaysports-67) The [Tampa Bay Rays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays "Tampa Bay Rays") and [New York Yankees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees "New York Yankees") moved their September 11–13 series from [Tropicana Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicana_Field "Tropicana Field") in St. Petersburg to [Citi Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citi_Field "Citi Field") in [Queens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens "Queens").[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-usatodaysports-67) [Minor League Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball "Minor League Baseball")'s [Florida State League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_League "Florida State League"), [Carolina League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_League "Carolina League"), and [Southern League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_League_\(1964%E2%80%932020\) "Southern League (1964–2020)") called off their championship finals and as a result, named their division series winners league co-champions.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-68)[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-69)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-70) The [Miami FC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_FC "Miami FC") versus [San Francisco Deltas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Deltas "San Francisco Deltas") match on September 10 was canceled so the players and staff could prepare for the storm with their families.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-71) The [Orlando Pride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Pride "Orlando Pride") of the [National Women's Soccer League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League "National Women's Soccer League") rescheduled their September 9 match to September 7.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-72) [Orlando City SC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_City_SC "Orlando City SC") of [Major League Soccer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer "Major League Soccer") did not have any scheduled home games in September, but was unable to return to training facilities in Orlando due to Hurricane Irma.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-73)
In college football, the [UCF Knights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCF_Knights "UCF Knights")\-[Memphis Tigers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Tigers "Memphis Tigers") game scheduled for September 9 was moved to September 30, replacing UCF's game against [Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Maine_Black_Bears_football_team "2017 Maine Black Bears football team") and Memphis game against [Georgia State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Georgia_State_Panthers_football_team "2017 Georgia State Panthers football team"). UCF also canceled their game against [Georgia Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets_football_team "2017 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team") on September 16, as [UCF's stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_Stadium "Spectrum Stadium") hosted the National Guard.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-74) The [USF Bulls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USF_Bulls "USF Bulls")\-[Connecticut Huskies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Huskies "Connecticut Huskies") football game was also canceled. The [Miami Hurricanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Hurricanes_football "Miami Hurricanes football")–[Arkansas State Redwolves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_State_University "Arkansas State University") game scheduled for September 9 at [Centennial Bank Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_Bank_Stadium "Centennial Bank Stadium") in Arkansas was canceled due to travel concerns for the University of Miami. The [Florida Gators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Gators "Florida Gators")\-[Northern Colorado Bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Colorado_Bears "Northern Colorado Bears") match in Gainesville scheduled for September 9 was canceled. The [Florida State Seminoles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles "Florida State Seminoles") contest against the [Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana%E2%80%93Monroe_Warhawks "Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks") was canceled on September 8.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-75) The Seminoles' [rivalry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State%E2%80%93Miami_football_rivalry "Florida State–Miami football rivalry") game with the Hurricanes in Tallahassee, originally scheduled for September 16, was postponed to October 7. The [FIU Panthers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIU_Panthers "FIU Panthers") game against the [Alcorn State Braves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcorn_State_Braves "Alcorn State Braves") was moved up a day and relocated to [Legion Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_Field "Legion Field") in [Birmingham, Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama "Birmingham, Alabama").[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-76) The [Georgia Southern Eagles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Southern_Eagles "Georgia Southern Eagles") game against the [New Hampshire Wildcats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Wildcats "New Hampshire Wildcats") on September 9 was also moved to Legion Field for that day.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-77)
FEMA funding
As of September 5, [Federal Emergency Management Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency "Federal Emergency Management Agency") (FEMA) funding was running dangerously low, due to its response to [Hurricane Harvey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey "Hurricane Harvey") in Texas the previous week, prompting the [Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "First presidency of Donald Trump") to request an immediate \$8 billion in additional funding as Irma approached Florida.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-78) Given the rate that current funds are being consumed and the catastrophic damage, the [United States Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") almost doubled the requested amount to \$15.3 billion, with the understanding that this would only be about 10% of what will be required for responding to Harvey.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-79)
Impact
| Territory | Fatalities | Damage (2017 USD) | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Anguilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla "Anguilla") (UK) | 1 | \$290 million | [\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-CEDIM-80) |
| [Bahamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas "Bahamas") | 0 | \$135 million | [\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-BahamasDamage-81) |
| [Barbados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados "Barbados") | 1 | N/a | [\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) |
| [Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbuda "Barbuda") ([AG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda "Antigua and Barbuda")) | 3 | \$150 million | [\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) |
| [British Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands "British Virgin Islands") (UK) | 4 | \$3.6 billion | [\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-82) |
| [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba "Cuba") | 10 | \$13.2 billion | [\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Cubadeath-83) |
| [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti "Haiti") | 1 | N/a | [\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) |
| [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico") (U.S.) | 3[\[nb 2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-direct-indirect-deaths-84) | \$1 billion | [\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-faces_Hurricane_Maria-85) |
| [Saint Kitts and Nevis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis "Saint Kitts and Nevis") | 0 | \$45 million | [\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-CEDIM-80) |
| [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin "Collectivity of Saint Martin") and [Saint Barthélemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy "Saint Barthélemy") ([FR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France")) | 11 | \$4.17 billion | [\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Irma_damage_in_Saint_Martin-86) |
| [Sint Maarten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Maarten "Sint Maarten") ([NL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands "Kingdom of the Netherlands")) | 4 | \$2.98 billion | [\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Irma_damage_in_Sint-Maarten-87) |
| [Turks and Caicos Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands "Turks and Caicos Islands") (UK) | 0 | \$500 million | [\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) |
| United States | 92[\[nb 2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-direct-indirect-deaths-84) | \$50 billion | [\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-costly_recovery-88) |
| [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands "United States Virgin Islands") | 4[\[nb 2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-direct-indirect-deaths-84) | \$1.1 billion | [\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-USVI_death_toll-89) |
| Totals: | 134 | \$77.2 billion | |
Caribbean
Hurricane Irma's path was such that its impact was both far-reaching and devastating, with landfalls in [Antigua and Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda "Antigua and Barbuda"), [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Martin_\(island\) "Saint Martin (island)"), [the Bahamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas "The Bahamas"), [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba "Cuba"), and the United States, all at major hurricane intensity. Furthermore, the size of the storm system meant that destruction was prevalent even in territories well removed from landfall occurrences. Irma is the second-costliest Caribbean hurricane on record, after Maria.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-irmacosts-90)
Antigua and Barbuda
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hurricane_Irma_Barbuda_20171006_Bennylin_01.jpg)
A house in Barbuda that was badly damaged by the hurricane
The eyewall of the hurricane moved over [Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbuda "Barbuda") at its record peak intensity early on September 6; a weather station observed a wind gust of 160 mph (260 km/h). The same station also recorded a minimum barometric pressure of 916.1 mbar (27.05 inHg).[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) The exact state of the island remained unclear for hours after Irma's passage, as downed phone lines ceased all communication with nearby islands.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nytimes-13) Later that afternoon, Prime Minister [Gaston Browne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Browne "Gaston Browne") surveyed the territory by helicopter, revealing an effectively uninhabitable island. Irma damaged or destroyed 95% of the structures on Barbuda, including its hospital, schools, and both of its hotels;[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-barbudad-91) it completely flattened some residential blocks while submerging others.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-92)[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-93) The destruction rendered the island's sole airport and much of its infrastructure inoperative—including water and telecommunication services—which further hampered relief efforts. Property damage on Barbuda ranged from \$150 million to \$300 million. A total of three storm-related deaths were reported on the island.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
In addition to the catastrophic impact on Barbuda's human residents, concern turned to the storm's effects on the island's wildlife. The island's only [endemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic "Endemic") bird, the [near-threatened](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-threatened_species "Near-threatened species") [Barbuda warbler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbuda_warbler "Barbuda warbler"), numbered less than 2,000 individuals prior to the hurricane. For some time it was unknown if the warbler survived the hurricane or its aftermath; however within a few months it was confirmed that not only did the species survive, but most of the birds survived the storm.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-94) Barbuda's [Codrington Lagoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codrington_Lagoon "Codrington Lagoon"), home to the largest colony of [magnificent frigatebirds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnificent_frigatebird "Magnificent frigatebird") in the Caribbean, with an estimated 2,500 nesting pairs, was also inundated by the storm surge.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-birdscarib-95)
Remaining just outside of Irma's strongest windfield, [Antigua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua "Antigua") sustained less severe damage, in the form of leveled roofs and fences, downed power poles and lines, and uprooted trees. Some street flooding also took place in low-lying areas.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-96) Three people were treated for minor storm-related injuries.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-97) [Forensic disaster analysts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction "Disaster risk reduction") from the Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology (CEDIM), a Germany-based [risk management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_management "Risk management") agency, estimate that economic losses for Antigua and Barbuda will exceed \$120 million.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-CEDIM-80)
Saint Martin
Aerial video of the damage on Saint Martin, September 7, 2017
On the morning of September 6, Irma's center crossed the island of [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Martin_\(island\) "Saint Martin (island)") while the storm was at peak intensity, sweeping away entire structures, submerging roads and cars, and triggering an island-wide blackout.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-98) Irma's extreme winds ripped trees out of the ground and sent vehicles and debris from damaged structures scattered across the territory. On the French side of [Saint-Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin "Collectivity of Saint Martin"), entire marinas around [Marigot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marigot,_Saint_Martin "Marigot, Saint Martin") were left in ruins, littered with the stranded remnants of boats that had smashed into each other.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-express-99) A hotel caught on fire, but dangerous conditions and impassable roads prevented firefighters from putting out the blaze. Another hotel lost nearly all of its ground floor.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-100) Media images depicted devastated room interiors with furniture hurled around after the winds had shattered their windows.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-express-99) Irma killed four people on the French side of the island and injured 50 others, one of whom was in critical condition. As many as 95% of the buildings there were damaged to some degree; 60% of those were totally uninhabitable.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-lacroix-101) Estimates from CEDIM indicate a minimum of \$950 million worth of economic losses.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-CEDIM-80) Total losses exceeded €3.5 billion (US\$4.17 billion).[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Irma_damage_in_Saint_Martin-86)
A similar situation unfolded in [Sint Maarten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Maarten "Sint Maarten"), Saint Martin's Dutch half, as intense winds ripped through buildings and lifted vehicles aloft "as if they were matches".[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-sintmaartendutch-102) The hurricane wreaked havoc on [Princess Juliana International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Juliana_International_Airport "Princess Juliana International Airport"), with "huge chunks of the building \[strewn\] across the runway and a jet bridge snapped in half."[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-sintmaarten-103) It demolished or severely damaged about 70% of Sint Maarten's houses, forcing thousands of residents into public shelters.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-abclatest-104) There were 4 deaths and 23 injuries,[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) 11 of which were serious, in the Dutch territory.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-105) Irma is considered the worst [natural disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disaster "Natural disaster") to hit Sint Maarten; the extent of its damage far exceeded that of any previous hurricane.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-sintmaartendutch-102) Total damages were estimated at €2.5 billion (US\$2.98 billion).[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Irma_damage_in_Sint-Maarten-87)
Saint Barthélemy
| Most intense landfalling Atlantic hurricanes Intensity is measured solely by central pressure | | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Hurricane[\[nb 3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-107) | Season | Landfall pressure |
| 1 | ["Labor Day"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Labor_Day_hurricane "1935 Labor Day hurricane") | [1935](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1935 Atlantic hurricane season") | 892 [mbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millibar "Millibar") ([hPa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPa "HPa")) |
| 2 | [Melissa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Melissa "Hurricane Melissa") | [2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2025 Atlantic hurricane season") | 897 mbar (hPa) |
| 3 | [Camille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Camille "Hurricane Camille") | [1969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1969 Atlantic hurricane season") | 900 mbar (hPa) |
| [Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Gilbert "Hurricane Gilbert") | [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1988 Atlantic hurricane season") | | |
| 5 | [Dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dean "Hurricane Dean") | [2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2007 Atlantic hurricane season") | 905 mbar (hPa) |
| 6 | ["Cuba"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Cuba_hurricane "1924 Cuba hurricane") | [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1924 Atlantic hurricane season") | 910 mbar (hPa) |
| [Dorian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian "Hurricane Dorian") | [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2019 Atlantic hurricane season") | | |
| 8 | [Janet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Janet "Hurricane Janet") | [1955](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1955 Atlantic hurricane season") | 914 mbar (hPa) |
| [Irma]() | [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2017 Atlantic hurricane season") | | |
| 10 | ["Cuba"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Cuba_hurricane "1932 Cuba hurricane") | [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1932 Atlantic hurricane season") | 918 mbar (hPa) |
| Sources: [HURDAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HURDAT "HURDAT"),[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-HURDAT-9) [AOML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanographic_and_Meteorological_Laboratory "Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory")/[HRD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Research_Division "Hurricane Research Division"),[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Metadata-10) NHC[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Dean07TCR-108) | | | |
Irma left widespread destruction and disastrous flooding along its path over the French island of [Saint Barthélemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy "Saint Barthélemy"), southeast of Saint Martin. Describing the extent of the destruction, one local compared it to "a bomb that burned all vegetation," while another said that it were as if the hurricane had effectively "erased the island from the map".[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-barts-109) Violent seas swept away entire coastal establishments, with one hotel being stripped of all but its foundation.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-bartsfr-110) Streets in the capital of [Gustavia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavia,_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy "Gustavia, Saint Barthélemy") were turned into rushing rivers, which carried away vehicles and pieces of furniture. The island's fire station was inundated with up to 6.4 ft (2.0 m) of flood waters.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-bartsfr-110)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-cnncarib-111) With scores of homes and much of the infrastructure destroyed, the majority of the island's population was left stranded and without water, electricity or phone service.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-barts-109) The associated economic losses could exceed \$480 million according to CEDIM's analysts.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-CEDIM-80)
Preliminary assessments from the French government indicate that Hurricane Irma caused a combined €1.2 billion (US\$1.43 billion) in insured losses across the French territories of Saint-Martin and Saint Barts. This total covered private property such as homes, vehicles and businesses (including lost revenue); the extent of the damage to infrastructural and public facilities remains undetermined. Nonetheless, this made Irma one of the costliest natural disasters to hit the French Republic in 50 years.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-frenchtotal-112)
On January 30, 2018, roughly five months after Irma, an analysis was published indicating that an anemometer on the island recorded an unofficial gust to 199 mph (320 km/h) before failing.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-113)
Anguilla
The British Overseas Territory of [Anguilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla "Anguilla") saw the eyewall of the storm pass over it on September 6. Many homes and schools were destroyed, and the island's only hospital was badly damaged.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) The devastation was particularly severe in [East End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_End,_Anguilla "East End, Anguilla"), where the winds uprooted scores of trees and power poles and demolished a number of houses. In [The Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Valley,_Anguilla "The Valley, Anguilla"), the island's capital, the hurricane blew out the windows of government buildings. Rough seas inflicted heavy damage upon several bays and harbors, and a seaside restaurant was completely eradicated.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-reportcarib-114) About 90% of roads were left impassable.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) The island's air traffic control tower was damaged, exacerbating the already poor communication with the island.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-115) One death was reported on the island. Estimates of losses on the island total at least \$190 million.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
Rest of the Lesser Antilles
Large swells ahead of Irma washed ashore debris and sea life in [Castries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castries "Castries"), Saint Lucia, blocking some roads. Seaside roads were inundated with water.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-116) One surfer was killed amid rough surf in [Barbados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados "Barbados") after hitting a reef and breaking his neck. Trees were also destroyed.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-bt-117) The hurricane's effects, such as violent seas and rattling trees, were intense enough to be detected by seismographs in [Guadeloupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe "Guadeloupe"). Several houses were damaged.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-118) Around 8,000 households and a water supply network on that island lost power during the storm, leaving several communes in the dark without running water. Overall damage was limited to external parts of houses and trees that were blown onto roads and three unmanned ships wrecked by rough seas.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-guadeloupe-19)
[Saint Kitts and Nevis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis "Saint Kitts and Nevis") endured similar conditions to other islands. Blustery rainstorms triggered scattered power outages and disabled the island's water system, but per the [International Red Cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross "International Red Cross"), the islands were spared the level of destruction seen elsewhere.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-RedCross1-119) Still, Prime Minister [Timothy Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Harris "Timothy Harris") stated that property and infrastructure had sustained "significant damage."[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-islands-30) The Dutch territories of [Saba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba_\(island\) "Saba (island)") and [Sint Eustatius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius "Sint Eustatius") were also struck by the hurricane's winds, resulting in infrastructural damage, water shortages and telecommunication outages.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-reportcarib-114)[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Saba-120) Several houses were left uninhabitable. On Saba, the hurricane also defoliated trees and injured a few people.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-reportcarib-114)[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Saba-120) CEDIM's analysts expect economic losses of \$20–65 million for the two islands.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-CEDIM-80)
British Virgin Islands
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hurricane_Irma_turns_Virgin_Islands_brown.jpg)
[Operational Land Imager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Land_Imager "Operational Land Imager") imagery by *[Landsat 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_8 "Landsat 8")* of the Virgin Islands from before and after Hurricane Irma's impact, depicting a "browning" of the landscape and vegetation.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NASA_before_and_after-121)
Damage in the [British Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands "British Virgin Islands") was extensive. Numerous buildings and roads were destroyed on the island of [Tortola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortola "Tortola"), which bore the brunt of the hurricane's core. Four people were confirmed dead.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) Along Cane Garden Bay, the storm surge submerged several seaside bars and a gas station. Satellite images revealed many of the island's residential zones had been left in ruins.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-reportcarib-114) The hurricane passed over [Necker Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necker_Island_\(British_Virgin_Islands\) "Necker Island (British Virgin Islands)"), also causing severe damage and destroying the mansion of [Richard Branson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson "Richard Branson").[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-bransontrump-122)
Most homes and businesses were destroyed on the island of [Jost Van Dyke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jost_Van_Dyke "Jost Van Dyke"), the smallest of the B.V.I.'s four main islands.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nytimes16-123) The [governor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_the_Virgin_Islands "Governor of the Virgin Islands"), [Gus Jaspert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Jaspert "Gus Jaspert"), who had only been sworn into office 13 days previously, declared a state of emergency - the first time this has ever happened in the Territory.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-124) After the storm, restoration of electricity took approximately 5 months.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-125)
U.S. Virgin Islands
U.S. Navy video of damage in the U.S. Virgin Islands
Irma's effects in the [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands "U.S. Virgin Islands") were most profound on [Saint Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands "Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands"), where at least 12 inches (300 mm) of rain fell, and on [Saint John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John,_U.S._Virgin_Islands "Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands"). Saint Thomas island suffered widespread structural damage, including to its police station and airport. Patients from the fourth and third floors of [Charlotte Amalie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Amalie,_U.S._Virgin_Islands "Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands")'s hospital had to be relocated to lower floors due to flooding from roof leaks. Three deaths were attributed to Irma on the island. On nearby [Saint Croix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Croix "Saint Croix"), there were communication issues and some damage to the infrastructure.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-reportcarib-114) Saint John lost access to ferry and cargo services, along with access to the local airport. Due to its normal reliance on electricity from Saint Thomas, the island was left without power.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-126)[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-127)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-128)[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-129) Total damage from the three islands was at least \$1.1 billion.
Puerto Rico
The hurricane passed north of [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico"), but still caused significant damage to the United States territory. Along the coast, a tide gauge observed waves up to 1.5 ft (0.46 m) [mean higher high water](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart_datum#Mean_higher_high_water "Chart datum"). Much of the main island experienced sustained tropical storm force winds, with a peak sustained wind speed of 55 mph (89 km/h) at a weather station along [San Juan Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_Bay "San Juan Bay"), while the same site observed a peak wind gust of 74 mph (119 km/h).[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) However, on the island of [Culebra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culebra,_Puerto_Rico "Culebra, Puerto Rico"), a wind gust of 111 mph (179 km/h) was reported.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-130) Mainly due to strong winds, approximately 1.1 million out of 1.5 million of [Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Electric_Power_Authority "Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority")'s customers lost electricity.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-wrap-up-131) Portions of Puerto Rico received heavy rainfall, with a peak total of 13.04 in (331 mm) in [Bayamón](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayam%C3%B3n,_Puerto_Rico "Bayamón, Puerto Rico"),[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) causing seven rivers to reach flood stage, widespread flash flooding, and at least six landslides.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-wrap-up-131)
The most severely affected areas included the offshore islands of Culebra and [Vieques](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico "Vieques, Puerto Rico"), as well as the northeastern, northern, and mountainous portions of the main island. On Culebra, the island suffered an almost complete loss of electrical and water services. At least 30 homes on the island were destroyed, while about 30 other experienced substantial damage. High winds also toppled a number of trees. The only telecommunications tower on Culebra sustained damage, cutting off outside communications for several hours.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-wrap-up-131) In rural [Loíza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%ADza,_Puerto_Rico "Loíza, Puerto Rico"), 79 homes were destroyed.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-PRgrid-132) Throughout Puerto Rico, 781 out of 1,600 telecommunications towers went out of commission, primarily due to power outages. At least 362,000 customers lost water services. Debris, mostly fallen trees, blocked at least 72 roads. Approximately 25% to 30% of banana, coffee, papaya, and plantain crops were damaged by strong winds, with losses to farmers estimated at \$30.6 million.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-wrap-up-131) Approximately 1,530 homes experienced at least moderate damage, with 1,448 homes moderately damaged, 32 extensively damaged, and 50 completely destroyed.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-133)
Hurricane Irma was attributed to around \$1 billion in damage,[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-faces_Hurricane_Maria-85) and the NHC attributed three fatalities to Irma in Puerto Rico, though four deaths were related to the storm.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-stormeventsdatabase-134) Two people died due to rainstorms ahead of the hurricane: one man died in [Orocovis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orocovis "Orocovis") after falling off his ladder while repairing his roof; another man on the coast in [Capitanejo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitanejo_\(Ponce\) "Capitanejo (Ponce)") died after being struck by lightning. Three nearby fishermen were burned by the same lightning strike, but survived. Two other people died during the hurricane: a woman died while being evacuated from her house in a wheelchair and fell, hitting her head; another person died in a car accident in [Canóvanas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%B3vanas "Canóvanas").[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Puerto_Rico_deaths-135) Governor [Ricardo Rosselló](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Rossell%C3%B3 "Ricardo Rosselló") declared the islands of Culebra and Vieques to be disaster areas.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-islands-30)
Hispaniola
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:People_stand_in_a_flooded_street_that_usually_serves_as_a_farmers_market,_in_Ouanaminthe,_northeast_Haiti,_Sept._8,_2017._\(Photo_-_Josiah_Cherenfant,_courtesy_VOA_Creole_Service\).jpg)
People standing in a flooded street in [Ouanaminthe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouanaminthe "Ouanaminthe"), [Nord-Est](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Est_\(department\) "Nord-Est (department)"), Haiti.
Although spared a direct hit, both the [Dominican Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic "Dominican Republic") and [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti "Haiti") were affected by high winds and heavy rains. A bridge over the [Dajabón River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajab%C3%B3n_River "Dajabón River") connecting the two countries was broken.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-oxfam-136)
In the Dominican Republic, the fishing community of [Nagua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagua "Nagua") sustained damage from waves that destroyed homes. 55,000 soldiers were deployed to affected areas to help with the cleanup efforts.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-JamObsHelp-28) By the evening of September 7, the government had counted 2,721 damaged homes.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NOLA-29)
In Haiti, flooding one meter deep sat in residential neighborhoods in places like [Cap-Haïtien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien "Cap-Haïtien"), [Ouanaminthe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouanaminthe "Ouanaminthe"), and [Gonaives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonaives "Gonaives").[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-oxfam-136) Mudslides, destroyed homes, flooded crops, and infrastructure damage were reported in the northern part of the country.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NOLA-29) The total expanse of the flooding stretched from [Môle-Saint-Nicolas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4le-Saint-Nicolas "Môle-Saint-Nicolas") in the west to the eastern border with the Dominican Republic.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-HaitiFarms-137)
Turks and Caicos Islands
On the evening of September 7, at 7:30 p.m. AST (23:30 UTC), Hurricane Irma reached the [Turks and Caicos Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands "Turks and Caicos Islands"). While the eye passed just south of the main islands, crossing over [South Caicos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Caicos "South Caicos") and the [Ambergris Cays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambergris_Cay "Ambergris Cay"), the most powerful winds on the northern side of the eye swept all of the islands for more than two hours. Communications infrastructure was destroyed.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
On September 8, Minister of Infrastructure Goldray Ewing confirmed that damage to [Providenciales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providenciales "Providenciales") was extensive, with the northwestern neighborhood of Blue Hill being "gone".[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-138) The hospital in the capital, [Cockburn Town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockburn_Town "Cockburn Town"), was heavily damaged.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) On South Caicos, 75% of roofs were lost.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-SouthCaicos-139) Total damage was estimated at over \$500 million.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
The Bahamas
In [the Bahamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas "The Bahamas"), the eye of the storm passed over Duncan Town, the major settlement of the [Ragged Islands chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragged_Island,_Bahamas "Ragged Island, Bahamas"), on September 8. It also passed "almost directly over" [Inagua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inagua "Inagua") and [South Acklins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acklins "Acklins"), according to the Bahamas Department of Meteorology.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-140)
Damages were largely confined to the southern islands starting the morning of September 8. On [Mayaguana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayaguana "Mayaguana") and [Great Inagua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inagua "Inagua"), downed power lines knocked out communications.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-141) On Great Inagua, 70% of homes sustained roof damage, and the island's school lost its roof entirely. The [Morton Salt Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Salt_Company "Morton Salt Company")'s signature production facility, one of the major employers in the country, experienced millions of dollars in damages.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-142) The Acklins settlement of Salina Point was cut off from the rest of the island by flooding, while [Crooked Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooked_Island,_Bahamas "Crooked Island, Bahamas") had widespread roof damage.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NYT9-39) In the northern Bahamas, the worst property damage came on September 10 as the outer bands of the system produced [tornadic activity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado "Tornado") on [Grand Bahama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Bahama "Grand Bahama") and [Bimini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimini "Bimini").[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-143)[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-BStornadoes-144) Damage and losses across The Bahamas amounted to \$135 million.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-BahamasDamage-81)
While Irma was making landfall in Florida, the ocean was drawn away from some western shorelines of the Bahamas due to strong easterly winds.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-145)
Cuba
| Rank | Hurricane | Season | Damage | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | [Irma]() | [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2017 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$13.2 billion | [\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Efe-146) |
| 2 | [Ike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ike "Hurricane Ike") | [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2008 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$7.3 billion | [\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-2008_AHS-147) |
| 3 | [Matthew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Matthew "Hurricane Matthew") | [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2016 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$2.58 billion | [\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-CubaSi-148) |
| 4 | [Gustav](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Gustav "Hurricane Gustav") | 2008 | \$2.1 billion | [\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-2008_AHS-147) |
| 5 | [Michelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Michelle "Hurricane Michelle") | [2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2001 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$2 billion | [\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-cubdam-149) |
| [Sandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy "Hurricane Sandy") | [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2012 Atlantic hurricane season") | [\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-150) | | |
| 7 | [Dennis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dennis "Hurricane Dennis") | [2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2005 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$1.5 billion | [\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-CUBARAIN-151) |
| 8 | [Ivan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan "Hurricane Ivan") | [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2004 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$1.2 billion | [\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-WMO_2005-152) |
| 9 | [Rafael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Rafael "Hurricane Rafael") | [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2024 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$1.08 billion | [\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-153) |
| 10 | [Charley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Charley "Hurricane Charley") | 2004 | \$923 million | [\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-WMO_2005-152) |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Patrol_301,_Admiral_Didiez_Burgos_of_the_Dominican_Navy_delivering_disaster_supplies_in_Havana_Harbor_after_Hurricane_Irma.jpg)
Patrol boat *Admiral Didiez Burgos* of the [Dominican Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Navy "Dominican Navy") delivering disaster supplies in [Havana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana "Havana") Harbor after Hurricane Irma.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-154)
Early on September 9, Irma made landfall on the [Camagüey Archipelago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabana-Camag%C3%BCey_Archipelago "Sabana-Camagüey Archipelago") off the northern coast of [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba "Cuba"), with sustained winds of 165 mph (266 km/h). The strongest official sustained wind speed was 124 mph (200 km/h), while the highest wind gust reached 159 mph (256 km/h); both were observed near Camila in [Ciego de Ávila Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciego_de_%C3%81vila_Province "Ciego de Ávila Province").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) The weather station at [Esmeralda, Camagüey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmeralda,_Cuba "Esmeralda, Cuba"), was damaged, with the wind gauge destroyed.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-guardian8-57) The north coast of Cuba experienced significant [coastal flooding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_flooding "Coastal flooding") due to storm surge and abnormally high tides generated by the storm. Wave heights at [Cayo Romano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayo_Romano "Cayo Romano") exceeded 26 ft (7.9 m). Storm surge penetrated as far as 1.2 mi (1.9 km) inland in some areas of [Villa Clara Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Clara_Province "Villa Clara Province"). Multiple locations on the island observed at least 10 in (250 mm) of rainfall, with a peak total of 23.9 in (610 mm) of precipitation at [Topes de Collantes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topes_de_Collantes "Topes de Collantes").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
A total of 158,554 homes experienced some degree of damage, of which 14,657 were destroyed; approximately 1.9 million people experienced the direct effects of Irma.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Cuba3monthreport-155) The storm partially deroofed 103,691 homes, while 23,560 were completely deroofed. Irma damaged or destroyed 980 health facilities and 2,264 schools. Approximately 3.1 million people experienced disruptions to the water supply, while 246,707 people lost telephone service. About 334 mi (538 km) of roads were damaged. Crops also suffered extensively, with nearly 235,000 acres (95,000 ha) affected by the storm.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Cuba3monthreport-155) Throughout the country, the hurricane inflicted \$13.185 billion in damage and killed 10 people, making Irma the costliest tropical cyclone in Cuban history.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Cubadeath-83)[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-156)
The tourist areas of [Cayo Coco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayo_Coco "Cayo Coco"), [Cayo Guillermo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayo_Guillermo "Cayo Guillermo") and [Cayo Santa María](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayo_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa "Cayo Santa María") and the nearby town of [Caibarién](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caibari%C3%A9n "Caibarién") received the brunt of the storm, with waves rolling through town and the characteristic one-story homes completely flooded. The storm most severely Ciego de Ávila and Villa Clara provinces. Flooding worsened as the hurricane moved west, pushing the storm surge along to the regions around [Havana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana "Havana").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) By the afternoon, limited flooding was occurring in Havana, including around the [Malecón](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malec%C3%B3n,_Havana "Malecón, Havana").[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NYT9-39) Portions of province coastal flooding surpassing that which was experienced during the [Storm of the Century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Storm_of_the_Century "1993 Storm of the Century") in 1993 and Hurricane Wilma in 2005.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) In the city of [Santa Clara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara,_Cuba "Santa Clara, Cuba"), 39 buildings collapsed.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-zombies-157) Rainfall resulted in several rivers reaching major flood stage. The town of [Cabaiguán](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaigu%C3%A1n "Cabaiguán") in Sancti Spíritus Province in particular suffered extensive inland flooding after the Zaza River swelled.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
Hurricane Irma directly affected a major colony of [American flamingos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_flamingo "American flamingo") on Cuba's northern [Cayo Coco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayo_Coco "Cayo Coco").[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-birdscarib-95) Early reports from *Diario de Cuba* indicated that several hundred flamingos had been killed by the storm, though other estimates ranged as high as several thousand birds.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-birdscarib-95)[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-latimes-158)
Mainland United States
| Rank | Hurricane | Season | Damage |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | **3** [Katrina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina "Hurricane Katrina") | [2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2005 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$125 billion |
| **4** [Harvey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey "Hurricane Harvey") | [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2017 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$125 billion | |
| 3 | **4** [Ian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ian "Hurricane Ian") | [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2022 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$112 billion |
| 4 | **4** [Maria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Maria "Hurricane Maria") | [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2017 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$90 billion |
| 5 | **4** [Helene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Helene "Hurricane Helene") | [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2024 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$78.7 billion |
| 6 | **4** [Ida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ida "Hurricane Ida") | [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2021 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$75 billion |
| 7 | **ET** [Sandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy "Hurricane Sandy") | [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2012 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$65 billion |
| 8 | **4** [Irma]() | [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2017 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$52.1 billion |
| 9 | **3** [Milton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Milton "Hurricane Milton") | [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2024 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$34.3 billion |
| 10 | **2** [Ike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ike "Hurricane Ike") | [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2008 Atlantic hurricane season") | \$30 billion |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sedimentation_around_South_Florida_and_Bahamas_after_Hurricane_Irma.jpg)
True-color images before and after the passage of Irma, in which light blue indicates sediment suspended in the water, kicked up by the intensity of the storm[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-162)
Hurricane Irma affected multiple states in the South, especially Florida. Except for the Florida Keys, the total damage Irma caused was not as great as government officials and forecasters had warned. Irma weakened after making landfall in Cuba, but strengthened back into a Category 4 prior to hitting the Keys. The Florida Keys suffered the worst of the damage in the United States. After surveying the aftermath of Irma, Florida governor [Rick Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Scott "Rick Scott") said "I thought we would see more damage" \[on the mainland\] but said "he witnessed devastation in the Keys".[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-163) [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") commented on [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") that the devastation in some places was "far greater than anyone thought".[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-164)
Damage in the United States was estimated at a minimum of \$50 billion. At the time, Irma was the fourth costliest tropical cyclone in the United States, behind hurricanes [Sandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy "Hurricane Sandy") in 2012, [Harvey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey "Hurricane Harvey") earlier that year, and [Katrina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina "Hurricane Katrina") in 2005. However, later in September 2017, [Hurricane Maria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Maria "Hurricane Maria") became the third costliest United States tropical cyclone, causing Irma to fall to the fifth costliest. At least 92 people, 10 directly and 82 indirectly, died throughout the United States in relation to Irma: 84 in Florida, 3 in Georgia, 3 in South Carolina, and 2 in North Carolina.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)
Florida
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1988-_US_Gulf_Coast_hurricane_diameters.svg)
Hurricane Irma was one of the largest-diameter US Gulf Coast hurricanes.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-WashPost_20240926-165) Though large size does not imply *strength*—which is based on sustained wind measurements—it can mean that more people are exposed to its hazards.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-WashPost_20240926-165)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FEMA_-_DSC7043_-Big_Pine_Key_neighborhood_devastated_by_Irma.jpg)
Remains of a Florida neighborhood destroyed by Hurricane Irma in Big Pine Key
Irma struck the state less than two weeks after [Potential Tropical Cyclone Ten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_Tropical_Cyclone_Ten "Potential Tropical Cyclone Ten") had caused the worst flooding seen in western Florida in 20 years, which further worsened the impacts in the region.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-plagues-166)[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-flooding_subsides-167)[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-growing_impatient-168)[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Hurricane_Irma_facts-169) The storm's large wind field resulted in strong winds across much of Florida, except for the western Panhandle. The highest reported sustained wind speed was 112 mph (180 km/h) on [Marco Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Island,_Florida "Marco Island, Florida"), while the strongest observed wind gust was 142 mph (229 km/h), recorded near [Naples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples,_Florida "Naples, Florida"),[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nwsmiami-170) though wind gusts of 150 to 160 mph (240 to 260 km/h) likely occurred in the Middle [Florida Keys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Keys "Florida Keys").[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nwskeywest-171) More than 7.7 million homes and businesses in Florida were left without electricity at some point – approximately 73% of state.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-172)[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-173) Generally heavy amounts of rainfall were recorded to the east of the Irma's path, including a peak total of 21.66 in (550 mm) in [Fort Pierce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Pierce,_Florida "Fort Pierce, Florida").[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-WPCMAX-174) Heavy precipitation – and storm surge, in some instances – overflowed at least 32 rivers and creeks, causing significant flooding, particularly along the [St. Johns River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Johns_River "St. Johns River") and its tributaries.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-SCHRP-42) Many homes and businesses suffered damage or destruction, with more than 65,000 structures damaged to some degree in West Central and Southwest Florida alone.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-sd-45) Agriculture experienced about \$2.5 billion in damage.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-SCHRP-42) It was estimated that the cyclone caused at least \$50 billion in damage, making Irma the costliest hurricane in Florida history, surpassing [Hurricane Andrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew "Hurricane Andrew"), until it was itself surpassed by [Hurricane Ian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ian "Hurricane Ian"), 5 years later.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NOAACostliest-175)
Throughout Florida, at least 84 people died in storm-related incidents.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) About half of the deaths occurred from drowning, trauma, and carbon monoxide poisoning.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-69deaths-176) [Broward County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broward_County,_Florida "Broward County, Florida") had 21 fatalities, the most of any county in Florida. Among those deaths were 12 people at [The Rehabilitation Center at Hollywood Hills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rehabilitation_Center_at_Hollywood_Hills "The Rehabilitation Center at Hollywood Hills"), a [Hollywood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Florida "Hollywood, Florida") nursing home. The patients died from sweltering heat worsened by the lack of air conditioning.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-69deaths-176) The hurricane also left at least 14 deaths in [Monroe County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_County,_Florida "Monroe County, Florida");[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-14deathskeys-177) 6 deaths in [Orange County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_Florida "Orange County, Florida"); 5 deaths each in [Duval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duval_County,_Florida "Duval County, Florida"), [Miami-Dade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida "Miami-Dade County, Florida"), and [Palm Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Beach_County,_Florida "Palm Beach County, Florida") counties; 4 deaths in both [Highlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands_County,_Florida "Highlands County, Florida") and [Hillsborough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough_County,_Florida "Hillsborough County, Florida") counties; 3 deaths in both [Marion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_County,_Florida "Marion County, Florida") and [Polk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polk_County,_Florida "Polk County, Florida") counties;[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-69deaths-176) 2 deaths each in [Collier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier_County,_Florida "Collier County, Florida"), [Hardee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardee_County,_Florida "Hardee County, Florida"), [Leon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_County,_Florida "Leon County, Florida"), [Pinellas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinellas_County,_Florida "Pinellas County, Florida"), [St. Lucie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lucie_County,_Florida "St. Lucie County, Florida"), and [Taylor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_County,_Florida "Taylor County, Florida") counties;[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-69deaths-176)[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-murphy-178)[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-event719433-179) and 1 death in [Hendry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendry_County,_Florida "Hendry County, Florida"), [Lake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_County,_Florida "Lake County, Florida"), [Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_County,_Florida "Lee County, Florida"), [Liberty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_County,_Florida "Liberty County, Florida"), [Manatee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manatee_County,_Florida "Manatee County, Florida"), [Nassau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,_Florida "Nassau County, Florida"), [Okeechobee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okeechobee_County,_Florida "Okeechobee County, Florida"), [Pasco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasco_County,_Florida "Pasco County, Florida"), [Seminole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_County,_Florida "Seminole County, Florida"), [St. Johns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Johns_County,_Florida "St. Johns County, Florida"), and [Volusia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volusia_County,_Florida "Volusia County, Florida") counties.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-69deaths-176)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boat_on_US_1_\(37266756945\).jpg)
Boats washed up on [U.S. Route 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_1 "U.S. Route 1") in the Florida Keys
With Irma making landfall in Monroe County as a Category 4 hurricane, the Florida Keys were hardest hit area in the state.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nwskeywest-171) Strong winds and storm surge flooding caused major damage to buildings, [trailer parks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_park "Trailer park"), boats, roads, the electricity supply, mobile phone coverage, internet access, sanitation, the water supply and the fuel supply throughout the island chain.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-180)[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nwskeywest-171) An estimated 10 ft (3 m) storm surge occurred at [Cudjoe Key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cudjoe_Key,_Florida "Cudjoe Key, Florida"), where Irma made landfall.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-181) Throughout the island, 625 homes sustained minor damage, 52 sustained major damage, and 81 were demolished. On [Big Pine Key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Pine_Key "Big Pine Key"), one of the most devastated islands, 633 homes received minor impact, 299 homes received major impact, and 473 homes were completely destroyed. Overall in Monroe County, 27,649 homes experienced some degree of damage, including 1,179 homes being destroyed, 2,977 homes receiving major damage, and 5,361 suffering minor damage.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-assessment1126-182)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irma_2017-09-10_1932Z.jpg)
Hurricane Irma on September 10 making its final landfall on Florida.
After devastating the Keys, the storm then struck Collier County as a Category 3 hurricane. Several communities in the county suffered extensive damage, especially along the coast.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nwsmiami-170) Throughout the unincorporated areas of the county, 65 homes, including 44 mobile homes, were demolished, while 1,008 homes received major damage. Property damages in unincorporated areas alone reach about \$320 million.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-stanley-183) Lee County was lashed by strong winds and heavy rainfall, which caused prolonged flooding in some areas.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-184)[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-185) More than 24,000 homes suffered some degree of damage, with almost 3,000 homes receiving major damage and 89 homes being destroyed.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-742m-186) Damage in the county totaled about \$857 million.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-187)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-sd-45)
Impact in much of the [Miami metropolitan area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area "Miami metropolitan area") was generally limited to extensive tree and fence damage, as well as widespread power outages. However, in [Miami-Dade County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida "Miami-Dade County, Florida"), about 1,000 homes received major damage and about 50% of crops were lost. Storm surge caused coastal flooding from [Homestead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead,_Florida "Homestead, Florida") to [Downtown Miami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Miami "Downtown Miami"), as well as in portions of [Miami Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida "Miami Beach, Florida").[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nwsmiami-170) Parts of the [Florida Heartland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Heartland "Florida Heartland") were devastated by high winds and flooding, particularly Hendry and Highlands counties.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nwsmiami-170)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-sd-45) In the former, which has most citrus trees of any county in Florida, about 60% of orange crops were lost.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-188) Throughout Hendry County, a total of 451 homes had minor damage, 131 homes suffered major damage, and 42 others were destroyed.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nwsmiami-170) In Highlands County, 13,138 businesses and homes were damaged to some degree, with 144 being destroyed, 963 sustaining major damage, and 2,408 receiving minor damage. In Orange County, wind gusts reached 79 mph at [Orlando International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_International_Airport "Orlando International Airport"). A wind gust of 91 mph was also recorded in [Orlando](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida "Orlando, Florida") at the top of the Disney Contemporary Resort.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-189) Strong winds and heavy rainfall in [Central Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Florida "Central Florida") left some wind damage and flooding, necessitating evacuations and rescues, including more than 200 people in [Orlo Vista](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlo_Vista,_Florida "Orlo Vista, Florida") after hundreds of homes were flooded.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-sd-45) A total of 2,999 business or homes were damaged in Lake County,[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-tops438k-190) 7,430 in Seminole County, and 3,457 in Volusia County. Additionally, eight tornadoes touched down in [Brevard County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevard_County,_Florida "Brevard County, Florida"), all of which caused damage.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nwsmelbourne-191)
Overflight of Jacksonville after Hurricane Irma
Along much of the Gulf Coast of Florida, to the north of where Irma made landfall, negative storm surges were observed, with water retracting rather than pushing inland, causing little coastal flooding.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-sd-45) However, on the opposite coast, extensive erosion and storm surge flooding occurred in the [First Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Coast "First Coast"), especially in Duval and St. Johns counties. In Duval County, the St. Johns River crested at heights that exceeded records set during [Hurricane Dora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dora_\(1964\) "Hurricane Dora (1964)") in 1964. Portions of [Jacksonville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida "Jacksonville, Florida") experienced flooding, particularly the [downtown area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Jacksonville "Downtown Jacksonville") and the [Riverside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_and_Avondale "Riverside and Avondale") and [San Marco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marco_\(Jacksonville\) "San Marco (Jacksonville)") neighborhoods, with about 350 people rescued in those sections of the city. Water reached about 5 ft (1.5 m) high in some homes.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nwsjax-192) The city of Jacksonville suffered about \$85 million in damage.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-193)
In St. Johns County, storm surge left extensive damage to oceanfront properties in [Ponte Vedra Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_Vedra_Beach,_Florida "Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida") and [Vilano Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilano_Beach,_Florida "Vilano Beach, Florida"), with several becoming uninhabitable.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-194)[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-195) Additionally, some riverfront businesses in [St. Augustine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida "St. Augustine, Florida")'s [historic district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine_Town_Plan_Historic_District "St. Augustine Town Plan Historic District") were flooded due to storm surge from the [Matanzas River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanzas_River "Matanzas River").[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-196) In nearby [Clay County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_County,_Florida "Clay County, Florida"), rainfall and storm surge combined to cause extensive flooding along portions of the [Black Creek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Creek_\(Florida\) "Black Creek (Florida)") and the St. Johns River, with record high crests at several locations along the former.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-nwsjax-192) About 350 people and 75 animals were rescued from floodwaters throughout the county. A total of 275 homes were destroyed, 175 were inflicted major damage, and 124 received minor damage.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-197)
Other states
Three deaths were reported in [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "Georgia (U.S. state)") due to falling trees and debris, along with widespread wind damage and power outages throughout the state primarily due to fallen trees.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-ABC49763467-198) On [Tybee Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tybee_Island,_Georgia "Tybee Island, Georgia"), as well as [St. Simons Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Simons,_Georgia "St. Simons, Georgia") the storm surge caused extensive flooding.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-199)[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-200) The tropical storm also did \$54 million in damage in the state.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-201)
In [Charleston, South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina "Charleston, South Carolina"), the third highest storm surge on record was recorded, reaching a height of approximately 10 ft (3 m).[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-202) By of September 12, almost 100,000 had lost power in [Upstate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstate_South_Carolina "Upstate South Carolina") South Carolina.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-203) Five people died in storm-related incidents across South Carolina, all from indirect incidents.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-5scdeaths-204) The tropical storm caused damages totaling \$500,000 in the state.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-205)
Light damage occurred in other areas, including [Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee").[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-206) About 75,000 customers in [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina") lost power due to Irma, where two fatalities occurred.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6)[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-207) The storm also caused \$600,000 in damages in [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama "Alabama").[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-208)
Aftermath
In the immediate aftermath of Hurricane Irma's path through the West Indies and Caribbean, the devastation to roads, harbors and airports significantly impeded the transportation and distribution of relief supplies. Foreign countries moved to provide much of the initial aid. The British, Dutch, French, and United States governments sent warships and planes with supplies and manpower to the region.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-JamObsHelp-28)[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-USSmil-209) International leaders, including Dutch King [Willem-Alexander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem-Alexander "Willem-Alexander") and French president [Emmanuel Macron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron "Emmanuel Macron"), quickly moved to visit affected territories.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-willem-210)[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-macron-211)
Some of the affected countries and territories also offered assistance to each other. Cuba, which sustained extensive damage from the storm, sent 750 health workers to Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, The Bahamas, Dominica, and Haiti.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-cubadocs-212) Government officials and members of the public in Puerto Rico delivered assistance and evacuated people stranded on other islands. The [U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services "U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services") granted special 30-day humanitarian visas for British Virgin Islanders to stay in Puerto Rico.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-PRhelps-213) Hundreds of people stranded on Saint Martin were flown to the Dominican Republic on humanitarian grounds.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-214)
Antigua and Barbuda
In response to Hurricane Jose's approach, the Government of Antigua and Barbuda issued a mandatory evacuation on September 9 for any remaining residents on Barbuda. A Miami cargo plane landed on Antigua later that day, carrying over 60 tons (120,000 lbs) of relief supplies for the displaced storm victims—including bottled water, canned food and power generators.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-215)
British Overseas Territories
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_Royal_Logistics_Corps_Mexflote_arrives_in_Anguilla.jpg)
A UK Royal Logistics Corp landing raft delivers emergency relief to Anguilla
[RFA *Mounts Bay*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFA_Mounts_Bay_\(L3008\) "RFA Mounts Bay (L3008)") stationed itself near Anguilla and provided support and relief work to the island with its helicopters and 40 marines and army engineers.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Anguilla-216) The ship delivered 6 tonnes of emergency aid to Anguilla and army engineers repaired a fuel leak at Anguilla's main petrol dump, restored power to the island's hospital and provided shelters for those left homeless by the hurricane.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-RFA_Mounts_Bay_in_BVI-217)[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-UK_continues_to_deliver_vital_aid-218) The ship arrived in the British Virgin Islands on September 8, 2017, to provide emergency relief to the islands, including providing shelters, food and water.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-RFA_Mounts_Bay_in_BVI-217) [HMS *Ocean*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ocean_\(L12\) "HMS Ocean (L12)") was diverted from the [Mediterranean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea "Mediterranean Sea") to provide relief from [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar") to the affected British Overseas Territories of Anguilla, British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos on September 7,[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-219) and aid was also supplied by the [Department for International Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_International_Development "Department for International Development") from their disaster response center at [Kemble Airfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemble_Airfield "Kemble Airfield"). As part of a £32 million operation named Operation Ruman, nearly 500 UK military personnel with emergency relief were dispatched from [RAF Brize Norton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Brize_Norton "RAF Brize Norton").[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-220) This included the first deployment of [No. 38 Expeditionary Air Wing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._38_Expeditionary_Air_Wing "No. 38 Expeditionary Air Wing") with three RAF aircraft: two Airbus A400M Atlas and one C-130J Hercules to support relief efforts.
The British government also drafted two members of the UK police cadre into the region on September 10, and 53 police officers were drafted from RAF Brize Norton to the affected British Overseas Territories on September 15 to help maintain order.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-221)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-222) UK politicians, including the chairs of the foreign affairs and development select committees, criticized both the government's preparations for the storm and its response as inadequate.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-SMviolence-223)[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-224)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Marines_deliver_aid_to_British_Virgin_Islands_following_Irma.jpg)
Royal Marines delivering aid and providing support to the islanders of [Jost Van Dyke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jost_Van_Dyke "Jost Van Dyke"), British Virgin Islands
By September 12, the Department for International Development had delivered more than 40 tonnes of aid into the region, including into Turks and Caicos, and 1,000 UK military troops were deployed in the region as part of relief efforts.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-UK_continues_to_deliver_vital_aid-218) The [prime minister of the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime minister of the United Kingdom"), [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May"), pledged an additional £25 million worth of funding as part of relief efforts in the region on September 13, 2017, and the [Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs "Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs"), [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson"), said that a further 250 UK military personnel would be deployed into the area within the next few days.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Johnson_sees_impact-225) Anguilla's Chief Minister, [Victor Banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Banks "Victor Banks"), praised the British government's response to the storm and said that Boris Johnson's visit to the island "sends a very positive signal to Anguillans that the British are serious about their response to this very severe hurricane", but went on to say that the current financial commitment from the UK was not substantial enough.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Johnson_sees_impact-225)[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-226)
By September 15, the United Kingdom had over 70 military personnel and 4 police officers in Anguilla and had delivered 15 tonnes of aid to the island.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-UK_response_in_numbers-227) In the British Virgin Islands, Royal Marines had cleared the airfield so that it was operational for the delivery of aid into the islands, with more than 200 British military personnel and 54 UK police officers on the ground and 8 tonnes of aid delivered to the islands.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-UK_response_in_numbers-227) 120 British military personnel were on the ground in Turks and Caicos, and over 150 shelter kits and 720 liters of water were delivered to the islands on September 15.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-UK_response_in_numbers-227)
Amendments to international aid rules by the [Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development "Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development") (or OECD) allowed for the UK government to provide access to £13 billion worth of aid to the affected British Overseas Territories, through the UK's [Official Development Assistance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Development_Assistance "Official Development Assistance") (ODA) by November 2017.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-228)
The Bahamas
By the afternoon of September 9, Bahamas Power and Light Company had dispatched crews across the archipelago to repair infrastructure damage. The southernmost islands, which were most severely affected by Irma's eye, remained largely inaccessible for days.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-229) Assessments showed that 15% of the national telecommunications network had been affected, with at least one tower destroyed.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-230) [Bahamasair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamasair "Bahamasair") resumed a limited domestic schedule on September 10, with international flights still canceled due to existing and anticipated destruction at other destinations.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-231)
The worst devastation occurred on [Ragged Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragged_Island,_Bahamas "Ragged Island, Bahamas"), over which Irma's eye had directly passed. After days of the National Emergency Management Agency not being able to physically reach the island, officials were finally able to inspect it; they promptly declared it uninhabitable.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-RaggedUnlivable-232)[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-233) Prime Minister [Hubert Minnis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Minnis "Hubert Minnis") said that it was the worst disaster area he or his officials had ever seen, and that all remaining residents would need to leave, potentially permanently.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-RaggedUnlivable-232)[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-234) Business leaders and other officials called for a new long-term development model to shift the population away from such sparsely settled islands.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-235)
On [Grand Bahama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Bahama "Grand Bahama") and [Bimini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimini "Bimini"), where tornadoes associated with Irma touched down on September 10, more than 100 people were left displaced. Infrastructure damage included docks, parks, and the power system.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-BStornadoes-144)
Aside from tangible asset losses, Irma brought significant economic damages. International freight shipping was projected to be offline for a week, and costs for rebuilding supplies were inflated due to demand in the U.S.[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-236)
Cuba
Swollen rivers contributed to worsening flooding in the days after the storm system left, resulting in additional evacuations. Officials resorted to using inflatable rafts to access affected areas. The national electrical infrastructure was said to be extensively damaged.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-zombies-157)
Hispaniola
In the Dominican Republic, flooding worsened following Irma's departure, leading the number of displaced persons to increase to more than 24,000 by September 8. President [Danilo Medina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilo_Medina "Danilo Medina") ordered further evacuations due to at-risk dams, while the government banned swimming in rivers and ordered boats kept in port.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-237) More than 422,000 people were left without water due to 28 aqueducts being damaged.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-238)
In Haiti, officials stated that losses were greater than they could have been since people largely did not heed early preparation and evacuation warnings.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-NOLA-29) At least 5,000 homes were flooded. One man died trying to cross a flooded river; another went missing and 17 were injured.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-239) The trash- and waste-contaminated floodwaters in places like [Cap-Haïtien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien "Cap-Haïtien"), [Ouanaminthe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouanaminthe "Ouanaminthe"), and [Gonaives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonaives "Gonaives") led to fears of [cholera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera "Cholera") outbreaks.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-oxfam-136) Flooding continued to worsen days after the storm, as runoff from the mountains swelled rivers in low-lying farming communities. United Nations peacekeepers from [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") were able to gain access to the flooded northwest region to provide urgent aid, but non-governmental organizations and Haitian economists warned that the estimated 30,000 victims would need longer-term assistance as well. Prime Minister [Jack Guy Lafontant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Guy_Lafontant "Jack Guy Lafontant") appointed a government commission to address Irma's effects, with [Action Against Hunger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Against_Hunger "Action Against Hunger") in charge of humanitarian coordination.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-HaitiFarms-137)
United States territories
In the USVI, residents and tourists alike were described as being in a state of traumatic shock.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-zombies-157) By September 7, the [USS *Wasp*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wasp_\(LHD-1\) "USS Wasp (LHD-1)") amphibious assault ship had arrived in the USVI to provide supplies, damage assessment, and evacuation assistance. Four additional warships, some of which had already been on their way to Texas to assist with [Hurricane Harvey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey "Hurricane Harvey") relief, were redirected to the region.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-USSmil-209) At a September 10 news conference, Governor [Kenneth Mapp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Mapp "Kenneth Mapp") described Irma as a "horrific disaster" for which "\[t\]here will be no restorations or solutions in days or weeks." The [Federal Emergency Management Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency "Federal Emergency Management Agency") airlifted in goods for residents, who were subjected to a curfew. [Norwegian Cruise Lines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Cruise_Lines "Norwegian Cruise Lines") and [Royal Caribbean Cruise Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Caribbean_Cruise_Line "Royal Caribbean Cruise Line") agreed to transport tourists to Florida, contingent upon port availability following the state's own experience with Irma.[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-240)
On Saint John, described as "perhaps the site of Irma's worst devastation on American soil," it took six days for an active-theater disaster zone to be established, leading to criticism of the U.S. government response.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-wasteland-241) The National Guard was delayed in reaching Saint John due to the number of overturned boats left in the harbor.[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-242) The National Guard was brought in to maintain order, while the Coast Guard brought evacuees to cruise ships bound for [San Juan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico "San Juan, Puerto Rico") and Miami.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-wasteland-241) There was still no electricity on St. John in the middle of October 2017.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-243)
By September 9, more than one million Puerto Ricans were still without power, tens of thousands were without water, and several thousand were still in shelters. Hospitals were operating on generator power. The government was struggling to establish contact with the islands of [Culebra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culebra,_Puerto_Rico "Culebra, Puerto Rico") and [Vieques](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieques "Vieques").[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-islands-30) By September 10, the main island had recovered enough to serve as a refuge for people stranded on other islands, including 1,200 tourists from Saint Martin and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Airlifts had brought more than 50 patients to Puerto Rico.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-PRhelps-213)
Five months after Irma, two-thirds of the hospital beds on Saint Thomas were still unavailable, due to extensive physical damage and staffing shortages.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-244)
Saint Martin and French Overseas Department
Damage to Sint Maarten's harbor and to [Princess Juliana International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Juliana_International_Airport "Princess Juliana International Airport") left the Dutch part of Saint Martin unreachable, although the smaller [Grand Case-Espérance Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Case-Esp%C3%A9rance_Airport "Grand Case-Espérance Airport") on the French side could be reopened by September 7 for supply aid by helicopter and airplane.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-245) The French armed forces based in [Guadeloupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe "Guadeloupe") and [French Guiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana "French Guiana") flew equipment and troops on board a [CASA/IPTN CN-235](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASA/IPTN_CN-235 "CASA/IPTN CN-235") aircraft.
The following day, the Dutch military was able to airlift [dialysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_dialysis "Kidney dialysis") patients off the island while also dropping leaflets to warn islanders about the rapidly approaching [Hurricane Jose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Jose_\(2017\) "Hurricane Jose (2017)").[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-guardian8-57) Although the airport was closed, 435 students and faculty of the American University of the Caribbean were evacuated by the U.S. military.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-246) On September 10, Dutch King Willem-Alexander departed for the region, with intentions to visit Sint Maarten and other affected Dutch territories and commonwealth members.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-willem-210)
French president Emmanuel Macron followed this announcement by stating his intentions to visit the French part of the island on September 12 in order to bring aid supplies. In response to criticism of the French handling of the disaster, 1,000 troops, police, and other emergency workers were sent to Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-macron-211)
On both sides of Saint Martin, desperate conditions combined with food and water shortages in Irma's aftermath led to reports of violence, scavenging, and theft. In response, the French government increased its troop deployment to 2,200 and the Dutch government sent more than 600 military and police personnel.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-SMviolence-223)[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-247)
The day after the hurricane hit [Saint Barthelemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barthelemy "Saint Barthelemy") the French armed forces based in [Guadeloupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe "Guadeloupe") and [French Guiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana "French Guiana") flew equipment and troops into the reopened [Grand Case-Espérance Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Case-Esp%C3%A9rance_Airport "Grand Case-Espérance Airport"). On September 7 and 9, equipment and personnel were flown from France to Guadeloupe and [Martinique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique "Martinique").[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-248)
Florida
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:170914-H-OD937-209_\(37474487341\).jpg)
President [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") visits [Naples, Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples,_Florida "Naples, Florida"), to talk with people impacted by Hurricane Irma
Sporadic reports of [looting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looting "Looting") and burglaries at several [Miami Metro area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area "Miami metropolitan area") businesses occurred with the theft of non-essential items such as [sports apparel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportswear_\(activewear\) "Sportswear (activewear)") and [athletic shoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_shoes "Athletic shoes") during the height of the storm.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-249)[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-250)
On September 11, Florida governor [Rick Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Scott "Rick Scott") conducted an aerial tour to survey the damage to the Keys. The [Overseas Highway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Highway "Overseas Highway") remained closed while authorities assessed the integrity of the 42 bridges along the route.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-251) Residents returning to the Keys were faced with a police roadblock, to the south of [Florida City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_City,_Florida "Florida City, Florida").[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-252) [USS *Iwo Jima*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iwo_Jima_\(LHD-7\) "USS Iwo Jima (LHD-7)"), [USS *New York*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_New_York_\(LPD-21\) "USS New York (LPD-21)") and aircraft carrier [USS *Abraham Lincoln*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Abraham_Lincoln_\(CVN-72\) "USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)") were sent to the Keys area to aid with the recovery.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-253)
On September 12, some residents were allowed to return into the Keys as far as [Islamorada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamorada,_Florida "Islamorada, Florida"). Although road damage blocked entry any farther than Islamorada, bridges had been inspected and found safe to [Sugarloaf Key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarloaf_Key "Sugarloaf Key").[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-254) By late on September 12, the Overseas Highway had been repaired and the bridges inspected as safe for [first responders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_responder "First responder") to travel to Key West.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-255) On September 16, residents were free to return to Marathon.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-256) Residents were allowed to return to Key West the following day, although the Keys remained closed to tourists and a checkpoint remained in place in Florida City.[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-257)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Florida_night-time_satellite_image_before-and-after_Hurricane_Irma.jpg)
Nighttime satellite images of Florida before (*left*) and the night after (*right*) Hurricane Irma, highlighting the extensive loss of grid (mains) electricity
Due mainly to the widespread loss of power, cell phone service was also reduced after battery backup power for cell phone towers ran out and backup generators ran out of fuel.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-258)[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-259)[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-260) In an impact report by the [FCC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission "Federal Communications Commission"), as of 11 AM EDT on September 12, 89 of 108 (82%) cell phone towers were non-functioning in Monroe County (Florida Keys), 154 of 212 (73%) were non-functioning in Collier County (Naples), 36 of 46 (78%) were non-functioning in [Hendry County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendry_County,_Florida "Hendry County, Florida"), and an additional six counties had 41-60% of cell phone towers not functioning, including Lee County (Fort Myers) and Miami-Dade County.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-261)
[NOAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration") released map-format aerial reconnaissance image data of damage from the storm. The imagery featured several areas of Florida: including the Florida Keys, the southwest coast of Florida from Marco Island to Punta Gorda, much of the northeast coast of Florida, and portions of the Jacksonville area. Portions of the Georgia and South Carolina coasts were also photographed.[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-262) Additionally, the *[Sun-Sentinel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun-Sentinel "Sun-Sentinel")* published before and after photos of several landmarks in the Florida Keys.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-263)
In the days after the hurricane, due to the heavy rainfall, numerous rivers had flooded, including residential areas.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-264) Public health risks, such as diarrheal infections and mosquito-borne illnesses, remain from the flooding that resulted in the aftermath of the hurricane. A large concern from flooding is contamination because people become exposed to dirty floodwaters and the potential for contaminated water to enter the local water supply is significant. One example of an illness that can enter the water supply is [leptospirosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospirosis "Leptospirosis"), which is rat urine carries into the floodwaters. Untreated exposure to leptospirosis can cause kidney damage, [meningitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis "Meningitis"), and liver failure. [Noroviruses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus "Norovirus") and other infections are also a risk.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-265)
Following Irma's passage, a 15 ft (4.6 m) hand-carved wooden canoe was discovered on the banks of the [Indian River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_River_\(Florida\) "Indian River (Florida)") and could be several hundred years old. The state has removed the canoe for examination and safe keeping.[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-266)
Due to Irma's and [Hurricane Harvey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey "Hurricane Harvey")'s impact in Florida and Texas, U.S. employment declined in September 2017 for the first time since September 2010. The leisure and hospitality industries were especially hard hit, losing 111,000 jobs in September.[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-267)
Records
Irma set multiple records for intensity, especially at easterly longitudes, time spent at such an intensity, and its intensity at landfall. When Irma reached Category 5 intensity with winds of 175 mph (282 km/h) at 11:45 UTC on September 5 at [57\.7°W](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_meridian_west "57th meridian west"),[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) it became the easternmost Atlantic hurricane of this strength on record, surpassing [Hurricane David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_David "Hurricane David") of [1979](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1979 Atlantic hurricane season"), later beaten by [Hurricane Lorenzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Lorenzo_\(2019\) "Hurricane Lorenzo (2019)") [2 years later](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2019 Atlantic hurricane season").[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-MDRstrength-268) By 00:15 UTC on September 6, Irma reached peak intensity with 180 mph (285 km/h) winds and a minimum [pressure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure "Atmospheric pressure") of 914 mbar (914 hPa; 27.0 inHg). This ties it with [Hurricane Mitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Mitch "Hurricane Mitch") of [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1998 Atlantic hurricane season"), [Hurricane Rita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Rita "Hurricane Rita") of [2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2005 Atlantic hurricane season"), and [Hurricane Milton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Milton "Hurricane Milton") of [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2024 Atlantic hurricane season") as the sixth-strongest Atlantic hurricane by wind speed. Only five other Atlantic hurricanes have been recorded with wind speeds higher than Irma: [Hurricane Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Allen "Hurricane Allen") of [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1980 Atlantic hurricane season") and [Hurricane Melissa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Melissa "Hurricane Melissa") of [2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2025 Atlantic hurricane season") which had maximum sustained winds of 190 mph (310 km/h), and the [1935 Labor Day hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Labor_Day_hurricane "1935 Labor Day hurricane"), [Hurricane Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Gilbert "Hurricane Gilbert") of [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1988 Atlantic hurricane season"), [Hurricane Wilma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Wilma "Hurricane Wilma") of [2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2005 Atlantic hurricane season"), [Hurricane Dorian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian "Hurricane Dorian") of [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2019 Atlantic hurricane season"), all of which had peak winds of 185 mph (298 km/h).[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-269) At the time, Irma was also the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the [Atlantic Ocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean "Atlantic Ocean") outside the [Caribbean Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea "Caribbean Sea") and [Gulf of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico "Gulf of Mexico"); later surpassed by [Hurricane Dorian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian "Hurricane Dorian"),[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-270) and was the [strongest Atlantic hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Category_5_Atlantic_hurricanes "List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes") since Wilma in terms of [maximum sustained winds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_sustained_wind "Maximum sustained wind"), and the most intense in terms of pressure since [Dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dean "Hurricane Dean") in [2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2007 Atlantic hurricane season").[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-CSU-271) In addition, Irma achieved one of the [longest durations of Category 5 strength winds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Atlantic_hurricane_records#Longest_duration_as_a_Category_5_hurricane "List of Atlantic hurricane records"),[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-TCR-6) and the third-highest [accumulated cyclone energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulated_cyclone_energy#Individual_storms_in_the_Atlantic "Accumulated cyclone energy") (ACE) index for a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin, with a value of 64.9 units. Only the [1899 San Ciriaco hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1899_San_Ciriaco_hurricane "1899 San Ciriaco hurricane") and [Hurricane Ivan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan "Hurricane Ivan") in 2004 achieved higher values.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-SCNOW-272)[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Irma_ACE-273)
On September 6, Irma made landfall on the islands of [Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbuda "Barbuda"), [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Martin_\(island\) "Saint Martin (island)"), and [Virgin Gorda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Gorda "Virgin Gorda") at peak strength. This ties Irma with cyclones [Monica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Monica "Cyclone Monica") of [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Australian_region_cyclone_season "2005–06 Australian region cyclone season") and [Winston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Winston "Cyclone Winston") of [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Australian_region_cyclone_season "2015–16 Australian region cyclone season"), and typhoons [Zeb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Zeb "Typhoon Zeb") of [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Pacific_typhoon_season "1998 Pacific typhoon season") and [Megi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Megi_\(2010\) "Typhoon Megi (2010)") of [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Pacific_typhoon_season "2010 Pacific typhoon season") as the seventh-strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall globally – in terms of sustained winds – trailing only [Typhoon Goni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Goni "Typhoon Goni") of [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Pacific_typhoon_season "2020 Pacific typhoon season") which bore winds of 195 mph (314 km/h) at landfall, [Typhoon Haiyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Haiyan "Typhoon Haiyan") of [2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Pacific_typhoon_season "2013 Pacific typhoon season") and [Typhoon Meranti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Meranti "Typhoon Meranti") of [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Pacific_typhoon_season "2016 Pacific typhoon season"), which bore winds of 190 mph (310 km/h) at landfall, and the 1935 Labor Day hurricane, [Typhoon Joan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Joan_\(1959\) "Typhoon Joan (1959)") of [1959](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Pacific_typhoon_season "1959 Pacific typhoon season"), and Hurricane Dorian of 2019, which bore winds of 185 mph (298 km/h) at landfall.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-274)[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-275) Irma is second to the [1935 Labor Day hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Labor_Day_hurricane "1935 Labor Day hurricane") and Hurricane Dorian of 2019 as the strongest landfalling cyclone on record in the Atlantic basin, and is the first hurricane to make landfall anywhere in the Atlantic at Category 5 status since [Felix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Felix "Hurricane Felix") in 2007.[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-Landfallrecord-276) Irma is the first recorded Category 5 hurricane to affect the northern [Leeward Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_Islands "Leeward Islands"), and was one of the worst storms to hit the region on record, along with [Hurricane Donna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Donna "Hurricane Donna") in [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1960 Atlantic hurricane season") and [Hurricane Luis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Luis "Hurricane Luis") in [1995](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1995 Atlantic hurricane season"). In addition, Irma is only the second hurricane on record to make landfall in Cuba at Category 5 intensity, with the other being [a hurricane in 1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Cuba_hurricane "1924 Cuba hurricane").[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-CSU-271) Furthermore, when Irma made landfall on Barbuda, Saint Martin, Virgin Gorda, and Cuba as a Category 5 hurricane, it became one of only two recorded Atlantic storms to make landfall in multiple nations at this strength; the other was [Hurricane Andrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew "Hurricane Andrew") in [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1992 Atlantic hurricane season"), which struck both [Eleuthera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleuthera "Eleuthera") and the United States as a Category 5 hurricane.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-277)
Irma made landfall in the [Florida Keys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Keys "Florida Keys") with winds of 130 mph (210 km/h) and a pressure of 931 mbar (931 hPa; 27.5 inHg), making it the strongest hurricane to strike Florida in terms of wind speed since [Charley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Charley "Hurricane Charley") in [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2004 Atlantic hurricane season"), and the most intense to strike the state in terms of barometric pressure since [Andrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew "Hurricane Andrew") in [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1992 Atlantic hurricane season"). In the span of two weeks, two Category 4 hurricanes—[Harvey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey "Hurricane Harvey") and Irma—struck the continental United States, the first time on record two Atlantic tropical cyclones of such strength made landfall on the country in the same hurricane season.[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-278)[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-279) This also marked only the third occurrence of two consecutive Atlantic storms making landfall in the United States as major hurricanes. The other two instances were the [Great Charleston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Nine "1893 Atlantic hurricane season") and [Cheniere Caminada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893_Cheniere_Caminada_hurricane "1893 Cheniere Caminada hurricane") hurricanes in [1893](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893_Atlantic_hurricane_season "1893 Atlantic hurricane season"), and hurricanes [Ivan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan "Hurricane Ivan") and [Jeanne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Jeanne "Hurricane Jeanne") in 2004.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-SCNOW-272)
Retirement
Because of the extensive damage and loss of life the hurricane caused in the northeastern Caribbean, Cuba and the United States, particularly in Florida, the [World Meteorological Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization "World Meteorological Organization") retired the name *Irma* from its rotating naming lists in April 2018; it will never again be used for another Atlantic hurricane. It was replaced with *[Idalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Idalia "Hurricane Idalia")* for the [2023 season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Atlantic_hurricane_season "2023 Atlantic hurricane season").[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-280)
See also
- [Weather of 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_of_2017 "Weather of 2017")
- [Tropical cyclones in 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_in_2017 "Tropical cyclones in 2017")
- [List of Cuba hurricanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cuba_hurricanes "List of Cuba hurricanes")
- [List of Florida hurricanes (2000-present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Florida_hurricanes_\(2000-present\) "List of Florida hurricanes (2000-present)")
Notes
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-3)** A major hurricane is a storm that ranks as Category 3 or higher on the [Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffir-Simpson_hurricane_wind_scale "Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-2)
2. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-direct-indirect-deaths_84-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-direct-indirect-deaths_84-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-direct-indirect-deaths_84-2) Irma caused 82 indirect and 10 direct deaths in the U.S., 3 direct deaths in the U.S. Virgin Islands, and 3 indirect deaths in Puerto Rico.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-107)** Storms with designations in quotation marks are officially unnamed. Tropical storms and hurricanes were not named before the year 1950.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_note-106)
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-Color_161-0)** The storm category color indicates the [intensity of the hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale "Saffir–Simpson scale") when landfalling in the U.S.
References
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-1)**
["Atlantic hurricane best track (HUDRAT version 2)"](https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/hurdat/hurdat2-1851-2019-052520.txt). *United States National Hurricane Center*. May 25, 2020.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-2)**
Christopher W. Landsea (June 2, 2011). ["A: Basic Definitions"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060615212545/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcfaqHED.html). In Neal M. Dorst (ed.). [*Hurricane Research Division: Frequently Asked Questions*](http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcfaqHED.html). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. [A3) What is a super-typhoon? What is a major hurricane ? What is an intense hurricane ?](http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A3.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcfaqA.html) on June 15, 2006. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-irmageddon_4-0)**
["Irmageddon: Thousands of Miamians Just Had Their First Taste of Hurricane Misery"](https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/irma-miamians-just-had-their-first-taste-of-hurricane-misery-9668516). *Miami New Times*. September 13, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190126000953/https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/irma-miamians-just-had-their-first-taste-of-hurricane-misery-9668516) from the original on January 26, 2019. Retrieved January 25, 2019.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-top_trending_Google_search_5-0)**
Amy Gesenhues (December 13, 2017). ["Hurricane Irma was the No. 1 top trending Google search in the US & globally for 2017"](https://searchengineland.com/hurricane-irma-no-1-top-trending-google-search-u-s-globally-2017-288256). Search Engine Land. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180326141448/https://searchengineland.com/hurricane-irma-no-1-top-trending-google-search-u-s-globally-2017-288256) from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-8) [***j***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-9) [***k***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-10) [***l***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-11) [***m***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-12) [***n***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-13) [***o***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-14) [***p***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-15) [***q***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-16) [***r***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-17) [***s***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-18) [***t***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-19) [***u***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-20) [***v***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-21) [***w***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-22) [***x***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-23) [***y***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-24) [***z***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-25) [***aa***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-26) [***ab***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-27) [***ac***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-28) [***ad***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-29) [***ae***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-30) [***af***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-31) [***ag***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-32) [***ah***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-33) [***ai***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-34) [***aj***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-35) [***ak***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-36) [***al***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-37) [***am***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-38) [***an***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-39) [***ao***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-TCR_6-40)
John P. Cangialosi; Andrew S. Latto; Robbie J. Berg (March 9, 2018). [Hurricane Irma (AL112017)](https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL112017_Irma.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. National Hurricane Center. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180831040906/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL112017_Irma.pdf) (PDF) from the original on August 31, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-NHC_discussion_17_7-0)**
Daniel P. Brown (September 3, 2017). ["Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 17"](http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al11/al112017.discus.017.shtml). National Hurricane Center. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170904002242/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al11/al112017.discus.017.shtml) from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-8)**
Richard J. Pasch (September 3, 2017). ["Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 19"](http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al11/al112017.discus.019.shtml). National Hurricane Center. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170904074235/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al11/al112017.discus.019.shtml) from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
8. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-HURDAT_9-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-HURDAT_9-1)
["Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)"](https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/hurdat/hurdat2-1851-2024-040425.txt) (Database). United States [National Hurricane Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center "National Hurricane Center"). April 4, 2025.
 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [public domain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain "Public domain").
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9. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-Metadata_10-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-Metadata_10-1)
[Landsea, Chris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Landsea "Christopher Landsea"); Anderson, Craig; Bredemeyer, William; Carrasco, Cristina; Charles, Noel; Chenoweth, Michael; Clark, Gil; Delgado, Sandy; Dunion, Jason; Ellis, Ryan; Fernandez-Partagas, Jose; Feuer, Steve; Gamanche, John; Glenn, David; Hagen, Andrew; Hufstetler, Lyle; Mock, Cary; Neumann, Charlie; Perez Suarez, Ramon; Prieto, Ricardo; Sanchez-Sesma, Jorge; Santiago, Adrian; Sims, Jamese; Thomas, Donna; Lenworth, Woolcock; Zimmer, Mark (May 2015). ["Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT"](http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html). *Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory* (Metadata). [Miami, Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida "Miami, Florida"): National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 17, 2026.
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11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-12)**
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15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-16)**
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16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-17)**
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18. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-guadeloupe_19-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-guadeloupe_19-1)
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19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-20)**
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20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-21)**
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22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-23)**
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26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-27)**
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27. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-JamObsHelp_28-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-JamObsHelp_28-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-JamObsHelp_28-2)
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28. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-NOLA_29-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-NOLA_29-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-NOLA_29-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-NOLA_29-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-NOLA_29-4)
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29. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-islands_30-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-islands_30-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-islands_30-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-islands_30-3)
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30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-31)**
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31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-32)**
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32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-33)**
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33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-34)**
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34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-35)**
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35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-36)**
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36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-37)**
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37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-38)**
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38. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-NYT9_39-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-NYT9_39-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-NYT9_39-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-NYT9_39-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-NYT9_39-4)
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39. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-40)**
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40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-41)**
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41. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-SCHRP_42-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-SCHRP_42-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-SCHRP_42-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-SCHRP_42-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-SCHRP_42-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-SCHRP_42-5)
[Select Committee on Hurricane Response and Preparedness Final Report](https://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Documents/loaddoc.aspx?PublicationType=Committees&CommitteeId=2978&Session=2018&DocumentType=General%20Publications&FileName=SCHRP%20-%20Final%20Report%20online.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Florida House of Representatives. January 16, 2018. pp. 1–5\. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015850/https://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Documents/loaddoc.aspx?PublicationType=Committees&CommitteeId=2978&Session=2018&DocumentType=General%20Publications&FileName=SCHRP%20-%20Final%20Report%20online.pdf) (PDF) from the original on January 25, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
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43. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-Statement_10_44-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-Statement_10_44-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-Statement_10_44-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-Statement_10_44-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-Statement_10_44-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma#cite_ref-Statement_10_44-5)
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External links
KML is not from Wikidata
- The National Hurricane Center's [advisory archive on Hurricane Irma](http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/IRMA.shtml)
- [*Hurricane Irma Viewed from the International Space Station*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZJIR-FJgRk) on [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_\(identifier\) "YouTube video (identifier)")
- [Ready.gov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready.gov "Ready.gov")'s advice on [Hurricanes](https://www.ready.gov/hurricanes)
- ["The \$100 Billion Hurricane?"](https://www.app.com/story/news/local/2014/09/18/superstorm-sandy-hurricane-disaster/15826111/) by Todd B. Bates
- Copernicus Emergency Management Service - damage grading and delineation maps:
- [EMSR232: Hurricane Irma in Antilles Islands](https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20181005221109/http://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSR232)
- [EMSR233: Hurricane Irma in Haiti and Dominican Republic](https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20181005221539/http://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSR233)
- [EMSR234: Hurricane Irma in Sint Maarten](https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20181005223205/http://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSR234)
- [EMSR236: Hurricane Irma in British Virgin Islands](https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20181005221127/http://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSR236) |
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